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PUTNAM'S SONS, 2, 4 AND 6, WEST 45TH STREET, NEW YORK CITY.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00006", "bookId": 17470, "start": 1264, "end": 1283, "sha256": "be4a37a6760d03c1efff9d8c54621f5110386a2c6e6d468f9fc9f924b2e3e8e9", "text": "All rights reserved", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00007", "bookId": 17470, "start": 1293, "end": 1314, "sha256": "15c988f6035638a700b91fb5f01a58d7333492cd3a34b2786c4c2ed5683ee92e", "text": "ON THE ART OF WRITING", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00008", "bookId": 17470, "start": 1318, "end": 1379, "sha256": "1afd5e686af2094b6f121aa191b36127e4a05160565ab15a891361c07a5b92c1", "text": "LECTURES DELIVERED IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE 1913-1914", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00009", "bookId": 17470, "start": 1383, "end": 1385, "sha256": "60547bd9ab11c5459a6fffa441ed70d662c73f05c37822da5f3a653f95a9d2a4", "text": "BY", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00010", "bookId": 17470, "start": 1389, "end": 1493, "sha256": "3e0de0d631554bbf4fb6f3e9d6a9976a447db10832823c978306f38f3dfb9363", "text": "SIR ARTHUR QUILLER-COUCH, M.A. Fellow of Jesus College King Edward VII Professor of English Literature", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00011", "bookId": 17470, "start": 1503, "end": 1543, "sha256": "fe0d2cb4655cedcc894ffa08ec677e83001a6b9facc2d0932a777dcb8ddec2d3", "text": "Cambridge: at the University Press 1917", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00012", "bookId": 17470, "start": 1549, "end": 1588, "sha256": "abfe1c9edbefc0970086b6bd8d124a96183a9738af36570d7b41dbafd61ef343", "text": "First Edition 1916 Reprinted 1916,1917", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00013", "bookId": 17470, "start": 1596, "end": 1614, "sha256": "d71d23aaa1da9795e7b18ca1f590af917914734e99246d0a2a670489758cf02d", "text": "TO JOHN HAY LOBBAN", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00014", "bookId": 17470, "start": 1628, "end": 1635, "sha256": "83242f46d992ef8514058ed85730e5d6097e9f7f49f17cb84a55e18fe6b56ab7", "text": "PREFACE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00015", "bookId": 17470, "start": 1641, "end": 2294, "sha256": "a92fd5826eb3d7c4b9e48c304f92909936cdbfe90d6639af2bb68b403ab04c57", "text": "By recasting these lectures I might with pains have turned them into a smooth treatise. But I prefer to leave them (bating a very few corrections and additions) as they were delivered. If, as the reader will all too easily detect, they abound no less in repetitions than in arguments dropped and left at loose ends--the whole bewraying a man called unexpectedly to a post where in the act of adapting himself, of learning that he might teach, he had often to adjourn his main purpose and skirmish with difficulties--they will be the truer to life; and so may experimentally enforce their preaching, that the Art of Writing is a living business.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00016", "bookId": 17470, "start": 2298, "end": 2548, "sha256": "e5742b8f64b1c06d48a6c0f91e8c120532ad3ceff20f5f0fbcdee976e372a426", "text": "Bearing this in mind, the reader will perhaps excuse certain small vivacities, sallies that meet fools with their folly, masking the main attack. _That_, we will see, is serious enough; and others will carry it on, though my effort come to naught.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00017", "bookId": 17470, "start": 2552, "end": 3191, "sha256": "ba44918d4b01cba66111a9cdaa3fe2b9695b0f080a17033d100c4bd375d79efe", "text": "It amounts to this--Literature is not a mere Science, to be studied; but an Art, to be practised. Great as is our own literature, we must consider it as a legacy to be improved. Any nation that potters with any glory of its past, as a thing dead and done for, is to that extent renegade. If that be granted, not all our pride in a Shakespeare can excuse the relaxation of an effort--however vain and hopeless--to better him, or some part of him. If, with all our native exemplars to give us courage, we persist in striving to write well, we can easily resign to other nations all the secondary fame to be picked up by commentators.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00018", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3195, "end": 3300, "sha256": "d3d908f20a1f89e2dd6aace180dca785d37aeba96182a02e83089f46cc98b019", "text": "Recent history has strengthened, with passion and scorn, the faith in which I wrote the following pages.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00019", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3304, "end": 3339, "sha256": "d8133be50b103f675990fd3266adbd6cf57e2bd3bf4485d65f5d5b27f76f6e5d", "text": "ARTHUR QUILLER-COUCH November 1915", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00020", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3349, "end": 3357, "sha256": "eabe6aca2f0dcdbddb32c8f06e6edfa1b78618efaf57d677950d443b91d99175", "text": "CONTENTS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00021", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3367, "end": 3374, "sha256": "ce41b9344da912bb1cf64071f6c516dea7ab91c92de86042b9a17ab5e3e4321a", "text": "LECTURE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00022", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3378, "end": 3393, "sha256": "404c3d8c280f0ee3cc37e2e10c79216a9863931e88917e47265f8593c1b3d21a", "text": "I INAUGURAL", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00023", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3397, "end": 3426, "sha256": "1911f2469b774e64facf0d0c6c7d02760c69759781913385798710a7ca07ebfc", "text": "II THE PRACTICE OF WRITING", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00024", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3430, "end": 3477, "sha256": "52b082b505165df99743943215b3725d8b908ed5543532b779f448959e5854f3", "text": "III ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VERSE AND PROSE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00025", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3481, "end": 3521, "sha256": "bf08d3de7f7ec688d1c665e170460d6c5b3755efb2dd7658180dec98fc658108", "text": "IV ON THE CAPITAL DIFFICULTY OF VERSE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00026", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3525, "end": 3551, "sha256": "85c03d434eaf74ac4f2ab8b01fbbe538a584513f06f67633742ed7f9db893aca", "text": "V INTERLUDE: ON JARGON", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00027", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3555, "end": 3595, "sha256": "4ddce88db12b63b273334bdb3fa49f152a8023fafc9786721149d50a816a8416", "text": "VI ON THE CAPITAL DIFFICULTY OF PROSE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00028", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3599, "end": 3631, "sha256": "1237d8b1487eabde5a5853f9cf67af466f6d337626175cc2a487998fd310835f", "text": "VII SOME PRINCIPLES REAFFIRMED", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00029", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3635, "end": 3681, "sha256": "1c05e8ddd5424fcafe7bc3a06b91910bce6c3fb99681f149b6e483378ea0f4f5", "text": "VIII ON THE LINEAGE OF ENGLISH LITERATURE (I)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00030", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3685, "end": 3732, "sha256": "2194d020558f302ef7415f287b46ced50a889769a8e76d3dcfa55c2b767e1a1a", "text": "IX ON THE LINEAGE OF ENGLISH LITERATURE (II)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00031", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3736, "end": 3784, "sha256": "80b5c3f8ddc15a3154dae477cc45a332b750b2730f97d2ca7eef74d24109d4b6", "text": "X ENGLISH LITERATURE IN OUR UNIVERSITIES (I)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00032", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3788, "end": 3837, "sha256": "dc0a0821c1f8426c42f9189f0b10287b8e77302b43a33015e40847d3a4f7773a", "text": "XI ENGLISH LITERATURE IN OUR UNIVERSITIES (II)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00033", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3841, "end": 3855, "sha256": "145604ebb08b6a316dd0aa2359c4dc5cc20e314023ba93f39737ee01ee01da3a", "text": "XII ON STYLE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00034", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3867, "end": 3872, "sha256": "ea69fe17051b2d914f8a5fcf5cb9bb722d89ce5a345224e888ec76ea85c10af2", "text": "INDEX", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00035", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3882, "end": 3892, "sha256": "4c64ef78fb7b95097ecde6fc77c7a8276c8d20a9dc293f3ef4714f8f22d22d06", "text": "LECTURE I.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00036", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3896, "end": 3905, "sha256": "1517231c58451f67ae42367609b3daf6aade59b8568f8e96ced1b58d77297d7f", "text": "INAUGURAL", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00037", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3909, "end": 3936, "sha256": "31020f48db1870208dcb1973dacf1b120fd3c1a00afc16eae5a02950bba75721", "text": "Wednesday, January 29, 1913", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00038", "bookId": 17470, "start": 3942, "end": 4852, "sha256": "20f0ffc70e5e80ff32559a3c8cd64a1209c04a702d3df83c8840e2c8873fcf13", "text": "In all the long quarrel set between philosophy and poetry I know of nothing finer, as of nothing more pathetically hopeless, than Plato's return upon himself in his last dialogue 'The Laws.' There are who find that dialogue (left unrevised) insufferably dull, as no doubt it is without form and garrulous. But I think they will read it with a new tolerance, may-be even with a touch of feeling, if upon second thoughts they recognise in its twisting and turnings, its prolixities and repetitions, the scruples of an old man who, knowing that his time in this world is short, would not go out of it pretending to know more than he does, and even in matters concerning which he was once very sure has come to divine that, after all, as Renan says, 'La Verite consiste dans les nuances.' Certainly 'the mind's dark cottage battered and decayed' does in that last dialogue admit some wonderful flashes,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00039", "bookId": 17470, "start": 4861, "end": 4925, "sha256": "9f24191de0374c6087492d22c649198ba53301154fdba0c3da04e78b65c9d080", "text": "From Heaven descended to the low-roofed house Of Socrates,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00040", "bookId": 17470, "start": 4929, "end": 5019, "sha256": "c61f51848e0e4d2d92985f5e6e598a9891c79ca9ddda90b92030ecc85d1560e7", "text": "or rather to that noble 'banquet-hall deserted' which aforetime had entertained Socrates.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00041", "bookId": 17470, "start": 5023, "end": 5998, "sha256": "7857c7b31fa3528f15b09970a388b24595eaaa572b4c82ee85ce30aa41d6c9c7", "text": "Suffer me, Mr Vice-Chancellor and Gentlemen, before reaching my text, to remind you of the characteristically beautiful setting. The place is Crete, and the three interlocutors--Cleinias a Cretan, Megillus a Lacedaemonian, and an Athenian stranger--have joined company on a pilgrimage to the cave and shrine of Zeus, from whom Minos, first lawgiver of the island, had reputedly derived not only his parentage but much parental instruction. Now the day being hot, even scorching, and the road from Cnossus to the Sacred Cave a long one, our three pilgrims, who have foregathered as elderly men, take it at their leisure, and propose to beguile it with talk upon Minos and his laws. 'Yes, and on the way,' promises the Cretan, 'we shall come to cypress-groves exceedingly tall and fair, and to green meadows, where we may repose ourselves and converse.' 'Good,' assents the Athenian. 'Ay, very good indeed, and better still when we arrive at them. Let us push on.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00042", "bookId": 17470, "start": 6002, "end": 6811, "sha256": "cf59be007519364aa5f723fffe48bba3dc62decb956adcf7f0d9ab2bcd2d21f2", "text": "So they proceed. I have said that all three are elderly men; that is, men who have had their opportunities, earned their wages, and so nearly earned their discharge that now, looking back on life, they can afford to see Man for what he really is--at his best a noble plaything for the gods. Yet they look forward, too, a little wistfully. They are of the world, after all, and nowise so tired of it, albeit disillusioned, as to have lost interest in the game or in the young who will carry it on. So Minos and his laws soon get left behind, and the talk (as so often befalls with Plato) is of the perfect citizen and how to train him--of education, in short; and so, as ever with Plato, we are back at length upon the old question which he could never get out of his way--What to do with the poets?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00043", "bookId": 17470, "start": 6815, "end": 7245, "sha256": "4bc6b2537b3f08fc4792c0a10f24b435b67b3adfd2be48654b2032c4e2056848", "text": "It scarcely needs to be said that the Athenian has taken hold of the conversation, and that the others are as wax in his hands. 'O Athenian stranger,' Cleinias addresses him--'inhabitant of Attica I will not call you, for you seem to deserve rather the name of Athene herself, because you go back to first principles.' Thus complimented, the stranger lets himself go. Yet somehow he would seem to have lost speculative nerve.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00044", "bookId": 17470, "start": 7249, "end": 7829, "sha256": "fca27eaa918aec746ad0f680755a532c8e37b86ebe4175ba9926282e72698ad9", "text": "It was all very well in the 'Republic,' the ideal State, to be bold and declare for banishing poetry altogether. But elderly men have given up pursuing ideals; they have 'seen too many leaders of revolt.' Our Athenian is driving now at practice (as we say), at a well-governed State realisable on earth; and after all it is hard to chase out the poets, especially if you yourself happen to be something of a poet at heart. Hear, then, the terms on which, after allowing that comedies may be performed, but only by slaves and hirelings, he proceeds to allow serious poetry.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00045", "bookId": 17470, "start": 7835, "end": 8167, "sha256": "3d4f946a95e62fa41856034b2686534d7a88dca6584225d63346185eb6b51911", "text": "And if any of the serious poets, as they are termed, who write tragedy, come to us and say--'O strangers, may we go to your city and country, or may we not, and shall we bring with us our poetry? What is your will about these matters?'--how shall we answer the divine men? I think that our answer should be as follows:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00046", "bookId": 17470, "start": 8173, "end": 9305, "sha256": "15e8cc035b2bdfd20b52566325d06856ea61a3e0caf6c30a3d43dc914a2a5c0e", "text": "'Best of strangers,' we will say to them, 'we also, according to our ability, are tragic poets, and our tragedy is the best and noblest: for our whole state is an imitation of the best and noblest life.... You are poets and we are poets, both makers of the same strains, rivals and antagonists in the noblest of dramas, which true law alone can perfect, as our hope is. Do not then suppose that we shall all in a moment allow you to erect your stage in the Agora, and introduce the fair voices of your actors, speaking above our own, and permit you to harangue our women and children and the common people in language other than our own, and very often the opposite of our own. For a State would be mad which gave you this license, until the magistrates had determined whether your poetry might be recited and was fit for publication or not. Wherefore, O ye sons and scions of the softer Muses! first of all show your songs to the Magistrates and let them compare them with our own, and if they are the same or better, we will give you a chorus; but if not, then, my friends, we cannot.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00047", "bookId": 17470, "start": 9309, "end": 9820, "sha256": "721aaa530e5879f870d5a4d7a1fe3a7c292dfce4cbb77f3d02140ce7cb28ff55", "text": "Lame conclusion! Impotent compromise! How little applicable, at all events, to our Commonwealth! though, to be sure (you may say) we possess a relic of it in His Majesty's Licenser of Plays. As you know, there has been so much heated talk of late over the composition of the County Magistracy; yet I give you a countryman's word, Sir, that I have heard many names proposed for the Commission of the Peace, and on many grounds, but never one on the ground that its owner had a conservative taste in verse!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00048", "bookId": 17470, "start": 9824, "end": 10242, "sha256": "cc318d35a426bf14236a641ae5007826a0f5b514515fabc0b0d540ac31036aa7", "text": "Nevertheless, as Plato saw, we must deal with these poets somehow. It is possible (though not, I think, likely) that in the ideal State there would be no Literature, as it is certain there would be no Professors of it; but since its invention men have never been able to rid themselves of it for any length of time. _Tamen usque recurrit._ They may forbid Apollo, but still he comes leading his choir, the Nine:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00049", "bookId": 17470, "start": 10248, "end": 10348, "sha256": "94e943e4500c34383b92d8ae103c7352ec201469de1e06ad7e8b5d6d41ea2330", "text": "[Greek: Akletos men egoge menoimi ken es de kaleunton Tharsesas Moisaisi snu amepeaisin ikoiman.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00050", "bookId": 17470, "start": 10352, "end": 10514, "sha256": "50e8f6865f29ec75a3350ba47987a7d05bdf8ee4b7414fdbf15ac57483efbae8", "text": "And he may challenge us English boldly! For since Chaucer, at any rate, he and his train have never been [Greek: akletoi] to us--least of all here in Cambridge.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00051", "bookId": 17470, "start": 10518, "end": 11638, "sha256": "15f3a909aa65531d0fa6e42addfaa21f713228f2b601cd3f1fb83aa3f394cece", "text": "Nay, we know that he should be welcome. Cardinal Newman, proposing the idea of a University to the Roman Catholics of Dublin, lamented that the English language had not, like the Greek, 'some definite words to express, simply and generally, intellectual proficiency or perfection, such as \"health,\" as used with reference to the animal frame, and \"virtue,\" with reference to our moral nature.' Well, it is a reproach to us that we do not possess the term: and perhaps again a reproach to us that our attempts at it--the word 'culture' for instance--have been apt to take on some soil of controversy, some connotative damage from over-preaching on the one hand and impatience on the other. But we do earnestly desire the thing. We do prize that grace of intellect which sets So-and-so in our view as 'a scholar and a gentleman.' We do wish as many sons of this University as may be to carry forth that lifelong stamp from her precincts; and--this is my point--from our notion of such a man the touch of literary grace cannot be excluded. I put to you for a test Lucian's description of his friend Demonax--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00052", "bookId": 17470, "start": 11644, "end": 12041, "sha256": "fe175d8be34c31dea0b83ab7ea3bf966951692ab0fe737c75032b42b9e38224d", "text": "His way was like other people's; he mounted no high horse; he was just a man and a citizen. He indulged in no Socratic irony. But his discourse was full of Attic grace; those who heard it went away neither disgusted by servility, nor repelled by ill-tempered censure, but on the contrary lifted out of themselves by charity, and encouraged to more orderly, contented, hopeful lives.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00053", "bookId": 17470, "start": 12045, "end": 12610, "sha256": "15426c4055c28c4cc45ccd2b63d898a90edabde076dd3af3a88d937a988c8307", "text": "I put it to you, Sir, that Lucian needs not to say another word, but we know that Demonax had loved letters, and partly by aid of them had arrived at being such a man. No; by consent of all, Literature is a nurse of noble natures, and right reading makes a full man in a sense even better than Bacon's; not replete, but complete rather, to the pattern for which Heaven designed him. In this conviction, in this hope, public spirited men endow Chairs in our Universities, sure that Literature is a good thing if only we can bring it to operate on young minds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00054", "bookId": 17470, "start": 12614, "end": 14334, "sha256": "762f02454dbf546dd91c1811bdec368dca8790fc5dbb62e0b31d39bcc6e6f700", "text": "That he has in him some power to guide such operation a man must believe before accepting such a Chair as this. And now, Sir, the terrible moment is come when your [Greek: xenos] must render some account--I will not say of himself, for that cannot be attempted--but of his business here. Well, first let me plead that while you have been infinitely kind to the stranger, feasting him and casting a gown over him, one thing not all your kindness has been able to do. With precedents, with traditions such as other Professors enjoy, you could not furnish him. The Chair is a new one, or almost new, and for the present would seem to float in the void, like Mahomet's coffin. Wherefore, being one who (in my Lord Chief Justice Crewe's phrase) would 'take hold of a twig or twine-thread to uphold it'; being also prone (with Bacon) to believe that 'the counsels to which Time hath not been called, Time will not ratify'; I do assure you that, had any legacy of guidance been discovered among the papers left by my predecessor, it would have been eagerly welcomed and as piously honoured. O, trust me, Sir!--if any design for this Chair of English Literature had been left by Dr Verrall, it is not I who would be setting up any new stage in your agora! But in his papers--most kindly searched for me by Mrs Verrall--no such design can be found. He was, in truth, a stricken man when he came to the Chair, and of what he would have built we can only be sure that, had it been this or had it been that, it would infallibly have borne the impress of one of the most beautiful minds of our generation. The gods saw otherwise; and for me, following him, I came to a trench and stretched my hands to a shade.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00055", "bookId": 17470, "start": 14338, "end": 14644, "sha256": "dd4ede0d388a4862ed93f3768d948a2cc18725c268c61ba3071ab7520141f559", "text": "For me, then, if you put questions concerning the work of this Chair, I must take example from the artist in Don Quixote, who being asked what he was painting, answered modestly, 'That is as it may turn out.' The course is uncharted, and for sailing directions I have but these words of your Ordinance:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00056", "bookId": 17470, "start": 14653, "end": 14917, "sha256": "89785d005b0af80694adfa67b3e42a070b8b4d2ae9649b39b597da7442a3f2f1", "text": "It shall be the duty of the Professor to deliver courses of lectures on English Literature from the age of Chaucer onwards, and otherwise to promote, so far as may be in his power, the study in the University of the subject of English Literature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00057", "bookId": 17470, "start": 14921, "end": 15036, "sha256": "75848291daad77af4d12a2549f566d1f91ff2a69007c4d85d4d3a4b3dcd0b084", "text": "And I never even knew that English Literature had a 'subject'; or, rather, supposed it to have several! To resume:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00058", "bookId": 17470, "start": 15045, "end": 15164, "sha256": "d8398fe738ff01611b026f0399a1db00649117e02bd1e53b4c7bca461d0a0e02", "text": "The Professor shall treat this subject on literary and critical rather than on philological and linguistic lines:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00059", "bookId": 17470, "start": 15168, "end": 16176, "sha256": "34192024769f970a05960a772beb525dc07a8da3d60b1e3336b16c867d7d8f11", "text": "--a proviso which at any rate cuts off a cantle, large in itself, if not comparatively, of the new Professor's ignorance. But I ask you to note the phrase 'to promote, so far as may be in his power, the study'--not, you will observe, 'to teach'; for this absolves me from raising at the start a question of some delicacy for me, as Green launched his \"Prolegomena to Ethics\" upon the remark that 'an author who seeks to gain general confidence scarcely goes the right way to work when he begins with asking whether there really is such a subject as that of which he proposes to treat.' In spite of--mark, pray, that I say _in spite of_--the activity of many learned Professors, some doubt does lurk in the public mind if, after all, English Literature can, in any ordinary sense, be taught, and if the attempts to teach it do not, after all, justify (as Wisdom is so often justified of her grandparents) the silence sapience of those old benefactors who abstained from endowing any such Chairs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00060", "bookId": 17470, "start": 16180, "end": 16833, "sha256": "742d18e763ca363ad2aa4c048c79981b074ae188a4ab29a65bb87400f094710c", "text": "But that the study of English Literature can be promoted in young minds by an elder one, that their zeal may be encouraged, their tastes directed, their vision cleared, quickened, enlarged--this, I take it, no man of experience will deny. Nay, since our two oldest Universities have a habit of marking one another with interest--an interest, indeed, sometimes heightened by nervousness--I may point out that all this has been done of late years, and eminently done, by a Cambridge man you gave to Oxford. This, then, Mr Vice-Chancellor--this or something like this, Gentlemen--is to be my task if I have the good fortune to win your confidence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00061", "bookId": 17470, "start": 16837, "end": 17489, "sha256": "b2400d56aa8038599e88841874c964987a53a0d51699f4fa526ebf6cff9fd6bb", "text": "Let me, then, lay down two or three principles by which I propose to be guided. (1) For the first principle of all I put to you that in studying any work of genius we should begin by taking it _absolutely_; that is to say, with minds intent on discovering just what the author's mind intended; this being at once the obvious approach to its meaning (its [Greek: to ti en einai], the 'thing it was to be'), and the merest duty of politeness we owe to the great man addressing us. We should lay our minds open to what he wishes to tell, and if what he has to tell be noble and high and beautiful, we should surrender and let soak our minds in it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00062", "bookId": 17470, "start": 17493, "end": 19085, "sha256": "ed8639c15516701ef66b1570c932e99a0b8dc7fae98a7209a0b0044c7d13473d", "text": "Pray understand that in claiming, even insisting upon, the first place for this _absolute_ study of a great work I use no disrespect towards those learned scholars whose labours will help you, Gentlemen, to enjoy it afterwards in other ways and from other aspects; since I hold there is no surer sign of intellectual ill-breeding than to speak, even to feel, slightingly of any knowledge oneself does not happen to possess. Still less do I aim to persuade you that anyone should be able to earn a Cambridge degree by the process (to borrow Macaulay's phrase) of reading our great authors 'with his feet on the hob,' a posture I have not even tried, to recommend it for a contemplative man's recreation. These editors not only set us the priceless example of learning for learning's sake: but even in practice they clear our texts for us, and afterwards--when we go more minutely into our author's acquaintance, wishing to learn all we can about him--by increasing our knowledge of detail they enchance our delight. Nay, with certain early writers--say Chaucer or Dunbar, as with certain highly allusive ones--Bacon, or Milton, or Sir Thomas Browne--some apparatus must be supplied from the start. But on the whole I think it a fair contention that such helps to studying an author are secondary and subsidiary; that, for example, with any author who by consent is less of his age than for all time, to study the relation he bore to his age may be important indeed, and even highly important, yet must in the nature of things be of secondary importance, not of the first.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00063", "bookId": 17470, "start": 19089, "end": 20825, "sha256": "182ab4b3c3ae68856aa1d0e52d4a834609e137ad189c8479e667798fe93e0af1", "text": "But let us examine this principle a little more attentively--for it is the palmary one. As I conceive it, that understanding of literature which we desire in our Euphues, our gracefully-minded youth, will include knowledge in varying degree, yet is itself something distinct from knowledge. Let us illustrate this upon Poetry, which the most of us will allow to be the highest form of literary expression, if not of all artistic expression. Of all the testimony paid to Poetry, none commands better witness than this--that, as Johnson said of Gray's Elegy 'it abounds with images which find a mirror in every mind, and with sentiments to which every heart returns an echo.' When George Eliot said, 'I never before met with so many of my own feelings expressed just as I should like them,' she but repeated of Wordsworth (in homelier, more familiar fashion) what Johnson said of Gray; and the same testimony lies implicit in Emerson's fine remark that 'Universal history, the poets, the romancers'--all good writers, in short--'do not anywhere make us feel that we intrude, that this is for our betters. Rather it is true that, in their greatest strokes, there we feel most at home.' The mass of evidence, of which these are samples, may be summarised thus:--As we dwell here between two mysteries, of a soul within and an ordered Universe without, so among us are granted to dwell certain men of more delicate intellectual fibre than their fellows--men whose minds have, as it were, filaments to intercept, apprehend, conduct, translate home to us stray messages between these two mysteries, as modern telegraphy has learnt to search out, snatch, gather home human messages astray over waste waters of the Ocean.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00064", "bookId": 17470, "start": 20829, "end": 21667, "sha256": "17ffd2428c16a671e41d02c45b908772468b39029c3e4713b441c6a786c895fc", "text": "If, then, the ordinary man be done this service by the poet, that (as Dr Johnson defines it) 'he feels what he remembers to have felt before, but he feels it _with a great increase of sensibility_'; or even if, though the message be unfamiliar, it suggests to us, in Wordsworth's phrase, to 'feel that we are greater than we know,' I submit that we respond to it less by anything that usually passes for knowledge, than by an improvement of sensibility, a tuning up of the mind to the poet's pitch; so that the man we are proud to send forth from our Schools will be remarkable less for something he can take out of his wallet and exhibit for knowledge, than for _being_ something, and that 'something,' a man of unmistakable intellectual breeding, whose trained judgment we can trust to choose the better and reject the worse.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00065", "bookId": 17470, "start": 21671, "end": 22589, "sha256": "03414ebc7e1fe7f5ec9812e00f18ff5cd2159ae63a9148893d048d352c2da03a", "text": "But since this refining of the critical judgment happens to be less easy of practice than the memorising of much that passes for knowledge--of what happened to Harriet or what Blake said to the soldier--and far less easy to examine on, the pedagogic mind (which I implore you not to suppose me confusing with the scholarly) for avoidance of trouble tends all the while to dodge or obfuscate what is essential, piling up accidents and irrelevancies before it until its very face is hidden. And we should be the more watchful not to confuse the pedagogic mind with the scholarly since it is from the scholar that the pedagogue pretends to derive his sanction; ransacking the great genuine commentators--be it a Skeat or a Masson or (may I add for old reverence' sake?) an Aldis Wright--fetching home bits of erudition, _non sua poma_, and announcing 'This _must_ be the true Sion, for we found it in a wood.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00066", "bookId": 17470, "start": 22593, "end": 23013, "sha256": "72fb21ae7f9df6fc040db94464dc4a7a55e96b955d1647c71880bf9624b134f9", "text": "Hence a swarm of little school books pullulates annually, all upside down and wrong from beginning to end; and hence a worse evil afflicts us, that the English schoolboy starts with a false perspective of any given masterpiece, his pedagogue urging, obtruding lesser things upon his vision until what is really important, the poem or the play itself, is seen in distorted glimpses, if not quite blocked out of view.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00067", "bookId": 17470, "start": 23017, "end": 23558, "sha256": "e64519bb475128d77067841084a5179dab7f585859d31949e28c8b210fbd1eec", "text": "This same temptation--to remove a work of art from the category for which the author designed it into another where it can be more conveniently studied--reaches even above the schoolmaster to assail some very eminent critics. I cite an example from a book of which I shall hereafter have to speak with gratitude as I shall always name it with respect--\"The History of English Poetry,\" by Dr Courthope, sometime Professor of Poetry at Oxford. In his fourth volume, and in his estimate of Fletcher as a dramatist, I find this passage:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00068", "bookId": 17470, "start": 23567, "end": 24097, "sha256": "e60e1a85aad2465500d65106f335f25061b69841ce263e1160abb070d74151a3", "text": "But the crucial test of a play's quality is only applied when it is read. So long as the illusion of the stage gives credit to the action, and the words and gestures of the actor impose themselves on the imagination of the spectator, the latter will pass over a thousand imperfections, which reveal themselves to the reader, who, as he has to satisfy himself with the drama of silent images, will nor be content if this or that in any way fall short of his conception of truth and nature,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00069", "bookId": 17470, "start": 24101, "end": 25079, "sha256": "521c6ce52e4ed48d122a6b888b3d78f99fde5c86f1aec83e481ed503bad79a30", "text": "--which seems equivalent to saying that the crucial test of the frieze of the Parthenon is its adaptability to an apartment in Bloomsbury. So long as the illusion of the Acropolis gave credit to Pheidias' design, and the sunlight of Attica imposed its delicate intended shadows edging the reliefs, the countrymen of Pericles might be tricked; but the visitor to the British Museum, as he has to satisfy himself with what happens indoors in the atmosphere of the West Central Postal Division of London, will not be content if Pheidias in any way fall short of _his_ conception of truth and nature. Yet Fletcher (I take it) constructed his plays as plays; the illusion of the stage, the persuasiveness of the actor's voice, were conditions for which he wrought, and on which he had a right to rely; and, in short, any critic behaves uncritically who, distrusting his imagination to recreate the play as a play, elects to consider it in the category of something else.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00070", "bookId": 17470, "start": 25083, "end": 25341, "sha256": "09f1a8ec546d9997df6aa5f35d707df9cbcf94242ffa73bc35176ca9a8bd3978", "text": "In sum, if the great authors never oppress us with airs of condescension, but, like the great lords they are, put the meanest of us at our ease in their presence, I see no reason why we should pay to any commentator a servility not demanded by his master.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00071", "bookId": 17470, "start": 25345, "end": 25395, "sha256": "a9efe25aafa4065045ae9568b925247e01ed9aa475dd2335d6b31f852e1d1485", "text": "My next two principles may be more briefly stated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00072", "bookId": 17470, "start": 25399, "end": 26822, "sha256": "a8185cd5529e99f7c5a06862d8029ad46a4d798441e05cee69a83f574843e07b", "text": "(2) I propose next, then, that since our investigations will deal largely with style, that curiously personal thing; and since (as I have said) they cannot in their nature be readily brought to rule-of-thumb tests, and may therefore so easily be suspected of evading all tests, of being mere dilettantism; I propose (I say) that my pupils and I rebuke this suspicion by constantly aiming at the concrete, at the study of such definite beauties as we can see presented in print under our eyes; always seeking the author's intention, but eschewing, for the present at any rate, all general definitions and theories, through the sieve of which the particular achievement of genius is so apt to slip. And having excluded them at first in prudence, I make little doubt we shall go on to exclude them in pride. Definitions, formulae (some would add, creeds) have their use in any society in that they restrain the ordinary unintellectual man from making himself a public nuisance with his private opinions. But they go a very little way in helping the man who has a real sense of prose or verse. In other words, they are good discipline for some thyrsus-bearers, but the initiated have little use for them. As Thomas a Kempis 'would rather feel compunction than understand the definition thereof,' so the initiated man will say of the 'Grand Style,' for example--'Why define it for me?' When Viola says simply:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00073", "bookId": 17470, "start": 26831, "end": 26907, "sha256": "a67e1704b6f106f3f720404da6722165953e9ee13bbe9cdc2434576dc831726e", "text": "I am all the daughters of my father's house, And all the brothers too,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00074", "bookId": 17470, "start": 26911, "end": 26943, "sha256": "7ddb3e453ba65159a1b6d5e934cfdbce5e55603ffc3472b5c765b130c20ee843", "text": "or Macbeth demands of the Doctor", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00075", "bookId": 17470, "start": 26952, "end": 27042, "sha256": "b3be7e1670ac03a509f4ecfc9697eeddd665d7f3bc91f04839afa56f50b71dd6", "text": "Canst thou not minister to a mind diseased, Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow..?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00076", "bookId": 17470, "start": 27046, "end": 27103, "sha256": "ad1c62b8db4e2635d97e33ca99b39c03d325953fd0b2f3995d177ce175bbe63f", "text": "or Hamlet greets Ophelia, reading her Book of Hours, with", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00077", "bookId": 17470, "start": 27112, "end": 27166, "sha256": "c9cd39ded6eee4a89f14e39000328a9352aa9e346a4497a063d2419f4f5d7839", "text": "Nymph, in thy orisons Be all my sins remembered!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00078", "bookId": 17470, "start": 27170, "end": 27213, "sha256": "4716a19d35fb9234c680f883f9748acdaafd9eac71d87e42aae544ea9b715469", "text": "or when Milton tells of his dead friend how", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00079", "bookId": 17470, "start": 27222, "end": 27332, "sha256": "e89a37d275a2d16b4b483ed84938081db5fcfd00e00ba4e4660206546099b4dd", "text": "Together both, ere the high lawns appear'd Under the opening eyelids of the morn, We drove afield,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00080", "bookId": 17470, "start": 27336, "end": 27373, "sha256": "e09b3b067d6d5c71f815070e966ca60b1eb5e83091e386c216514731db054ac3", "text": "or describes the battalions of Heaven", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00081", "bookId": 17470, "start": 27382, "end": 27520, "sha256": "df98587173cc6af7cf80f4745d01dfd2538ce5bac5a145c7e00191209431fcda", "text": "On they move Indissolubly firm: nor obvious hill, Nor strait'ning vale, nor wood, nor stream divide Their perfect ranks,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00082", "bookId": 17470, "start": 27524, "end": 27565, "sha256": "debf13fd5be9c44925660eaeb07beb7af88032ad26eb6a41cbb351011105b578", "text": "or when Gray exalts the great commonplace", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00083", "bookId": 17470, "start": 27574, "end": 27757, "sha256": "43c9987f8380e191c13fc89c5ccc05082fef05909818b266c4915bb16721528a", "text": "The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, Awaits alike th' inevitable hour; The paths of glory lead but to the grave,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00084", "bookId": 17470, "start": 27761, "end": 27807, "sha256": "f1efcd45415dc12c90eba6da611a43f5c7416eb70934c4f72982f353e5693b57", "text": "or when Keats casually drops us such a line as", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00085", "bookId": 17470, "start": 27816, "end": 27854, "sha256": "e24718f8a14504f92ee0c4043cf67d66584ceb4c07dff0520b8381ab3065d311", "text": "The journey homeward to habitual self,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00086", "bookId": 17470, "start": 27858, "end": 27963, "sha256": "5f46b0c01aaf02109e950f5bb22189845d2c4baa09e42f1fce5548a207a302a7", "text": "or, to come down to our own times and to a living poet, when I open on a page of William Watson and read", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00087", "bookId": 17470, "start": 27972, "end": 28065, "sha256": "46709febc06a267703e9e2d27cb1d948afdc05f9899f42d02eccfbb71e61ad8c", "text": "O ancient streams, O far descended woods, Full of the fluttering of melodious souls!...", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00088", "bookId": 17470, "start": 28069, "end": 28309, "sha256": "4e324c582bf7686caf4effb600c1fa31ab139a543cd0e2781917d1a085307ee1", "text": "'why then (will say the initiated one), why worry me with any definition of the Grand Style in English, when here, and here, and again here--in all these lines, simple or intense or exquisite or solemn--I recognise and feel the _thing_?'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00089", "bookId": 17470, "start": 28313, "end": 28595, "sha256": "06441f5af6300e9f5e79cccec11e9274fb879e367df4908626901d35caca613b", "text": "Indeed, Sir, the long and the short of the argument lie just here. Literature is not an abstract Science, to which exact definitions can be applied. It is an Art rather, the success of which depends on personal persuasiveness, on the author's skill to give as on ours to receive.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00090", "bookId": 17470, "start": 28599, "end": 29199, "sha256": "646e446918a8c43cdbcab64b9507714ca975f9e31edd9b900d51129f48fd4437", "text": "(3) For our third principle I will ask you to go back with me to Plato's wayfarers, whom we have left so long under the cypresses; and loth as we must be to lay hands on our father Parmenides, I feel we must treat the gifted Athenian stranger to a little manhandling. For did you not observe--though Greek was a living language and to his metropolitan mind the only language--how envious he showed himself to seal up the well, or allow it to trickle only under permit of a public analyst: to treat all innovation as suspect, even as, a hundred odd years ago, the Lyrical Ballads were suspect?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00091", "bookId": 17470, "start": 29203, "end": 31434, "sha256": "9821d10b3887bd70ebc61454566ab0733a92909909c90899398af0e2ab0ac220", "text": "But the very hope of this Chair, Sir (as I conceive it), relies on the courage of the young. As Literature is an Art and therefore not to be pondered only, but practised, so ours is a living language and therefore to be kept alive, supple, active in all honourable use. The orator can yet sway men, the poet ravish them, the dramatist fill their lungs with salutary laughter or purge their emotions by pity or terror. The historian 'superinduces upon events the charm of order.' The novelist--well, even the novelist has his uses; and I would warn you against despising any form of art which is alive and pliant in the hands of men. For my part, I believe, bearing in mind Mr. Barrie's \"Peter Pan\" and the old bottles he renovated to hold that joyous wine, that even Musical Comedy, in the hands of a master, might become a thing of beauty. Of the Novel, at any rate--whether we like it or not--we have to admit that it does hold a commanding position in the literature of our times, and to consider how far Mr. Lascelles Abercrombie was right the other day when he claimed, on the first page of his brilliant study of Thomas Hardy, that 'the right to such a position is not to be disputed; for here, as elsewhere, the right to a position is no more than the power to maintain it.' You may agree with that or you may not; you may or may not deplore the forms that literature is choosing now-a-days; but there is no gainsaying that it is still very much alive. And I would say to you, Gentlemen, 'Believe, and be glad that Literature and the English tongue are both alive.' Carlyle, in his explosive way, once demanded of his countrymen, 'Shakespeare or India? If you had to surrender one to retain the other, which would you choose?' Well, our Indian Empire is yet in the making, while the works of Shakespeare are complete and purchasable in whole calf; so the alternatives are scarcely _in pari materia_; and moreover let us not be in a hurry to meet trouble half way. But in English Literature, which, like India, is still in the making, you have at once an Empire and an Emprise. In that alone you have inherited something greater than Sparta. Let us strive, each in his little way, to adorn it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00092", "bookId": 17470, "start": 31438, "end": 32915, "sha256": "71d51668beed0559da6fbc7b47fe8ec84d1e0eedac7af95f2c586b84a255f4e2", "text": "But here at the close of my hour, the double argument, that Literature is an Art and English a living tongue, has led me right up to a fourth principle, the plunge into which (though I foresaw it from the first) all the coward in me rejoices at having to defer to another lecture. I conclude then, Gentlemen, by answering two suspicions, which very likely have been shaping themselves in your minds. In the first place, you will say, 'It is all very well for this man to talk about \"cultivating an increased sensibility,\" and the like; but we know what that leads to--to quackery, to aesthetic chatter: \"Isn't this pretty? Don't you admire that?\"' Well, I am not greatly frightened. To begin with, when we come to particular criticism I shall endeavour to exchange it with you in plain terms; a manner which (to quote Mr Robert Bridges' \"Essay on Keats\") 'I prefer, because by obliging the lecturer to say definitely what he means, it makes his mistakes easy to point out, and in this way the true business of criticism is advanced.' But I have a second safeguard, more to be trusted: that here in Cambridge, with all her traditions of austere scholarship, anyone who indulges in loose distinct talk will be quickly recalled to his tether. Though at the time Athene be not kind enough to descend from heaven and pluck him backward by the hair, yet the very _genius loci_ will walk home with him from the lecture room, whispering monitions, cruel to be kind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00093", "bookId": 17470, "start": 32919, "end": 33562, "sha256": "d1992a7394c96f157c7de723f03b91a99e25e69f37160175df9a5a890c8ba9a4", "text": "'But,' you will say alternatively, 'if we avoid loose talk on these matters we are embarking on a mighty difficult business.' Why, to be sure we are; and that, I hope, will be half the enjoyment. After all, we have a number of critics among whose methods we may search for help--from the Persian monarch who, having to adjudicate upon two poems, caused the one to be read to him, and at once, without ado, awarded the prize to the other, up to the great Frenchman whom I shall finally invoke to sustain my hope of building something; that is if you, Gentlemen, will be content to accept me less as a Professor than as an Elder Brother.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00094", "bookId": 17470, "start": 33566, "end": 34031, "sha256": "42ebd5ba5c9699124f39768de8dab97b1777117a8b0d8774f84313eb6cf0f454", "text": "The Frenchman is Sainte-Beuve, and I pay a debt, perhaps appropriately here, by quoting him as translated by the friend of mine, now dead, who first invited me to Cambridge and taught me to admire her--one Arthur John Butler, sometime a Fellow of Trinity, and later a great pioneer among Englishmen in the study of Dante. Thus while you listen to the appeal of Sainte-Beuve, I can hear beneath it a more intimate voice, not for the first time, encouraging me.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00095", "bookId": 17470, "start": 34035, "end": 34471, "sha256": "184d5758c63097e155db696e3b72d58331bd5911a5fd2be3d3f55d0ed8b00b9f", "text": "Sainte-Beuve then--_si magna licet componere parvis_--is delivering an Inaugural Lecture in the Ecole Normale, the date being April 12th, 1858. 'Gentlemen,' he begins, 'I have written a good deal in the last thirty years; that is, I have scattered myself a good deal; so that I need to gather myself together, in order that my words may come before you with all the more freedom and confidence.' That is his opening; and he ends:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00096", "bookId": 17470, "start": 34480, "end": 35064, "sha256": "6caefbff29663e90547a34d7797ada3a2d6b7f89634f26d6fdd80fee0b466f59", "text": "As time goes on, you will make me believe that I can for my part be of some good to you: and with the generosity of your age you will repay me, in this feeling alone, far more than I shall be able to give you in intellectual freedom, in literary thought. If in one sense I bestow on you some of my experience, you will requite me, and in a more profitable manner, by the sight of your ardour for what is noble: you will accustom me to turn oftener and more willingly towards the future in your company. You will teach me again to hope.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00097", "bookId": 17470, "start": 35074, "end": 35085, "sha256": "91bd50c1b2bf6f13ffdb1d3d1b45ae59454a8ef99d271971ce95d04d8d5628d5", "text": "LECTURE II.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00098", "bookId": 17470, "start": 35089, "end": 35113, "sha256": "0be02d84f23520c2f51c9d2f3cc89749daf428eab73da7507641b0e4baac83fa", "text": "THE PRACTICE OF WRITING.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00099", "bookId": 17470, "start": 35117, "end": 35139, "sha256": "5ce1a28e893ab890171d7751ea9e8921084121aef21b7d2a911f014683d21f67", "text": "Wednesday, February 12", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00100", "bookId": 17470, "start": 35145, "end": 35443, "sha256": "344c3b6778039f5503fca770b90e1282e31cd56343245e1447a87017d65f163b", "text": "We found, Gentlemen, towards the close of our first lecture, that the argument had drawn us, as by a double chain, up to the edge of a bold leap, over which I deferred asking you to take the plunge with me. Yet the plunge must be taken, and to-day I see nothing for it but to harden our hearts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00101", "bookId": 17470, "start": 35447, "end": 36518, "sha256": "8d12673a90b725b38d6dd0f91608d284820f8d93f6b1ba8b5f3e2fd1a451d8c9", "text": "Well, then, I propose to you that, English Literature being (as we agreed) an Art, with a living and therefore improvable language for its medium or vehicle, a part--and no small part--of our business is _to practise it._ Yes, I seriously propose to you that here in Cambridge we _practise writing_: that we practise it not only for our own improvement, but to make, or at least try to make, appropriate, perspicuous, accurate, persuasive writing a recognisable hall-mark of anything turned out by our English School. By all means let us study the great writers of the past for their own sakes; but let us study them for our guidance; that we, in our turn, having (it is to be hoped) something to say in our span of time, say it worthily, not dwindling out the large utterance of Shakespeare or of Burke. Portraits of other great ones look down on you in your college halls: but while you are young and sit at the brief feast, what avails their serene gaze if it do not lift up your hearts and movingly persuade you to match your manhood to its inheritance?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00102", "bookId": 17470, "start": 36522, "end": 38018, "sha256": "3bf638ffe3fb2a2e0f450309d0dc81424bc67c37a512fc7406d948e723ee2463", "text": "I protest, Gentlemen, that if our eyes had not been sealed, as with wax, by the pedagogues of whom I spoke a fortnight ago, this one habit of regarding our own literature as a _hortus siccus_, this our neglect to practise good writing as the constant auxiliary of an Englishman's liberal education, would be amazing to you seated here to-day as it will be starkly incredible to the future historian of our times. Tell me, pray; if it concerned _Painting_--an art in which Englishmen boast a record far briefer, far less distinguished--what would you think of a similar acquiescence in the past, a like haste to presume the dissolution of aptitude and to close accounts, a like precipitancy to divorce us from the past, to rob the future of hope and even the present of lively interest? Consider, for reproof of these null men, the Discourses addressed (in a pedantic age, too) by Sir Joshua Reynolds to the Members and Students of the Royal Academy. He has (as you might expect) enough to say of Tintoretto, of Titian, of Caracci, and of the duty of studying their work with patience, with humility. But why does he exhort his hearers to con them?--Why, because he is all the time _driving at practice_. Hear how he opens his second Discourse (his first to the Students). After congratulating the prize-winners of 1769, he desires 'to lead them into such a course of study as may render their future progress answerable to their past improvement'; and the great man goes on:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00103", "bookId": 17470, "start": 38027, "end": 38380, "sha256": "c462b32694a5f63436a85f06b02b47d088fbee9c2fb274285b2a7c9f565fac17", "text": "I flatter myself that from the long experience I have had, and the necessary assiduity with which I have pursued these studies in which like you I have been engaged, I shall be acquitted of vanity in offering some hints to your consideration. They are indeed in a great degree founded upon my own mistakes in the same pursuit....", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00104", "bookId": 17470, "start": 38384, "end": 38427, "sha256": "2d28743cbfd80bf46c1a8f049dad611f7a1403312315466c5ba185f56f5d9b63", "text": "Mark the noble modesty of that! To resume--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00105", "bookId": 17470, "start": 38436, "end": 38561, "sha256": "27ae7b76a12d45b154ea74432c3d7690394104a25b1f333d70b3a639adbe44a6", "text": "In speaking to you of the Theory of the Art, I shall only consider it as it has relation to the method of your studies.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00106", "bookId": 17470, "start": 38565, "end": 38941, "sha256": "bfbb8fdfaef387aef13628e591f90dbbd11fd220e908b63161317c17b36f6c51", "text": "And then he proceeds to preach the Old Masters.--But how?--why?--to what end? Does he recite lists of names, dates, with formulae concerning styles? He does nothing of the sort. Does he recommend his old masters for copying, then?--for mere imitation? Not a bit of it!--he comes down like a hammer on copying. Then for what, in fine, will he have them studied? Listen:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00107", "bookId": 17470, "start": 38950, "end": 39091, "sha256": "c88b0d56295527444732ba79a8c81fa7a7722264563c675ac5ae8dcda9407a26", "text": "The more extensive your acquaintance is with the works of those who have excelled, the more extensive will be your powers of invention.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00108", "bookId": 17470, "start": 39095, "end": 39149, "sha256": "7fc1e769e3b76d843977032d45e2d4725262b89e74373047b122b1d91d6b19e9", "text": "Yes, of _invention_, your power to make something new:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00109", "bookId": 17470, "start": 39158, "end": 39258, "sha256": "2cf94c8a72c751e5231a88a5f64c79177dddb3740fe0046eabd82deadbe329d9", "text": "--and what may appear still more like a paradox, _the more original will be your conceptions_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00110", "bookId": 17470, "start": 39262, "end": 39580, "sha256": "a6713ec2dd575d05136578662b908f8fe99d94de6cfe3e7798129a82d740e12b", "text": "There spake Sir Joshua Reynolds: and I call that the voice of a true Elder Brother. He, standing face to face with the young, thought of the old masters mainly as spiritual begetters of practice. And will anyone in this room tell me that what Reynolds said of painting is not to-day, for us, applicable to writing?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00111", "bookId": 17470, "start": 39584, "end": 40408, "sha256": "c36ac868061051704013be50bd828d29d739f2e3ca1468ff7cd6da220ef7aa16", "text": "We accept it of Greek and Latin. An old Sixth Form master once said to me, 'You may give up Latin Verse for this term, if you will: but I warn you, no one can be a real scholar who does not constantly practise verse.' He was mistaken, belike. I hold, for my part, that in our Public Schools, we give up a quite disproportionate amount of time to 'composition' (of Latin Prose especially) and starve the boys' reading thereby. But at any rate we do give up a large share of the time to it. Then if we insist on this way with the tongues of Homer and Virgil, why do we avoid it with the tongue of Shakespeare, our own living tongue? I answer by quoting one of the simplest wisest sayings of Don Quixote (Gentlemen, you will easily, as time goes on, and we better our acquaintance, discover my favourite authors):--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00112", "bookId": 17470, "start": 40417, "end": 40834, "sha256": "1acb66b7246d6a93467a5442ed6da7bfa2e83082f922a644be01a3ad49ecc6e9", "text": "The great Homer wrote not in Latin, for he was a Greek; and Virgil wrote not in Greek, because he was a Latin. In brief, all the ancient poets wrote in the tongue which they sucked in with their mother's milk, nor did they go forth to seek for strange ones to express the greatness of their conceptions: and, this being so, it should be a reason for the fashion to extend to all nations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00113", "bookId": 17470, "start": 40838, "end": 41188, "sha256": "d7b7f08e5fc4acc5539259932013ae46ea183d7bb849ea05d84df946ea59ba6a", "text": "Does the difference, then, perchance lie in ourselves? Will you tell me, 'Oh, painting is a special art, whereas anyone can write prose passably well'? Can he, indeed?... Can _you,_ sir? Nay, believe me, you are either an archangel or a very bourgeois gentleman indeed if you admit to having spoken English prose all your life without knowing it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00114", "bookId": 17470, "start": 41192, "end": 41623, "sha256": "021bf4b71d7219b8a8cb6c92b500cfb15095357ad478a381092fc4032ee1bf15", "text": "Indeed, when we try to speak prose without having practised it the result is apt to be worse than our own vernacular. How often have I heard some worthy fellow addressing a public audience!--say a Parliamentary candidate who believes himself a Liberal Home Ruler, and for the moment is addressing himself to meet some criticism of the financial proposals of a Home Rule Bill. His own vernacular would be somewhat as follows:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00115", "bookId": 17470, "start": 41632, "end": 41826, "sha256": "359ff1206e811844538f7762765803d1fcc5cc261c8d2b058358cfc494eebc33", "text": "Oh, rot! Give the Irish their heads and they'll run straight enough. Look at the Boers, don't you know. Not half such a decent sort as the Irish. Look at Irish horses, too. Eh? What?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00116", "bookId": 17470, "start": 41830, "end": 41920, "sha256": "03cc77f8bf64491b3abe3b79ee9129d7156bd79e4b212368189964dc3457c0fa", "text": "But this, he is conscious, would hardly suit the occasion. He therefore amends it thus:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00117", "bookId": 17470, "start": 41929, "end": 42308, "sha256": "c9c316e0801576bff1ee1c316e67c28b93774608f758d0e9ef6c9e10bda7def6", "text": "Mr Chairman--er--as regards the financial proposals of His Majesty's Government, I am of the deliberate--er--opinion that our national security--I may say, our Imperial security--our security as--er--a governing people--lies in trusting the Irish as we did in the--er --case of the Boers--H'm Mr Gladstone, Mr Chairman--Mr Chairman, Mr Gladstone----", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00118", "bookId": 17470, "start": 42312, "end": 42558, "sha256": "994f8845c0846356b0788a3dd493c7ec7dd6dc150749bf9279965a20476c338f", "text": "and so on. You perceive that the style is actually worse than in the sample quoted before; it has become flabby whereas that other was at any rate nervous? But now suppose that, having practised it, our candidate was able to speak like this:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00119", "bookId": 17470, "start": 42564, "end": 44415, "sha256": "e55e85377ba5ec7914844f321c9b7a4c71437619cbb68a84098297d2ff467dbb", "text": "'But what (says the Financier) is peace to us without money? Your plan gives us no revenue.' No? But it does--for it secures to the subject the power of Refusal, the first of all Revenues. Experience is a cheat, and fact is a liar, if this power in the subject of proportioning his grant, or of not granting at all, has not been found the richest mine of Revenue ever discovered by the skill or by the fortune of man. It does not indeed vote you 152,750 pounds 11 shillings 2 3/4 pence, nor any other paltry limited sum--but it gives you the strong box itself, the fund, the bank, from whence only revenues can arise among a people sensible of freedom: _Posita luditur arca_.... Is this principle to be true in England, and false everywhere else? Is it not true in Ireland? Has it not hitherto been true in the Colonies? Why should you presume that in any country a body duly constituted for any function will neglect to perform its duty and abdicate its trust? Such a presumption would go against all Governments in all nations. But in truth this dread of penury of supply, from a free assembly, has no foundation in nature. For first, observe that, besides the desire which all men have naturally of supporting the honour of their own Government, that sense of dignity, and that security to property, which ever attend freedom, have a tendency to increase the stock of a free community. Most may be taken where most is accumulated. And what is the soil or climate where experience has not uniformly proved that the voluntary flow of heaped-up plenty, bursting from the weight of its own luxuriance, has ever run with a more copious stream of revenue than could be squeezed from the dry husks of oppressed indigence by the straining of all the politic machinery in the world?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00120", "bookId": 17470, "start": 44419, "end": 44709, "sha256": "e7c8704417d35cb863b23b9fa87ac6cea5b00213d63ca9c0f5f048f5e4acbc5c", "text": "That, whether you agree or disagree with its doctrine, is great prose. That is Burke. 'O Athenian stranger,' said the Cretan I quoted in my first lecture,--'inhabitant of Attica I will not call you, since you deserve the name of Athene herself, because you go back to first principles!'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00121", "bookId": 17470, "start": 44713, "end": 45909, "sha256": "4e55fdce0c1bbc4d63cbba9ebf438e55f30d2850920203ca1facab923136e762", "text": "But, you may object, 'Burke is talking like a book, and I have no wish to talk like a book.' Well, as a fact, Burke is here at the culmen of a long sustained argument, and his language has soared with it, as his way was--logic and emotion lifting him together as upon two balanced majestic wings. But you are shy of such heights? Very well again, and all credit to your modesty! Yet at least (I appeal to that same modesty) when you talk or write, you would wish to _observe the occasion_; to say what you have to say without impertinence or ill-timed excess. You would not harangue a drawing-room or a subcommittee, or be facetious at a funeral, or play the skeleton at a banquet: for in all such conduct you would be mixing up things that differ. Be cheerful, then: for this desire of yours to be appropriate is really the root of the matter. Nor do I ask you to accept this on my sole word, but will cite you the most respectable witnesses. Take, for instance, a critic who should be old enough to impress you--Dionysius of Halicarnassus. After enumerating the qualities which lend charm and nobility to style, he closes the list with 'appropriateness, which all these need':--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00122", "bookId": 17470, "start": 45918, "end": 46244, "sha256": "1051fb647abe0f399f45c5d82b8996b961ae2a61e31162a77f51becb5fa1b866", "text": "As there is a charming diction, so there is another that is noble; as there is a polished rhythm, so there is another that is dignified; as variety adds grace in one passage, so in another it adds fulness; _and as for appropriation, it will prove the chief source of beauty, or else of nothing at all_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00123", "bookId": 17470, "start": 46248, "end": 46356, "sha256": "17b9baa22bd54f9820a7a9009bdef3de284637198fd1220dea3f33df1d66c2c4", "text": "Or listen to Cicero, how he sets appropriateness in the very heart of his teaching, as the master secret:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00124", "bookId": 17470, "start": 46365, "end": 46701, "sha256": "3e66aac9c5349e37c790f077f193179e3ddeb58920108983174e307fb41f504b", "text": "Is erit eloquens qui poterit parva summisse, modica temperate, magna graviter dicere.... Qui ad id quodcunque decebit poterit accommodare orationem. Quod quum statuerit, tum, ut quidque erit dicendum, ita dicet, nec satura jejune, nec grandia minute, nec item contra, sed erit rebus ipsis par et aequalis oratio.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00125", "bookId": 17470, "start": 46710, "end": 46961, "sha256": "07ad90def4c40f849576c79e20a8fa7cd721ee84ffc585b1352f3ab2d85fed01", "text": "'Whatever his theme he will speak as becomes it; neither meagrely where it is copious, nor meanly where it is ample, nor in _this_ way where it demands _that_; but keeping his speech level with the actual subject and adequate to it.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00126", "bookId": 17470, "start": 46965, "end": 47386, "sha256": "c38d3d60135fde61feceb67212324f7c8baf0afd6a51af1f1198262459dd02f9", "text": "I might quote another great man, Quintilian, to you on the first importance of this appropriateness, or 'propriety'; of speaking not only to the purpose but _becomingly_--though the two as (he rightly says) are often enough one and the same thing. But I will pass on to what has ever seemed, since I found it in one of Jowett's 'Introductions' to Plato, the best definition known to me of good style in literature:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00127", "bookId": 17470, "start": 47395, "end": 47585, "sha256": "015ddf91c747329c47cd3016e0adf6d9e43c9fb9f6cc9a6bccf6436e3e06af62", "text": "The perfection of style is variety in unity, freedom, ease, clearness, the power of saying anything, and of striking any note in the scale of human feelings, without impropriety.