{ "format": "usl-public-reading-bindings/1", "checkedHead": "97c7a5ca625cb6cb1f7a689cea6934ea119733ed70906cc24c9d184713266a34", "checkedCount": 1477, "verification": "Bindings verified against the saved human-review package; online publication reported by the founder, not independently refetched.", "entries": [ { "key": "nw-q-exam-proxy", "workingId": "w1126", "checkedId": 1150, "anchor": "#056F01", "anchorName": "bix-whadayi", "name": "assessment proxy displacement", "definition": "A distortion in which what is convenient to test or count becomes the practical objective, displacing the capacity the assessment was meant to cultivate. Success on the proxy can coexist with failure of the intended activity.", "relations": [ 55, 69 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-medium-fit", "workingId": "w1127", "checkedId": 1151, "anchor": "#056F02", "anchorName": "bix-whagaye", "name": "medium-faithful appraisal", "definition": "Evaluating a work under the conditions of presentation for which it was made, including the contribution of performance, audience and medium, while making explicit what changes when it is transferred to another setting.", "relations": [ 106, 115 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-practice-study", "workingId": "w1128", "checkedId": 1152, "anchor": "#056F03", "anchorName": "bix-whalaya", "name": "practice as a way of studying an art", "definition": "Learning an art partly by attempting its operations, so that choices, constraints and difficulties become objects of experience rather than only descriptions of other people’s achievements. Practice and historical study can inform each other.", "relations": [ 69, 85 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-generative-apprenticeship", "workingId": "w1129", "checkedId": 1153, "anchor": "#056F04", "anchorName": "bix-whamaya", "name": "generative apprenticeship", "definition": "An apprenticeship in which close acquaintance with earlier work enlarges the learner’s available choices and powers of invention, instead of making imitation of one model the permanent limit of achievement.", "relations": [ 94, 1152 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-occasion-fit", "workingId": "w1130", "checkedId": 1154, "anchor": "#056F05", "anchorName": "bix-whanaye", "name": "fitness of expression to occasion", "definition": "The suitability of an expression’s register, intensity and manner to its subject, audience and occasion. A successful manner in one setting can become distracting, disproportionate or misleading when carried unchanged into another.", "relations": [ 106, 129 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-craft-assent", "workingId": "w1131", "checkedId": 1155, "anchor": "#056F06", "anchorName": "bix-whapayi", "name": "craft judgment without assent", "definition": "The distinction between judging how skillfully an argument or artwork is made and agreeing with its doctrine, factual claims or values. Admiration of execution does not supply evidence for the content or require endorsement.", "relations": [ 41, 73 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-formative-articulation", "workingId": "w1132", "checkedId": 1156, "anchor": "#056F07", "anchorName": "bix-wharayo", "name": "formative articulation", "definition": "An activity in which trying to express a thought helps determine, test or refine what the thinker can distinctly mean. Wording participates in the work of thought rather than always serving as a final covering for an already finished idea.", "relations": [ 37, 61 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-rereadable-utterance", "workingId": "w1133", "checkedId": 1157, "anchor": "#056F08", "anchorName": "bix-whasaye", "name": "rereadable utterance", "definition": "An utterance retained so a recipient can pause, return, compare parts and reconsider its structure, instead of depending entirely on the timing of a single hearing. Its design can use these possibilities while still requiring intelligible order.", "relations": [ 101, 1151 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-mnemonic-form", "workingId": "w1134", "checkedId": 1158, "anchor": "#056F09", "anchorName": "bix-whataya", "name": "mnemonic form", "definition": "A repeatable pattern of rhythm, sound or arrangement that helps an expression be retained and recalled. Improved recall concerns the expression’s availability, not the truth, adequacy or current validity of its content.", "relations": [ 74 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-affect-by-form", "workingId": "w1135", "checkedId": 1159, "anchor": "#056F0A", "anchorName": "bix-whavayo", "name": "affect imported by form", "definition": "An emotional expectation introduced by the manner of presentation that exceeds or conflicts with what the immediate subject calls for. Formal intensity can invite a recipient to experience significance that informational content alone does not establish.", "relations": [ 1154, 73 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-carried-pitch", "workingId": "w1136", "checkedId": 1160, "anchor": "#056F0B", "anchorName": "bix-whawayi", "name": "inherited narrative pitch", "definition": "The intensity a passage acquires from its place within an ongoing movement of feeling, so that an otherwise ordinary event can sustain the expressive level established before it. Reading the passage in isolation can change the force it reasonably bears.", "relations": [ 107, 1159 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-interval-management", "workingId": "w1137", "checkedId": 1161, "anchor": "#056F0C", "anchorName": "bix-whayayi", "name": "narrative interval management", "definition": "The handling of necessary but less eventful stretches of a narrative through omission, compression, retrospective report or variation of pace, so continuity survives without requiring every transition to occupy equal attention.", "relations": [ 115, 118 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-process-description", "workingId": "w1138", "checkedId": 1162, "anchor": "#056F0D", "anchorName": "bix-whabhayo", "name": "process-led description", "definition": "Presenting an object through its making, use or change, allowing its features to emerge through action rather than solely through a static inventory. The chosen process must not be confused with an exhaustive account of the object.", "relations": [ 61, 118 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-wording-shelter", "workingId": "w1139", "checkedId": 1163, "anchor": "#056F0E", "anchorName": "bix-whadhaya", "name": "conventional wording as shelter", "definition": "Reliance on familiar, respectable-sounding phrases to reduce the effort or exposure of saying something definite. The apparent safety of established wording can conceal that no clear thought or accountable assertion has been supplied.", "relations": [ 55, 100 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-verbal-inflation", "workingId": "w1140", "checkedId": 1164, "anchor": "#056F0F", "anchorName": "bix-wharhaye", "name": "verbal inflation", "definition": "Expansion of a simple assertion into abstract or elaborate wording that increases its apparent importance without adding a corresponding distinction, fact or qualification. Length and formality can then be mistaken for precision.", "relations": [ 1163, 73 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-concrete-anchor", "workingId": "w1141", "checkedId": 1165, "anchor": "#056F10", "anchorName": "bix-whacayo", "name": "concrete anchoring of abstraction", "definition": "Connecting a general term or judgment to identifiable particulars, actions or examples that let a reader inspect what the generality is intended to cover. The particulars support interpretation without automatically exhausting or proving the general claim.", "relations": [ 55, 96 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-action-visible", "workingId": "w1142", "checkedId": 1166, "anchor": "#056F11", "anchorName": "bix-whafayi", "name": "action-visible wording", "definition": "Wording that makes the relevant action and, when known, its actor easier to identify, instead of hiding the event inside stacked abstract nouns or an unnecessary passive construction. Unknown agency should remain unknown rather than be invented for grammatical neatness.", "relations": [ 54, 100 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-no-added-distinction", "workingId": "w1143", "checkedId": 1167, "anchor": "#056F12", "anchorName": "bix-whahaye", "name": "restatement without added distinction", "definition": "Repeating an assertion in different words as though a second reason, qualification or step had been provided, when the new wording contributes no further semantic work. Repetition can still serve emphasis or memory when that role is acknowledged.", "relations": [ 1164, 1158 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-classification-aid", "workingId": "w1144", "checkedId": 1168, "anchor": "#056F13", "anchorName": "bix-whajaya", "name": "classification as aid rather than rule of creation", "definition": "Using categories to compare and discuss works while recognizing that the categories need not govern how a work was created or what new work may become. A convenient classification is not by itself a constraint on possible invention.", "relations": [ 55, 106 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-emphasis-placement", "workingId": "w1145", "checkedId": 1169, "anchor": "#056F14", "anchorName": "bix-whakaya", "name": "emphasis by placement", "definition": "The use of a word’s or clause’s position within an expression to direct attention and weight. A position that gives prominence in one construction may not do so in another, so emphasis depends on the surrounding structure as well as the selected words.", "relations": [ 107, 1154 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-borrowed-renewal", "workingId": "w1146", "checkedId": 1170, "anchor": "#056F15", "anchorName": "bix-whaqaye", "name": "renewal through borrowed models", "definition": "The renewal of a practice through sustained encounter with models from another tradition, making inherited forms available for adaptation rather than treating cultural self-sufficiency or purity as a condition of originality.", "relations": [ 94, 1153 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-situated-irony", "workingId": "w1147", "checkedId": 1171, "anchor": "#056F16", "anchorName": "bix-whaxayi", "name": "historically situated irony", "definition": "Interpreting a mocking or comic expression through the relationships, conventions and commitments within which it is made, rather than assuming that similar ridicule in different settings expresses the same disbelief or hostility.", "relations": [ 107, 124 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-reader-gap", "workingId": "w1148", "checkedId": 1172, "anchor": "#056F17", "anchorName": "bix-whazayo", "name": "reader-discovered explanatory gap", "definition": "A gap in an explanation made visible when a recipient cannot find the treatment needed to understand the work’s stated purpose. The recipient’s response can identify a missing connection without determining the only acceptable way to supply it.", "relations": [ 102, 103 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-situated-neologism", "workingId": "w1149", "checkedId": 1173, "anchor": "#056F18", "anchorName": "bix-whachaye", "name": "situated neologism", "definition": "A newly formed or newly used word whose adequacy is judged through a specific need, intelligibility and occasion of use, rather than solely through prior dictionary admission or novelty. A new word can clarify a distinction or merely decorate an expression.", "relations": [ 1154, 1168 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-ornamental-trap", "workingId": "w1150", "checkedId": 1174, "anchor": "#056F19", "anchorName": "bix-whaghaya", "name": "ornamental selection trap", "definition": "A habit of choosing the most striking or elevated expression as though it were necessarily the most suitable, allowing a repeated search for distinction to become another conventional mannerism.", "relations": [ 1154, 1164 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-q-reader-reconstruction", "workingId": "w1151", "checkedId": 1175, "anchor": "#056F1A", "anchorName": "bix-whakhayo", "name": "reader reconstruction burden", "definition": "The work a recipient must perform to assemble a complex intention from an expression received part by part. Ordering and explicit connections can reduce avoidable reconstruction while preserving the complexity that the subject actually requires.", "relations": [ 37, 100, 103 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-d-biographical-dispossession", "workingId": "w1152", "checkedId": 1176, "anchor": "#056F1B", "anchorName": "bix-whaphayi", "name": "biographical dispossession", "definition": "A condition in which another power controls or withholds access to a person’s own origins, age or family history, making basic self-knowledge dependent on permissions the person cannot freely obtain.", "relations": [ 82, 126 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-kinship-separation", "workingId": "w1153", "checkedId": 1177, "anchor": "#056F1C", "anchorName": "bix-whashayi", "name": "enforced kinship separation", "definition": "The disruption of family bonds through imposed distance, transfer or rules of access, distinguishing a relationship prevented from being lived from a relationship that never existed or was freely abandoned.", "relations": [ 43, 89 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-inherited-status", "workingId": "w1154", "checkedId": 1178, "anchor": "#056F1D", "anchorName": "bix-whathayo", "name": "inherited coercive status", "definition": "A system in which a person’s subjection is assigned through parentage, reproducing another generation’s restricted status without that person’s act or consent. The rule that transmits the status is distinct from any moral justification of it.", "relations": [ 89, 109 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-exemplary-terror", "workingId": "w1155", "checkedId": 1179, "anchor": "#056F1E", "anchorName": "bix-whawhaya", "name": "punishment as terror for witnesses", "definition": "The use or effect of punishment whereby suffering inflicted on one person makes observers anticipate violence against themselves. Its disciplinary reach extends beyond the direct victim, regardless of whether every observer is later punished.", "relations": [ 83, 109 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-maintenance-time", "workingId": "w1156", "checkedId": 1180, "anchor": "#056F1F", "anchorName": "bix-whazhaye", "name": "maintenance-time deprivation", "definition": "Deprivation produced when required labour leaves insufficient time for eating, sleep, care or the work of sustaining daily life, even where some material supplies are nominally available. Access includes time to use what is supplied.", "relations": [ 43, 95 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-relief-contentment", "workingId": "w1157", "checkedId": 1181, "anchor": "#056F20", "anchorName": "bix-whebayo", "name": "expressive relief without contentment", "definition": "An expression that helps someone endure or release distress without establishing satisfaction with the conditions producing it. Singing, humour or other outward liveliness cannot by themselves settle whether a person is happy, consenting or free.", "relations": [ 107, 129 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-retaliation-shaped-testimony", "workingId": "w1158", "checkedId": 1182, "anchor": "#056F21", "anchorName": "bix-whedayi", "name": "retaliation-shaped testimony", "definition": "A report shaped by the expected punishment of speaking candidly to a person connected with power. Praise, denial or silence in that setting may indicate an effort to remain safe rather than a freely expressed assessment.", "relations": [ 56, 129 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-relative-kindness", "workingId": "w1159", "checkedId": 1183, "anchor": "#056F22", "anchorName": "bix-whegaye", "name": "relative kindness within domination", "definition": "A comparatively less harsh treatment within a coercive relationship that remains coercive. Meaningful differences in suffering can be acknowledged without converting the less severe arrangement into freedom or consent.", "relations": [ 89, 128 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-borrowed-status", "workingId": "w1160", "checkedId": 1184, "anchor": "#056F23", "anchorName": "bix-whelaya", "name": "borrowed status from a dominator", "definition": "A form of identification in which subordinated people seek comparative standing through the wealth or power of the person who controls them, even though that borrowed prestige does not change their own subjection.", "relations": [ 89, 1183 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-arbitrary-standard", "workingId": "w1161", "checkedId": 1185, "anchor": "#056F24", "anchorName": "bix-whemaya", "name": "unstable standards of punishment", "definition": "A regime in which those subject to punishment cannot reliably know which conduct will satisfy the authority, because judgment shifts with mood, preference or an unanswerable accusation. Apparent compliance offers no dependable security.", "relations": [ 55, 96 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-authority-preserving-error", "workingId": "w1162", "checkedId": 1186, "anchor": "#056F25", "anchorName": "bix-whenaye", "name": "authority-preserving error", "definition": "The preservation of an adverse judgment because correcting it would expose or weaken an authority, so maintaining the authority’s standing takes precedence over examining whether the person judged was wronged.", "relations": [ 57, 99 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-learned-domination", "workingId": "w1163", "checkedId": 1187, "anchor": "#056F26", "anchorName": "bix-whepayi", "name": "learned domination", "definition": "A process in which exercising an unequal role teaches or strengthens habits of surveillance, entitlement and harshness that were less evident before the role was assumed. It does not imply that such change is inevitable or that responsibility disappears.", "relations": [ 55, 89 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-prohibition-reveals-leverage", "workingId": "w1164", "checkedId": 1188, "anchor": "#056F27", "anchorName": "bix-wherayo", "name": "prohibition as a map of leverage", "definition": "A restriction whose explanation reveals that a capability matters to the maintenance of another’s control. The attempted prohibition can therefore expose a possible route to agency, without making that route safe or sufficient.", "relations": [ 44, 83 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-reciprocal-learning", "workingId": "w1165", "checkedId": 1189, "anchor": "#056F28", "anchorName": "bix-whesaye", "name": "reciprocal learning through unequal resources", "definition": "Learning made possible when participants exchange different available resources, such as instruction, food, time or practical access, without requiring that they hold the same social position or possess the same abilities.", "relations": [ 42, 69 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-awareness-remedy", "workingId": "w1166", "checkedId": 1190, "anchor": "#056F29", "anchorName": "bix-whetaya", "name": "awareness without remedy", "definition": "The condition of understanding a