Evidence displacement

147: the binding of Isaac — grade 0, requirements []
The narrative of Abraham commanded to offer his son, brought to the point of sacrifice, and then stopped, with a ram supplied instead. It concentrates promise, obedience, danger, and substitution in a scene whose moral and theological implications remain contested.

2750: eventual consistency — grade 0, requirements []
A replication guarantee that, if further updates stop and the required communication and recovery conditions hold, replicas converge to a common resolved state. It permits temporary disagreement and does not by itself bound how soon convergence occurs or what intermediate reads observe.

3426: statistical hypothesis test — grade 2, requirements [4]
A decision procedure comparing observations with expectations under a specified statistical hypothesis. Rejection or non-rejection depends on assumptions and a decision rule; failing to reject does not establish that the hypothesis is true.

3428: statistical power — grade 2.5, requirements [3, 4]
The probability that a test rejects its null hypothesis for a specified alternative when that alternative holds. Power depends on effect, design, sample size, noise and decision threshold; it is not a property of sample size alone.

3429: statistical decision errors — grade 3, requirements [4]
A type I error rejects a true null hypothesis; a type II error fails to reject it under a specified alternative. Their probabilities belong to the chosen hypotheses and decision procedure, rather than a general measure of factual correctness.

3449: multiple comparisons problem — grade 3, requirements [1, 4]
The increased opportunity for misleading findings when many statistical comparisons are made and interpreted selectively. Error control depends on the family of questions and procedure, not only the threshold for each individual test.

3450: meta-analysis — grade 0, requirements []
Statistical synthesis of results from multiple studies addressing related questions. Validity depends on study compatibility, bias, uncertainty and selection; combining estimates does not automatically remove weaknesses shared by the studies.

3460: random measurement error — grade 1, requirements []
A component of measurement error varying unpredictably between repeated measurements under stated conditions. Statistical treatment can characterize its variability; randomness does not imply that the complete measurement is unbiased.

3472: experiment — grade 1, requirements []
An inquiry that deliberately controls or changes conditions to examine resulting observations against a question or hypothesis. Its inferential strength depends on design, comparison and measurement, not merely on intervening.

3475: randomized controlled trial — grade 1, requirements []
An experiment assigning eligible units to interventions by a random mechanism and comparing outcomes. Randomization limits certain confounding in expectation, but attrition, nonadherence, measurement and limited scope can still affect interpretation.

3478: quasi-experiment — grade 0, requirements []
An intervention study without full random assignment that uses design or analysis to support a causal comparison. Its identifying assumptions require explicit scrutiny because treatment groups may differ for other reasons.

4189: hierarchy of evidence — grade 1, requirements []
A heuristic ordering of study designs or evidence types by their expected strength for a specified question, often by susceptibility to bias. The ranking depends on the question, outcome and execution; a high-ranked design is not a guarantee that a particular result is sound.

4288: Buddhist two-truths doctrine — grade 0, requirements []
A distinction between conventional and ultimate truth or reality in Buddhist teaching. Schools differ about how the two relate; distinguishing levels does not automatically license any contradiction or make conventional concerns disposable.

4684: sequential statistical analysis — grade 3, requirements [1, 2, 4]
Evaluating accumulating data under a prespecified monitoring and stopping procedure, allowing sample size to depend on observations while accounting for the repeated decisions.

4699: experimental blocking — grade 1, requirements []
Grouping experimental units by relevant nuisance variation and arranging treatment comparisons within those groups. The purpose is to separate the treatment comparison from known sources of variability.

75: closed-loop habitat — grade 1.5, requirements []
A habitat designed by treating air, water, food, waste, energy, organisms, and maintenance as coupled cycles whose inputs, outputs, losses, and dependencies are explicit.

1124: separate measures for infrastructure ecology and heritage harm — grade 2, requirements [4]
A draft monitoring agenda keeps power capacity loss, pollution, ecological damage and cultural-site damage as different kinds of impact. Each needs appropriate units, baselines and evidence; a shared dashboard must not make unlike measurements interchangeable or infer a common attribution from proximity.

1558: seasonal variation recorded in sediment layers — grade 2, requirements [4]
A proposed relation between recurring changes in water volume and transport and alternating layers of coarser and finer deposited material.

1970: internal mutual support alongside external subjection — grade 0, requirements []
An institution may support its own members while collectively dominating outsiders. Internal reciprocity and the treatment of nonmembers therefore require separate evaluation.

2442: historical description, current allocation — grade 0, requirements []
The distinction between an earlier description retained as history and the validated registry governing present use. A linked amendment identifies the changed assignment and its reason without silently rewriting the earlier wording. Historical references remain tied to their original snapshots; preserving a statement does not renew an obsolete allocation.

2740: memoization — grade 0, requirements []
Reusing stored results when the same function inputs recur, avoiding repeated computation at the cost of storage. The stored result must remain valid for all relevant dependencies; hidden state or side effects can make apparently identical calls require different treatment.

3077: environmental monitoring — grade 3, requirements [4]
Repeated or organized observation of environmental conditions using a design suited to a stated question. It can establish baselines and trends, while requiring attention to sampling, measurement and interpretation before change or its cause is inferred.

3090: nutrient cycle — grade 3, requirements [1, 2]
Movement and transformation of biologically relevant matter among organisms and environmental reservoirs. Materials can be reused through linked processes; this cycling differs from energy flowing through a system and becoming less available for work.

3110: ecological restoration — grade 2, requirements [1]
Assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been damaged, degraded or destroyed through interventions guided by ecological understanding and explicit goals. Recovery need not mean exact reproduction of one historical condition.

3111: ecosystem service — grade 1, requirements []
A benefit people obtain from ecosystems, such as food, water regulation, pollination or cultural experience. This human-benefit lens helps describe dependencies while leaving room for ecological and ethical values not captured by service accounting.

3117: ecosystem — grade 2.5, requirements [2]
Organisms and their physical environment considered as an interacting system, connected by transfers of energy and cycling of materials. Its boundary and scale depend on the question being studied; it is more than a list of species sharing a place.

3120: net ecosystem production — grade 1, requirements []
Gross primary production minus respiration by all organisms within the selected ecosystem and time interval. Other transfers and disturbances must be accounted for before interpreting this difference as a complete carbon-stock change.

3121: food web — grade 3, requirements [1, 2]
A network of feeding relationships that connects organisms through transfers of matter and energy. A participant may draw on several food sources and occupy more than one trophic level, so a single food chain captures only selected paths through the network.

4387: trophic cascade — grade 3, requirements [1, 2]
An indirect ecological effect transmitted across trophic levels, for example when changing predators changes herbivore pressure on producers. Direction and strength depend on the food web and conditions; restoring one species need not guarantee a desired ecosystem outcome.

5801: wetland — grade 0.5, requirements []
An ecosystem whose sustained or recurrent inundation or saturation shapes soil processes and biota, often producing oxygen-limited soils and water-adapted vegetation.

6188: snow line — grade 0, requirements []
A boundary between snow-covered and snow-free terrain under a specified spatial and temporal definition. Seasonal, end-of-melt-season and persistent snow lines answer different questions.