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00128", "bookId": 17470, "start": 47589, "end": 47734, "sha256": "7f8ea69371bfcc442891fbbdc7b0b370104fade3a97ede04465ad50c957ac1de", "text": "You see, O my modest friend! that your gamut needs not to be very wide, to begin with. The point is that within it you learn to play becomingly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00129", "bookId": 17470, "start": 47738, "end": 48267, "sha256": "d7c0b0321757e5289f89b995a2079980206aad0768f69a5782cdc0ad23d64e15", "text": "Now I started by proposing that we try together to make appropriate, perspicuous, accurate, persuasive writing a hall-mark of anything turned out by our English School here, and I would add (growing somewhat hardier) a hall-mark of all Cambridge style so far as our English School can influence it. I chose these four epithets _accurate, perspicuous, persuasive, appropriate_, with some care, of course as my duty was; and will assume that by this time we are agreed to desire _appropriateness_. Now for the other three:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00130", "bookId": 17470, "start": 48271, "end": 48690, "sha256": "9c882f26465180738f9cbb6be4147ddb8159e55811cb0f9f24ffdab03f88ab96", "text": "_Perspicuity._--I shall waste no words on the need of this: since the first aim of speech is to be understood. The more clearly you write the more easily and surely you will be understood. I propose to demonstrate to you further, in a minute or so, that the more clearly you write the more clearly you will understand yourself. But a sufficient reason has been given in ten words why you should desire perspicuity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00131", "bookId": 17470, "start": 48694, "end": 49385, "sha256": "38fdf9fadc0d20a66c089b7fcbbb6bb75032355b0415bd64d291a2f5ea974475", "text": "_Accuracy._--Did I not remind myself in my first lecture, that Cambridge is the home of accurate scholarship? Surely no Cambridge man would willingly be a sloven in speech, oral or written? Surely here, if anywhere, should be acknowledged of all what Newman says of the classics, that 'a certain unaffected neatness and propriety and grace of diction may be required of any author, for the same reason that a certain attention to dress is expected of every gentleman.' After all, what are the chief differentiae between man and the brute creation but that he clothes himself, that he cooks his food, that he uses articulate speech? Let us cherish and improve all these distinctions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00132", "bookId": 17470, "start": 49389, "end": 50456, "sha256": "78d14b4e32754d45ec46f24e8f25e0dbc845540ab74576ab2de88f530b924755", "text": "But shall we now look more carefully into these twin questions of perspicuity and accuracy: for I think pursuing them, we may almost reach the philosophic kernel of good writing. I quoted Newman playfully a moment ago. I am going to quote him in strong earnest. And here let me say that of all the books written in these hundred years there is perhaps none you can more profitably thumb and ponder than that volume of his in which, under the title of \"The Idea of a University,\" he collected nine discourses addressed to the Roman Catholics of Dublin with some lectures delivered to the Catholic University there. It is fragmentary, because its themes were occasional. It has missed to be appraised at its true worth, partly no doubt by reason of the colour it derives from a religion still unpopular in England. But in fact it may be read without offence by the strictest Protestant; and the book is so wise--so eminently wise--as to deserve being bound by the young student of literature for a frontlet on his brow and a talisman on his writing wrist.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00133", "bookId": 17470, "start": 50460, "end": 50925, "sha256": "4fa5bf73a482df92ef913b1782e541f5e22c66fb78ed30b43e8835fcd580d151", "text": "Now you will find much pretty swordsmanship in its pages, but nothing more trenchant than the passage in which Newman assails and puts to rout the Persian host of infidels--I regret to say, for the most part Men of Science--who would persuade us that good writing, that style, is something extrinsic to the subject, a kind of ornamentation laid on to tickle the taste, a study for the _dilettante_, but beneath the notice of _their_ stern and masculine minds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00134", "bookId": 17470, "start": 50929, "end": 51440, "sha256": "ab7b9f948047d85aed163393f004790e5d901bed61951b883a4693e25b3e3c78", "text": "Such a view, as he justly points out, belongs rather to the Oriental mind than to our civilisation: it reminds him of the way young gentlemen go to work in the East when they would engage in correspondence with the object of their affection. The enamoured one cannot write a sentence himself: _he_ is the specialist in passion (for the moment); but thought and words are two things to him, and for words he must go to another specialist, the professional letter-writer. Thus there is a division of labour.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00135", "bookId": 17470, "start": 51446, "end": 51900, "sha256": "2865d57da8728e2026d98e94b5e412b685a26aa0fb2181e0b12977bf7aca99d8", "text": "The man of words, duly instructed, dips the pen of desire in the ink of devotedness and proceeds to spread it over the page of desolation. Then the nightingale of affection is heard to warble to the rose of loveliness, while the breeze of anxiety plays around the brow of expectation. That is what the Easterns are said to consider fine writing; and it seems pretty much the idea of the school of critics to which I have been referring.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00136", "bookId": 17470, "start": 51904, "end": 51933, "sha256": "978e1d13da372b2702bb9bf52ef6fe7cd0dce1df15d0026f4dcded82fa19c7ee", "text": "Now hear this fine passage:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00137", "bookId": 17470, "start": 51939, "end": 53039, "sha256": "8ee10b6c945ef3404e9239f28f36be45c9649a9d4f1c4523d5e18d36284131ad", "text": "Thought and speech are inseparable from each other. Matter and expression are parts of one; style is a thinking out into language. That is what I have been laying down, and this is literature; not _things_, but the verbal symbols of things; not on the other hand mere _words_; but thoughts expressed in language. Call to mind, gentlemen, the meaning of the Greek word which expresses this special prerogative of man over the feeble intelligence of the lower animals. It is called Logos; what does Logos mean? it stands both for _reason_ and for _speech_, and it is difficult to say which it means more properly. It means both at once: why? because really they cannot be divided.... When we can separate light and illumination, life and motion, the convex and the concave of a curve, then will it be possible for thought to tread speech under foot and to hope to do without it--then will it be conceivable that the vigorous and fertile intellect should renounce its own double, its instrument of expression and the channel of its speculations and emotions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00138", "bookId": 17470, "start": 53043, "end": 53178, "sha256": "6253333540b726afed87b476e2271c377f3aa85a6f02b317553469fd8ba2beef", "text": "'As if,' he exclaims finely, 'language were the hired servant, the mere mistress of reason, and not the lawful wife in her own house!'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00139", "bookId": 17470, "start": 53182, "end": 54007, "sha256": "cfb3a443e731e8ba7fc7baa74ac74bbdbb9da7fc98319fd763202a4afe08143d", "text": "If you need further argument (but what serves it to slay the slain?) let me remind you that you cannot use the briefest, the humblest process of thought, cannot so much as resolve to take your bath hot or cold, or decide what to order for breakfast, without forecasting it to yourself in some form of words. Words are, in fine, the only currency in which we can exchange thought even with ourselves. Does it not follow, then, that the more accurately we use words the closer definition we shall give to our thoughts? Does it not follow that by drilling ourselves to write perspicuously we train our minds to clarify their thought? Does it not follow that some practice in the deft use of words, with its correspondent defining of thought, may well be ancillary even to the study of Natural Science in a University?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00140", "bookId": 17470, "start": 54011, "end": 54889, "sha256": "01272588ca9296497b07afd4cfacd9508b750ae4221e7a14a67683f7c907112a", "text": "But I have another word for our men of science. It was inevitable, perhaps, that Latin--so long the Universal Language--should cease in time to be that in which scientific works were written. It was impossible, perhaps, to substitute, by consent, some equally neat and austere modern language, such as French. But when it became an accepted custom for each nation to use its own language in scientific treatises, it certainly was not foreseen that men of science would soon be making discoveries at a rate which left their skill in words outstripped; that having to invent their terms as they went along, yet being careless and contemptuous of a science in which they have no training, they would bombast out our dictionaries with monstrously invented words that not only would have made Quintilian stare and gasp, but would affront the decently literate of any age.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00141", "bookId": 17470, "start": 54893, "end": 55747, "sha256": "3ace6c4baf7c9877562fe305a0657c58f9d6e388dfcec17db2dd5a5c9c9b1eb2", "text": "After all, and though we must sigh and acquiesce in the building of Babel, we have some right to examine the bricks. I was waiting, the other day, in a doctor's anteroom, and picked up one of those books--it was a work on pathology--so thoughtfully left lying in such places; to persuade us, no doubt, to bear the ills we have rather than fly to others capable of being illustrated. I found myself engaged in following the manoeuvres of certain well-meaning bacilli generically described as 'Antibodies.' I do not accuse the author (who seemed to be a learned man) of having invented this abominable term: apparently it passed current among physiologists and he had accepted it for honest coin. I found it, later on, in Webster's invaluable dictionary: Etymology, 'anti' up against 'body', some noxious 'foreign body' inside your body or mine.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00142", "bookId": 17470, "start": 55751, "end": 56736, "sha256": "634d378d3f5c9ca1aaa1a28d7242cf6c439ad5d973def241097aa9e522385443", "text": "Now gin a body meet a body for our protection and in this gallant spirit, need a body reward him with this hybrid label? Gratitude apart, I say that for our own self-respect, whilst we retain any sense of intellectual pedigree, 'antibody' is no word to throw at a friendly bacillus. Is it consonant with the high dignity of science to make her talk like a cheap showman advertising a 'picture-drome'? The man who eats peas with his knife can at least claim a historical throwback to the days when forks had but two prongs and the spoons had been removed with the soup. But 'antibody' has no such respectable derivation. It is, in fact, a barbarism, and a mongrel at that. The man who uses it debases the currency of learning: and I suggest to you that it is one of the many functions of a great University to maintain the standard of that currency, to guard the _jus et norma loquendi_, to protect us from such hasty fellows or, rather, to suppeditate them in their haste.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00143", "bookId": 17470, "start": 56740, "end": 58001, "sha256": "4e5affa336a2e8b57ce088736ef9e41090265acdb0d42800c1a40dce6c92cf30", "text": "Let me revert to our list of the qualities necessary to good writing, and come to the last--_Persuasiveness_; of which you may say, indeed, that it embraces the whole--not only the qualities of propriety, perspicuity, accuracy, we have been considering, but many another, such as harmony, order, sublimity, beauty of diction; all in short that--writing being an art, not a science, and therefore so personal a thing--may be summed up under the word _Charm_. Who, at any rate, does not seek after Persuasion? It is the aim of all the arts and, I suppose, of all exposition of the sciences; nay, of all useful exchange of converse in our daily life. It is what Velasquez attempts in a picture, Euclid in a proposition, the Prime Minister at the Treasury box, the journalist in a leading article, our Vicar in his sermon. Persuasion, as Matthew Arnold once said, is the only true intellectual process. The mere cult of it occupied many of the best intellects of the ancients, such as Longinus and Quintilian, whose writings have been preserved to us just because they were prized. Nor can I imagine an earthly gift more covetable by you, Gentlemen, than that of persuading your fellows to listen to your views and attend to what you have at heart.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00144", "bookId": 17470, "start": 58005, "end": 58440, "sha256": "35b94c190576d681fcb1d3e1019a5654b4f4c03878eafddc8f3d403ca6d51a33", "text": "Suppose, sir, that you wish to become a journalist? Well, and why not? Is it a small thing to desire the power of influencing day by day to better citizenship an unguessed number of men, using the best thought and applying it in the best language at your command?... Or are you, perhaps, overawed by the printed book? On that, too, I might have a good deal to say; but for the moment would keep the question as practical as I can.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00145", "bookId": 17470, "start": 58444, "end": 59507, "sha256": "49e8cb4a6554cb8b66e2cbdc688a6c900f3640161a3a668705d0e03c417c63f0", "text": "Well, it is sometimes said that Oxford men make better journalists than Cambridge men, and some attribute this to the discipline of their great School of _Literae Humaniores_, which obliges them to bring up a weekly essay to their tutor, who discusses it. Cambridge men retort that all Oxford men are journalists, and throw, of course, some accent of scorn on the word. But may I urge--and remember please that my credit is pledged to _you_ now--may I urge that this is not a wholly convincing answer? For, to begin with, Oxford men have not changed their natures since leaving school, but are, by process upon lines not widely divergent from your own, much the same pleasant sensible fellows you remember. And, next, if you truly despise journalism, why then despise it, have done with it and leave it alone. But I pray you, do not despise it if you mean to practise it, though it be but as a step to something better. For while the ways of art are hard at the best, they will break you if you go unsustained by belief in what you are trying to do.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00146", "bookId": 17470, "start": 59511, "end": 61175, "sha256": "5f725152b1861543bafb842dfd3b660ce39e8f2cdb33ba457593ac1295e76138", "text": "In asking you to practise the written word, I began with such low but necessary things as propriety, perspicuity, accuracy. But _persuasion_--the highest form of persuasion at any rate--cannot be achieved without a sense of beauty. And now I shoot a second rapid--_I want you to practise verse, and to practise it assiduously_.... I am quite serious. Let me remind you that, if there ever was an ancient state of which we of Great Britain have great right and should have greater ambition to claim ourselves the spiritual heirs, that state was Imperial Rome. And of the Romans (whom you will allow to have been a practical people) nothing is more certain than the value they set upon acquiring verse. To them it was not only (as Dr Johnson said of Greek) 'like old lace--you can never have too much of it.' They cultivated it with a straight eye to national improvement. Among them, as a scholar reminded us the other day, you find 'an educational system deliberately and steadily directed towards the development of poetical talent. They were not a people of whom we can say, as we can of the Greeks, that they were born to art and literature.... The characteristic Roman triumphs are the triumphs of a material civilisation.' Rome's role in the world was 'the absorption of outlying genius.' Themselves an unimaginative race with a language not too tractable to poetry, they made great poetry, and they made it of patient set purpose, of hard practice. I shall revert to this and maybe amplify reasons in another lecture. For the moment I content myself with stating the fact that no nation ever believed in poetry so deeply as the Romans.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00147", "bookId": 17470, "start": 61179, "end": 61700, "sha256": "651ddecc156f71bf4c44813a031d77fa1546940d2107517efb2c49d69f5c3569", "text": "Perpend this then, and do not too hastily deride my plea that you should practise verse-writing. I know most of the objections, though I may not remember all. _Mediocribus esse poetis_, etc.--that summarises most of them: yet of an infliction of much bad verse from you, if I am prepared to endure it, why should anyone else complain? I say that the youth of a University ought to practise verse-writing; and will try to bring this home to you by an argument convincing to me, though I have never seen it in print.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00148", "bookId": 17470, "start": 61704, "end": 63569, "sha256": "b8507c9458d040588ec8d880f07b557dbb5773c8dee22e6c8f8794caf7424bb0", "text": "What are the great poetical names of the last hundred years or so? Coleridge, Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley, Landor, Keats, Tennyson, Browning, Arnold, Morris, Rossetti, Swinburne--we may stop there. Of these all but Keats, Browning, Rossetti were University men; and of these three Keats, who died young, cut off in his prime, was the only one not fairly well-to-do. It may seem a brutal thing to say, and it is a sad thing to say: but, as a matter of hard fact, the theory that poetical genius bloweth where it listeth, and equally in poor and rich, holds little truth. As a matter of hard fact, nine out of those twelve were University men: which means that somehow or other they procured the means to get the best education England can give. As a matter of hard fact, of the remaining three you know that Browning was well-to-do, and I challenge you that, if he had not been well-to-do, he would no more have attained to writing \"Saul\" or \"The Ring and the Book\" than Ruskin would have attained to writing \"Modern Painters\" if his father had not dealt prosperously in business. Rossetti had a small private income; and, moreover, he painted. There remains but Keats; whom Atropos slew young, as she slew John Clare in a madhouse, and James Thomson by the laudanum he took to drug disappointment. These are dreadful facts, but let us face them. It is--however dishonouring to us as a nation--certain that, by some fault in our commonwealth, the poor poet has not in these days, nor has had for two hundred years, a dog's chance. Believe me--and I have spent a great part of the last ten years in watching some 320 Elementary Schools--we may prate of democracy, but actually a poor child in England has little more hope than had the son of an Athenian slave to be emancipated into that intellectual freedom of which great writings are born.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00149", "bookId": 17470, "start": 63573, "end": 64829, "sha256": "d80644f04a5bcc8ea6532db9b7a1c3903c764513f2e10f68dbcf9992687ca3dd", "text": "What do I argue from this? I argue that until we can bring more intellectual freedom into our State, more 'joy in widest commonalty spread,' upon you, a few favoured ones, rests an obligation to see that the springs of English poetry do not fail. I put it to you that of this glory of our birth and state _you_ are the temporary stewards. I put it to the University, considered as a dispenser of intellectual light, that to treat English poetry as though it had died with Tennyson and your lecturers had but to compose the features of a corpse, is to abnegate high hope for the sake of a barren convenience. I put it to the Colleges, considered as disciplinary bodies, that the old way of letting Coleridge slip, chasing forth Shelley, is, after all, not the wisest way. Recollect that in Poesy as in every other human business, the more there are who practise it the greater will be the chance of _someone's_ reaching perfection. It is the impetus of the undistinguished host that flings forward a Diomed or a Hector. And when you point with pride to Milton's and those other mulberry trees in your Academe, bethink you 'What poets are they shading to-day? Or are their leaves but feeding worms to spin gowns to drape Doctors of Letters?'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00150", "bookId": 17470, "start": 64833, "end": 65090, "sha256": "c9488ad617bcecf60f48731e7d6ad84004f5e2130bd6415ca09fe6b04886a1c2", "text": "In the life of Benvenuto Cellini you will find this passage worth your pondering.--He is telling how, while giving the last touches to his Perseus in the great square of Florence, he and his workmen inhabited a shed built around the statue. He goes on:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00151", "bookId": 17470, "start": 65096, "end": 65581, "sha256": "2d1dc4a45767849ed025a3e2b6fe57ebbb757c3968f0098135f0551900f1fd61", "text": "The folk kept on attaching sonnets to the posts of the door....I believe that, on the day when I opened it for a few hours to the public, more than twenty were nailed up, all of them overflowing with the highest panegyrics. Afterwards, when I once more shut it off from view, everyone brought sonnets, with Latin and Greek verses: for the University of Pisa was then in vacation, and all the doctors and scholars kept vying with each other who could produce the best.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00152", "bookId": 17470, "start": 65585, "end": 66206, "sha256": "88c754d42a4617b4f9b3fa72ff4020f84378f975e59ebe3b328b4c49088d4560", "text": "I may not live to see the doctors and scholars of this University thus employing the Long Vacation; as perhaps we shall wait some time for another Perseus to excite them to it. But I do ask you to consider that the Perseus was not entirely cause nor the sonnets entirely effect; that the age when men are eager about great work is the age when great work gets itself done; nor need it disturb us that most of the sonnets were, likely enough, very bad ones--in Charles Lamb's phrase, very like what Petrarch might have written if Petrarch had been born a fool. It is the impetus that I ask of you: the will to try.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00153", "bookId": 17470, "start": 66210, "end": 66618, "sha256": "68dd788539eee0bea28c489a0cdc05346f5335c4e369f38710a15d685e83a727", "text": "Lastly, Gentlemen, do not set me down as one who girds at your preoccupation, up here, with bodily games; for, indeed, I hold 'gymnastic' to be necessary as 'music' (using both words in the Greek sense) for the training of such youths as we desire to send forth from Cambridge. But I plead that they should be balanced, as they were in the perfect young knight with whose words I will conclude to-day:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00154", "bookId": 17470, "start": 66627, "end": 67320, "sha256": "2d2c092e8fbdb2c0c3fb4b31adcb7ec1417baa1f80c25cc28db5d378e0c4c3ef", "text": "Having this day my horse, my hand, my lance Guided so well that I obtained the prize, Both by the judgment of the English eyes And of some sent by that sweet enemy France; Horsemen my skill in horsemanship advance, Town-folk my strength, a daintier judge applies His praise to sleight which from good use doth rise; Some lucky wits impute it but to chance; Others, because of both sides I do take My blood from them who did excel in this, Think Nature me a man-at-arms did make. How far they shot awry! the true cause is, Stella looked on; and from her heavenly face Sent forth the beams which made so fair my race.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00155", "bookId": 17470, "start": 67324, "end": 67525, "sha256": "896b90127383805e54745bf948917384b9f073d00a9dffa7b728e36563a234f3", "text": "'Untrue,' you say? Well, there is truth of emotion as well as of fact; and who is there among you but would fain be able not only to win such a guerdon but to lay it in such wise at your lady's feet?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00156", "bookId": 17470, "start": 67529, "end": 67976, "sha256": "2dc7d856e1e907fd7f1802e2cee7f0e392262c665a6d86304cc9d2e133ff3490", "text": "That then was Philip Sidney, called the peerless one of his age; and perhaps no Englishman ever lived more graciously or, having used life, made a better end. But you have seen this morning's newspaper: you have read of Captain Scott and his comrades, and in particular of the death of Captain Oates; and you know that the breed of Sidney is not extinct. Gentlemen, let us keep our language noble: for we still have heroes to commemorate![1]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00157", "bookId": 17470, "start": 67982, "end": 68337, "sha256": "7e9921f8d19d624f513d7c298cf9f7adf21744dfdfb016e14d1f8e12eb7d95c0", "text": "[Footnote 1: The date of the above lecture was Wednesday, February 12th, 1913, the date on which our morning newspapers printed the first telegrams giving particulars of the fate of Captain Scott's heroic conquest of the South Pole, and still more glorious, though defeated, return. The first brief message concerning Captain Oates, ran as follows:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00158", "bookId": 17470, "start": 68341, "end": 68693, "sha256": "c7ecc2757abe791c2868250383d7c5799dc7676c37664af508c6727dab50d6b2", "text": "'From the records found in the tent where the bodies were discovered it appeared that Captain Oates's feet and hands were badly frost-bitten, and, although he struggled on heroically, his comrades knew on March 16 that his end was approaching. He had borne intense suffering for weeks without complaint, and he did not give up hope to the very end.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00159", "bookId": 17470, "start": 68697, "end": 68795, "sha256": "3a58ca0cd6f0f0480b423aaae895e91f5214b57df7ab1ef7868404f68bafec3c", "text": "\"He was a brave soul. He slept through the night hoping not to wake; but he awoke in the morning.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00160", "bookId": 17470, "start": 68799, "end": 68954, "sha256": "7130c81303b62a19594ed73fab63200b4f4a10bcea5575d3a9d7b6d6a8021d86", "text": "\"It was blowing a blizzard. Oates said: 'I am just going outside, and I may be some time.' He went out into the blizzard, and we have not seen him since.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00161", "bookId": 17470, "start": 68958, "end": 69109, "sha256": "7c7ece108d472cefbe3d1954e35ce43bd80dc96e153bfc5a6da96960d2aa04bf", "text": "\"We knew that Oates was walking to his death, but though we tried to dissuade him, we knew it was the act of a brave man and an English gentleman.\"']", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00162", "bookId": 17470, "start": 69119, "end": 69131, "sha256": "c28f9fed28c9dbffee07226a98fa7a149987afff8ab5503f98d9b796e0e2e8d5", "text": "LECTURE III.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00163", "bookId": 17470, "start": 69135, "end": 69176, "sha256": "f14149ae27dd780f07c2d362d735dc32fa76a32c95b3556e79bac8af6683b175", "text": "ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VERSE AND PROSE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00164", "bookId": 17470, "start": 69180, "end": 69202, "sha256": "562ce6f449b8ca003b4aef3ef9d7077120f54935258d4ba4a7d1937d46a8f1e3", "text": "Wednesday, February 26", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00165", "bookId": 17470, "start": 69208, "end": 69890, "sha256": "5b336c14d261558437ef3a74167a3202dc76ee62d135e0de38b3f81dc747374e", "text": "You will forgive me, Gentlemen, that having in my second lecture encouraged you to the practice of verse as well as of prose, I seize the very next opportunity to warn you against confusing the two, which differ on some points essentially, and always so as to demand separate rules--or rather (since I am shy of the word 'rules') a different concept of what the writer should aim at and what avoid. But you must, pray, understand that what follows will be more useful to the tiro in prose than to the tiro in verse; for while even a lecturer may help you to avoid writing prose in the manner of Milton, only the gods--and they hardly--can cure a versifier of being prosaic.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00166", "bookId": 17470, "start": 69894, "end": 70280, "sha256": "69793d3bf6532f89dd78c2b878fefa5bfe69b45e2db1cc0392763a35701c33ae", "text": "We started upon a promise to do without scientific definitions; and in drawing some distinctions to-day between verse and prose I shall use only a few rough ones; good, as I hope, so far as they go; not to be found contrary to your scientific ones, if ever, under another teacher you attain to them; yet for the moment used only as guides to practice, and pretending to be no more.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00167", "bookId": 17470, "start": 70284, "end": 71638, "sha256": "01cd588cd810e5dc1713a9c636f48b5f7b41cd77ea0a21864a2346704f5fdb4e", "text": "Thus I go some way--though by no means all the way--towards defining literature when I remind you that its very name (_litterae_--letters) implies the written rather than the spoken word; that, for example, however closely they approximate one to the other as we trace them back, and even though we trace them back to identical beginnings, the Writer--the Man of Letters--does to-day differ from the Orator. There was a time, as you know, when the poet and the historian had no less than the orator, and in the most literal sense, to 'get a hearing.' Nay, he got it with more pains: for the orator had his senate-house or his law-court provided, whereas Thespis jogged to fairs in a cart, and the Muse of History, like any street acrobat, had to collect her own crowd. Herodotus in search of a public packed his history in a portmanteau, carted it to Olympia, found a favourable 'pitch,' as we should say, and wooed an audience to him much as on a racecourse nowadays do those philanthropic gentlemen who ply a dubious trade with three half-crowns and a gold chain. It would cost us an effort to imagine the late Bishop Stubbs thus trying his fortune with a bag full of select Charters at Queen's Club or at Kempton Park, and exerting his lungs to retrieve a crowd that showed some disposition to edge off towards the ring or the rails.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00168", "bookId": 17470, "start": 71642, "end": 72265, "sha256": "72ff0322b63ac2c69a4137f32fe88256b0bce7056e7fc28e400c66bd56acf6e3", "text": "The historian's conditions have improved; and like any other sensible man he has advanced his claim with them, and revised his method. He writes nowadays with his eye on the printed book. He may or may not be a dull fellow: being a dull fellow, he may or may not be aware of it; but at least he knows that, if you lay him upside down on your knee, you can on awaking pick him up, resume your absorption, and even turn back some pages to discover just where or why your interest flagged: whereas a Hellene who deserted Herodotus, having a bet on the Pentathlon, not only missed what he missed but missed it for life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00169", "bookId": 17470, "start": 72269, "end": 72349, "sha256": "368b43395b5f9f29dce45fc6dba55440c8831140c157a3ed101426fe8fb345f7", "text": "The invention of print, of course, has made all, or almost all, the difference.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00170", "bookId": 17470, "start": 72353, "end": 73558, "sha256": "60e2d360c9934139c0f8795b83340b583bcd75838da98346ad53faabbf0d39fc", "text": "I do not forget that the printed book--the written word--presupposes a speaking voice, and must ever have at its back some sense in us of the speaking voice. But in writing prose nowadays, while always recollecting that prose has its origin in speech--even as it behoves us to recollect that Homer intoned the Iliad to the harp and Sappho plucked her passion from the lyre--we have to take things as they are. Except Burns, Heine, Beranger (with Moore, if you will), and you will find it hard to compile in all the lyrical poetry of the last 150 years a list of half a dozen first-class or even second-class bards who wrote primarily to be sung. It may help you to estimate how far lyrical verse has travelled from its origins if you will but remind yourselves that a _sonnet_ and a _sonata_ were once the same thing, and that a _ballad_ meant a song accompanied by dancing--the word _ballata_ having been specialised down, on the one line to the _ballet_, in which Mademoiselle Genee or the Russian performers will dance for our delight, using no words at all; on the other to \"Sir Patrick Spens\" or \"Clerk Saunders,\" 'ballads' to which no one in his senses would dream of pointing a toe.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00171", "bookId": 17470, "start": 73562, "end": 75776, "sha256": "86ef943bf7511feffaabcd72567c1aeb7f4e07eece6efa6ee9dbcde8b8a73160", "text": "Thus with Verse the written (or printed) word has pretty thoroughly ousted the speaking voice and its auxiliaries--the pipe, the lute, the tabor, the chorus with its dance movements and swaying of the body; and in a quieter way much the same thing is happening to prose. In the Drama, to be sure, we still write (or we should) for the actors, reckon upon their intonations, their gestures, lay account with the tears in the heroine's eyes and her visible beauty: though even in the Drama to-day you may detect a tendency to substitute dialectic for action and paragraphs for the [Greek: Stichomuthia], the sharp outcries of passion in its give-and-take. Again we still--some of us--deliver sermons from pulpits and orations in Parliament or upon public platforms. Yet I am told that the vogue of the sermon is passing; and (by journalists) that the leading article has largely superseded it. On that point I can offer you no personal evidence; but of civil oratory I am very sure that the whole pitch has been sensibly lowered since the day of Chatham, Burke, Sheridan; since the day of Brougham and Canning; nay, ever since the day of Bright, Gladstone, Disraeli. Burke, as everyone knows, once brought down a Brummagem dagger and cast it on the floor of the House. Lord Chancellor Brougham in a peroration once knelt to the assembled peers, '_Here the noble lord inclined his knee to the Woolsack_' is, if I remember, the stage direction in Hansard. Gentlemen, though in the course of destiny one or another of you may be called upon to speak daggers to the Treasury Bench, I feel sure you will use none; while, as for Lord Brougham's genuflexions, we may agree that to emulate them would cost Lord Haldane an effort. These and even far less flagrant or flamboyant tricks of virtuosity have gone quite out of fashion. You could hardly revive them to-day and keep that propriety to which I exhorted you a fortnight ago. They would be out of tune; they would grate upon the nerves; they would offend against the whole style of modern oratory, which steadily tends to lower its key, to use the note of quiet business-like exposition, to adopt more and more the style of written prose.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00172", "bookId": 17470, "start": 75780, "end": 76210, "sha256": "548348720969be6f0af7e75d5908fbf7a045208fe76874b7238dd7bdc013d19b", "text": "Let me help your sense of this change, by a further illustration. Burke, as we know, was never shy of declaiming--even of declaiming in a torrent--when he stood up to speak: but almost as little was he shy of it when he sat down to write. If you turn to his \"Letters on the Regicide Peace\" --no raw compositions, but penned in his latter days and closing, or almost closing, upon that tenderest of farewells to his country--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00173", "bookId": 17470, "start": 76219, "end": 76414, "sha256": "f85e95d52a7af9c7e42385cc0d632f8551e091f973dcbceb114268bac78bf806", "text": "In this good old House, where everything at least is well aired, I shall be content to put up my fatigued horses and here take a bed for the long night that begins to darken upon me--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00174", "bookId": 17470, "start": 76418, "end": 76777, "sha256": "37b3b9ca53fbc3863a276508dac7d4d79fa6fb1fa2b8032711cae47f98609a6b", "text": "if, I say, you turn to these \"Letters on the Regicide Peace\" and consult the title-page, you will find them ostensibly addressed to 'a Member of the present Parliament'; and the opening paragraphs assume that Burke and his correspondent are in general agreement. But skim the pages and your eyes will be arrested again and again by sentences like these:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00175", "bookId": 17470, "start": 76786, "end": 77190, "sha256": "b838d02ef98dfd76c7a82591a9101d860a12c3a6d4c33c280fb558734e8943c5", "text": "The calculation of profit in all such wars is false. On balancing the account of such wars, ten thousand hogsheads of sugar are purchased at ten thousand times their price--the blood of man should never be shed but to redeem the blood of man. It is well shed for our family, for our friends, for our God, for our country, for our kind. The rest is vanity; the rest is crime.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00176", "bookId": 17470, "start": 77194, "end": 77289, "sha256": "658dcab5161ece425adba81c00f6a4171008c25665a51aa08a2f08bdc48374eb", "text": "Magnificent, truly! But your ear has doubtless detected the blank verse--three iambic lines:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00177", "bookId": 17470, "start": 77298, "end": 77441, "sha256": "8176e5db58cc8a7f3c8c81cfdbea6befc9d219b0c5c91a8f6a6d597dd94b91ab", "text": "Are purchased at ten thousand times their price... Be shed but to redeem the blood of man... The rest is vanity; the rest is crime.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00178", "bookId": 17470, "start": 77445, "end": 77501, "sha256": "11a55a19d2c8f9a2062841640790533405f9835ecd5b37a36a2ac42dfa224bcf", "text": "Again Burke catches your eye by rhetorical inversions:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00179", "bookId": 17470, "start": 77510, "end": 77578, "sha256": "656dcf0b234ee0cebdd62202aa06f44ce0b910b59276eb85fa4b753e1d209ff5", "text": "But too often different is rational conjecture from melancholy fact,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00180", "bookId": 17470, "start": 77587, "end": 77644, "sha256": "4d40a691b1f2e6e7807d8d6f82a06aa176b26a323839499c7af694409a549fd1", "text": "Well is it known that ambition can creep as well as soar,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00181", "bookId": 17470, "start": 77648, "end": 77665, "sha256": "ad80d15f0c73915a00e23d0ba0a8513287d02c7ef134e74d6e48d4d8263fa291", "text": "by repetitions:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00182", "bookId": 17470, "start": 77674, "end": 78092, "sha256": "7d3d266ad89268c33d727f86903ea65cd7af864f219f322c3775d8019acb26f2", "text": "Never, no never, did Nature say one thing and Wisdom say another ... Algiers is not near; Algiers is not powerful; Algiers is not our neighbour; Algiers is not infectious. Algiers, whatever it may be, is an old creation; and we have good data to calculate all the mischief to be apprehended from it. When I find Algiers transferred to Calais, I will tell you what I think of that point--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00183", "bookId": 17470, "start": 78096, "end": 78136, "sha256": "fcf22c48a9dee5b421071361147785dbb93c97f095e33b080a02e29da6fda150", "text": "by quick staccato utterances, such as:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00184", "bookId": 17470, "start": 78145, "end": 78265, "sha256": "013f063d7efdbde2f6779b42a13bd66f2e1108a25136baf561a76250d012a366", "text": "And is this example nothing? It is everything. Example is the school of mankind, and they will learn at no other--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00185", "bookId": 17470, "start": 78269, "end": 78271, "sha256": "7175517a370b5cd2e664e3fd29c4ea9db5ce17058eb9772fe090a5485e49dad6", "text": "or", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00186", "bookId": 17470, "start": 78280, "end": 78393, "sha256": "e2ce9347edaddeef30fbb42c29eb98e4c3cdca7508707afa6b835c8fb86a8bdc", "text": "Our dignity? That is gone. I shall say no more about it. Light lie the earth on the ashes of English pride!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00187", "bookId": 17470, "start": 78397, "end": 79076, "sha256": "cf9f075ce45d68c672138b851ad01ba7110cbaacdcfc4985c9fde5abf20b0ffa", "text": "I say that the eye or ear, caught by such tropes, must (if it be critical) recognise them at once as _rhetoric_, as the spoken word masquerading under guise of the written. Burke may pretend to be seated, penning a letter to a worthy man who will read it in his slippers: but actually Burke is up and pacing his library at Beaconsfield, now striding from fire-place to window with hands clasped under his coat tails, anon pausing to fling out an arm with some familiar accustomed gesture in a House of Commons that knows him no more, towards a Front Bench peopled by shades. In fine the pretence is Cicero writing to Atticus, but the style is Cicero denouncing Catiline.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00188", "bookId": 17470, "start": 79080, "end": 79767, "sha256": "e4fd003767ae69d3a3b9ba0e4a89d379b04aa43e9b6ad7fc9bb2f6d380140ece", "text": "As such it is not for your imitation. Burke happened to be a genius, with a swoop and range of mind, as of language to interpret it, with a gift to enchant, a power to strike and astound, which together make him, to my thinking, the man in our literature most nearly comparable with Shakespeare. Others may be more to your taste; you may love others better: but no other two leave you so hopeless of discovering _how it is done_. Yet not for this reason only would I warn you against imitating either. For like all great artists they accepted their conditions and wrought for them, and those conditions have changed. When Jacques wished to recite to an Elizabethan audience that", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00189", "bookId": 17470, "start": 79776, "end": 79849, "sha256": "25511edba0d34be3c8b8e97c86b14aa5237d1e8eb91ca7d61f16d6d6eda97a0c", "text": "All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00190", "bookId": 17470, "start": 79853, "end": 79877, "sha256": "06d2d687d76700e327e1d936472d7274cf5487ed0eeb6bfd97ea4da41fb056ad", "text": "or Hamlet to soliloquise", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00191", "bookId": 17470, "start": 79886, "end": 79929, "sha256": "3337ef9e8b4ce1871850e612395fb1f690a5747466c652b6657726f5910db491", "text": "To be, or not to be: that is the question--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00192", "bookId": 17470, "start": 79933, "end": 80902, "sha256": "5f21c8f2b9c10e25b2f780ab1573ba542b878db5115d63a7e60b193cbe5fe25e", "text": "the one did not stretch himself under a property oak, nor did the other cast himself back in a chair and dangle his legs. They both advanced boldly from the stage, down a narrow platform provided for such recitations and for that purpose built boldly forward into the auditorium, struck an attitude, declaimed the purple passage, and returned, covered with applause, to continue the action of the play. This was the theatrical convention; this the audience expected and understood; for this Shakespeare wrote. Similarly, though the device must have been wearing thin even in 1795-6, Burke cast a familiar epistle into language proper to be addressed to Mr Speaker of the House of Commons. Shakespeare wrote, as Burke wrote, for his audience; and their glory is that they have outlasted the conditions they observed. Yet it was by observing them that they gained the world's ear. Let us, who are less than they, beware of scorning to belong to our own time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00193", "bookId": 17470, "start": 80906, "end": 81347, "sha256": "5698c6ba5fa490ed5cd346365663eb079c7c0c7ec9f5a465cf7b19a7de5973dc", "text": "For my part I have a great hankering to see English Literature feeling back through these old modes to its origins. I think, for example, that if we studied to write verse that could really be sung, or if we were more studious to write prose that could be read aloud with pleasure to the ear, we should be opening the pores to the ancient sap; since the roots are always the roots, and we can only reinvigorate our growth through them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00194", "bookId": 17470, "start": 81351, "end": 82220, "sha256": "20935079a2c7fa2e5b2e16b186588f1448a31b3dea9720bea28b8c569cf82a94", "text": "Unhappily, however, I cannot preach this just yet; for we are aiming at practice, and at Cambridge (they tell me) while you speak well, you write less expertly. A contributor to \"The Cambridge Review,\" a fortnight ago, lamented this at length: so you will not set the aspersion down to me, nor blame me if these early lectures too officiously offer a kind of 'First Aid': that, while all the time eager to descant on the _affinities_ of speech and writing, I dwell first on their _differences_; or that, in speaking of Burke, an author I adore only 'on this side idolatry,' I first present him in some aspects for your avoidance. Similarly I adore the prose of Sir Thomas Browne, yet should no more commend it to you for instant imitation than I could encourage you to walk with a feather in your cap and a sword under your gown. Let us observe proprieties.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00195", "bookId": 17470, "start": 82224, "end": 82418, "sha256": "75520f574896082feaef3640edc978ef5223341a460d94e7d57d10bba2170da6", "text": "To return to Burke.--At his most flagrant, in these \"Letters on the Regicide Peace,\" he boldly raids Shakespeare. You are all, I doubt not, conversant with the Prologue to \"Henry the Fifth\":--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00196", "bookId": 17470, "start": 82427, "end": 82789, "sha256": "0e5afc7f38dfe05c531769c9bc2f2138ecefedeae37ab6027df3ae383cb16139", "text": "O for a Muse of fire, that would ascend The brightest heaven of invention! A kingdom for a stage, princes to act And monarchs to behold the swelling scene! Then should the warlike Harry, like himself, Assume the port of Mars: and at his heels, Leash'd in like hounds, should Famine, Sword and Fire Crouch for employment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00197", "bookId": 17470, "start": 82793, "end": 83029, "sha256": "cb89f89c39c86401cce5bc41a0acc0f656a1d89c5bf458580681d9088c967f16", "text": "Well, this passage Burke, assuming his correspondent to be familiar with it, boldly claps into prose and inserts into a long diatribe against Pitt for having tamely submitted to the rebuffs of the French Directory. Thus it becomes:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00198", "bookId": 17470, "start": 83035, "end": 83527, "sha256": "30936c2de161c46f716e5aeac7dbf9c3181403c65c0ae59c55a7b63ec0edde9a", "text": "On that day it was thought he would have assumed the port of Mars: that he would bid to be brought forth from their hideous Kennel (where his scrupulous tenderness had too long immured them) those impatient dogs of War, whose fierce regards affright even the minister of vengeance that feeds them; that he would let them loose in Famine, Plagues and Death, upon a guilty race to whose frame and to all whose habit, Order, Peace, Religion and Virtue, are alien and abhorrent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00199", "bookId": 17470, "start": 83531, "end": 83922, "sha256": "4bbfb4d63db2aee01c55f3974de7b09fe8c0e5bd462446811f2cf3d846304b28", "text": "Now Shakespeare is but apologising for the shortcomings of his' play-house, whereas Burke is denouncing his country's shame and prophesying disaster to Europe. Yet do you not feel with me that while Shakespeare, using great words on the lowlier subject, contrives to make them appropriate, with Burke, writing on the loftier subject, the same or similar words have become tumid, turgid?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00200", "bookId": 17470, "start": 83926, "end": 84955, "sha256": "a29dcc0ad983ac4782653121752dad2470186d7c187dadd78ddcb9ffbf13c73b", "text": "Why? I am sure that the difference lies not in the two men: nor is it all the secret, or even half the secret, that Burke is mixing up the spoken with the written word, using the one while pretending to use the other. That has carried us some way; but now let us take an important step farther. The root of the matter lies in certain essential differences between verse and prose. We will keep, if you please, to our rough practical definitions. Literature--the written word--is a permanent record of memorable speech; a record, at any rate, intended to be permanent. We set a thing down in ink--we print it in a book--because we feel it to be memorable, to be worth preserving. But to set this memorable speech down we must choose one of two forms, verse or prose; and I define verse to be a record in metre and rhythm, prose to be a record which, dispensing with metre (abhorring it indeed), uses rhythm laxly, preferring it to be various and unconstrained, so always that it convey a certain pleasure to the ear.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00201", "bookId": 17470, "start": 84959, "end": 85863, "sha256": "be2c6fdbb8089431b924c765e05b4fbac35f50baebadea4489530c8b7ff2fc63", "text": "You observe that I avoid the term Poetry, over which the critics have waged, and still are waging, a war that promises to be endless. Is Walt Whitman a poet? Is the Song of Songs (which is not Solomon's)--is the Book of Job--are the Psalms--all of these as rendered in our Authorised Version of Holy Writ--are all of these poetry? Well 'yes,' if you want my opinion; and again 'yes,' I am sure. But truly on this field, though scores of great men have fought across it--Sidney, Shelley, Coleridge, Scaliger (I pour the names on you at random), Johnson, Wordsworth, the two Schlegels, Aristotle with Twining his translator, Corneille, Goethe, Warton, Whately, Hazlitt, Emerson, Hegel, Gummere--but our axles grow hot. Let us put on the brake: for in practice the dispute comes to very little: since literature is an art and treats scientific definitions as J. K. Stephen recommended. From them", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00202", "bookId": 17470, "start": 85872, "end": 85939, "sha256": "a289406d8c4321cd3b739318820188eb4670d35d69cc07b6293f8a4733e56fe2", "text": "It finds out what it cannot do, And then it goes and does it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00203", "bookId": 17470, "start": 85943, "end": 86867, "sha256": "30e76efbd147ba08c7e4fee6d2f25a41df9cf14a039765a95bbdcf35c063375e", "text": "I am journeying, say, in the West of England. I cross a bridge over a stream dividing Devon from Cornwall. These two counties, each beautiful in its way, are quite unlike in their beauty: yet nothing happened as I stepped across the brook, and for a mile or two or even ten I am aware of no change. Sooner or later that change will break upon the mind and I shall be startled, awaking suddenly to a land of altered features. But at what turn of the road this will happen, just how long the small multiplied impressions will take to break into surmise, into conviction--that nobody can tell. So it is with poetry and prose. They are different realms, but between them lies a debatable land which a De Quincey or a Whitman or a Paul Fort or a Marinetti may attempt. I advise you who are beginners to keep well one side or other of the frontier, remembering that there is plenty of room and what happened to Tupper.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00204", "bookId": 17470, "start": 86871, "end": 88007, "sha256": "ab7624c9f4e474d806c0c7237f5dcc210653d41afb9bc95d73adb8d13cc79215", "text": "If we restrict ourselves to the terms 'verse' and 'prose,' we shall find the line much easier to draw. Verse is memorable speech set down in metre with strict rhythms; prose is memorable speech set down without constraint of metre and in rhythms both lax and various--so lax, so various, that until quite recently no real attempt has been made to reduce them to rule. I doubt, for my part, if they can ever be reduced to rule; and after a perusal of Professor Saintsbury's latest work, \"A History of English Prose Rhythm,\" I am left doubting. I commend this book to you as one that clears up large patches of forest. No one has yet so well explained what our prose writers, generation after generation, have tried to do with prose: and he has, by the way, furnished us with a capital anthology--or, as he puts it, with 'divers delectable draughts of example.' But the road still waits to be driven. Seeking practical guidance--help for our present purpose--I note first that many a passage he scans in one way may as readily be scanned in another; that when he has finished with one and can say proudly with Wordsworth:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00205", "bookId": 17470, "start": 88016, "end": 88097, "sha256": "295ef6570fdbf5d29d13a7176549bce784faf21f932ef07a23324f2dfad038a2", "text": "I've measured it from side to side, 'Tis three feet long and two feet wide,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00206", "bookId": 17470, "start": 88101, "end": 88709, "sha256": "8b756f6e2401bfebf904f7ddcb068b22a96623961f6d09574a7a3dae277e9428", "text": "we still have a sensation of coming out (our good master with us) by that same door wherein we went; and I cannot as yet after arduous trial discover much profit in his table of feet--Paeons, Dochmiacs, Antispasts, Proceleusmatics and the rest--an Antispast being but an iamb followed by a trochee, and Proceleusmatic but two pyrrhics, or four consecutive short syllables--when I reflect that, your possible number of syllables being as many as five to a foot, you may label them (as Aristotle would say) until you come to infinity, where desire fails, without getting nearer any rule of application.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00207", "bookId": 17470, "start": 88713, "end": 89020, "sha256": "08f8541a739449836121bf9bb72604e56ef7e81029521f9cf216ec9a956db321", "text": "Let us respect a genuine effort of learning, though we may not detect its immediate profit. In particular let us respect whatever Professor Saintsbury writes, who has done such splendid work upon English verse-prosody. I daresay he would retort upon my impatience grandly enough, quoting Walt Whitman:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00208", "bookId": 17470, "start": 89024, "end": 89207, "sha256": "e779085dc7d5dbb7fcd97a06b169f0bf136d8b9bf65e5afb78453ce57b4c4463", "text": "I am the teacher of athletes; He that by me spreads a wider breast than my own proves the width of my own; He most honours my style who learns under it to destroy the teacher.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00209", "bookId": 17470, "start": 89211, "end": 89330, "sha256": "0e73be99c49c4e9e1ecc9d9faa24673ce64edfd04443acaebd1241cf6c7f29d1", "text": "His speculations may lead to much in time; though for the present they yield us small instruction in the path we seek.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00210", "bookId": 17470, "start": 89334, "end": 89693, "sha256": "997ab8cd49f9e5d4a445c22ac703290156d5f95ae72483ab23a48f0e8c521c38", "text": "It is time we harked back to our own sign-posts. Verse is written in metre and strict rhythm; prose, without metre and with the freest possible rhythm. That distinction seems simple enough, but it carries consequences very far from simple. Let me give you an illustration taken almost at hazard from Milton, from the Second Book of \"Paradise Regained\":--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00211", "bookId": 17470, "start": 89702, "end": 89896, "sha256": "c0832fdd899902b059076afa636267ac28705e9ef647de1ef3f687a56ff6b2c7", "text": "Up to a hill anon his steps he reared From whose high top to ken the prospect round, If cottage were in view, sheep-cote or herd; But cottage, herd, or sheep-cote, none he saw.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00212", "bookId": 17470, "start": 89900, "end": 90934, "sha256": "16864447cd4015f2c6857c1e76cf72bf801f70326e990d884b1a9d779f702b63", "text": "These few lines are verse, are obviously verse with the accent of poetry; while as obviously they are mere narrative and tell us of the simplest possible incident--how Christ climbed a hill to learn what could be seen from the top. Yet observe, line for line and almost word for word, how strangely they differ from prose. Mark the inversions: 'Up to a hill anon his steps he reared,' 'But cottage, herd, or sheep-cote, none he saw.' Mark next the diction--'his steps he reared.' In prose we should not rear our steps up the Gog-magog hills, or even more Alpine fastnesses; nor, arrived at the top, should we 'ken' the prospect round; we might 'con,' but should more probably 'survey' it. Even 'anon' is a tricky word in prose, though I deliberately palmed it off on you a few minutes ago. Mark thirdly the varied repetition, 'if cottage were in view, sheep-cote or herd--but cottage, herd, or sheep-cote, none he saw.' Lastly compare the whole with such an account as you or I or Cluvienus would write in plain prose:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00213", "bookId": 17470, "start": 90943, "end": 91151, "sha256": "05997a7071191956924661a84d3e960dd631ec2954b94ab73aacf72af1eabd41", "text": "Thereupon he climbed a hill on the chance that the view from its summit might disclose some sign of human habitation--a herd, a sheep-cote, a cottage perhaps. But he could see nothing of the sort.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00214", "bookId": 17470, "start": 91155, "end": 91894, "sha256": "4c2034ce60aebc9d4680c7c9b01b65a0714c732efe32c5c1f1d0c0ce017d4803", "text": "But you will ask, '_Why_ should verse and prose employ diction so different? _Why_ should the one invert the order of words in a fashion not permitted to the other?' and I shall endeavour to answer these questions together with a third which, I dare say, you have sometimes been minded to put when you have been told--and truthfully told--by your manuals and histories, that when a nation of men starts making literature it invariably starts on the difficult emprise of verse, and goes on to prose as by an afterthought. Why should men start upon the more difficult form and proceed to the easier? It is not their usual way. In learning to skate, for instance, they do not cut figures before practising loose and easy propulsion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00215", "bookId": 17470, "start": 91898, "end": 93170, "sha256": "0c644a3bb40447e6da36fb82f91f3bd6c8bb6daaa8ff7f48164217ce9bb57acf", "text": "The answer is fairly simple. Literature (once more) is a record of memorable speech; it preserves in words a record of such thoughts or of such deeds as we deem worth preserving. Now if you will imagine yourself a very primitive man, lacking paper or parchment; or a slightly less primitive, but very poor, man to whom the price of parchment and ink is prohibitive; you have two ways of going to work. You can carve your words upon trees or stones (a laborious process) or you can commit them to memory and carry them about in your head; which is cheaper and handier. For an illustration, you find it useful, anticipating the tax-collector, to know how many days there are in the current month. But further you find it a nuisance and a ruinous waste of time to run off to the tribal tree or monolith whenever the calculation comes up; so you invent a formula, and you cast that formula into _verse_ for the simple reason that verse, with its tags, alliterations, beat of syllables, jingle of rhymes (however your tribe has chosen to invent it), has a knack, not possessed by prose, of sticking in your head. You do not say, 'Quick thy tablets, memory! Let me see--January has 31 days, February 28 days, March 31 days, April 30 days.' You invent a verse:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00216", "bookId": 17470, "start": 93179, "end": 93240, "sha256": "02247d39a27bbedcf28ae3352acf270094ef3921d1ed0c2f8d59c6919b0246c1", "text": "Thirty days hath September, April, June and November...", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00217", "bookId": 17470, "start": 93244, "end": 93456, "sha256": "5ad11d9ad3f5e5f940138dbcd7462b796349395403ec576cab3b7d575f679ba9", "text": "Nay, it has been whispered to me, Gentlemen, that in this University some such process of memorising in verse has been applied by bold bad irreverently-minded men even to the \"Evidences\" of our cherished Paley.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00218", "bookId": 17470, "start": 93460, "end": 95012, "sha256": "021e1a1618fd84f6a6242b3f9197ae249fd720b3501181195a7ef944067f30bd", "text": "This, you will say, is mere verse, and not yet within measurable distance of poetry. But wait! The men who said the more memorable things, or sang them--the men who recounted deeds and genealogies of heroes, plagues and famines, assassinations, escapes from captivity, wanderings and conquests of the clan, all the 'old, unhappy, far-off things and battles long ago'--the men who sang these things for their living, for a supper, a bed in the great hall, and something in their wallet to carry them on to the next lordship--these were gentlemen, scops, bards, minstrels (call them how you will), a professional class who had great need of a full repertory in a land swarming with petty chieftains, and to adapt their strains to the particular hall of entertainment. It would never do, for example, to flatter the prowess of the Billings in the house of the Hoppings, their hereditary foes, or to bore the Wokings (who lived where the crematorium now is) with the complicated genealogy of the Tootings: for this would have been to miss that appropriateness which I preached to you in my second lecture as a preliminary rule of good writing. Nay, when the Billings intermarried with the Tootings--when the Billings took to cooing, so to speak--a hasty blend of excerpts would be required for the \"Epithalamium.\" So it was all a highly difficult business, needing adaptability, a quick wit, a goodly stock of songs, a retentive memory and every artifice to assist it. Take \"Widsith,\" for example, the 'far-travelled man.' He begins:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00219", "bookId": 17470, "start": 95021, "end": 95063, "sha256": "58cce769c4a245f45af399a12ac04ffeb47cf792d96c2385e0b8f6ab6267a1e9", "text": "Widsith spake: he unlocked his word-hoard.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00220", "bookId": 17470, "start": 95067, "end": 95152, "sha256": "eeb644308c2f6f1e08b232d3e21d4cf129ca32894a8877679ce2c846556f8c83", "text": "So he had a hoard of words, you see: and he must have needed them, for he goes on:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00221", "bookId": 17470, "start": 95161, "end": 95479, "sha256": "0ae2edc33ab6d3cca10b354090ddd6e4d1fa44eb6392fefc6464b9b4ccb73ae4", "text": "Forthon ic maeg singan and secgan spell, Maenan fore mengo in meoduhealle, Hu me cynegode cystum dohten. Ic waes mid Hunum and mid Hreth-gotum, Mid Sweom and mid Geatum, and mid Suth-Denum. Mid Wenlum ic waes and mid Waernum and mid Wicingum. Mid Gefthum ic waes and mid Winedum....", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00222", "bookId": 17470, "start": 95486, "end": 95827, "sha256": "fff2dfb9d693468de915a30c2a2c351036c0706c46b7e7acff716e519889341b", "text": "(Therefore I can sing and tell a tale, recount in the Mead Hall, how men of high race gave rich gifts to me. I was with Huns and with Hreth Goths, with the Swedes, and with the Geats, and with the South Danes; I was with the Wenlas, and with the Waernas, and with the Vikings; I was with the Gefthas and with the Winedae....)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00223", "bookId": 17470, "start": 95831, "end": 96074, "sha256": "9193a55305d84bca49c4b6257edbc96c1725c2b97eab75f73296065982db8abc", "text": "and so on for a full dozen lines. I say that the memory of such men must have needed every artifice to help it: and the chief artifice to their hand was one which also delighted the ears of their listeners. They sang or intoned to the harp.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00224", "bookId": 17470, "start": 96078, "end": 96799, "sha256": "de7dda3929d1f5d5e5572e7a48ac28e9ad91642e6b5a1c486785d8f831b6f335", "text": "There you get it, Gentlemen. I have purposely, skimming a wide subject, discarded much ballast; but you may read and scan and read again, and always you must come back to this, that the first poets sang their words to the harp or to some such instrument: and just there lies the secret why poetry differs from prose. The moment you introduce music you let in emotion with all its sway upon speech. From that moment you change everything, down to the order of the words--the _natural_ order of the words: and (remember this) though the harp be superseded, the voice never forgets it. You may take up a Barrack Room Ballad of Kipling's, and it is there, though you affect to despise it for a banjo or concertina:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00225", "bookId": 17470, "start": 96808, "end": 96842, "sha256": "3d0eda6b5ec54c14306e4f78129087d1d4357c767dd5959936ec7359284dc0df", "text": "Ford--ford--ford of Kabul river...", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00226", "bookId": 17470, "start": 96846, "end": 97128, "sha256": "368c14730434a0aae248b75f0db7a7f6d24d6483dd19b55439469d07274da9b8", "text": "'Bang, whang, whang goes the drum, tootle-te-tootle the fife.' From the moment men introduced music they made verse a thing essentially separate from prose, from its natural key of emotion to its natural ordering of words. Do not for one moment imagine that when Milton writes:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00227", "bookId": 17470, "start": 97137, "end": 97183, "sha256": "45737b862dab29418ae3d9fb44f43ba5bd3953668d68832f151483f0bbad8d6c", "text": "But cottage, herd, or sheep-cote, none he saw.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00228", "bookId": 17470, "start": 97187, "end": 97189, "sha256": "7175517a370b5cd2e664e3fd29c4ea9db5ce17058eb9772fe090a5485e49dad6", "text": "or", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00229", "bookId": 17470, "start": 97198, "end": 97271, "sha256": "005b61c32d4506977742c6f293ffb91f061cea15da3d95fe8e6d62eccc81d763", "text": "Of man's first disobedience and the fruit Of that forbidden tree...", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00230", "bookId": 17470, "start": 97275, "end": 97640, "sha256": "696637d0f33e690ac0ef1cafa7beef97d170e796a4bd94a3a33a2e18069ecc10", "text": "--where you must seek down five lines before you come to the verb, and then find it in the imperative mood--do not suppose for a moment that he is here fantastically shifting words, inverting phrases out of their natural order. For, as St Paul might say, there is a natural order of prose and there is a natural order of verse. The natural order of prose is:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00231", "bookId": 17470, "start": 97649, "end": 97833, "sha256": "d13a12872b510848663e21b1a68e336f8a3d1524bc51c7305c3559ab5331e2c6", "text": "I was born in the year 1632, in the City of York, of a good family, though not of that county; my father being a foreigner of Bremen, who settled first in Hull.--[_Defoe._]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00232", "bookId": 17470, "start": 97837, "end": 97839, "sha256": "7175517a370b5cd2e664e3fd29c4ea9db5ce17058eb9772fe090a5485e49dad6", "text": "or", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00233", "bookId": 17470, "start": 97848, "end": 98197, "sha256": "d0bb29274f22c6eb0f360f7cd199cbfcf3216c278d887f6921106f1837074340", "text": "Further I avow to your Highness that with these eyes I have beheld the person of William Wooton, B.D., who has written a good sizeable volume against a friend of your Governor (from whom, alas! he must therefore look for little favour) in a most gentlemanly style, adorned with the utmost politeness and civility.--[_Swift._]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00234", "bookId": 17470, "start": 98201, "end": 98234, "sha256": "16aee0a5de6e38e6c1be97e4a990bbdd3745b814fc596743999c5007aa206922", "text": "The natural order of poetry is:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00235", "bookId": 17470, "start": 98259, "end": 98470, "sha256": "298e166e8f808a9680302f591daf5384be5f7e332a5581ad06a2b6f9e79d97b0", "text": "Thus with the year Seasons return, but not to me returns Day, or the sweet approach of Ev'n or Morn, Or sight of vernal bloom, or Summer's Rose, Or flocks, or herds, or human face divine.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00236", "bookId": 17470, "start": 98474, "end": 98476, "sha256": "7175517a370b5cd2e664e3fd29c4ea9db5ce17058eb9772fe090a5485e49dad6", "text": "or", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00237", "bookId": 17470, "start": 98485, "end": 98531, "sha256": "45737b862dab29418ae3d9fb44f43ba5bd3953668d68832f151483f0bbad8d6c", "text": "But cottage, herd, or sheep-cote, none he saw.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00238", "bookId": 17470, "start": 98535, "end": 98713, "sha256": "95ae3b3e1ba93c3de49f4e50dd1633b869974c09a12ae9738377f76da35b53a8", "text": "and this basal difference you must have clear in your minds before, in dealing with prose or verse, you can practise either with profit or read either with intelligent delight.