constraint or wrong more clearly before having a practicable means to escape or change it. Increased understanding can intensify suffering while also making later action imaginable.", "relations": [ 44, 56, 1188 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-context-completes-sense", "workingId": "w1167", "checkedId": 1191, "anchor": "#056F2A", "anchorName": "bix-whevayo", "name": "contextual completion of a word’s sense", "definition": "The recovery of what a word refers to in a particular use through surrounding events or discourse when a general definition alone leaves the relevant object, action or relation undetermined.", "relations": [ 37, 107 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-situated-inscriptions", "workingId": "w1168", "checkedId": 1192, "anchor": "#056F2B", "anchorName": "bix-whewayi", "name": "learning from situated inscriptions", "definition": "Learning a symbolic system partly by observing marks used in an activity, linking them to their practical role and extending that partial understanding through comparison and practice. A local use may provide an entry without explaining the whole system.", "relations": [ 61, 69 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-utility-care", "workingId": "w1169", "checkedId": 1193, "anchor": "#056F2C", "anchorName": "bix-wheyayi", "name": "care withdrawn at lost utility", "definition": "Abandonment in which support is withdrawn when a person ceases to be useful to those who previously benefited from that person’s labour or care. Earlier service does not itself secure continued protection in such an arrangement.", "relations": [ 43, 128 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-anticipated-observation", "workingId": "w1170", "checkedId": 1194, "anchor": "#056F2D", "anchorName": "bix-whebhayo", "name": "anticipated observation", "definition": "A condition in which uncertainty about whether an authority is watching leads people to regulate themselves as though observation were continuous. The effect depends on anticipated consequences, not on an observer actually being present at every moment.", "relations": [ 83, 1185 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-exhausted-agency", "workingId": "w1171", "checkedId": 1195, "anchor": "#056F2E", "anchorName": "bix-whedhaya", "name": "exhaustion of agency", "definition": "The depletion of attention, initiative or capacity to pursue alternatives under sustained labour, fear or injury. Reduced visible initiative in those conditions does not demonstrate natural incapacity or freely chosen acceptance.", "relations": [ 43, 1180, 1194 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-self-possession", "workingId": "w1172", "checkedId": 1196, "anchor": "#056F2F", "anchorName": "bix-wherhaye", "name": "self-possession before formal release", "definition": "A recovered sense of one’s own agency and claim to personhood that can arise while an external coercive status still persists. Inner change and institutional emancipation are distinct events, neither of which should be treated as proof that the other has occurred.", "relations": [ 89, 1195 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-engineered-excess", "workingId": "w1173", "checkedId": 1197, "anchor": "#056F30", "anchorName": "bix-whecayo", "name": "freedom discredited through engineered excess", "definition": "A manipulation in which a constrained interval of permitted excess is presented as freedom, then its damaging effects are used to make continuing control appear desirable. The staged alternative does not fairly represent the possibilities of self-direction.", "relations": [ 89, 55 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-testimonial-exclusion", "workingId": "w1174", "checkedId": 1198, "anchor": "#056F31", "anchorName": "bix-whefayi", "name": "testimonial exclusion by status", "definition": "A rule or practice that denies a person’s account evidentiary standing because of an assigned social status, even where that person could directly know the event. Lack of admitted testimony must then be distinguished from lack of witnesses or knowledge.", "relations": [ 99, 129 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-income-control", "workingId": "w1175", "checkedId": 1199, "anchor": "#056F32", "anchorName": "bix-whehaye", "name": "earned income without control", "definition": "An arrangement in which a person produces wages or revenue but another claims the proceeds and determines what, if anything, the earner may retain. Earning ability is distinguished from control over its product.", "relations": [ 89, 1183 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-responsibility-control", "workingId": "w1176", "checkedId": 1200, "anchor": "#056F33", "anchorName": "bix-whejaya", "name": "responsibility without corresponding control", "definition": "An allocation in which a person bears costs, obligations or downside risk while another retains the decisive permissions, revocation power or benefits. Acceptance of burdens under dependence does not establish an equal bargain.", "relations": [ 54, 83, 1199 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-protective-omission", "workingId": "w1177", "checkedId": 1201, "anchor": "#056F34", "anchorName": "bix-whekaya", "name": "protective narrative omission", "definition": "A deliberate limit on disclosure that withholds details likely to expose other people to harm, while acknowledging the omission and its effect on what readers can verify. An account’s incompleteness may serve protection rather than conceal a claim to completeness.", "relations": [ 82, 101, 115 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-asymmetric-information", "workingId": "w1178", "checkedId": 1202, "anchor": "#056F35", "anchorName": "bix-wheqaye", "name": "asymmetric informational benefit", "definition": "A disclosure whose practical usefulness differs sharply among audiences, such that details helpful to one recipient can enable another to prevent, exploit or punish the activity described. Publication effects depend on who can act on the information.", "relations": [ 95, 1201 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-release-refuge", "workingId": "w1179", "checkedId": 1203, "anchor": "#056F36", "anchorName": "bix-whexayi", "name": "release without secure refuge", "definition": "A transition out of one controlling relationship that leaves exposure to recapture, deprivation or isolation unresolved. Escape from the former authority is a meaningful change, but does not by itself provide safety, livelihood or trusted support.", "relations": [ 80, 89 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-skill-access", "workingId": "w1180", "checkedId": 1204, "anchor": "#056F37", "anchorName": "bix-whezayo", "name": "skill without opportunity to practise", "definition": "The possession of a capability without fair access to the work, tools or institutions in which it could be exercised. Exclusion from participation can conceal or waste competence rather than show that the competence is absent.", "relations": [ 44, 89 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-d-mutual-legitimation", "workingId": "w1181", "checkedId": 1205, "anchor": "#056F38", "anchorName": "bix-whechaye", "name": "reciprocal legitimation of exploitation", "definition": "A relation in which an exploitative practice supplies resources or standing to an institution, while that institution lends respectability, protection or moral approval to the practice. Each can strengthen the other without being identical in purpose or membership.", "relations": [ 128, 129 ], "bookId": 23 }, { "key": "nw-m-aspiration-opportunity", "workingId": "w1182", "checkedId": 1206, "anchor": "#056F39", "anchorName": "bix-wheghaya", "name": "aspiration without a fitting opportunity", "definition": "A mismatch between a person’s sustained aspirations and the roles, knowledge or opportunities their circumstances make available. An unfulfilled life project may reflect that mismatch without proving absence of ability, seriousness or effort.", "relations": [ 44, 89 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-idealized-partner", "workingId": "w1183", "checkedId": 1207, "anchor": "#056F3A", "anchorName": "bix-whekhayo", "name": "a partner imagined as a vocation", "definition": "The investment of an imagined life purpose in a relationship before the other person’s purposes, limitations and needs are adequately known. The desired partnership can then become an interpretation imposed on the partner rather than a mutually established project.", "relations": [ 37, 55 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-uneven-capability", "workingId": "w1184", "checkedId": 1208, "anchor": "#056F3B", "anchorName": "bix-whephayi", "name": "uneven development of judgment", "definition": "The coexistence of unusual skill or insight in one domain with ordinary prejudice, vanity or poor judgment in another. Excellence in a field does not automatically transfer to every practical or interpersonal decision.", "relations": [ 95, 96 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-ordinary-distress", "workingId": "w1185", "checkedId": 1209, "anchor": "#056F3C", "anchorName": "bix-wheshayi", "name": "ordinary distress hidden by its frequency", "definition": "Distress that attracts little attention because the situation producing it is common, even though its familiarity does not make it light for the person experiencing it. Recognizing this gap does not require unlimited emotional responsiveness.", "relations": [ 43, 96 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-ego-pattern", "workingId": "w1186", "checkedId": 1210, "anchor": "#056F3D", "anchorName": "bix-whethayo", "name": "self-centred pattern selection", "definition": "An interpretation in which attention selects events around the interpreter’s own desires, making a diverse field appear arranged for that person’s benefit or injury. The apparent coherence may belong to the standpoint of selection rather than to the events themselves.", "relations": [ 55, 96, 122 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-reputation-harm", "workingId": "w1187", "checkedId": 1211, "anchor": "#056F3E", "anchorName": "bix-whewhaya", "name": "concern for reputation before concern for harm", "definition": "An orientation toward a mistake in which the actor first worries about appearing dishonourable or losing esteem, while the burdens imposed on other people remain weakly imagined. Concern about one’s image can coexist with sincere regret and still leave repair unaddressed.", "relations": [ 55, 43 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-delayed-repayment", "workingId": "w1188", "checkedId": 1212, "anchor": "#056F3F", "anchorName": "bix-whezhaye", "name": "repayment after the opportunity has passed", "definition": "A repair that restores a nominal amount after the time at which it was needed, leaving an opportunity, protection or life transition unrecovered. Eventual repayment and timely restoration are therefore different achievements.", "relations": [ 57, 95 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-unconsulted-exposure", "workingId": "w1189", "checkedId": 1213, "anchor": "#056F40", "anchorName": "bix-whibayo", "name": "shared resources exposed without consultation", "definition": "A commitment made by one person that puts another person’s savings, plans or security at risk without their participation in the decision. The person who agrees to help may not be the only person who will bear the cost.", "relations": [ 54, 83 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-care-refusal", "workingId": "w1190", "checkedId": 1214, "anchor": "#056F41", "anchorName": "bix-whidayi", "name": "care continued through a bounded refusal", "definition": "A refusal to perform a specific requested act while remaining willing to provide other appropriate help. Care does not entail unlimited compliance, and a boundary on one action need not mean abandonment of the person asking.", "relations": [ 43, 89, 98 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-witnessed-alternative", "workingId": "w1191", "checkedId": 1215, "anchor": "#056F42", "anchorName": "bix-whigaye", "name": "a witnessed alternative to a secret consequential act", "definition": "An offered way to handle a consequential request with additional witnesses or accountable procedure when acting alone would leave intentions, authorization or later claims uncertain. Urgency does not itself remove the need to make the act reviewable.", "relations": [ 54, 99, 100 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-felt-import", "workingId": "w1192", "checkedId": 1216, "anchor": "#056F43", "anchorName": "bix-whilaya", "name": "the felt import of a known proposition", "definition": "A change in which something already acknowledged in general becomes personally immediate, altering its emotional and practical significance without necessarily adding a new proposition. Knowing that something occurs and confronting what it means for oneself are distinct experiences.", "relations": [ 55, 95 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-open-pledge", "workingId": "w1193", "checkedId": 1217, "anchor": "#056F44", "anchorName": "bix-whimaya", "name": "an open-ended pledge of obedience", "definition": "A requested commitment to carry out another’s future or undisclosed wishes before their content and limits are known. Trust or affection does not by itself specify the acts to which the person would be bound.", "relations": [ 51, 89, 100 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-inquiry-collision", "workingId": "w1194", "checkedId": 1218, "anchor": "#056F45", "anchorName": "bix-whinaye", "name": "inquiry without a resistant test", "definition": "An investigation in which flexible interpretation can absorb each difficulty without meeting a constraint capable of changing or defeating its governing theory. Accumulated material may then prolong a project without improving its explanatory adequacy.", "relations": [ 55, 85, 99 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-posthumous-control", "workingId": "w1195", "checkedId": 1219, "anchor": "#056F46", "anchorName": "bix-whipayi", "name": "posthumous control through a conditional bequest", "definition": "An attempt to shape another person’s later choices by attaching loss of inherited resources to specified conduct after the giver’s death. The transfer can provide material support while extending a controlling preference beyond the living relationship.", "relations": [ 89, 1217 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-agency-rest", "workingId": "w1196", "checkedId": 1220, "anchor": "#056F47", "anchorName": "bix-whirayo", "name": "rest through permitted agency", "definition": "The possibility that allowing a person to address a troubling unresolved matter brings more repose than excluding them from action in the name of protecting them. Rest need not always take the form of enforced inactivity.", "relations": [ 43, 89 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-incidental-rumour", "workingId": "w1197", "checkedId": 1221, "anchor": "#056F48", "anchorName": "bix-whisaye", "name": "incidental transmission of consequential news", "definition": "The spread of information while people pursue other interests, without each carrier intending or understanding its eventual effects. Absence of a deliberate campaign does not make the resulting reputational or practical consequences unreal.", "relations": [ 59, 95 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-incremental-accommodation", "workingId": "w1198", "checkedId": 1222, "anchor": "#056F49", "anchorName": "bix-whitaya", "name": "incremental moral accommodation", "definition": "A process in which individually explained concessions accumulate into conduct the person might have rejected if faced with the whole course at once. Local justifications can make the resulting pattern harder to acknowledge.", "relations": [ 45, 55, 95 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-purpose-exemption", "workingId": "w1199", "checkedId": 1223, "anchor": "#056F4A", "anchorName": "bix-whivayo", "name": "a good purpose used as personal exemption", "definition": "A justification that treats service to a valued cause as permission to disregard particular people’s claims or one’s ordinary standards of conduct. The cause’s asserted value is made to excuse the means used to strengthen its representative.", "relations": [ 45, 43, 128 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-remorse-restitution", "workingId": "w1200", "checkedId": 1224, "anchor": "#056F4B", "anchorName": "bix-whiwayi", "name": "remorse distinguished from restitution", "definition": "The difference between distress about one’s wrongdoing and action that addresses what another person lost. Remorse may motivate repair, coexist with self-protection or fail to produce it; the feeling alone does not restore a deprived person’s position.", "relations": [ 57, 1212 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-recipient-scrutiny", "workingId": "w1201", "checkedId": 1225, "anchor": "#056F4C", "anchorName": "bix-whiyeyi", "name": "a recipient’s scrutiny of offered benefits", "definition": "The recipient’s examination of a benefit’s source, conditions or implications before accepting it, even when the giver describes it as generous or reparative. Offering help does not entitle the giver to gratitude, acceptance or immunity from inquiry.", "relations": [ 89, 99 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-counterfactual-interest", "workingId": "w1202", "checkedId": 1226, "anchor": "#056F4D", "anchorName": "bix-whibheyo", "name": "interest-sensitive counterfactual inquiry", "definition": "Examining whether one would have asked the same questions or taken the same action without a personal benefit or obligation present. Such a comparison can expose a possible influence on judgment without proving exactly what would have happened otherwise.", "relations": [ 55, 56, 99 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-compassion-exoneration", "workingId": "w1203", "checkedId": 1227, "anchor": "#056F4E", "anchorName": "bix-whidheya", "name": "compassion without exoneration", "definition": "Care or solidarity offered to a person facing the consequences of wrongdoing without declaring them innocent, undoing the harm or requiring others to restore trust. Humane treatment and judgment about responsibility can remain distinct.", "relations": [ 43, 98 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-confession-mixed", "workingId": "w1204", "checkedId": 1228, "anchor": "#056F4F", "anchorName": "bix-whirheye", "name": "truthful correction from mixed motives", "definition": "A correction or confession that supplies important information while arising from several motives, including care, relief, self-defence or resentment. Mixed motivation does not by itself invalidate the correction, just as a moving confession does not make every claim true.", "relations": [ 56, 99 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-achievement-relabelled", "workingId": "w1205", "checkedId": 1229, "anchor": "#056F50", "anchorName": "bix-whiceyo", "name": "achievement relabelled to protect an expectation", "definition": "The reassignment of an unexpected accomplishment to someone else so an established judgment of a person need not be revised. The interpretation preserves the observer’s prior view by relocating credit rather than examining the new evidence.", "relations": [ 55, 57, 99 