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00239", "bookId": 17470, "start": 98723, "end": 98734, "sha256": "10eb8613b3e36f42eea48d72a2b0376753e4d3a0b04af04e310b0899f9ab501f", "text": "LECTURE IV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00240", "bookId": 17470, "start": 98738, "end": 98772, "sha256": "814a941ca9e68f941580683c311552379905983906fe51259fcf1233b8927837", "text": "ON THE CAPITAL DIFFICULTY OF VERSE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00241", "bookId": 17470, "start": 98776, "end": 98794, "sha256": "93f7300cad6fcc0e8f23fff3a6adede93749981bb7cb29e6aacd338b798d56ca", "text": "Thursday, April 17", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00242", "bookId": 17470, "start": 98800, "end": 99447, "sha256": "6e416fd70c4a01c7d32d3e52b95f4ac45723aee5443f6d4358e87efe6b9e6237", "text": "In our last lecture, Gentlemen, we discussed the difference between verse, or metrical writing, and prose. We traced that difference (as you will remember) to Music--to the harp, the lyre, the dance, the chorus, all those first necessary accompaniments which verse never quite forgets; and we concluded that, as Music ever introduces emotion, which is indeed her proper and only means of persuading, so the natural language of verse will be keyed higher than the natural language of prose; will be keyed higher throughout and even for its most ordinary purposes--as for example, to tell us that So-and-so sailed to Troy with so many ships.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00243", "bookId": 17470, "start": 99451, "end": 100267, "sha256": "22435f11deaed7f0e355c681e83784047316f9d8b12a3da320c3ab3d148ffc6c", "text": "I grant you that our steps to this conclusion were lightly and rapidly taken: yet the stepping-stones are historically firm. Verse does precede prose in literature; verse does start with musical accompaniment; musical accompaniment does introduce emotion; and emotion does introduce an order of its own into speech. I grant you that we have travelled far from the days when a prose-writer, Herodotus, labelled the books of his history by the names of the nine Muses. I grant you that if you go to the Vatican and there study the statues of the Muses (noble, but of no early date) you may note that Calliope, Muse of the Epic--unlike her sisters Euterpe, Erato, Thalia--holds for symbol no instrument of music, but a stylus and a tablet. Yet the earlier Calliope, the Calliope of Homer, was a Muse of Song.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00244", "bookId": 17470, "start": 100276, "end": 100304, "sha256": "775d68177d3ce2ba4229b9df246155d3e58cab34a0e7b5e9e8d5a385b42e675f", "text": "[Greek: Menin aeide, Thea--]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00245", "bookId": 17470, "start": 100308, "end": 100539, "sha256": "27d8d1e5e92ffc92b10677a9882fb063b7ca6c24351d983c47dccd9884de2cec", "text": "'Had I a thousand tongues, a thousand hands.'--For what purpose does the poet wish for a thousand tongues, but to sing? for what purpose a thousand hands, but to pluck the wires? not to dip a thousand pens in a thousand inkpots.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00246", "bookId": 17470, "start": 100543, "end": 100840, "sha256": "4a251c20ecc94bdac8de6b99ea43f6636a23ff6ddca345febc2bf8cc89466e7f", "text": "I doubt, in fine, if your most learned studies will discover much amiss with the frontier we drew between verse and prose, cursorily though we ran its line. Nor am I daunted on comparing it with Coleridge's more philosophical one, which you will find in the \"Biographia Literaria\" (c. XVIII)--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00247", "bookId": 17470, "start": 100849, "end": 101397, "sha256": "f75598af08f19295d5fb9b841dff87d99d59c158b7da2638e3b7441fcbadcce1", "text": "And first for the origin of metre. This I would trace to the balance in the mind effected by that spontaneous effort which strives to hold in check the workings of passion. It might be easily explained likewise in what manner this salutary antagonism is assisted by the very state which it counteracts, and how this balance of antagonism becomes organised into metre (in the usual acceptation of that term) by a supervening act of the will and judgment consciously and for the foreseen purpose of pleasure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00248", "bookId": 17470, "start": 101401, "end": 102207, "sha256": "728168ac8a275b18b64376b91223e08affbbf1acd63f6b681b3c1ba5248b658d", "text": "I will not swear to understand precisely what Coleridge means here, though I believe that I do. But at any rate, and on the principle that of two hypotheses, each in itself adequate, we should choose the simpler, I suggest in all modesty that we shall do better with our own than with Coleridge's, which has the further disadvantage of being scarcely amenable to positive evidence. We can say with historical warrant that Sappho struck the lyre, and argue therefrom, still within close range of correction, that her singing responded to the instrument: whereas to assert that Sappho's mind 'was balanced by a spontaneous effort which strove to hold in check the workings of passion' is to say something for which positive evidence will be less handily found, whether to contradict or to support.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00249", "bookId": 17470, "start": 102211, "end": 102386, "sha256": "96655b45c1c26dc52a6acb0642b2d58829db42f371e1982cc5d6340750a18d22", "text": "Yet if you choose to prefer Coleridge's explanation, no great harm will be done: since Coleridge, who may be presumed to have understood it, promptly goes on to deduce that,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00250", "bookId": 17470, "start": 102395, "end": 102568, "sha256": "915c7b5c0b8dc355bb59f88b0499e8d10db4ee3ec511b2f956b3a6667c4a5c65", "text": "as the elements of metre owe their existence to a state of increased excitement, so the metre itself should be accompanied by the natural language of excitement.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00251", "bookId": 17470, "start": 102572, "end": 102698, "sha256": "0c6c6273f1fcfb413deb40bb3f895a944f0a19e16da8ee5fdc885c8784394d41", "text": "which is precisely where we found ourselves, save that where Coleridge uses the word 'excitement' we used the word 'emotion.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00252", "bookId": 17470, "start": 102702, "end": 103143, "sha256": "42b355f6b0879d05b71412ab6d19b6509ab80e2e77ce009f0c2fc91a8f42e430", "text": "Shall we employ an illustration before proceeding?--some sentence easily handled, some commonplace of the moralist, some copybook maxim, I care not what. 'Contentment breeds Happiness'--That is a proposition with which you can hardly quarrel; sententious, sedate, obviously true; provoking delirious advocacy as little as controversial heat; in short a very fair touchstone. Now hear how the lyric treats it, in these lines of Dekker--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00253", "bookId": 17470, "start": 103149, "end": 103542, "sha256": "edc5fc7bf710f4e6930250bd8da63c372d0224536de6e3ae443dc2f556039193", "text": "Art thou poor, yet hast thou golden slumbers? O sweet content! Art thou rich, yet is thy mind perplex'd? O punishment! Dost thou laugh to see how fools are vex'd To add to golden numbers golden numbers? O sweet content! O sweet, O sweet content! Work apace, apace, apace, apace; Honest labour wears a lovely face; Then hey, nonny nonny--hey, nonny nonny!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00254", "bookId": 17470, "start": 103548, "end": 103954, "sha256": "f85112b6a71cc550816ad2573a01307f89d3c3a27b55f564b3682b0760c398fd", "text": "Canst drink the waters of the crystal spring? O sweet content! Swim'st thou in wealth, yet sink'st in thine own tears? O punishment! Then he that patiently want's burden bears No burden bears, but is a king, a king! O sweet content! O sweet, O sweet content! Work apace, apace, apace, apace; Honest labour wears a lovely face; Then hey, nonny nonny--hey, nonny nonny!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00255", "bookId": 17470, "start": 103958, "end": 104805, "sha256": "cb21765d3c255a3a7e69c539ed9f7869773e6c781b4886c5ba4ac3ca505670ec", "text": "There, in lines obviously written for music, you have our sedate sentence, 'Contentment breeds Happiness,' converted to mere emotion. Note (to use Coleridge's word) the 'excitement' of it. There are but two plain indicative sentences in the two stanzas--(1) 'Honest labour wears a lovely face' (used as a refrain), and (2) 'Then he that patiently want's burden bears no burden bears, but is a king, a king!' (heightened emotionally by inversion and double repetition). Mark throughout how broken is the utterance; antithetical question answered by exclamations: both doubled and made more antithetical in the second stanza: with cunning reduplicated inversions to follow, and each stanza wound up by an outburst of emotional nonsense--'hey, nonny nonny--hey, nonny nonny!'--as a man might skip or whistle to himself for want of thought.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00256", "bookId": 17470, "start": 104809, "end": 105325, "sha256": "c459c4f6c0fc598b23c455fae26ac24b9e4f042915e041174b969672cf45ff6f", "text": "Now (still keeping to our same subject of Contentment) let us _prosify_ the lyrical order of language down to the lowest pitch to which genius has been able to reduce it and still make noble verse. You have all read Wordsworth's famous Introduction to the \"Lyrical Ballads,\" and you know that Wordsworth's was a genius working on a theory that the languages of verse and of prose are identical. You know, too, I dare say, into what banalities that theory over and over again betrayed him: banalities such as--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00257", "bookId": 17470, "start": 105331, "end": 105482, "sha256": "a48ce3aac2734ed97269f8b3e8f2aec5096f98595dbf692dea110eb7e51f26ce", "text": "His widowed mother, for a second mate Espoused the teacher of the village school: Who on her offspring zealously bestowed Needful instruction.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00258", "bookId": 17470, "start": 105486, "end": 105754, "sha256": "555cfc5cd1f7e8ebffebec5cbc6512b35f0471111e5c4acc3a3a4c0bed213a83", "text": "--and the rest. Nevertheless Wordsworth was a genius; and genius working persistently on a narrow theory will now and again 'bring it off' (as they say). So he, amid the flat waste of his later compositions, did undoubtedly 'bring it off' in the following sonnet:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00259", "bookId": 17470, "start": 105760, "end": 106406, "sha256": "62b4a2c3ec61f5b46e6067d9a718f685c3054a5c0d2dba4b63bf3683761ddd9d", "text": "These times strike monied worldlings with dismay: Ev'n rich men, brave by nature, taint the air With words of apprehension and despair; While tens of thousands, thinking on the affray, Men unto whom sufficient for the day And minds not stinted or untill'd are given, Sound healthy children of the God of Heaven, Are cheerful as the rising sun in May. What do we gather hence but firmer faith That every gift of noble origin Is breath'd upon by Hope's perpetual breath; That Virtue and the faculties within Are vital; and that riches are akin To fear, to change, to cowardice, and death?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00260", "bookId": 17470, "start": 106410, "end": 107397, "sha256": "2d2025a8af8d401fccc0bf6c3bc4b6c3f0defd7363753ccee030b9a690a734f4", "text": "Here, I grant, are no repetitions, no inversions. The sentences, though metrical, run straightforwardly, verb following subject, object verb, as in strict prose. In short here you have verse reduced to the order and structure of prose as nearly as a man of genius, working on a set theory, could reduce it while yet maintaining its proper emotional key. But first let me say that you will find very few like instances of success even in Wordsworth; and few indeed to set against innumerable passages wherein either his verse defies his theory and triumphs, or succumbs to it and, succumbing, either drops sheer to bathos or spreads itself over dead flats of commonplace. Let me tell you next that the instances you will find in other poets are so few and so far between as to be negligible; and lastly that even such verse as the above has only to be compared with a passage of prose and its emotional pitch is at once betrayed. Take this, for example, from Jeremy Taylor:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00261", "bookId": 17470, "start": 107403, "end": 108259, "sha256": "cb6f2060600dca02bfacefad4d3176d1be46504a7b1b1e12f4ac214e804d1ae9", "text": "Since all the evil in the world consists in the disagreeing between the object and the appetite, as when a man hath what he desires not, or desires what he hath not, or desires amiss, he that compares his spirit to the present accident hath variety of instance for his virtue, but none to trouble him, because his desires enlarge not beyond his present fortune: and a wise man is placed in a variety of chances, like the nave or centre of a wheel in the midst of all the circumvolutions and changes of posture, without violence or change, save that it turns gently in compliance with its changed parts, and is indifferent which part is up, and which is down; for there is some virtue or other to be exercised whatever happens--either patience or thanksgiving, love or fear, moderation or humility, charity or contentedness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00262", "bookId": 17470, "start": 108263, "end": 108299, "sha256": "bd71db9fc565e8b14032858f5313a750470bf2d3b34d3dfc57519e646e37de3f", "text": "Or, take this from Samuel Johnson:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00263", "bookId": 17470, "start": 108305, "end": 108581, "sha256": "7b65af3d5a36035d001cd7d1270a6826140e92df6ea34e3cbd1b74e603ae8e29", "text": "The fountain of contentment must spring up in the mind; and he who has so little knowledge of human nature as to seek happiness by changing anything but his own disposition, will waste his life in fruitless efforts and multiply the griefs which he purposes to remove.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00264", "bookId": 17470, "start": 108585, "end": 109395, "sha256": "6879d40344e7982e2a573a2bc443d979ae73d0fe81d3958ddc402a0bd8254ce0", "text": "Now, to be frank, I do not call that first passage very good prose. Like much of Jeremy Taylor's writing it is prose tricked out with the trappings and odds-and-ends of verse. It starts off, for example, with a brace of heroics--'Since all the evil in the world consists'...'between the object and the appetite.' You may say, further, that the simile of the wheel, though proper enough to prose, is poetical too: that Homer might have used it ('As in a wheel the rim turns violently, while the nave, though it turns also, yet seems to be at rest'--something of that sort). Nevertheless you will agree with me that, in exchanging Wordsworth for Taylor and Johnson, we have relaxed something with the metre, something that the metre kept taut; and this something we discover to be the emotional pitch.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00265", "bookId": 17470, "start": 109399, "end": 109777, "sha256": "5d8fbe3eba538583318fef3778479dc6733ca70cbeda9547ec0132cea67343a6", "text": "But let me give you another illustration, supplied (I dare say quite unconsciously) by one who combined a genuine love of verse--in which, however, he was no adept--with a sure instinct for beautiful prose. Contentment was a favourite theme with Isaak Walton: \"The Compleat Angler\" is packed with praise of it: and in \"The Compleat Angler\" occurs this well-known passage:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00266", "bookId": 17470, "start": 109783, "end": 111568, "sha256": "3ca2487661c0f566edb9005962f4dc9a75c69b361f4da1fda41edc8413e7722a", "text": "But, master, first let me tell you, that very hour which you were absent from me, I sat down under a willow tree by the waterside, and considered what you had told me of the owner of that pleasant meadow in which you then had left me; that he had a plentiful estate, and not a heart to think so; that he had at this time many law-suits depending, and that they both damped his mirth and took up so much of his time and thoughts that he had no leisure to take the sweet content that I, who pretended no title to them, took in his fields: for I could there sit quietly; and looking on the water, see some fishes sport themselves in the silver streams, others leaping at flies of several shapes and colours; looking on the hills, I could behold them spotted with woods and groves; looking down the meadows, could see, here a boy gathering lilies and lady-smocks, and there a girl cropping culverlocks and cowslips, all to make garlands suitable to this present month of May. These and many other field-flowers so perfumed the air that I thought that very meadow like that field in Sicily of which Diodorus speaks, where the perfumes arising from the place make all dogs that hunt in it to fall off and lose their hottest scent. I say, as I thus sat, joying in my own happy condition, and pitying this poor rich man that owned this and many other pleasant groves and meadows about me, I did thankfully remember what my Saviour said, that the meek possess the earth; or rather they enjoy what the others possess and enjoy not; for Anglers and meek quiet-spirited men are free from those high, those restless thoughts which corrode the sweets of life; and they, and they only can say as the poet has happily exprest it:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00267", "bookId": 17470, "start": 111577, "end": 111817, "sha256": "63668e0b57baf4ca9b4256baf373ea1d1aef3088b7ec647258e1ad3cad615d6c", "text": "'Hail, blest estate of lowliness! Happy enjoyments of such minds As, rich in self-contentedness, Can, like the reeds in roughest winds, By yielding make that blow but small At which proud oaks and cedars fall.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00268", "bookId": 17470, "start": 111821, "end": 112282, "sha256": "a4584aaae4d21a0b48462673cb810a86ed9e285f20672883565208a8aaa4b14c", "text": "There you have a passage of felicitous prose culminating in a stanza of trite and fifth-rate verse. Yes, Walton's instinct is sound; for he is keying up the pitch; and verse, even when mediocre in quality, has its pitch naturally set above that of prose. So, if you will turn to your Walton and read the page following this passage, you will see that, still by a sure instinct, he proceeds from this scrap of reflective verse to a mere rollicking 'catch':", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00269", "bookId": 17470, "start": 112291, "end": 112478, "sha256": "1d849ea40e6da7e1c8032aa3d841c359b7ff8a8aa85c7d65db679ee98998ebbc", "text": "Man's life is but vain, for 'tis subject to pain And sorrow, and short as a bubble; 'Tis a hodge-podge of business and money and care, And care, and money and trouble...", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00270", "bookId": 17470, "start": 112482, "end": 112680, "sha256": "83570cc360bd8335f33dbdfc117d7bb271f6e40e731076ba0073646755cf99f2", "text": "--which is even worse rubbish, and yet a step upwards in emotion because Venator actually sings it to music. 'Ay marry, sir, this is music indeed,' approves Brother Peter; 'this cheers the heart.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00271", "bookId": 17470, "start": 112684, "end": 113093, "sha256": "392289127c540e6f2e6fa1366cc28e3b99650e4679521ce61070e267e4e6f323", "text": "In this and the preceding lecture, Gentlemen, I have enforced at some length the opinion that to understand the many essential differences between verse and prose we must constantly bear in mind that verse, being metrical, keeps the character originally imposed on it by musical accompaniment and must always, however far the remove, be referred back to its origin and to the emotion which music excites.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00272", "bookId": 17470, "start": 113097, "end": 113786, "sha256": "f18a2bb00c37fd998c48087d3e1b20916a3d1602ced9730cbd1751f7950ce6f3", "text": "Mr George Bernard Shaw having to commit his novel \"Cashel Byron's Profession\" to paper in a hurry, chose to cast it in blank verse as being more easily and readily written so: a performance which brilliantly illuminates a half-truth. Verse--or at any rate, unrhymed iambic verse--is easier to write than prose, if you care to leave out the emotion which makes verse characteristic and worth writing. I have little doubt that, had he chosen to attempt it, Mr Shaw would have found his story still more ductile in the metre of \"Hiawatha.\" But the experiment proves nothing: or no more than that, all fine art costing labour, it may cost less if burlesqued in a category not its own.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00273", "bookId": 17470, "start": 113790, "end": 113950, "sha256": "471b533cd01ad0c32ab94f28e49ea7a34560a6417406f96c1efe4a0e44c8e081", "text": "Let me take an example from a work with which you are all familiar--\"The Student's Handbook to the University and Colleges of Cambridge.\" On p. 405 we read:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00274", "bookId": 17470, "start": 113956, "end": 114430, "sha256": "ad1d74bb520c1eb5cf503f54198ef00a89c00dac77e1fe66f61030c7de264f76", "text": "The Medieval and Modern Languages Tripos is divided into ten sections, A, A2, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I. A student may take either one or two sections at the end of his second year of residence, and either one or two more sections at the end of his third or fourth year of residence; or he may take two sections at the end of his third year only. Thus this Tripos can be treated either as a divided or as an undivided Tripos at the option of the candidate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00275", "bookId": 17470, "start": 114434, "end": 114676, "sha256": "f6348be464b90ef5640b44be849c76f5583dbc5b89411fbcdaa4d5c48e6bb60a", "text": "Now I do not hold that up to you for a model of prose. Still, lucidity rather than emotion being its aim, I doubt not that the composer spent pains on it; more pains than it would have cost him to convey his information metrically, thus:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00276", "bookId": 17470, "start": 114685, "end": 115285, "sha256": "07a4f7e3ad0bceef0a9eb2e5816dedbbd1342bd0328ac25525d1f00d4eed9dc5", "text": "There is a Tripos that aspires to blend The Medieval and the Modern tongues In one red burial (Sing Heavenly Muse!) Divided into sections A, A2, B, C, D, E, F, G and H and I. A student may take either one or two (With some restrictions mention'd in a footnote) At th' expiration of his second year: Or of his third, or of his fourth again Take one or two; or of his third alone Take two together. Thus this tripos is (Like nothing in the Athanasian Creed) Divisible or indivisible At the option of the candidate--Gadzooks!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00277", "bookId": 17470, "start": 115289, "end": 115608, "sha256": "d6df5715cd6c33a35aa409b007cde068eaf2049c087e6428d05745587ef30689", "text": "This method has even some advantage over the method of prose in that it is more easily memorised; but it has, as you will admit, the one fatal flaw that it imports emotion into a theme which does not properly admit of emotion, and that so it offends against our first rule of writing--that it should be appropriate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00278", "bookId": 17470, "start": 115612, "end": 116082, "sha256": "36d9def1c73dbd58c776d7262cbea3a85f17149ddab93b3a6806cf7e6a5cbfa6", "text": "Now if you accept the argument so far as we have led it--that verse is by nature more emotional than prose--certain consequences would seem to follow: of which the first is that while the capital difficulty of verse consists in saying ordinary things the capital difficulty of prose consists in saying extraordinary things; that while with verse, keyed for high moments, the trouble is to manage the intervals, with prose the trouble is to manage the high moments.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00279", "bookId": 17470, "start": 116086, "end": 116224, "sha256": "92997c02e05c82af4ed5c08baab998641cd6fc8448d4fb2eb91426c29be0738d", "text": "Let us dwell awhile on this difference, for it is important. You remember my quoting to you in my last lecture these lines of Milton's:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00280", "bookId": 17470, "start": 116233, "end": 116427, "sha256": "c0832fdd899902b059076afa636267ac28705e9ef647de1ef3f687a56ff6b2c7", "text": "Up to a hill anon his steps he reared From whose high top to ken the prospect round, If cottage were in view, sheep-cote or herd; But cottage, herd, or sheep-cote, none he saw.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00281", "bookId": 17470, "start": 116431, "end": 117465, "sha256": "235b331bfa95a3bc2fcd36474aac9d114b85e4bb9956e9c0a03e73dbeebcdd15", "text": "We agreed that these were good lines, with the accent of poetry: but we allowed it to be a highly exalted way of telling how So-and-so climbed a hill for a better view but found none. Now obviously this exaltation does not arise immediately out of the action described (which is as ordinary as it well could be), but is _derivative_. It borrows its wings, its impetus, from a previous high moment, from the emotion proper to that moment, from the speech proper to that emotion: and these sustain us across to the next height as with the glide of an aeroplane. Your own sense will tell you at once that the passage would be merely bombastic if the poet were starting to set forth how So-and-so climbed a hill for the view--just that, and nothing else: as your own sense tells you that the swoop is from one height to another. For if bathos lay ahead, if Milton had but to relate how the Duke of York, with twenty thousand men, 'marched up a hill and then marched down again,' he certainly would not use diction such as:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00282", "bookId": 17470, "start": 117474, "end": 117512, "sha256": "5108e2ea8ed26cf2e9d6b3323ecea4759d0a01ac0b14b633ca3ba723c5c32a29", "text": "Up to a hill anon his steps he reared.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00283", "bookId": 17470, "start": 117516, "end": 118158, "sha256": "0c6665da583b86e38925aa1fa7318cbf7be1814cf3fa9069b19212131f1627d6", "text": "Even as it is, I think we must all detect a certain artificiality in the passage, and confess to some relief when Satan is introduced to us, ten lines lower down, to revivify the story. For let us note that, in the nature of things, the more adorned and involved our style (and Milton's is both ornate and involved) the more difficulty we must find with these flat pedestrian intervals. Milton may 'bring it off,' largely through knowing how to dodge the interval and contrive that it shall at any rate be brief: but, as Bagehot noted, when we come to Tennyson and find Tennyson in \"Enoch Arden\" informing us of a fish-jowter, that:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00284", "bookId": 17470, "start": 118167, "end": 118243, "sha256": "cdda2cbbc34721761f54f1b450a1cc9df00cacff1006b0f549cd2979688e0732", "text": "Enoch's white horse, and Enoch's ocean-spoil In ocean-smelling osier--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00285", "bookId": 17470, "start": 118247, "end": 118272, "sha256": "9eae89736cc7ca173e030d62c600c421bfaded3468d53c1cf25f7158000b5ddb", "text": "(_i.e._ in a fish-basket)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00286", "bookId": 17470, "start": 118296, "end": 118589, "sha256": "ad36d127e89a598eb73bb6f0b2decd9c036217462eb05e3b543b943ae429f8ef", "text": "--and his face Rough-reddened with a thousand winter gales, Not only to the market town were known, But in the leafy lanes beyond the down Far as the portal-warding lion-whelp And peacock yewtree of the lonely Hall Whose Friday fare was Enoch's ministering,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00287", "bookId": 17470, "start": 118593, "end": 119172, "sha256": "67ac6ca23fad2be3b2c0824d3c10939720b9a6a4e17d846a384b9e86fc90a396", "text": "why, then we feel that the vehicle is altogether too pompous for its load, and those who make speech too pompous for its content commit, albeit in varying degrees, the error of Defoe's religious lady who, seeing a bottle of over-ripe beer explode and cork and froth fly up to the ceiling, cried out, 'O, the wonders of Omnipotent Power!' The poet who commends fresh fish to us as 'ocean-spoil' can cast no stone at his brother who writes of them as 'the finny denizens of the deep,' or even at his cousin the journalist, who exalts the oyster into a 'succulent bivalve'--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00288", "bookId": 17470, "start": 119181, "end": 119282, "sha256": "129c4df50e63e425fa622cd31c9affa1b5de927c50951d9b97e7eed2d9e2d855", "text": "The feathered tribes on pinions cleave the air; Not so the mackerel, and, still less, the bear!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00289", "bookId": 17470, "start": 119286, "end": 120039, "sha256": "e0ba7b8837a47370342a11ef383157fbc4bb03a65a538bd22f8ba8cc9b2406b7", "text": "I believe this difficulty, which verse, by nature and origin emotional, encounters in dealing with ordinary unemotional narrative, to lie as a technical reason at the bottom of Horace's advice to the writer of Epic to plunge _in medias res_, thus avoiding flat preparative and catching at once a high wind which shall carry him hereafter across dull levels and intervals. I believe that it lay--though whether consciously or not he scarcely tells us--at the bottom of Matthew Arnold's mind when, selecting certain qualities for which to praise Homer, he chose, for the very first, Homer's _rapidity_. 'First,' he says, 'Homer is eminently rapid; and,' he adds justly, 'to this rapidity the elaborate movement of Miltonic blank verse is alien.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00290", "bookId": 17470, "start": 120043, "end": 120562, "sha256": "b2d3be18f91a37ecc9e57d4bf2dc33655c9646d99b0d2078975401bf8f8334f7", "text": "Now until one studies writing as an art, trying to discover what this or that form of it accomplishes with ease and what with difficulty, and why verse can do one thing and prose another, Arnold's choice of _rapidity_ to put in the forefront of Homer's merits may seem merely capricious. 'Homer (we say) has other great qualities. Arnold himself indicates Homer's simplicity, directness, nobility. Surely either one of these should be mentioned before rapidity, in itself not comparable as a virtue with either?'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00291", "bookId": 17470, "start": 120566, "end": 120856, "sha256": "18a00e849a229f581f6715d8557179e90e4c9df27118a87166ced5bd92d2a8a5", "text": "But when we see that the difficulty of verse-narrative lies just _here_; that the epic poet who is rapid has met, and has overcome, the capital difficulty of his form, then we begin to do justice not only to Arnold as a critic but (which is of far higher moment) to Homer as a craftsman.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00292", "bookId": 17470, "start": 120860, "end": 121491, "sha256": "0f85aa2541721c632b0440ba6c8a1bf072338fa1a0d6ae828d4cdcba59e38f4b", "text": "The genius of Homer in this matter is in fact something daemonic. He seems to shirk nothing: and the effect of this upon critics is bewildering. The acutest of them are left wondering how on earth an ordinary tale--say of how some mariners beached ship, stowed sail, walked ashore and cooked their dinner--can be made so poetical. They are inclined to divide the credit between the poet and his fortunate age--'a time' suggests Pater 'in which one could hardly have spoken at all without ideal effect, or the sailors pulled down their boat without making a picture \"in the great style\" against a sky charged with marvels.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00293", "bookId": 17470, "start": 121495, "end": 123135, "sha256": "802ecf14c5ea0b47853996443c86fe0864111f4d4b3844e3cd583d2a4b4ddffb", "text": "Well, the object of these lectures is not to explain genius. Just here it is rather to state a difficulty; to admit that, once in history, genius overcame it; yet warn you how rare in the tale of poetical achievement is such a success. Homer, indeed, stands first, if not unmatched, among poets in this technical triumph over the capital disability of annihilating flat passages. I omit Shakespeare and the dramatists; because they have only to give a stage direction 'Enter Cassius, looking lean,' and Cassius comes in looking leaner than nature; whereas Homer has in his narrative to walk Hector or Thersites on to the scene, describe him, walk him off. I grant the rapidity of Dante. It is amazing; and we may yield him all the credit for choosing (it was his genius that chose it) a subject which allowed of the very highest rapidity; since Hell, Purgatory and Paradise, though they differ in other respects, have this in common, that they are populous and the inhabitants of each so compendiously shepherded together that the visitor can turn from one person to another without loss of time. But Homer does not escort us around a menagerie in which we can move expeditiously from one cage to another. He proposes at least, both in the \"Iliad\" and in the \"Odyssey,\" to unfold a story; and he _seems_ to unfold it so artlessly that we linger on the most pedestrian intervals while he tells us, for example, what the heroes ate and how they cooked it. A modern writer would serve us a far better dinner. Homer brings us to his with our appetite all the keener for having waited and watched the spitting and roasting.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00294", "bookId": 17470, "start": 123139, "end": 123353, "sha256": "16d02567181ac73d952aacdbda046c85afbd8824df842d295316fe04a6fac2e2", "text": "I would point out to you what art this genius conceals; how cunning is this apparent simplicity: and for this purpose let me take Homer at the extreme of his difficulty--when he has to describe a long sea-voyage.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00295", "bookId": 17470, "start": 123357, "end": 124290, "sha256": "a0db506440162c1f943d4eed97ce6690f7cfaa6ad33fa472fc9b459023318ac6", "text": "Some years ago, in his last Oxford lectures, Mr Froude lamented that no poet in this country had arisen to write a national epic of the great Elizabethan seamen, to culminate (I suppose) as his History culminated, in the defeat of the Armada: and one of our younger poets; Mr Alfred Noyes, acting on this hint has since given us an epic poem on \"Drake,\" in twelve books. But Froude probably overlooked, as Mr Noyes has not overcome, this difficulty of the flat interval which, while ever the bugbear of Epic, is magnified tenfold when our action takes place on the sea. For whereas the verse should be rapid and the high moments frequent, the business of seafaring is undeniably monotonous, as the intervals between port and port, sea-fight and sea-fight, must be long and lazy. Matters move more briskly in an occasional gale; but even a gale lasts, and must be ridden out; and the process of riding to a gale of wind:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00296", "bookId": 17470, "start": 124299, "end": 124337, "sha256": "3ae1c307a1a3f89880117077aa634a498f695e3c887a7328a079d1d8d7f19a5c", "text": "For ever climbing up the climbing wave", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00297", "bookId": 17470, "start": 124341, "end": 125205, "sha256": "3ca8c20ca0006b848b937f59cb1bc5ed64a5ead67ddb31633172be9ce164a72f", "text": "--your ship taking one wave much as she takes another--is in its nature monotonous. Nay, you have only to read Falconer's \"Shipwreck\" to discover how much of dulness may lie enwrapped, to discharge itself, even in a first-class tempest. Courses, reckonings, trimmings of canvas--these occur in real life and amuse the simple mariner at the time. But to the reader, if he be a landsman, their repetition in narrative may easily become intolerable; and when we get down to the 'trades,' even the seaman sets his sail for a long spell of weather and goes to sleep. In short you cannot upon the wide Atlantic push action and reaction to and fro as upon the plains of windy Troy: nor could any but a superhuman genius make sustained poetry (say) out of Nelson's untiring pursuit of Villeneuve, which none the less was one of the most heroic feats in history.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00298", "bookId": 17470, "start": 125209, "end": 125413, "sha256": "97128dbc9bdd7590432b4f42f832cc3cda13500ba20efc98b137009b8f1f5aa9", "text": "This difficulty, inherent in navigation as a subject for the Epic Muse, has, I think, been very shrewdly detected and hit off in a parody of Mr Noyes' poem by a young friend of mine, Mr Wilfred Blair:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00299", "bookId": 17470, "start": 125422, "end": 125686, "sha256": "4fe164fa7e0b8a4ff4dd326001d8dd4f1b5b63efecf501a9e75235d1ba34284a", "text": "Meanwhile the wind had changed, and Francis Drake Put down the helm and drove against the seas-- Once more the wind changed, and the simple seaman, Full fraught with weather wisdom, once again Put down the helm and so drove on--_et cetera_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00300", "bookId": 17470, "start": 125690, "end": 126210, "sha256": "c9d64e774c6d9b963c1dce536199e6aef9da047a48c4253b911c687ac0e006ed", "text": "Now Homer actually has performed this feat which we declare to be next to impossible. He actually does convey Odysseus from Troy to Ithaca, by a ten years' voyage too; he actually has narrated that voyage to us in plain straightforward words; and, what is more, he actually has made a superb epic of it. Yes, but when you come to dissect the Odyssey, what amazing artifice is found under that apparently straightforward tale!--eight years of the ten sliced out, to start with, and magnificently presented to Circe", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00301", "bookId": 17470, "start": 126219, "end": 126258, "sha256": "6d9e58034df1b226c8bfa65dd36e92a6808d6f6d1f40c4040dcd67897b31c5ca", "text": "Where that Aeaean isle forgets the main", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00302", "bookId": 17470, "start": 126262, "end": 126353, "sha256": "30509adf75159d2111c2b622910f5d24c90f9976b62780a34579d4bf61f65044", "text": "--and (one may add), so forgetting, avoids the technical difficulties connected therewith.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00303", "bookId": 17470, "start": 126357, "end": 127903, "sha256": "55492812190490a7f6986d77e41fca24bf5cf0c24c8d5a99cfa2f9133127ec1f", "text": "Note the space given to Telemachus and his active search for the lost hero: note too how the mass of Odysseus' seafaring adventures is condensed into a reported speech--a traveller's tale at the court of Alcinoues. Virgil borrowed this trick, you remember; and I dare to swear that had it fallen to Homer to attempt the impossible saga of Nelson's pursuit after Villeneuve he would have achieved it triumphantly--by means of a tale told in the first person by a survivor to Lady Hamilton. Note, again, how boldly (being free to deal with an itinerary of which his audience knew nothing but surmised that it comprehended a vast deal of the marvellous, spaced at irregular distances) Homer works in a shipwreck or a miracle wherever the action threatens to flag. Lessing, as you know, devoted several pages of the \"Laokoeon\" to the shield of Achilles; to Homer's craft in depicting it as it grew under Hephaestus' hammer: so that we are intrigued by the process of manufacture instead of being wearied by a description of the ready-made article; so also (if one may presume to add anything to Lessing) that we are cunningly flattered in a sense that the shield is being made for _us._ Well, that is one artifice out of many: but if you would gauge at all Homer's resource and subtlety in technique I recommend you to analyse the first twelve books of the \"Odyssey\" and count for yourselves the device by which the poet--[Greek: polutropos] as was never his hero--evades or hurries over each flat interval as he happens upon it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00304", "bookId": 17470, "start": 127912, "end": 128036, "sha256": "b5a6f121590e3d41dc69da9430ffeb42199ac846cbe2b70ba0aad4045f544c9e", "text": "These things, Ulysses, The wise bards also Behold and sing. But O, what labour! O Prince, what pain!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00305", "bookId": 17470, "start": 128040, "end": 128758, "sha256": "500fcd4e5ea32169ea7969e62ada8fa1a7d72cf0458407c985984ec1fe744b0f", "text": "You may be thinking, Gentlemen, that I take up a disproportionate amount of your time on such technical matters at these. But literature being an art (forgive the reiteration!) and therefore to be practised, I want us to be seeking all the time _how it is done_; to hunt out the principles on which the great artists wrought; to face, to rationalise, the difficulties by which they were confronted, and learn how they overcame the particular obstacle. Surely even for mere criticism, apart from practice, we shall equip ourselves better by seeking, so far as we may, how the thing is done than by standing at gaze before this or that masterpiece and murmuring 'Isn't that beautiful! How in the world, now...!'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00306", "bookId": 17470, "start": 128762, "end": 129380, "sha256": "1542966b5abf9b568081e8f2761e95cb285617d8305fe31d590b2388743687a1", "text": "I am told that these lectures are criticised as tending to make you conceited: to encourage in you a belief that you can do things, when it were better that you merely admired. Well I would not dishearten you by telling to what a shred of conceit, even of hope, a man can be reduced after twenty-odd years of the discipline. But I can, and do, affirm that the farther you penetrate in these discoveries the more sacred the ultimate mystery will become for you: that the better you understand the great authors as exemplars of practice, the more certainly you will realise what is the condescension of the gods.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00307", "bookId": 17470, "start": 129384, "end": 129466, "sha256": "18730b40340de9cd25240e7d6cd54a42cf008fbe70198e2f7be09dd1d9643924", "text": "Next time, then, we will attempt an enquiry into the capital difficulty of Prose.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00308", "bookId": 17470, "start": 129476, "end": 129486, "sha256": "cb72b989861d2e998fcabaaaf17809ea1eddeb9757a7230ea5d2a340c509d532", "text": "LECTURE V.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00309", "bookId": 17470, "start": 129490, "end": 129510, "sha256": "506775d4b0483695019cd579110a6ebfde210d4b0b7f3a65b7ec15befe2ad756", "text": "INTERLUDE: ON JARGON", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00310", "bookId": 17470, "start": 129514, "end": 129529, "sha256": "78a02b16f3ab2d3974e6a9d04039a82d6d4ab53affd44ab31c55bd5906085da2", "text": "Thursday, May 1", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00311", "bookId": 17470, "start": 129535, "end": 131299, "sha256": "22dccec396f4b418dd7825479660e8c8d3de5141da8d7843f2820391c8df3268", "text": "We parted, Gentlemen, upon a promise to discuss the capital difficulty of Prose, as we have discussed the capital difficulty of Verse. But, although we shall come to it, on second thoughts I ask leave to break the order of my argument and to interpose some words upon a kind of writing which, from a superficial likeness, commonly passes for prose in these days, and by lazy folk is commonly written for prose, yet actually is not prose at all; my excuse being the simple practical one that, by first clearing this sham prose out of the way, we shall the better deal with honest prose when we come to it. The proper difficulties of prose will remain: but we shall be agreed in understanding what it is, or at any rate what it is not, that we talk about. I remember to have heard somewhere of a religious body in the United States of America which had reason to suspect one of its churches of accepting Spiritual consolation from a coloured preacher--an offence against the laws of the Synod--and despatched a Disciplinary Committee with power to act; and of the Committee's returning to report itself unable to take any action under its terms of reference, for that while a person undoubtedly coloured had undoubtedly occupied the pulpit and had audibly spoken from it in the Committee's presence, the performance could be brought within no definition of preaching known or discoverable. So it is with that infirmity of speech--that flux, that determination of words to the mouth, or to the pen--which, though it be familiar to you in parliamentary debates, in newspapers, and as the staple language of Blue Books, Committees, Official Reports, I take leave to introduce to you as prose which is not prose and under its real name of Jargon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00312", "bookId": 17470, "start": 131303, "end": 132530, "sha256": "4472af6c81199398bba7aa3fa9812434b2d1a8a3915da2dda7d1fbd3de7fa789", "text": "You must not confuse this Jargon with what is called Journalese. The two overlap, indeed, and have a knack of assimilating each other's vices. But Jargon finds, maybe, the most of its votaries among good douce people who have never written to or for a newspaper in their life, who would never talk of 'adverse climatic conditions' when they mean 'bad weather'; who have never trifled with verbs such as 'obsess,' 'recrudesce,' 'envisage,' 'adumbrate,' or with phrases such as 'the psychological moment,' 'the true inwardness,' 'it gives furiously to think.' It dallies with Latinity--'sub silentio,' 'de die in diem,' 'cui bono?' (always in the sense, unsuspected by Cicero, of 'What is the profit?')--but not for the sake of style. Your journalist at the worst is an artist in his way: he daubs paint of this kind upon the lily with a professional zeal; the more flagrant (or, to use his own word, arresting) the pigment, the happier is his soul. Like the Babu he is trying all the while to embellish our poor language, to make it more floriferous, more poetical--like the Babu for example who, reporting his mother's death, wrote, 'Regret to inform you, the hand that rocked the cradle has kicked the bucket.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00313", "bookId": 17470, "start": 132534, "end": 133429, "sha256": "45e85388182ee4e90c766a53bea8a27255d73b98a30c37d5741888249e7afc2c", "text": "_There_ is metaphor: _there_ is ornament: _there_ is a sense of poetry, though as yet groping in a world unrealised. No such gusto marks--no such zeal, artistic or professional, animates--the practitioners of Jargon, who are, most of them (I repeat), douce respectable persons. Caution is its father: the instinct to save everything and especially trouble: its mother, Indolence. It looks precise, but it is not. It is, in these times, _safe_: a thousand men have said it before and not one to your knowledge had been prosecuted for it. And so, like respectability in Chicago, Jargon stalks unchecked in our midst. It is becoming the language of Parliament: it has become the medium through which Boards of Government, County Councils, Syndicates, Committees, Commercial Firms, express the processes as well as the conclusions of their thought and so voice the reason of their being.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00314", "bookId": 17470, "start": 133433, "end": 133796, "sha256": "61b10fdb586bbcc5b497f97e39c43dbeda3476fa2ba646e677f517c5d25e1023", "text": "Has a Minister to say 'No' in the House of Commons? Some men are constitutionally incapable of saying no: but the Minister conveys it thus--'The answer to the question is in the negative.' That means 'no.' Can you discover it to mean anything less, or anything more except that the speaker is a pompous person?--which was no part of the information demanded.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00315", "bookId": 17470, "start": 133800, "end": 134075, "sha256": "4fb4b3ee6ca0117c523d2c062ae6f0ded8f7b53a1d55a59081bfc740ca64a982", "text": "That is Jargon, and it happens to be accurate. But as a rule Jargon is by no means accurate, its method being to walk circumspectly around its target; and its faith, that having done so it has either hit the bull's-eye or at least achieved something equivalent, and safer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00316", "bookId": 17470, "start": 134079, "end": 134136, "sha256": "cf80c5aa531f7b8bd3478a6912186f385560596e478eb1bcaefcdf316fab339b", "text": "Thus the Clerk of a Board of Guardians will minute that--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00317", "bookId": 17470, "start": 134145, "end": 134235, "sha256": "f33e1477ba1b790ec6c3618ad9e98544fe93d9ca299979b4d0eab0519a47bf10", "text": "In the case of John Jenkins deceased the coffin provided was of the usual character.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00318", "bookId": 17470, "start": 134239, "end": 134697, "sha256": "52b49809a1a4d442e10348bff3a10b41a947927b3e505ec8fde6e379619e5058", "text": "Now this is not accurate. 'In the case of John Jenkins deceased,' for whom a coffin was supplied, it is wholly superfluous to tell us that he is deceased. But actually John Jenkins never had more than one case, and that was the coffin. The Clerk says he had two,--a coffin in a case: but I suspect the Clerk to be mistaken, and I am sure he errs in telling us that the coffin was of the usual character: for coffins have no character, usual or unusual.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00319", "bookId": 17470, "start": 134701, "end": 134760, "sha256": "272f1a94c8d23c92995a5768dc2502c05f0848297755d96c92b4520ff74311db", "text": "For another example (I shall not tell you whence derived)--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00320", "bookId": 17470, "start": 134766, "end": 135247, "sha256": "92636d96e8d66fb6bc70df37f0c1d15028ac1ed9827fdd1ac816e046f5867e1b", "text": "In the case of every candidate who is placed in the first class [So you see the lucky fellow gets a case as well as a first-class. He might be a stuffed animal: perhaps he is] In the case of every candidate who is placed in the first class the class-list will show by some convenient mark (1) the Section or Sections for proficiency in which he is placed in the first class and (2) the Section or Sections (if any) in which he has passed with special distinction.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00321", "bookId": 17470, "start": 135251, "end": 135372, "sha256": "031709608cfcbe8d248d7f959444d302a02cedf563daab624fe9b8b53a2568b1", "text": "'The Section or Sections (if any)'--But, how, if they are not any, could they be indicated by a mark however convenient?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00322", "bookId": 17470, "start": 135381, "end": 135532, "sha256": "f8f3d72823aa003406aaa03bbfc66981a99be9d3f6e5dab544f5a0105bef8847", "text": "The Examiners will have regard to the style and method of the candidate's answers, and will give credit for excellence _in these respects_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00323", "bookId": 17470, "start": 135536, "end": 136307, "sha256": "44e7c79912555b9aa594c8eed50b16bb767b8075e4d997c9d5c6adae2b326d2f", "text": "Have you begun to detect the two main vices of Jargon? The first is that it uses circumlocution rather than short straight speech. It says 'In the case of John Jenkins deceased, the coffin' when it means 'John Jenkins's coffin': and its yea is not yea, neither is its nay nay: but its answer is in the affirmative or in the negative, as the foolish and superfluous 'case' may be. The second vice is that it habitually chooses vague woolly abstract nouns rather than concrete ones. I shall have something to say by-and-by about the concrete noun, and how you should ever be struggling for it whether in prose or in verse. For the moment I content myself with advising you, if you would write masculine English, never to forget the old tag of your Latin Grammar--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00324", "bookId": 17470, "start": 136316, "end": 136379, "sha256": "b1ebddfe2da59f7e83661bcc71b0cca4d0fd4c4f1a65f57e35d5c5e7fe9d280a", "text": "Masculine will only be Things that you can touch and see.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00325", "bookId": 17470, "start": 136383, "end": 136585, "sha256": "c03e445ea9b4aba794fe0b9796e9d8d16210182a48f563ca61b95c93ec63762d", "text": "But since these lectures are meant to be a course in First Aid to writing, I will content myself with one or two extremely rough rules: yet I shall be disappointed if you do not find them serviceable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00326", "bookId": 17470, "start": 136589, "end": 137198, "sha256": "489da9945a09726694e41c88b8c12749bb524853a82f3cf13258aa3474e6a2a2", "text": "The first is:--Whenever in your reading you come across one of these words, _case, instance, character, nature, condition, persuasion, degree_--whenever in writing your pen betrays you to one or another of them--pull yourself up and take thought. If it be 'case' (I choose it as Jargon's dearest child--'in Heaven yclept Metonomy') turn to the dictionary, if you will, and seek out what meaning can be derived from _casus_, its Latin ancestor: then try how, with a little trouble, you can extricate yourself from that case. The odds are, you will feel like a butterfly who has discarded his chrysalis.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00327", "bookId": 17470, "start": 137202, "end": 137247, "sha256": "e7edf6f76675362e2c0839bbc184bed4bd3abf374c9a60607e87fa55bd7b038d", "text": "Here are some specimens to try your hand on--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00328", "bookId": 17470, "start": 137256, "end": 137359, "sha256": "aecd1d08aeadaefde325203e157026d0ca61bf23a83069c26d29d4f5d937ba59", "text": "(1) All those tears which inundated Lord Hugh Cecil's head were dry in the case of Mr Harold Cox.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00329", "bookId": 17470, "start": 137363, "end": 137405, "sha256": "85c50b8c136c75dbf5143ae3fe4a151ab847dd652f33f41e3bf639009bc70ac6", "text": "Poor Mr Cox! left gasping in his aquarium!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00330", "bookId": 17470, "start": 137414, "end": 137496, "sha256": "b5a57ddeb9ef6e4bd37ab65e71ff6bd7e8fcbed331673198453bef965516ee78", "text": "(2) [From a cigar-merchant] In any case, let us send you a case on approval.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00331", "bookId": 17470, "start": 137505, "end": 137605, "sha256": "629b64a203f8d5c1fb8778ab2297b17591772a309a0af0e97b31e15075219496", "text": "(3) It is contended that Consols have fallen in consequence: but such is by no means the case.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00332", "bookId": 17470, "start": 137609, "end": 137805, "sha256": "3177b50f796ea24b4460518696c5b9a91fd97e9cd41035c30ee35b8a31b9e172", "text": "'Such,' by the way, is another spoilt child of Jargon, especially in Committee's Rules--'Co-opted members may be eligible as such; such members to continue to serve for such time as'--and so on.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00333", "bookId": 17470, "start": 137814, "end": 137917, "sha256": "2554d9a1baac8a66c36caaac852293766eca07ccce0a8bbf8ab5a8e4f816545e", "text": "(4) Even in the purely Celtic areas, only in two or three cases do the Bishops bear Celtic names.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00334", "bookId": 17470, "start": 137921, "end": 137949, "sha256": "0a32f1ef8aef7a08ca3883eb66249e0de7fd2f93e853040b9bf8d51aa2773fe2", "text": "For 'cases' read 'dioceses.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00335", "bookId": 17470, "start": 137958, "end": 138022, "sha256": "7f943921fc25006d5a99e978823716121ed51b3a70d2ef2913681acc64d7d45d", "text": "_Instance._ In most instances the players were below their form.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00336", "bookId": 17470, "start": 138026, "end": 138067, "sha256": "cd0d646177c6cbee6b248ca9701b4b47ce923f5bbbb2228a7d33ba6c4d1627ba", "text": "But what were they playing at? Instances?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00337", "bookId": 17470, "start": 138076, "end": 138299, "sha256": "8bce39a8d0dd28b8a624ef86ee69fe3024c0b778b18cbbce3fe85e61648b6d18", "text": "_Character--Nature._ There can be no doubt that the accident was caused through the dangerous nature of the spot, the hidden character of the by-road, and the utter absence of any warning or danger signal.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00338", "bookId": 17470, "start": 138303, "end": 138665, "sha256": "e5f0476ea229785b088e9309b2c5ac078d9e8cce4db5473b25ce37a21098b91e", "text": "Mark the foggy wording of it all! And yet the man hit something and broke his neck! Contrast that explanation with the verdict of a coroner's jury in the West of England on a drowned postman--'We find that deceased met his death by an act of God, caused by sudden overflowing of the river Walkhan and helped out by the scandalous neglect of the way-wardens.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00339", "bookId": 17470, "start": 138674, "end": 138727, "sha256": "e06e8edc0143f4849d2d0740cbc01197b1a237574981b5ed03a40e67d0903f9f", "text": "The Aintree course is notoriously of a trying nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00340", "bookId": 17470, "start": 138736, "end": 138847, "sha256": "839ffe116c1c6077b0a9d2cedf3612a08f7c51a48e9517d7d79d85ad22d0d3d2", "text": "On account of its light character, purity and age, Usher's whiskey is a whiskey that will agree with you.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00341", "bookId": 17470, "start": 138856, "end": 138907, "sha256": "bfed2a133798a572b526a56eea2bc5b6d5a3c32c20d739fa3a95d3625799bad7", "text": "_Order._ The mesalliance was of a pronounced order.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00342", "bookId": 17470, "start": 138916, "end": 139005, "sha256": "8ca652f664ec582619b8c0ee105ddffb069ff4a765ba60a10ea49395ef8438cd", "text": "_Condition._ He was conveyed to his place of residence in an intoxicated condition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00343", "bookId": 17470, "start": 139009, "end": 139037, "sha256": "ce0f0b4b38103a5fda88b1f8c990ab3f4c9269c0976ed50790fb6ab0415e5a05", "text": "'He was carried home drunk.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00344", "bookId": 17470, "start": 139046, "end": 139186, "sha256": "3af39bf361533dd9a8ab6c2b7f293b4cd9d0ef8082d88fd0ea54bf8abdc310b3", "text": "_Quality and Section._ Mr ----, exhibiting no less than five works, all of a superior quality, figures prominently in the oil section.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00345", "bookId": 17470, "start": 139190, "end": 139236, "sha256": "32b226e8e093ed99a12d520d9a88c2be374dd25f46b151ebba86e936ababa476", "text": "This was written of an exhibition of pictures.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00346", "bookId": 17470, "start": 139245, "end": 139338, "sha256": "9fa4ce3b0d300cfb0cc505b117d579b7c29799e318da2584000aeb59befcf542", "text": "_Degree._ A singular degree of rarity prevails in the earlier editions of this romance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00347", "bookId": 17470, "start": 139342, "end": 139617, "sha256": "2cac5c8686737d4c1dae3529c2e5c4a1ef8caeff8b2a89df263a80637e7e466a", "text": "That is Jargon. In prose it runs simply 'The earlier editions of this romance are rare'--or 'are very rare'--or even (if you believe what I take leave to doubt), 'are singularly rare'; which should mean that they are rarer than the editions of any other work in the world.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00348", "bookId": 17470, "start": 139621, "end": 140258, "sha256": "48abb400cbcdae2f4581442ee5dbd9cd2e8faa358b9822cbdc5027ce0822215b", "text": "Now what I ask you to consider about these quotations is that in each the writer was using Jargon to shirk prose, palming off periphrases upon us when with a little trouble he could have gone straight to the point. 'A singular degree of rarity prevails,' 'the accident was caused through the dangerous nature of the spot,' 'but such is by no means the case.' We may not be capable of much; but we can all write better than that, if we take a little trouble. In place of, 'the Aintree course is of a trying nature' we can surely say 'Aintree is a trying course' or 'the Aintree course is a trying one'--just that and nothing more.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00349", "bookId": 17470, "start": 140262, "end": 140999, "sha256": "d793c6a1b30815fd1d2ea413d4d903495320536a420708ae24f9515277fccead", "text": "Next, having trained yourself to keep a look-out for these worst offenders (and you will be surprised to find how quickly you get into the way of it), proceed to push your suspicions out among the whole cloudy host of abstract terms. 'How excellent a thing is sleep,' sighed Sancho Panza; 'it wraps a man round like a cloak'--an excellent example, by the way, of how to say a thing concretely: a Jargoneer would have said that 'among the beneficent qualities of sleep its capacity for withdrawing the human consciousness from the contemplation of immediate circumstances may perhaps be accounted not the least remarkable.' How vile a thing--shall we say?--is the abstract noun! It wraps a man's thoughts round like cotton wool.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00350", "bookId": 17470, "start": 141003, "end": 141173, "sha256": "84368b4a5ac1d3a49ddd56446b60a636357c2161b569897d209f76e4866213d3", "text": "Here is a pretty little nest of specimens, found in \"The Times\" newspaper by Messrs. H. W. and F. G. Fowler, authors of that capital little book \"The King's English\":--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00351", "bookId": 17470, "start": 141182, "end": 141463, "sha256": "6a39b03b585ff98aaccf8f86047fc1b743bcd156c7ca541591ce02097a96e731", "text": "One of the most important reforms mentioned in the rescript is the unification of the organisation of judicial institutions and the guarantee for all the tribunals of the independence necessary for securing to all classes of the community equality before the law.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00352", "bookId": 17470, "start": 141467, "end": 141618, "sha256": "1f5d22a275ab32213f20265808a2f0ace31778c214b8cdffcdf3a03bae233b16", "text": "I do not dwell on the cacophony; but, to convey a straightforward piece of news, might not the Editor of \"The Times\" as well employ a man to write:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00353", "bookId": 17470, "start": 141627, "end": 141822, "sha256": "a0b20cc51dc0c2bd892b72e4233bc55071a36315cfbff3b753f7ed14545904d4", "text": "One of the most important reforms is that of the Courts, which need a uniform system and to be made independent. In this way only can men be assured that all are equal before the law.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00354", "bookId": 17470, "start": 141826, "end": 141843, "sha256": "063f9d8f2c1a38d00417f2a2bd6c40286d82565d5c05eda2ce3d370954d7e519", "text": "I think he might.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00355", "bookId": 17470, "start": 141847, "end": 141914, "sha256": "31af287dac4fb0581ee04ad462724155a7a545ab75976e3ccf1499ace37598ec", "text": "A day or two ago the musical critic of the \"Standard\" wrote this:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00356", "bookId": 17470, "start": 141933, "end": 141955, "sha256": "745945084d55679ebe8d9da2f8e4be1f07cc144f0e291ebfe0a58261781d8f56", "text": "MR LAMOND IN BEETHOVEN", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00357", "bookId": 17470, "start": 141961, "end": 143458, "sha256": "b396e829c2afb637728f1db2981a5a7d4b58d2898165fb3a134fc7408051a485", "text": "Mr Frederick Lamond, the Scottish pianist, as an interpreter of Beethoven has few rivals. At his second recital of the composer's works at Bechstein Hall on Saturday afternoon he again displayed a complete sympathy and understanding of his material that extracted the very essence of aesthetic and musical value from each selection he undertook. The delightful intimacy of his playing and his unusual force of individual expression are invaluable assets, which, allied to his technical brilliancy, enable him to achieve an artistic triumph. The two lengthy Variations in E flat major (Op. 35) and in D major, the latter on the Turkish March from 'The Ruins of Athens,' when included in the same programme, require a master hand to provide continuity of interest. _To say that Mr Lamond successfully avoided moments that might at times, in these works, have inclined to comparative disinterestedness, would be but a moderate way of expressing the remarkable fascination with which his versatile playing endowed them_, but _at the same time_ two of the sonatas given included a similar form of composition, and no matter how intellectually brilliant may be the interpretation, the extravagant use of a certain mode is bound in time to become somewhat ineffective. In the Three Sonatas, the E major (Op. 109), the A major (Op. 2), No. 2, and the C minor (Op. 111), Mr Lamond signalised his perfect insight into the composer's varying moods.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00358", "bookId": 17470, "start": 143462, "end": 143597, "sha256": "fcd1f28f4c755a7278042a557613f028d2cab9b0f1591151ef9f5ada5fb59878", "text": "Will you not agree with me that here is no writing, here is no prose, here is not even English, but merely a flux of words to the pen?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00359", "bookId": 17470, "start": 143601, "end": 143752, "sha256": "98808c262215f60ce61149461a2194844fe8c6217e232203c6f3c9004b968668", "text": "Here again is a string, a concatenation--say, rather, a tiara--of gems of purest ray serene from the dark unfathomed caves of a Scottish newspaper:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00360", "bookId": 17470, "start": 143758, "end": 144476, "sha256": "5eeb78c7ced7925dc7c4f89320248449dc7a72a7cb992b3ee01546eab35d0ecf", "text": "The Chinese viewpoint, as indicated in this letter, may not be without interest to your readers, because it evidently is suggestive of more than an academic attempt to explain an unpleasant aspect of things which, if allowed to materialise, might suddenly culminate in disaster resembling the Chang-Sha riots. It also ventures to illustrate incidents having their inception in recent premature endeavours to accelerate the development of Protestant missions in China; but we would hope for the sake of the interests involved that what my correspondent describes as 'the irresponsible ruffian element' may be known by their various religious designations only within very restricted areas.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00361", "bookId": 17470, "start": 144480, "end": 145555, "sha256": "ddbe9ce0d705c2ecc601c5ee089ed2813b351969e2d621e818b26159f6ffb04b", "text": "Well, the Chinese have given it up, poor fellows! and are asking the Christians--as to-day's newspapers inform us--to pray for them. Do you wonder? But that is, or was, the Chinese 'viewpoint,'--and what a willow-pattern viewpoint! Observe its delicacy. It does not venture to interest or be interesting; merely 'to be not without interest.' But it does 'venture to illustrate incidents'--which, for a viewpoint, is brave enough: and this illustration 'is suggestive of something more than an academic attempt to explain an unpleasant aspect of things which, if allowed to materialise, might suddenly culminate.' What materialises? The unpleasant aspect? or the things? Grammar says the 'things,' 'things which if allowed to materialise.' But things are materialised already, and as a condition of their being things. It must be the aspect, then, that materialises. But, if so, it is also the aspect that culminates, and an aspect, however unpleasant, can hardly do that, or at worst cannot culminate in anything resembling the Chang-Sha riots.... I give it up.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00362", "bookId": 17470, "start": 145559, "end": 145764, "sha256": "0fbab213aed38e3349a92e946799e8a690b26191861fc6a2d412838012c5c7de", "text": "Let us turn to another trick of Jargon: the trick of Elegant Variation, so rampant in the Sporting Press that there, without needing to attend these lectures, the Undergraduate detects it for laughter:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00363", "bookId": 17470, "start": 145773, "end": 145948, "sha256": "1774a85c7d403d4b354e3ba1f1ab255599f9b4214c8c5a5b81c69116e170d974", "text": "Hayward and C. B. Fry now faced the bowling; which apparently had no terrors for the Surrey crack. The old Oxonian, however, took some time in settling to work....", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00364", "bookId": 17470, "start": 145952, "end": 147221, "sha256": "28e762ccc6ef3e09091a898f3cffa9a17fac15d9aa2202d77e57d4e84daa0ce8", "text": "Yes, you all recognise it and laugh at it. But why do you practise it in your Essays? An undergraduate brings me an essay on Byron. In an essay on Byron, Byron is (or ought to be) mentioned many times. I expect, nay exact, that Bryon shall be mentioned again and again. But my undergraduate has a blushing sense that to call Byron Byron twice on one page is indelicate. So Byron, after starting bravely as Byron, in the second sentence turns into 'that great but unequal poet' and thenceforward I have as much trouble with Byron as ever Telemachus with Proteus to hold and pin him back to his proper self. Half-way down the page he becomes 'the gloomy master of Newstead': overleaf he is reincarnated into 'the meteoric darling of society': and so proceeds through successive avatars--'this arch-rebel,' 'the author of Childe Harold,' 'the apostle of scorn,' 'the ex-Harrovian, proud, but abnormally sensitive of his club-foot,' 'the martyr of Missolonghi,' 'the pageant-monger of a bleeding heart.' Now this again is Jargon. It does not, as most Jargon does, come of laziness; but it comes of timidity, which is worse. In literature as in life he makes himself felt who not only calls a spade a spade but has the pluck to double spades and re-double.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00365", "bookId": 17470, "start": 147225, "end": 148035, "sha256": "ed15b26770c690fdf1d5710f4e992fea082d58c2072037a70fd0cb820a8d290a", "text": "For another rule--just as rough and ready, but just as useful: Train your suspicions to bristle up whenever you come upon 'as regards,' 'with regard to,' 'in respect of,' 'in connection with,' 'according as to whether,' and the like. They are all dodges of Jargon, circumlocutions for evading this or that simple statement: and I say that it is not enough to avoid them nine times out of ten, or nine-and-ninety times out of a hundred. You should never use them. That is positive enough, I hope? Though I cannot admire his style, I admire the man who wrote to me, 'Re Tennyson--your remarks anent his \"In Memoriam\" make me sick': for though re is not a preposition of the first water, and 'anent' has enjoyed its day, the finish crowned the work. But here are a few specimens far, very far, worse:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00366", "bookId": 17470, "start": 148044, "end": 148250, "sha256": "bdcd7b20ebbd11079ed48dd553c936493c6dec04eae67376175bab14d8912394", "text": "The special difficulty in Professor Minocelsi's case [our old friend 'case' again] arose _in connexion with_ the view he holds _relative to_ the historical value of the opening pages of Genesis.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00367", "bookId": 17470, "start": 148254, "end": 148438, "sha256": "df6d46a5b083930e0671d787a9d50726ef8908abe90fccc2346b619b11d575fb", "text": "That is Jargon. In prose, even taking the miserable sentence as it stands constructed, we should write 'the difficulty arose over the views he holds about the historical value,' etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00368", "bookId": 17470, "start": 148442, "end": 148468, "sha256": "7e4072ed315dec3266a0cbe2519295f0cae9ef65c9c474afd08c0b75bf609b60", "text": "From a popular novelist:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00369", "bookId": 17470, "start": 148477, "end": 148606, "sha256": "312ab35983d78901f0d44e404486fa5e69fa05e901cc86b18d3454cc678ca9aa", "text": "I was entirely indifferent _as to_ the results of the game, caring nothing at all _as to_ whether _I had losses or gains_--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00370", "bookId": 17470, "start": 148610, "end": 148812, "sha256": "32b9905855a8e2832b3a65bac028c22489a9b8dfcb1b20f39027220f2907bf3f", "text": "Cut out the first 'as' in 'as to,' and the second 'as to' altogether, and the sentence begins to be prose--'I was indifferent to the results of the game, caring nothing whether I had losses or gains.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00371", "bookId": 17470, "start": 148816, "end": 149003, "sha256": "d74c5804bdf4af3bb0925fdb45da5e080a1894d7b4114d390267ca4d791bcca8", "text": "But why, like Dogberry, have 'had losses'? Why not simply 'lose.' Let us try again. 'I was entirely indifferent to the results of the game, caring nothing at all whether I won or lost.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00372", "bookId": 17470, "start": 149007, "end": 149298, "sha256": "d64e2e554ff039ff9eec3ea861b8ba491143e27fe53bfe0d9ec693bed0dbc33c", "text": "Still the sentence remains absurd: for the second clause but repeats the first without adding one jot. For if you care not at all whether you win or lose, you must be entirely indifferent to the results of the game. So why not say 'I was careless if I won or lost,' and have done with it?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00373", "bookId": 17470, "start": 149307, "end": 149422, "sha256": "9481804fcf8c49cfc36091f6f8ac37e74264fb8d238f5805c64ace0e9b7771b9", "text": "A man of simple and charming character, he was fitly _associated with_ the distinction of the Order of Merit.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00374", "bookId": 17470, "start": 149426, "end": 149911, "sha256": "934a1b2deb410dfbe92eee853b18a95f2b65fde9560fdd6ea9729a80cdddfdaa", "text": "I take this gem with some others from a collection made three years ago, by the \"Oxford Magazine\"; and I hope you admire it as one beyond price. 'He was associated with the distinction of the Order of Merit' means 'he was given the Order of Merit.' If the members of that Order make a society then he was associated with them; but you cannot associate a man with a distinction. The inventor of such fine writing would doubtless have answered Canning's Needy Knife-grinder with:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00375", "bookId": 17470, "start": 149920, "end": 150003, "sha256": "6c491aedf5455945bde5b5ca05595334de0f515d4aa2c393fc82c4636c2041d7", "text": "I associate thee with sixpence! I will see thee in another association first!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00376", "bookId": 17470, "start": 150007, "end": 150212, "sha256": "944fef6934fb0cf4d981f8ed32be23ab14816670c995969b6add237375d9fd55", "text": "But let us close our _florilegium_ and attempt to illustrate Jargon by the converse method of taking a famous piece of English (say Hamlet's soliloquy) and remoulding a few lines of it in this fashion:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00377", "bookId": 17470, "start": 150218, "end": 151202, "sha256": "08ffb6e1336739a91390ff574722f7f1bdb341a3d6c8134339c377abfa01fd71", "text": "To be, or the contrary? Whether the former or the latter be preferable would seem to admit of some difference of opinion; the answer in the present case being of an affirmative or of a negative character according as to whether one elects on the one hand to mentally suffer the disfavour of fortune, albeit in an extreme degree, or on the other to boldly envisage adverse conditions in the prospect of eventually bringing them to a conclusion. The condition of sleep is similar to, if not indistinguishable from, that of death; and with the addition of finality the former might be considered identical with the latter: so that in this connection it might be argued with regard to sleep that, could the addition be effected, a termination would be put to the endurance of a multiplicity of inconveniences, not to mention a number of downright evils incidental to our fallen humanity, and thus a consummation achieved of a most gratifying nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00378", "bookId": 17470, "start": 151206, "end": 152774, "sha256": "332bf05a7b190cb47d775da6b556a97db684f171e35aff7d154a2957630e1b1a", "text": "That is Jargon: and to write Jargon is to be perpetually shuffling around in the fog and cotton-wool of abstract terms; to be for ever hearkening, like Ibsen's Peer Gynt, to the voice of the Boyg exhorting you to circumvent the difficulty, to beat the air because it is easier than to flesh your sword in the thing. The first virtue, the touchstone of a masculine style, is its use of the active verb and the concrete noun. When you write in the active voice, 'They gave him a silver teapot,' you write as a man. When you write 'He was made the recipient of a silver teapot,' you write jargon. But at the beginning set even higher store on the concrete noun. Somebody--I think it was FitzGerald--once posited the question 'What would have become of Christianity if Jeremy Bentham had had the writing of the Parables?' Without pursuing that dreadful enquiry I ask you to note how carefully the Parables--those exquisite short stories--speak only of 'things which you can touch and see'--'A sower went forth to sow,' 'The kingdom of heaven is like unto leaven, which a woman took,'--and not the Parables only, but the Sermon on the Mount and almost every verse of the Gospel. The Gospel does not, like my young essayist, fear to repeat a word, if the word be good. The Gospel says 'Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's'--not 'Render unto Caesar the things that appertain to that potentate.' The Gospel does not say 'Consider the growth of the lilies,' or even 'Consider how the lilies grow.' It says, 'Consider the lilies, how they grow.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00379", "bookId": 17470, "start": 152778, "end": 153545, "sha256": "63844f3db5bbce948c1ebed3d601bda8507f25f8563ebda9ef2205fbf5d55615", "text": "Or take Shakespeare. I wager you that no writer of English so constantly chooses the concrete word, in phrase after phrase forcing you to touch and see. No writer so insistently teaches the general through the particular. He does it even in \"Venus and Adonis\" (as Professor Wendell, of Harvard, pointed out in a brilliant little monograph on Shakespeare, published some ten years ago). Read any page of \"Venus and Adonis\" side by side with any page of Marlowe's \"Hero and Leander\" and you cannot but mark the contrast: in Shakespeare the definite, particular, visualised image, in Marlowe the beautiful generalisation, the abstract term, the thing seen at a literary remove. Take the two openings, both of which start out with the sunrise. Marlowe begins:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00380", "bookId": 17470, "start": 153551, "end": 153738, "sha256": "75004dbc04424786d2274e703d35f208a3c3a3ed6365aba4069318c809a2ca62", "text": "Now had the Morn espied her lover's steeds: Whereat she starts, puts on her purple weeds, And, red for anger that he stay'd so long, All headlong throws herself the clouds among.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00381", "bookId": 17470, "start": 153742, "end": 153850, "sha256": "ef8c14c8e617f3bfd1c68c00e696268112f2475bb15057be9efd1d9b78854692", "text": "Shakespeare wastes no words on Aurora and her feelings, but gets to his hero and to business without ado:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00382", "bookId": 17470, "start": 153856, "end": 154130, "sha256": "993d2d33fe33ac5ba783d2a15c13985277831e5b9b9739106748234b0d7b3bae", "text": "Even as the sun with purple-colour'd face-- (You have the sun visualised at once), Even as the sun with purple-colour'd face Had ta'en his last leave of the weeping morn, Rose-cheek'd Adonis hied him to the chase; Hunting he loved, but love he laugh'd to scorn.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00383", "bookId": 17470, "start": 154134, "end": 154202, "sha256": "bd2f24ad7dbb9f5fbb448fa077e2aa7f52bacc6f8cdc2f91a9b3cb038ca60f03", "text": "When Shakespeare has to describe a horse, mark how definite he is:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00384", "bookId": 17470, "start": 154208, "end": 154431, "sha256": "e45a26151ec3ac0f4c43296cf753efbe0c20ffb3412047369e6f9f4c40560da6", "text": "Round-hoof'd, short-jointed, fetlocks shag and long, Broad breast, full eye, small head and nostril wide, High crest, short ears, straight legs and passing strong; Thin mane, thick tail, broad buttock, tender hide.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00385", "bookId": 17470, "start": 154435, "end": 154480, "sha256": "41da56617ea484de68e5e3c83f74cc6683e4be3746baaa850bdeb67ecd26a141", "text": "Or again, in a casual simile, how definite:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00386", "bookId": 17470, "start": 154489, "end": 154629, "sha256": "49fa1bcae0a3ffe0c738bd9a6e1c48efee6a8f946f8759af9d4713e537a8a792", "text": "Upon this promise did he raise his chin, Like a dive-dipper peering through a wave, Which, being look'd on, ducks as quickly in.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00387", "bookId": 17470, "start": 154633, "end": 154712, "sha256": "b56908b50b37fe711a341200c1e90c7cc886d9057222195f7e0f9f5b38a340ff", "text": "Or take, if you will, Marlowe's description of Hero's first meeting Leander:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00388", "bookId": 17470, "start": 154721, "end": 154809, "sha256": "bd0b0c241d28ba949c8780ce6e729688d91579da211547cc51ad2894f65085c0", "text": "It lies not in our power to love or hate, For will in us is over-ruled by fate...,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00389", "bookId": 17470, "start": 154813, "end": 154935, "sha256": "2e7f2edab9cbf07013a1800530f6b120a31b18c30cb97362d28df8ea2faf7fb9", "text": "and set against it Shakespeare's description of Venus' last meeting with Adonis, as she came on him lying in his blood:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00390", "bookId": 17470, "start": 154944, "end": 155173, "sha256": "ad079f7fba970d4588d6995f8e2aff1f8f2c31e3f81d0206e353c7c039680225", "text": "Or as a snail whose tender horns being hit Shrinks backward in his shelly cave with pain, And there, all smother'd up, in shade doth sit, Long after fearing to creep forth again; So, at his bloody view--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00391", "bookId": 17470, "start": 155177, "end": 155514, "sha256": "50462261b8b13fe84bc03a9734b68f501aab35d1689f1113b1dabd5547d5535b", "text": "I do not deny Marlowe's lines (if you will study the whole passage) to be lovely. You may even judge Shakespeare's to be crude by comparison. But you cannot help noting that whereas Marlowe steadily deals in abstract, nebulous terms, Shakespeare constantly uses concrete ones, which later on he learned to pack into verse, such as:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00392", "bookId": 17470, "start": 155523, "end": 155571, "sha256": "62e1eed07b75adbbbd7fe7e80e56fdc9b3752a24ea91ec2499916a0a1c1d32e8", "text": "Sleep that knits up the ravell'd sleeve of care.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00393", "bookId": 17470, "start": 155575, "end": 155913, "sha256": "66edab37b7549b36b3589e804186e11dba20eaa40eac99326bf408103538280d", "text": "Is it unfair to instance Marlowe, who died young? Then let us take Webster for the comparison; Webster, a man of genius or of something very like it, and commonly praised by the critics for his mastery over definite, detailed, and what I may call _solidified sensation_. Let us take this admired passage from his \"Duchess of Malfy\":--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00394", "bookId": 17470, "start": 155919, "end": 156011, "sha256": "4a8ad2c60285e6f41d0f5a4dea5fac951006b0dcb5ae0fd5924653b06d02300a", "text": "_Ferdinand._ How doth our sister Duchess bear herself In her imprisonment?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00395", "bookId": 17470, "start": 156017, "end": 156631, "sha256": "512b8d271bf805185c266b089f568ab503633d3b9f85ce067936479bf9ddc7e0", "text": "_Basola._ Nobly: I'll describe her. She's sad as one long used to 't, and she seems Rather to welcome the end of misery Than shun it: a behaviour so noble As gives a majesty to adversity (Note the abstract terms.) You may discern the shape of loveliness More perfect in her tears than in her smiles; She will muse for hours together; and her silence (Here we first come on the concrete: and beautiful it is.) Methinks expresseth more than if she spake.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00396", "bookId": 17470, "start": 156635, "end": 156879, "sha256": "e1829ac9dff3d59ee2033e8617cf93c27cb2f72ef4f517ecf9d7e41ab6e2ff35", "text": "Now set against this the well-known passage from \"Twelfth Night\" where the Duke asks and Viola answers a question about someone unknown to him and invented by her--a mere phantasm, in short: yet note how much more definite is the language:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00397", "bookId": 17470, "start": 156883, "end": 157037, "sha256": "2f79d926e541c475914fb08b1f49d68fe22232a2171b6b71476a167f99a7ad2b", "text": "_Viola._ My father had a daughter lov'd a man; As it might be, perhaps, were I a woman, _I_ should your lordship.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00398", "bookId": 17470, "start": 157041, "end": 157096, "sha256": "9203529dd4b601274a1268e787fb792fdc33b705bd7507410f72e707bd202a72", "text": "_Duke._ And what's her history?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00399", "bookId": 17470, "start": 157100, "end": 157455, "sha256": "7c9b7cb79bfeb3c62c9d7c0bb4c35dab0cdc3e1f4389662fb3bd28196123c343", "text": "_Viola._ A blank, my lord. She never told her love, But let concealment, like a worm i' the bud, Feed on her damask cheek; she pined in thought, And with a green and yellow melancholy She sat like Patience on a monument Smiling at grief. Was not this love indeed?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00400", "bookId": 17470, "start": 157459, "end": 157747, "sha256": "e5869f54e5bae579ca2f0cebb0954a0b16314a7017ddc57ed18f465090e404f1", "text": "Observe (apart from the dramatic skill of it) how, when Shakespeare _has_ to use the abstract noun 'concealment,' on an instant it turns into a visible worm 'feeding' on the visible rose; how, having to use a second abstract word 'patience,' at once he solidifies it in tangible stone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00401", "bookId": 17470, "start": 157751, "end": 158448, "sha256": "aea6931ac90ca5b64b661fdfab6528d524c31089552f653eceac540ac74fdd6a", "text": "Turning to prose, you may easily assure yourselves that men who have written learnedly on the art agree in treating our maxim--to prefer the concrete term to the abstract, the particular to the general, the definite to the vague--as a canon of rhetoric. Whately has much to say on it. The late Mr E. J. Payne, in one of his admirable prefaces to Burke (prefaces too little known and valued, as too often happens to scholarship hidden away in a schoolbook), illustrated the maxim by setting a passage from Burke's speech \"On Conciliation with America\" alongside a passage of like purport from Lord Brougham's \"Inquiry into the Policy of the European Powers.\" Here is the deadly parallel:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00402", "bookId": 17470, "start": 158452, "end": 158458, "sha256": "e97ffe695d68cf241e99ba5b3b7c655552ef301498f4a4e28d8faa0cc9192273", "text": "BURKE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00403", "bookId": 17470, "start": 158464, "end": 159025, "sha256": "1f56502507c124f29d1ab352ab855a1259b896fdcc499e7ec37f2e6171ef040b", "text": "In large bodies the circulation of power must be less vigorous at the extremities. Nature has said it. The Turk cannot govern AEgypt and Arabia and Curdistan as he governs Thrace; nor has he the same dominion in Crimea and Algiers which he has at Brusa and Smyrna. Despotism itself is obliged to truck and huckster. The Sultan gets such obedience as he can. He governs with a loose rein, that he may govern at all; and the whole of the force and vigour of his authority in his centre is derived from a prudent relaxation in all his borders.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00404", "bookId": 17470, "start": 159029, "end": 159038, "sha256": "d2686b536e43b58324934497f6491f898ec6d45d7bc153ffa3c6bbe3a2242fff", "text": "BROUGHAM.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00405", "bookId": 17470, "start": 159044, "end": 159380, "sha256": "b334f9dfc401c1a7c5e5d4e67c474078f8a74a1b545c25c17fd608dd60149ce3", "text": "In all the despotisms of the East, it has been observed that the further any part of the empire is removed from the capital, the more do its inhabitants enjoy some sort of rights and privileges: the more inefficacious is the power of the monarch; and the more feeble and easily decayed is the organisation of the government.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00406", "bookId": 17470, "start": 159384, "end": 159612, "sha256": "d68c1c3e7a07d9d4d3b3b0ef1bc387ed6ad4dac2cb51cf47bc0cd4f1d68566c6", "text": "You perceive that Brougham has transferred Burke's thought to his own page: but will you not also perceive how pitiably, by dissolving Burke's vivid particulars into smooth generalities, he has enervated its hold on the mind?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00407", "bookId": 17470, "start": 159616, "end": 160287, "sha256": "6df9d262ffc95977c54e11eb722725d14116417f3afbb1f787844effa46fcb0c", "text": "'This particularising style,' comments Mr Payne, 'is the essence of Poetry; and in Prose it is impossible not to be struck with the energy it produces. Brougham's passage is excellent in its way: but it pales before the flashing lights of Burke's sentences. The best instances of this energy of style, he adds, are to be found in the classical writers of the seventeenth century. 'When South says, \"An Aristotle was but the rubbish of an Adam, and Athens but the rudiments of Paradise,\" he communicates more effectually the notion of the difference between the intellect of fallen and of unfallen humanity than in all the philosophy of his sermons put together.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00408", "bookId": 17470, "start": 160291, "end": 160447, "sha256": "5b34ef1a6b07ba96cfd033e250a99ff28aca887886874f17a057d971bb33a05d", "text": "You may agree with me, or you may not, that South in this passage is expounding trash; but you will agree with Mr Payne and me that he uttered it vividly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00409", "bookId": 17470, "start": 160451, "end": 160623, "sha256": "f37a2c128f390e69cc7da2fb1a844bfdd03dcadfed44229304bacbc1a8d90e9d", "text": "Let me quote to you, as a final example of this vivid style of writing, a passage from Dr John Donne far beyond and above anything that ever lay within South's compass:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00410", "bookId": 17470, "start": 160629, "end": 161649, "sha256": "b467cf27b5a72738bbbf1c1bedf3d90e55b6748ea234bbe8e911f3afda74150f", "text": "The ashes of an Oak in the Chimney are no epitaph of that Oak, to tell me how high or how large that was; it tells me not what flocks it sheltered while it stood, nor what men it hurt when it fell. The dust of great persons' graves is speechless, too; it says nothing, it distinguishes nothing. As soon the dust of a wretch whom thou wouldest not, as of a prince whom thou couldest not look upon will trouble thine eyes if the wind blow it thither; and when a whirle-wind hath blown the dust of the Churchyard into the Church, and the man sweeps out the dust of the Church into the Churchyard, who will undertake to sift those dusts again and to pronounce, This is the Patrician, this is the noble flowre [flour], this the yeomanly, this the Plebeian bran? So is the death of Iesabel (Iesabel was a Queen) expressed. They shall not say _This is Iesabel_; not only not wonder that it is, nor pity that it should be; but they shall not say, they shall not know, _This is Iesabel._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00411", "bookId": 17470, "start": 161653, "end": 161954, "sha256": "c9d574bb9e6d5f21ed2fe8b67ae295f4a5587f1a47a4a5e5f70f89bfee932748", "text": "Carlyle noted of Goethe, 'his emblematic intellect, his never-failing tendency to transform into _shape_, into _life_, the feeling that may dwell in him. Everything has form, has visual excellence: the poet's imagination bodies forth the forms of things unseen, and his pen turns them into shape.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00412", "bookId": 17470, "start": 161958, "end": 162235, "sha256": "a06d972a312444a06cd4a79135f2b24c2646c6c4391aaa747c8baa4896b7280e", "text": "Perpend this, Gentlemen, and maybe you will not hereafter set it down to my reproach that I wasted an hour of a May morning in a denunciation of Jargon, and in exhorting you upon a technical matter at first sight so trivial as the choice between abstract and definite words.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00413", "bookId": 17470, "start": 162239, "end": 163085, "sha256": "8ef2bae7420562d4f2899ebe48480f8c84a692f9f4ad2e1af6b7f1a9e8b96398", "text": "A lesson about writing your language may go deeper than language; for language (as in a former lecture I tried to preach to you) is your reason, your [Greek: logos]. So long as you prefer abstract words, which express other men's summarised concepts of things, to concrete ones which as near as can be reached to things themselves and are the first-hand material for your thoughts, you will remain, at the best, writers at second-hand. If your language be Jargon, your intellect, if not your whole character, will almost certainly correspond. Where your mind should go straight, it will dodge: the difficulties it should approach with a fair front and grip with a firm hand it will be seeking to evade or circumvent. For the Style is the Man, and where a man's treasure is there his heart, and his brain, and his writing, will be also.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00414", "bookId": 17470, "start": 163095, "end": 163106, "sha256": "5c1a693e9d373bb25c5cf73119f2240daf8a364a75f615faf4a313849c76f6c2", "text": "LECTURE VI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00415", "bookId": 17470, "start": 163110, "end": 163144, "sha256": "9ed70090e2129e0aa901350ef921da8c17017b26c43ddd1e8b86f93f6c1bc7b0", "text": "ON THE CAPITAL DIFFICULTY OF PROSE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00416", "bookId": 17470, "start": 163148, "end": 163164, "sha256": "3940f8467365bc6e87a3889f1122b31063689aade73bde0bb476d77f2dbcdd7c", "text": "Thursday, May 15", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00417", "bookId": 17470, "start": 163170, "end": 163767, "sha256": "8692ed8d15cd5be85f6f178b5f2168bc9965ddefc094f106a7a59c656b38e8e3", "text": "To-day, Gentlemen, leaving the Vanity Fair of Jargon behind us, we have to essay a difficult country; of which, though fairly confident of his compass-bearings, your guide confesses, that wide tracts lie outside his knowledge--outside of anything that can properly be called his knowledge. I feel indeed somewhat as Gideon must have felt when he divided his host on the slopes of Mount Gilead, warning back all who were afraid. In asking the remnant to follow as attentively as they can, I promise only that, if Heaven carry us safely across, we shall have 'broken the back' of the desert.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00418", "bookId": 17470, "start": 163771, "end": 164111, "sha256": "cbc3c3d5944f51b54759955c341065dd7bf3fbb631a39dae366028e60f4bfab2", "text": "In my last lecture but one, then,--and before our small interlude with Jargon--the argument had carried us, more or less neatly, up to this point: that the capital difficulty of verse consisted in saying ordinary unemotional things, of bridging the flat intervals between high moments. This point, I believe, we made effectively enough.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00419", "bookId": 17470, "start": 164115, "end": 164659, "sha256": "2a7fec3d646d532fbb39ce2813db59e87d3895009d4b46343ffbf3218955299b", "text": "Now, for logical neatness, we should be able to oppose a corresponding point, that the capital difficulty of prose consists in saying extraordinary things, in running it up from its proper level to these high emotional, musical, moments. And mightily convenient that would be, Gentlemen, if I were here to help you to answer scientific questions about prose and verse instead of helping you, in what small degree I can, to write. But in Literature (which, let me remind you yet once again, is an art) you cannot classify as in a science.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00420", "bookId": 17470, "start": 164663, "end": 166693, "sha256": "ca842e55f8a4ffead98101106b0f86b08e4f8f0ac26f7d1510c80537f88446ae", "text": "Pray attend while I impress on you this most necessary warning. In studying literature, and still more in studying to write it, distrust all classification! All classifying of literature intrudes 'science' upon an art, and is artificially 'scientific'; a trick of pedants, that they may make it the easier to examine you on things with which no man should have any earthly concern, as I am sure he will never have a heavenly one. Beetles, minerals, gases, may be classified; and to have them classified is not only convenient but a genuine advance of knowledge. But if you had to _make_ a beetle, as men are making poetry, how much would classification help? To classify in a science is necessary for the purpose of that science: to classify when you come to art is at the best an expedient, useful to some critics and to a multitude of examiners. It serves the art-critic to talk about Tuscan, Flemish, Pre-Raphaelite, schools of painting. The expressions are handy, and we know more or less what they intend. Just so handily it may serve us to talk about 'Renaissance poets,' 'the Elizabethans,' 'the Augustan age.' But such terms at best cannot be scientific, precise, determinate, as for examples the terms 'inorganic,' 'mammal,' 'univalve,' 'Old Red Sandstone' are scientific, precise, determinate. An animal is either a mammal or it is not: you cannot say as assuredly that a man is or is not an Elizabethan. We call Shakespeare an Elizabethan and the greatest of Elizabethans, though as a fact he wrote his most famous plays when Elizabeth was dead. Shirley was but seven years old when Elizabeth died; yet (if 'Elizabethan' have any meaning but a chronological one) Shirley belongs to the Elizabethan firmament, albeit but as a pale star low on the horizon: whereas Donne--a post-Elizabethan if ever there was one--had by 1603 reached his thirtieth year and written almost every line of those wonderful lyrics which for a good sixty years gave the dominant note to Jacobean and Caroline poetry.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00421", "bookId": 17470, "start": 166697, "end": 166981, "sha256": "09d89c5b2e9a6933b81b10076227a45a195d4c20717e905f619b94c6e43cd4d1", "text": "In treating of an art we classify for handiness, not for purposes of exact knowledge; and man (_improbus homo_) with his wicked inventions is for ever making fools of our formulae. Be consoled--and, if you are wise, thank Heaven--that genius uses our best-laid logic to explode it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00422", "bookId": 17470, "start": 166985, "end": 167231, "sha256": "7f7322656748cda5e059a0e6b21619a1f974820aa0f9d7b1e56b1b03958ed487", "text": "Be consoled, at any rate, on finding that after deciding the capital difficulty of prose to lie in saying extraordinary things, in running up to the high emotional moments, the prose-writers explode and blow our admirable conclusions to ruins.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00423", "bookId": 17470, "start": 167235, "end": 167498, "sha256": "5bb9b896cbe17bd0f7d2e16dcf8d1909be3ed7bb5075a4897719fd599268daac", "text": "You see, we gave them the chance to astonish us when we defined prose as 'a record of human thought, dispensing with metre and using rhythm laxly.' When you give genius leave to use something laxly, at its will, genius will pretty surely get the better of you.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00424", "bookId": 17470, "start": 167502, "end": 167836, "sha256": "6093314b1dd58069fc975708c21472fc44098f0d26a1ee20c3ad2ecf6420e999", "text": "Observe, now, following the story of English prose, what has happened. Its difficulty--the inherent, the native disability of prose--is to handle the high emotional moments which more properly belong to verse. Well, we strike into the line of our prose-writers, say as early as Malory. We come on this; of the Passing of Arthur:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00425", "bookId": 17470, "start": 167842, "end": 168765, "sha256": "b6237ef2cd7529015b06eec5771cd1b4e178bc76f9d2a65b760976924ec8e3a1", "text": "'My time hieth fast,' said the king. Therefore said Arthur unto Sir Bedivere, 'Take thou Excalibur my good sword, and go with it to yonder water side; and when thou comest there I charge thee throw my sword in that water and come again and tell me what there thou seest.' 'My lord,' said Bedivere, 'Your commandment shall be done; and lightly bring you word again.' So Sir Bedivere departed, and by the way he beheld that noble sword, that the pommel and the haft was all of precious stones, and then he said to himself, 'If I throw this rich sword in the water, thereof shall never come good, but harm and loss.' And then Sir Bedivere hid Excaliber under a tree. And so, as soon as he might, he came again unto the king, and said he had been at the water and had thrown the sword into the water, 'What saw thou there?' said the king, 'Sir,' he said, 'I saw nothing but waves and winds.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00426", "bookId": 17470, "start": 168769, "end": 169335, "sha256": "e1869334e71d88face85eb0585f23d761cfba0e2bbb10cd3b55c5136533ca783", "text": "Now I might say a dozen things of this and of the whole passage that follows, down to Arthur's last words. Specially might I speak to you of the music of its monosyllables--'\"What sawest you there?\" said the king... \"Do as well as thou mayest; for in me is no trust for to trust in. For I will into the Vale of Avilion, to heal me of my grievous wound. And if thou hear never more of me, pray for my soul.\"' But, before making comment at all, I shall quote you another passage; this from Lord Berners' translation of Froissart, of the death of Robert Bruce:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00427", "bookId": 17470, "start": 169341, "end": 171270, "sha256": "e0730b85cdc2bc29ce67795e8357184bfc86959749e62c08fb52babe1ec02db9", "text": "It fortuned that King Robert of Scotland was right sore aged and feeble: for he was greatly charged with the great sickness, so that there was no way for him but death. And when he felt that his end drew near, he sent for such barons and lords of his realm as he trusted best, and shewed them how there was no remedy with him, but he must needs leave this transitory life.... Then he called to him the gentle knight, Sir William Douglas, and said before all the lords, 'Sir William, my dear friend, ye know well that I have had much ado in my days to uphold and sustain the right of this realm; and when I had most ado I made a solemn vow, the which as yet I have not accomplished, whereof I am right sorry; the which was, if I might achieve and make an end of all my wars, so that I might once have brought this realm in rest and peace, then I promised in my mind to have gone and warred on Christ's enemies, adversaries to our holy Christian faith. To this purpose mine heart hath ever intended, but our Lord would not consent thereto... And sith it is so that my body can not go, nor achieve that my heart desireth, I will send the heart instead of the body, to accomplish mine avow... I will, that as soon as I am trespassed out of this world, that ye take my heart out of my body, and embalm it, and take of my treasure as ye shall think sufficient for that enterprise, both for yourself and such company as ye will take with you, and present my heart to the Holy Sepulchre, whereas our Lord lay, seeing my body can not come there. And take with you such company and purveyance as shall be appertaining to your estate. And, wheresoever ye come, let it be known how ye carry with you the heart of King Robert of Scotland, at his instance and desire to be presented to the Holy Sepulchre.' Then all the lords, that heard these words, wept for pity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00428", "bookId": 17470, "start": 171274, "end": 172104, "sha256": "ee58151b5370ac6925a242af6be1f43cc37d395e76c294e626ccfb5ffe89329d", "text": "There, in the fifteenth century and early in the sixteenth, you have Malory and Berners writing beautiful English prose; prose the emotion of which (I dare to say) you must recognise if you have ears to hear. So you see that already our English prose not only achieves the 'high moment,' but seems to obey it rather and be lifted by it, until we ask ourselves, 'Who could help writing nobly, having to tell how King Arthur died or how the Bruce?' Yes, but I bid you observe that Malory and Berners are both relating what, however noble, is quite simple, quite straightforward. It is when prose attempts to _philosophise_, to _express thoughts_ as well as to relate simple sayings and doings--it is then that the trouble begins. When Malory has to philosophise death, to _think_ about it, this is as far as he attains:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00429", "bookId": 17470, "start": 172110, "end": 172825, "sha256": "8e99e3d0779509692211d718c7dde2612713fcee4d1d7b1743a73f5d8537c8a0", "text": "'Ah, Sir Lancelot,' said he, 'thou wert head of all Christian Knights! And now I dare say,' said Sir Ector, 'that, Sir Lancelot, there thou liest, thou were never matched of none earthly hands; and thou were the curtiest knight that ever bare shield: and thou were the truest friend to thy lover that ever strood horse, and thou were the truest lover of a sinful man that ever loved woman; and thou were the kindest man that ever strooke with sword; and thou were the goodliest person that ever came among press of knights; and thou were the meekest man and gentlest that ever sat in hall among ladies; and thou were the sternest Knight to thy mortal foe that ever put spear in the rest.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00430", "bookId": 17470, "start": 172829, "end": 173070, "sha256": "e5a422bdeccd5febbdce876d3125a6a5359112dedcd66a0786f4a87812c04c65", "text": "Beautiful again, I grant! But note you that, eloquent as he can be on the virtues of his dead friend, when Sir Ector comes to the thought of death itself all he can accomplish is, 'And now I dare say that, Sir Lancelot, there thou liest.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00431", "bookId": 17470, "start": 173074, "end": 173219, "sha256": "7c8aaa2b2f14480c626b7f389f3d024a05d806cf0f2b8f3d9a1685e51bdbaf63", "text": "Let us make a leap in time and contrast this with Tyndale and the translators of our Bible, how they are able to make St Paul speak of death:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00432", "bookId": 17470, "start": 173228, "end": 173501, "sha256": "f2ee372e09adc17f1bf9bd99c8d8a68baebe74cd058111019f4022fe2cf052a0", "text": "So when this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in victory. O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00433", "bookId": 17470, "start": 173505, "end": 174054, "sha256": "a413cd09f6b46596bd38dad66ced1be5cffe40d101826db39bccece30f909c3a", "text": "There you have something clean beyond what Malory or Berners could compass: there you have a different kind of high moment--a high moment of philosophising: there you have emotion impregnated with thought. It was necessary that our English verse even after Chaucer, our English prose after Malory and Berners, should overcome this most difficult gap (which stands for a real intellectual difference) if it aspired to be what to-day it is--a language of the first class, comparable with Greek and certainly no whit inferior to Latin or French.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00434", "bookId": 17470, "start": 174066, "end": 174103, "sha256": "4f16e98b8e7b64be74cab917eda0d1495f64d61fd1797651f43017d036d823fe", "text": "* * * * *", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00435", "bookId": 17470, "start": 174107, "end": 174320, "sha256": "0e2235787bf95bccac87820032e46750815b9a229b6d414875a74cd7222cd265", "text": "Let us leave prose for a moment, and see how Verse threw its bridge over the gap. If you would hear the note of Chaucer at its deepest, you will find it in the famous exquisite lines of the Prioress' Prologue:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00436", "bookId": 17470, "start": 174329, "end": 174411, "sha256": "8a9d3291286aae0ebe9d7a8eca00ad9cdb2e7bd6ee8fef0882821cc82c4bfae3", "text": "O moder mayde! O mayde moder fre! O bush unbrent, brenning in Moyses' sight!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00437", "bookId": 17470, "start": 174415, "end": 174499, "sha256": "c1cc1ad257a9abffcd75242c6483171e70aaaa1e52de72e64fe7656158dc39d1", "text": "in the complaint of Troilus, in the rapture of Griselda restored to her children:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00438", "bookId": 17470, "start": 174508, "end": 174743, "sha256": "e2e2b2473357feb5e3e0ef68b79c9e54451a8e2eabbde943bc053d898a239192", "text": "O tendre, O dere, O yonge children myne, Your woful moder wende stedfastly That cruel houndes or some foul vermyne Hadde eten you; but God of his mercy And your benigne fader tendrely Hath doon you kept...", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00439", "bookId": 17470, "start": 174747, "end": 174833, "sha256": "5f376a1a56014bac6de719f4b858cba9b35bd101a9ba781a243e3b99db4db0f8", "text": "You will find a note quite as sincere in many a carol, many a ballad, of that time:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00440", "bookId": 17470, "start": 174842, "end": 174944, "sha256": "17a20728efe23a59117332198ae2c130e6a4d554faae3a805c12b2da3fb4311b", "text": "He came al so still There his mother was, As dew in April That falleth on the grass.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00441", "bookId": 17470, "start": 174953, "end": 175055, "sha256": "c8e14dca7c19c1c6c0614e5833b204fac67f8f1000e938da5d8f2da66ec785f4", "text": "He came al so still To his mother's bour, As dew in April That falleth on the flour.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00442", "bookId": 17470, "start": 175064, "end": 175166, "sha256": "f20635d412acc5ef59081cbb1faf86cfb2f1c1e39c37dda1ecbc0fcb59a18e3a", "text": "He came al so still There his mother lay, As dew in April That falleth on the spray.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00443", "bookId": 17470, "start": 175175, "end": 175273, "sha256": "f776ae6d48b12d750fda79e4a2cf258b64ac4f30c68500e9b541547a9380e334", "text": "Mother and maiden Was never none but she; Well may such a lady Goddes mother be.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00444", "bookId": 17470, "start": 175277, "end": 175378, "sha256": "6cf2b8ed993768a3777a0b7054a442005f25428aecde5a3be5013e8b064e8086", "text": "You get the most emotional note of the Ballad in such a stanza as this, from \"The Nut-Brown Maid\":--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00445", "bookId": 17470, "start": 175387, "end": 175821, "sha256": "889c4febd56a9458972a853e21405504067bb7a6379a3b28febe899e35c2e245", "text": "Though it be sung of old and young That I should be to blame, Their's be the charge that speak so large In hurting of my name; For I will prove that faithful love It is devoid of shame; In your distress and heaviness To part with you the same: And sure all tho that do not so True lovers are they none: For, in my mind, of all mankind I love but you alone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00446", "bookId": 17470, "start": 175825, "end": 176070, "sha256": "d96d0fec7db46c30eac6e7a663588018267876da7ef183e026c9bca9852bcc57", "text": "All these notes, again, you will admit to be exquisite: but they gush straight from the unsophisticated heart: they are nowise deep save in innocent emotion: they are not _thoughtful_. So when Barbour breaks out in praise of Freedom, he cries", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00447", "bookId": 17470, "start": 176079, "end": 176107, "sha256": "815ceafb52d9a5ff15f06cc5e91a8306b8732b9ca8b2a8e3afb1e45fb21968a9", "text": "A! Fredome is a noble thing!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00448", "bookId": 17470, "start": 176111, "end": 176159, "sha256": "f8106a2fe92f49fedcb659829121bfb222826d34197828033219beeb1b5e39e8", "text": "And that is really as far as he gets. He goes on", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00449", "bookId": 17470, "start": 176168, "end": 176201, "sha256": "85ea72d3608bd107825baf35d93d1f94d67e08a36cb669d30eb2d98f8f3f2629", "text": "Fredome mayse man to hafe liking.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00450", "bookId": 17470, "start": 176205, "end": 176273, "sha256": "5c047198c5baf5cc95c44078c50cbd1990e69b01ee1df88a93422db940d2f995", "text": "(Freedom makes man to choose what he likes; that is, makes him free)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00451", "bookId": 17470, "start": 176282, "end": 176517, "sha256": "67fe4550a0613db36f32f27f062862ac537d6c619080e68d8817c7c8534f8a74", "text": "Fredome all solace to man giffis, He livis at ese that frely livis! A noble hart may haif nane ese, Na ellys nocht that may him plese, Gif fredome fail'th: for fre liking Is yharnit ouer all othir thing...", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00452", "bookId": 17470, "start": 176521, "end": 176798, "sha256": "ad4216d8b856813a458018960bace39b024bfc6f59334220775dea13787a00fb", "text": "--and so on for many lines; all saying the same thing, that man yearns for Freedom and is glad when he gets it, because then he is free; all hammering out the same observed fact, but all knocking vainly on the door of thought, which never opens to explain what Freedom _is_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00453", "bookId": 17470, "start": 176802, "end": 176910, "sha256": "8d2aa5902750446446ac3a6195ed4605c906625e02ef9c11fd406128aad1c1a1", "text": "Now let us take a leap as we did with prose, and 'taking off' from the Nut-Brown Maid's artless confession,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00454", "bookId": 17470, "start": 176919, "end": 176973, "sha256": "fc7b301c495acb87072ce7242b14dd5c4a95ed3295e8dc46155ee411048c5ef2", "text": "in my mind, of all mankind I love but you alone,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00455", "bookId": 17470, "start": 176977, "end": 177021, "sha256": "c24c0da4d6c304f844715f82b936a1ce325fdb20013cf0d0e3a32cf96584e53a", "text": "let us alight on a sonnet of Shakespeare's--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00456", "bookId": 17470, "start": 177030, "end": 177714, "sha256": "840e438ad55ad10e5be370036a156079fbad5de14db662c02326371dc38cd5b6", "text": "Thy bosom is endeared with all hearts Which I by lacking have supposed dead: And there reigns Love, and all Love's loving parts, And all those friends which I thought buried. How many a holy and obsequious tear Hath dear religious love stolen from mine eye As interest of the dead!--which now appear But things removed, that hidden in thee lie. Thou art the grave where buried love doth live, Hung with the trophies of my lovers gone, Who all their parts of me to thee did give; That due of many now is mine alone: Their images I loved I view in thee, And thou, all they, hast all the all of me.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00457", "bookId": 17470, "start": 177718, "end": 177936, "sha256": "42ca794b1c59a1b3278d72b7e592b82d1ea37ea9f8fcd73dd7ed7892af1dee7a", "text": "What a new way of talking about love! Not a happier way--there is less of heart's-ease in these doubts, delicacies, subtleties--but how much more thoughtful! How has our Nut-Brown Maid eaten of the tree of knowledge!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00458", "bookId": 17470, "start": 177940, "end": 178205, "sha256": "bb6f8ec50dacf362281f95bcf0583ba20fc0bba66429462b3cdf6638be96e226", "text": "Well, there happened a Shakespeare, to do this for English Verse: and Shakespeare was a miracle which I cheerfully leave others to rationalise for you, having, for my own part and so far as I have fared in life, found more profit in a capacity for simple wonder.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00459", "bookId": 17470, "start": 178209, "end": 179019, "sha256": "a58585f790d4987df3f7e79525193a572e3ab8f2399e9836deda3518571470fc", "text": "But I can tell you how the path was made straight to that miracle. The shock of the New Learning upon Europe awoke men and unsealed men's eyes--unsealed the eyes of Englishmen in particular--to discover a literature, and the finest in the world, which _habitually philosophised life_: a literature which, whether in a chorus of Sophocles or a talk reported by Plato, or in a ribald page of Aristophanes or in a knotty chapter of Thucydides, was in one guise or another for ever asking _Why?_ 'What is man doing here, and why is he doing it?' 'What is his purpose? his destiny?' 'How stands he towards those unseen powers--call them the gods, or whatever you will--that guide and thwart, provoke, madden, control him so mysteriously?' 'What are these things we call good and evil, life, love, death?'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00460", "bookId": 17470, "start": 179023, "end": 180156, "sha256": "1ade43cd5c1b67362653705d4a2911ef27856df0a294b6e7afaa8d2cf2f9dff8", "text": "These are questions which, once raised, haunt Man until he finds an answer--some sort of answer to satisfy him. Englishmen, hitherto content with the Church's answers but now aware of this great literature which answered so differently--and having other reasons to suspect what the Church said and did--grew aware that their literature had been as a child at play. It had never philosophised good and evil, life, love or death: it had no literary forms for doing this; it had not even the vocabulary. So our ancestors saw that to catch up their lee-way--to make their report worthy of this wonderful, alluring discovery--new literary forms had to be invented--new, that is, in English: the sonnet, the drama, the verse in which the actors were to declaim, the essay, the invented tale. Then, for the vocabulary, obviously our fathers had either to go to Greek, which had invented the A.B.C. of philosophising; or to seek in the other languages which were already ahead of English in adapting that alphabet; or to give our English Words new contents, new connotations, new meanings; or lastly, to do all three together.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00461", "bookId": 17470, "start": 180160, "end": 180777, "sha256": "0789ce7c3bc7161760bb84dadfebe6061dd07688346dc580921d041ffa2a3911", "text": "Well, it was done; and in verse very fortunately done; thanks of course to many men, but thanks to two especially--to Sir Thomas Wyat, who led our poets to Italy, to study and adopt the forms in which Italy had cast its classical heritage; and to Marlowe, who impressed blank verse upon the drama. Of Marlowe I shall say nothing; for with what he achieved you are familiar enough. Of Wyat I may speak at length to you, one of these days; but here, to prepare you for what I hope to prove--that Wyat is one of the heroes of our literature--I will give you three brief reasons why we should honour his memory:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00462", "bookId": 17470, "start": 180781, "end": 180891, "sha256": "6ab934f9551b243a7377f44168ffa1fb3129ed2e60448050a81b90614a7b6dce", "text": "(1) He led the way. On the value of that service I shall content myself with quoting a passage from Newman:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00463", "bookId": 17470, "start": 180897, "end": 181576, "sha256": "121ae9f49172374d75b0ebd143a107f650c984c01197dbdf34ad3c026a486cc6", "text": "When a language has been cultivated in any particular department of thought, and so far as it has been generally perfected, an existing want has been supplied, and there is no need for further workmen. In its earliest times, while it is yet unformed, to write in it at all is almost a work of genius. It is like crossing a country before roads are made communicating between place and place. The authors of that age deserve to be Classics both because of what they do and because they can do it. It requires the courage and force of great talent to compose in the language at all; and the composition, when effected, makes a permanent impression on it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00464", "bookId": 17470, "start": 181580, "end": 181672, "sha256": "676cc96bea1becd657beb4afffc03e21a0f2b1a9cad6320577a0b08a7576aa6f", "text": "This Wyat did. He was a pioneer and opened up a new country to Englishmen. But he did more.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00465", "bookId": 17470, "start": 181676, "end": 182017, "sha256": "c83159d70eab97a6a128684070dd64d57514870b1bdececa0c5911c35ae4f451", "text": "(2) Secondly, he had the instinct to perceive that the lyric, if it would philosophise life, love, and the rest, must boldly introduce the personal note: since in fact when man asks questions about his fortune or destiny he asks them most effectively in the first person. 'What am _I_ doing? Why are _we_ mortal? Why do _I_ love _thee_?'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00466", "bookId": 17470, "start": 182021, "end": 182064, "sha256": "2061752537cc41b0544d7a8e4438075b06f579ec1c1a5b79d81e7625e3ef176b", "text": "This again Wyat did: and again he did more.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00467", "bookId": 17470, "start": 182068, "end": 182414, "sha256": "579e371ff282c3a315fbdb939618101f1e2d04bca1a9d4a9122b16d55f61317c", "text": "For (3) thirdly--and because of this I am surest of his genius--again and again, using new thoughts in unfamiliar forms, he wrought out the result in language so direct, economical, natural, easy, that I know to this day no one who can better Wyat's best in combining straight speech with melodious cadence. Take the lines _Is it possible?_--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00468", "bookId": 17470, "start": 182423, "end": 182574, "sha256": "cde7658dfacb3968e46f4be31fbeb3f73f86398a15ea765f3052ff1e553977b0", "text": "Is it possible? For to turn so oft; To bring that lowest that was most aloft: And to fall highest, yet to light soft? Is it possible?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00469", "bookId": 17470, "start": 182583, "end": 182734, "sha256": "b9b306eb16863d4fdceb2cba77a0f19b9b029171a6ae09bc4f228bd5ebe70874", "text": "All is possible! Whoso list believe; Trust therefore first, and after preve; As men wed ladies by licence and leave, All is possible!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00470", "bookId": 17470, "start": 182738, "end": 182748, "sha256": "ba3f584188b998a3efd7359fa1ed051b9a23d75abb801ec0a6cc208b80e94e54", "text": "or again--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00471", "bookId": 17470, "start": 182757, "end": 182894, "sha256": "5f9d4ffcff33a255de5648483160ebdb6f851013f5fef909888c19f5106f22e8", "text": "Forget not! O forget not this!-- How long ago hath been, and is, The mind that never meant amiss: Forget not yet!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00472", "bookId": 17470, "start": 182898, "end": 182943, "sha256": "8e6ed7ddf081564a9627a5260270296b10966dc111ddd89d9a76d2cd653dd74f", "text": "or again (can personal note go straighter?)--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00473", "bookId": 17470, "start": 182952, "end": 183149, "sha256": "8e7ac8648ce4658e28995c63945b8a8f1fd108e729cc11a6b56ee97b0661d457", "text": "And wilt thou leave me thus? Say nay, say nay, for shame! To save thee from the blame --Of all my grief and grame. And wilt thou leave me thus? Say nay! say nay!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00474", "bookId": 17470, "start": 183153, "end": 183224, "sha256": "50fbaae1aebac41b97af8ef18443192211ad96da8b6ce264df258f71b5adf126", "text": "(Say 'nay,' say 'nay'; and don't say, 'the answer is in the negative.')", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00475", "bookId": 17470, "start": 183228, "end": 183331, "sha256": "fbff9db07203586ee0e9af00a37ed936549c6f740328ecabe39d304b8bbccfc7", "text": "No: I have yet to mention the straightest, most natural of them all, and will read it to you in full--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00476", "bookId": 17470, "start": 183340, "end": 183512, "sha256": "3b5a6e0c75f46981c578336bf06c4c833e50111a7fc8bf2fd919e5ad72b50a83", "text": "What should I say? Since Faith is dead And Truth away From you is fled? Should I be led With doubleness? Nay! nay! mistress.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00477", "bookId": 17470, "start": 183521, "end": 183685, "sha256": "86fc7e37761e06973ae91076939368b51ce0aa7266e8254ed79c172c8dcb15cd", "text": "I promised you And you promised me To be as true As I would be: But since I see Your double heart, Farewell my part!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00478", "bookId": 17470, "start": 183694, "end": 183857, "sha256": "8c8fc522f9752863fa75f1e87de6764c3e62352c2b2cab9bed8b2a6107147ba6", "text": "Thought for to take Is not my mind; But to forsake One so unkind; And as I find, So will I trust, Farewell, unjust!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00479", "bookId": 17470, "start": 183866, "end": 184030, "sha256": "9104f314245fd5eac7031ac793c1e0d8807c7875694cda134980c606f2c1acc5", "text": "Can ye say nay But that you said That I alway Should be obeyed? And--thus betrayed Or that I wist! Farewell, unkist!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00480", "bookId": 17470, "start": 184034, "end": 184653, "sha256": "f5c12b4c66ad9ed31616de639479b9f23b98c0e66939d6ea35cbc272ed1f871a", "text": "I observe it noted on p. 169 of Volume iii of \"The Cambridge History of English Literature\" that Wyat 'was a pioneer and perfection was not to be expected of him. He has been described as a man stumbling over obstacles, continually falling but always pressing forward.' I know not to what wiseacre we owe that pronouncement: but what do you think of it, after the lyric I have just quoted? I observe, further, on p. 23 of the same volume of the same work, that the Rev. T. M. Lindsay, D.D., Principal of the Glasgow College of the United Free Church of Scotland, informs us of Wilson's \"Arte of Rhetorique\" that", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00481", "bookId": 17470, "start": 184659, "end": 185450, "sha256": "3b1b0dd6bd7206eefcf21c3f1453ca5d5c188b4d55a103a4ab73517a66b03e8e", "text": "there is little or no originality in the volume, save, perhaps, the author's condemnation of the use of French and Italian phrases and idioms, which he complains are 'counterfeiting the kinges Englishe.' The warnings of Wilson will not seem untimely if to be remembered that the earlier English poets of the period--Sir Thomas Wyatt the elder, and the Earl of Surrey--drew their inspiration from Petrarch and Ariosto, that their earlier attempts at poetry were translations from Italian sonnets, and that their maturer efforts were imitations of the sweet and stately measures and style of Italian poesie. The polish which men like Wyatt and Surrey were praised for giving to our 'rude and homely manner of vulgar poesie' might have led to some degeneration.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00482", "bookId": 17470, "start": 185454, "end": 185522, "sha256": "0f29356e4c96460151638059c7f02ff85890f2cca0f2b9cd32e9c55cd3532526", "text": "Might it, indeed? As another Dominie would have said, 'Pro-digious.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00483", "bookId": 17470, "start": 185532, "end": 185597, "sha256": "fca2a462e1e60c8f0918f752246bc6ae576cfd1a3ddaacb237e0a92c015cfa50", "text": "(Thought for to take Is not my mind; But to forsake", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00484", "bookId": 17470, "start": 185601, "end": 185679, "sha256": "3e66b0bd2b5f0601a385ad999d9a401b0fe602d3bd3ce489c04d20cebd091e03", "text": "This Principal of the Glasgow College of the United Free Church of Scotland--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00485", "bookId": 17470, "start": 185689, "end": 185708, "sha256": "1a2ffe13ba53c20855d541a078077989dde423460a007777210e97d098373e50", "text": "Farewell unkiss'd!)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00486", "bookId": 17470, "start": 185712, "end": 185916, "sha256": "ffedc93ff0305dbb89bc16e410174f70d6c17f5776fa2ba1a5967d3bfc8b9cd0", "text": "But I have lingered too long with this favourite poet of mine and left myself room only to hand you the thread by following which you will come to the melodious philosophising of Shakespeare's Sonnets--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00487", "bookId": 17470, "start": 185925, "end": 186098, "sha256": "6931c238f05c6dcec43c0b6a595b205a3df967df05eb0d09b938bb27bb3548a0", "text": "Let me not to the marriage of true Minds Admit impediment. Love is not love Which alters where it alteration finds Or bends with the remover to remove.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00488", "bookId": 17470, "start": 186102, "end": 186465, "sha256": "eb35bbff9b5cb66da7a62d7f708a67fedc0cbe43bc7631ace3ed4002cf4a64b6", "text": "Note the Latin words 'impediment,' 'alteration,' 'remove.' We are using the language of philosophy here or, rather, the 'universal language,' which had taken over the legacy of Greek. You may trace the use of it growing as, for example, you trace it through the Elizabethan song-books: and then (as I said) comes Shakespeare, and with Shakespeare the miracle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00489", "bookId": 17470, "start": 186469, "end": 187234, "sha256": "e3c09af682a40bccd5ca6b7f8daac02f2e5952083d7b42f3da79f6e536f0c396", "text": "The education of Prose was more difficult, and went through more violent convulsions. I suppose that the most of us--if, after reading a quantity of Elizabethan prose, we had the courage to tell plain truth, undaunted by the name of a great epoch--would confess to finding the mass of it clotted in sense as well as unmusical in sound, a disappointment almost intolerable after the simple melodious clarity of Malory and Berners. I, at any rate, must own that the most of Elizabethan prose pleases me little; and I speak not of Elizabethan prose at its worst, of such stuff as disgraced the already disgraceful Martin Marprelate Controversy, but of such as a really ingenious and ingenuous man like Thomas Nashe could write at his average. For a sample:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00490", "bookId": 17470, "start": 187240, "end": 187988, "sha256": "705db7b3655db68480455b122f3cf73ce5105af1f4bc407a9283c85aceac11ec", "text": "English Seneca read by candle-light yields many good sentences such as 'Blood is a beggar' and so forth; and if you entreat him fair on a frosty morning, he will afford you whole Hamlets, I should say handfuls of tragical speeches.... Sufficeth them [that is, modern followers of Seneca] to bodge up a blank verse with if's and and's, and others, while for recreation after their candle-stuff, having starched their beards most curiously, to make a peripatetical path into the inner parts of the city, and spend two or three hours in turning over the French _Doudie_, where they attract more infection in one minute than they can do eloquence all the days of their life by conversing with any authors of like argument.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00491", "bookId": 17470, "start": 187992, "end": 188326, "sha256": "6a8fbc56297afc7a501aa3021bf3784e2419e2e9c02ae847583e35590ca01f40", "text": "This may be worth studying historically, to understand the difficulties our prose had to encounter and overcome. But no one would seriously propose it as a model for those who would write well, which is our present business. I have called it 'clotted.' It is, to use a word of the time, 'farced' with conceits; it needs straining.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00492", "bookId": 17470, "start": 188330, "end": 188717, "sha256": "6fe2ab225e6227b8d80499a4cadf0099363e1e15d76af99e114898980a9d77be", "text": "Its one merit consists in this, that it is struggling, fumbling, to say something: that is, to _make_ something. It is not, like modern Jargon, trying to dodge something. English prose, in short, just here is passing through a period of puberty, of green sickness: and, looking at it historically, we may own that its throes are commensurate with the stature of the grown man to be.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00493", "bookId": 17470, "start": 188721, "end": 188898, "sha256": "883a0db851e3a2334351b19eeeb33b00dd6790a7b697795050c9882bbb63e5b6", "text": "These throes tear it every way. On the one hand we have Ascham, pendantically enough, apologising that he writes in the English tongue (yet with a sure instinct he does it):--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00494", "bookId": 17470, "start": 188904, "end": 189443, "sha256": "570d7838f968862400119ecb76b965abd35418342d589e1886d8264cfaf863b3", "text": "If any man would blame me, either for taking such a matter in hand, or else for writing it in the English tongue, this answer I may make him, that what the best of the realm think it honest for them to use, I, one of the meanest sort, ought not to suppose it vile for me to write... And as for the Latin or Greek tongue, everything is so excellently done in them that none can do better. In the English tongue, contrary, everything in a manner so meanly, both for the matter and the handling, that no man can do worse.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00495", "bookId": 17470, "start": 189447, "end": 189711, "sha256": "212106f15391822fc304876d249b237f0a30b745ec30c1778b821fb728477f72", "text": "On the other hand you have Euphuism with its antithetical tricks and poises, taking all prose by storm for a time: Euphuism, to be revived two hundred years later, and find a new avatar in the Johnsonian balance; Euphuism, dead now, yet alive enough in its day.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00496", "bookId": 17470, "start": 189715, "end": 190028, "sha256": "69236983dcd5a9aceda13cff762f70b456849bd99c97fde1bc0899ea7270813c", "text": "For all these writers were alive: and I tell you it is an inspiriting thing to be alive and trying to write English. All these authors were alive and trying to _do_ something. Unconsciously for the most part they were striving to philosophise the vocabulary of English prose and find a rhythm for its periods.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00497", "bookId": 17470, "start": 190032, "end": 190120, "sha256": "1b31e6c2dedd507af3adf5e9651527d261ec643dce5714c296615c4de8de9450", "text": "And then, as already had happened to our Verse, to our Prose too there befel a miracle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00498", "bookId": 17470, "start": 190124, "end": 190216, "sha256": "6baeba7758217cb873af97b97a851027a9413053993a39d6b0d1c884e76725a2", "text": "You will not ask me 'What miracle?' I mean, of course, the Authorised Version of the Bible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00499", "bookId": 17470, "start": 190220, "end": 192084, "sha256": "8f80eafceaefe88cf42e449386ab41196d86347c77fbf3108871a9eafdbedc80", "text": "I grant you, to be sure, that the path to the Authorised Version was made straight by previous translators, notably by William Tyndale. I grant you that Tyndale was a man of genius, and Wyclif before him a man of genius. I grant you that the forty-seven men who produced the Authorised Version worked in the main upon Tyndale's version, taking that for their basis. Nay, if you choose to say that Tyndale was a miracle in himself, I cheerfully grant you that as well. But, in a lecture one must not multiply miracles _praeter necessitatem_; and when Tyndale has been granted you have yet to face the miracle that forty-seven men--not one of them known, outside of this performance, for any superlative talent--sat in committee and almost consistently, over a vast extent of work--improved upon what Genius had done. I give you the word of an old committee-man that this is not the way of committees--that only by miracle is it the way of any committee. Doubtless the forty-seven were all good men and godly: but doubtless also good and godly were the Dean and Chapter who dealt with Alfred Steven's tomb of the Duke of Wellington in St Paul's Cathedral; and you know what _they_ did. Individual genius such as Tyndale's or even Shakespeare's, though we cannot explain it, we may admit as occurring somehow, and not incredibly, in the course of nature. But that a large committee of forty-seven should have gone steadily through the great mass of Holy Writ, seldom interfering with genius, yet, when interfering, seldom missing to improve: that a committee of forty-seven should have captured (or even, let us say, should have retained and improved) a rhythm so personal, so constant, that our Bible has the voice of one author speaking through its many mouths: that, Gentlemen, is a wonder before which I can only stand humble and aghast.