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-success-measures", "workingId": "w1206", "checkedId": 1230, "anchor": "#056F51", "anchorName": "bix-whifeyi", "name": "public success and abandoned purpose", "definition": "A divergence in which a life or project meets prevailing measures of success while failing to realize a purpose its participant continued to value. Material security, reputation and fidelity to an original aim are separate dimensions of evaluation.", "relations": [ 45, 55 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-m-unrecorded-influence", "workingId": "w1207", "checkedId": 1231, "anchor": "#056F52", "anchorName": "bix-whiheye", "name": "unrecorded formative influence", "definition": "The effects through which ordinary, little-documented acts shape other lives and their possibilities without becoming a publicly named achievement. Lack of a famous record is not proof of no contribution, though particular effects still require evidence if asserted.", "relations": [ 68, 94, 104 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "faraday-familiar-object-inquiry", "workingId": "w1208", "checkedId": 1232, "anchor": "#056F53", "anchorName": "bix-whijeya", "name": "familiar object as an investigative entry point", "definition": "A teaching strategy that begins with an ordinary, inspectable object and follows its interacting processes into wider fields, allowing the learner to connect an explanation to phenomena repeatedly available for examination.", "relations": [ 69, 73 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-functional-beauty", "workingId": "w1209", "checkedId": 1233, "anchor": "#056F54", "anchorName": "bix-whikeya", "name": "functional beauty", "definition": "An assessment of beauty that includes how well an arrangement performs its purpose, allowing an attractive form to be criticized when it obstructs the process it is meant to serve.", "relations": [ 74 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-observation-control", "workingId": "w1210", "checkedId": 1234, "anchor": "#056F55", "anchorName": "bix-whiqeye", "name": "control of extraneous experimental disturbance", "definition": "An experimental practice that limits disturbances unrelated to the question being examined, so variation in the observed result can be interpreted against a more stable set of conditions.", "relations": [ 25, 55 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-capillary-transport", "workingId": "w1211", "checkedId": 1235, "anchor": "#056F56", "anchorName": "bix-whixeyi", "name": "capillary liquid transport", "definition": "Movement and retention of a liquid through narrow passages or porous material by its interactions with the material and with itself, as exemplified by the delivery of melted fuel through a wick.", "relations": [ 1234 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-staged-fuel-delivery", "workingId": "w1212", "checkedId": 1236, "anchor": "#056F57", "anchorName": "bix-whizeyo", "name": "staged fuel delivery", "definition": "A supply process in which stored material reaches an active reaction through successive transformations and transfers, each stage preparing the material in a form and quantity that the next stage can use.", "relations": [ 1235, 61 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-thermal-reservoir", "workingId": "w1213", "checkedId": 1237, "anchor": "#056F58", "anchorName": "bix-whicheye", "name": "a reservoir maintained by unequal heating and cooling", "definition": "A material boundary that remains solid while an inner region liquefies because heat input and cooling act differently across it, temporarily containing the liquid that supplies a continuing process.", "relations": [ 1236 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-buoyant-flow", "workingId": "w1214", "checkedId": 1238, "anchor": "#056F59", "anchorName": "bix-whigheya", "name": "buoyant flow shaping a flame", "definition": "The shaping and feeding of a flame by the motion of heated surrounding gas, with the observed direction depending on the flow rather than belonging immutably to the fuel.", "relations": [ 1237 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-temporal-superposition", "workingId": "w1215", "checkedId": 1239, "anchor": "#056F5A", "anchorName": "bix-whikheyo", "name": "temporal superposition in visual observation", "definition": "An apparent form produced when rapidly succeeding configurations are perceived together, so the seen whole need not have existed as a single instantaneous state.", "relations": [ 62, 63 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-reaction-interface", "workingId": "w1216", "checkedId": 1240, "anchor": "#056F5B", "anchorName": "bix-whipheyi", "name": "reaction localized at an interface", "definition": "A reaction occurring where separately supplied materials meet, so properties measured inside either supply region can differ from those at their active boundary.", "relations": [ 1236 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-support-versus-fuel", "workingId": "w1217", "checkedId": 1241, "anchor": "#056F5C", "anchorName": "bix-whisheyi", "name": "combustion support distinguished from combustible fuel", "definition": "The distinction between a substance that burns and a surrounding reactant that enables that burning; similar appearance or presence as a gas does not make their roles interchangeable.", "relations": [ 1240 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-limited-oxidizer", "workingId": "w1218", "checkedId": 1242, "anchor": "#056F5D", "anchorName": "bix-whitheyo", "name": "incomplete combustion under limited oxidizer supply", "definition": "Burning in which access to the reacting atmosphere is insufficient for the available fuel, leaving products such as soot that differ from the outcome under a more adequate supply.", "relations": [ 1241 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-incandescence", "workingId": "w1219", "checkedId": 1243, "anchor": "#056F5E", "anchorName": "bix-whiwheya", "name": "incandescence without consumption of the glowing body", "definition": "Light emitted by a body heated to a sufficiently high temperature, distinguished from the body itself undergoing combustion. A heat source may make a separate material glow.", "relations": [ 1241 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-heat-light", "workingId": "w1220", "checkedId": 1244, "anchor": "#056F5F", "anchorName": "bix-whizheye", "name": "heat output distinguished from visible brightness", "definition": "The distinction between a process’s heating effect and its visible luminous output, so a dim-looking flame is not assumed to be cool or a bright object to be the main source of heat.", "relations": [ 1243 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-product-formation", "workingId": "w1221", "checkedId": 1245, "anchor": "#056F60", "anchorName": "bix-whobeyo", "name": "reaction product distinguished from a stored ingredient", "definition": "A substance formed through the interaction of inputs, whose appearance among the outputs does not by itself establish that the substance already existed intact within one input.", "relations": [ 1240 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-phase-composition", "workingId": "w1222", "checkedId": 1246, "anchor": "#056F61", "anchorName": "bix-whodeyi", "name": "physical state change distinguished from compositional change", "definition": "A distinction between a substance changing physical state while retaining its chemical identity and a reaction that produces substances with different chemical identities. Melting or condensation does not by itself demonstrate decomposition or recombination.", "relations": [ 1245 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-condensable-product", "workingId": "w1223", "checkedId": 1247, "anchor": "#056F62", "anchorName": "bix-whogeye", "name": "condensation as collection of an otherwise dispersed product", "definition": "Recovery of a vaporous product as a liquid through cooling, turning material carried away in a gas stream into an accessible sample for further examination.", "relations": [ 1246 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-discriminating-test", "workingId": "w1224", "checkedId": 1248, "anchor": "#056F63", "anchorName": "bix-wholeya", "name": "a discriminating test against a comparison sample", "definition": "An examination that compares a sample’s response with the response of a relevant alternative or background, so one shared property is not mistaken for sufficient evidence of identity.", "relations": [ 1234, 25 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-cross-route-identity", "workingId": "w1225", "checkedId": 1249, "anchor": "#056F64", "anchorName": "bix-whomeya", "name": "substance identity tested across different production routes", "definition": "Identification of products obtained through different processes by comparing their relevant properties and responses to tests, rather than treating different origins as sufficient proof of different substances.", "relations": [ 1248 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-electrolytic-separation", "workingId": "w1226", "checkedId": 1250, "anchor": "#056F65", "anchorName": "bix-whoneye", "name": "electrolytic separation", "definition": "Electrically driven reactions at electrodes used to separate material or investigate composition. The collected products are identified through tests rather than inferred solely from which terminal produces them.", "relations": [ 1246 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-analysis-recomposition", "workingId": "w1227", "checkedId": 1251, "anchor": "#056F66", "anchorName": "bix-whopeyi", "name": "analysis checked by recomposition", "definition": "A method of investigating a compound by separating its constituents and then testing whether their recombination produces the original kind of substance. The two directions constrain the proposed account of composition.", "relations": [ 1250, 1249 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-proportion-basis", "workingId": "w1228", "checkedId": 1252, "anchor": "#056F67", "anchorName": "bix-whoreyo", "name": "measurement basis retained in a composition ratio", "definition": "A statement of proportion that preserves whether its quantities are measured by mass, volume or another specified basis, preventing one kind of ratio from silently replacing another.", "relations": [ 1251, 100 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-gas-density", "workingId": "w1229", "checkedId": 1253, "anchor": "#056F68", "anchorName": "bix-whoseye", "name": "density of a gas under compared conditions", "definition": "The amount of mass occupying a specified gas volume under stated conditions, used to compare gases without assuming that equal volume means equal mass.", "relations": [ 1252 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-gas-compressibility", "workingId": "w1230", "checkedId": 1254, "anchor": "#056F69", "anchorName": "bix-whoteya", "name": "gas compression distinguished from adding container volume", "definition": "A change in how much gas occupies a given space under pressure, so adding gas to a fixed vessel can increase its mass without enlarging the vessel.", "relations": [ 1253 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-material-accounting", "workingId": "w1231", "checkedId": 1255, "anchor": "#056F6A", "anchorName": "bix-whoveyo", "name": "material accounting across a reaction", "definition": "Tracing the material entering and leaving a transformation, including gases and material acquired from the surroundings, instead of inferring destruction merely because one visible input disappears.", "relations": [ 1251, 1252 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-residual-fraction", "workingId": "w1232", "checkedId": 1256, "anchor": "#056F6B", "anchorName": "bix-whoweyi", "name": "a residual fraction after selective removal", "definition": "The portion of a mixture left when an operation removes or reacts with one constituent but not all of them, making the remainder itself a subject for identification.", "relations": [ 1248 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-dilution-regulation", "workingId": "w1233", "checkedId": 1257, "anchor": "#056F6C", "anchorName": "bix-whoyeyi", "name": "dilution moderating a reaction environment", "definition": "A change in reaction conditions produced by mixing an active constituent with material that is less active in the relevant process, reducing concentration without eliminating the active constituent.", "relations": [ 1256, 1241 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-product-barrier", "workingId": "w1234", "checkedId": 1258, "anchor": "#056F6D", "anchorName": "bix-whobheyo", "name": "reaction products obstructing continued contact", "definition": "A process in which accumulated products restrict access between remaining reactants, slowing or stopping further reaction unless the obstruction is removed or bypassed.", "relations": [ 1240 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-activation-condition", "workingId": "w1235", "checkedId": 1259, "anchor": "#056F6E", "anchorName": "bix-whodheya", "name": "activation condition for a latent reaction", "definition": "A condition that must be reached before materials capable of reacting begin to do so appreciably, distinguishing available reactants from an already active process.", "relations": [ 1241, 1258 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-respiratory-analogy", "workingId": "w1236", "checkedId": 1260, "anchor": "#056F6F", "anchorName": "bix-whorheye", "name": "respiration compared with combustion", "definition": "A comparison that relates respiration and fuel burning through exchanged gases and released heat, while retaining a boundary between the observed common features and a complete account of the living process.", "relations": [ 122, 1255 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-ecological-exchange", "workingId": "w1237", "checkedId": 1261, "anchor": "#056F70", "anchorName": "bix-whoceyo", "name": "material exchange between living processes", "definition": "A relation in which matter released by one living process becomes available to another, connecting organisms through transfers rather than treating their material requirements as independent.", "relations": [ 1255, 1260, 75 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-thermal-containment", "workingId": "w1238", "checkedId": 1262, "anchor": "#056F71", "anchorName": "bix-whofeyi", "name": "thermal containment for a high-temperature process", "definition": "An arrangement that limits heat transfer away from an active region so a required high temperature can be maintained more effectively within it.", "relations": [ 1237 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "faraday-selective-separation", "workingId": "w1239", "checkedId": 1263, "anchor": "#056F72", "anchorName": "bix-whoheye", "name": "separation through differing responses to a process", "definition": "Separation of components by exploiting differences in their response to oxidation, heating or another specified treatment, with the target and removable components distinguished by those responses.", "relations": [ 1256, 1246 ], "bookId": 14474 }, { "key": "darwin-heritable-variation", "workingId": "w1240", "checkedId": 1264, "anchor": "#056F73", "anchorName": "bix-whojeya", "name": "heritable variation distinguished from environmental similarity", "definition": "Differences among individuals that can recur through descent, distinguished from resemblance produced anew by similar surroundings. A selection argument requires attention to which differences persist between generations.", "relations": [ 55 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-accumulative-selection", "workingId": "w1241", "checkedId": 1265, "anchor": "#056F74", "anchorName": "bix-whokeya", "name": "accumulative selection across generations", "definition": "A process in which repeated preservation and reproduction of selected variants can produce substantial change, even when the differences retained in each generation are small.", "relations": [ 1264 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-unintended-selection", "workingId": "w1242", "checkedId": 1266, "anchor": "#056F75", "anchorName": "bix-whoqeye", "name": "unintended cumulative selection", "definition": "Cumulative change produced when people repeatedly retain preferred individuals without intending the eventual form of a lineage or recognizing the full effect of their successive choices.", "relations": [ 1265 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-selection-material-constraint", "workingId": "w1243", "checkedId": 1267, "anchor": "#056F76", "anchorName": "bix-whoxeyi", "name": "selection constrained by available variation", "definition": "The limitation that selection can preserve or reject differences that occur, but cannot by preference alone produce whatever new variant would be useful.", "relations": [ 1264, 1265 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-correlated-variation", "workingId": "w1244", "checkedId": 1268, "anchor": "#056F77", "anchorName": "bix-whozeyo", "name": "correlated variation among parts", "definition": "Change in one part or character associated with changes elsewhere in an organism, so a trait’s presence need not be explained solely by selection acting directly on that trait.", "relations": [ 1267 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-species-boundary", "workingId": "w1245", "checkedId": 1269, "anchor": "#056F78", "anchorName": "bix-whocheye", "name": "a graded boundary between variety and species", "definition": "An account of classification in which individual differences, varieties and species may be separated by degree and by missing intermediates rather than by one universally observable boundary.", "relations": [ 1264 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-classification-circularity", "workingId": "w1246", "checkedId": 1270, "anchor": "#056F79", "anchorName": "bix-whogheya", "name": "classification criteria that predetermine a conclusion", "definition": "A circular inference in which cases are assigned to categories using the property under investigation, and that membership is then offered as evidence that the property necessarily belongs to the category.", "relations": [ 55, 25 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-ecological-dependence", "workingId": "w1247", "checkedId": 1271, "anchor": "#056F7A", "anchorName": "bix-whokheyo", "name": "struggle for existence as ecological dependence", "definition": "A broad relation among organisms, resources and conditions that affects survival and the leaving of offspring, including dependence and indirect effects as well as direct contest.", "relations": [ 1264, 122 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-reproductive-excess", "workingId": "w1248", "checkedId": 1272, "anchor": "#056F7B", "anchorName": "bix-whopheyi", "name": "reproductive increase constrained by loss", "definition": "A population process in which potential multiplication exceeds continuing realized increase, directing inquiry toward the mortality, scarcity or other checks preventing all offspring from persisting.", "relations": [ 1271 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-natural-selection", "workingId": "w1249", "checkedId": 1273, "anchor": "#056F7C", "anchorName": "bix-whosheyi", "name": "natural selection through differential reproduction", "definition": "A process in which heritable differences affecting survival or reproductive success under particular