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00500", "bookId": 17470, "start": 192088, "end": 192557, "sha256": "6cd74bbbff17fda5c3f1960c8714b64b09805b13de9370782155d6a9fddfdfbb", "text": "Does it or does it not strike you as queer that the people who set you 'courses of study' in English Literature never include the Authorised Version, which not only intrinsically but historically is out and away the greatest book of English Prose. Perhaps they can pay you the silent compliment of supposing that you are perfectly acquainted with it?... I wonder. It seems as if they thought the Martin Marprelate Controversy, for example, more important somehow.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00501", "bookId": 17470, "start": 192563, "end": 192674, "sha256": "536f00cc5e7f45fac9a5c7230f8c096a54db44f9e113640102ef46a2321e36bf", "text": "'So when this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put on immortality...'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00502", "bookId": 17470, "start": 192680, "end": 192844, "sha256": "1fcf637963235d151e195e670e28e943ae4fbd2c68d446c2ba3fa6d4c816a31d", "text": "'Many waters cannot quench love, neither can the floods drown it: if a man would give all the substance of his house for love, it would utterly be contemned.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00503", "bookId": 17470, "start": 192850, "end": 192931, "sha256": "b4d8326599516bcc3d3d5879e55943832b580fa91776dc4d011d76484c9fc4b4", "text": "'The king's daughter is all glorious within: her clothing is of wrought gold.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00504", "bookId": 17470, "start": 192937, "end": 193035, "sha256": "574f71fdb11e0beeac01ee77649be99a963cf1717f8a9a5643c20d16157e0321", "text": "'Thine eyes shall see the King in his beauty: they shall behold the land that is very far off.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00505", "bookId": 17470, "start": 193041, "end": 193214, "sha256": "bc0a527295581dc253ca3334bb4a5f2f3388622d2c3184990e8d8104e224c15a", "text": "'And a man shall be as an hiding-place from the wind, and a covert from the tempest; as rivers of water in a dry place, as the shadow of a great rock in a weary land.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00506", "bookId": 17470, "start": 193218, "end": 194597, "sha256": "67860769e698579a72b5a02241fa70dedb6d458965b2652711a7b0b56730e1cd", "text": "When a nation has achieved this manner of diction, those rhythms for its dearest beliefs, a literature is surely established. Just there I find the effective miracle, making the blind to see, the lame to leap. Wyclif, Tyndale, Coverdale and others before the forty-seven had wrought. The Authorised Version, setting a seal on all, set a seal on our national style, thinking and speaking. It has cadences homely and sublime, yet so harmonises them that the voice is always one. Simple men--holy and humble men of heart like Isaak Walton or Bunyan--have their lips touched and speak to the homelier tune. Proud men, scholars,--Milton, Sir Thomas Browne--practice the rolling Latin sentence; but upon the rhythms of our Bible they, too, fall back. 'The great mutations of the world are acted, or time may be too short for our designs.' 'Acquaint thyself with the Choragium of the stars.' 'There is nothing immortal but immortality.' The precise man Addison cannot excel one parable in brevity or in heavenly clarity: the two parts of Johnson's antithesis come to no more than this 'Our Lord has gone up to the sound of a trump: with the sound of a trump our Lord has gone up.' The Bible controls its enemy Gibbon as surely as it haunts the curious music of a light sentence of Thackeray's. It is in everything we see, hear, feel, because it is in us, in our blood.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00507", "bookId": 17470, "start": 194601, "end": 194991, "sha256": "04a1d4fd765f25f0d4ef034c32d731b57c91bd0189b17d34ab069d3f4986b9ee", "text": "What madman, then, will say 'Thus or thus far shalt thou go' to a prose thus invented and thus with its free rhythms, after three hundred years, working on the imagination of Englishmen? Or who shall determine its range, whether of thought or of music? You have received it by inheritance, Gentlemen: it is yours, freely yours--to direct your words through life as well as your hearts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00508", "bookId": 17470, "start": 195001, "end": 195012, "sha256": "27bf99e4c85b47fc50b6f63d89513bb3c4e57eb3d0054ab24c1be274f7661ee2", "text": "LECTURE VII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00509", "bookId": 17470, "start": 195016, "end": 195042, "sha256": "8508127979ca90f901a57b3be03a3e0d7129cec8a8d7a30a6e2b400b8a8d206c", "text": "SOME PRINCIPLES REAFFIRMED", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00510", "bookId": 17470, "start": 195046, "end": 195062, "sha256": "0e12f7d0e02be7b482b598f891348b6fa7d944169979cac1f003cd2adda350c9", "text": "Thursday, May 29", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00511", "bookId": 17470, "start": 195068, "end": 195547, "sha256": "905f64db8abd4a46d6f3f50f83f6be4e46e41a730fefe27473b2811fa6c582c4", "text": "Let me begin to-day, Gentlemen, with a footnote to my last lecture. It ended, as you may remember, upon an earnest appeal to you, if you would write good English, to study the Authorised Version of the Scriptures; to learn from it, moreover, how by mastering _rhythm_, our Prose overcame the capital difficulty of Prose and attuned itself to rival its twin instrument, Verse; compassing almost equally with Verse man's thought however sublime, his emotion however profound.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00512", "bookId": 17470, "start": 195551, "end": 196000, "sha256": "86dd87a1b43d6e5cea296d6a85804dfc9d93765a0dda33960ed3c1a26a4ce69f", "text": "Now in the course of my remarks I happened--maybe a little incautiously--to call the Authorised Version a 'miracle'; using that word in a colloquial sense, in which no doubt you accepted it; meaning no more than that the thing passed my understanding. I have allowed that the famous forty-seven owed an immense deal to earlier translators--to the Bishops, to Tyndale, to the Wyclif Version, as themselves allowed it eagerly in their preface:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00513", "bookId": 17470, "start": 196006, "end": 196338, "sha256": "4cd686dae56ff837b4edf4e7132cafbc08b866ecb459953a94be2e033517c024", "text": "Truly (good Christian reader) wee never thought from the beginning that we should needs to make a new Translation, nor yet to make of a bad one a good one ... but to make a good one better, or out of many good ones one principall good one, not justly to be excepted against: that hath bene our indeavour, that our marke.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00514", "bookId": 17470, "start": 196342, "end": 196388, "sha256": "6c04d7a28d1f6cfe9b5a790ad299ae2e33964ab872a2e9fb03c1673c37d8112b", "text": "(See [Footnote 1] at the end of this lecture.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00515", "bookId": 17470, "start": 196392, "end": 196839, "sha256": "c84c21a98fb544271cfe2d6cb28b8a7281ec2848493c503aa6b861696c114f02", "text": "Nevertheless the Authorised Version astounds me, as I believe it will astound you when you compare it with earlier translations. Aristotle (it has been said) invented Chance to cover the astonishing fact that there were certain phenomena for which he found himself wholly unable to account. Just so, if one may compare very small things with very great, I spoke of the Authorised Version as a 'miracle.' It was, it remains, marvellous to me.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00516", "bookId": 17470, "start": 196843, "end": 197145, "sha256": "7a24ff0cbba489ba52b35ed77c7854a55bf299ef6f61b895b943c2f0aabb9a1f", "text": "Should these deciduous discourses ever come to be pressed within the leaves of a book, I believe their general meaning will be as clear to readers as I hope it is to you who give me so much pleasure by pursuing them--almost (shall I say?) like Wordsworth's Kitten with those other falling leaves:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00517", "bookId": 17470, "start": 197154, "end": 197221, "sha256": "f74b2df660bfb8198f4d2b1e235e84523c3a92528fa7f130bb495514a870cee6", "text": "That almost I could repine That your transports are not mine.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00518", "bookId": 17470, "start": 197225, "end": 197490, "sha256": "74f816907321f77fc0230fd6a0a883ff98ccf88261a68123b780ce1fc3545479", "text": "But meanwhile certain writers in the newspapers are assuming that by this word 'miracle' I meant to suggest to you a something like plenary inspiration at once supernatural and so authoritative that it were sacrilege now to alter their text by one jot or tittle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00519", "bookId": 17470, "start": 197494, "end": 197831, "sha256": "bf80777653abfaed71ab4d14fde40f4dc3a12e9eb44246e17023e83132cd4a00", "text": "Believe me, I intended nothing of the sort: for that, in my plain opinion, would be to make a fetish of the book. One of these days I hope to discuss with you what inspiration is: with what accuracy--with what meaning, if any--we can say of a poet that he is inspired; questions which have puzzled many wise men from Plato downwards.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00520", "bookId": 17470, "start": 197835, "end": 198654, "sha256": "4ec00bfb4605e64a3e8bfd7a2c88521c891fadb7472549a3ea1859ab46b059dd", "text": "But certainly I never dreamt of claiming plenary inspiration for the forty-seven. Nay, if you will have it, they now and again wrote stark nonsense. Remember that I used this very same word 'miracle' of Shakespeare, meaning again that the total Shakespeare quite outpasses my comprehension; yet Shakespeare, too, on occasion talks stark nonsense, or at any rate stark bombast. He never blotted a line--'I would he had blotted a thousand' says Ben Jonson: and Ben Jonson was right. Shakespeare could have blotted out two or three thousand lines: he was great enough to afford it. Somewhere Matthew Arnold supposes us as challenging Shakespeare over this and that weak or bombastic passage, and Shakespeare answering with his tolerant smile, that no doubt we were right, but after all, 'Did it greatly matter?'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00521", "bookId": 17470, "start": 198658, "end": 199043, "sha256": "9a817fd41b147d332b8436eee1c122f6bd6d6bab5c2596bbaef71900de1bb996", "text": "So we offer no real derogation to the forty-seven in asserting that here and there they wrote nonsense. They could afford it. But we do stultify criticism if, adoring the grand total of wisdom and beauty, we prostrate ourselves indiscriminately before what is good and what is bad, what is sublime sense and what is nonsense, and forbid any reviser to put forth a hand to the ark.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00522", "bookId": 17470, "start": 199047, "end": 199171, "sha256": "bf43a0a88873136508719be17b272e964d50c5fde8f9bd443039fd28f150260b", "text": "The most of us Christians go to church on Christmas Day, and there we listen to this from Isaiah, chapter ix, verses 1-7:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00523", "bookId": 17470, "start": 199180, "end": 199461, "sha256": "70cb587428549849bf6775f8cfa23ed46b4ac8356dc9a3594b9ec7b5f61d9d3d", "text": "Nevertheless the dimness shall not be such as was in her vexation, when at the first he lightly afflicted the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, and afterwards did more grievously afflict her by the way of the sea, beyond Jordan, in Galilee of the nations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00524", "bookId": 17470, "start": 199470, "end": 199626, "sha256": "47270b14ac52f90892797c0c6286160b9b3db6e678fff77314031b5bf7478962", "text": "The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light: they that dwell in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00525", "bookId": 17470, "start": 199635, "end": 199807, "sha256": "357782b2396d1c7c46f4de5990090864e0c614cad51d1c5ad12535cb102c0052", "text": "Thou hast multiplied the nation, and not increased the joy: they joy before thee according to the joy in harvest, and as men rejoice when they divide the spoil.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00526", "bookId": 17470, "start": 199816, "end": 199948, "sha256": "7da67d55c9d191107b7e0ce6af4830b5cf818c657f88a9d58a590040a2beef5f", "text": "For thou hast broken the yoke of his burden, and the staff of his shoulder, the rod of his oppressor, as in the day of Midian.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00527", "bookId": 17470, "start": 199957, "end": 200103, "sha256": "19adbbef5344dfa48b0e0b9eb5ed52c4eea6d513a2dd2983fc7a20f6431669c7", "text": "For every battle of the warrior is with confused noise, and garments rolled in blood: but this shall be with burning and fuel of fire.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00528", "bookId": 17470, "start": 200112, "end": 200164, "sha256": "2c6837f7d9ae87d5eb12647cbed34d864b97b6ff648ff1da9c46facd6ac6ae3d", "text": "For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00529", "bookId": 17470, "start": 200168, "end": 200974, "sha256": "4996b955854d3afb978ae62af2ab1d802e49893b3a260becd9f38f18843458bd", "text": "The forty-seven keep their majestic rhythm. But have you ever, sitting in church on a Christmas morning, asked yourself what it all means, or if it mean anything more than a sing-song according somehow with the holly and ivy around the pillars? _'Thou hast multiplied the nation, and not increased the joy: they joy before thee according to the joy in harvest,'_ But why--if the joy be not increased? _'For every battle of the warrior is with confused noise, and garments rolled in blood: but this shall be with burning and fuel of fire.'_ Granted the rhythmical antithesis, where is the real antithesis, the difference, the improvement? If a battle there must be, how is burning better than garments rolled in blood? And, in fine, what is it all about? Now let us turn to the Revised Version:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00530", "bookId": 17470, "start": 200983, "end": 201257, "sha256": "62782770a2cd852afaffe75d8ce99470319e18ce7947823618818fd5567235a8", "text": "But there shall be no gloom to her that was in anguish. In the former time he brought into contempt the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, but in the latter time hath he made it glorious, by the way of the sea, beyond Jordan, Galilee of the nations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00531", "bookId": 17470, "start": 201266, "end": 201595, "sha256": "73446874fe0f2a4b1e0e42909905349694273e1bd05d158d5cb6cb62673e4eae", "text": "The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light: they that dwelt in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined. Thou hast multiplied the nation, thou hast increased their joy: they joy before thee according to the joy in harvest, as men rejoice when they divide the spoil.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00532", "bookId": 17470, "start": 201604, "end": 201736, "sha256": "c6413b23efd36cc98ee07753ec82bfb0ef3ba5676ef6d441d475d2e0999951ec", "text": "For the yoke of his burden, and the staff of his shoulder, the rod of his oppressor, thou hast broken as in the day of Midian.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00533", "bookId": 17470, "start": 201745, "end": 201886, "sha256": "c33659c94d56ca471076bd2448665d015b9e892e820f877b63bdaa1e50ac41c4", "text": "For all the armour of the armed man in the tumult, and the garments rolled in blood, shall even be for burning, for fuel of fire.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00534", "bookId": 17470, "start": 201895, "end": 202113, "sha256": "43e4ed1639ebb7e7edc1b7652aef0ba8906f5c5dca78364269f980d6295315a4", "text": "For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given; and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00535", "bookId": 17470, "start": 202117, "end": 204189, "sha256": "5109567d7a044def8d3d8ee7ccb4b3374dc56e02e67969d0dd87465bdb75d58a", "text": "I say (knowing no Hebrew, merely assuming our Revisers to be at least no worse scholars than the forty-seven) that here, with the old cadences kept so far as possible, we are given sense in place of nonsense: and I ask you to come to the Revised Version with a fair mind. I myself came to it with some prejudice; in complete ignorance of Hebrew, and with no more than the usual amount of Hellenistic Greek. I grant at once that the Revised New Testament was a literary fiasco; largely due (if gossip may be trusted) to trouble with the Greek Aorist, and an unwise decision--in my opinion the most gratuitously unwise a translator can take--to use one and the same English word, always and in every connotation, as representing one and the same Greek word: for in any two languages few words are precisely equivalent. A fiasco at any rate the Revised New Testament was, deserving in a dozen ways and in a thousand passages the scorn which Professor Saintsbury has recently heaped on it. But I protest against the injustice of treating the two Revisions--of the New Testament and of the Old--as a single work, and saddling the whole with the sins of a part. For two years I spent half-an-hour daily in reading the Authorised and Revised Versions side by side, marking as I went, and in this way worked through the whole--Old Testament, Apocrypha, New Testament. I came to it (as I have said) with some prejudice; but I closed the books on a conviction, which my notes sustain for me, that the Revisers of the Old Testament performed their task delicately, scrupulously, on the whole with great good judgment; that the critic does a wrong who brings them under his indiscriminate censure; that on the whole they have clarified the sense of the Authorised Version while respecting its consecrated rhythms; and that--to name an example, that you may test my words and judge for yourselves--the solemn splendour of that most wonderful poem, the story of Job, [Greek: dialampei], 'shines through' the new translation as it never shone through the old.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00536", "bookId": 17470, "start": 204203, "end": 204248, "sha256": "7371a9c0deb54baacefb46921f7b8b8209acfdf5dc42f7cfa6da0ea311923f5f", "text": "* * * * *", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00537", "bookId": 17470, "start": 204252, "end": 204346, "sha256": "999b57b3324b28c4be000be63f72834b4c604c4a29a6adaa65a21ad942c0cf48", "text": "And now Gentlemen (as George Herbert said on a famous occasion), let us tune our instruments.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00538", "bookId": 17470, "start": 204350, "end": 204514, "sha256": "613cade70d740e47a19c17643455ea41ce7ee793d9e3dcca4b6ae887779721b8", "text": "Before discussing with you another and highly important question of style in writing, I will ask you to look back for a few moments on the road we have travelled.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00539", "bookId": 17470, "start": 204518, "end": 204865, "sha256": "25dd384785dbcdb6764f6e81523480ae49140f0e837c87ea82bb1873b1b73dba", "text": "We have agreed that our writing should be _appropriate_: that it should fit the occasion; that it should rise and fall with the subject, be grave where that is serious, where it is light not afraid of what Stevenson in \"The Wrong Box\" calls 'a little judicious levity.' If your writing observe these precepts, it will be well-mannered writing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00540", "bookId": 17470, "start": 204869, "end": 205612, "sha256": "ba54a0af4828db22d5071bd156a9679c65c953623b49307a629d376476ff0bf7", "text": "To be sure, much in addition will depend on yourself--on what you are or have made yourself, since in writing the style can never be separated from the man. But neither can it in the practice of virtue: yet, though men differ in character, I do not observe that moralists forbear from laying down general rules of excellence. Now if you will recall our further conclusion, that writing to be good must be persuasive (since persuasion is the only true intellectual process), and will test this by a passage of Newman's I am presently to quote to you, from his famous 'definition of a gentleman,' I think you will guess pretty accurately the general law of excellence I would have you, as Cambridge men, tribally and particularly obey.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00541", "bookId": 17470, "start": 205616, "end": 205667, "sha256": "ec636f10c4fa81df65c7354fff48cadb83a8f9eb919c25fbaff6c305f0a27210", "text": "Newman says of a gentleman that among other things:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00542", "bookId": 17470, "start": 205673, "end": 206410, "sha256": "064ddcf7d1513c5bdb6fcd9c317aa6e267fc4642896c0201df1d7163cc50f1e2", "text": "He is never mean or little in his disputes, never takes unfair advantage, never mistakes personalities or sharp sayings for arguments, or insinuates evil which he dare not say out.... If he engages in controversy of any kind, his disciplined intellect preserves him from the blundering discourtesy of better perhaps, but less educated minds; who, like blunt weapons, tear and hack instead of cutting clean, who mistake the point in argument, waste their strength on trifles, misconceive their adversary, and leave the question more involved than they found it. He may be right or wrong in his opinion: but he is too clear-sighted to be unjust. He is simple as he is forcible, and as brief as he is decisive.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00543", "bookId": 17470, "start": 206414, "end": 206588, "sha256": "c113439a6efe29cd8c79cca105ae400dc4341009b2030fbd13cafe6233d558bd", "text": "Enough for the moment on this subject: but commit these words to your hearts, and you will not only triumph in newspaper controversy. You will do better: you will avoid it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00544", "bookId": 17470, "start": 206592, "end": 208321, "sha256": "1d0142a284ba7b2298d68888aefac1af28e9ce334dce94783f7f90e7b602e762", "text": "To proceed.--We found further that our writing should be _accurate_: because language expresses thought--is, indeed, the only expression of thought--and if we lack the skill to speak precisely, our thought will remain confused, ill-defined. The editor of a mining paper in Denver, U.S.A., boldly the other day laid down this law, that niceties of language were mere 'frills': all a man needed was to 'get there,' that is, to say what he wished in his own way. But just here, we found, lies the mischief. You will not get there by hammering away on your own untutored impulse. You must first be your own reader, chiselling out the thought definitely for yourself: and, after that, must carve out the intaglio yet more sharply and neatly, if you would impress its image accurately upon the wax of other men's minds. We found that even for Men of Science this neat clean carving of words was a very necessary accomplishment. As Sir James Barrie once observed, 'The Man of Science appears to be the only man who has something to say, just now--and the only man who does not know how to say it.' But the trouble by no means ends with Science. Our poets--those gifted strangely prehensile men who, as I said in my first lecture, seem to be born with filaments by which they apprehend, and along which they conduct, the half-secrets of life to us ordinary mortals--our poets would appear to be scamping artistic labour, neglecting to reduce the vague impressions to the clearly cut image which is, after all, what helps. It may be a triumph that they have taught modern French poetry to be suggestive. I think it would be more profitable could they learn from France--that nation of fine workmen--to be definite.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00545", "bookId": 17470, "start": 208325, "end": 208510, "sha256": "b1acb501682660055227ae43d5ef1c7cf326321d41319376c5cf7134061692f6", "text": "But about 'getting there'--I ask you to remember Wolfe, with the seal of his fate on him, stepping into his bateau on the dark St. Lawrence River and quoting as they tided him over:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00546", "bookId": 17470, "start": 208519, "end": 208701, "sha256": "9fa0503a762f0c58c11ef94ec270f5d5bbe0eff8b11230f866c9b96d6a1231b8", "text": "The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, Await alike th' inevitable hour; The paths of glory lead but to the grave.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00547", "bookId": 17470, "start": 208705, "end": 209120, "sha256": "b38083b2790d3ad8851836d66afced378fb31bd5d3288f9746e124df340069e8", "text": "'I had rather have written those lines,' said Wolfe, 'than conquer Canada.' That is how our forefathers valued noble writing. The Denver editor holds that you may write as you please so long as you get there. Well, Wolfe got there: and so, in Wolfe's opinion, did Gray: but perhaps to Wolfe and Gray, and to the Denver editor, 'there' happened to mean two different places. Wolfe got to the Heights of Abraham.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00548", "bookId": 17470, "start": 209124, "end": 210405, "sha256": "07255f5d92106721d1f2c2a2677dd8be825fece8b99267061ed0a40c80ac3df2", "text": "Further, it was against this loose adaptation of words to thought and to things that we protested in our interpolated lecture on Jargon, which is not so much bad writing as the avoidance of writing. The man who employs Jargon does not get 'there' at all, even in a raw rough pioneering fashion: he just walks around 'there' in the ambient tracks of others. Let me fly as high as I can and quote you two recent achievements by Cabinet Ministers, as reported in the Press:--(1) 'Mr McKenna's reasons for releasing from Holloway Prison Miss Lenton while on remand charged _in connexion with_ (sweet phrase!) the firing of the tea pavilion in Kew Gardens are given in a letter which he has _caused to be forwarded_ to a correspondent who inquired _as to_ the circumstances of the release. The letter says \"I am desired by the Home Secretary to say that Lilian Lenton was reported by the medical officer at Holloway Prison to be in a state of collapse and in imminent danger of death _consequent upon_ her refusal to take food. Three courses were open--(1) To leave her to die; (2) To attempt to feed her forcibly, which the medical officer advised would probably entail death in her existing condition: (3) To release her. The Home Secretary adopted the last course.\"'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00549", "bookId": 17470, "start": 210409, "end": 210618, "sha256": "071529bfa4eab9ed1cf29dd5473aa607a22be390ffa324fe2b6d91e5fe75688f", "text": "'Would probably entail death in her existing condition'! Will anyone tell me how Mr McKenna or anyone else could kill, or (as he prefers to put it) entail death upon, Miss Lenton in a non-existing condition?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00550", "bookId": 17470, "start": 210622, "end": 210900, "sha256": "76453ab69224ae9998b35131f1f1985da0c7d9a0b291a64c9eafd98f0d782c22", "text": "(2) Next take the Chancellor of the Exchequer. As we know, the Chancellor of the Exchequer can use incisive speech when he chooses. On May 8th as reported in next day's \"Morning Post,\" Mr Lloyd George, answering a question, delivered himself of this to an attentive Senate:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00551", "bookId": 17470, "start": 210906, "end": 211426, "sha256": "83563b9faada3d9239e7993b47e04a79a3c277718218309e660342961686a8bf", "text": "With regard to Mr Noel Buxton's questions, I cannot answer for an enquiry which is _of a private and confidential character_, for although I am associated with it I am not associated with it as a Minister of the Crown.... Those enquiries are of a very careful systematic and scientific character, and are being conducted by the ablest investigators in this country, some of whom have reputations of international character. I am glad to think that the investigation is of a most impartial character.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00552", "bookId": 17470, "start": 211430, "end": 211779, "sha256": "38bbac9014695d912cdcad9b0a241c0bc0f72f92ae5c9e6158a042dce3906bfc", "text": "It must be a comforting thought, that an inquiry of a private and confidential character is also of a very systematic and scientific character, and besides being of a most impartial character, is conducted by men of international character--whatever that may happen to mean. What _is_ an international character, and what would you give for one?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00553", "bookId": 17470, "start": 211783, "end": 212332, "sha256": "6aa8a522fb4a075363481fb7d7f976ede98a4567d74590b7c9cd0d81cf60a827", "text": "We found that this way of talking, while pretending to be something pontifical, is really not prose at all, nor reputable speech at all, but Jargon; nor is the offence to be excused by pleading, as I have heard it pleaded, that Mr Lloyd George was not using his own phraseology but quoting from a paper supplied him by some permanent official of the Treasury: since we select our civil servants among men of decent education and their salaries warrant our stipulating that they shall be able, at least, to speak and write their mother tongue.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00554", "bookId": 17470, "start": 212336, "end": 212406, "sha256": "ce9036cbae2bbf258f12c7273de065a2290ff01a095fdfdbdded644eab8029fa", "text": "We laid down certain rules to help us in the way of straight Prose:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00555", "bookId": 17470, "start": 212410, "end": 212471, "sha256": "5382333954c6feedd410d8c4d797ffa342328394aa79e48d0efa1922044d9721", "text": "(1) _Always always prefer the concrete word to the abstract._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00556", "bookId": 17470, "start": 212475, "end": 212540, "sha256": "4be5def339aad5fb43379530887b9c06c4fb5dc85a8c42d5c048934f9ab98586", "text": "(2) _Almost always prefer the direct word to the circumlocution._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00557", "bookId": 17470, "start": 212544, "end": 212979, "sha256": "608ceeab29181343b71876afd2e8aa36d48c228388d8498f617b6278545db628", "text": "(3) _Generally, use transitive verbs, that strike their object; and use them in the active voice, eschewing the stationary passive, with its little auxiliary its's and was's, and its participles getting into the light of your adjectives, which should be few. For, as a rough law, by his use of the straight verb and by his economy of adjectives you can tell a man's style, if it be masculine or neuter, writing or 'composition.'_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00558", "bookId": 17470, "start": 212983, "end": 213100, "sha256": "1ebad9f8d9118fe587fe0eaa6ff853c9c584af755ce51e9a0fe06ad150147207", "text": "The authors of that capital handbook \"The King's English,\" which I have already recommended to you, add two rules:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00559", "bookId": 17470, "start": 213104, "end": 213189, "sha256": "0190eaea1faf9042d31ba0a50efc543d8d124ae2231b97e71ec715ce8b7ce603", "text": "(4) _Prefer the short word to the long._ (5) _Prefer the Saxon word to the Romance._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00560", "bookId": 17470, "start": 213193, "end": 213672, "sha256": "3e2c0b899b7bbeb04ca29a5af97bd62058e9a24fd923040c74bf4b7b4350c7be", "text": "But these two precepts you would have to modify by so long a string of exceptions that I do not commend them to you. In fact I think them false in theory and likely to be fatal in practice. For, as my last lecture tried to show, you no sooner begin to philosophise things instead of merely telling a tale of them than you must go to the Mediterranean languages: because in these man first learnt to discuss his 'why' and 'how,' and these languages yet guard the vocabulary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00561", "bookId": 17470, "start": 213676, "end": 213813, "sha256": "85eaf209212da4137bdb04159ae2f3910e9d39376451d3626b4f757b1e45f79b", "text": "Lastly, we saw how, by experimenting with rhythm, our prose 'broke its birth's invidious bar' and learnt to scale the forbidden heights.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00562", "bookId": 17470, "start": 213817, "end": 214270, "sha256": "e5c5cb2a40cb6592cad5f4552e6d87c3b5d247a8d3821577c226d3e5465a761e", "text": "Now by attending to the few plain rules given above you may train yourselves to write sound, straightforward, work-a-day English. But if you would write melodious English, I fear the gods will require of you what they ought to have given you at birth--something of an ear. Yet the most of us have ears, of sorts; and I believe that, though we can only acquire it by assiduous practice, the most of us can wonderfully improve our talent of the ear.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00563", "bookId": 17470, "start": 214274, "end": 214587, "sha256": "f23fffe0e4506a2277e4fbd52381f6c04fed4c8f5e108700385a158701d28af2", "text": "If you will possess yourselves of a copy of Quintilian or borrow one from any library (Bohn's translation will do) and turn to his 9th book, you will find a hundred ways indicated, illustrated, classified, in which a writer or speaker can vary his Style, modulate it, lift or depress it, regulate its balance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00564", "bookId": 17470, "start": 214591, "end": 214807, "sha256": "96abcc8fbdea3ec1a8f39cce0bd255153a973954077bef5ec268ca07f0fbd3b2", "text": "All these rules, separately worth studying, if taken together may easily bewilder and dishearten you. Let me choose just two, and try to hearten you by showing that, even with these two only, you can go a long way.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00565", "bookId": 17470, "start": 214811, "end": 214931, "sha256": "763d3303f68438bbb4b5105236a3584e6be8fa156945a24baa1bd9ed7f09a24c", "text": "Take the use of right emphasis. What Quintilian says of right emphasis--or the most important thing he says--is this:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00566", "bookId": 17470, "start": 214937, "end": 215307, "sha256": "3060e584623955fd7baae250bc8439a670b71efd99fa0affa40ca7f56988d08e", "text": "There is sometimes an extraordinary force in some particular word, which, if it be placed in no very conspicuous position in the middle part of a sentence, is likely to escape the attention of the hearer and to be obscured by the words surrounding it; but if it be put at the end of the sentence is urged upon the reader's sense and imprinted on his mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00567", "bookId": 17470, "start": 215311, "end": 215755, "sha256": "8200983015cef762eaf431ae40e1f3d85e78be4efafd4fde2d61991445e11bc3", "text": "That seems obvious enough, for English use as well as for Latin. 'The wages of sin is Death'--anyone can see how much more emphatic that is than 'Death is the wages of sin.' But let your minds work on this matter of emphasis, and discover how emphasis has always its right point somewhere, though it be not at all necessarily at the end of the sentence. Take a sentence in which the strong words actually repeat themselves for emphasis:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00568", "bookId": 17470, "start": 215764, "end": 215810, "sha256": "3f0231f0f5e3762a1464a0fd5e517fb8113115be6279e73646e470105073a0b7", "text": "Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00569", "bookId": 17470, "start": 215814, "end": 215876, "sha256": "b5d21bad803f99faba04e72842cd4bef18af112cb779bc65358dd3cbbd045adf", "text": "Our first impulse would be to place the emphasis at the end:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00570", "bookId": 17470, "start": 215885, "end": 215932, "sha256": "0b812907ef70e823adf08f5a1d53af1f8004e8811a89ff6388d6fe2b70c62672", "text": "Babylon, that great city, is fallen, is fallen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00571", "bookId": 17470, "start": 215936, "end": 215973, "sha256": "5db4f4b2ea0135922eea3317387bc046510743a7d8a9f06dbd79991a68dfa30e", "text": "The Latin puts it at the beginning:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00572", "bookId": 17470, "start": 215982, "end": 216072, "sha256": "cb193149eda9732ba9aac8629d25a5cdee4089975cbc0dce89785e14c682408b", "text": "Cecidit, cecidit, Babylonia illa magna. Fallen, fallen, is Babylon, that great city.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00573", "bookId": 17470, "start": 216076, "end": 216569, "sha256": "10cb37dbed695fa5d19b34ae9830944db835dd1929dd661df97e775ae3ba732a", "text": "The forty-seven preserved the 'falling close' so exquisite in the Latin; the emphasis, already secured by repetition, they accentuated by lengthening the pause. I would urge on you that in every sentence there is just a right point of emphasis which you must train your ears to detect. So your writing will acquire not only emphasis, but balance, and you will instinctively avoid such an ill-emphasised sentence as this, which, not naming the author, I will quote for your delectation:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00574", "bookId": 17470, "start": 216575, "end": 216814, "sha256": "de430caa26a573c83f005a0e66082a12ae586209b723faa4794925cb6213b007", "text": "'Are Japanese Aprils always as lovely as this?' asked the man in the light tweed suit of two others in immaculate flannels with crimson sashes round their waists and puggarees folded in cunning plaits round their broad Terai hats.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00575", "bookId": 17470, "start": 216818, "end": 217460, "sha256": "8ab72cb6e259ad7038a2f573b325944a409c0b1ac73a898f91497136b2a9f4ed", "text": "Explore, next, what (though critics have strangely neglected it) to my mind stands the first, or almost the first, secret of beautiful writing in English, whether in prose or in verse; I mean that inter-play of vowel-sounds in which no language can match us. We have so many vowel sounds indeed, and so few vowels to express them, that the foreigner, mistaking our modesty, complains against God's plenty. We alone, for example, sound by a natural vowel that noble _I_, which other nations can only compass by diphthongs. Let us consider that vowel for a moment or two and mark how it leads off the dance of the Graces, its sisters:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00576", "bookId": 17470, "start": 217469, "end": 217557, "sha256": "04b2255645c9eeb9b56e1900cf41e4d3e5970165232126500f37b9a214729b80", "text": "Arise, shine; for thy light is come, and the glory of the Lord is risen upon thee.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00577", "bookId": 17470, "start": 217561, "end": 217695, "sha256": "932b460337cf6d6df2f9a6a5e20301ae512ae5d1552350212269edf23e2f79ee", "text": "Mark how expressively it drops to the solemn vowel 'O,' and anon how expressively it reasserts itself to express rearisen delight:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00578", "bookId": 17470, "start": 217701, "end": 218033, "sha256": "cde5624aec17e158afb0b310849fa35f1b3e36b13748174be814bd9b338a1af4", "text": "Arise, shine, for thy light is come, and the glory of the Lord is risen upon thee. For behold the darkness shall cover the earth, and gross darkness the people: but the Lord shall arise upon thee, and his glory shall be seen upon thee. And the Gentiles shall come to thy light, and Kings to the brightness of thy rising.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00579", "bookId": 17470, "start": 218037, "end": 218189, "sha256": "330dc66cd4386c5a9f6f337c66e7250fc7c90f7d8a42122fec3f6efd40ffe3ec", "text": "Take another passage in which the first lift of this _I_ vowel yields to its graver sisters as though the sound sank into the very heart of the sense.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00580", "bookId": 17470, "start": 218195, "end": 218358, "sha256": "75ccb4461eedbd7ff72252ad51a21641d8c259de9d8f80d51b851517a785c9c4", "text": "I will arise and go to my father, and will say unto him, 'Father, I have sinned against heaven, and before thee, and am no more worthy to be called thy son.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00581", "bookId": 17470, "start": 218362, "end": 218624, "sha256": "3ad94c1f330c0d0e4e5ba2d698c0c8ecc8ec834375327b01e083c78b0fef11b7", "text": "'And am no more worthy to be called thy son.' Mark the deep O's. 'For this my son was dead and is alive again; he was lost and is found.' 'O my son, my son Absalom'--observe the I and O how they interchime, until the O of sorrow tolls the lighter note down:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00582", "bookId": 17470, "start": 218633, "end": 218738, "sha256": "3a0ffbbcda94aa2e232f2b8ce99a5b6b8590474601164570e8e36b7fdd41e90c", "text": "O my son Absalom, my son, my son Absalom! Would God I had died for thee, O Absolom, my son, my son!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00583", "bookId": 17470, "start": 218742, "end": 218893, "sha256": "5ba4eafad70e8985ec2cfabe5cc9e912fcfa0ab6390388bd0f2fc76a90ff1afd", "text": "Or take this lyric, by admission one of the loveliest written in this present age, and mark here too how the vowels play and ring and chime and toll.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00584", "bookId": 17470, "start": 218899, "end": 219591, "sha256": "9b90c7d45b0c8a6a4c4781ff36d56f749312fb8df84897803bd108fa596bc495", "text": "I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree, And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made; Nine bean rows will I have there, a hive for the honey bee, And live alone in the bee-loud glade.[2] And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow, Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings; There midnight's all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow, And evening full of the linnet's wings. I will arise and go now, for always night and day I hear lake-water lapping, with low sounds by the shore; While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey, I hear it in the deep heart's core.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00585", "bookId": 17470, "start": 219595, "end": 219874, "sha256": "b91d0ba836ec40f75107e165a6863ae5109a428c5261ffb1d8aeefa88962f6eb", "text": "I think if you will but open your ears to this beautiful vowel-play which runs through all the best of our prose and poetry, whether you ever learn to master it or not, you will have acquired a new delight, and one various enough to last you though you live to a very old age.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00586", "bookId": 17470, "start": 219878, "end": 220514, "sha256": "564b47d13441f898d1b5fadfa66c157168b50052be9d0b00f27392e71d1c898f", "text": "All this of which I am speaking is Art: and Literature being an Art, do you not see how personal a thing it is--how it cannot escape being personal? No two men (unless they talk Jargon) say the same thing in the same way. As is a man's imagination, as is his character, as is the harmony in himself, as is his ear, as is his skill, so and not otherwise he will speak, so and not otherwise than they can respond to that imagination, that character, that order of his intellect, that harmony of his soul, his hearers will hear him. Let me conclude with this great passage from Newman which I beg you, having heard it, to ponder:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00587", "bookId": 17470, "start": 220523, "end": 221674, "sha256": "d9d0037b8a1d25f6554bd35e9594bf0ab4bf6b73b0392e8bcf2ce1e94ac134ce", "text": "If then the power of speech is as great as any that can be named, --if the origin of language is by many philosophers considered nothing short of divine--if by means of words the secrets of the heart are brought to light, pain of soul is relieved, hidden grief is carried off, sympathy conveyed, experience recorded, and wisdom perpetuated,--if by great authors the many are drawn up into unity, national character is fixed, a people speaks, the past and the future, the East and the West are brought into communication with each other,--if such men are, in a word, the spokesmen and the prophets of the human family--it will not answer to make light of Literature or to neglect its study: rather we may be sure that, in proportion as we master it in whatever language, and imbibe its spirit, we shall ourselves become in our own measure the ministers of like benefits to others--be they many or few, be they in the obscurer or the more distinguished walks of life--who are united to us by social ties, and are within the sphere of our personal influence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00588", "bookId": 17470, "start": 221684, "end": 222232, "sha256": "7ee5a5b9fd66da3af73a819b74406659111bf357a3b4611e783f1cff2a9449c3", "text": "[Footnote 1: I append the following specimen translations of the famous passage in St Paul's \"First Epistle to the Corinthians\" xv. 51 sqq. I choose this because (1) it is an important passage; (2) it touches a high moment of philosophising; (3) the comparison seems to me to represent with great fairness to Tyndale the extent of the forty-seven's debt to him; (4) it shows that they meant exactly what they said in their Preface; and (5) it illustrates, towards the close, their genius for improvement. From the Greek, Wyclif translates:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00589", "bookId": 17470, "start": 222241, "end": 222879, "sha256": "8640a3c87c21b5aea2569f174abc50a13e49b0c85766427ebbfaee7e8f99ec73", "text": "Lo, I seie to you pryvyte of holi thingis | and alle we schulen rise agen | but not alle we schuln be chaungid | in a moment in the twynkelynge of an ye, in the last trumpe | for the trumpe schal sowne: and deed men schulen rise agen with out corrupcion, and we schuln be changid | for it bihoveth this corruptible thing to clothe uncorropcion and this deedly thing to putte aweye undeedlynesse. But whanne this deedli thing schal clothe undeedlynesse | thanne schal the word be don that is written | deeth is sopun up in victorie | deeth, where is thi victorie? deeth, where is thi pricke?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00590", "bookId": 17470, "start": 222883, "end": 222893, "sha256": "691440c06d3d11538b1c951eba68b3fdfd0d6937adff42a17031e70aba7461f6", "text": "Tyndale:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00591", "bookId": 17470, "start": 222902, "end": 223557, "sha256": "a9cca5ae65ea5825b98b7afb4e7750d32c96142f39c5e24ffcd8a43f80d342b9", "text": "Beholde I shewe you a mystery. We shall not all slepe: but we shall all be chaunged | and that in a moment | and in the twinclinge of an eye | at the sounde of the last trompe. For the trompe shall blowe, and the deed shall ryse incorruptible and we shalbe chaunged. For this corruptible must put on incorruptibilite: and this mortall must put on immortalite. When this corruptible hath put on incorruptibilite | and this mortall hath put on immortalite: than shalbe brought to pass the saying that is written, 'Deeth is consumed in to victory.' Deeth, where is thy stynge? Hell, where is thy victory?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00592", "bookId": 17470, "start": 223561, "end": 223586, "sha256": "98931feffc2c55a05fe5ed6f46474dea209fadb8cf50813500705d6044451bdf", "text": "The Authorised Version:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00593", "bookId": 17470, "start": 223595, "end": 224246, "sha256": "a2f6c7625169dd63cf130a17574b68353c7bfc47e99716f6462872d390720400", "text": "Behold, I shew you a mystery; we shall not all sleepe, but wee shall all be changed, in a moment, in the twinckling of an eye, at the last trumpe, (for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed). For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortall must put on immortalitie. So when this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortall shall have put on immortality, then shall be brought to passe the saying that is written, 'Death is swallowed up in victory.' O Death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory?]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00594", "bookId": 17470, "start": 224252, "end": 224512, "sha256": "f74a39ed2fc4cebacf502af36fd86c0379844f06f83a62c81c8277fdea731218", "text": "[Footnote 2: I E O : I O E I O : E OU A 'As musing slow, I hail ('as m_u_sing sl_o_w _I_ ha_i_l) Thy genial loved return.' (Th_y_ g_e_nial l_o_ved ret_u_rn.') COLLINS, \"Ode to Evening.\"]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00595", "bookId": 17470, "start": 224522, "end": 224535, "sha256": "82c34b657ab4f4d12069d01b2e2e8f74a9eba713d8dddcd2ae936025130ecdc4", "text": "LECTURE VIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00596", "bookId": 17470, "start": 224539, "end": 224579, "sha256": "a9da3e3c81b786aeed5cbc7b8f4123f20482e5ff41aa915560f320579643519d", "text": "ON THE LINEAGE OF ENGLISH LITERATURE (I)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00597", "bookId": 17470, "start": 224583, "end": 224604, "sha256": "d4830f875e97182e335830c667d60da6b9750cfe8321228424a750ef0d363edf", "text": "Wednesday, October 22", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00598", "bookId": 17470, "start": 224610, "end": 225789, "sha256": "e12fc14338d9443a433cec91326c0d8a8378e9f2d64ad9830f4897cb9e46f452", "text": "You may think it strange, Gentlemen, that of a course of ten lectures which aim to treat English Literature as an affair of practice, I should propose to spend two in discussing our literary lineage: a man's lineage and geniture being reckoned, as a rule, among the things he cannot be reasonably asked to amend. But since of high breeding is begotten (as most of us believe) a disposition to high thoughts, high deeds; since to have it and be modestly conscious of it is to carry within us a faithful monitor persuading us to whatsoever in conduct is gentle, honourable, of good repute, and so silently dissuading us from base thoughts, low ends, ignoble gains; seeing, moreover, that a man will often do more to match his father's virtue than he would to improve himself; I shall endeavour, in this and my next lecture, to scour that spur of ancestry and present it to you as so bright and sharp an incentive that you, who read English Literature and practise writing here in Cambridge, shall not pass out from her insensible of the dignity of your studies, or without pride or remorse according as you have interpreted in practice the motto, _Noblesse oblige_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00599", "bookId": 17470, "start": 225803, "end": 225897, "sha256": "72775777007462b3aa496314fce74583b3026b2a513d5697700d1435dc2a8345", "text": "'Tis wisdom, and that high, For men to use their fortune reverently Even in youth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00600", "bookId": 17470, "start": 225901, "end": 226417, "sha256": "95f35ece7abb27c0bcdcf82cc74f6c38e8d696b275f061c183946d29f9c92644", "text": "Let me add that, just as a knowledge of his family failings will help one man in economising his estate, or warn another to shun for his health the pleasures of the table, so some knowledge of our lineage in letters may put us, as Englishmen, on the watch for certain national defects (for such we have), on our guard against certain sins which too easily beset us. Nay, this watchfulness may well reach down from matters of great moment to seeming trifles. It is good for us to recognise with Wordsworth that", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00601", "bookId": 17470, "start": 226426, "end": 226631, "sha256": "8b0b9c7136036f8898249195e7243a16fb01acb01573708342e4d0bf829c41c8", "text": "We must be free or die, who speak the tongue That Shakespeare spake; the faith and morals hold Which Milton held. In everything we are sprung Of Earth's first blood, have titles manifold.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00602", "bookId": 17470, "start": 226635, "end": 226850, "sha256": "d4a4c12728cc39406db3dc05504119c5991e89957b829dcb95d7e666f572146c", "text": "But, though less important, it is good also to recognise that, as sons of Cambridge, we equally offend against her breeding when in our scientific writings we allow ourselves to talk of a microbe as an 'antibody.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00603", "bookId": 17470, "start": 226854, "end": 227303, "sha256": "f1c1986a7c06e132d8e7b75a26aee69ba52074f6fcd7bcf0986acdb02701b1a2", "text": "Now, because a great deal of what I have to say this morning, if not heretical, will yet run contrary to the vogue and practice of the Schools for these thirty years, I will take the leap into my subject over a greater man's back and ask you to listen with particular attention to the following long passage from a writer whose opinion you may challenge, but whose authority to speak as a master of English prose no one in this room will deny.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00604", "bookId": 17470, "start": 227309, "end": 229424, "sha256": "2094db909e98d190d0939ebc9f35fe371fdfa15adbc02ce630ec1c00e992fc15", "text": "When (says Cardinal Newman) we survey the stream of human affairs for the last three thousand years, we find it to run thus:--At first sight there is so much fluctuation, agitation, ebbing and flowing, that we may despair to discern any law in its movements, taking the earth as its bed and mankind as its contents; but on looking more closely and attentively we shall discern, in spite of the heterogeneous materials and the various histories and fortunes which are found in the race of man during the long period I have mentioned, a certain formation amid the chaos--one and one only,--and extending, though not over the whole earth, yet through a very considerable portion of it. Man is a social being and can hardly exist without society, and in matter of fact societies have ever existed all over the habitable earth. The greater part of these associations have been political or religious, and have been comparatively limited in extent and temporary. They have been formed and dissolved by the force of accidents, or by inevitable circumstances; and when we have enumerated them one by one we have made of them all that can be made. But there is one remarkable association which attracts the attention of the philosopher, not political nor religious--or at least only partially and not essentially such--which began in the earliest times and grew with each succeeding age till it reached its complete development, and then continued on, vigorous and unwearied, and still remains as definite and as firm as ever it was. Its bond is a _common civilisation_: and though there are other civilisations in the world, as there are other societies, yet _this_ civilisation, together with the society which is its creation and its home, is so distinctive and luminous in its character, so imperial in its extent, so imposing in its duration, and so utterly without rival on the face of the earth, that the association may fitly assume to itself the title of 'Human Society,' and _its_ civilisation the abstract term 'Civilisation.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00605", "bookId": 17470, "start": 229430, "end": 230227, "sha256": "eb9fd254df6d14a404f42dc6c3a18067bca14e1c892fafd203ccc79b58b71ab2", "text": "There are indeed great outlying portions of mankind which are not, perhaps never have been, included in this Human Society; still they are outlying portions and nothing else, fragmentary, unsociable, solitary and unmeaning, protesting and revolting against the grand central formation of which I am speaking, but not uniting with each other into a second whole. I am not denying, of course, the civilisation of the Chinese, for instance, though it be not our civilisation; but it is a huge, stationary, unattractive, morose civilisation. Nor do I deny a civilisation to the Hindoos, nor to the ancient Mexicans, nor to the Saracens, nor (in a certain sense) to the Turks; but each of these races has its own civilisation, as separate from one another as from ours.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00606", "bookId": 17470, "start": 230233, "end": 230292, "sha256": "162a915a9c4734aca6e8ad22f72155548d9154646dcbc67c72f7ad9b0dd00a6b", "text": "I do not see how they can be all brought under one idea....", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00607", "bookId": 17470, "start": 230298, "end": 232323, "sha256": "b7cf6e1d4961a4eb796428777c8014ecfc2d0335c79c9f0a4cb1e52b655e8fd5", "text": "Gentlemen, let me here observe that I am not entering upon the question of races, or upon their history. I have nothing to do with ethnology; I take things as I find them on the surface of history and am but classifying phenomena. Looking, then, at the countries which surround the Mediterranean Sea as a whole, I see them to be from time immemorial, the seat of an association of intellect and mind such as to deserve to be called the Intellect and the Mind of the Human Kind. Starting as it does, and advancing from certain centres, till their respective influences intersect and conflict, and then at length intermingle and combine, a common Thought has been generated, and a common Civilisation defined and established. Egypt is one such starting point, Syria, another, Greece a third, Italy a fourth and North Africa a fifth--afterwards France and Spain. As time goes on, and as colonisation and conquest work their changes, we see a great association of nations formed, of which the Roman Empire is the maturity and the most intelligible expression: an association, however, not political but mental, based on the same intellectual ideas and advancing by common intellectual methods.... In its earliest age it included far more of the Eastern world than it has since; in these later times it has taken into its compass a new hemisphere; in the Middle Ages it lost Africa, Egypt and Syria, and extended itself to Germany, Scandinavia and the British Isles. At one time its territory was flooded by strange and barbarous races, but the existing civilisation was vigorous enough to vivify what threatened to stifle it, and to assimilate to the old social forms what came to expel them: and thus the civilisation of modern times remains what it was of old; not Chinese, or Hindoo, or Mexican, or Saracen ... but the lineal descendant, or rather the continuation--_mutatis mutandis_--of the civilisation which began in Palestine and Greece.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00608", "bookId": 17470, "start": 232327, "end": 233788, "sha256": "dae9d4db0da3d291b5ef915e5ed503811fc0bbeba15fb5c119015e581a4ee4d3", "text": "To omit, then, all minor debts such as what of arithmetic, what of astronomy, what of geography, we owe to the Saracen, from Palestine we derive the faith of Europe shared (in the language of the Bidding Prayer) by all Christian people dispersed throughout the world; as to Greece we owe the rudiments of our Western art, philosophy, letters; and not only the rudiments but the continuing inspiration, so that--though entirely superseded in worship, as even in the Athens of Pericles they were worshipped only by an easy, urbane, more than half humorous tolerance--Apollo and the Muses, Zeus and the great ones of Olympus, Hermes and Hephaestus, Athene in her armour, with her vanquisher the foam-born irresistible Aphrodite, these remain the authentic gods of our literature, beside whom the gods of northern Europe--Odin, Thor, Freya--are strangers, unhomely, uncanny as the shadows of unfamiliar furniture on the walls of an inn. Sprung though great numbers of us are from the loins of Northmen, it is in these gracious deities of the South that we find the familiar and the real, as from the heroes of the sister-island, Cucullain and Concobar, we turn to Hercules, to Perseus, to Bellerophon, even to actual men of history, saying 'Give us Leonidas, give us Horatius, give us Regulus. These are the mighty ones we understand, and from whom, in a direct line of tradition, we understand Harry of Agincourt, Philip Sidney and our Nelson.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00609", "bookId": 17470, "start": 233792, "end": 235319, "sha256": "47e86b7870d116ed58011dff91c120a7d38b1565e21471c58a6709fb8c5c9aa3", "text": "Now since, of the Mediterranean peoples, the Hebrews discovered the Unseen God whom the body of Western civilisation has learnt to worship; since the Greeks invented art, philosophy, letters; since Rome found and developed the idea of imperial government, of imperial colonies as superseding merely fissiparous ones, of settling where she conquered (_ubi Romanus vicit ibi habitat_) and so extending with Government that system of law which Europe still obeys; we cannot be surprised that Israel, Greece, Rome--each in turn--set store on a pure ancestry. Though Christ be the veritable Son of God, his ancestry must be traced back through his supposed father Joseph to the stem of Jesse, and so to Abraham, father of the race. Again, as jealously as the Evangelist claimed Jesus for a Hebrew of the Hebrews, so, if you will turn to the \"Menexenus\" of Plato in the Oration of Aspasia over the dead who perished in battle, you hear her claim that 'No Pelopes nor Cadmians, nor Egyptians, nor Dauni, nor the rest of the crowd of born foreigners dwell with us; but ours is the land of pure Hellenes, free from admixture.' These proud Athenians, as you know, wore brooches in the shape of golden grasshoppers, to signify that they were [Greek: autochthones], children of Attica, sprung direct from her soil. And so, again, the true Roman, while enlarging Rome's citizenship over Asia, Africa, Gaul, to our remote Britain, insisted, even in days of the later Empire, on his pure descent from AEneas and Romulus--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00610", "bookId": 17470, "start": 235328, "end": 235422, "sha256": "77385eaf282125e7391f5cac591a9fc4ac0516eaf0985c2f01dd01fba0032bce", "text": "Unde Remnes et Quirites proque prole posterum Romuli matrem crearet et nepotem Caesarem.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00611", "bookId": 17470, "start": 235428, "end": 235570, "sha256": "46cbcf10e9ae312142ccaa5e78d2e95753deddfceff5c02e30f6380aa468d50e", "text": "With the Ramnes, Quirites, together ancestrally proud as they drew From Romulus down to our Caesar-last, best of that blood, of that threw.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00612", "bookId": 17470, "start": 235574, "end": 236308, "sha256": "daec04ec2d01a1c266d3076f824da4d836067fb3339700ec69db020ef128c653", "text": "Here is a boast that we English must be content to forgo. We may wear a rose on St George's day, if we are clever enough to grow one. The Welsh, I dare say, have less difficulty with the leek. But April the 23rd is not a time of roses that we can pluck them as we pass, nor can we claim St George as a compatriot--_Cappadocius nostras_. We have, to be sure, a few legendary heroes, of whom King Arthur and Robin Hood are (I suppose) the greatest; but, save in some Celtic corners of the land, we have few fairies, and these no great matter; while, as for tutelary gods, our springs, our wells, our groves, cliffs, mountain-sides, either never possessed them or possess them no longer. Not of our landscape did it happen that", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00613", "bookId": 17470, "start": 236317, "end": 236536, "sha256": "689df24ddd92bea2eab64883c4f1f83cced211672825174cb0ef6ed078c68f6a", "text": "The lonely mountains o'er, And the resounding shore, A voice of weeping heard, and loud lament; From haunted spring and dale Edg'd with poplar pale, The parting Genius is with sighing sent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00614", "bookId": 17470, "start": 236540, "end": 236636, "sha256": "d9974553aa327af12720940c6e102b99842c112f1730460da60c971dcd17644a", "text": "--for the sufficient reason that no tutelary gods of importance were ever here to be dispersed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00615", "bookId": 17470, "start": 236640, "end": 236881, "sha256": "784bc56a145b67351b495d946188e3c1fbd6edbe9aa1d2e888a60bcfd2de81a4", "text": "Let me press this home upon you by an illustration which I choose with the double purpose of enforcing my argument and sending you to make acquaintance (if you have not already made it) with one of the loveliest poems written in our time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00616", "bookId": 17470, "start": 236885, "end": 237168, "sha256": "fccc2a39bd1a23894f5f6fd14d0e45f332df17e9ee8aa0cf7352b2532f94acc8", "text": "In one of Pliny's letters you will find a very pleasant description of the source of the Clitumnus, a small Umbrian river which, springing from a rock in a grove of cypresses, descends into the Tinia, a tributary of the Tiber. 'Have you ever,' writes Pliny to his friend Romanus--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00617", "bookId": 17470, "start": 237174, "end": 239847, "sha256": "7fa20d71e21b7accc21fb673ef3381bc0c078d011e9b2d635e4ad06c7c268ad6", "text": "Have you ever seen the source of the Clitumnus? I suppose not, as I never heard you mention it. Let me advise you to go there at once. I have just visited it and am sorry that I put off my visit so long. At the foot of a little hill, covered with old and shady cypress trees, a spring gushes and bursts into a number of streamlets of various size. Breaking, so to speak, forth from its imprisonment, it expands into a broad basin, so clear and transparent that you may count the pebbles and little pieces of money which are thrown into it. From this point the force and weight of the water, rather than the slope of the ground, hurry it onward. What was a mere spring becomes a noble river, broad enough to allow vessels to pass each other as they sail with or against the stream. The current is so strong, though the ground is level, that barges of beam, as they go down, require no assistance of oars; while to go up is as much as can be done with oars and long poles.... The banks are clothed with abundant ash and poplar, so distinctly reflected in the transparent waters that they seem to be growing at the bottom of the river and can be counted with ease. The water is as cold as snow and as pure in colour. Hard by the spring stands an ancient and venerable temple with a statue of the river-god Clitumnus, clothed in the customary robe of state. The Oracles here delivered attest the presence of the deity. Close in the precinct stand several little chapels dedicated to particular gods, each of whom owns his distinctive name and special worship, and is the tutelary deity of a runlet. For beside the principal spring, which is, as it were, the parent of all the rest, there are several smaller ones which have their distinct sources but unite their waters with the Clitumnus, over which a bridge is thrown, separating the sacred part of the river from that which is open to general use. Above the bridge you may only go in a boat; below it, you may swim. The people of the town of Hispallum, to whom Augustus gave this place, furnish baths and lodgings at the public expense. There are several small dwelling-houses on the banks, in specially picturesque situations, and they stand quite close to the waterside. In short, everything in the neighbourhood will give you pleasure. You may also amuse yourself with numberless inscriptions on the pillars and walls, celebrating the praises of the stream and of its tutelary god. Many of these you will admire, and some will make you laugh. But no! You are too well cultivated to laugh at such things. Farewell.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00618", "bookId": 17470, "start": 239851, "end": 241092, "sha256": "ac1a5bd69203e8ac57defa98557b358ff5fe9bdb53ac8e55ad4833036dea9dc7", "text": "Clitumnus still gushes from its rocks among the cypresses, as in Pliny's day. The god has gone from his temple, on the frieze of which you may read this later inscription--'_Deus Angelorum, qui fecit Resurrectionem._' After many centuries and almost in our day, by the brain of Cavour and the sword of Garibaldi, he has made a resurrection for Italy. As part of that resurrection (for no nation can live and be great without its poet) was born a true poet, Carducci. He visited the bountiful, everlasting source, and of what did he sing? Possess yourselves, as for a shilling you may, of his Ode \"Alle fonte del Clitumno,\" and read: for few nobler poems have adorned our time. He sang of the weeping willow, the ilex, ivy, cypress and the presence of the god still immanent among them. He sang of Umbria, of the ensigns of Rome, of Hannibal swooping down over the Alps; he sang of the nuptials of Janus and Comesena, progenitors of the Italian people; of nymphs, naiads, and the moonlight dances of Oreads; of flocks descending to the river at dusk, of the homestead, the bare-footed mother, the clinging child, the father, clad in goat-skins, guiding the ox-wagon; and he ends on the very note of Virgil's famous apostrophe", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00619", "bookId": 17470, "start": 241101, "end": 241147, "sha256": "44f4228fedd1c13bcc37336ac5f9be1d9cc3a55766f8f4415de3931012e084d5", "text": "_Sed neque Medorum silvae, ditissima terra..._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00620", "bookId": 17470, "start": 241151, "end": 241550, "sha256": "aeafe7a76fb23609516872cf93e4a64ff11871ce9649a111bee3fa0b5eafd4c2", "text": "with an invocation of Italy--Italy, mother of bullocks for agriculture, of wild colts for battle, mother of corn and of the vine, Roman mother of enduring laws and mediaeval mother of illustrious arts. The mountains, woods and waters of green Umbria applaud the song, and across their applause is heard the whistle of the railway train bearing promise of new industries and a new national life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00621", "bookId": 17470, "start": 241559, "end": 241705, "sha256": "2b0e36dabde3e332255454f3331ab85faa128eff08d742823499022553b36d1e", "text": "E tu, pia madre di giovenchi invitti a franger glebe e rintegrar maggesi e d' annitrenti in guerra aspri polledri, Italia madre,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00622", "bookId": 17470, "start": 241714, "end": 241856, "sha256": "305cdbab53e766fe46a252ff484062344184362161253f0d9fa6997d18717404", "text": "madre di biade e viti e leggi eterne ed incliti arti a raddolcir la vita salve! a te i canti de l' antica lode io rinovello.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00623", "bookId": 17470, "start": 241865, "end": 242030, "sha256": "be1d11131fc3f0be4f0a44fb6cd8985be182bb1e6306b6bf644096bd1312babb", "text": "Plaudono i monti al carme e i boschi e l' acque de l' Umbria verde: in faccia a noi fumando ed anelando nuove industrie in corsa fischia il vapore.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00624", "bookId": 17470, "start": 242039, "end": 242208, "sha256": "64217ba069d0de2a4d16b862af9ef50d5f9806ddd008a45c70409407e1ede17b", "text": "And thou, O pious mother of unvanquished Bullocks to break glebe, to restore the fallow, And of fierce colts for neighing in the battle: Italy, mother,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00625", "bookId": 17470, "start": 242217, "end": 242388, "sha256": "bbe9b4336008023adb9acbd7692271d9c1605859f15dfd430ea1fbfc54ec3ef4", "text": "Mother of corn and vines and of eternal Laws and illustrious arts the life to sweeten, Hail, hail, all hail! The song of ancient praises Renew I to thee!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00626", "bookId": 17470, "start": 242397, "end": 242573, "sha256": "054d0d833e7bcdafd6b8f041605c8ac942da57b1766734dcbb9af0baca7fb0e7", "text": "The mountains, woods and waters of green Umbria Applaud the song: and here before us fuming And longing for new industries, a-racing Whistles the white steam.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00627", "bookId": 17470, "start": 242577, "end": 242683, "sha256": "21799e3ca349edce9f901e4962c27aadb33c9d8f0fe2020f5b40a08643f965a3", "text": "(I quote from a translation by Mr E.J. Watson, recently published by Messrs J.W. Arrowsmith, of Bristol.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00628", "bookId": 17470, "start": 242687, "end": 244078, "sha256": "e9d7ea8dd621843ddf4f279547ade811b6de27bc17e5d2564c80ae532a28beea", "text": "I put it to you, Gentlemen, that, worthy as are the glories of England to be sung, this note of Carducci's we cannot decently or honestly strike. Great lives have been bled away into Tweed and Avon: great spirits have been oared down the Thames to Traitor's Gate and the Tower. Deeds done on the Cam have found their way into history. But I once traced the Avon to its source under Naseby battlefield, and found it issuing from the fragments of a stucco swan. No god mounts guard over the head-water of the Thames; and the only Englishman who boldly claims a divine descent is (I understand) an impostor who runs an Agapemone. In short we are a mixed race, and our literature is derivative. Let us confine our pride to those virtues, not few, which are honestly ours. A Roman noble, even to-day, has some excuse for reckoning a god in his ancestry, or at least a wolf among its wet-nurses: but of us English even those who came over with William the Norman have the son of a tanner's daughter for escort. I very well remember that, the other day, writers who vindicated our hereditary House of Lords against a certain Parliament Act commonly did so on the ground that since the Reform Bill of 1832, by inclusion of all that was eminent in politics, war and commerce, the Peerage had been so changed as to know itself no longer for the same thing. That is our practical way.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00629", "bookId": 17470, "start": 244082, "end": 244815, "sha256": "f1dcf566ca8571aea46fdfe4aa96f8bf402849a2d9b8b8eb2a4efea7fa1b9f88", "text": "At all events, the men who made our literature had never a doubt, as they were careless to dissimulate, that they were conquering our tongue to bring it into the great European comity, the civilisation of Greece and Rome. An Elizabethan writer, for example, would begin almost as with a formula by begging to be forgiven that he has sought to render the divine accent of Plato, the sugared music of Ovid, into our uncouth and barbarous tongue. There may have been some mock-modesty in this, but it rested on a base of belief. Much of the glory of English Literature was achieved by men who, with the splendour of the Renaissance in their eyes, supposed themselves to be working all the while upon pale and borrowed shadows.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00630", "bookId": 17470, "start": 244819, "end": 245109, "sha256": "43c8ea6ede0e5cc33841ef174de22f2763b7b3930007a3a4486918a4da1bfb58", "text": "Let us pass the enthusiasms of days when 'bliss was it in that dawn to be alive' and come down to Alexander Pope and the Age of Reason. Pope at one time proposed to write a History of English Poetry, and the draft scheme of that History has been preserved. How does it begin? Why thus:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00631", "bookId": 17470, "start": 245138, "end": 245144, "sha256": "e9e9108953842a2abe94c7fd5e1c520bb6342c0823b937ffe0d251d20b7cdee5", "text": "ERA I.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00632", "bookId": 17470, "start": 245148, "end": 245286, "sha256": "edebdf45f4323bc49237beffbea95b56b0d518f4f84de79a240ffe1509225ee4", "text": "1. School of Provence Chaucer's Visions. _Romaunt of the Rose._ _Piers Plowman._ Tales from Boccace. Gower.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00633", "bookId": 17470, "start": 245290, "end": 245463, "sha256": "70b4dda22f89d7557505d39ec03835e5a1202479842d44f1b97e6fe43d5cde75", "text": "2. School of Chaucer Lydgate. T. Occleve. Walt. de Mapes (a bad error, that!). Skelton.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00634", "bookId": 17470, "start": 245467, "end": 245636, "sha256": "700e7ab566d5d13f11b1cb95a6728be3a66016b98c4cd0ddeb135d2846edb2f8", "text": "3. School of Petrarch E. of Surrey. Sir Thomas Wyatt. Sir Philip Sidney. G. Gascoyn.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00635", "bookId": 17470, "start": 245640, "end": 245776, "sha256": "21a13992f5ff8a766a1c1fe1c7a82f3c345fd857ae6d11ddf3bcf5c8c966b14e", "text": "4. School of Dante Lord Buckhurst's _Induction. Gorboduc._ Original of Good Tragedy. Seneca his model.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00636", "bookId": 17470, "start": 245780, "end": 246577, "sha256": "62992100e9d3fffd840caaf1ae6972061ee2827d42aeca93efab54cd4fc0fbc2", "text": "--and so on. The scheme after Pope's death came into the hands of Gray, who for a time was fired with the notion of writing the History in collaboration with his friend Mason. Knowing Gray's congenital self-distrust, you will not be surprised that in the end he declined the task and handed it over to Warton. But, says Mant in his Life of Warton, 'their design'--that is, Gray's design with Mason--'was to introduce specimens of the Provecal poetry, and of the Scaldic, British and Saxon, as preliminary to what first deserved to be called English poetry, about the time of Chaucer, from whence their history properly so called was to commence.' A letter of Gray's on the whole subject, addressed to Warton, is extant, and you may read it in Dr Courthope's \"History of English Poetry.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00637", "bookId": 17470, "start": 246581, "end": 247782, "sha256": "3789e7f332b577221a136b8fbca38f5425402b5c8627e6645bfdd48330abdd4b", "text": "Few in this room are old enough to remember the shock of awed surmise which fell upon young minds presented, in the late 'seventies or early 'eighties of the last century, with Freeman's \"Norman Conquest\" or Green's \"Short History of the English People\"; in which as through paring clouds of darkness, we beheld our ancestry, literary as well as political, radiantly legitimised; though not, to be sure, in the England that we knew--but far away in Sleswick, happy Sleswick! 'Its pleasant pastures, its black-timbered homesteads, its prim little townships looking down on inlets of purple water, were then but a wild waste of heather and sand, girt along the coast with sunless woodland, broken here and there with meadows which crept down to the marshes and to the sea.' But what of that? There--surely there, in Sleswick--had been discovered for us our august mother's marriage lines; and if the most of that bright assurance came out of an old political skit, the \"Germania\" of Tacitus, who recked at the time? For along followed Mr Stopford Brooke with an admirable little Primer published at one shilling, to instruct the meanest of us in our common father's actual name--Beowulf.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00638", "bookId": 17470, "start": 247791, "end": 248020, "sha256": "4b8ab4febbcce9a9b315e445639904977f187f752c00eb8e83d8344dbb91b427", "text": "_Beowulf_ is an old English Epic.... There is not one word about our England in the poem.... The whole poem, pagan as it is, is English to its very root. It is sacred to us; our Genesis, the book of our origins.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00639", "bookId": 17470, "start": 248024, "end": 249779, "sha256": "fc0b406ecdd62c7657e8eff7821c696503513ee2989f6bf89d33ea0adaec540d", "text": "Now I am not only incompetent to discuss with you the more recondite beauties of \"Beowulf\" but providentially forbidden the attempt by the conditions laid down for this Chair. I gather--and my own perusal of the poem and of much writing about it confirms the belief--that it has been largely over-praised by some critics, who have thus naturally provoked others to underrate it. Such things happen. I note, but without subscribing to it, the opinion of Vigfusson and York Powell, the learned editors of the \"Corpus Poeticum Boreale,\" that in the \"Beowulf\" we have 'an epic completely metamorphosed in form, blown out with long-winded empty repetitions and comments by a book poet, so that one must be careful not to take it as a type of the old poetry,' and I seem to hear as from the grave the very voice of my old friend the younger editor in that unfaltering pronouncement. But on the whole I rather incline to accept the cautious surmise of Professor W. P. Ker that 'a reasonable view of the merit of Beowulf is not impossible, though rash enthusiasm may have made too much of it; while a correct and sober taste may have too contemptuously refused to attend to Grendel and the Firedrake,' and to leave it at that. I speak very cautiously because the manner of the late Professor Freeman, in especial, had a knack of provoking in gentle breasts a resentment which the mind in its frailty too easily converted to a prejudice against his matter: while to men trained to admire Thucydides and Tacitus and acquainted with Lucian's 'Way to Write History' ([Greek: Pos dei istorian suggraphein]) his loud insistence that the art was not an art but a science, and moreover recently invented by Bishop Stubbs, was a perpetual irritant.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00640", "bookId": 17470, "start": 249783, "end": 250048, "sha256": "c8c683f98b98fb5b575ffdbc3de25d8491b795690f1277415ce43f1a7f8e1b58", "text": "But to return to \"Beowulf\"--You have just heard the opinions of scholars whose names you must respect. I, who construe Anglo-Saxon with difficulty, must admit the poem to contain many fine, even noble, passages. Take for example Hrothgar's lament for AEschere:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00641", "bookId": 17470, "start": 250057, "end": 250435, "sha256": "25d70d91fe50a0431fc006c653635f085fce4602757ee079530a3f58fa01443a", "text": "Hrothgar mathelode, helm Scyldinga: 'Ne frin thu aefter saelum; sorh is geniwod Denigea leodum; dead is AEschere, Yrmenlafes yldra brothor, Min run-wita, ond min raed-bora; Eaxl-gestealla, thonne we on orlege Hafelan weredon, thonne hniton fethan, Eoferas cnysedan: swylc scolde eorl wesan AEtheling aer-god, swylc AEschere waes.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00642", "bookId": 17470, "start": 250442, "end": 250792, "sha256": "761a2d0557232f129b18ae6750ee6706d540fb4a1647d8daee346e8bedf6a09e", "text": "(Hrothgar spake, helm of the Scyldings: 'Ask not after good tidings. Sorrow is renewed among the Dane-folk. Dead is AEschere, Yrmenlaf's elder brother, who read me rune and bore me rede; comrade at shoulder when we fended our heads in war and the boar-helms rang. Even so should we each be an atheling passing good, as AEschere was.')", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00643", "bookId": 17470, "start": 250796, "end": 251417, "sha256": "157f597087b29e0e08ac2384a9da1bfc131cc955423fc5e7661834622525c562", "text": "This is simple, manly, dignified. It avoids the besetting sin of the Anglo-Saxon gleeman--the pretentious trick of calling things 'out of their right names' for the sake of literary effect (as if e.g. the sea could be improved by being phrased into 'the seals' domain'). Its Anglo-Saxon _staccato_, so tiresome in sustained narrative, here happens to suit the broken utterance of mourning. In short, it exhibits the Anglo-Saxon Muse at her best, not at her customary. But set beside it a passage in which Homer tells of a fallen warrior--at haphazard, as it were, a single corpse chosen from the press of battle--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00644", "bookId": 17470, "start": 251426, "end": 251603, "sha256": "70782ef81b3055efe4cc1c85e1b595100f7b822ba7d4f83d67959cac61d90c70", "text": "[Greek: polla de chermadia megal aspidas estuphelixam marnamenon amph auton o d en strophaliggi konies keito megas megalosti, lelasmenos ipposunaom.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00645", "bookId": 17470, "start": 251607, "end": 252541, "sha256": "64041cce81e69326bd53d33a8a25eb22d19ef56691ad3fe1ec78fd0a56941da2", "text": "Can you--can anyone--compare the two passages and miss to see that they belong to two different kingdoms of poetry? I lay no stress here on 'architectonics.' I waive that the \"Iliad\" is a well-knit epic and the story of \"Beowulf\" a shapeless monstrosity. I ask you but to note the difference of note, of accent, of mere music. And I have quoted you but a passage of the habitual Homer. To assure yourselves that he can rise even from this habitual height to express the extreme of majesty and of human anguish in poetry which betrays no false note, no strain upon the store of emotion man may own with self-respect and exhibit without derogation of dignity, turn to the last book of the \"Iliad\" and read of Priam raising to his lips the hand that has murdered his son. I say confidently that no one unable to distinguish this, as poetry, from the very best of \"Beowulf\" is fit to engage upon business as a literary critic.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00646", "bookId": 17470, "start": 252545, "end": 253064, "sha256": "c8a4d57c82e9c0876ee74e9e006b2a3c6832e15f34913cced404ccbd63f1c985", "text": "In \"Beowulf\" then, as an imported poem, let us allow much barbarian merit. It came of dubious ancestry, and it had no progeny. The pretence that our glorious literature derives its lineage from \"Beowulf\" is in vulgar phrase 'a put up job'; a falsehood grafted upon our text-books by Teutonic and Teutonising professors who can bring less evidence for it than will cover a threepenny-piece. Its run for something like that money, in small educational manuals, has been in its way a triumph of pedagogic _reclame_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00647", "bookId": 17470, "start": 253068, "end": 255172, "sha256": "2530983c7bde8d27005a6ab734fac8f8a619ce67665d65c14e830637d3c3e471", "text": "Our rude forefathers--the author of \"The Rape of the Lock\" and of the \"Elegy written in a Country Churchyard\"--knew nothing of the Exeter and Vercelli Books, nothing of the Ruthwell Cross. But they were poets, practitioners of our literature in the true line of descent, and they knew certain things which all such artists know by instinct. So, before our historians of thirty-odd years ago started to make Chaucer and Beowulf one, these rude forefathers made them two. 'Nor am I confident they erred.' Rather I am confident, and hope in succeeding lectures to convince you, that, venerable as Anglo-Saxon is, and worthy to be studied as the mother of our vernacular speech (as for a dozen other reasons which my friend Professor Chadwick will give you), its value is historical rather than literary, since from it our Literature is not descended. Let me repeat it in words that admit of no misunderstanding--_From Anglo-Saxon Prose, from Anglo-Saxon Poetry our living Prose and Poetry have, save linguistically, no derivation_. I shall attempt to demonstrate that, whether or not Anglo-Saxon literature, such as it was, died of inherent weakness, die it did, and of its collapse the \"Vision of Piers Plowman\" may be regarded as the last dying spasm. I shall attempt to convince you that Chaucer did not inherit any secret from Caedmon or Cynewulf, but deserves his old title, 'Father of English Poetry,' because through Dante, through Boccaccio, through the lays and songs of Provence, he explored back to the Mediterranean, and opened for Englishmen a commerce in the true intellectual mart of Europe. I shall attempt to heap proof on you that whatever the agency--whether through Wyat or Spenser, Marlowe or Shakespeare, or Donne, or Milton, or Dryden, or Pope, or Johnson, or even Wordsworth--always our literature has obeyed, however unconsciously, the precept _Antiquam exquirite matrem_, 'Seek back to the ancient mother'; always it has recreated itself, has kept itself pure and strong, by harking back to bathe in those native--yes, _native_--Mediterranean springs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00648", "bookId": 17470, "start": 255176, "end": 255534, "sha256": "73b8f460e7da2ff664963a1880fa146237fbd2c3e324a4695a88da8f890bc1f5", "text": "Do not presume me to be right in this. Rather, if you will, presume me to be wrong until the evidence is laid out for your judgment. But at least understand to-day how profoundly a man, holding that view, must deplore the whole course of academical literary study during these thirty years or so, and how distrust what he holds to be its basal fallacies.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00649", "bookId": 17470, "start": 255538, "end": 256041, "sha256": "99b95741e58247fdbf1acf0bd00c3e04da173e19f4c822cae703e1b66f243389", "text": "For, literature being written in language, yet being something quite distinct, and the development of our language having been fairly continuous, while the literature of our nation exhibits a false start--a break, silence, repentance, then a renewal on right glorious lines--our students of literature have been drilled to follow the specious continuance while ignoring the actual break, and so to commit the one most fatal error in any study; that of mistaking the inessential for the essential.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00650", "bookId": 17470, "start": 256045, "end": 256631, "sha256": "449fbf644e40abb1a0790099d3f541b527ac7a42721cba919a2d2fb21fd59b5c", "text": "As I tried to persuade you in my Inaugural Lecture, our first duty to Literature is to study it absolutely, to understand, in Aristotelian phrase, its [Greek: to ti en einae]; what it _is_ and what it _means_. If that be our quest, and the height of it be realised, it is nothing to us--or almost nothing--to know of a certain alleged poet of the fifteenth century, that he helped us over a local or temporary disturbance in our vowel-endings. It is everything to have acquired and to possess such a norm of Poetry within us that we know whether or not what he wrote was POETRY.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00651", "bookId": 17470, "start": 256635, "end": 257220, "sha256": "525e3fd545932a305ef35da28f2913872f24e7ad32f24c090ad3d7640c74a65c", "text": "Do not think this easy. The study of right literary criticism is much more difficult than the false path usually trodden; so difficult, indeed, that you may easily count the men who have attempted to grasp the great rules and apply them to writing as an art to be practised. But the names include some very great ones--Aristotle, Horace, Quintilian, Corneille, Boileau, Dryden, Johnson, Lessing, Coleridge, Goethe, Sainte-Beuve, Arnold: and the study, though it may not find its pattern in our time, is not unworthy to be proposed for another attempt before a great University.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00652", "bookId": 17470, "start": 257230, "end": 257241, "sha256": "31ac69db4e428e06ee2fd4fcbfffb175ad23afd72496e2a077bde1f6ea496126", "text": "LECTURE IX.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00653", "bookId": 17470, "start": 257245, "end": 257286, "sha256": "62c398391d9652620f6b041dc04af21e4230d8eb070ae40d9241ea610213d41c", "text": "ON THE LINEAGE OF ENGLISH LITERATURE (II)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00654", "bookId": 17470, "start": 257290, "end": 257311, "sha256": "6ae0a1c665d482b2a20582d9b508da13c0186f92f83d81e3fbf7187851d7b600", "text": "Wednesday, November 5", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00655", "bookId": 17470, "start": 257317, "end": 258286, "sha256": "a94bfcbb2d0e0a35015d8d9c2b10e48cbbb08f9f55ae05266842a9490965fce3", "text": "Some of you whose avocations call them, from time to time, to Newmarket may have noted, at a little distance out from Cambridge, a by-road advertised as leading to Quy and Swaffham. It also leads to the site of an old Roman villa; but you need not interrupt your business to visit this, since the best thing discovered there--a piece of tessellated pavement--has been removed and deposited in the Geological Museum here in Downing Street, where you may study it very conveniently. It is not at all a first-class specimen of its kind: not to be compared, for example, with the wonderful pavement at Dorchester, or with that (measuring 35 feet by 20) of the great villa unearthed, a hundred years ago, at Stonesfield in Oxfordshire: but I take it as the handiest, and am going to build a small conjecture upon it, or rather a small suggestion of a guess. Remember there is no harm in guessing so long as we do not pretend our guess-work to be something else.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00656", "bookId": 17470, "start": 258290, "end": 259475, "sha256": "2cabdb1f82d103345283f82755a6d2ecdafe3a4b69270c2b9acc5ef54ab48356", "text": "I will ask you to consider first that in these pavements, laid bare for us as 'the whistling rustic tends his plough,' we have work dating somewhere between the first and fifth centuries, work of unchallengeable beauty, work of a beauty certainly not rivalled until we come to the Norman builders of five or six hundred years later. I want you to let your minds dwell on these long stretches of time--four hundred years or so of Roman occupation (counting, not from Caesar's raids, but from the serious invasion of 43 A.D. under Aulus Plautius, say to some while after the famous letter of Honorius, calling home the legions). You may safely put it at four hundred years, and then count six hundred as the space before the Normans arrive--a thousand years altogether, or but a fraction--one short generation--less than the interval of time that separates us from King Alfred. In the great Cathedral of Winchester (where sleep, by the way, two gentle writers specially beloved, Isaak Walton and Jane Austen) above the choir-screen to the south, you may see a line of painted chests, of which the inscription on one tells you that it holds what was mortal of King Canute.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00657", "bookId": 17470, "start": 259484, "end": 259561, "sha256": "bc5154d715d6a4c93b7cca66523d89202d3672ea9bd7d0bf20d0a0778eabe536", "text": "Here are sands, ignoble things, Dropp'd from the ruin'd sides of Kings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00658", "bookId": 17470, "start": 259565, "end": 259836, "sha256": "d00468995e12163130a53cecd9f0616c1fe939f52b902adaa91c0852bf802bdf", "text": "But if you walk around to the north of the altar you will find yourself treading on tiles not so very far short of twice that antiquity. Gentlemen, do not think that I would ever speak lightly of our lineage: only let us make as certain as we may what that lineage is.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00659", "bookId": 17470, "start": 259840, "end": 261019, "sha256": "ef6093e6c656f4ae973a0f219a2309412db1662a775d2190f32f6dabffc28961", "text": "I want you to-day to understand just what such a pavement as that preserved for your inspection in Downing Street meant to the man who saw it laid and owned it these fifteen hundred years--more or less--ago. _Ubi Romanus vicit, ibi habitat_--'where the Roman has conquered, there he settles': but whether he conquered or settled he carried these small tiles, these _tessellae_, as religiously as ever Rachel stole her teraphin. 'Wherever his feet went there went the tessellated pavement for them to stand on. Even generals on foreign service carried in panniers on muleback the little coloured cubes or _tessellae_ for laying down a pavement in each camping-place, to be taken up again when they moved forward. In England the same sweet emblems of the younger gods of poetic legend, of love, youth, plenty, and all their happy naturalism, are found constantly repeated.'[1] I am quoting these sentences from a local historian, but you see how these relics have a knack of inspiring prose at once scholarly and imaginative, as (for a more famous instance) the urns disinterred at Walsingham once inspired Sir Thomas Browne's. To continue and adapt the quotation--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00660", "bookId": 17470, "start": 261025, "end": 261488, "sha256": "782700694c9afecf6dff99df88a56af25fd49351c734ae626a356082dd4a404f", "text": "Bacchus with his wild rout, Orpheus playing to a spell-bound audience, Apollo singing to the lyre, Venus in Mars' embrace, Neptune with a host of seamen, scollops, and trumpets, Narcissus by the fountain, Jove and Ganymede, Leda and the swan, wood-nymphs and naiads, satyrs and fauns, masks, hautboys, cornucopiae, flowers and baskets of golden fruit--what touches of home they must have seemed to these old dwellers in the Cambridgeshire wilds!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00661", "bookId": 17470, "start": 261492, "end": 263013, "sha256": "747199d503cc721a8f23fbcd7a0c8d631f289e3aa515f66b73e3494aebcfc794", "text": "Yes, touches of home! For the owner of this villa (you may conceive) is the grandson or even great-great-grandson of the colonist who first built it, following in the wake of the legionaries. The family has prospered and our man is now a considerable landowner. He was born in Britain: his children have been born here: and here he lives a comfortable, well-to-do, out-of-door life, in its essentials I daresay not so very unlike the life of an English country squire to-day. Instead of chasing foxes or hares he hunts the wolf and the wild boar; but the sport is good and he returns with an appetite. He has added a summer parlour to the house, with a northern aspect and no heating-flues: for the old parlour he has enlarged the praefurnium, and through the long winter evenings sits far better warmed than many a master of a modern country-house. A belt of trees on the brow of the rise protects him from the worst winds, and to the south his daughters have planted violet-beds which will breathe odorously in the spring. He has rebuilt and enlarged the slave-quarters and outhouses, replaced the stucco pillars around the atrium with a colonnade of polished stone, and, where stucco remains, has repainted it in fresh colours. He knows that there are no gaps or weak spots in his stockade fence--wood is always cheap. In a word he has improved the estate; is modestly proud of it; and will be content, like the old Athenian, to leave his patrimony not worse but something better than he found it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00662", "bookId": 17470, "start": 263017, "end": 263697, "sha256": "b430f8ffa5a70b2db5531c866b1ec028ebed0ae441a4c5a30042835060c1d007", "text": "Sensible men--and the Romans were eminently that--as a rule contrive to live decently, or, at least, tolerably. What struck Arthur Young more than anything else in his travels through France on the very eve of the Revolution seems to have been the general good-tempered happiness of the French gentry on their estates. We may moralise of the Roman colonists as of the French proprietors that 'unconscious of their doom the little victims played'; but we have no right to throw back on them the shadow of what was to come or to cloud the picture of a useful, peaceable, maybe more than moderately happy life, with our later knowledge of disaster mercifully hidden from it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00663", "bookId": 17470, "start": 263701, "end": 264542, "sha256": "80ac63c236a390f9d15a0bdad044bc7152291fd0714c5b44f032a8414dfcb267", "text": "Although our colonist and his family have all been born in Britain, are happy enough here on the whole, and talk without more than half meaning it, and to amuse themselves with speculations half-wistful, of daring the tremendous journey and setting eyes on Rome some day, their pride is to belong to her, to Rome, the imperial City, the city afar: their windows open back towards her as Daniel's did towards Jerusalem--_Urbs quam dicunt Roman--the_ City. Along the great road, hard by, her imperial writ runs. They have never subscribed to the vow of Ruth, 'Thy people shall be my people and thy God my God.' They dwell under the Pax Romana, not merely protected by it but as _citizens_. Theirs are the ancestral deities portrayed on that unfading pavement in the very centre of the villa--Apollo and Daphne, Bacchus and Ariadne--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00664", "bookId": 17470, "start": 264551, "end": 264633, "sha256": "de5fc8e37532f31976b7a6b438d1ed54497242e529d55dab206638d3eceaf1f1", "text": "For ever warm and still to be enjoyed, For ever panting, and for ever young.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00665", "bookId": 17470, "start": 264637, "end": 265540, "sha256": "1085f904b4266ea2f846fad91dde29458cb7d7adfc141856652736a4d3ee6c49", "text": "Parcels come to them, forwarded from the near military station; come by those trade-routes, mysterious to us, concerning which a most illuminating book waits to be written by somebody. There are parcels of seeds--useful vegetables and potherbs, helichryse (marigold as we call them now) for the flower garden, for the colonnade even roses with real Italian earth damp about their roots. There are parcels of books, too--rolls rather, or tablets--wherein the family reads about Rome; of its wealth, the uproar of its traffic, the innumerable chimneys smoking, _fumum et opes strepitumque_. For they are always reading of Rome; feeling themselves, as they read, to belong to it, to be neither savage nor even rustic, but by birthright _of the city_, urbane; and what these exiles read is of how Horace met a bore on the Sacred Road (which would correspond, more or less, with our Piccadilly)--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00666", "bookId": 17470, "start": 265549, "end": 265800, "sha256": "adab8db4db31eedd896489ef403c1644e220e6f869a84ea1e26bb1b6d2635f2f", "text": "Along the Sacred Road I strolled one day Deep in some bagatelle (you know my way) When up comes one whose face I scarcely knew-- 'The dearest of dear fellows! how d'ye do?' --He grasped my hand. 'Well, thanks! The same to you?'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00667", "bookId": 17470, "start": 265804, "end": 265888, "sha256": "0b0f7c04ff99aa368bd1e505b9312c1c028ce2d8cc862bfefbdfdd90eaecb4ce", "text": "--or of how Horace apologises for protracting a summer jaunt to his country seat:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00668", "bookId": 17470, "start": 265897, "end": 266478, "sha256": "b05f12d133b67b460fbe7b976171b9637fa63e6373e39dddb509cf55b8b95d44", "text": "Five days I told you at my farm I'd stay, And lo! the whole of August I'm away. Well but, Maecenas, you would have me live, And, were I sick, my absence you'd forgive. So let me crave indulgence for the fear Of falling ill at this bad time of year. When, thanks to early figs and sultry heat, The undertaker figures with his suite; When fathers all and fond mammas grow pale At what may happen to their young heirs male, And courts and levees, town-bred mortals' ills, Bring fevers on, and break the seals of wills.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00669", "bookId": 17470, "start": 266502, "end": 266528, "sha256": "070a230c6f91f5ecc2a8f5dc5244f61ca141715489ad89698a17341b0ca37b3e", "text": "(Conington's translation.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00670", "bookId": 17470, "start": 266532, "end": 267586, "sha256": "642b8db0944b982c2869b58a2a176def93298bfa72ef04cf2272e1b309494a21", "text": "Consider those lines; then consider how long it took the inhabitants of this island--the cultured ones who count as readers or writers--to recapture just that note of urbanity. Other things our forefathers --Britons, Saxons, Normans, Dutch or French refugees--discovered by the way; worthier things if you will; but not until the eighteenth century do you find just that note recaptured; the note of easy confidence that our London had become what Rome had been, the Capital city. You begin to meet it in Dryden; with Addison it is fairly established. Pass a few years, and with Samuel Johnson it is taken for granted. His _London_ is Juvenal's Rome, and the same satire applies to one as applied to the other. But against the urbane lines written by one Horace some while before Juvenal let us set a passage from another Horace--Horace Walpole, seventeen hundred years later and some little while ahead of Johnson. He, like our Roman colonist, is a settler in a new country, Twickenham; and like Flaccus he loves to escape from town life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00671", "bookId": 17470, "start": 267616, "end": 267643, "sha256": "2fb1dfe869b50529c2b1e6665c0bc47534dd7006b7fa58b0f42141db5b07c207", "text": "TWICKENHAM, June 8th, 1747.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00672", "bookId": 17470, "start": 267650, "end": 267675, "sha256": "911b33db9cb65f11d40919d24fc099424fda0919fe61dd62af8dcb3d47ec41cd", "text": "To the Hon. H. S. CONWAY.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00673", "bookId": 17470, "start": 267682, "end": 267943, "sha256": "6149c82b90c8a8954b0f2d8c61acd2ea2cc81682c4fa41db3a72bf355e69984a", "text": "You perceive by my date that I am got into a new camp, and have left my tub at Windsor. It is a little plaything-house that I got out of Mrs Chevenix's shop, and the prettiest bauble you ever saw. It is set in enamelled meadows with filagree hedges:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00674", "bookId": 17470, "start": 267954, "end": 268053, "sha256": "c950bd7d7ef09c56731d1a059c7db53155dce62ab03e2301be8b54e2fbfbd8ee", "text": "A small Euphrates through the place is roll'd, And little finches wave their wings of gold.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00675", "bookId": 17470, "start": 268060, "end": 268932, "sha256": "5396424ffd37048c5da940d220a290b03d48cc0695490182a19e93bf44c6015c", "text": "Two delightful roads; that you would call dusty, supply me continually with coaches and chaises: barges as solemn as Barons of the Exchequer move under my window; Richmond Hill and Ham Walks bound my prospect; but, thank God! the Thames is between me and the Duchess of Queensberry. Dowagers as plenty as flounders inhabit all around, and Pope's ghost is just now skimming under my window by the most poetical moonlight.... The Chevenixes had tricked it out for themselves; up two pairs of stairs is what they call Mr Chevenix's library, furnished with three maps, one shelf, a bust of Sir Isaac Newton and a lame telescope without any glasses. Lord John Sackville _predeceased_ me here and instituted certain games called _cricketalia_, which has been celebrated this very evening in honour of him in a neighbouring meadow.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00676", "bookId": 17470, "start": 268939, "end": 269350, "sha256": "e0b23139cbf2ddddb9bc4e01741c7522906acfa6abd811b82bb88df4b335fbb0", "text": "You will think I have removed my philosophy from Windsor with my tea-things hither; for I am writing to you in all tranquility while a Parliament is bursting about my ears. You know it is going to be dissolved.... They say the Prince has taken up two hundred thousand pounds, to carry elections which he won't carry--he had much better have saved it to buy the Parliament after it is chosen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00677", "bookId": 17470, "start": 269354, "end": 269684, "sha256": "4a4c76b0d5fab8da46cc93f534d316b4332ebfbb15ba8b9a19f1df72b2d125ee", "text": "There you have Horatio Walpole, the man-about-town, almost precisely echoing Horatius Flaccus, the man-about-town; and this (if you will bring your minds to it) is just the sort of passage a Roman colonist in Britain would open upon, out of his parcel of new books, and read, _and understand_, some eighteen hundred years ago.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00678", "bookId": 17470, "start": 269688, "end": 270664, "sha256": "795637c05bdfb9c1ddcb7f2515c3664780bcddf8f5a1293604a82234a10e9b3a", "text": "What became of it all?--of that easy colonial life, of the men and women who trod those tessellated pavements? 'Wiped out,' say the historians, knowing nothing, merely guessing: for you may with small trouble assure yourselves that the fifth and sixth centuries in the story of this island are a blind spot, concerning which one man's guess may be as good as another's. 'Wiped out,' they will commonly agree; for while, as I warned you in another lecture, the pedantic mind, faced with a difficulty, tends to remove it conveniently into a category to which it does not belong, still more prone is the pedantic mind to remove it out of existence altogether. So 'wiped out' is the theory; and upon it a sympathetic imagination can invent what sorrowful pictures it will of departing legions, the last little cloud of dust down the highway, the lovers by the gate watching it, not comprehending; the peaceful homestead in the background, ripe for doom--and what-not.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00679", "bookId": 17470, "start": 270668, "end": 273102, "sha256": "8f74af1666477193ec464b26df6bb60e04f7b64eede4aec26eee1aa897cb7ec5", "text": "Or, stay! There is another theory to which the late Professor Freeman inclined (if so sturdy a figure could be said to incline), laying stress on a passage in Gildas, that the Romans in Britain, faced by the Saxon invader, got together their money, and bolted away into Gaul. 'The Romans that were in Britain gathered together their gold-hoard, hid part in the ground and carried the rest over to Gaul,' writes Gildas. 'The hiding in the ground,' says Freeman, 'is of course a guess to explain the frequent finding of Roman coins'--which indeed it _does_ explain better than the guess that they were carried away, and perhaps better than the schoolboy's suggestion that during their occupation of Britain the Romans spent most of their time in dropping money about. Likely enough, large numbers of the colonists did gather up what they could and flee before the approaching storm; but by no means all, I think. For (since, where all is uncertain, we must reason from what is probable of human nature) in the first place men with large estates do not behave in that way before a danger which creeps upon them little by little, as this Saxon danger did. These colonists could not dig up their fields and carry them over to Gaul. They did not keep banking accounts; and in the course of four hundred years their main wealth had certainly been sunk in the land. They could not carry away their villas. We know that many of them did not carry away the _tessellae_ for which (as we have seen) they had so peculiar a veneration; for these remain. Secondly, if the colonists left Britain in a mass, when in the middle of the sixth century we find Belisarius offering the Goths to trade Britain for Sicily, as being 'much larger and this long time subservient to Roman rule,'[2] we must suppose either (as Freeman appears to suppose) that Belisarius did not know what he was offering, or that he was attempting a gigantic 'bluff,' or lastly that he really was offering an exchange not flatly derisory; of which three possible suppositions I prefer the last as the likeliest. Nor am I the less inclined to choose it, because these very English historians go on to clear the ground in a like convenient way of the Celtic inhabitants, exterminating them as they exterminated the Romans, with a wave of the hand, quite in the fashion of Mr Podsnap. 'This is un-English: therefore for me it merely ceases to exist.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00680", "bookId": 17470, "start": 273106, "end": 273213, "sha256": "8b2381e4860cdeac73573c26025b731d32203f86f74c193d905c70ac8cb805af", "text": "'_Probable extirpation of the Celtic inhabitants_' jots down Freeman in his margin, and proceeds to write:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00681", "bookId": 17470, "start": 273220, "end": 273748, "sha256": "5d3902746af1d258291314798db7dc7e21f22ee61990f9e3fcfd532fe43a74e0", "text": "In short, though the literal extirpation of a nation is an impossibility, there is every reason to believe that the Celtic inhabitants of those parts of Britain which had become English at the end of the sixth century had been as nearly extinguished as a nation could be. The women doubtless would be largely spared, but as far as the male sex is concerned we may feel sure that death, emigration, or personal slavery were the only alternatives which the vanquished found at the hands of our fathers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00682", "bookId": 17470, "start": 273752, "end": 274682, "sha256": "b3131f20971be33055e97995a31eebe6a898a4db74d595e1cbdc0f9090b72378", "text": "Upon this passage, if brought to me in an undergraduate essay, I should have much to say. The style, with its abstract nouns ('the literal extirpation of a nation is an impossibility'), its padding and periphrasis ('there is every reason to believe' ... 'as far as the male sex is concerned we may feel sure') betrays the loose thought. It begins with 'in short' and proceeds to be long-winded. It commits what even schoolboys know to be a solecism by inviting us to consider three 'alternatives'; and what can I say of 'the women doubtless would be largely spared,' save that besides scanning in iambics it says what Freeman never meant and what no-one outside of an Aristophanic comedy could ever suggest? 'The women doubtless would be largely spared'! It reminds me of the young lady in Cornwall who, asked by her vicar if she had been confirmed, admitted blushingly that 'she had reason to believe, partially so.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00683", "bookId": 17470, "start": 274686, "end": 276090, "sha256": "dbc63497a4c972140fb8a03e4c3ae702fc2688364681fd83c5c906242b1a692c", "text": "'The women doubtless would be largely spared'!--But I thank the Professor for teaching me that phrase, because it tries to convey just what I am driving at. The Jutes, Angles, Saxons, did not extirpate the Britons, whatever you may hold concerning the Romans. For, once again, men do not behave in that way, and certainly will not when a live slave is worth money. Secondly, the very horror with which men spoke, centuries after, of Anderida quite plainly indicates that such a wholesale massacre was exceptional, monstrous. If not exceptional, monstrous, why should this particular slaughter have lingered so ineffaceably in their memories? Finally,--and to be as curt as the question deserves--the Celtic Briton in the island was not exterminated and never came near to being exterminated: but on the contrary, remains equipollent with the Saxon in our blood, and perhaps equipollent with that mysterious race we call Iberian, which came before either and endures in this island to-day, as anyone travelling it with eyes in his head can see. Pict, Dane, Norman, Frisian, Huguenot French--these and others come in. If mixture of blood be a shame, we have purchased at the price of that shame the glory of catholicism; and I know of nothing more false in science or more actively poisonous in politics or in the arts than the assumption that we belong as a race to the Teutonic family.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00684", "bookId": 17470, "start": 276094, "end": 277661, "sha256": "c8f5ce9a6d38e49e579c5191befd75a181a4af08df1e2f6fcd98016ddb411740", "text": "Dane, Norman, Frisian, French Huguenot--they all come in. And will you refuse a hearing when I claim that the Roman came in too? Bethink you how deeply Rome engraved itself on this island and its features. Bethink you that, as human nature is, no conquering race ever lived or could live--even in garrison--among a tributary one without begetting children on it. Bethink you yet further of Freeman's admission that in the wholesale (and quite hypothetical) general massacre 'the women doubtless would be largely spared'; and you advance nearer to my point. I see a people which for four hundred years was permeated by Rome. If you insist on its being a Teutonic people (which I flatly deny) then you have one which _alone of Teutonic peoples_ has inherited the Roman gift of consolidating conquest, of colonising in the wake of its armies; of driving the road, bridging the ford, bringing the lawless under its sense of law. I see that this nation of ours concurrently, when it seeks back to what alone can inspire and glorify these activities, seeks back, not to any supposed native North, but south to the Middle Sea of our civilisation and steadily to Italy, which we understand far more easily than France--though France has helped us times and again. Putting these things together, I retort upon the ethnologists--for I come from the West of England, where we suffer incredible things from them--_'Semper ego auditor tantum?'_ I hazard that the most important thing in our blood is that purple drop of the imperial murex we derive from Rome.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00685", "bookId": 17470, "start": 277665, "end": 277848, "sha256": "2d0b95de4260b87598e38f4abdec645ffbe86204afe958f36e22c82f8000dcac", "text": "You must, of course, take this for nothing more than it pretends to be--a conjecture, a suggestion. I will follow it up with two statements of fact, neither doubtful nor disputable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00686", "bookId": 17470, "start": 277852, "end": 278374, "sha256": "25a8c161a6d8bba8e7cd591f29807abfcf0237c4184f80a6a1ea3a684e4286d2", "text": "The first is, that when English poetry awoke, long after the Conquest (or, as I should prefer to put it, after the Crusades) it awoke a new thing; in its vocabulary as much like Anglo-Saxon poetry as ever you will, but in metre, rhythm, lilt--and more, in style, feeling, imaginative play--and yet more again, in knowledge of what it aimed to be, in the essentials, in the qualities that make Poetry Poetry--as different from Anglo-Saxon poetry as cheese is from chalk, and as much more nutritious. Listen to this--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00687", "bookId": 17470, "start": 278383, "end": 278789, "sha256": "ede7fd428dffb439e119a9d47b94160f4a7efbcf6b688fa3d38c9ec6695ef35d", "text": "Bytuene Mershe ant Averil When spray biginnith to spring, The lutel foul hath hire wyl On hire lud to synge: Ich libbe in love-longinge For semlokest of alle thynge, He may me blisse bringe, Icham in hire bandoun. An hendy hap ichabbe y-hent, Ichot from hevene it is me sent, From alle wymmen my love is lent, And lyht on Alisoun.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00688", "bookId": 17470, "start": 278793, "end": 279054, "sha256": "f1cb3967fda5b94514578e014426f6379ccc8cb0eae5cdae20d7b8195b30fccc", "text": "Here you have alliteration in plenty; you even have what some hold to be the pattern of Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse (though in practice disregarded, may be, as often as not), the chosen initial used twice in the first line and once at least in the second:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00689", "bookId": 17470, "start": 279063, "end": 279133, "sha256": "db343e164b6bdd4e68442e7e67ec077d08b136478a85d3952ce3fae88a8a9863", "text": "From alle wymmen my _l_ove is _l_ent, And _l_yht on A_l_isoun.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00690", "bookId": 17470, "start": 279137, "end": 279336, "sha256": "64ab7a10452a3df89ba65a7df26c407c044ce5b0653f707290915d89a0b4bafd", "text": "But if a man cannot see a difference infinitely deeper than any similarity between this song of Alison and the old Anglo-Saxon verse--_a difference of nature_--I must despair of his literary sense.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00691", "bookId": 17470, "start": 279340, "end": 279459, "sha256": "8cb0b6e2e38e303b444beb0c75ce69f7a41fc51beb352139c77637c9233347ad", "text": "What has happened? Well, in Normandy, too, and in another tongue, men are singing much the same thing in the same way:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00692", "bookId": 17470, "start": 279468, "end": 279643, "sha256": "4d2f60452593a90124c475cd575442279db3fdee903a035ef571b91e81cb2f57", "text": "A la fontenelle Qui sort seur l'araine, Trouvai pastorella Qui n'iert pas vilaine... Merci, merci, douce Marote, N'ociez pas vostre ami doux,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00693", "bookId": 17470, "start": 279647, "end": 280062, "sha256": "916d9f2373ab7d058f90d18cfe7b1786dd12e1597f670051b5eb7a0134a39f74", "text": "and this Norman and the Englishman were singing to a new tune, which was yet an old tune re-set to Europe by the Provence, the Roman Province; by the troubadours--Pons de Capdeuil, Bernard de Ventadour, Bertrand de Born, Pierre Vidal, and the rest, with William of Poitou, William of Poitiers. Read and compare; you will perceive that the note then set persists and has never perished. Take Giraud de Borneil--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00694", "bookId": 17470, "start": 280071, "end": 280158, "sha256": "06092a6daa17628d5be7c4ee8f41229912215fe735a452f88610353dfcfd465c", "text": "Bel companhos, si dormetz o velhatz Non dortmatz plus, qu'el jorn es apropchatz--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00695", "bookId": 17470, "start": 280162, "end": 280249, "sha256": "e26438e2039027cab8cdb076afb54094fef5e86baa6105b1c8b515ddd3a2b22e", "text": "and set it beside a lyric of our day, written without a thought of Giraud de Borneil--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00696", "bookId": 17470, "start": 280258, "end": 280492, "sha256": "8eafd91baab343c29fb5b0099d7dd6f7845a013cca365f3b3ca6f6883af9707a", "text": "Heigh! Brother mine, art a-waking or a-sleeping: Mind'st thou the merry moon a many summers fled? Mind'st thou the green and the dancing and the leaping? Mind'st thou the haycocks and the moon above them creeping?...", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00697", "bookId": 17470, "start": 280496, "end": 280528, "sha256": "744f6a0bdd59654998f6f5a1885a8d3b622240eaef54794b50df373594023b19", "text": "Or take Bernard de Ventadour's--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00698", "bookId": 17470, "start": 280537, "end": 280754, "sha256": "37eb41a0438b63cdb264c12f6e2aa5beff48623f857f70c069a88ed31f6cf3ab", "text": "Quand erba vertz, e fuelha par E'l flor brotonon per verjan, E'l rossinhols autet e clar Leva sa votz e mov son chan, Joy ai de luy, e joy ai de la flor, Joy ai de me, e de me dons maior.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00699", "bookId": 17470, "start": 280758, "end": 280804, "sha256": "b3cce5d96b6f47e7473b7a17c4f00595259b75b2433e099555370749f2b982be", "text": "Why, it runs straight off into English verse--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00700", "bookId": 17470, "start": 280813, "end": 281061, "sha256": "9e1bc3c4056359912a2add43b80f9b48f0e10f7823c030195d04420275e02c51", "text": "When grass is green and leaves appear With flowers in bud the meads among, And nightingale aloft and clear Lifts up his voice and pricks his song, Joy, joy have I in song and flower, Joy in myself, and in my lady more.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00701", "bookId": 17470, "start": 281065, "end": 281109, "sha256": "1cf3619f9b0b7a29125432802c5bd394bba3a66d8ce0a133895b13d9691f2d10", "text": "And that may be doggerel; yet what is it but", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00702", "bookId": 17470, "start": 281118, "end": 281289, "sha256": "31a7a65fcf404a2b09036754348fa3bd467c4e924eeced5cb11e449136b282b1", "text": "It was a lover and his lass, With a hey and a ho and a hey nonino, That o'er the green cornfield did pass In the spring-time, the only pretty ring-time--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00703", "bookId": 17470, "start": 281293, "end": 281295, "sha256": "7175517a370b5cd2e664e3fd29c4ea9db5ce17058eb9772fe090a5485e49dad6", "text": "or", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00704", "bookId": 17470, "start": 281304, "end": 281475, "sha256": "5888424d7bbb0dfab843281e72e2292579d136eb7f4eb9d699091a4ee9d7b2c2", "text": "When daffodils begin to peer, With heigh! the doxy over the dale, Why then comes in the sweet o' the year; For the red blood reigns in the winter's pale.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00705", "bookId": 17470, "start": 281479, "end": 281697, "sha256": "cbb88a62904f2d9bd6775de0288871adb9fa8b9970334963d9f472df67982907", "text": "Nay, flatter the Anglo-Saxon tradition by picking its very best--and I suppose it hard to find better than the much-admired opening of Piers Plowman, in which that tradition shot up like the flame of a dying candle:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00706", "bookId": 17470, "start": 281706, "end": 282008, "sha256": "05c7b24a65d130c2bc1e5615c1b4e9f3e0d411d453aab6ebe5d203fab6827c9a", "text": "Bote in a Mayes Morwnynge--on Malverne hulles Me bi-fel a ferly--a Feyrie me thouhte; I was weori of wandringe--and wente me to reste Under a brod banke--bi a Bourne syde, And as I lay and leonede--and lokede on the watres, I slumberde in a slepynge--hit sownede so murie.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00707", "bookId": 17470, "start": 282012, "end": 282257, "sha256": "b008487978776a408a19cea1bab3a6a7bcf3955b1c01217a98a8e6c6ce09f9d1", "text": "This is good, solid stuff, no doubt: but tame, inert, if not actually lifeless. As M. Jusserand says of Anglo-Saxon poetry in general, it is like the river Saone--one doubts which way it flows. How tame in comparison with this, for example!--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00708", "bookId": 17470, "start": 282266, "end": 282408, "sha256": "02b7556a3512d10dea19fe8c666c60366f254b9bc53ed486357270a5776c09a3", "text": "In somer, when the shawes be sheyne, And leves be large and long, Hit is full mery in feyre foreste To here the foulys song:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00709", "bookId": 17470, "start": 282417, "end": 282551, "sha256": "767a40ef78712aa83b9762bd70c8185e31ae757f71103aa9544d979cb071e655", "text": "To se the dere draw to the dale And leve the hilles hee, And shadow hem in the leves grene Under the grene-wode tre.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00710", "bookId": 17470, "start": 282560, "end": 282685, "sha256": "1e6d0a109a50c1b7fc1cbb94377eb70c3c1c854d04a58ed7375226be94cb74d0", "text": "Hit befel on Whitsontide, Erly in a May mornyng, The Son up feyre can shyne, And the briddis mery can syng.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00711", "bookId": 17470, "start": 282694, "end": 282836, "sha256": "bb06b646437dc4a4de6a70cb893cb550c8743d55b265bd632d7decc2451b5eb9", "text": "'This is a mery mornyng,' said litell John, 'Be Hym that dyed on tre; A more mery man than I am one Lyves not in Cristiante.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00712", "bookId": 17470, "start": 282845, "end": 282978, "sha256": "bd5ed51a61ea0880169d23f2baa131a5c82bb58b0c5dd05d76ec5b6bb2bec445", "text": "'Pluk up thi hert, my dere mayster,' Litull John can sey, 'And thynk hit is a full fayre tyme In a mornyng of May.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00713", "bookId": 17470, "start": 282982, "end": 283397, "sha256": "5d2b0239fc656bab94dc8bae8c923815924e0c533070793ca1a35e99e9c1de68", "text": "There is no doubting which way _that_ flows! And this vivacity, this new beat of the heart of poetry, is common to Chaucer and the humblest ballad-maker; it pulses through any book of lyrics printed yesterday, and it came straight to us out of Provence, the Roman Province. It was the Provencal Troubadour who, like the Prince in the fairy tale, broke through the hedge of briers and kissed Beauty awake again.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00714", "bookId": 17470, "start": 283403, "end": 284527, "sha256": "3f532f407177b50996e2090c0ae9def06489601f3ced5e98ed929dab51ad8d9f", "text": "You will urge that he wakened Poetry not in England alone but all over Europe, in Dante before our Chaucer, in the trouveres and minnesingers as well as in our ballad-writers. To that I might easily retort, 'So much the better for Europe, and the more of it the merrier, to win their way into the great comity.' But here I put in my second assertion, that we English have had above all nations lying wide of the Mediterranean, the instinct to refresh and renew ourselves at Mediterranean wells; that again and again our writers--our poets especially--have sought them as the hart panteth after the water-brooks. If you accept this assertion, and if you believe as well that our literature, surpassing Rome's, may vie with that of Athens--if you believe that a literature which includes Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, Pope, Wordsworth, Shelley--the Authorised Version of Holy Writ, with Browne, Bunyan, Swift, Addison, Johnson, Arnold, Newman--has entered the circle to take its seat with the first-- why then, heartily believing this with you, I leave you to find some better explanation than mine if you can.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00715", "bookId": 17470, "start": 284531, "end": 287792, "sha256": "ccdbf54e38bb315f407cd2b15aa5e33744e1887fc7b79661a3603fc3a97a89e9", "text": "But what I content myself with asserting here you can scarcely deny. Chaucer's initial and enormous debt to Dante and Boccaccio stands in as little dispute as Dunbar's to Chaucer. On that favourite poet of mine, Sir Thomas Wyat, I descanted in a former lecture. He is one of your glories here, having entered St. John's College at the age of twelve (which must have been precocious even for those days.) Anthony Wood asserts that after finishing his course here, he proceeded to Cardinal Wolsey's new College at Oxford; but, as Christchurch was not founded until 1524, and Wyat, still precocious, had married a wife two years before that, the statement (to quote Dr Courthope) 'seems no better founded than many others advanced by that patriotic but not very scrupulous author.' It is more to the point that he went travelling, and brought home from France, Italy, afterwards Spain--always from Latin altars--the flame of lyrical poetry to England; the flame of the Petrarchists, caught from the Troubadours, clarified (so to speak) by the salt of humane letters. On what our Elizabethan literature owes to the Classical revival hundreds of volumes have been written and hundreds more will be written; I will but remind you of what Spencer talked about with Gabriel Harvey, what Daniel disputed with Campion; that Marlowe tried to re-incarnate Machiavelli, that Jonson was a sworn Latinist and the 'tribe of Ben' a classical tribe; while, as for Shakespeare, go and reckon the proportion of Italian and Roman names in his _dramatis personae_. Of Donne's debt to France, Italy, Rome, Greece, you may read much in Professor Grierson's great edition, and I daresay Professor Grierson would be the first to allow that all has not yet been computed. You know how Milton prepared himself to be a poet. Have you realised that, in those somewhat strangely constructed sonnets of his, Milton was deliberately modelling upon the \"Horatian Ode,\" as his confrere, Andrew Marvell, was avowedly attempting the like in his famous Horation Ode on Cromwell's Return from Ireland; so that if Cromwell had returned (like Mr Quilp), walked in and caught his pair of Latin Secretaries scribbling verse, one at either end of the office table, both might colourably have pleaded that they were, after all, writing Latin. Waller's task in poetry was to labour true classical polish where Cowley laboured sham-classical form. Put together Dryden's various Prefaces and you will find them one solid monument to his classical faith. Of Pope, Gray, Collins, you will not ask me to speak. What is salt in Cowper you can taste only when you have detected that by a stroke of madness he missed, or barely missed, being our true English Horace, that almost more nearly than the rest he hit what the rest had been seeking. Then, of the 'romantic revival'-- enemy of false classicism, not of classicism--bethink you what, in his few great years, Wordsworth owed directly to France of the early Revolution; what Keats drew forth out of Lempriere: and again bethink you how Tennyson wrought upon Theocritus, Virgil, Catullus; upon what Arnold constantly shaped his verse; how Browning returned ever upon Italy to inspire his best and correct his worse.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00716", "bookId": 17470, "start": 287796, "end": 289799, "sha256": "b9b67857ce9588206cdfc668cc28b6aebba35c1488398342c1bf867eadd253a0", "text": "Of Anglo-Saxon prose I know little indeed, but enough of the world to feel reasonably sure that if it contained any single masterpiece--or anything that could be paraded as a masterpiece--we should have heard enough about it long before now. It was invented by King Alfred for excellent political reasons; but, like other ready-made political inventions in this country, it refused to thrive. I think it can be demonstrated, that the true line of intellectual descent in prose lies through Bede (who wrote in Latin, the 'universal language'), and not through the Blickling Homilies, or, AElfric, or the Saxon Chronicle. And I am sure that Freeman is perversely wrong when he laments as a 'great mistake' that the first Christian missionaries from Rome did not teach their converts to pray and give praise in the vernacular. The vernacular being what it was, these men did better to teach the religion of the civilised world--_orbis terrarum_--in the language of the civilised world. I am not thinking of its efficiency for spreading the faith; but neither is Freeman; and, for that, we must allow these old missionaries to have known their own business. I am thinking only of how this 'great mistake' affected our literature; and if you will read Professor Saintsbury's \"History of English Prose Rhythm\" (pioneer work, which yet wonderfully succeeds in illustrating what our prose-writers from time to time were trying to do); if you will study the Psalms in the Authorised Version; if you will consider what Milton, Clarendon, Sir Thomas Browne, were aiming at; what Addison, Gibbon, Johnson; what Landor, Thackeray, Newman, Arnold, Pater; I doubt not your rising from the perusal convinced that our nation, in this storehouse of Latin to refresh and replenish its most sacred thoughts, has enjoyed a continuous blessing: that the Latin of the Vulgate and the Offices has been a background giving depth and, as the painters say, 'value' to nine-tenths of our serious writing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00717", "bookId": 17470, "start": 289803, "end": 290061, "sha256": "fead71b9ea22e39a4c651a1f1d25dae4ac86b0352edc95736bdb80a48d88bfd6", "text": "And now, since this and the previous lecture run something counter to a great deal of that teaching in English Literature which nowadays passes most acceptably, let me avoid offence, so far as may be, by defining one or two things I am _not_ trying to do.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00718", "bookId": 17470, "start": 290065, "end": 290202, "sha256": "30fe17327baf50e40b6f33337d5e23adb1809fd4594cb5ef6d0ed5c8fc99c075", "text": "I am not persuading you to despise your linguistic descent. English is English--our language; and all its history to be venerated by us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00719", "bookId": 17470, "start": 290206, "end": 290288, "sha256": "7203965f726079556e98b390bb2707f365b9b59a36e7221b55b6df5d6059c60c", "text": "I am not persuading you to despise linguistic study. _All_ learning is venerable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00720", "bookId": 17470, "start": 290292, "end": 290821, "sha256": "55464cf277c9651b7ea255e5fef7477cbbb811680a1f5d1e3ddb997c28598b5f", "text": "I am not persuading you to behave like Ascham, and turn English prose into pedantic Latin; nor would I have you doubt that in the set quarrel between Campion, who wished to divert English verse into strict classical channels, and Daniel, who vindicated our free English way (derived from Latin through the Provencal), Daniel was on the whole, right, Campion on the whole, wrong: though I believe that both ways yet lie open, and we may learn, if we study them intelligently, a hundred things from the old classical metres.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00721", "bookId": 17470, "start": 290825, "end": 290984, "sha256": "9617c01b0206f693d17ce455f0db4bc9026cd738a8494a26e167e27023ffadf0", "text": "I do not ask you to forget what there is of the Northmen in your blood. If I desired this, I could not worship William Morris as I do, among the later poets.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00722", "bookId": 17470, "start": 290988, "end": 291221, "sha256": "c8a0e760cfbba1d156e125e031fd092137b0b239632c2f704e6228934fd69060", "text": "I do not ask you to doubt that the barbarian invaders from the north, with their myths and legends, brought new and most necessary blood of imagination into the literary material--for the time almost exhausted--of Greece and Rome.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00723", "bookId": 17470, "start": 291225, "end": 291303, "sha256": "f9b6aca0b5a5b77b0c6a8e55b87680dc593b725294f364b326cc1ffb8d8cfe80", "text": "Nevertheless, I do contend that when Britain (or, if you prefer it, Sleswick)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00724", "bookId": 17470, "start": 291312, "end": 291388, "sha256": "ed74047904f8ac3e964f3245d9d50bcf7b483aabb424c5d89b1a49f5637c9712", "text": "When Sleswick first at Heaven's command Arose from out the azure main,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00725", "bookId": 17470, "start": 291392, "end": 291496, "sha256": "37cc66ea8f3f31c7536fa106248f4e46342477899af3730ec42b0dbae3575b10", "text": "she differed from Aphrodite, that other foam-born, in sundry important features of ear, of lip, of eye.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00726", "bookId": 17470, "start": 291500, "end": 291781, "sha256": "f315772ce66e8e4f7cb57fe80b65182f2b03ec1eb9d1265e844ed1afad8e0269", "text": "Lastly, if vehement assertions on the one side have driven me into too vehement dissent on the other, I crave pardon; not for the dissent but for the vehemence, as sinning against the very principle I would hold up to your admiration--the old Greek principle of avoiding excess.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00727", "bookId": 17470, "start": 291789, "end": 291952, "sha256": "160314a5a53008727260d6a2b96ed6f537456be9b43726e67ecd465955d52487", "text": "But I _do_ commend the patient study of Greek and Latin authors--in the original or in translation--to all of you who would write English; and for three reasons.