conditions change which variants contribute to later generations, without requiring an agent that intends the outcome.", "relations": [ 1264, 1267, 1271 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-neutral-variation", "workingId": "w1250", "checkedId": 1274, "anchor": "#056F7D", "anchorName": "bix-whotheyo", "name": "variation without a selected advantage", "definition": "Variation that does not affect the relevant advantage or disadvantage in a given setting and therefore is not explained by selection for that difference merely because it exists.", "relations": [ 1273, 1268 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-biotic-conditions", "workingId": "w1251", "checkedId": 1275, "anchor": "#056F7E", "anchorName": "bix-whowheya", "name": "other organisms as conditions of life", "definition": "The presence, absence and changing abundance of other organisms as part of the conditions to which an organism is related, so an unchanged physical climate need not mean an unchanged environment for survival.", "relations": [ 1271, 1273 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-reciprocal-adaptation", "workingId": "w1252", "checkedId": 1276, "anchor": "#056F7F", "anchorName": "bix-whozheye", "name": "reciprocal adaptation between interacting lineages", "definition": "A proposed process in which advantageous changes within one lineage alter the conditions faced by another, allowing successive changes in their interaction without presuming a common intention or perfectly shared interests.", "relations": [ 1275, 1273 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-sexual-selection", "workingId": "w1253", "checkedId": 1277, "anchor": "#056F80", "anchorName": "bix-zhabeyo", "name": "reproductive selection distinguished from survival selection", "definition": "Differential reproductive success arising through competition for mates or mate choice, which may affect descendants even when unsuccessful individuals remain alive.", "relations": [ 1273 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-isolation-tradeoff", "workingId": "w1254", "checkedId": 1278, "anchor": "#056F81", "anchorName": "bix-zhadeyi", "name": "isolation as a tradeoff in lineage divergence", "definition": "Separation that can reduce interbreeding and incoming competitors, allowing local differences to persist, while also limiting population size, available variation or opportunities for wider expansion.", "relations": [ 1267, 1273 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-divergence", "workingId": "w1255", "checkedId": 1279, "anchor": "#056F82", "anchorName": "bix-zhageye", "name": "divergence of character through ecological opportunities", "definition": "A process proposed to explain how descendants differing in their ways of living can occupy different opportunities, with some intermediate or competing forms declining as lineages branch.", "relations": [ 1275, 1273 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-branching-descent", "workingId": "w1256", "checkedId": 1280, "anchor": "#056F83", "anchorName": "bix-zhaleya", "name": "branching descent with lost lineages", "definition": "A representation of descent as diverging branches, some continuing and others ending, in which present groups inherit relationships from a history that includes forms no longer living.", "relations": [ 1279, 94 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-local-loss", "workingId": "w1257", "checkedId": 1281, "anchor": "#056F84", "anchorName": "bix-zhameya", "name": "local disappearance distinguished from extinction", "definition": "The distinction between absence from one place or sampled interval and the ending of a lineage everywhere, allowing migration or continued survival elsewhere to explain some apparent disappearances and returns.", "relations": [ 1280 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-useful-intermediates", "workingId": "w1258", "checkedId": 1282, "anchor": "#056F85", "anchorName": "bix-zhaneue", "name": "useful intermediates in a cumulative explanation", "definition": "A requirement that a proposed gradual origin identify successive states that could function under their own conditions, rather than using the usefulness of the final structure as an explanation of every earlier step.", "relations": [ 1273, 25 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-collateral-comparison", "workingId": "w1259", "checkedId": 1283, "anchor": "#056F86", "anchorName": "bix-zhapeui", "name": "collateral comparison distinguished from observed ancestry", "definition": "The use of related living forms to investigate possible structural or functional transitions without claiming those sampled forms are the actual successive ancestors of the organism being explained.", "relations": [ 1280, 1282 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-functional-reassignment", "workingId": "w1260", "checkedId": 1284, "anchor": "#056F87", "anchorName": "bix-zhareuo", "name": "functional reassignment of an inherited structure", "definition": "A process in which a structure serving one or several roles becomes modified toward another role, allowing continuity of material organization alongside a change in what that organization does.", "relations": [ 1282, 1268 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-relative-adaptation", "workingId": "w1261", "checkedId": 1285, "anchor": "#056F88", "anchorName": "bix-zhaseue", "name": "adaptation relative to interacting conditions", "definition": "Fitness of an arrangement to the conditions and competitors with which it interacts, distinguished from absolute perfection or assurance that it will prevail after those relations change.", "relations": [ 1275, 1273 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-family-selection", "workingId": "w1262", "checkedId": 1286, "anchor": "#056F89", "anchorName": "bix-zhateua", "name": "selection through reproductive relatives", "definition": "An explanation in which a characteristic of non-reproducing members can persist because reproductive relatives transmit dispositions associated with the success of a family or colony, rather than because those members individually leave offspring.", "relations": [ 1264, 1273 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-behavioural-variation", "workingId": "w1263", "checkedId": 1287, "anchor": "#056F8A", "anchorName": "bix-zhaveuo", "name": "behavioural variation within a supposedly fixed instinct", "definition": "Differences in behaviour among individuals or circumstances that make a named instinct an object of comparison and causal inquiry rather than an exceptionless action performed identically by every member of a kind.", "relations": [ 1264, 96 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-cross-hybrid", "workingId": "w1264", "checkedId": 1288, "anchor": "#056F8B", "anchorName": "bix-zhaweui", "name": "cross compatibility distinguished from offspring fertility", "definition": "The distinction between whether a crossing produces offspring and whether the resulting offspring can themselves reproduce; failure or success at one stage does not settle the other.", "relations": [ 1270 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-graded-barrier", "workingId": "w1265", "checkedId": 1289, "anchor": "#056F8C", "anchorName": "bix-zhayeui", "name": "graded and conditional reproductive compatibility", "definition": "Reproductive compatibility that varies in degree or with conditions, instead of functioning as an exceptionless binary marker from which all species and variety assignments can be inferred.", "relations": [ 1288, 1269 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-reciprocal-cross", "workingId": "w1266", "checkedId": 1290, "anchor": "#056F8D", "anchorName": "bix-zhabheuo", "name": "asymmetry under reversal of a biological cross", "definition": "A difference in reproductive outcome when the same two parental kinds exchange maternal and paternal roles, showing that the pair’s names alone may not specify the relevant crossing.", "relations": [ 1288, 1289 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-preservation-bias", "workingId": "w1267", "checkedId": 1291, "anchor": "#056F8E", "anchorName": "bix-zhadheua", "name": "selective preservation in a historical material record", "definition": "Unequal chances that past organisms or events leave recoverable traces, depending on material properties, place, burial, later destruction and collection, so the recovered sample is not an undistorted census of the past.", "relations": [ 1281, 96 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-record-hiatus", "workingId": "w1268", "checkedId": 1292, "anchor": "#056F8F", "anchorName": "bix-zharheue", "name": "a hiatus between successive preserved records", "definition": "An interval of history absent between surviving records, so adjacency in a recovered sequence does not establish uninterrupted deposition, immediate succession or the absence of intervening change.", "relations": [ 1291, 118 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-first-record", "workingId": "w1269", "checkedId": 1293, "anchor": "#056F90", "anchorName": "bix-zhaceuo", "name": "first recorded appearance distinguished from origin", "definition": "The earliest known occurrence in a sampled record, distinguished from the time or place where the lineage arose; migration and missing evidence can make those events differ.", "relations": [ 1291, 1292 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-regional-affinity", "workingId": "w1270", "checkedId": 1294, "anchor": "#056F91", "anchorName": "bix-zhafeui", "name": "regional affinity as a clue to lineage history", "definition": "A pattern in which related forms occur within a region despite differing local conditions, or living forms resemble earlier regional forms, motivating inquiry into descent and movement rather than climate alone.", "relations": [ 1280, 1275 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-occasional-dispersal", "workingId": "w1271", "checkedId": 1295, "anchor": "#056F92", "anchorName": "bix-zhaheue", "name": "occasional dispersal under a specified route", "definition": "Rare movement across a barrier through a physically possible route, assessed with evidence about transport, survival and opportunity rather than by assuming an unrestricted connection.", "relations": [ 1294, 55 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-establishment", "workingId": "w1272", "checkedId": 1296, "anchor": "#056F93", "anchorName": "bix-zhajeua", "name": "establishment distinguished from successful arrival", "definition": "Persistence and reproduction after reaching a place, distinguished from mere transport there; opportunities, competitors and subsequent survival still condition colonization.", "relations": [ 1295, 1275 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-endemism", "workingId": "w1273", "checkedId": 1297, "anchor": "#056F94", "anchorName": "bix-zhakeua", "name": "endemism in relation to isolation and colonization", "definition": "Restriction of forms to a particular region considered alongside its barriers, arrivals and opportunities for divergence, rather than explained solely by its present climate or number of inhabitants.", "relations": [ 1278, 1296 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-homology-analogy", "workingId": "w1274", "checkedId": 1298, "anchor": "#056F95", "anchorName": "bix-zhaqeue", "name": "structural relationship distinguished from functional analogy", "definition": "The distinction between a structural correspondence interpreted through common descent and resemblance associated with similar function or way of life; doing similar work does not alone establish close ancestry.", "relations": [ 1280, 1284 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-character-ensemble", "workingId": "w1275", "checkedId": 1299, "anchor": "#056F96", "anchorName": "bix-zhaxeui", "name": "classification by an ensemble of characters", "definition": "Assessment of relationships through several informative characters, including apparently minor features, rather than letting one conspicuous or practically important character determine the entire classification.", "relations": [ 1298, 1270 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-embryonic-clue", "workingId": "w1276", "checkedId": 1300, "anchor": "#056F97", "anchorName": "bix-zhazeuo", "name": "embryonic resemblance as a qualified lineage clue", "definition": "Comparison of developmental stages as evidence about shared organization and descent, with exceptions and stage-specific adaptations retained rather than assuming every embryo repeats a complete ancestral history.", "relations": [ 1298, 1299 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "darwin-reduced-structure", "workingId": "w1277", "checkedId": 1301, "anchor": "#056F98", "anchorName": "bix-zhacheue", "name": "a reduced structure as a clue to previous function", "definition": "A reduced or altered structure examined for inherited relationships and former roles, without assuming diminished performance of one role means the structure has no remaining role at all.", "relations": [ 1284, 1298 ], "bookId": 1228 }, { "key": "nightingale-avoidable-burden", "workingId": "w1278", "checkedId": 1302, "anchor": "#056F99", "anchorName": "bix-zhagheua", "name": "avoidable burden added by the conditions of care", "definition": "Suffering or expenditure of effort associated with how a person is housed, supplied, approached or attended, distinguished from burdens that have been shown to be unavoidable features of the illness itself.", "relations": [ 1234, 55 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-structural-care-constraint", "workingId": "w1279", "checkedId": 1303, "anchor": "#056F9A", "anchorName": "bix-zhakheuo", "name": "structural constraints on individual care", "definition": "Limits imposed on a caregiver’s possible actions by buildings, staffing, supplies or management arrangements, which must be distinguished from unwillingness or lack of skill when assessing the care delivered.", "relations": [ 1302, 55 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-air-warmth-distinction", "workingId": "w1280", "checkedId": 1304, "anchor": "#056F9B", "anchorName": "bix-zhapheui", "name": "air renewal distinguished from cooling", "definition": "The distinction between replacing indoor air and changing its temperature, preventing warmth or coolness alone from being used as a sufficient description of the air supplied to an occupant.", "relations": [ 1302 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-incoming-air", "workingId": "w1281", "checkedId": 1305, "anchor": "#056F9C", "anchorName": "bix-zhasheui", "name": "the provenance of an environmental supply", "definition": "Assessment of a supplied environmental resource by where it comes from and what it has encountered, rather than treating the opening, pipe or other delivery path alone as evidence of its suitability.", "relations": [ 1304 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-source-removal", "workingId": "w1282", "checkedId": 1306, "anchor": "#056F9D", "anchorName": "bix-zhatheuo", "name": "removing a source distinguished from masking its signal", "definition": "A distinction between changing a condition that produces an unwanted exposure and making its smell or other noticeable signal less apparent while the source remains.", "relations": [ 1305 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-continuity-in-absence", "workingId": "w1283", "checkedId": 1307, "anchor": "#056F9E", "anchorName": "bix-zhawheua", "name": "care continuity during the responsible person’s absence", "definition": "An arrangement that preserves necessary attention and tasks when the usual responsible person is away, through explicit provision for what another person must notice and do.", "relations": [ 36, 91, 1303 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-accountable-coordination", "workingId": "w1284", "checkedId": 1308, "anchor": "#056F9F", "anchorName": "bix-zhazheue", "name": "coordination distinguished from doing every task oneself", "definition": "Responsibility for arranging, assigning and checking work so that required tasks occur, distinguished from personally performing all tasks or making a system depend on one indispensable individual.", "relations": [ 1307, 97 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-attention-noise", "workingId": "w1285", "checkedId": 1309, "anchor": "#056FA0", "anchorName": "bix-zhebeuo", "name": "noise that imposes expectation and attention", "definition": "Disturbance that burdens a listener through interruption, uncertainty or compelled attention as well as loudness, so a quiet or intermittent sound can have an effect not captured by volume alone.", "relations": [ 1302 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-delayed-interaction-cost", "workingId": "w1286", "checkedId": 1310, "anchor": "#056FA1", "anchorName": "bix-zhedeui", "name": "delayed cost of an apparently successful interaction", "definition": "A burden that becomes apparent after an encounter rather than during it, requiring attention to subsequent fatigue, sleep or function instead of inferring benefit from the participant’s immediate responsiveness.", "relations": [ 1309, 56 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-recipient-pace", "workingId": "w1287", "checkedId": 1311, "anchor": "#056FA2", "anchorName": "bix-zhegeue", "name": "communication paced to the recipient’s available attention", "definition": "Adaptation of the timing, continuity and presentation of communication to what the recipient can attend to, rather than assuming that a reader’s pauses or a speaker’s convenience also suit the listener.", "relations": [ 1309, 37 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-patient-management-burden", "workingId": "w1288", "checkedId": 1312, "anchor": "#056FA3", "anchorName": "bix-zheleua", "name": "the burden of making a patient manage the care", "definition": "Additional work imposed when a person receiving care must repeatedly instruct, remind, plan for or compensate for the attendant’s omissions, despite the care arrangement being intended to support that person.", "relations": [ 1308, 1311 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-gradual-variety", "workingId": "w1289", "checkedId": 1313, "anchor": "#056FA4", "anchorName": "bix-zhemeua", "name": "variety without overwhelming succession", "definition": "Change in surroundings or occupation introduced with attention to the recipient’s capacity, distinguishing relief from monotony from a rapid succession of stimuli that itself demands exhausting adjustment.", "relations": [ 1311 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-constrained-agency", "workingId": "w1290", "checkedId": 1314, "anchor": "#056FA5", "anchorName": "bix-zheneye", "name": "agency exercised under limited capacity", "definition": "Action or self-control understood in relation to a person’s current physical and attentional resources, so an inaccessible activity is not treated as attainable merely by demanding more willpower.", "relations": [ 1312, 43 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-availability-consumption", "workingId": "w1291", "checkedId": 1315, "anchor": "#056FA6", "anchorName": "bix-zhepeyi", "name": "provision distinguished from actual consumption", "definition": "The distinction between something being prepared, delivered or available and the intended person actually being able to take and use it; completed supply does not itself establish successful support.", "relations": [ 1302 