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00728", "bookId": 17470, "start": 291956, "end": 292218, "sha256": "1a38aa3d0cf7f5d0d8eb6806caf54e9d68e997c0b3a49b9a399265632e6bfd9d", "text": "(1) In the first place they will correct your insularity of mind; or, rather, will teach you to forget it. The Anglo-Saxon, it has been noted, ever left an empty space around his houses; and that, no doubt, is good for a house. It is not so good for the mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00729", "bookId": 17470, "start": 292222, "end": 292867, "sha256": "ae3ae725d1b271b8535564d68ab8e0073bb289a366ba4e759e67f98e911e005f", "text": "(2) Secondly, we have a tribal habit, confirmed by Protestant meditation upon a Hebraic religion, of confining our literary enjoyment to the written word and frowning down the drama, the song, the dance. A fairly attentive study of modern lyrical verse has persuaded me that this exclusiveness may be carried too far, and threatens to be deadening. 'I will sing and give praise,' says the Scripture, 'with the best member that I have'--meaning the tongue. But the old Greek was an 'all-round man' as we say. He sought to praise and give thanks with all his members, and to tune each to perfection. I think his way worth your considering.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00730", "bookId": 17470, "start": 292871, "end": 293194, "sha256": "a1a428caeea0f65641cf91ef9b16d29d7df92c2e084c207b896d7046afdf740a", "text": "(3) Lastly, and chiefly, I commend these classical authors to you because they, in the European civilisation which we all inherit, conserve the norm of literature; the steady grip on the essential; the clean outline at which in verse or in prose--in epic, drama, history, or philosophical treatise--a writer should aim.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00731", "bookId": 17470, "start": 293198, "end": 293801, "sha256": "b8c3757857dbef156cabf0f4f94371ffff0b12f380393e5ba94ca760e16a5b5e", "text": "So sure am I of this, and of its importance to those who think of writing, that were this University to limit me to three texts on which to preach English Literature to you, I should choose the Bible in our Authorised Version, Shakespeare, and Homer (though it were but in a prose translation). Two of these lie outside my marked province. Only one of them finds a place in your English school. But Homer, who comes neither within my map, nor within the ambit of the Tripos, would--because he most evidently holds the norm, the essence, the secret of all--rank first of the three for my purpose.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00732", "bookId": 17470, "start": 293807, "end": 293932, "sha256": "b073f56b72256c80c6af97df10fc2d954ea5e8bddd308148ed6ffe5bb659f1e9", "text": "[Footnote 1: From \"A History of Oxfordshire,\" by Mr J. Meade Falkner, author of Murray's excellent Handbook of Oxfordshire.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00733", "bookId": 17470, "start": 293942, "end": 293952, "sha256": "85e94c5cbae6ab40c0ccf3ece4ea185ed86a7f90edc3d415ed53beba9136f392", "text": "LECTURE X.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00734", "bookId": 17470, "start": 293956, "end": 293998, "sha256": "00900969091e258a086d968ed478c207ae55d10ddfcad73b3063f5e9ced700cc", "text": "ENGLISH LITERATURE IN OUR UNIVERSITIES (I)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00735", "bookId": 17470, "start": 294002, "end": 294024, "sha256": "29871f1eedfdfcc9133ecf896665a991486d800be76d1d9eb857efe3ccbaae0e", "text": "Wednesday, November 19", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00736", "bookId": 17470, "start": 294030, "end": 294309, "sha256": "68e774011a724ea655452ce2b048331dbf42896dfc48dfd96e1cfdd12fa5d19f", "text": "All lectures are too long. Towards the close of my last, Gentlemen, I let fall a sentence which, heard by you in a moment of exhausted or languid interest, has since, like enough, escaped your memory even if it earned passing attention. So let me repeat it, for a fresh start.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00737", "bookId": 17470, "start": 294313, "end": 294811, "sha256": "3bf1c77696dd46d6c14237e45bdc9cd553e2290eb3c32d3d38f08f47e55919b3", "text": "Having quoted to you the words of our Holy Writ, 'I will sing and give praise with the best member that I have,' I added 'But the old Greek was an \"all-round\" man; he sought to praise and give thanks with all his members, and to tune each to perfection.' Now a great many instructive lectures might be written on that text: nevertheless you may think it a strange one, and obscure, for the discourse on 'English Literature in our Universities' which, according to promise, I must now attempt.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00738", "bookId": 17470, "start": 294815, "end": 295076, "sha256": "bcec6f73016c267dd28a9b0faf51ae450820395c8859156f0ad8038f7d5b6f85", "text": "The term 'an all-round man' may easily mislead you unless you take it with the rest of the sentence and particularly with the words 'praise and give thanks.' Praise whom? Give thanks to whom? To _whom_ did our Greek train all his members to render adoration?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00739", "bookId": 17470, "start": 295080, "end": 296634, "sha256": "0183b7accfe83045e27f7bcdb65105e3f31a014fa36765a4b2a7be1b69472797", "text": "Why, to the gods--his gods: to Zeus, Apollo, Aphrodite; and from them down to the lesser guardian deities of the hearth, the field, the farmstead. We modern men suffer a double temptation to misunderstand, by belittling, the reverence in which Hellas and Rome held their gods. To start with, our religion has superseded theirs. We approach the Olympians with no bent towards venerating them; with minds easy, detached, to which a great deal of their theology--the amativeness of Zeus for example--must needs seem broadly comic, and a great deal of it not only comic but childish. We are encouraged in this, moreover, when we read such writers as Aristophanes and Lucian, and observe how they poked fun at the gods. We assume--so modern he seems--Aristophanes' attitude towards his immortals to be ours; that when, for example, Prometheus walks on to the stage under an umbrella, to hide himself from the gaze of all-seeing Zeus, the Athenian audience laughed just as we laugh who have read Voltaire. Believe me, they laughed quite differently; believe me, Aristophanes and Voltaire had remarkably different minds and worked on utterly different backgrounds. Believe me, you will understand Aristophanes only less than you will understand AEschylus himself if you confuse Aristophanes' mockery of Olympus with modern mockery. But, if you will not take my word for it, let me quote what Professor Gilbert Murray said, the other day, speaking before the English Association on Greek poetry, how constantly connected it is with religion:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00740", "bookId": 17470, "start": 296641, "end": 297074, "sha256": "d9bc50b6d3f0575eaa5b7cc1a0661b59f870828859e82315a684db13ef7c52a5", "text": "'All thoughts, all passions, all desires' ... In our Art it is true, no doubt, that they are 'the ministers of love'; in Greek they are as a whole the ministers of religion, and this is what in a curious degree makes Greek poetry matter, makes it relevant. There is a sense in each song of a relation to the whole of things, and it was apt to be expressed with the whole body, or, one may say, the whole being.[1]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00741", "bookId": 17470, "start": 297078, "end": 297943, "sha256": "bcd87bc0083b7933c39f39e8a07d7fbce2a082964194ea48883ccb63eb09c005", "text": "To a Greek, in short, his gods mattered enormously; and to a Roman. To a Roman they continued to matter enormously, down to the end. Do you remember that tessellated pavement with its emblems and images of the younger gods? and how I told you that a Roman general on foreign service would carry the little cubes in panniers on mule-back, to be laid down for his feet at the next camping place? Will you suggest that he did this because they were pretty? You know that practical men--conquering generals--don't behave in that way. He did it because they were sacred; because, like most practical men, he was religious, and his gods must go with him. They filled his literature: for why? He believed himself to be sprung from their loins. Where would Latin literature be, for example, if you could cut Venus out of it? Consider Lucretius' grand invocation:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00742", "bookId": 17470, "start": 297952, "end": 298015, "sha256": "330394012dcbd09670eeeff368e8dad95b83ffd40e592558edba536e955f426c", "text": "AEneadum genetrix, hominum divumque voluptas, Alma Venus!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00743", "bookId": 17470, "start": 298019, "end": 298354, "sha256": "08159f07768d9f0556f189dc7a24bfbab31870ee11d7d47c16cfaf1d107be12a", "text": "Consider the part Virgil makes her play as moving spirit of his whole great poem. So follow her down to the days of the later Empire and open the \"Pervigilium Veneris\" and discover her, under the name of Dione, still the eternal Aphrodite sprung from the foam amid the churning hooves of the sea-horses--_inter et bipedes equos_:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00744", "bookId": 17470, "start": 298360, "end": 299175, "sha256": "238e1e68abf2009776502be1be3a6076ec07b0881b5f7143b44c82efb23ada06", "text": "Time was that a rain-cloud begat her, impregning the heave of the deep, 'Twixt hooves of sea-horses a-scatter, stampeding the dolphins as sheep. Lo! arose of that bridal Dione, rainbow'd and besprent of its dew! _Now learn ye to love who loved never--now ye who have loved, love anew!_ Her favour it was fill'd the sails of the Trojan for Latium bound, Her favour that won her AEneas a bride on Laurentian ground, And anon from the cloister inveigled the Virgin, the Vestal, to Mars; As her wit by the wild Sabine rape recreated her Rome for its wars With the Ramnes, Quirites, together ancestrally proud as they drew From Romulus down to our Caesar--last, best of that blood, of that thew. _Now learn ye to love who loved never--now ye who have loved, love anew!_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00745", "bookId": 17470, "start": 299179, "end": 299429, "sha256": "833a7f4be089827abf056234a34ed7702700fe0dae779097d09d2e3618950def", "text": "'Last, best of that blood'--her blood, _fusa Paphies de cruore_, and the blood of Teucer, _revocato a sanguine Teucri_, 'of that thew'--the thew of Tros and of Mars. Of these and no less than these our Roman believed himself the son and inheritor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00746", "bookId": 17470, "start": 299433, "end": 300349, "sha256": "88cab4e0d2db0a1fd0412a6faac63626285ef5dd24feb683163b086006e118b9", "text": "If we grasp this, that the old literature was packed with the old religion, and not only packed with it but permeated by it, we have within our ten fingers the secret of the 'Dark Ages,' the real reason why the Christian Fathers fought down literature and almost prevailed to the point of stamping it out. They hated it, not as literature; or at any rate, not to begin with; nor, to begin with, because it happened to be voluptuous and they austere: but they hated it because it held in its very texture, not to be separated, a religion over which they had hardly triumphed, a religion actively inimical to that of Christ, inimical to truth; so that for the sake of truth and in the name of Christ they had to fight it, accepting no compromise, yielding no quarter, foreseeing no issue save that one of the twain--Jupiter or Christ, Deus Optimus Maximus or the carpenter's son of Nazareth--must go under.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00747", "bookId": 17470, "start": 300353, "end": 300910, "sha256": "a1e92e31f7cafeeedcfe49aab0a3635198b44dd32058b8ebbb74b6828f540d6b", "text": "It all ended in compromise, to be sure; as all struggles must between adversaries so tremendous. To-day, in Dr Smith's \"Classical Dictionary,\" Origen rubs shoulders with Orpheus and Orcus; Tertullian reposes cheek by jowl with Terpsichore. But we are not concerned, here, with what happened in the end. We are concerned with what these forthright Christian fighters had in their minds--to trample out the old literature _because_ of the false religion. Milton understood this, and was thinking of it when he wrote of the effect of Christ's Nativity--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00748", "bookId": 17470, "start": 300919, "end": 301238, "sha256": "6616ebae39b1e04110c03a86a5fd6b6c5834d8076838326288d7ec953bd1f90e", "text": "The Oracles are dumb; No voice or hideous hum Runs through the arched roof in words deceiving. Apollo from his shrine Can no more divine, With hollow shriek the steep of Delphos leaving. No mighty trance, or breathed spell Inspires the pale-eyed Priest from the prophetic cell.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00749", "bookId": 17470, "start": 301247, "end": 301568, "sha256": "1cf13cd383860f9a3bc02fb2f440126ece17fe6aca32eb3f015d72bdb33b4d59", "text": "The lonely mountains o'er, And the resounding shore, A voice of weeping heard, and loud lament; From haunted spring, and dale Edg'd with poplar pale, The parting Genius is with sighing sent; With flower-inwoven tresses torn The Nymphs in twilight shade of tangled thickets mourn.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00750", "bookId": 17470, "start": 301572, "end": 301767, "sha256": "c6e9bf0f027af08c86d77647c1eee44d3b003abc9baffa67e314e4a1b55e12bc", "text": "as Swinburne understands and expresses it in his \"Hymn to Proserpine,\" supposed to be chanted by a Roman of the 'old profession' on the morrow of Constantine's proclaiming the Christian faith--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00751", "bookId": 17470, "start": 301774, "end": 302521, "sha256": "a7a12b1faab50564ad1b12db83155ee11ce8aa73964f01aabf3dbc28a66f3d4d", "text": "O Gods dethroned and deceased, cast forth, wiped out in a day! From your wrath is the world released, redeem'd from your chains, men say. New Gods are crown'd in the city; their flowers have broken your rods; They are merciful, clothed with pity, the young compassionate Gods. But for me their new device is barren, the days are bare; Things long past over suffice, and men forgotten that were... Wilt thou yet take all, Galilean? but these thou shalt not take, The laurel, the palms and the paean, the breasts of the nymphs in the brake; Thou hast conquer'd, O pale Galilean; the world has grown grey from thy breath; We have drunken of things Lethean, and fed on the fullness of death.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00752", "bookId": 17470, "start": 302525, "end": 303678, "sha256": "fe7f9a78206de06682167b22f900de67c05045e47a0b19f810cadf477f93f956", "text": "'Thou hast conquer'd, O pale Galilean!' However the struggle might sway in this or that other part of the field, Literature had to be beaten to her knees, and still beaten flat until the breath left her body. You will not be surprised that the heavy hand of these Christian fathers fell first upon the Theatre: for the actor in Rome was by legal definition an 'infamous' man, even as in England until the other day he was by legal definition a vagabond and liable to whipping. The policy of religious reformers has ever been to close the theatres, as our Puritans did in 1642; and a recent pronouncement by the Bishop of Kensington would seem to show that the instinct survives to this day. Queen Elizabeth--like her brother, King Edward VI--signalized the opening of a new reign by inhibiting stage-plays; and I invite you to share with me the pensive speculation, 'How much of English Literature, had she not relented, would exist to-day for a King Edward VII Professor to talk about?' Certainly the works of Shakespeare would not; and that seems to me a thought so impressive as to deserve the attention of Bishops as well as of Kings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00753", "bookId": 17470, "start": 303682, "end": 305481, "sha256": "3fc58aad45a4cca2a7735460762ac2e3518f04cd0e896f6e3d573dd4f3eb3333", "text": "Apart from this instinct the Christian Fathers, it would appear, had plenty of provocation. For the actors, who had jested with the Old Religion on a ground of accepted understanding--much as a good husband (if you will permit the simile) may gently tease his wife, not loving her one whit the less, taught by affection to play without offending--had mocked at the New Religion in a very different way: savagely, as enemies, holding up to ridicule the Church's most sacred mysteries. Tertullian, in an uncompromising treatise \"De Spectaculis,\" denounces stage-plays root and branch; tells of a demon who entered into a woman in a theatre and on being exorcised pleaded that the mistake might well be excused, since he had found her in his own demesne. Christians should avoid these shows and await the greatest _spectaculum_ of all--the Last Judgment. 'Then,' he promises genially, 'will be the time to listen to the tragedians, whose lamentations will be more poignant, for their proper pain. Then will the comedians turn and twist in capers rendered nimbler than ever by the sting of the fire that is not quenched.' By 400 A.D. Augustine cries triumphantly that the theatres are falling--the very walls of them tumbling--throughout the Empire. _'Per omnes paene civitates cadunt theatra ... cadunt et fora vel moenia in quibus demonia colebantur'_; the very walls within which these devilments were practised. But the fury is unabated and goes on stamping down the embers. In the eighth century our own Alcuin (as the school of Freeman would affectionately call him) is no less fierce. All plays are anathema to him, and he even disapproves of dancing bears--though not, it would appear, of bad puns: _'nec tibi sit ursorum saltantium cura, sed clericorum psallentium.'_[2]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00754", "bookId": 17470, "start": 305485, "end": 306912, "sha256": "7ce58b26f133f0af3c576ecc666762360e0619d5fb6f10bbf483961891107de8", "text": "The banning of _all_ literature you will find harder to understand; nay impossible, I believe, unless you accept the explanation I gave you. Yet there it is, an historical fact. 'What hath it profited posterity--_quid posteritas emolumenti tulit,_' wrote Sulpicius Severus, about 400 A.D., 'to read of Hector's fighting or Socrates' philosophising?' Pope Gregory the Great--St Gregory, who sent us the Roman missionaries--made no bones about it at all. '_Quoniam non cognovi literaturam,_' he quoted approvingly from the 70th Psalm, '_introibo in potentias Domini_': 'Because I know nothing of literature I shall enter into the strength of the Lord.' 'The praises of Christ cannot be uttered in the same tongue as those of Jove,' writes this same Gregory to Desiderius, Archbishop of Vienne, who had been rash enough to introduce some of his young men to the ancient authors, with no worse purpose than to teach them a little grammar. Yet no one was prouder than this Pope of the historical Rome which he had inherited. Alcuin, again, forbade the reading of Virgil in the monastery over which he presided: it would sully his disciples' imagination. 'How is this, _Virgilian!_' he cried out upon one taken in the damnable act,--'that without my knowledge and against my order thou hast taken to studying Virgil?' To put a stop to this unhallowed indulgence the clergy solemnly taught that Virgil was a wizard.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00755", "bookId": 17470, "start": 306916, "end": 307367, "sha256": "adaefd7b95d4978cfeeef836137486faa656a9fac9824f9d0115d999ca4d2fae", "text": "To us, long used as we are to the innocent gaieties of the Classical Tripos, these measures to discourage the study of Virgil may appear drastic, as the mental attitude of Gregory and Alcuin towards the Latin hexameter (so closely resembling that of Byron towards the waltz) not far removed from foolishness. But there you have in its quiddity the mediaeval mind: and the point I now put to you is, that _out of this soil our Universities grew._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00756", "bookId": 17470, "start": 307371, "end": 308252, "sha256": "6c4460fa628e2aaea1e72ecb120eaa79530c9d5286098dab66d96f7034da615c", "text": "We, who claim Oxford and Cambridge for our nursing mothers, have of all men least excuse to forget it. A man of Leyden, of Louvain, of Liepzig, of Berlin, may be pardoned that he passes it by. More than a hundred years ago Salamanca had the most of her stones torn down to make defences against Wellington's cannon. Paris, greatest of all, has kept her renown; but you shall search the slums of the Latin Quarter in vain for the sixty or seventy Colleges that, before the close of the fifteenth century, had arisen to adorn her, the intellectual Queen of Europe. In Bologna, the ancient and stately, almost alone among the continental Universities, survive a few relics of the old collegiate system--the College of Spain, harbouring some five or six students, and a little house founded for Flemings in 1650: and in Bologna the system never attained to real importance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00757", "bookId": 17470, "start": 308256, "end": 309261, "sha256": "53f4ddc076cf3f0020c87d727e44308ac66fe01a12f5053b7d1e1cf95b437249", "text": "But in England where, great as London is, the national mind has always harked to the country for the graces of life, so that we seem by instinct to see it as only desirable in a green setting, our Universities, planted by the same instinct on lawns watered by pastoral streams, have suffered so little and received as much from the years that now we can hardly conceive of Oxford or Cambridge as ruined save by 'the unimaginable touch of Time.' Of all the secular Colleges bequeathed to Oxford, she has lost not one; while Cambridge (I believe) has parted only with Cavendish. Some have been subsumed into newer foundations; but always the process has been one of merging, of blending, of justifying the new bottle by the old wine. The vengeance of civil war--always very much of a family affair in England--has dealt tenderly with Oxford and Cambridge; the more calculating malignity of Royal Commissions not harshly on the whole. University reformers may accuse both Oxford and Cambridge of", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00758", "bookId": 17470, "start": 309270, "end": 309341, "sha256": "160cda75b6b5393ca6f32c9935b8a85c5466ddbd44b42039bbc086cdcd0409cb", "text": "Annihilating all that's made To a green thought in a green shade:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00759", "bookId": 17470, "start": 309345, "end": 309506, "sha256": "591613fdb9818e20130bc6901185e48a0d2585f657b1b7b862b6123835a04dfc", "text": "but with those sour men we have nothing here to do: like Isaak Walton's milkmaid we will not 'load our minds with any fears of many things that will never be.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00760", "bookId": 17470, "start": 309510, "end": 310081, "sha256": "ac2acd7e7791712ab9828abc79ae64837fbf3b49d01f90c25461f3704de75a31", "text": "But, as they stand, Oxford and Cambridge--so amazingly alike while they play at differences, and both so amazingly unlike anything else in the wide world--do by a hundred daily reminders connect us with the Middle Age, or, if you prefer Arnold's phrase, whisper its lost enchantments. The cloister, the grave grace in hall, the chapel bell, the men hurrying into their surplices or to lectures 'with the wind in their gowns,' the staircase, the nest of chambers within the oak--all these softly reverberate over our life here, as from belfries, the mediaeval mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00761", "bookId": 17470, "start": 310085, "end": 310466, "sha256": "6a0972b056e9334b32e8d51c246ebc6fbc943a7652030edadcb14f9b68195067", "text": "And that mediaeval mind actively hated (of partial acquaintance or by anticipation) almost everything we now study! Between it and us, except these memorials, nothing survives to-day but the dreadful temptation to learn, the dreadful instinct in men, as they grow older and wiser, to trust learning after all and endow it--that, and the confidence of a steady stream of youth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00762", "bookId": 17470, "start": 310470, "end": 311682, "sha256": "61aedd7fa5efa1cfd3f9e13f3f66155c06e244677521ff0db792f78e9c195829", "text": "The Universities, then, sprang out of mediaeval life, out of the mediaeval mind; and the mediaeval mind had for centuries been taught to abominate literature. I would not exaggerate or darken the 'Dark Ages' for you by throwing too much bitumen into the picture. I know that at the beginning there had been a school of Origen which advocated the study of Greek poetry and philosophy, as well as the school of Tertullian which condemned it. There is evidence that the 'humanities' were cultivated here and there and after a fashion behind Gregory's august back. I grant that, while in Alcuin's cloister (and Alcuin, remember, became a sort of Imperial Director of Studies in Charlemagne's court) the wretched monk who loved Virgil had to study him with an illicit candle, to copy him with numbed fingers in a corner of the bitter-cold cloister, on the other hand many beautiful manuscripts preserved to us bear witness of cloisters where literature was tolerated if not officially honoured. I would not have you so uncritical as to blame the Church or its clergy for what happened; as I would have you remember that if the Church killed literature, she--and, one may say, she alone--kept it alive.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00763", "bookId": 17470, "start": 311686, "end": 313145, "sha256": "fcab5e5a9fa51c8cd9b66d1613ab6ebd408abe3596ed5e57d17bea89e211e9ee", "text": "Yet, and after all these reservations, it remains true that Literature had gone down disastrously. Even philosophy, unless you count the pale work of Boethius--_real_ philosophy had so nearly perished that men possessed no more of Aristotle than a fragment of his Logic, and '_the_ Philosopher' had to creep back into Western Europe through translations from the Arabic! But this is the point I wish to make clear.--Philosophy came back in the great intellectual revival of the twelfth century; Literature did not. Literature's hour had not come. Men had to catch up on a dreadful leeway of ignorance. The form did not matter as yet: they wanted science--to know. I should say, rather, that as yet form _seemed_ not to matter: for in fact form always matters: the personal always matters: and you cannot explain the vast crowds Abelard drew to Paris save by the fascination in the man, the fire communicated by the living voice. Moreover (as in a previous lecture I tried to prove) you cannot divorce accurate thought from accurate speech; but for accuracy, even for hair-splitting accuracy, of speech the Universities had the definitions of the Schoolmen. In literature they had yet to discover a concern. Literature was a thing of the past, inanimate. Nowhere in Europe could it be felt even to breathe. To borrow a beautiful phrase of Wordsworth's, men numbered it among 'things silently gone out of mind or things violently destroyed.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00764", "bookId": 17470, "start": 313149, "end": 313619, "sha256": "405ee559a4fe3784a9b1da5ebaedff76a629219f31014134ebf5608a4cb5f687", "text": "Nobody quite knows how these Universities began. Least of all can anybody tell how Oxford and Cambridge began. In Bede, for instance--that is, in England as the eighth century opens--we see scholarship already moving towards the _thing_, treading with sure instinct towards the light. Though a hundred historians have quoted it, I doubt if a feeling man who loves scholarship can read the famous letter of Cuthbert describing Bede's end and not come nigh to tears.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00765", "bookId": 17470, "start": 313623, "end": 314165, "sha256": "ebec1e949dc236d349f533fa333c441d4035d6d777afc4fe80618885c888e7b7", "text": "And Bede's story contains no less wonder than beauty, when you consider how the fame of this holy and humble man of heart, who never left his cloisters at Jarrow, spread over Europe, so that, though it sound incredible, our Northumbria narrowly missed in its day to become the pole-star of Western culture. But he was a disinterested genius, and his pupil, Alcuin, a pushing dull man and a born reactionary; so that, while Alcuin scored the personal success and went off to teach in the court of Charlemagne, the great chance was lost.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00766", "bookId": 17470, "start": 314169, "end": 315253, "sha256": "d7875d05ade6316bc910cfeed16b0ebfdb0d662a910033a461a00e1697e63152", "text": "No one knows when the great Universities were founded, or precisely out of what schools they grew; and you may derive amusement from the historians when they start to explain how Oxford and Cambridge in particular came to be chosen for sites. My own conjecture, that they were chosen for the extraordinary salubrity of their climates, has met (I regret to say) with derision, and may be set down to the caprice of one who ever inclines to think the weather good where he is happy. Our own learned historian, indeed--Mr J. Bass Mullinger--devotes some closely reasoned pages to proving that Cambridge was chosen as the unlikeliest spot in the world, and is driven to quote the learned Poggio's opinion that the unhealthiness of a locality recommended it as a place of education for youth; as Plato, knowing naught of Christianity, but gifted with a soul naturally Christian, '_had selected a noisome spot for his Academe, in order that the mind might be strengthened by the weakness of the body._' So difficult still it is for the modern mind to interpret the mediaeval!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00767", "bookId": 17470, "start": 315257, "end": 316345, "sha256": "535633b5520aa3160198ff2cf11621ee3b8c9f0eafc338e6aafc38e7eff4b7fb", "text": "Most likely these Universities grew as a tree grows from a seed blown by chance of the wind. It seems easy enough to understand why Paris, that great city, should have possessed a great University; yet I surmise the processes at Oxford and Cambridge to have been only a little less fortuitous. The schools of Remigius and of William of Champeaux (we will say) have given Paris a certain prestige, when Abelard, a pupil of William's, springs into fame and draws a horde of students from all over Europe to sit at his feet. These 'nations' of young men have to be organised, brought under some sort of discipline, if only to make the citizens' lives endurable: and lo! the thing is done. In like manner Irnerius at Bologna, Vacarius at Oxford, and at Cambridge some innominate teacher, 'of importance,' as Browning would put it, 'in his day,' possibly set the ball rolling; or again it is suggested that a body of scholars dissatisfied with Oxford (such dissatisfaction has been known even in historical times) migrated hither--a laborious journey, even nowadays--and that so", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00768", "bookId": 17470, "start": 316354, "end": 316421, "sha256": "bb276162b283b3b2a7b15b50bc37b21623813463c80b849d0d5a9275b1e2d9dc", "text": "A brighter Hellas rears its mountains From waves serener far!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00769", "bookId": 17470, "start": 316425, "end": 317154, "sha256": "5e5ffcbac1b3855325342d94191374d16c28763f7b92f64ffee7bdb8bd3c98fa", "text": "These young or nascent bodies had a trick of breaking away after this fashion. For reasons no longer obvious they hankered specially towards Stamford or Northampton. Until quite recently, within living memory, all candidates for a Mastership of Arts at Oxford had to promise never to lecture at Stamford. A flood here in 1520, which swept away Garret Hostel Bridge, put Cambridge in like mind and started a prophecy (to which you may find allusion in the fourth book of \"The Faerie Queene\") that both Universities would meet in the end, and kiss, at Stamford. Each in turn broke away for Northampton, and the worthy Fuller (a Northamptonshire man) has recorded his wonder that so eligible a spot was not finally chosen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00770", "bookId": 17470, "start": 317158, "end": 318189, "sha256": "bb7bb19245ea216212a4a32c98dd4c5d10e000e0d1da10144bf5a91617475dc7", "text": "I have mentioned a flood: but the immediate causes of the migrations or attempted migrations were not usually respectable enough to rank with any such act of God. They started as a rule with some Town and Gown row, or some bloody affray between scholars of the North and of the South. Without diminishing your sense of the real fervour for learning which drew young men from the remotest parts of Europe to these centres, but having for my immediate object to make clear to you that, whatever these young men sought, it was not literature, I wish you first to have in your minds a vivid picture of what a University town was like, and what its students were like during the greater part of the 12th and 13th centuries; that is to say, after the first enthusiasm had died down, when Oxford or Cambridge had organised itself into a _Studium Generale_, or _Universitas_ (which, of course, has nothing to do with Universality, whether of teaching or of frequenting, but simply means a Society. _Universitas_ = all of us).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00771", "bookId": 17470, "start": 318193, "end": 319183, "sha256": "ed2dc15e78a7bff6ec47e0872b6bec443451da8ee5bab16785014245dd976902", "text": "To begin with, the town was of wood, often on fire in places; with the alleviation of frequent winter floods, which in return, in the words of a modern poet, would 'leave a lot of little things behind them.' It requires but a small effort of the imagination in Cambridge to picture the streets as narrow, dark, almost meeting overhead in gables out of which the house slops would be discharged after casual warning down into a central gutter. That these narrow streets were populous with students remains certain, however much discount we allow on contemporary bills of reckoning. And the crowd was noisy. Men have always been ingenious in their ways of celebrating academical success. Pythagoras, for example, sacrificed an ox on solving the theorem numbered 47 in the first book of Euclid; and even to-day a Professor in his solitary lodge may be encouraged to believe now and then, from certain evidences in the sky, that the spirit of Pythagoras is not dead but translated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00772", "bookId": 17470, "start": 319187, "end": 319691, "sha256": "2b8103953db6ce4d60338f3606c44a455110053f1c98afd95f054ef3dafb053c", "text": "But of the mediaeval University the lawlessness, though well attested, can scarcely be conceived. When in the streets 'nation' drew the knife upon 'nation,' 'town' upon 'gown'; when the city bell started to answer the clang of St. Mary's; horrible deeds were done. I pass over massacres, tumults such as the famous one of St Scholastica's Day at Oxford, and choose one at a decent distance (yet entirely typical) exhumed from the annals of the University of Toulouse, in the year 1332. In that year", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00773", "bookId": 17470, "start": 319697, "end": 323129, "sha256": "47a31e71860f9e73882c6befc55aecda63397943c0fe4af4ee9262311fb4ca74", "text": "Five brothers of the noble family de la Penne lived together in a Hospicium at Toulouse as students of the Civil and Canon Law. One of them was Provost of a Monastery, another Archdeacon of Albi, another an Archpriest, another Canon of Toledo. A bastard son of their father, named Peter, lived with them as squire to the Canon. On Easter Day, Peter, with another squire of the household named Aimery Beranger and other students, having dined at a tavern, were dancing with women, singing, shouting, and beating 'metallic vessels and iron culinary instruments' in the street before their masters' house. The Provost and the Archpriest were sympathetically watching the jovial scene from a window, until it was disturbed by the appearance of a Capitoul and his officers, who summoned some of the party to surrender the prohibited arms which they were wearing. '_Ben Senhor, non fassat_' was the impudent reply. The Capitoul attempted to arrest one of the offenders; whereupon the ecclesiastical party made a combined attack upon the official. Aimery Beranger struck him in the face with a poignard, cutting off his nose and part of his chin and lips, and knocking out or breaking no less than eleven teeth. The surgeons deposed that if he recovered (he eventually did recover) he would never be able to speak intelligibly. One of the watch was killed outright by Peter de la Penne. That night the murderer slept, just as if nothing had happened, in the house of his ecclesiastical masters. The whole household, masters and servants alike, were, however, surprised by the other Capitouls and a crowd of 200 citizens, and led off to prison, and the house is alleged to have been pillaged. The Archbishop's Official demanded their surrender. In the case of the superior ecclesiastics this, after a short delay, was granted. But Aimery, who dressed like a layman in 'divided and striped clothes' and wore a long beard, they refused to treat as a clerk, though it was afterwards alleged that the tonsure was plainly discernible upon his head until it was shaved by order of the Capitouls. Aimery was put to the torture, admitted his crime, and was sentenced to death. The sentence was carried out by hanging, after he had had his hand cut off on the scene of the crime, and been dragged by horses to the place of execution. The Capitouls were then excommunicated by the Official, and the ecclesiastical side of the quarrel was eventually transferred to the Roman Court. Before the Parlement of Paris the University complained of the violation of the Royal privilege exempting scholars' servants from the ordinary tribunals. The Capitouls were imprisoned, and after long litigation sentenced to pay enormous damages to the ruffian's family and erect a chapel for the good of his soul. The city was condemned for a time to the forfeiture of all its privileges. The body was cut down from the gibbet on which it had been hanging for three years, and accorded a solemn funeral. Four Capitouls bore the pall, and all fathers of families were required to walk in the procession. When they came to the Schools, the citizens solemnly begged pardon of the University, and the cortege was joined by 3000 scholars. Finally, it cost the city 15,000 livres tournois or more to regain their civic privileges.[3]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00774", "bookId": 17470, "start": 323133, "end": 323570, "sha256": "822efb38835e1aaddac948c803ac56cdb7bdd9f37005431775c2be693de91a6d", "text": "The late Mr Cecil Rhodes once summarized all Fellows of Colleges as children in matters of finance. Be that as it may, you will find nothing more constant in history than the talent of the Universities for extracting money or money's worth out of a riot. Time (I speak as a parent) has scarcely blunted that faculty; and still--since where young men congregate, noise there must be--our Universities like Wordsworth's Happy Warrior", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00775", "bookId": 17470, "start": 323579, "end": 323617, "sha256": "071af3cde935671e25cf08880e0739bd098223cfa55742ac6da28a619c3d6481", "text": "turn their necessity to glorious gain.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00776", "bookId": 17470, "start": 323621, "end": 324090, "sha256": "e90b8efb4d0d468368a3d17274c6b5f59ea4e3ea85e84aef2ed18890306f9edf", "text": "These were the excesses of young 'bloods,' and their servants: but with them mingled scholars not less ferocious in their habits because almost desperately poor. You all know, I dare say, that very poor scholars would be granted licences to beg by the Chancellor. The sleeve of this gown in which I address you represents the purse or pocket of a Master of Arts, and may hint to you by its amplitude how many crusts he was prepared to receive from the charitable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00777", "bookId": 17470, "start": 324094, "end": 324485, "sha256": "3b0f0dc27a0464685f38ab7e45e6c657577c8bf5690f38a0a1346c16a8381aec", "text": "Now, choosing to ignore (because it has been challenged as overpainted) a picture of penury endured by the scholars of St John's College in this University, let me tell you two stories, one well attested, the other fiction if you will, but both agreeable as testifying to the spirit of youth which, ever blowing upon their sacred embers, has kept Oxford and Cambridge perennially alive.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00778", "bookId": 17470, "start": 324489, "end": 325435, "sha256": "12cb3f8f51bcf807282744dc642265173033aedfe04d89a66ba19dd75100bbe3", "text": "My first is of three scholars so poor that they possessed but one 'cappa' and gown between them. They took it in turns therefore, and when one went to lecture the other two kept to their lodgings. I invite you even to reflect on the joy of the lucky one, in a winter lecture room, dark, with unglazed windows, as he listened and shuffled his feet for warmth in the straw of the floor. [No one, by the way, can understand the incessant harping of our early poets upon May-time and the return of summer until he has pictured to himself the dark and cold discomfort of a Middle-English winter.] These three poor scholars fed habitually on bread, with soup and a little wine, tasting meat only on Sundays and feasts of the Church. Yet one of them, Richard of Chichester, who lived to become a saint, _saepe retulit quod nunquam in vita sua tam jucundam, tam delectabilem duxerat vitam_--that never had he lived so jollily, so delectably.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00779", "bookId": 17470, "start": 325439, "end": 325549, "sha256": "65eb4c5ee7c57ea7777532a4f50e6cf37cc8a5e5837f83dbd3ac87b3f27d60e2", "text": "That is youth, youth blessed by friendship. Now for my second story, which is also of youth and friendship.--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00780", "bookId": 17470, "start": 325553, "end": 326140, "sha256": "6e5f18867d43472cd7791e8398ccfa1a7c87383e83d5fcf2d2d5fa915a32d8a4", "text": "Two poor scholars, who had with pains become Masters of Arts and saved their pence to purchase the coveted garb, on the afternoon of their admission took a country walk in it, together flaunting their new finery. But, the day being gusty, on their return across the bridge, a puff of wind caught the _biretta_ of one and blew it into the river. The loss was irrecoverable, since neither could swim. The poor fellow looked at his friend. His friend looked at him. 'Between us two,' he said, 'it is all or naught,' and cast his own cap to float and sink with the other down stream.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00781", "bookId": 17470, "start": 326144, "end": 326620, "sha256": "f7d46b53b182a4f719e80463b3d2382e3339c3d3f7949e5ceea4dee2665a6831", "text": "You will never begin to understand literature until you understand something of life. These young men, your forerunners, understood something of life while as yet completely careless of literature. After the impulse of Abelard and others had died down, the mass of students betook themselves to the Universities, no doubt, for quite ordinary, mercenary reasons. The University led to the Church, and the Church, in England at any rate, was the door to professional life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00782", "bookId": 17470, "start": 326624, "end": 327454, "sha256": "2e7671b691929a2218f0e60a6c31b490519b95cc96963f43aa1916a9b3ed14cc", "text": "Nearly all the civil servants of the Crown--I am here quoting freely--the diplomatists, the secretaries or advisers of great nobles, the physicians, the architects, at one time the secular law-givers, all through the Middle Ages the then large tribe of ecclesiastical lawyers, were ecclesiastics.... Clerkship did not necessarily involve even minor orders. But as it was cheaper to a King or a Bishop or a temporal magnate to reward his physician, his legal adviser, his secretary, or his agent by a Canonry or a Rectory than by large salaries, the average student of Paris or Oxford or Cambridge looked toward the Church as the 'main chance' as we say, and small blame to him! He never at any rate looked towards Literature: nor did the Universities, wise in their generation, encourage him to do anything of the sort.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00783", "bookId": 17470, "start": 327458, "end": 329464, "sha256": "385a0438e6ef8730ab8ea4c130ded78eb72eb06f89e7e0f922fc7e95a93a0fc2", "text": "You may realise, Gentlemen, how tardily, even in later and more enlightened times, the study of Literature has crept its way into official Cambridge, if you will take down your \"University Calendar\" and study the list of Professorships there set forth in order of foundation. It begins in 1502 with the Lady Margaret's Chair of Divinity, founded by the mother of Henry VII. Five Regius Professorships follow: of Divinity, Civil Law, Physic, Hebrew, Greek, all of 1540. So Greek comes in upon the flush of the Renaissance; and the Calendar bravely, yet not committing itself to a date, heads with Erasmus the noble roll which concludes (as may it long conclude) with Henry Jackson. But Greek comes in last of the five. Close on a hundred years elapse before the foundation of the next chair--it is of Arabic; and more than a hundred before we arrive at Mathematics. So Sir William Hamilton was not without historical excuse when he declared the study of Mathematics to be no part of the business of this University! Then follow Moral Philosophy (1683), Music (1684), Chemistry (1702), Astronomy (1704), Anatomy (1707), Modern History and more Arabic, with Botany (1724), Geology (1727), closely followed by Mr Hulse's Christian Advocate, more Astronomy (1749), more Divinity (1777), Experimental Philosophy (1783): then in the nineteenth century more Law, more Medicine, Mineralogy, Archaeology, Political Economy, Pure Mathematics, Comparative Anatomy, Sanskrit and yet again more Law, before we arrive in 1869 at a Chair of Latin. Faint yet pursuing, we have yet to pass chairs of Fine Art (belated), Experimental Physics, Applied Mechanics, Anglo-Saxon, Animal Morphology, Surgery, Physiology, Pathology, Ecclesiastical History, Chinese, more Divinity, Mental Philosophy, Ancient History, Agriculture, Biology, Agricultural Botany, more Biology, Astrophysics, and German, before arriving in 1910 at a Chair of English Literature which by this time I have not breath to defend.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00784", "bookId": 17470, "start": 329468, "end": 329736, "sha256": "87d1a3c5e80cf76f34a3f3a762b127bbd87335d328b814b7fe11cecdb162a837", "text": "The enumeration has, I hope, been instructive. If it has also plunged you in gloom, to that atmosphere (as the clock warns me) for a fortnight I must leave you: with a promise, however, in another lecture to cheer you, if it may be, with some broken gleams of hope.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00785", "bookId": 17470, "start": 329742, "end": 329868, "sha256": "23e243227778d9a6e607ecd907bda42304621e8dcbcfc441957cb72cdfc9a67c", "text": "[Footnote 1: \"What English Poetry may still learn from Greek\": a paper read before the English Association on Nov. 17, 1911.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00786", "bookId": 17470, "start": 329872, "end": 330015, "sha256": "5608239d3cd1a80c9a3bc4a47ec641db0079ae1861631ada14ca8d813cffc80c", "text": "[Footnote 2: See Mr E. K. Chambers' \"Mediaeval Stage\", Dr Courthope's \"History of English Poetry,\" and Professor W. P. Ker's \"The Dark Ages\".]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00787", "bookId": 17470, "start": 330019, "end": 330158, "sha256": "8f7338d65b41c3a3f464addaf6ca371cf54d8c9bc333acc9b3ba498115a26dd1", "text": "[Footnote 3: Rashdall, \"The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages\", vol. ii, p. 684, from documents printed in Fournier's collection.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00788", "bookId": 17470, "start": 330168, "end": 330179, "sha256": "01dc7123bb65b4b5419f75f3a8014efe78611d8ce8d2bbd94b50f5b0201a98c1", "text": "LECTURE XI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00789", "bookId": 17470, "start": 330183, "end": 330265, "sha256": "e1e5ca120a5e109b9e47f7d9c7b710fe879a87aef573e06c166523cc5f2c4cc4", "text": "ENGLISH LITERATURE IN OUR UNIVERSITIES nglish Literature in Our Universities (II)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00790", "bookId": 17470, "start": 330269, "end": 330290, "sha256": "3477e7047c9e61b111e2948f97d8b1f49dc6c6c2044507d28102e356fd5cde0d", "text": "Wednesday, December 3", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00791", "bookId": 17470, "start": 330296, "end": 330749, "sha256": "de184e3eb4ae0d43ab715ea0fa936ae46f5f59988c90ed5b544026c37d57619a", "text": "We broke off, Gentlemen, upon the somewhat painful conclusion that our Universities were not founded for the study of literature, and tardily admitted it. The dates of our three literary chairs in Cambridge--I speak of our Western literature only, and omit Arabic, Sanskrit, and Chinese--clenched that conclusion for us. Greek in 1540, Latin not until 1869, English but three years ago--from the lesson of these intervals there is no getting away.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00792", "bookId": 17470, "start": 330753, "end": 332215, "sha256": "45b3054a6c84e2ee5c3fe9ed25574e13822b54601a6c8030d5d9fea2cfaf6396", "text": "Now I do not propose to dwell on the Renaissance and how Greek came in: for a number of writers in our time have been busy with the Renaissance, and have--I was going to say 'over-written the subject,' but no--it is better to say that they have focussed the period so as to distort the general perspective at the cost of other periods which have earned less attention; the twelfth century, for example. At any rate their efforts, with the amount they claim of your reading, absolve me from doing more than remind you that the Renaissance brought in the study of Greek, and Greek necessarily brought in the study of literature: since no man can read what the Greeks wrote and not have his eyes unsealed to what I have called a norm of human expression; a guide to conduct, a standard to correct our efforts, whether in poetry, or in philosophy, or in art. For the rest, I need only quote to you Gibbon's magnificent saying, that the Greek language gave a soul to the objects of sense and a body to the abstractions of metaphysics. [May I add, in parenthesis, that, while no believer in compulsory Greek, holding, indeed, that you can hardly reconcile learning with compulsion, and still more hardly force them to be compatibles, I subscribe with all my heart to Bagehot's shrewd saying, 'while a knowledge of Greek and Latin is not necessary to a writer of English, he should at least have a firm conviction that those two languages existed.']", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00793", "bookId": 17470, "start": 332219, "end": 332439, "sha256": "9fcdda46c3727bd2c426fa4823d6aea82174009acfab0a4cbe86e11058e9d5e0", "text": "But, assuming you to know something of the Renaissance, and how it brought Greek into Oxford and Cambridge, I find that in the course of the argument two things fall to be said, and both to be said with some emphasis.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00794", "bookId": 17470, "start": 332443, "end": 333540, "sha256": "01d596d7e713a6c49e2ba02805fe823794606cde2e36333a60089b07cae41907", "text": "In the first place, without officially acknowledging their native tongue or its literature, our two Universities had no sooner acquired Greek than their members became immensely interested in English. Take, for one witness out of many, Gabriel Harvey, Fellow of Pembroke Hall. His letters to Edmund Spenser have been preserved, as you know. Now Gabriel Harvey was a man whom few will praise, and very few could have loved. Few will quarrel with Dr Courthope's description of him as 'a person of considerable intellectual force, but intolerably arrogant and conceited, and with a taste vitiated by all the affectations of Italian humanism,' or deny that 'his tone in his published correspondence with Spenser is that of an intellectual bully.'[1] None will refuse him the title of fool for attempting to mislead Spenser into writing hexameters. But all you can urge against Gabriel Harvey, on this count or that or the other, but accumulates proof that this donnish man was all the while giving thought--giving even ferocious thought--to the business of making an English Literature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00795", "bookId": 17470, "start": 333544, "end": 334561, "sha256": "125337acde6cc93a5f2adc498458ed600bd2da035299318eaf3a8b98a6137cb2", "text": "Let me adduce more pleasing evidence. At or about Christmas, in the year 1597, there was enacted here in Cambridge, in the hall of St John's College, a play called \"The Pilgrimage to Parnassus,\" a skittish work, having for subject the 'discontent of scholars'; the misery attending those who, unsupported by a private purse, would follow after Apollo and the Nine. No one knows the author's name: but he had a wit which has kept something of its salt to this day, and in Christmas, 1597, it took Cambridge by storm. The public demanded a sequel, and \"The Return from Parnassus\" made its appearance on the following Christmas (again in St John's College hall); to be followed by a \"Second Part of the Return from Parnassus,\" the author's overflow of wit, three years later. Of the popularity of the first and second plays--\"The Pilgrimage\" and \"The Return, Part I\"--we have good evidence in the prologue to \"The Return, Part II,\" where the author makes Momus say, before an audience which knew the truth:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00796", "bookId": 17470, "start": 334568, "end": 335089, "sha256": "ff40bed05cf0394e9b268d88ec32ec0ef54ab88c3aad55de4353c4366038ce84", "text": "\"The Pilgrimage to Parnassus\" and \"The Returne from Parnassus\" have stood the honest Stagekeepers in many a crowne's expense for linckes and vizards: purchased many a Sophister a knocke with a clubbe: hindred the butler's box, and emptied the Colledge barrells; and now, unlesse you have heard the former, you may returne home as wise as you came: for this last is the last part of The Returne from Parnassus; that is, the last time that the Author's wit will turne upon the toe in this vaine.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00797", "bookId": 17470, "start": 335093, "end": 338415, "sha256": "f2b17aed5911b1a4c0f5fe75aa00f56379458b131b6298d953f61d03b10684d2", "text": "In other words, these plays had set everybody in Cambridge agog, had been acted by link-light, had led to brawls--either between literary factions or through offensive personal allusions to which we have lost all clue--had swept into the box-office much money usually spent on Christmas gambling, and had set up an inappeasable thirst for College ale. The point for us is that (in 1597-1601) they abound in topical allusions to the London theatres: that Shakespeare is obviously just as much a concern to these young men of Cambridge as Mr Shaw (say) is to our young men to-day, and an allusion to him is dropped in confidence that it will be aptly taken. For instance, one of the characters, Gullio, will have some love-verses recited to him 'in two or three diverse veins, in Chaucer's, Gower's and Spenser's and Mr Shakespeare's.' Having listened to Chaucer, he cries, 'Tush! Chaucer is a foole'; but coming to some lines of Mr Shakespeare's \"Venus and Adonis,\" he cries, 'Ey, marry, Sir! these have some life in them! Let this duncified world esteeme of Spenser and Chaucer, I'le worship sweet Mr Shakespeare, and to honoure him I will lay his \"Venus and Adonis\" under my pillowe.' For another allusion--'Few of the University pen plaies well,' says the actor Kempe in Part II of the \"Returne\"; 'they smell too much of that writer _Ovid_ and that writer _Metamorphosis_, and talke too much of Proserpina and Jupiter. Why here's our fellow _Shakespeare_ puts them all downe, ay and _Ben Jonson_, too.' Here you have Cambridge assembling at Christmas-tide to laugh at well-understood hits upon the theatrical taste of London. Here you have, to make Cambridge laugh, three farcical quasi-Aristophanic plays all hinging on the tribulations of scholars who depart to pursue literature for a livelihood. For a piece of definite corroborative evidence you have a statute of Queens' College (quoted by Mr Bass Mullinger) which directs that 'any student refusing to take part in the acting of a comedy or tragedy in the College and absenting himself from the performance, contrary to the injunctions of the President, shall be expelled from the Society'--which seems drastic. And on top of all this, you have evidence enough and to spare of the part played in Elizabethan drama by the 'University Wits.' Why, Marlowe (of Corpus Christi) may be held to have invented its form--blank verse; Ben Jonson (of St John's) to have carried it on past its meridian and through its decline, into the masque. Both Universities claim Lyly and Chapman. Marston, Peel, Massinger, hailed from Oxford. But Greene and Nashe were of Cambridge--of St John's both, and Day of Caius. They sought to London, and there (for tragic truth underlay that Christmas comedy of \"The Pilgrimage of Parnassus\") many of them came to bitter ends: but before reaching their sordid personal ruin--and let the deaths of Marlowe and Greene be remembered--they built the Elizabethan drama, as some of them lived to add its last ornaments. We know what, meanwhile, Spenser had done. I think it scarcely needs further proof that Cambridge, towards the end of the sixteenth century, was fermenting with a desire to read, criticise, yes and write, English literature, albeit officially the University recognised no such thing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00798", "bookId": 17470, "start": 338419, "end": 340301, "sha256": "ff0dd0c96a9caf76524b8da5484f9f819e3b337a35c8d693777f0ddf4e8ddfbf", "text": "There remains a second question--How happened it that Cambridge, after admitting Greek, took more than three hundred years to establish a Chair of Latin, and that a Chair of English is, so to speak, a mushroom (call it not toadstool!) of yesterday? Why simply enough. Latin continued to be the working language of Science. In Latin Bacon naturally composed his \"Novum Organum\" and indeed almost all his scientific and philosophical work, although a central figure of his age among English prose-writers. In Latin, in the eighteenth century, Newton wrote his \"Principia\": and I suppose that of no two books written by Englishmen before the close of that century, or indeed before Darwin's \"Origin of Species,\" can it be less extravagantly said than of the \"Novum Organum\" and the \"Principia\" that they shook the world. Now, without forgetting our Classical Tripos (founded in 1822), as without forgetting the great names of Bentley and Porson, we may observe it as generally true, that whenever and wherever large numbers of scientific men use a particular language as their working instrument, they have a disposition to look askance on its refinements; to be jealous of its literary professors; to accuse these of treating as an end in itself what is properly a means. Like the Denver editor I quoted to you in a previous lecture, these scientific workers want to 'get there' in a hurry, forgetting that (to use another Americanism) the sharper the chisel the more ice it is likely to cut. You may observe this disposition--this suspicion of 'literature,' this thinly veiled contempt--in many a scientific man to-day; though because his language has changed from Latin to English, it is English he now chooses to cheapen. Well, we cannot help it, perhaps. Perhaps he cannot help it. It is human nature. We must go on persuading him, not losing our tempers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00799", "bookId": 17470, "start": 340305, "end": 340625, "sha256": "6d0573b125d5a73a1940f8a2b36d3594ce315b7196dac1ffc9dff66cd62137e2", "text": "None the less we should not shut our eyes to the fact that while a language is the working instrument of scientific men there will always be a number of them to decry any study of it for its beauty, and even any study of it for the sake of accuracy--its beauty and its accuracy being indeed scarcely distinguishable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00800", "bookId": 17470, "start": 340629, "end": 341214, "sha256": "9bd0abc161acd4600c9a421e1c0716758ca0d9da07a87c2788b7dabef17265e3", "text": "I fear, Gentlemen, you may go on from this to the dreadful conclusion that the date 1869, when Cambridge at length came to possess a Chair of Latin, marks definitely the hour at which Latin closed its eyes and became a dead language; that you may proceed to a yet more dreadful application of this to the Chair of English founded in 1910: and that henceforward (to misquote what Mr Max Beerbohm once wickedly said of Walter Pater) you will be apt to regard Professor Housman and me as two widowers engaged, while the undertaker waits, in composing the features of our beloveds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00801", "bookId": 17470, "start": 341218, "end": 342096, "sha256": "60918eaab28b4260deb0c8cd6a2f2aa8168db5f76b7a50447b898a2ae3a9b6c7", "text": "But (to speak seriously) that is what I stand here to controvert: and I derive no small encouragement when--as has more than once happened--A, a scientific man, comes to me and complains that he for his part cannot understand B, another scientific man, 'because the fellow can't express himself.' And the need to study precision in writing has grown far more instant since men of science have abandoned the 'universal language' and taken to writing in their own tongues. Let us, while not on the whole regretting the change, at least recognise some dangers, some possible disadvantages. I will confine myself to English, considered as a substitute for Latin. In Latin you have a language which may be thin in its vocabulary and inelastic for modern use; but a language which at all events compels a man to clear his thought and communicate it to other men precisely.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00802", "bookId": 17470, "start": 342105, "end": 342159, "sha256": "8632513337dbcedfc632625a255e9a40dd05f1c305d10e7d43bc2ecc2ddf0d21", "text": "Thoughts hardly to be packed Into the narrow act", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00803", "bookId": 17470, "start": 342163, "end": 342849, "sha256": "854efd639dec76a29b4e157c4aafd4eff44010374feea7af45d176c92ef1db4e", "text": "--may be all impossible of compression into the Latin speech. In English, on the other hand, you have a language which by its very copiousness and elasticity tempts you to believe that you can do without packing, without compression, arrangement, order; that, with the Denver editor, all you need is to 'get there'--though it be with all your intellectual belongings in a jumble, overflowing the portmanteau. Rather I preach to you that having proudly inherited English with its _copia fandi_, you should keep your estate in order by constantly applying to it that _jus et norma loquendi_ of which, if you seek to the great models, you will likewise find yourselves inheritors.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00804", "bookId": 17470, "start": 342853, "end": 343111, "sha256": "143dae6d57e1a0e05423498038747509ff3d8d942dbe6e5f5fe6cce5603af5e0", "text": "'But,' it is sometimes urged, 'why not leave this new study of English to the younger Universities now being set up all over the country?' 'Ours is an age of specialising. Let these newcomers have something--what better than English?--to specialise upon.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00805", "bookId": 17470, "start": 343115, "end": 343540, "sha256": "720399b9ebd24f282cd6dddbe09e5208f903a8095d6acf286b085f40677525cd", "text": "I might respond by asking if the fame of Cambridge would stand where it stands to-day had she followed a like counsel concerning other studies and, resting upon Mathematics, given over this or that branch of Natural Science to be grasped by new hands. What of Electricity, for example? Or what of Physiology? Yes, and among the unnatural sciences, what of Political Economy? But I will use a more philosophical argument.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00806", "bookId": 17470, "start": 343544, "end": 343823, "sha256": "acda0c54704ecb3fce1ceb27d23819fe8ee8e463a69e03540b2b798416cde16c", "text": "Some years ago I happened on a collection of Bulgarian proverbs of which my memory retains but two, yet each an abiding joy. In a lecture on English Literature in our Universities you will certainly not miss to apply the first, which runs, 'Many an ass has entered Jerusalem.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00807", "bookId": 17470, "start": 343827, "end": 344108, "sha256": "3f252944ecf149533abbb4e547085436ec6f974d77b7217fe7bbfb8ea085fdd5", "text": "The application of the second may elude you for a moment. It voices the impatience of an honest Bulgar who has been worried overmuch to subscribe to what, in this England of ours, we call Church Purposes; and it runs, 'All these two-penny saints will be the ruin of the Church.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00808", "bookId": 17470, "start": 344112, "end": 346468, "sha256": "5bbdd1d0cc16495f33467923638600778e1e2771b7b41c2bc563d2cc0416f160", "text": "Now far be it from me to apply the term 'two-penny saint' to any existing University. To avoid the accusation I hereby solemnly declare my deep conviction that every single University at this moment in England, Scotland, Wales or Ireland has reasons--strong in all, in some overwhelmingly strong--for its existence. That is plainly said, I hope? Yet I do maintain that if we go on multiplying Universities we shall not increase the joy; that the reign of two-penny saints lies not far off and will soon lie within measurable distance; and that it will be a pestilent reign. As we saw in out last lecture the word 'University'--_Universitas_--had, in its origin, nothing to do with Universality: it meant no more than a Society, organised (as it happened) to promote learning. But words, like institutions, often rise above their beginnings, and in time acquire a proud secondary connotation. For an instance let me give you the beautiful Wykehamist motto _Manners Makyeth Man_, wherein 'manners' originally meant no more than 'morals.' So there has grown around our two great Universities of Oxford and Cambridge a connotation (secondary, if you will, but valuable above price) of universality; of standing like great beacons of light, to attract the young wings of all who would seek learning for their sustenance. Thousands have singed, thousands have burned themselves, no doubt: but what thousands of thousands have caught the sacred fire into their souls as they passed through and passed out, to carry it, to drop it, still as from wings, upon waste places of the world! Think of country vicarages, of Australian or Himalayan outposts, where men have nourished out lives of duty upon the fire of three transient, priceless years. Think of the generations of children to whom their fathers' lives, prosaic enough, could always be re-illumined if someone let fall the word 'Oxford' or 'Cambridge,' so that they themselves came to surmise an aura about the name as of a land very far off; and then say if the ineffable spell of those two words do not lie somewhere in the conflux of generous youth with its rivalries and clash of minds, ere it disperses, generation after generation, to the duller business of life. Would you have your mother University, Gentlemen, undecorated by some true study of your mother-English?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00809", "bookId": 17470, "start": 346472, "end": 346616, "sha256": "8eb4464fd5e89a75178eaa990c3deeff63f98648c3f783176fe3725b5ce5cbe8", "text": "I think not, having been there, and known such thoughts as you will carry away, and having been against expectation called back to report them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00810", "bookId": 17470, "start": 346625, "end": 346864, "sha256": "d3a9630743531806f2154031c59d6825f0faf21eab01fd356dc2fede9b67adbe", "text": "And sometimes I remember days of old When fellowship seem'd not so far to seek, And all the world and I seem'd far less cold, And at the rainbow's foot lay surely gold, And hope was strong, and life itself not weak.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00811", "bookId": 17470, "start": 346868, "end": 347174, "sha256": "61070a573745dc71818e60f64c81e108789d08497c114dd096bd6a8fad757d3e", "text": "My purpose here (and I cannot too often recur to it) is to wean your minds from hankering after false Germanic standards and persuade you, or at least point out to you, in what direction that true study lies if you are men enough to take up your inheritance and believe in it as a glory to be improved.