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-care-timing", "workingId": "w1292", "checkedId": 1316, "anchor": "#056FA7", "anchorName": "bix-zhereyo", "name": "coordination of care around a usable opportunity", "definition": "Arrangement of otherwise useful tasks so that they do not compete with the limited time or capacity in which a person can receive another necessary form of support.", "relations": [ 1315, 1303 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-preference-evidence", "workingId": "w1293", "checkedId": 1317, "anchor": "#056FA8", "anchorName": "bix-zheseye", "name": "a reported preference as evidence to investigate", "definition": "A person’s report of what they can tolerate or need treated as relevant evidence for observation and inquiry, neither dismissed as mere fancy nor made an unquestionable explanation of cause.", "relations": [ 1314, 55 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-actual-intake", "workingId": "w1294", "checkedId": 1318, "anchor": "#056FA9", "anchorName": "bix-zheteya", "name": "accounting for intake rather than quantities served", "definition": "Observation or recording of what was actually consumed over a stated interval, preserving relevant quantities and conditions rather than substituting the amount offered, the tray’s appearance or a general impression.", "relations": [ 1315, 100 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-composition-tolerance", "workingId": "w1295", "checkedId": 1319, "anchor": "#056FAA", "anchorName": "bix-zheveyo", "name": "composition distinguished from individual tolerance", "definition": "The distinction between a material’s analyzed contents and a particular person’s ability to receive, retain or use it under present conditions; a compositional description alone does not determine the observed result.", "relations": [ 1318, 1317 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-nonlinear-help", "workingId": "w1296", "checkedId": 1320, "anchor": "#056FAB", "anchorName": "bix-zheweyi", "name": "helpfulness that does not increase proportionally with quantity", "definition": "A relationship in which an intervention’s benefit at one amount does not establish that a larger amount provides proportionally greater benefit; added quantity can create a different burden.", "relations": [ 1319, 1313, 83 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-situated-access", "workingId": "w1297", "checkedId": 1321, "anchor": "#056FAC", "anchorName": "bix-zheyeyi", "name": "accessibility at the point of use", "definition": "The practical ability to use an object or arrangement given the recipient’s posture, strength and current task, distinguished from the object merely being present or nominally available.", "relations": [ 1315, 1314 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-exposure-duration", "workingId": "w1298", "checkedId": 1322, "anchor": "#056FAD", "anchorName": "bix-zhebheyo", "name": "design evaluated under prolonged constrained occupancy", "definition": "Assessment of an environment with regard to how long a person must remain in it and whether they can leave, so conditions tolerable during a short visit are not assumed tolerable during continuous occupancy.", "relations": [ 1303, 1321 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-cleanability", "workingId": "w1299", "checkedId": 1323, "anchor": "#056FAE", "anchorName": "bix-zhedheya", "name": "cleanability as a design property", "definition": "The extent to which an object or space permits accumulated material to be found and removed, including surfaces or recesses that appearance and routine access can conceal.", "relations": [ 1322 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-removal-redistribution", "workingId": "w1300", "checkedId": 1324, "anchor": "#056FAF", "anchorName": "bix-zherheye", "name": "removal distinguished from redistribution", "definition": "The distinction between taking unwanted material out of a relevant environment and moving it to another surface or into the surrounding air while leaving the exposure within that environment.", "relations": [ 1323, 1306 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-truthful-companionship", "workingId": "w1301", "checkedId": 1325, "anchor": "#056FB0", "anchorName": "bix-zheceyo", "name": "companionship without compulsory reassurance", "definition": "Supportive presence that allows a person’s difficulties and uncertainty to be acknowledged without requiring a cheerful performance or minimizing suffering in order to comfort the visitor.", "relations": [ 1314, 56, 43 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-contextless-advice", "workingId": "w1302", "checkedId": 1326, "anchor": "#056FB1", "anchorName": "bix-zhefeyi", "name": "advice offered without the recipient’s relevant context", "definition": "A recommendation made without adequate knowledge of the person’s circumstances, capacities or existing care, which can impose explanation and decision burdens even when intended as encouragement.", "relations": [ 1325, 1312, 55 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-observable-question", "workingId": "w1303", "checkedId": 1327, "anchor": "#056FB2", "anchorName": "bix-zheheye", "name": "a question tied to a definite observation", "definition": "A request framed around a specified event, time, quantity or capability so the answer can distinguish actual circumstances, rather than inviting an unexamined label such as better or a good night.", "relations": [ 1318, 99 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-proxy-event", "workingId": "w1304", "checkedId": 1328, "anchor": "#056FB3", "anchorName": "bix-zhejeya", "name": "a convenient proxy distinguished from the event counted", "definition": "The distinction between a readily counted object or reported sign and the event it is meant to represent, requiring examination of whether one proxy instance really corresponds to one event.", "relations": [ 1327 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-multiple-causes", "workingId": "w1305", "checkedId": 1329, "anchor": "#056FB4", "anchorName": "bix-zhekeya", "name": "different causes behind the same reported difficulty", "definition": "A shared description of an adverse outcome that can arise through several conditions, requiring those conditions to be distinguished before assuming one explanation or remedy fits every case.", "relations": [ 1327, 1319 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-current-capacity", "workingId": "w1306", "checkedId": 1330, "anchor": "#056FB5", "anchorName": "bix-zheqeye", "name": "current capacity distinguished from a remembered capability", "definition": "Assessment of what a person can do under present conditions, instead of assuming that an activity remains accessible because they performed it earlier or can perform a different activity now.", "relations": [ 1314, 1321 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-conditional-prognosis", "workingId": "w1307", "checkedId": 1331, "anchor": "#056FB6", "anchorName": "bix-zhexeyi", "name": "attainability of a forecast’s prerequisites", "definition": "The distinction between stating conditions under which a favorable result is expected and establishing that those conditions can actually be obtained and sustained. A conditional forecast does not show that a person has the means to satisfy its prerequisites.", "relations": [ 1303, 96 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-average-individual", "workingId": "w1308", "checkedId": 1332, "anchor": "#056FB7", "anchorName": "bix-zhezeyo", "name": "population averages distinguished from individual outcomes", "definition": "The distinction between an aggregate pattern across persons or situations and a determination of what will happen to a particular person, especially when the conditions producing the aggregate vary.", "relations": [ 1331, 96 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-observation-for-care", "workingId": "w1309", "checkedId": 1333, "anchor": "#056FB8", "anchorName": "bix-zhecheye", "name": "observation directed toward the person’s benefit", "definition": "Attention to a person’s condition for the purpose of informing useful care, with noticed difficulties communicated to someone able to respond, rather than treating the person merely as an interesting case or an object of record.", "relations": [ 1327, 43, 98 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-confidential-care", "workingId": "w1310", "checkedId": 1334, "anchor": "#056FB9", "anchorName": "bix-zhegheya", "name": "confidentiality within an entrusted care relationship", "definition": "Restraint in sharing personal information learned through care, distinguishing disclosure to someone entitled to ask from gossip or answering a questioner without that entitlement.", "relations": [ 1333 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-environment-technique", "workingId": "w1311", "checkedId": 1335, "anchor": "#056FBA", "anchorName": "bix-zhekheyo", "name": "environmental support alongside trained practical care", "definition": "The complementary roles of supportive conditions and learned practical skill, where neither an improved environment nor technical attention alone is assumed to replace every contribution of the other.", "relations": [ 1303, 1333 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "nightingale-trained-observation", "workingId": "w1312", "checkedId": 1336, "anchor": "#056FBB", "anchorName": "bix-zhepheyi", "name": "observational competence distinguished from devotion", "definition": "Skill in noticing, distinguishing and accurately communicating relevant facts, developed through practice and correction rather than inferred solely from goodwill, sacrifice or a sense of calling.", "relations": [ 1327, 1335, 99 ], "bookId": 12439 }, { "key": "montessori-observation-permitting-environment", "workingId": "w1313", "checkedId": 1337, "anchor": "#056FBC", "anchorName": "bix-zhesheyi", "name": "observation-permitting environment", "definition": "An arrangement that gives a learner enough scope to initiate, vary and sustain activity for observation to reveal more than compliance with the observer’s commands. What becomes observable depends partly on the freedom the setting permits.", "relations": [ 55, 44 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-inquiry-beyond-instruments", "workingId": "w1314", "checkedId": 1338, "anchor": "#056FBD", "anchorName": "bix-zhetheyo", "name": "inquiry beyond instrument routine", "definition": "The distinction between competently operating measurement equipment and conducting inquiry: instruments can produce records while the observer lacks a question, sustained attention to the phenomenon, or willingness to revise an interpretation.", "relations": [ 55, 1337 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-child-scaled-affordance", "workingId": "w1315", "checkedId": 1339, "anchor": "#056FBE", "anchorName": "bix-zhewheya", "name": "child-scaled affordance", "definition": "A physical arrangement whose size, weight, reach and placement let a child perform an intended action directly instead of depending on an adult to move, open, lift or supply what the task requires.", "relations": [ 44, 43 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-material-control-of-error", "workingId": "w1316", "checkedId": 1340, "anchor": "#056FBF", "anchorName": "bix-zhezheye", "name": "material control of error", "definition": "A task or environment arranged so that a mismatch becomes perceptible through the action itself, allowing the learner to notice and revise it without waiting for an authority to pronounce the answer wrong.", "relations": [ 99, 1339 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-active-discipline", "workingId": "w1317", "checkedId": 1341, "anchor": "#056FC0", "anchorName": "bix-zhibeyo", "name": "active discipline", "definition": "Self-regulation expressed in coordinated, purposeful action and restraint appropriate to a situation, rather than inferred solely from silence, immobility or prompt obedience to an external command.", "relations": [ 44, 43 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-bounded-nonintervention", "workingId": "w1318", "checkedId": 1342, "anchor": "#056FC1", "anchorName": "bix-zhideyi", "name": "bounded nonintervention in learning", "definition": "Withholding unnecessary direction while continuing to prevent harm and protect others’ participation. Letting a learner try an action is distinguished from allowing aggression or abandoning the learner when assistance is needed.", "relations": [ 43, 98, 1341 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-assistance-displacing-practice", "workingId": "w1319", "checkedId": 1343, "anchor": "#056FC2", "anchorName": "bix-zhigeye", "name": "assistance that displaces practice", "definition": "Help that achieves a learner’s immediate objective by taking over the very planning, movement or correction the learner was attempting to develop. A completed result can therefore coincide with a lost opportunity to acquire capacity.", "relations": [ 1342, 44 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-practical-independence", "workingId": "w1320", "checkedId": 1344, "anchor": "#056FC3", "anchorName": "bix-zhileya", "name": "practice toward practical independence", "definition": "Developing the ability to carry out relevant everyday actions through supported opportunities to do them, rather than equating independence with the power to command someone else to perform them.", "relations": [ 1339, 1343 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-intrinsic-work-satisfaction", "workingId": "w1321", "checkedId": 1345, "anchor": "#056FC4", "anchorName": "bix-zhimeya", "name": "intrinsic satisfaction in an activity", "definition": "Satisfaction arising from carrying out and gaining command of an activity, distinguished from approval, prizes or possessions offered as rewards for doing it. The distinction concerns a source of motivation, not a claim that rewards never matter.", "relations": [ 1344, 44 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-concise-object-lesson", "workingId": "w1322", "checkedId": 1346, "anchor": "#056FC5", "anchorName": "bix-zhineue", "name": "concise object-directed lesson", "definition": "An introduction that uses a small number of clear words and actions to direct attention to the object or relation being learned, keeping the teacher’s performance from becoming the main subject of the lesson.", "relations": [ 1337, 44 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-unforced-lesson-withdrawal", "workingId": "w1323", "checkedId": 1347, "anchor": "#056FC6", "anchorName": "bix-zhipeui", "name": "unforced withdrawal after a failed lesson", "definition": "Ending or pausing an introduction when the learner has not understood it, without turning the failure into repeated demands, humiliation or an invented success. A later opportunity can be offered after observing readiness.", "relations": [ 1342, 1346, 56 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-extraneous-lesson-load", "workingId": "w1324", "checkedId": 1348, "anchor": "#056FC7", "anchorName": "bix-zhireuo", "name": "extraneous lesson load", "definition": "Words, stories, guesses or performances that consume attention during a lesson without helping the learner distinguish the intended object or relation. Added activity can make a lesson livelier while obscuring what it is meant to teach.", "relations": [ 1346 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-recognition-before-analysis", "workingId": "w1325", "checkedId": 1349, "anchor": "#056FC8", "anchorName": "bix-zhiseue", "name": "form recognition distinguished from analysis", "definition": "Recognizing a shape as a perceptible whole is distinguished from naming and analyzing its parts or properties. A learner may identify a form without yet understanding a geometrical description of why it has that form.", "relations": [ 1346, 55 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-development-versus-measurement", "workingId": "w1326", "checkedId": 1350, "anchor": "#056FC9", "anchorName": "bix-zhiteua", "name": "development distinguished from measurement", "definition": "Using an exercise or instrument to cultivate a capacity is distinguished from using it to estimate the capacity already present. Similar apparatus can serve different purposes, with different demands on repetition, interest and interpretation of results.", "relations": [ 1338, 55 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-response-guided-material-selection", "workingId": "w1327", "checkedId": 1351, "anchor": "#056FCA", "anchorName": "bix-zhiveuo", "name": "response-guided material selection", "definition": "Choosing or revising learning materials in light of how learners actually engage with and use them, rather than assuming that adult-designed gradations or a theoretically attractive exercise are suitable because they can be measured.", "relations": [ 1337, 1350, 85 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-direct-versus-observational-error", "workingId": "w1328", "checkedId": 1352, "anchor": "#056FCB", "anchorName": "bix-zhiweui", "name": "direct and observational error signals", "definition": "A distinction between an arrangement that physically prevents an incorrect fit and one that leaves the learner to notice a mismatch by comparison. Both can support correction, but they place different demands on perception and judgment.", "relations": [ 1340 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-voluntary-repetition", "workingId": "w1329", "checkedId": 1353, "anchor": "#056FCC", "anchorName": "bix-zhiyeui", "name": "voluntary repetition in learning", "definition": "Returning to an activity after an initial success because continued performance still exercises attention, coordination or discrimination. Repetition can be part of acquiring stable command rather than evidence that no learning has occurred.", "relations": [ 1345, 1340 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-three-stage-name-learning", "workingId": "w1330", "checkedId": 1354, "anchor": "#056FCD", "anchorName": "bix-zhibheuo", "name": "three-stage association of a name", "definition": "Distinguishing three performances: associating a name with a presented object or quality, selecting that object when the name is requested, and independently recalling the name. Success in one stage does not by itself demonstrate the others.", "relations": [ 1349 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-sensory-isolation", "workingId": "w1331", "checkedId": 1355, "anchor": "#056FCE", "anchorName": "bix-zhidheua", "name": "sensory isolation for comparison", "definition": "Arranging an exercise to reduce competing sensory cues so that a learner can attend to a selected quality. What is isolated is a task condition; it does not imply that ordinary perception or understanding normally uses only one sense.", "relations": [ 1351, 1349 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-graduated-comparison", "workingId": "w1332", "checkedId": 1356, "anchor": "#056FCF", "anchorName": "bix-zhirheue", "name": "graduated perceptual comparison", "definition": "Ordering materials through controlled changes in a selected dimension so that differences and their sequence can be compared. A visible progression makes both relative magnitude and breaks in the intended order available for inspection.", "relations": [ 1355, 1352 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-cross-modal-form-check", "workingId": "w1333", "checkedId": 1357, "anchor": "#056FD0", "anchorName": "bix-zhiceuo", "name": "cross-modal checking of a form", "definition": "Using one mode of encounter, such as tracing a contour by touch, to examine a form first encountered through another mode. The second encounter supplies a check or additional discrimination rather than automatically confirming the first.", "relations": [ 1349, 1340 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-preparatory-component-practice", "workingId": "w1334", "checkedId": 1358, "anchor": "#056FD1", "anchorName": "bix-zhifeui", "name": "preparatory practice of component actions", "definition": "Practising constituent actions of a complex task before requiring their coordinated performance. Preparation can reduce the number of unfamiliar demands encountered together, while success at a component remains distinct from mastery of the whole task.", "relations": [ 1356, 55 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-writing-motor-demands", "workingId": "w1335", "checkedId": 1359, "anchor": "#056FD2", "anchorName": "bix-zhiheue", "name": "distinct motor demands of writing", "definition": "The distinction between controlling a writing instrument and producing the movements that form a sign. A learner can acquire one of these abilities before coordinating it with the other, so visible difficulty need not have a single cause.", "relations": [ 1358 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-decoding-versus-understanding", "workingId": "w1336", "checkedId": 1360, "anchor": "#056FD3", "anchorName": "bix-zhijeua", "name": "decoding distinguished from understanding", "definition": "Producing sounds or identifying signs from a written sequence is distinguished from interpreting the message another person intended through that sequence. A successful mechanical reading can therefore leave the communicated meaning unresolved.", "relations": [ 37, 1354 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-unequal-readiness", "workingId": "w1337", "checkedId": 1361, "anchor": "#056FD4", "anchorName": "bix-zhikeua", "name": "unequal readiness at the same age", "definition": "Learners who share an age or setting may not yet be prepared for the same task. Group membership is therefore distinguished from observed readiness to attempt a particular performance.", "relations": [ 1347, 1337 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-learner-paced-time", "workingId": "w1338", "checkedId": 1362, "anchor": "#056FD5", "anchorName": "bix-zhiqeue", "name": "learner-paced practice time", "definition": "Allowing time for a learner’s planning and repeated action according to the capacity being developed, instead of treating an expert’s completion speed as the only standard. A slower attempt need not signify incapacity or failed progress.", "relations": [ 1343, 1353 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-available-competence", "workingId": "w1339", "checkedId": 1363, "anchor": "#056FD6", "anchorName": "bix-zhixeui", "name": "transient success and available competence", "definition": "Performing an action successfully on one occasion is distinguished from having enough stable command to repeat it intentionally or in response to a request. A prior success alone does not prove that later nonperformance is refusal.", "relations": [ 1353, 1341 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-care-through-dependence", "workingId": "w1340", "checkedId": 1364, "anchor": "#056FD7", "anchorName": "bix-zhizeuo", "name": "care learned through living dependence", "definition": "A learning arrangement in which attending to a plant or animal makes the connection between one’s actions and another living being’s needs perceptible. Responsibility is exercised through recurring care rather than only described in a lesson.", "relations": [ 77, 1344 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "montessori-growth-paced-expectation", "workingId": "w1341", "checkedId": 1365, "anchor": "#056FD8", "anchorName": "bix-zhicheue", "name": "expectation paced by growth", "definition": "Attending to a living process whose changes cannot be produced immediately on demand, distinguishing regular care from control over when a result will appear. Different rates of growth can make patient observation part of the activity.", "relations": [ 1364, 1362 ], "bookId": 39863 }, { "key": "addams-experience-corrected-judgment", "workingId": "w1342", "checkedId": 1366, "anchor": "#056FD9", "anchorName": "bix-zhigheua", "name": "experience-corrected social judgment", "definition": "Revising an assessment of another person’s conduct through contact with the conditions, burdens and relationships in which that conduct occurs. Shared experience can expose limits in a standard formed from one’s own social position.", "relations": [ 37, 55 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-conviction-habit-lag", "workingId": "w1343", "checkedId": 1367, "anchor": "#056FDA", "anchorName": "bix-zhikheuo", "name": "conviction and habit lag", "definition": "A mismatch in which a person or institution affirms a newer moral standard while continuing practices organized by an older one. Sincere agreement with a principle can coexist with routines that have not yet been changed to enact it.", "relations": [ 45, 55 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-industrial-virtue-reduction", "workingId": "w1344", "checkedId": 1368, "anchor": "#056FDB", "anchorName": "bix-zhipheui", "name": "reduction of need to industrial virtue", "definition": "Interpreting hardship chiefly as a test of thrift, cleanliness, work or self-support while overlooking conditions that make those performances difficult or socially costly. A useful personal virtue becomes reductive when used as the whole explanation of need.", "relations": [ 1366, 95 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-eligibility-performance", "workingId": "w1345", "checkedId": 1369, "anchor": "#056FDC", "anchorName": "bix-zhisheui", "name": "eligibility-induced performance", "definition": "A response in which people seeking assistance emphasize or imitate the qualities an institution rewards in order to qualify for help. The application process can shape the account it later treats as independent evidence about the applicant.", "relations": [ 1368, 55 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-aid-and-neighbor-care", "workingId": "w1346", "checkedId": 1370, "anchor": "#056FDD", "anchorName": "bix-zhitheuo", "name": "institutional aid displacing neighbor care", "definition": "A possibility in which the presence of a formal relief provider redirects practical help among neighbors into an expectation that the institution should solve the need. Organized aid and informal mutual care can interact rather than simply add together.", "relations": [ 1366, 42 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-unequal-giving-norms", "workingId": "w1347", "checkedId": 1371, "anchor": "#056FDE", "anchorName": "bix-zhiwheua", "name": "unequal norms of giving", "definition": "A mismatch between what a giver regards as responsible restraint and what a recipient or neighbor regards as an appropriate response to visible need. Expectations depend partly on perceived resources, proximity and customary mutual obligations.", "relations": [ 1366, 41 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-positional-respectability", "workingId": "w1348", "checkedId": 1372, "anchor": "#056FDF", "anchorName": "bix-zhizheue", "name": "positional costs of respectability", "definition": "The effort or expense required to obtain ordinary recognition can differ with a person’s already established social position. A display that is optional for someone with secure status may be treated as necessary evidence of standing for someone without it.", "relations": [ 1366, 55 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-advice-backed-by-aid", "workingId": "w1349", "checkedId": 1373, "anchor": "#056FE0", "anchorName": "bix-zhobeuo", "name": "advice backed by control of aid", "definition": "Guidance given by someone who can grant or withhold needed assistance carries pressure beyond the merits of the advice itself. Apparent agreement may reflect the recipient’s dependence on the resource rather than a freely adopted judgment.", "relations": [ 43, 98, 1369 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-private-exit-versus-protection", "workingId": "w1350", "checkedId": 1374, "anchor": "#056FE1", "anchorName": "bix-zhodeui", "name": "private escape and structural protection", "definition": "Relieving one person’s immediate exposure is distinguished from changing a condition that continues to expose others. Both may be valuable, but a successful individual rescue does not by itself establish a general protection.", "relations": [ 47, 95 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-voluntary-hardship-gap", "workingId": "w1351", "checkedId": 1375, "anchor": "#056FE2", "anchorName": "bix-zhogeue", "name": "the voluntary hardship gap", "definition": "Temporarily adopting difficult living conditions while retaining an exit, reserve or secure future is distinguished from facing those conditions without such options. Similar visible circumstances can conceal materially different exposure to uncertainty.", "relations": [ 56, 83, 95 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-coexisting-legitimate-claims", "workingId": "w1352", "checkedId": 1376, "anchor": "#056FE3", "anchorName": "bix-zholeua", "name": "coexisting legitimate claims", "definition": "A conflict in which more than one demand expresses a serious obligation or good, so disagreement cannot be adequately described as duty on one side and selfishness on the other. Recognizing both claims does not determine their final priority.", "relations": [ 41, 49 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-education-without-outlet", "workingId": "w1353", "checkedId": 1377, "anchor": "#056FE4", "anchorName": "bix-zhomeua", "name": "education without an outlet for agency", "definition": "Developing a person’s abilities or sense of responsibility while denying practical opportunities to exercise them beyond an assigned role. The institution can celebrate learning yet restrict the actions through which that learning would become socially effective.", "relations": [ 44, 104, 1376 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-family-rights-asymmetry", "workingId": "w1354", "checkedId": 1378, "anchor": "#056FE5", "anchorName": "bix-zhoneye", "name": "asymmetrical protection of family life", "definition": "Protecting one household’s intimacy and security by organizing another person’s service so that the worker cannot sustain comparable family or social relations. A shared ideal of family life is applied unequally across the employment relationship.", "relations": [ 43, 1376 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-service-versus-person-control", "workingId": "w1355", "checkedId": 1379, "anchor": "#056FE6", "anchorName": "bix-zhopeyi", "name": "service distinguished from whole-person control", "definition": "Contracting for a bounded contribution is distinguished from claiming continuing authority over the worker’s presence, leisure, friendships or home life. Paying for service does not make every aspect of the worker’s life part of that service.", "relations": [ 89, 43, 1378 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-undefined-labor-demand", "workingId": "w1356", "checkedId": 1380, "anchor": "#056FE7", "anchorName": "bix-zhoreyo", "name": "undefined demand shaped by unseen labor", "definition": "An assignment whose scope expands because the person directing it lacks experience of the work involved and leaves duties, duration or completion criteria unclear. The worker bears the cost of demands that remain vague to the requester.", "relations": [ 100, 1379 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-occupational-isolation", "workingId": "w1357", "checkedId": 1381, "anchor": "#056FE8", "anchorName": "bix-zhoseye", "name": "occupational isolation from shared improvement", "definition": "An arrangement that separates workers from peers who could exchange methods, articulate common conditions or organize improvements. Private efficiency within each workplace can coexist with a loss of collective learning across the occupation.", "relations": [ 65, 42, 1379 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-joint-production-unilateral-rule", "workingId": "w1358", "checkedId": 1382, "anchor": "#056FE9", "anchorName": "bix-zhoteya", "name": "joint production under unilateral rule", "definition": "A system whose outputs depend on many people’s coordinated activity while authority over their shared conditions remains concentrated in one owner or manager. Economic interdependence and participation in governance are separate properties.", "relations": [ 39, 40 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-benevolent-paternalism", "workingId": "w1359", "checkedId": 1383, "anchor": "#056FEA", "anchorName": "bix-zhoveyo", "name": "benevolent provision without participation", "definition": "An arrangement in which a provider improves others’ surroundings while retaining the power to define their needs and govern the provision without their effective participation. Beneficial intentions and useful amenities do not by themselves supply consent.", "relations": [ 43, 1382 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-amenity-loyalty-confusion", "workingId": "w1360", "checkedId": 1384, "anchor": "#056FEB", "anchorName": "bix-zhoweyi", "name": "amenities confused with a claim to loyalty", "definition": "Treating benefits such as recreation, housing or education as grounds for recipients to surrender independent judgment or collective demands. Appreciation for a benefit is distinguished from agreement about wages, authority or the conditions of cooperation.", "relations": [ 1383, 41, 89 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-participatory-feasibility", "workingId": "w1361", "checkedId": 1385, "anchor": "#056FEC", "anchorName": "bix-zhoyeyi", "name": "participatory feasibility", "definition": "Judging a proposed improvement partly by whether people can understand, sustain and participate in carrying it out together. An individually perfected plan may be less socially durable than a less polished result developed through shared action.", "relations": [ 97, 104, 1382 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-pilot-to-common-standard", "workingId": "w1362", "checkedId": 1386, "anchor": "#056FED", "anchorName": "bix-zhobheyo", "name": "a private pilot becoming a common standard", "definition": "A path in which an initially voluntary experiment becomes a subject of public discussion, shared adoption and general protection. The first initiative and the later authority of a common rule are different stages, each requiring its own justification.", "relations": [ 1374, 1385, 85 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-access-selection-bias", "workingId": "w1363", "checkedId": 1387, "anchor": "#056FEE", "anchorName": "bix-zhodheya", "name": "access shaped by the responsive few", "definition": "A service comes to define its success around the people most able to use its existing form, while those whose needs require a different form remain absent from the apparent evidence of demand. Participation can conceal selection as well as demonstrate value.", "relations": [ 55, 104 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-education-for-those-who-remain", "workingId": "w1364", "checkedId": 1388, "anchor": "#056FEF", "anchorName": "bix-zhorheye", "name": "education for those who remain in the work", "definition": "Education that enriches understanding and agency within necessary ordinary work is distinguished from education whose main success is moving a few people out of it. Occupational mobility for some does not meet every learning need of those who continue the activity.", "relations": [ 69, 104, 1387 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-inherited-tool-capacity", "workingId": "w1365", "checkedId": 1389, "anchor": "#056FF0", "anchorName": "bix-zhoceyo", "name": "inherited capacity in an ordinary tool", "definition": "A familiar tool can embody many people’s accumulated discoveries and practices even when its current user sees only a repetitive motion. Tracing that inheritance can connect an isolated task to a wider history of collective capability.", "relations": [ 94, 91, 104 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-interdependence-without-understanding", "workingId": "w1366", "checkedId": 1390, "anchor": "#056FF1", "anchorName": "bix-zhofeyi", "name": "interdependence without shared understanding", "definition": "People may already depend on one another’s labor without understanding how their own actions contribute to the common result. Functional coordination alone does not provide an intelligible purpose or a felt relation to other contributors.", "relations": [ 37, 97, 1382 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-kindness-shielding-public-harm", "workingId": "w1367", "checkedId": 1391, "anchor": "#056FF2", "anchorName": "bix-zhoheye", "name": "personal kindness shielding public harm", "definition": "Visible help to particular people can make a public actor seem trustworthy while the costs of the actor’s institutional conduct remain dispersed or obscure. Judgment of the helpful encounter and judgment of the wider practice require different evidence.", "relations": [ 95, 1366 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-lived-institutional-credibility", "workingId": "w1368", "checkedId": 1392, "anchor": "#056FF3", "anchorName": "bix-zhojeya", "name": "institutional credibility formed through encounters", "definition": "What people repeatedly experience an institution doing helps shape which rules and authorities they regard as real. Formal promises lose credibility when access appears to depend on a patron who can routinely override the published procedure.", "relations": [ 1391, 88 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-patronage-absorbing-opposition", "workingId": "w1369", "checkedId": 1393, "anchor": "#056FF4", "anchorName": "bix-zhokeya", "name": "patronage absorbing opposition", "definition": "A power structure can neutralize a challenger by offering an individual job, favor or route of advancement while leaving the challenged conditions intact. The critic’s personal improvement can reduce the organized pressure for a general change.", "relations": [ 1374, 1391 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-unequal-exit-from-public-failure", "workingId": "w1370", "checkedId": 1394, "anchor": "#056FF5", "anchorName": "bix-zhoqeye", "name": "unequal exit from public-service failure", "definition": "People with private alternatives can escape or cushion a failing public service while others remain exposed to it. The urgency and visibility of a common institution’s failure can therefore differ sharply across the population it nominally serves.", "relations": [ 95, 1375 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-universalizing-personal-favors", "workingId": "w1371", "checkedId": 1395, "anchor": "#056FF6", "anchorName": "bix-zhoxeyi", "name": "turning personal favors into public provision", "definition": "Meeting a need through an accessible common service rather than requiring each person to secure a patron’s exception. The need that made the favor valuable is retained while dependence on personal loyalty or discretionary intervention is reduced.", "relations": [ 1392, 1386 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-respectability-double-standard", "workingId": "w1372", "checkedId": 1396, "anchor": "#056FF7", "anchorName": "bix-zhozeyo", "name": "respectability as a double standard for influence", "definition": "Condemning a disfavored group’s exchange of money or favors for political influence while treating a socially prestigious group’s comparable influence as ordinary or respectable. The label applied to the actor substitutes for examination of the mechanism.", "relations": [ 1372, 1391, 99 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "addams-reform-without-exclusive-credit", "workingId": "w1373", "checkedId": 1397, "anchor": "#056FF8", "anchorName": "bix-zhocheye", "name": "reform without exclusive personal credit", "definition": "Working through imperfect shared institutions can require giving up the claim to be the sole author or the unblemished representative of an improvement. Cooperation is assessed by what can be changed together, while responsibility for wrong actions remains distinguishable.", "relations": [ 42, 49, 104, 1385 ], "bookId": 15487 }, { "key": "smith-imaginative-fellow-feeling", "workingId": "w1374", "checkedId": 1398, "anchor": "#056FF9", "anchorName": "bix-zhogheya", "name": "imaginative fellow feeling", "definition": "In Smith’s account, approaching another person’s feeling by imaginatively entering that person’s situation, rather than directly experiencing the other’s sensations. The feeling produced in the observer remains mediated by an imagined encounter.", "relations": [ 37, 56 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-sympathy-beyond-pity", "workingId": "w1375", "checkedId": 1399, "anchor": "#056FFA", "anchorName": "bix-zhokheyo", "name": "sympathy beyond pity", "definition": "Using sympathy to mean fellow feeling with another’s passion more broadly than sorrow for suffering. Joy, gratitude, anger or other feelings may become objects of sympathy, so compassion for distress is one case rather than the whole category.", "relations": [ 1398 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-situation-before-concord", "workingId": "w1376", "checkedId": 1400, "anchor": "#056FFB", "anchorName": "bix-zhopheyi", "name": "situation before emotional concord", "definition": "An observer may need to understand what prompted a feeling before being able to share or assess it. The visible intensity of a passion is therefore distinguished from the situation that could make it intelligible to someone else.", "relations": [ 1398, 41 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-character-sensitive-perspective", "workingId": "w1377", "checkedId": 1401, "anchor": "#056FFC", "anchorName": "bix-zhosheyi", "name": "character-sensitive perspective taking", "definition": "Imagining what it would be to occupy another’s situation with that person’s character and circumstances, rather than only asking what one would feel there while retaining one’s own identity and preferences.", "relations": [ 1398, 89 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "nw-m-other-centre", "workingId": "w1378", "checkedId": 1402, "anchor": "#056FFD", "anchorName": "bix-zhotheyo", "name": "another person as a centre of experience", "definition": "The recognition that another person’s needs, memories and perspective organize a lived world that is not merely a role in one’s own story. Imagining service to that person is distinguished from apprehending how the same situation may feel from their position.", "relations": [ 37, 89, 1401 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "nw-q-disinterested-representation", "workingId": "w1379", "checkedId": 1403, "anchor": "#056FFE", "anchorName": "bix-zhowheya", "name": "disinterested representation", "definition": "Representing another person or subject through attentive effort to understand its own terms, instead of making it only a vehicle for the author’s preferences. This discipline does not require an author without perspective or guarantee freedom from projection.", "relations": [ 37, 55, 109, 1402 ], "bookId": 17470 }, { "key": "nw-m-revisit-shared-scene", "workingId": "w1380", "checkedId": 1404, "anchor": "#056FFF", "anchorName": "bix-zhozheye", "name": "revisiting a scene as shared experience", "definition": "Deliberately reconsidering an upsetting encounter as an event in several people’s lives, testing what one’s own first reaction excluded. The effort can reopen understanding without guaranteeing that the first interpretation was wholly wrong.", "relations": [ 37, 55, 1402 ], "bookId": 145 }, { "key": "smith-pleasure-of-mutual-sympathy", "workingId": "w1381", "checkedId": 1405, "anchor": "#057000", "anchorName": "biz-babayi", "name": "pleasure of mutual sympathy", "definition": "Satisfaction in finding that another person can enter into one’s feeling, distinguished from an expected material advantage obtained from that person. Sharing distress may give comfort without making the distress itself desirable.", "relations": [ 1399 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-affective-concord", "workingId": "w1382", "checkedId": 1406, "anchor": "#057001", "anchorName": "biz-badayo", "name": "affective concord without identical feeling", "definition": "A sufficient correspondence between an actor’s feeling and a spectator’s response for the situation to become mutually bearable or intelligible, without requiring both to feel with the same force. Smith describes adjustment on both sides, not a transfer of identical experience.", "relations": [ 1400, 39 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-propriety-of-feeling", "workingId": "w1383", "checkedId": 1407, "anchor": "#057002", "anchorName": "biz-bagaya", "name": "propriety as fit between feeling and occasion", "definition": "In Smith’s account, assessing how an action’s motivating feeling fits the occasion that prompted it, as considered by a spectator. This question is distinct from whether the action’s effects make the agent deserving of gratitude or resentment.", "relations": [ 1400, 1406 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-compound-merit-judgment", "workingId": "w1384", "checkedId": 1408, "anchor": "#057003", "anchorName": "biz-balayi", "name": "compound judgment of merit", "definition": "In Smith’s account, judging desert through both the agent’s motive and the affected person’s fitting gratitude or resentment. Approval of a motive and a response to its effects contribute differently; neither is merely inferred from the other.", "relations": [ 1407, 1399 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-effort-sensitive-admiration", "workingId": "w1385", "checkedId": 1409, "anchor": "#057004", "anchorName": "biz-bamaye", "name": "admiration sensitive to difficulty", "definition": "Distinguishing conduct that meets an ordinary expectation from conduct admired for the difficulty overcome in performing it. Evaluation can compare an act with an ideal while also considering what could reasonably be expected from a person in those circumstances.", "relations": [ 1407, 96 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-divided-sympathy", "workingId": "w1386", "checkedId": 1410, "anchor": "#057005", "anchorName": "biz-banaya", "name": "divided sympathy in resentment", "definition": "An observer’s response to an injury can include concern for the injured person and concern for the person who will suffer the retaliation. Sympathy with an initial grievance does not automatically extend to every expression of anger or revenge.", "relations": [ 1408, 83 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-status-biased-attention", "workingId": "w1387", "checkedId": 1411, "anchor": "#057006", "anchorName": "biz-bapayo", "name": "status-biased moral attention", "definition": "Attention and admiration drawn toward visible wealth or rank can make some lives seem more worthy of notice while poverty becomes socially obscure. The distribution of attention is distinguished from the actual merit or well-being of the people observed.", "relations": [ 1407, 55 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-blame-and-compulsion", "workingId": "w1388", "checkedId": 1412, "anchor": "#057007", "anchorName": "biz-barayo", "name": "blame distinguished from rightful compulsion", "definition": "Finding conduct ungenerous or ungrateful is distinguished from claiming authority to force the corresponding good act. Smith separates some obligations of beneficence from justice against injury, while also discussing limited public duties imposed by a magistrate.", "relations": [ 1408, 98 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-minimum-justice-and-beneficence", "workingId": "w1389", "checkedId": 1413, "anchor": "#057008", "anchorName": "biz-basaya", "name": "minimum justice and positive beneficence", "definition": "Distinguishing refraining from injury from actively contributing to another’s good. In Smith’s account, meeting the former can be necessary for tolerable association without making the person notably generous or admirable.", "relations": [ 1412, 43 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-cooperation-without-affection", "workingId": "w1390", "checkedId": 1414, "anchor": "#057009", "anchorName": "biz-bataye", "name": "cooperation without personal affection", "definition": "A form of association sustained through reciprocal usefulness and agreed exchange even where participants do not personally love or admire one another. The capacity to cooperate is distinguished from the warmer relationship that might enrich it.", "relations": [ 1413, 40 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-outcome-weighted-desert", "workingId": "w1391", "checkedId": 1415, "anchor": "#05700A", "anchorName": "biz-bavayi", "name": "outcomes altering perceived desert", "definition": "A pattern in which the result of an action changes how much gratitude, blame or punishment it attracts, even when the agent’s intention or care is held similar. What was controlled by the agent and what happened through fortune remain separate questions.", "relations": [ 1408, 56 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-messenger-attribution", "workingId": "w1392", "checkedId": 1416, "anchor": "#05700B", "anchorName": "biz-bawaya", "name": "attribution to the messenger", "definition": "Feeling gratitude or resentment toward the person who brings news as though the messenger had helped cause the event reported. The emotional association with receiving information is distinguished from responsibility for what the information concerns.", "relations": [ 1415, 55 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-negligence-without-realized-harm", "workingId": "w1393", "checkedId": 1417, "anchor": "#05700C", "anchorName": "biz-bayayo", "name": "negligence without realized harm", "definition": "An exposure created through insufficient care can be criticized even when no one is actually injured. The risky conduct, the chance outcome and any subsequent injury are distinguishable objects of judgment.", "relations": [ 1415, 83 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-praise-and-praiseworthiness", "workingId": "w1394", "checkedId": 1418, "anchor": "#05700D", "anchorName": "biz-babhayi", "name": "praise distinguished from praiseworthiness", "definition": "Receiving approval is distinguished from having acted in a way that would deserve informed approval. Praise based on a mistaken account can fail to satisfy the wish to be worthy of it, just as public blame can differ from an informed judgment.", "relations": [ 1407, 99 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-social-mirror", "workingId": "w1395", "checkedId": 1419, "anchor": "#05700E", "anchorName": "biz-badhaye", "name": "the social mirror of self-assessment", "definition": "In Smith’s account, encounters with others’ responses make one’s own motives and conduct objects of reflection. Learning to assess oneself is described as developing through a social mirror, rather than beginning with an entirely private, self-sufficient standard.", "relations": [ 1418 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-constructed-impartial-spectator", "workingId": "w1396", "checkedId": 1420, "anchor": "#05700F", "anchorName": "biz-barhaye", "name": "the constructed impartial spectator", "definition": "An imagined, sufficiently informed and disinterested standpoint used to examine one’s conduct beyond immediate self-interest or the approval of an actual audience. The judge is constructed through reflection and can criticize public opinion without ceasing to be fallible.", "relations": [ 1419, 1418, 55 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-passive-feeling-active-choice", "workingId": "w1397", "checkedId": 1421, "anchor": "#057010", "anchorName": "biz-bacayi", "name": "passive feeling and active moral choice", "definition": "The force with which distant suffering moves an observer is distinguished from what the observer would permit or cause when responsible for a choice. Weak emotional vividness does not by itself determine willingness to inflict the harm.", "relations": [ 1420, 1398 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-retrospective-self-vindication", "workingId": "w1398", "checkedId": 1422, "anchor": "#057011", "anchorName": "biz-bafayo", "name": "retrospective self-vindication", "definition": "Reconstructing a past action so as to protect one’s favorable view of oneself, including reviving the passion that motivated it to make the decision appear justified again. A cooled emotional state does not guarantee an unbiased review of one’s conduct.", "relations": [ 1420, 55 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-cool-rule-hot-decision", "workingId": "w1399", "checkedId": 1423, "anchor": "#057012", "anchorName": "biz-bahaya", "name": "a cool rule for a heated decision", "definition": "A general rule accepted in a calmer and less interested state can constrain later conduct when anger, desire or self-interest makes a convenient exception attractive. The rule preserves a prior judgment but remains open to reasoned criticism rather than blind repetition.", "relations": [ 1422, 1420, 51 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-duty-without-warmth", "workingId": "w1400", "checkedId": 1424, "anchor": "#057013", "anchorName": "biz-bajayi", "name": "duty without the expected warmth", "definition": "Performing a fitting act because one recognizes an obligation, even when the affection, gratitude or generosity usually associated with it is weak. Reliable conduct and the emotional motive that would make it more attractive are distinct achievements.", "relations": [ 1423, 1413 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-contextual-gratitude", "workingId": "w1401", "checkedId": 1425, "anchor": "#057014", "anchorName": "biz-bakaye", "name": "contextual rather than exact gratitude", "definition": "An obligation of gratitude whose fitting expression depends on circumstances, capacities, timing and the relation involved rather than a fixed rule returning the same amount. Recognizing an obligation does not always determine one uniquely correct performance.", "relations": [ 1424, 1412 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-rule-and-practical-judgment", "workingId": "w1402", "checkedId": 1426, "anchor": "#057015", "anchorName": "biz-baqaya", "name": "precise rules and guidance for judgment", "definition": "Distinguishing a rule that aims to determine a permitted action closely from guidance that helps someone judge what is fitting across variable circumstances. The presence of a principle does not always remove the need for situational discrimination.", "relations": [ 1425, 96, 121 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-erroneous-conscience", "workingId": "w1403", "checkedId": 1427, "anchor": "#057016", "anchorName": "biz-baxayo", "name": "erroneous conscience", "definition": "A sincere sense of duty can direct a person toward wrongdoing when the underlying judgment is mistaken. Sincerity, commitment and willingness to sacrifice are therefore distinguishable from the adequacy of the obligation being followed.", "relations": [ 1423, 1420, 55 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-means-over-purpose", "workingId": "w1404", "checkedId": 1428, "anchor": "#057017", "anchorName": "biz-bazayo", "name": "admiration of means displacing purpose", "definition": "The elegance or convenience of an arrangement can attract more attention than the end for which it was made. Someone may preserve or pursue a well-fitted means while overlooking whether the intended benefit is still worth obtaining.", "relations": [ 74, 55 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-prestige-guided-fashion", "workingId": "w1405", "checkedId": 1429, "anchor": "#057018", "anchorName": "biz-bachaya", "name": "prestige-guided fashion", "definition": "A pattern of imitation in which a practice gains appeal through association with socially admired people, distinguished from becoming familiar merely through repetition. Who is seen doing something can matter separately from how often it is encountered.", "relations": [ 1411 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-custom-normalized-wrong", "workingId": "w1406", "checkedId": 1430, "anchor": "#057019", "anchorName": "biz-baghaye", "name": "wrong made ordinary through custom", "definition": "Repeated exposure and social acceptance can make a particular harmful practice seem natural or unobjectionable to those accustomed to it. Familiarity explains part of a judgment’s formation without by itself justifying the practice judged.", "relations": [ 1429, 1419, 99 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-virtue-and-approval-faculty", "workingId": "w1407", "checkedId": 1431, "anchor": "#05701A", "anchorName": "biz-bakhayi", "name": "the object of virtue and the faculty of approval", "definition": "Asking what makes conduct virtuous is distinguished from asking how people come to recognize or approve it. A proposed answer about the psychological source of a judgment does not by itself settle which conduct merits that judgment.", "relations": [ 1407, 1419 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-reason-and-first-evaluation", "workingId": "w1408", "checkedId": 1432, "anchor": "#05701B", "anchorName": "biz-baphaya", "name": "reasoning from first evaluations", "definition": "In Smith’s account, reason compares cases and develops general rules, while an initial sense of approval or disapproval is not produced by deduction alone. Generalization and the evaluative response being generalized have different explanatory roles.", "relations": [ 1431, 1423 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-plural-grounds-of-approval", "workingId": "w1409", "checkedId": 1433, "anchor": "#05701C", "anchorName": "biz-bashayo", "name": "plural grounds of moral approval", "definition": "An action may be considered through its motive, the affected person’s response, its agreement with rules and its place in a useful system. Smith distinguishes these contributions so that one favorable consideration need not silently stand for all of them.", "relations": [ 1408, 1423, 1428 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-positive-law-and-justice", "workingId": "w1410", "checkedId": 1434, "anchor": "#05701D", "anchorName": "biz-bathayi", "name": "positive law and its standard of justice", "definition": "An enacted rule is distinguished from the standard by which that rule is judged just. Existing law may reflect governing interests or institutional pressures as well as an aspiration to justice, so its existence alone does not settle the evaluative question.", "relations": [ 1412, 1431, 99 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-relation-marker-and-relation", "workingId": "w1411", "checkedId": 1435, "anchor": "#05701E", "anchorName": "biz-bawhaye", "name": "a relation marker and a specified relation", "definition": "A word or mark may indicate that two things are related without itself specifying the kind or direction of the relation. The particular connection must then be supplied by the surrounding terms, their arrangement or additional explicit structure.", "relations": [ 37, 100 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "smith-reference-by-form-or-position", "workingId": "w1412", "checkedId": 1436, "anchor": "#05701F", "anchorName": "biz-bazhaye", "name": "reference carried by form or position", "definition": "A linguistic relationship can be signaled through a word’s changing form or through its position relative to other words. Changing the available markings changes which rearrangements preserve reference without ambiguity.", "relations": [ 1435, 59 ], "bookId": 67363 }, { "key": "whitehead-abstraction", "workingId": "w1413", "checkedId": 1437, "anchor": "#057020", "anchorName": "biz-bebayi", "name": "formal abstraction", "definition": "Representing things through selected relations or properties while setting aside their particular material, sensory or personal qualities. What has been omitted remains outside what the representation alone can establish.", "relations": [ 55, 95 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-universal", "workingId": "w1414", "checkedId": 1438, "anchor": "#057021", "anchorName": "biz-bedayo", "name": "universal quantification", "definition": "A statement applying a specified condition to every member of a declared domain. Its force depends on the domain and the order of any other quantifiers; a familiar example does not by itself establish the universal statement.", "relations": [ 55 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-existential", "workingId": "w1415", "checkedId": 1439, "anchor": "#057022", "anchorName": "biz-begaya", "name": "existential quantification", "definition": "A statement that at least one member of a declared domain satisfies a condition. It does not by itself say there is exactly one, that most members qualify, or that a particular qualifying member has been found.", "relations": [ 1438 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-variable", "workingId": "w1416", "checkedId": 1440, "anchor": "#057023", "anchorName": "biz-belayi", "name": "variable over a declared domain", "definition": "A symbol allowed to stand for different members of a specified domain during reasoning. Its use can express a general relationship without making the symbol an unknown whose one value must be found.", "relations": [ 1438, 1439 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-unknown", "workingId": "w1417", "checkedId": 1441, "anchor": "#057024", "anchorName": "biz-bemaye", "name": "unknown constrained by an equation", "definition": "A value sought under stated constraints, such as an equation. The constraints can admit one, several or no solutions within the chosen domain; writing an unknown does not guarantee its existence or uniqueness.", "relations": [ 1440 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-relation", "workingId": "w1418", "checkedId": 1442, "anchor": "#057025", "anchorName": "biz-benaya", "name": "relation among admissible values", "definition": "A condition selecting which combinations of values belong together. Knowing one value need not determine the others uniquely, and some proposed inputs may have no admissible counterpart.", "relations": [ 1440 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-equivalent-forms", "workingId": "w1419", "checkedId": 1443, "anchor": "#057026", "anchorName": "biz-bepayo", "name": "equivalent forms of a constraint", "definition": "Different expressions that select the same admissible values under declared rules and domain restrictions. A change of form can make reasoning easier while preserving the constraint; an operation that changes admissible cases is not merely a restatement.", "relations": [ 1442, 101 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-symbolic-offloading", "workingId": "w1420", "checkedId": 1444, "anchor": "#057027", "anchorName": "biz-berayo", "name": "symbolic reduction of routine mental work", "definition": "Using a learned notation to make recurring operations easier to recognize and perform, freeing attention for harder decisions. The benefit depends on understanding the notation; unfamiliar marks do not carry their rules automatically.", "relations": [ 66, 74, 1348 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-notation-context", "workingId": "w1421", "checkedId": 1445, "anchor": "#057028", "anchorName": "biz-besaya", "name": "context-bound symbol interpretation", "definition": "The meaning assigned to a symbol or juxtaposition under a particular notation and type of object. The same visible mark may support different operations, so transferring it requires preserving the applicable rules and context.", "relations": [ 1444, 59 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-place-zero", "workingId": "w1422", "checkedId": 1446, "anchor": "#057029", "anchorName": "biz-betaye", "name": "zero as a positional placeholder", "definition": "A zero digit marking a position that contributes nothing directly while preserving the place values of other digits. Its structural role is distinct from omitting the position or reporting that a value is unknown.", "relations": [ 1445 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-algebraic-form", "workingId": "w1423", "checkedId": 1447, "anchor": "#05702A", "anchorName": "biz-bevayi", "name": "algebraic form", "definition": "A pattern of mathematical relationships retained while particular coefficients or values vary. Recognizing the form allows cases to be studied together without treating every change of a number as a new kind of problem.", "relations": [ 1437, 1440 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-parameter", "workingId": "w1424", "checkedId": 1448, "anchor": "#05702B", "anchorName": "biz-bewaya", "name": "parameter held fixed within an analysis", "definition": "A value left unspecified or chosen in advance, but held fixed while other variables are studied. It may vary between analyses to describe a family of cases; its constancy is relative to the analysis, not necessarily permanent.", "relations": [ 1440, 1447 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-number-extension", "workingId": "w1425", "checkedId": 1449, "anchor": "#05702C", "anchorName": "biz-beyayo", "name": "extension of a number system", "definition": "Enlarging a system of numbers and its interpretations so previously unavailable operations or solutions become meaningful, while specifying how earlier cases and algebraic rules are retained. Added expressive scope requires defined rules rather than a new name alone.", "relations": [ 1447, 1445 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-signed-step", "workingId": "w1426", "checkedId": 1450, "anchor": "#05702D", "anchorName": "biz-bebhayi", "name": "signed number as a directed step", "definition": "Interpreting a positive or negative number as a change along an agreed orientation. The sign specifies the direction relative to that convention; it does not by itself mark moral value, benefit or harm.", "relations": [ 1449 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-dense-order", "workingId": "w1427", "checkedId": 1451, "anchor": "#05702E", "anchorName": "biz-bedhaye", "name": "dense order without implied completeness", "definition": "An ordering in which another member lies between any two distinct members. That property does not ensure that every bounded cut has an endpoint within the same domain; density and completeness are different requirements.", "relations": [ 1440 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-enumerability", "workingId": "w1428", "checkedId": 1452, "anchor": "#05702F", "anchorName": "biz-berhaye", "name": "enumerability despite dense ordering", "definition": "The possibility of arranging a collection into a sequence so every member occurs, even when its usual magnitude ordering has no immediate neighbours. Countability concerns a possible enumeration, not the spacing in one chosen order.", "relations": [ 1451 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-ordered-pair", "workingId": "w1429", "checkedId": 1453, "anchor": "#057030", "anchorName": "biz-becayi", "name": "ordered pair", "definition": "A two-place combination whose first and second positions have specified roles. Exchanging the positions can change the represented object even when the same two values remain present.", "relations": [ 1440, 1445, 1436 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-vector", "workingId": "w1430", "checkedId": 1454, "anchor": "#057031", "anchorName": "biz-befayo", "name": "geometric vector", "definition": "A quantity represented by magnitude and direction, such as a displacement, with a declared rule for composition. Magnitudes alone generally cannot determine the resultant when directions differ.", "relations": [ 1453 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-vector-composition", "workingId": "w1431", "checkedId": 1455, "anchor": "#057032", "anchorName": "biz-behaya", "name": "vector composition by displacement", "definition": "Combining directed displacements by placing them successively, or equivalently using the parallelogram rule. The resulting displacement retains their joint change in position rather than the sum of path lengths travelled.", "relations": [ 1454 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-complex-plane", "workingId": "w1432", "checkedId": 1456, "anchor": "#057033", "anchorName": "biz-bejayi", "name": "complex multiplication as rotation and scaling", "definition": "For nonzero complex numbers in the plane representation, multiplication multiplies magnitudes and adds angles. Multiplication by a fixed nonzero complex number scales and rotates the plane; multiplication by zero sends every input to zero.", "relations": [ 1449, 1454 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-locus", "workingId": "w1433", "checkedId": 1457, "anchor": "#057034", "anchorName": "biz-bekaye", "name": "locus defined by a condition", "definition": "The collection of points satisfying a specified geometric condition. Its members are selected by the condition, not by the accident of how many points a diagram happens to display.", "relations": [ 1442, 1437 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-coordinates", "workingId": "w1434", "checkedId": 1458, "anchor": "#057035", "anchorName": "biz-beqaya", "name": "coordinate frame", "definition": "A chosen origin, axes, orientation and units by which positions are assigned numbers. Numerical coordinates depend on that choice; moving to another frame requires a mapping rather than assuming the old numbers retain the same positional meaning.", "relations": [ 1453, 61 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-function", "workingId": "w1435", "checkedId": 1459, "anchor": "#057036", "anchorName": "biz-bexayo", "name": "function with a uniquely determined output", "definition": "A rule or relation assigning exactly one output to each admitted input. Different inputs may share the same output; a function therefore need not have a unique inverse, and its input domain remains part of its definition.", "relations": [ 1442 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-relative-size", "workingId": "w1436", "checkedId": 1460, "anchor": "#057037", "anchorName": "biz-bezayo", "name": "magnitude relative to a comparison scale", "definition": "Calling a quantity large or small relative to a stated unit, comparator or practical context. The numerical value alone does not determine its significance across different applications.", "relations": [ 1437, 47 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-tolerance", "workingId": "w1437", "checkedId": 1461, "anchor": "#057038", "anchorName": "biz-bechaya", "name": "declared approximation tolerance", "definition": "A specified positive bound on the allowable difference between an approximation and its target. Meeting one tolerance is a claim of bounded closeness, not exact equality or success under every tighter tolerance.", "relations": [ 1460, 96 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-punctured-neighbourhood", "workingId": "w1438", "checkedId": 1462, "anchor": "#057039", "anchorName": "biz-beghaye", "name": "punctured neighbourhood of an argument", "definition": "Values sufficiently close to a specified argument with that argument itself excluded. A claim throughout such a neighbourhood need not be true at the excluded point.", "relations": [ 1459, 1461 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-limit", "workingId": "w1439", "checkedId": 1463, "anchor": "#05703A", "anchorName": "biz-bekhayi", "name": "limit distinct from a value at the point", "definition": "A value L such that every positive output tolerance is met by all admitted inputs sufficiently close to a specified accumulation point a, with a excluded. L can exist even if the function is undefined at a or has a different value there.", "relations": [ 1462 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-continuity", "workingId": "w1440", "checkedId": 1464, "anchor": "#05703B", "anchorName": "biz-bephaya", "name": "continuity of a function at a point", "definition": "For every positive output tolerance, an input neighbourhood can be chosen in which the function values stay within that tolerance of its value at the point. The requirement is local and quantified; a smooth-looking drawing alone does not establish it.", "relations": [ 1459, 1463 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-derivative", "workingId": "w1441", "checkedId": 1465, "anchor": "#05703C", "anchorName": "biz-beshayo", "name": "instantaneous rate as a derivative", "definition": "The limit, when it exists, of a change in output divided by the corresponding nonzero change in input as that input change approaches zero. It distinguishes a local rate from an average over a finite interval.", "relations": [ 1463, 1459 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-periodicity", "workingId": "w1442", "checkedId": 1466, "anchor": "#05703D", "anchorName": "biz-bethayi", "name": "periodicity under a declared description", "definition": "Recurrence after a specified interval or cycle in the features being represented. Approximate recurrence in observed events depends on what differences the description sets aside; it is not identity of every physical circumstance.", "relations": [ 1437, 1459 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-resonance", "workingId": "w1443", "checkedId": 1467, "anchor": "#05703E", "anchorName": "biz-bewhaye", "name": "resonant response to periodic driving", "definition": "Amplification of a system response when periodic driving is close to one of its characteristic modes. A small repeated input can have a large effect through timing and coupling; the response remains dependent on the particular system and its losses.", "relations": [ 1466 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-sequence-order", "workingId": "w1444", "checkedId": 1468, "anchor": "#05703F", "anchorName": "biz-bezhaye", "name": "order chosen for a sequence", "definition": "An arrangement that gives terms successive positions according to a selected rule. The same collection can support different orders, and one order does not automatically inherit the meaning or consequences of another.", "relations": [ 1453 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-series-limit", "workingId": "w1445", "checkedId": 1469, "anchor": "#057040", "anchorName": "biz-bibayi", "name": "infinite sum as a limit of partial sums", "definition": "A value defined, when it exists, by the convergence of successive finite partial sums. Infinite addition does not automatically inherit every property of a finite sum, and a series need not have such a value.", "relations": [ 1463, 1468 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-pointwise", "workingId": "w1446", "checkedId": 1470, "anchor": "#057041", "anchorName": "biz-bidayo", "name": "pointwise convergence", "definition": "For each fixed input and every positive error tolerance, all terms beyond a sufficiently late stage approximate the limiting value within that tolerance. The stage may depend on the input; this does not guarantee one stage that works throughout the domain.", "relations": [ 1469, 1448 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-uniform", "workingId": "w1447", "checkedId": 1471, "anchor": "#057042", "anchorName": "biz-bigaya", "name": "uniform convergence", "definition": "For every positive error tolerance, all terms beyond one sufficiently late stage approximate a limiting function within that tolerance at every input in the declared domain. The stage may depend on the tolerance but not on the input.", "relations": [ 1470, 1461 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-vanishing-terms", "workingId": "w1448", "checkedId": 1472, "anchor": "#057043", "anchorName": "biz-bilayi", "name": "vanishing terms without a finite total", "definition": "The distinction between individual terms tending to zero and their successive sums converging. Shrinking contributions can still accumulate without bound, so smallness of later terms alone does not establish a finite total.", "relations": [ 1469 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-like-quantity", "workingId": "w1449", "checkedId": 1473, "anchor": "#057044", "anchorName": "biz-bimaye", "name": "quantities of the same kind", "definition": "Quantities comparable through a common kind of unit and a specified operation of addition. Length, area and volume require different kinds of units; a bare numerical equality does not make unlike quantities interchangeable.", "relations": [ 1460 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-measurement-operation", "workingId": "w1450", "checkedId": 1474, "anchor": "#057045", "anchorName": "biz-binaya", "name": "measurement through comparison operations", "definition": "Assigning a quantity a value using a stated unit, tests of equality and rules for composing comparable parts. The physical comparison procedure and its limits remain distinguishable from the resulting number.", "relations": [ 1473, 55 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-clock-standard", "workingId": "w1451", "checkedId": 1475, "anchor": "#057046", "anchorName": "biz-bipayo", "name": "duration measured through calibrated recurrence", "definition": "Comparing durations against a chosen recurrent process and a stated rule for relating its successive intervals. A clock or cycle supplies a measurement standard; equal-looking repetitions do not by themselves prove exactly equal durations.", "relations": [ 1466, 1474 ], "bookId": 41568 }, { "key": "whitehead-method-generalization", "workingId": "w1452", "checkedId": 1476, "anchor": "#057047", "anchorName": "biz-birayo", "name": "general method replacing isolated solutions", "definition": "Organizing many particular problems under a procedure or relation that can generate their solutions. The gain lies in reusable reasoning and a clear scope, rather than simply accumulating more separately remembered results.", "relations": [ 1447, 36 ], "bookId": 41568 } ] }