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00812", "bookId": 17470, "start": 347178, "end": 348269, "sha256": "78224b3619bc68685a4db020fa06edc251b94d9d9dacfcbbca0fe6baf727159b", "text": "Neither Oxford nor Cambridge nor any University on earth can study English Literature truthfully or worthily, or even at all profitably, unless by studying it in the category for which Heaven, or Nature (call the ultimate cause what you will), intended it; or, to put the assertion more concretely, in any other category than that for which the particular author--be his name Chaucer or Chesterton, Shakespeare or Shaw--designed it; as neither can Oxford nor Cambridge nor any University study English Literature, to understand it, unless by bracing itself to consider a living art. Origins, roots, all the gropings towards light--let these be granted as accessories; let those who search in them be granted all honour, all respect. It is only when they preach or teach these preliminaries, these accessories, to be more important than Literature itself--it is only when they, owing all their excuse in life to the established daylight, din upon us that the precedent darkness claims precedence in honour, that one is driven to utter upon them this dialogue, in monosyllables:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00813", "bookId": 17470, "start": 348278, "end": 348409, "sha256": "150ddcc3ecccd0d31833c107ef367f62f3b16a0658a9f5e56420fcf7f1f38b6d", "text": "_And God said, 'Let there be light': and there was light. 'Oh, thank you, Sir,' said the Bat and the Owl; 'then we are off!'_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00814", "bookId": 17470, "start": 348413, "end": 350193, "sha256": "e4917ada1e157542ac91adbae3a18cd64da3d907a673b1f032286c9521a2c588", "text": "I grant you, Gentlemen, that there must always inhere a difficulty in correlating for the purposes of a Tripos a study of Literature itself with a study of these accessories; the thing itself being _naturally_ so much more difficult: being so difficult indeed that (to take literary criticism alone and leave for a moment the actual practice of writing out of the question) though some of the first intellects in the world--Aristotle, Longinus, Quintilian, Boileau, Dryden, Lessing, Goethe, Coleridge, Sainte-Beuve--have broken into parcels of that territory, the mass of it remains unexplored, and nobody as yet has found courage to reduce the reports of these great explorers to any system; so that a very eminent person indeed found it easy to write to me the other day, 'The principles of Criticism? What are they? Who made them?' To this I could only answer that I did not know Who made them; but that Aristotle, Dryden, Lessing, had, as it was credibly reported, discovered five or, it might be, six. And this difficulty of appraising literature absolutely inheres in your study of it from the beginning. No one can have set a General Paper on Literature and examined on it, setting it and marking the written answers, alongside of papers about language, inflexions and the rest, without having borne in upon him that _here_ the student finds his difficulty. While in a paper set about inflexions, etc., a pupil with a moderately retentive memory will easily obtain sixty or seventy per cent. of the total marks, in a paper on the book or play considered critically an examiner, even after setting his paper with a view to some certain inferiority of average, has to be lenient before he can award fifty, forty, or even thirty per cent. of the total.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00815", "bookId": 17470, "start": 350197, "end": 350522, "sha256": "a4809a8064501ccd25bb7fc1cfdcc16b2ce5f84f7f06889157b716576e3d86b9", "text": "You will find a somewhat illuminating passage--illuminating, that is, if you choose to interpret and apply it to our subject--in Lucian's \"True History,\" where the veracious traveller, who tells the tale, affirms that he visited Hades among other places, and had some conversation with Homer, among its many inhabitants--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00816", "bookId": 17470, "start": 350529, "end": 351487, "sha256": "bd8653fe3ebd210ec7b602bcf4ecf050cc52a6abcf04f11fda398c8f846ab92d", "text": "Before many days had passed, I accosted the poet Homer, when we were both disengaged, and asked him, among other things, where he came from; it was still a burning question with us, I explained. He said he was aware that some derived him from Chios, others from Smyrna, and others again from Colophon; but in fact he was a Babylonian, generally known not as Homer but as Tigranes; but when later in life he was given as a homer or hostage to the Greeks, that name clung to him. Another of my questions was about the so-called spurious books; had he written them or not? He said that they were all genuine: so I now knew what to think of the critics Zenodotus and Aristarchus and all their lucubrations. Having got a categorical answer on that point, I tried him next on his reason for starting the \"Iliad\" with the wrath of Achilles. He said he had no exquisite reason; it just came into his head that way.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00817", "bookId": 17470, "start": 351491, "end": 351757, "sha256": "cb44a1865720d2da44036b2d6f06d501f4feb91454f1d4979a92b8f7ce4cbd45", "text": "Even so diverse are the questions that may be asked concerning any great work of art. But to discover its full intent is always the most difficult task of all. That task, however, and nothing less difficult, will always be the one worthiest of a great University.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00818", "bookId": 17470, "start": 351761, "end": 352010, "sha256": "a88d3672b7cdcfe69c99952b7faf93b66a8c55c3bc7ba59642fc25405b780c37", "text": "On that, and on that alone, Gentlemen, do I base all claims for our School of English Literature. And yet in conclusion I will ask you, reminding yourselves how fortunate is your lot in Cambridge, to think of fellow-Englishmen far less fortunate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00819", "bookId": 17470, "start": 352014, "end": 352992, "sha256": "8958df8a88e2385f45cfd4c7b2997a0ced0b1a5c1394218f6669b91c3d0fe72d", "text": "Years ago I took some pains to examine the examination papers set by a renowned Examining Body and I found this--'I humbly solicit' (to use a phrase of Lucian's) 'my hearers' incredulity'--that in a paper set upon three Acts of \"Hamlet\"--three Acts of \"Hamlet\"!--the first question started with 'G.tt. p..cha' 'Al..g.tor' and invited the candidate to fill in the missing letters correctly. Now I was morally certain that the words 'gutta-percha' and 'alligator' did not occur in the first three Acts of \"Hamlet\"; but having carefully re-read them I invited this examining body to explain itself. The answer I got was that, to understand Shakespeare, a student must first understand the English Language! Some of you on leaving Cambridge will go out--a company of Christian folk dispersed throughout the world--to tell English children of English Literature. Such are the pedagogic fetters you will have to knock off their young minds before they can stand and walk.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00820", "bookId": 17470, "start": 352996, "end": 353603, "sha256": "b54b4089e70520deae58986b33704685574adaea655cd0be8ce86d6c2ec9c1a3", "text": "Gentlemen, on a day early in this term I sought the mound which is the old Castle of Cambridge. Access to it, as perhaps you know, lies through the precincts of the County Prison. An iron railing encloses the mound, having a small gate, for the key of which a notice-board advised me to ring the prison bell. I rang. A very courteous gaoler answered the bell and opened the gate, which stands just against his wicket. I thanked him, but could not forbear asking 'Why do they keep this gate closed?' 'I don't know, sir,' he answered, 'but I suppose if they didn't the children might get in and play.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00821", "bookId": 17470, "start": 353607, "end": 354860, "sha256": "69e1b8c5e2323a9daeba25de6a50682c84c036ef84045c218d372ade8956177c", "text": "So with his answer I went up the hill and from the top saw Cambridge spread at my feet; Magdalene below me, and the bridge which--poor product as it is of the municipal taste--has given its name to so many bridges all over the world; the river on its long ambit to Chesterton; the tower of St John's, and beyond it the unpretentious but more beautiful tower of Jesus College. To my right the magnificent chine of King's College Chapel made its own horizon above the yellowing elms. I looked down on the streets--the narrow streets--the very streets which, a fortnight ago, I tried to people for you with that mediaeval throng which has passed as we shall pass. Still in my ear the gaoler's answer repeated itself--_'I suppose, if they didn't keep it locked, the children might get in and play'_: and a broken echo seemed to take it up, in words that for a while had no more coherence than the scattered jangle of bells in the town below. But as I turned to leave, they chimed into an articulate sentence and the voice was the voice of Francis Bacon--_Regnum Scientiae ut regnum Coeli non nisi sub persona infantis intratur.--Into the Kingdom of Knowledge, as into the Kingdom of Heaven, whoso would enter must become as a little child._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00822", "bookId": 17470, "start": 354866, "end": 354940, "sha256": "23425d1c8b163babe14c3b92217f03566f9fa433286a7ac49ab5f0473efd5b75", "text": "[Footnote 1: \"Cambridge History of English Literature\", vol. iii, p. 213.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00823", "bookId": 17470, "start": 354950, "end": 354962, "sha256": "78d60c9751a13a1d2f62d26d54b55247e949c089ad658773555c00c45eaa12bb", "text": "LECTURE XII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00824", "bookId": 17470, "start": 354966, "end": 354974, "sha256": "4b4a365969e84d4d54cadedf3c3286b43cb69c1d901dde6416a7cac7f9bc48ca", "text": "ON STYLE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00825", "bookId": 17470, "start": 354978, "end": 355005, "sha256": "b8f2a22e95001dcec345e7134080f6548160b8e58544ef990eb481b7530ad77d", "text": "Wednesday, January 28, 1914", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00826", "bookId": 17470, "start": 355011, "end": 355614, "sha256": "247bd4aa3b751f838124d0f5b97f9dc22d2b13bf9dfcb3d6946e563b2d5e3224", "text": "Should Providence, Gentlemen, destine any one of you to write books for his living, he will find experimentally true what I here promise him, that few pleasures sooner cloy than reading what the reviewers say. This promise I hand on with the better confidence since it was endorsed for me once in conversation by that eminently good man the late Henry Sidgwick; who added, however, 'Perhaps I ought to make a single exception. There was a critic who called one of my books \"epoch-making.\" Being anonymous, he would have been hard to find and thank, perhaps; but I ought to have made the effort.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00827", "bookId": 17470, "start": 355618, "end": 356392, "sha256": "1c051055a0daef9183795755275dd8a8c72fc529e52a0b4a99e82f1cb3aa8ba6", "text": "May I follow up this experience of his with one of my own, as a preface or brief apology for this lecture? Short-lived as is the author's joy in his critics, far-spent as may be his hope of fame, mournful his consent with Sir Thomas Browne that 'there is nothing immortal but immortality,' he cannot hide from certain sanguine men of business, who in England call themselves 'Press-Cutting Agencies,' in America 'Press-Clipping Bureaux,' and, as each successive child of his invention comes to birth, unbecomingly presume in him an almost virginal trepidation. 'Your book,' they write falsely, 'is exciting much comment. May we collect and send you notices of it appearing in the World's Press? We submit a specimen cutting with our terms; and are, dear Sir,' etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00828", "bookId": 17470, "start": 356396, "end": 357351, "sha256": "131b76150373cddb9250537d6c3c193c083fa50349fa646d06053d9266efac4c", "text": "Now, although steadily unresponsive to this wile, I am sometimes guilty of taking the enclosed specimen review and thrusting it for preservation among the scarcely less deciduous leaves of the book it was written to appraise. So it happened that having this vacation, to dust--not to read--a line of obsolete or obsolescent works on a shelf, I happened on a review signed by no smaller a man than Mr Gilbert Chesterton and informing the world that the author of my obsolete book was full of good stories as a kindly uncle, but had a careless or impatient way of stopping short and leaving his readers to guess what they most wanted to know: that, reaching the last chapter, or what he chose to make the last chapter, instead of winding up and telling 'how everybody lived ever after,' he (so to speak) slid you off his avuncular knee with a blessing and the remark that nine o'clock was striking and all good children should be in their beds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00829", "bookId": 17470, "start": 357355, "end": 358157, "sha256": "5e0ebe00a85c507295a4da40ea488bc6baa58850873fda4cb3eef1fba44b3711", "text": "That criticism has haunted me during the vacation. Looking back on a course of lectures which I deemed to be accomplished; correcting them in print; revising them with all the nervousness of a beginner; I have seemed to hear you complain--'He has exhorted us to write accurately, appropriately; to eschew Jargon; to be bold and essay Verse. He has insisted that Literature is a living art, to be practised. But just what we most needed he has not told. At the final doorway to the secret he turned his back and left us. Accuracy, propriety, perspicuity--these we may achieve. But where has he helped us to write with beauty, with charm, with distinction? Where has he given us rules for what is called _Style_ in short?--having attained which an author may count himself set up in business.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00830", "bookId": 17470, "start": 358161, "end": 358274, "sha256": "047a2ef83af793ba757e1c81edee0d79bc4598b9aa32b96044eafc9349dc0453", "text": "Thus, Gentlemen, with my mind's ear I heard you reproaching me. I beg you to accept what follows for my apology.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00831", "bookId": 17470, "start": 358278, "end": 359162, "sha256": "079141802d00850a67cfc9b89738c66c98b840ebbb574f677cd46bbd4f57dd75", "text": "To begin with, let me plead that you have been told of one or two things which Style is _not_; which have little or nothing to do with Style, though sometimes vulgarly mistaken for it. Style, for example, is not--can never be--extraneous Ornament. You remember, may be, the Persian lover whom I quoted to you out of Newman: how to convey his passion he sought a professional letter-writer and purchased a vocabulary charged with ornament, wherewith to attract the fair one as with a basket of jewels. Well, in this extraneous, professional, purchased ornamentation, you have something which Style is not: and if you here require a practical rule of me, I will present you with this: 'Whenever you feel an impulse to perpetrate a piece of exceptionally fine writing, obey it --whole-heartedly--and delete it before sending your manuscript to press. _Murder your darlings._'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00832", "bookId": 17470, "start": 359166, "end": 359593, "sha256": "6a229ae59708be900de61842fcd27b413514d0a9f0948b9b1594ca2cc8019328", "text": "But let me plead further that you have not been left altogether without clue to the secret of what Style is. That you must master the secret for yourselves lay implicit in our bargain, and you were never promised that a writer's training would be easy. Yet a clue was certainly put in your hands when, having insisted that Literature is a living art, I added that therefore it must be personal and of its essence personal.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00833", "bookId": 17470, "start": 359597, "end": 361662, "sha256": "04f61203ae87c60e17b03fe04c747b14c72dad1fffd3659c9030f3ec6393e8ef", "text": "This goes very deep: it conditions all our criticism of art. Yet it conceals no mystery. You may see its meaning most easily and clearly, perhaps, by contrasting Science and Art at their two extremes--say Pure Mathematics with Acting. Science as a rule deals with things, Art with man's thought and emotion about things. In Pure Mathematics things are rarefied into ideas, numbers, concepts, but still farther and farther away from the individual man. Two and two make four, and fourpence is not ninepence (or at any rate four is not nine) whether Alcibiades or Cleon keep the tally. In Acting on the other hand almost everything depends on personal interpretation--on the gesture, the walk, the gaze, the tone of a Siddons, the _ruse_ smile of a Coquelin, the exquisite, vibrant intonation of a Bernhardt. 'English Art?' exclaimed Whistler, 'there is no such thing! Art is art and mathematics is mathematics.' Whistler erred. Precisely because Art is Art, and Mathematics is Mathematics and a Science, Art being Art can be English or French; and, more than this, must be the personal expression of an Englishman or a Frenchman, as a 'Constable' differs from a 'Corot' and a 'Whistler' from both. Surely I need not labour this. But what is true of the extremes of Art and Science is true also, though sometimes less recognisably true, of the mean: and where they meet and seem to conflict (as in History) the impact is that of the personal or individual mind upon universal truth, and the question becomes whether what happened in the Sicilian Expedition, or at the trial of Charles I, can be set forth naked as an alegebraical sum, serene in its certainty, indifferent to opinion, uncoloured in the telling as in the hearing by sympathy or dislike, by passion or by character. I doubt, while we should strive in history as in all things to be fair, if history can be written in that colourless way, to interest men in human doings. I am sure that nothing which lies further towards imaginative, creative, Art can be written in that way.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00834", "bookId": 17470, "start": 361666, "end": 362494, "sha256": "d6772e84d2ad2b72ad9fb1f2bcc7fa119205234eab10b3493674337ba7fc8e61", "text": "It follows then that Literature, being by its nature personal, must be by its nature almost infinitely various. 'Two persons cannot be the authors of the sounds which strike our ear; and as they cannot be speaking one and the same speech, neither can they be writing one and the same lecture or discourse.' _Quot homines tot sententiae._ You may translate that, if you will, 'Every man of us constructs his sentence differently'; and if there be indeed any quarrel between Literature and Science (as I never can see why there should be), I for one will readily grant Science all her cold superiority, her ease in Sion with universal facts, so it be mine to serve among the multifarious race who have to adjust, as best they may, Science's cold conclusions (and much else) to the brotherly give-and-take of human life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00835", "bookId": 17470, "start": 362498, "end": 363263, "sha256": "631f5f68469e2e6b19d85d23840d8ef11e3f57990a44487744bce864d030613b", "text": "_Quicquid agunt homines, votum, timor, ira, voluptas..._ Is it possible, Gentlemen, that you can have read one, two, three or more of the acknowledged masterpieces of literature without having it borne in on you that they are great because they are alive, and traffic not with cold celestial certainties, but with men's hopes, aspirations, doubts, loves, hates, breakings of the heart; the glory and vanity of human endeavour, the transience of beauty, the capricious uncertain lease on which you and I hold life, the dark coast to which we inevitably steer; all that amuses or vexes, all that gladdens, saddens, maddens us men and women on this brief and mutable traject which yet must be home for a while, the anchorage of our hearts? For an instance:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00836", "bookId": 17470, "start": 363272, "end": 363585, "sha256": "f2fe3dc22482ca07cc151fab8be62a13ef0c584484bb242a49db118299015cf7", "text": "Here lies a most beautiful lady, Light of step and heart was she: I think she was the most beautiful lady That ever was in the West Country. But beauty vanishes, beauty passes, However rare, rare it be; And when I crumble who shall remember That lady of the West Country?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00837", "bookId": 17470, "start": 363606, "end": 363626, "sha256": "7e48128749e5ae67d65d0fd8d7429e1b966c00b562fb1f3dbb40a3067df12f21", "text": "(Walter de la Mare.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00838", "bookId": 17470, "start": 363630, "end": 364332, "sha256": "90653af577c32494139536c7f2a1c40b295308445a602f27e81a25a0c82910c6", "text": "Or take a critic--a literary critic--such as Samuel Johnson, of whom we are used to think as of a man artificial in phrase and pedantic in judgment. He lives, and why? Because, if you test his criticism, he never saw literature but as a part of life, nor would allow in literature what was false to life, as he saw it. He could be wrong-headed, perverse; could damn Milton because he hated Milton's politics; on any question of passion or prejudice could make injustice his daily food. But he could not, even in a friend's epitaph, let pass a phrase (however well turned) which struck him as empty of life or false to it. All Boswell testifies to this: and this is why Samuel Johnson survives.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00839", "bookId": 17470, "start": 364336, "end": 364638, "sha256": "bf8cf07c1b9517c5b31a33613e37bbea0d0ffff3c247a9f1c779cf471f487823", "text": "Now let me carry this contention--that all Literature is personal and therefore various--into a field much exploited by the pedant, and fenced about with many notice-boards and public warnings. _'Neologisms not allowed here,' 'All persons using slang, or trespassing in pursuit of originality....'_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00840", "bookId": 17470, "start": 364642, "end": 365723, "sha256": "dd09203809297de8d4772cf8577c30897d104c6157d55f7a6ef69c1a1d15e148", "text": "Well, I answer these notice-boards by saying that, literature being personal, and men various--and even the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" being no Canonical book--man's use or defiance of the dictionary depends for its justification on nothing but his success: adding that, since it takes all kinds to make a world, or a literature, his success will probably depend on the occasion. A few months ago I found myself seated at a bump-supper next to a cheerful youth who, towards the close, suggested thoughtfully, as I arose to make a speech, that, the bonfire (which of course he called the 'bonner') being due at nine-thirty o'clock, there was little more than bare time left for 'langers and godders.' It cost me, who think slowly, some seconds to interpret that by 'langers' he meant 'Auld Lang Syne' and by 'godders' 'God Save the King.' I thought at the time, and still think, and will maintain against any schoolmaster, that the neologisms of my young neighbour, though not to be recommended for essays or sermons, did admirably suit the time, place, and occasion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00841", "bookId": 17470, "start": 365727, "end": 366937, "sha256": "88218645099eac7071e3a9f3ef66e6e73e2d59dfd838d142f727b21b49c3e9e8", "text": "Seeing that in human discourse, infinitely varied as it is, so much must ever depend on _who_ speaks, and to _whom_, in what mood and upon what occasion; and seeing that Literature must needs take account of all manner of writers, audiences, moods, occasions; I hold it a sin against the light to put up a warning against any word that comes to us in the fair way of use and wont (as 'wire,' for instance, for a telegram), even as surely as we should warn off hybrids or deliberately pedantic impostors, such as 'antibody' and 'picture-drome'; and that, generally, it is better to err on the side of liberty than on the side of the censor: since by the manumitting of new words we infuse new blood into a tongue of which (or we have learnt nothing from Shakespeare's audacity) our first pride should be that it is flexible, alive, capable of responding to new demands of man's untiring quest after knowledge and experience. Not because it was an ugly thing did I denounce Jargon to you, the other day: but because it was a dead thing, leading no-whither, meaning naught. There is _wickedness_ in human speech, sometimes. You will detect it all the better for having ruled out what is _naughty_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00842", "bookId": 17470, "start": 366941, "end": 367091, "sha256": "452532645635c618389f2b882772f22e44801c5540156434985a859df0f3eea6", "text": "Let us err, then, if we err, on the side of liberty. I came, the other day, upon this passage in Mr Frank Harris's study of 'The Man Shakespeare':--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00843", "bookId": 17470, "start": 367098, "end": 367605, "sha256": "4fcf95cc527c722398a0dbbef4b20f224502d35c95479f511ad0cdf861123463", "text": "In the last hundred years the language of Moliere has grown fourfold; the slang of the studios and the gutter and the laboratory, of the engineering school and the dissecting table, has been ransacked for special terms to enrich and strengthen the language in order that it may deal easily with the new thoughts. French is now a superb instrument, while English is positively poorer than it was in the time of Shakespeare, thanks to the prudery of our illiterate middle class.[1]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00844", "bookId": 17470, "start": 367609, "end": 368044, "sha256": "d9c811fa9f95a59235b388742edf2ace89be541b0ccdd63db9b3a6db2533527a", "text": "Well, let us not lose our heads over this, any more than over other prophecies of our national decadence. The \"Oxford English Dictionary\" has not yet unfolded the last of its coils, which yet are ample enough to enfold us in seven words for every three an active man can grapple with. Yet the warning has point, and a particular point, for those who aspire to write poetry: as Francis Thompson has noted in his Essay on Shelley:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00845", "bookId": 17470, "start": 368051, "end": 369012, "sha256": "91ef25499d098f1eb3e0ca8a822a5caf9b591bdea4e1a52d54aa59cf3c4e0949", "text": "Theoretically, of course, one ought always to try for the best word. But practically, the habit of excessive care in word-selection frequently results in loss of spontaneity; and, still worse, the habit of always taking the best word too easily becomes the habit of always taking the most ornate word, the word most removed from ordinary speech. In consequence of this, poetic diction has become latterly a kaleidoscope, and one's chief curiosity is as to the precise combinations into which the pieces will be shifted. There is, in fact, a certain band of words, the Praetorian cohorts of Poetry, whose prescriptive aid is invoked by every aspirant to the poetic purple.... Against these it is time some banner should be raised.... It is at any rate curious to note that the literary revolution against the despotic diction of Pope seems issuing, like political revolutions, in a despotism of his own making;", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00846", "bookId": 17470, "start": 369016, "end": 369135, "sha256": "558f6e6940089a48a7f706959a201f79e43440e30a85f13bab1df07fde27fe66", "text": "and he adds a note that this is the more surprising to him because so many Victorian poets were prose-writers as well.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00847", "bookId": 17470, "start": 369142, "end": 369789, "sha256": "df5975e8776ef3dd6bb937e8f0166616e129decebeacf077e49229da23bfd9c0", "text": "Now, according to our theory, the practice of prose should maintain fresh and comprehensive a poet's diction, should save him from falling into the hands of an exclusive coterie of poetic words. It should react upon his metrical vocabulary to its beneficial expansion, by taking him outside his aristocratic circle of language, and keeping him in touch with the great commonalty, the proletariat of speech. For it is with words as with men: constant intermarriage within the limits of a patrician clan begets effete refinement; and to reinvigorate the stock, its veins must be replenished from hardy plebeian blood.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00848", "bookId": 17470, "start": 369793, "end": 369974, "sha256": "7fdd4cff0ad5369f7e9a768b504fac0328753b47ab3ebf05e6f400879acff1ff", "text": "In diction, then, let us acquire all the store we can, rejecting no coin for its minting but only if its metal be base. So shall we bring out of our treasuries new things and old.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00849", "bookId": 17470, "start": 369978, "end": 370184, "sha256": "4c81d91e12459f1aee62ea493509786a6bcc4be3f51cb4b4f1a5ed60a4904ede", "text": "Diction, however, is but a part of Style, and perhaps not the most important part. So I revert to the larger question, 'What is Style? What its [Greek: to ti en einai], its essence, the law of its being?'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00850", "bookId": 17470, "start": 370188, "end": 370429, "sha256": "a4e8e0c5c6ba4a0eba791865426a227b4b559c64969c51f0656b323557d10ede", "text": "Now, as I sat down to write this lecture, memory evoked a scene and with the scene a chance word of boyish slang, both of which may seem to you irrelevant until, or unless, I can make you feel how they hold for me the heart of the matter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00851", "bookId": 17470, "start": 370433, "end": 370906, "sha256": "acf5d4f6465805ed243fd0d39b099ddf5cb0d5048be45d02d30ab6b71f97b2cd", "text": "I once happened to be standing in a corner of a ball-room when there entered the most beautiful girl these eyes have ever seen or now--since they grow dull--ever will see. It was, I believe, her first ball, and by some freak or in some premonition she wore black: and not pearls--which, I am told, maidens are wont to wear on these occasions--but one crescent of diamonds in her black hair. _Et vera incessu patuit dea._ Here, I say, was absolute beauty. It startled.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00852", "bookId": 17470, "start": 370915, "end": 371040, "sha256": "d45f16865372f729e9aef33d3b14cf501d7f8e5592c29911feb7530e9ba3e51c", "text": "I think she was the most beautiful lady That ever was in the West Country. But beauty vanishes, beauty passes....", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00853", "bookId": 17470, "start": 371044, "end": 371175, "sha256": "9bd88a4b717f5a74d22c41366c86c4d89e726dfbb3006f1c01d284cb25c18556", "text": "She died a year or two later. She may have been too beautiful to live long. I have a thought that she may also have been too good.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00854", "bookId": 17470, "start": 371179, "end": 371687, "sha256": "5524eaa233a79bcd3638c10dd9e0e872bb985b0b970e84df1cee3117217bcdb8", "text": "For I saw her with the crowd about her: I saw led up and presented among others the man who was to be, for a few months, her husband: and then, as the men bowed, pencilling on their programmes, over their shoulders I saw her eyes travel to an awkward young naval cadet (Do you remember Crossjay in Meredith's \"The Egoist\"? It was just such a boy) who sat abashed and glowering sulkily beside me on the far bench. Promptly with a laugh, she advanced, claimed him, and swept him off into the first waltz.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00855", "bookId": 17470, "start": 371691, "end": 372062, "sha256": "31a8ae71f05bac166a9682e324869cc269c94f562c08ba0810f3ab0aa69fddfd", "text": "When it was over he came back, a trifle flushed, and I felicitated him; my remark (which I forget) being no doubt 'just the sort of banality, you know, one does come out with'--as maybe that the British Navy kept its old knack of cutting out. But he looked at me almost in tears and blurted, 'It isn't her beauty, sir. You saw? It's--it's--my God, it's the _style_!'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00856", "bookId": 17470, "start": 372066, "end": 372379, "sha256": "da5bc7e3383d051598daa0c5b90bc20511bd727e5e2a4aafa299b144e5d16abe", "text": "Now you may think that a somewhat cheap, or at any rate inadequate, cry of the heart in my young seaman; as you may think it inadequate in me, and moreover a trifle capricious, to assure you (as I do) that the first and last secret of a good Style consists in thinking with the heart as well as with the head.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00857", "bookId": 17470, "start": 372383, "end": 373057, "sha256": "29e8aff45ab1916bc948419f57b75cf086910cb936b118f0947b55eeb88538f7", "text": "But let us philosophise a little. You have been told, I daresay often enough, that the business of writing demands _two_--the author and the reader. Add to this what is equally obvious, that the obligation of courtesy rests first with the author, who invites the seance, and commonly charges for it. What follows, but that in speaking or writing we have an obligation to put ourselves into the hearer's or reader's place? It is _his_ comfort, _his_ convenience, we have to consult. To _express_ ourselves is a very small part of the business: very small and almost unimportant as compared with _impressing_ ourselves: the aim of the whole process being to persuade.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00858", "bookId": 17470, "start": 373061, "end": 373544, "sha256": "0963fda089cc3b686581e2ea6ee9ac56badaf07f8ee6f5fe889194b76d501e49", "text": "All reading demands an effort. The energy, the good-will which a reader brings to the book is, and must be, partly expended in the labour of reading, marking, learning, inwardly digesting what the author means. The more difficulties, then, we authors obtrude on him by obscure or careless writing, the more we blunt the edge of his attention: so that if only in our own interest--though I had rather keep it on the ground of courtesy--we should study to anticipate his comfort.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00859", "bookId": 17470, "start": 373548, "end": 375275, "sha256": "c1850b2c2d79465b85a851bee96cb174092f4650eb60c3cfd3d3ca6c61748f38", "text": "But let me go a little deeper. You all know that a great part of Lessing's argument in his \"Laokoeon\", on the essentials of Literature as opposed to Pictorial Art or Sculpture, depends on this--that in Pictorial Art or in Sculpture the eye sees, the mind apprehends, the whole in a moment of time, with the correspondent disadvantage that this moment of time is fixed and stationary; whereas in writing, whether in prose or in verse, we can only produce our effect by a series of successive small impressions, dripping our meaning (so to speak) into the reader's mind--with the correspondent advantage, in point of vivacity, that our picture keeps moving all the while. Now obviously this throws a greater strain on his patience whom we address. Man at the best is a narrow-mouthed bottle. Through the conduit of speech he can utter--as you, my hearers, can receive--only one word at a time. In writing (as my old friend Professor Minto used to say) you are as a commander filing out his battalion through a narrow gate that allows only one man at a time to pass; and your reader, as he receives the troops, has to re-form and reconstruct them. No matter how large or how involved the subject, it can be communicated only in that way. You see, then, what an obligation we owe to him of order and arrangement; and why, apart from felicities and curiosities of diction, the old rhetoricians laid such stress upon order and arrangement as duties we owe to those who honour us with their attention. '_La clarte,_' says a French writer, '_est la politesse._' [Greek: Charisi kai sapheneia thue], recommends Lucian. Pay your sacrifice to the Graces, and to [Greek: sapheneia]--Clarity--first among the Graces.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00860", "bookId": 17470, "start": 375279, "end": 375795, "sha256": "1d3df201d0eff02d0f69fb54476c2288f9a0045e6373d7100229bc068e407b4e", "text": "What am I urging? 'That Style in writing is much the same thing as good manners in other human intercourse?' Well, and why not? At all events we have reached a point where Buffon's often-quoted saying that 'Style is the man himself' touches and coincides with William of Wykeham's old motto that 'Manners makyth Man': and before you condemn my doctrine as inadequate listen to this from Coventry Patmore, still bearing in mind that a writer's main object is to _impress_ his thought or vision upon his hearer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00861", "bookId": 17470, "start": 375799, "end": 375887, "sha256": "ddae60e00525e8cfc8cb0251efdc6334c293150aca86a65b35724e6cd7680366", "text": "'There is nothing comparable _for moral force_ to the charm of truly noble manners....'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00862", "bookId": 17470, "start": 375891, "end": 376502, "sha256": "252fa99576e632779fdb002dc0a52c44ef88623e6ca9985dbdcc73250621cc63", "text": "I grant you, to be sure, that the claim to possess a Style must be conceded to many writers--Carlyle is one--who take no care to put listeners at their ease, but rely rather on native force of genius to shock and astound. Nor will I grudge them your admiration. But I do say that, as more and more you grow to value truth and the modest grace of truth, it is less and less to such writers that you will turn: and I say even more confidently that the qualities of Style we allow them are not the qualities we should seek as a norm, for they one and all offend against Art's true maxim of avoiding excess.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00863", "bookId": 17470, "start": 376506, "end": 377247, "sha256": "a0630087186bf2cd267a0c4fc2ad8c3db5856ab873f903b48a0d8acb0ee43da2", "text": "And this brings me to the two great _paradoxes_ of Style. For the first (1),--although Style is so curiously personal and individual, and although men are so variously built that no two in the world carry away the same impressions from a show, there is always a norm somewhere; in literature and art, as in morality. Yes, even in man's most terrific, most potent inventions--when, for example, in \"Hamlet\" or in \"Lear\" Shakespeare seems to be breaking up the solid earth under our feet--there is always some point and standard of sanity--a Kent or an Horatio--to which all enormities and passionate errors may be referred; to which the agitated mind of the spectator settles back as upon its centre of gravity, its pivot of repose.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00864", "bookId": 17470, "start": 377251, "end": 377750, "sha256": "7eadf0dc1ebbc45d83775b65173de981b2695cdc93ab8ad874f4aaecebe8efd9", "text": "(2) The second paradox, though it is equally true, you may find a little subtler. Yet it but applies to Art the simple truth of the Gospel, that he who would save his soul must first lose it. Though personality pervades Style and cannot be escaped, the first sin against Style as against good Manners is to obtrude or exploit personality. The very greatest work in Literature--the \"Iliad,\" the \"Odyssey,\" the \"Purgatorio,\" \"The Tempest,\" \"Paradise Lost,\" the \"Republic,\" \"Don Quixote\"--is all", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00865", "bookId": 17470, "start": 377765, "end": 377815, "sha256": "79de5c9f722dad0f3a071abf4b8f398ee8f02d556e48972b0e8afd7a4f7f8cd6", "text": "Seraphically free From taint of personality.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00866", "bookId": 17470, "start": 377819, "end": 378740, "sha256": "38d6b26045f23e8ada3ce7653bcab0c53e6c419aa8eb9082af1f1884954a9c02", "text": "And Flaubert, that gladiator among artists, held that, at its highest, literary art could be carried into pure science. 'I believe,' said he, 'that great art is scientific and impersonal. You should by an intellectual effort transport yourself into characters, not draw _them_ into _yourself_. That at least is the method.' On the other hand, says Goethe, 'We should endeavour to use words that correspond as closely as possible with what we feel, see, think, imagine, experience, and reason. It is an endeavour we cannot evade and must daily renew.' I call Flaubert's the better counsel, even though I have spent a part of this lecture in attempting to prove it impossible. It at least is noble, encouraging us to what is difficult. The shrewder Goethe encourages us to exploit ourselves to the top of our bent. I think Flaubert would have hit the mark if for 'impersonal' he had substituted 'disinterested.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00867", "bookId": 17470, "start": 378744, "end": 378970, "sha256": "776a9c9c10f3af4f4c708d8b9affda93f686f719213258d77448daf7de7a08e5", "text": "For--believe me, Gentlemen--so far as Handel stands above Chopin, as Velasquez above Greuze, even so far stand the great masculine objective writers above all who appeal to you by parade of personality or private sentiment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00868", "bookId": 17470, "start": 378974, "end": 379316, "sha256": "64883ad53384dc2d0d0edfc661e58bb0ea6369bec5fd809f3328616a542b990d", "text": "Mention of these great masculine 'objective' writers brings me to my last word: which is, 'Steep yourselves in _them_: habitually bring all to the test of _them_: for while you cannot escape the fate of all style, which is to be personal, the more of catholic manhood you inherit from those great loins the more you will assuredly beget.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00869", "bookId": 17470, "start": 379320, "end": 379486, "sha256": "084151493680cf345861749f62485488563b243b9eb69c6f0069a3818ac0ada7", "text": "This then is Style. As technically manifested in Literature it is the power to touch with ease, grace, precision, any note in the gamut of human thought or emotion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00870", "bookId": 17470, "start": 379490, "end": 380251, "sha256": "5b4d7c03b2298f9073964db0528b347b244cd661b6759209f586ba376f3dcee5", "text": "But essentially it resembles good manners. It comes of endeavouring to understand others, of thinking for them rather than for yourself--of thinking, that is, with the heart as well as the head. It gives rather than receives; it is nobly careless of thanks or applause, not being fed by these but rather sustained and continually refreshed by an inward loyalty to the best. Yet, like 'character' it has its altar within; to that retires for counsel, from that fetches its illumination, to ray outwards. Cultivate, Gentlemen, that habit of withdrawing to be advised by the best. So, says Fenelon, 'you will find yourself infinitely quieter, your words will be fewer and more effectual; and while you make less ado, what you do will be more profitable.'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00871", "bookId": 17470, "start": 380257, "end": 380573, "sha256": "4c499b16e533a0c1844893d510c2b20dfbf3e47bb86450af1ef4935e34e060d5", "text": "[Footnote 1: 'An oration,' says Quintilian, 'may find room for almost any word saving a few indecent ones (_quae sunt parum verecunda_).' He adds that writers of the Old Comedy were often commended even for these: 'but it is enough for us to mind our present business--_sed nobis nostrum opus intueri sat est._']", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00872", "bookId": 17470, "start": 380583, "end": 380588, "sha256": "ea69fe17051b2d914f8a5fcf5cb9bb722d89ce5a345224e888ec76ea85c10af2", "text": "INDEX", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00873", "bookId": 17470, "start": 380594, "end": 380870, "sha256": "dea5cb622f7325c39c673319d3453f1d58bba18571c2cd647ca5776cc1bb6a4e", "text": "Abelard 203, 205, 212 Abercrombie, Lascelles 18 Addison, Joseph 124, 172 Alcuin 199, 200, 204, 205 Alfred, King 186 Aristophanes 192 Aristotle 128, 203, 227 Arnold, Matthew 35, 76, 139, 186, 202 \"Arte of Rhetorique,\" Wilson's 118 Ascham, Roger 121, 188 Augustine 199", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00874", "bookId": 17470, "start": 380874, "end": 381637, "sha256": "96560087cf5747324b940bfdd7a632d29a0b87313d64391537833dfd62085c86", "text": "Bacon, Lord 6, 7, 10, 220, 231 Bagehot, Walter 216 \"Ballata\" 45 Barbour, John 112 Barrie, Sir James Matthew 17, 135 Bede 204 Beerbohm, Max 222 Belisarius 175 Bentham, Jeremy 97 \"Beowulf\" 159-165 Beranger, Pierre-Jean de 45 Berners, Lord 108-110,120 Bible, The: Authorised Version 53, 97, 110, 122 et seq., 141, 143, 190 Revised Version 131-133 Blair, Wilfred 80 Blake, William 12 Boccaccio 184 Boethius 203 Bologna, University of 200-1, 206 Borneil, Giraud de 181 Boswell, James 238 Bridges, Robert 19 Brooke, the Rev. Stopford A. 159 Brougham, Ld 47, 101 Browne, Sir Thomas 10, 51, 124, 168, 232 Browning, Robert 39, 186 Buffon 245 Bunyan, John 124 Burke, Edmund 27, 28, 46, 47-52, 101 Burns, Robert 45 Butler, Arthur John 20", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00875", "bookId": 17470, "start": 381641, "end": 382269, "sha256": "93752ad79f6050baac710715f87020e8edb1efac7eac8d50e7beedd9f4d96906", "text": "Caedmon 163 Cambridge 201 _et seqq._ Campion, Thomas 185, 188 Carducci, Giosue 154-5 Carlyle, Thomas 18, 103, 245 Cellini, Benvenuto 41 Cervantes 7, 25 Chadwick, Professor H. M. 163 Chair of English Literature, University Ordinance 7 Chambers, E. K. 199 Champeaux, William of 205 Chaucer, Geoffrey 10, 110-111, 163, 183, 184, 219 Chesterton, Gilbert K. 233 Chichester, Richard of 211 Cicero 28, 49 Clare, John 39 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 41, 64, 65 Conington, John 171-2 Courthope, W. J. 13, 158, 184, 199 Coverdale, Miles 124 Cowley, Abraham 185 Cowper, William 186 Crewe, Ld Chief Justice 7 Cynewulf 163", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00876", "bookId": 17470, "start": 382273, "end": 382580, "sha256": "945b7e4717ae831eab8700ca1c6a4dd0e86fc6146771120f8fc433f83b9d7fa1", "text": "Daniel, Samuel 185, 188 Dante 77, 184 Darwin, Charles 221 Defoe, Daniel 61, 75. Dekker, Thomas 65 De La Mare, Walter 237 De Quincey, Thomas 54 Desiderius, Archbishop 199 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 28 Donne, John 102, 106, 185 Dryden, John 172, 186, 227 \"Duchess of Malfy,\" Webster's 99 Dunbar 10", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00877", "bookId": 17470, "start": 382584, "end": 382627, "sha256": "cbce0510d1a40dbb597f69a824311294ba611dc356414b23d7a5dbadd27b37bb", "text": "'Eliot, George' 11 Emerson, Ralph Waldo 11", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00878", "bookId": 17470, "start": 382631, "end": 382909, "sha256": "4d134301a4a7ed6d92b0c0ab0c79d91841f76a968a80acf36b73922f2607454e", "text": "Falconer, William 79 Falkner, J. Meade 168-9 Fenelon 248 FitzGerald, Edward 97 Flaubert, Gustave 247 Fletcher, John 13 Fowler, W. H. and F. G. 90, 137 Freeman, Professor E. A. 158, 160, 174-179, 186 \"Froissart,\" Berners' 108 Froude, James Anthony 78 Fuller, Thomas 206", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00879", "bookId": 17470, "start": 382913, "end": 383100, "sha256": "07ab0a7a861df3db7f7658ee2557c29de3ab10e698472863ef1b9f2610e78203", "text": "Gibbon, Edward 124, 216 Gildas 175 Goethe 103, 247 Gray, Thomas 11, 16, 136, 157-8, 162 Green, J. R. 158 Green, T. H. 8 Gregory the Great, Pope 199 Grierson, Professor H. J. C. 185", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00880", "bookId": 17470, "start": 383104, "end": 383379, "sha256": "70fd99ba158d923db3c403d2cfe931c0eea72c7eb5b3b1faff6ac0421a1372ff", "text": "Hamilton, Sir William 213 Hardy, Thomas 18 Harris, Frank 240 Harvey, Gabriel 185, 216-7 Heine, Heinrich 45 Herbert, George 133 \"Hero and Leander,\" Marlowe's 98 Herodotus 44, 63 Homer 25, 64, 69, 76-78, 80, 81, 161, 190, 228 Horace 171-2 Housman, Professor A. E. 222", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00881", "bookId": 17470, "start": 383383, "end": 383421, "sha256": "a2ff54fb5737c7b9869f035eb1c93ff1b6102efdcfbf2cdf892c0ced62f53879", "text": "Ibsen 96 Irnerius 206 Isaiah 130-133", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00882", "bookId": 17470, "start": 383425, "end": 383583, "sha256": "17aa99b6f9a95b53ddb41fc53074f9b0fe0deb4ee72a80d9c5a394b5a20d28dd", "text": "Jackson, Dr Henry 213 Johnson, Samuel 11, 37, 69, 121, 172, 238 Jonson, Ben 129, 146, 185, 219, 220 Jowett, Benjamin 29 Jusserand, J. J. 182 Juvenal, 172", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00883", "bookId": 17470, "start": 383587, "end": 383683, "sha256": "453794515755f5c05f2db0a3c78790a3e5fb288e35e5d43400e7be7a9daa8e03", "text": "Keats, John 16, 39, 186 Kempis, Thomas a 15 Ker, Professor W. P. 160, 199 Kipling, Rudyard 61", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00884", "bookId": 17470, "start": 383687, "end": 383847, "sha256": "b5821426de717175328dbe882f62ce363979225a8ab00be68991471e64e06c91", "text": "Lamb, Charles 41 Lessing 81, 227, 244 Lindsay, the Rev. T. M., D.D. 118 Lloyd George, the Right Hon. David 137-8 Lucian 6, 160, 192, 228, 245 Lucretius 193", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00885", "bookId": 17470, "start": 383851, "end": 384241, "sha256": "c9109f90dd9a326ad4912ed0a15fd17e8a7ede0b8708bfa72b7bc6a236748d10", "text": "Malory, Sir Thomas 107-110, 120 Marlowe, Christopher 98-9, 185, 220 Marvell, Andrew 185 Mason, William 157 Masson, David 12 McKenna, the Right Hon. Reginald 137-8 Meredith, George 243, 247 Milton, John 1, 10, 16, 43, 56-62, 74-76, 124, 152, 185, 195, 238 Minto, Professor William 245 Moore, Thomas 45 Morris, William 188 Mullinger, J. Bass 205, 219 Murray, Professor Gilbert 193", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00886", "bookId": 17470, "start": 384245, "end": 384385, "sha256": "27430ac9bfbb90904462a523282eef644e5a9db63b70eb5cb83c570acc8bd058", "text": "Nashe, Thomas 120 Newman, Cardinal 5, 30, 31-2, 115, 134, 144, 147, 234 Newton, Sir Isaac 221 Noyes, Alfred 78 \"Nut-Brown Maid, The\" 111", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00887", "bookId": 17470, "start": 384389, "end": 384445, "sha256": "4439925d04f3838893237f7fecc7f54e62cca36ba62df9590e9820c9260417b8", "text": "Oates, Captain 42 Origen 195, 202 Oxford 201 _et seq._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00888", "bookId": 17470, "start": 384449, "end": 384838, "sha256": "3c25b3c023b9d5997a2a5ab0a2d8603ea6763a90ca53c909305be5af22fb1472", "text": "Paris, University of 200, 205 Pater, Walter 77, 222 Patmore, Coventry 245 Payne, E. J. 100-103 \"Pervigilium Veneris\" 151, 194 Pheidias 14 Philosophy and Poetry 1 Piers Plowman 163, 182 \"Pilgrimage to Parnassus, The\" 217-220 Plato 1-4, 150, 205 Pliny 152-3 Podsnap (_see_ Freeman) Poggio 205 Pope, Alexander 157, 162 Powell, F. 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W. 7 Vigfusson, Gudbrand 159 Virgil 25, 80, 194, 200 Voltaire 192", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00894", "bookId": 17470, "start": 385922, "end": 386330, "sha256": "6c1848c9101b4a52c31e0fda0b9428ce1c7a9609489cd1c06aa4afdf1efd8220", "text": "Waller, Edmund 85 Walpole, Horatio 173 Walton, Isaak 70-1, 124, 201 Warton, Thomas 158 Watson, E. J. 155 Watson, William 16 Webster, John 99 Wendell, Barrett 97 Whistler, James McNeill 236 Whitman, Walt 53, 56 \"Widsith\" 60 Wolfe, General 134 Wood, Anthony 184 Wordsworth, William 11, 12, 55, 67, 68, 129, 146, 186, 204, 210 Wright, Aldis 12 Wyat, Sir Thomas 115-118, 184 Wyclif, John 124, 127", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00895", "bookId": 17470, "start": 386334, "end": 386378, "sha256": "5f4045f85e3b6967715794abb13bdb9f580ba416304eedd24863ffb129519035", "text": "Yeats, William Butler 143 Young, Arthur 171", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00896", "bookId": 17470, "start": 386386, "end": 386453, "sha256": "08ed49169d051bd9915e1c700fd6bd00977854097b0f58bdb12ef32ce70cc3ba", "text": "Cambridge: Printed by J. B. Peace, M.A., at the University Press.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG17470.B00897", "bookId": 17470, "start": 386465, "end": 386538, "sha256": "3020f4ddfe3855d2733366756b689c45f52fb42271b41c50a35444f0cef319e2", "text": "End of Project Gutenberg's On the Art of Writing, by Arthur Quiller-Couch", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00001", "bookId": 23, "start": 53, "end": 96, "sha256": "ab39ad8f4f9c5dac8643d53e147797c732becd1b45c719e2d9232b0255f922ea", "text": "Narrative of the Life of FREDERICK DOUGLASS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00002", "bookId": 23, "start": 98, "end": 136, "sha256": "26d5dfd32aad5ebc2a653329e9210bad70767cf7a871a14330c07524f6a0c040", "text": "AN AMERICAN SLAVE. WRITTEN BY HIMSELF.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00003", "bookId": 23, "start": 138, "end": 144, "sha256": "b1dd01e6f93cf2d6f86c7006e27a133cec1374ea1d7ebbe88ac20a7a7247dd70", "text": "BOSTON", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00004", "bookId": 23, "start": 147, "end": 207, "sha256": "537f6753a550d4b23302860c1cb15b360b8057cc2423b65b197e44064eeff532", "text": "PUBLISHED AT THE ANTI-SLAVERY OFFICE, NO. 25 CORNHILL 1845", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00005", "bookId": 23, "start": 209, "end": 354, "sha256": "bebaddf1681c8cc8cf52e10412e424398f8abd78832f37ad0913cbd42a3decc8", "text": "ENTERED, ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS, IN THE YEAR 1845 BY FREDERICK DOUGLASS, IN THE CLERK’S OFFICE OF THE DISTRICT COURT OF MASSACHUSETTS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00006", "bookId": 23, "start": 356, "end": 549, "sha256": "9a95bc51096cc0eff9bea818d10abbfb26ff10fd2ad3307ca0cf95d40265442b", "text": "Note from the original file: This electronic book is being released at this time to honor the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. [Born January 15, 1929] [Officially celebrated January 20, 1992]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00007", "bookId": 23, "start": 552, "end": 560, "sha256": "437aea62a5bd6ad4762e494c81b88532809a231477c82bdecf6fd6636908b7ab", "text": "Contents", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00008", "bookId": 23, "start": 564, "end": 825, "sha256": "8ed70655c7bc065d9a21711551fdad82942b481d6b526e084614ca7f09e25a53", "text": "PREFACE LETTER FROM WENDELL PHILLIPS, ESQ. FREDERICK DOUGLASS. CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI APPENDIX A PARODY PREFACE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00009", "bookId": 23, "start": 828, "end": 1447, "sha256": "f279791277516b101c92d89e83f13a1034d931086dabf1ac95f5d2b86bd53aab", "text": "In the month of August, 1841, I attended an anti-slavery convention in Nantucket, at which it was my happiness to become acquainted with _Frederick Douglass_, the writer of the following Narrative. He was a stranger to nearly every member of that body; but, having recently made his escape from the southern prison-house of bondage, and feeling his curiosity excited to ascertain the principles and measures of the abolitionists,—of whom he had heard a somewhat vague description while he was a slave,—he was induced to give his attendance, on the occasion alluded to, though at that time a resident in New Bedford.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00010", "bookId": 23, "start": 1449, "end": 2588, "sha256": "67527c39033de58c960a16f5639e13761f056b97ecb24153fddc041f973cfeed", "text": "Fortunate, most fortunate occurrence!—fortunate for the millions of his manacled brethren, yet panting for deliverance from their awful thraldom!—fortunate for the cause of negro emancipation, and of universal liberty!—fortunate for the land of his birth, which he has already done so much to save and bless!—fortunate for a large circle of friends and acquaintances, whose sympathy and affection he has strongly secured by the many sufferings he has endured, by his virtuous traits of character, by his ever-abiding remembrance of those who are in bonds, as being bound with them!—fortunate for the multitudes, in various parts of our republic, whose minds he has enlightened on the subject of slavery, and who have been melted to tears by his pathos, or roused to virtuous indignation by his stirring eloquence against the enslavers of men!—fortunate for himself, as it at once brought him into the field of public usefulness, “gave the world assurance of a MAN,” quickened the slumbering energies of his soul, and consecrated him to the great work of breaking the rod of the oppressor, and letting the oppressed go free!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00011", "bookId": 23, "start": 2590, "end": 3887, "sha256": "b7c612176801ca661085138950ccb0d8c141c6ac76a1b207c1ee242d684d0e35", "text": "I shall never forget his first speech at the convention—the extraordinary emotion it excited in my own mind—the powerful impression it created upon a crowded auditory, completely taken by surprise—the applause which followed from the beginning to the end of his felicitous remarks. I think I never hated slavery so intensely as at that moment; certainly, my perception of the enormous outrage which is inflicted by it, on the godlike nature of its victims, was rendered far more clear than ever. There stood one, in physical proportion and stature commanding and exact—in intellect richly endowed—in natural eloquence a prodigy—in soul manifestly “created but a little lower than the angels”—yet a slave, ay, a fugitive slave,—trembling for his safety, hardly daring to believe that on the American soil, a single white person could be found who would befriend him at all hazards, for the love of God and humanity! Capable of high attainments as an intellectual and moral being—needing nothing but a comparatively small amount of cultivation to make him an ornament to society and a blessing to his race—by the law of the land, by the voice of the people, by the terms of the slave code, he was only a piece of property, a beast of burden, a chattel personal, nevertheless!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00012", "bookId": 23, "start": 3889, "end": 5605, "sha256": "05e50360f461fc099538ed1d07015a760b66f8a06432ed16ef36c10ae3bce324", "text": "A beloved friend from New Bedford prevailed on Mr. DOUGLASS to address the convention. He came forward to the platform with a hesitancy and embarrassment, necessarily the attendants of a sensitive mind in such a novel position. After apologizing for his ignorance, and reminding the audience that slavery was a poor school for the human intellect and heart, he proceeded to narrate some of the facts in his own history as a slave, and in the course of his speech gave utterance to many noble thoughts and thrilling reflections. As soon as he had taken his seat, filled with hope and admiration, I rose, and declared that PATRICK HENRY, of revolutionary fame, never made a speech more eloquent in the cause of liberty, than the one we had just listened to from the lips of that hunted fugitive. So I believed at that time—such is my belief now. I reminded the audience of the peril which surrounded this self-emancipated young man at the North,—even in Massachusetts, on the soil of the Pilgrim Fathers, among the descendants of revolutionary sires; and I appealed to them, whether they would ever allow him to be carried back into slavery,—law or no law, constitution or no constitution. The response was unanimous and in thunder-tones—“NO!” “Will you succor and protect him as a brother-man—a resident of the old Bay State?” “YES!” shouted the whole mass, with an energy so startling, that the ruthless tyrants south of Mason and Dixon’s line might almost have heard the mighty burst of feeling, and recognized it as the pledge of an invincible determination, on the part of those who gave it, never to betray him that wanders, but to hide the outcast, and firmly to abide the consequences.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00013", "bookId": 23, "start": 5607, "end": 7619, "sha256": "efb8aea9f8b4ec5db5135b0d8f50533698764eb997776266b003c75bb42df856", "text": "It was at once deeply impressed upon my mind, that, if Mr. DOUGLASS could be persuaded to consecrate his time and talents to the promotion of the anti-slavery enterprise, a powerful impetus would be given to it, and a stunning blow at the same time inflicted on northern prejudice against a colored complexion. I therefore endeavored to instil hope and courage into his mind, in order that he might dare to engage in a vocation so anomalous and responsible for a person in his situation; and I was seconded in this effort by warm-hearted friends, especially by the late General Agent of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Mr. JOHN A. COLLINS, whose judgment in this instance entirely coincided with my own. At first, he could give no encouragement; with unfeigned diffidence, he expressed his conviction that he was not adequate to the performance of so great a task; the path marked out was wholly an untrodden one; he was sincerely apprehensive that he should do more harm than good. After much deliberation, however, he consented to make a trial; and ever since that period, he has acted as a lecturing agent, under the auspices either of the American or the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. In labors he has been most abundant; and his success in combating prejudice, in gaining proselytes, in agitating the public mind, has far surpassed the most sanguine expectations that were raised at the commencement of his brilliant career. He has borne himself with gentleness and meekness, yet with true manliness of character. As a public speaker, he excels in pathos, wit, comparison, imitation, strength of reasoning, and fluency of language. There is in him that union of head and heart, which is indispensable to an enlightenment of the heads and a winning of the hearts of others. May his strength continue to be equal to his day! May he continue to “grow in grace, and in the knowledge of God,” that he may be increasingly serviceable in the cause of bleeding humanity, whether at home or abroad!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00014", "bookId": 23, "start": 7621, "end": 8332, "sha256": "2f825215a4217e7e1d29f7135d0469e5b4c6b9b5603cf6ad417817349aed8c91", "text": "It is certainly a very remarkable fact, that one of the most efficient advocates of the slave population, now before the public, is a fugitive slave, in the person of _Frederick Douglass_; and that the free colored population of the United States are as ably represented by one of their own number, in the person of _Charles Lenox Remond_, whose eloquent appeals have extorted the highest applause of multitudes on both sides of the Atlantic. Let the calumniators of the colored race despise themselves for their baseness and illiberality of spirit, and henceforth cease to talk of the natural inferiority of those who require nothing but time and opportunity to attain to the highest point of human excellence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00015", "bookId": 23, "start": 8334, "end": 10224, "sha256": "67d9e17829867baf27749cd92177081b8702b3a714bcee80e6c22250aecb6362", "text": "It may, perhaps, be fairly questioned, whether any other portion of the population of the earth could have endured the privations, sufferings and horrors of slavery, without having become more degraded in the scale of humanity than the slaves of African descent. Nothing has been left undone to cripple their intellects, darken their minds, debase their moral nature, obliterate all traces of their relationship to mankind; and yet how wonderfully they have sustained the mighty load of a most frightful bondage, under which they have been groaning for centuries! To illustrate the effect of slavery on the white man,—to show that he has no powers of endurance, in such a condition, superior to those of his black brother,—_Daniel O’Connell_, the distinguished advocate of universal emancipation, and the mightiest champion of prostrate but not conquered Ireland, relates the following anecdote in a speech delivered by him in the Conciliation Hall, Dublin, before the Loyal National Repeal Association, March 31, 1845. “No matter,” said _Mr. O’Connell_, “under what specious term it may disguise itself, slavery is still hideous. _It has a natural, an inevitable tendency to brutalize every noble faculty of man._ An American sailor, who was cast away on the shore of Africa, where he was kept in slavery for three years, was, at the expiration of that period, found to be imbruted and stultified—he had lost all reasoning power; and having forgotten his native language, could only utter some savage gibberish between Arabic and English, which nobody could understand, and which even he himself found difficulty in pronouncing. So much for the humanizing influence of _The Domestic Institution_!” Admitting this to have been an extraordinary case of mental deterioration, it proves at least that the white slave can sink as low in the scale of humanity as the black one.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00016", "bookId": 23, "start": 10226, "end": 12995, "sha256": "8836769bff9b0716cf7b5a3fe1d2b41ad08240b6d556be96ee9c90e737589468", "text": "_Mr. Douglass_ has very properly chosen to write his own Narrative, in his own style, and according to the best of his ability, rather than to employ some one else. It is, therefore, entirely his own production; and, considering how long and dark was the career he had to run as a slave,—how few have been his opportunities to improve his mind since he broke his iron fetters,—it is, in my judgment, highly creditable to his head and heart. He who can peruse it without a tearful eye, a heaving breast, an afflicted spirit,—without being filled with an unutterable abhorrence of slavery and all its abettors, and animated with a determination to seek the immediate overthrow of that execrable system,—without trembling for the fate of this country in the hands of a righteous God, who is ever on the side of the oppressed, and whose arm is not shortened that it cannot save,—must have a flinty heart, and be qualified to act the part of a trafficker “in slaves and the souls of men.” I am confident that it is essentially true in all its statements; that nothing has been set down in malice, nothing exaggerated, nothing drawn from the imagination; that it comes short of the reality, rather than overstates a single fact in regard to _slavery as it is_. The experience of _Frederick Douglass_, as a slave, was not a peculiar one; his lot was not especially a hard one; his case may be regarded as a very fair specimen of the treatment of slaves in Maryland, in which State it is conceded that they are better fed and less cruelly treated than in Georgia, Alabama, or Louisiana. Many have suffered incomparably more, while very few on the plantations have suffered less, than himself. Yet how deplorable was his situation! what terrible chastisements were inflicted upon his person! what still more shocking outrages were perpetrated upon his mind! with all his noble powers and sublime aspirations, how like a brute was he treated, even by those professing to have the same mind in them that was in Christ Jesus! to what dreadful liabilities was he continually subjected! how destitute of friendly counsel and aid, even in his greatest extremities! how heavy was the midnight of woe which shrouded in blackness the last ray of hope, and filled the future with terror and gloom! what longings after freedom took possession of his breast, and how his misery augmented, in proportion as he grew reflective and intelligent,—thus demonstrating that a happy slave is an extinct man! how he thought, reasoned, felt, under the lash of the driver, with the chains upon his limbs! what perils he encountered in his endeavors to escape from his horrible doom! and how signal have been his deliverance and preservation in the midst of a nation of pitiless enemies!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00017", "bookId": 23, "start": 12997, "end": 14327, "sha256": "b8e888d283f1bb1ffa9c57e0461733137d952a208731a332cc0ea5ec9c302951", "text": "This Narrative contains many affecting incidents, many passages of great eloquence and power; but I think the most thrilling one of them all is the description _Douglass_ gives of his feelings, as he stood soliloquizing respecting his fate, and the chances of his one day being a freeman, on the banks of the Chesapeake Bay—viewing the receding vessels as they flew with their white wings before the breeze, and apostrophizing them as animated by the living spirit of freedom. Who can read that passage, and be insensible to its pathos and sublimity? Compressed into it is a whole Alexandrian library of thought, feeling, and sentiment—all that can, all that need be urged, in the form of expostulation, entreaty, rebuke, against that crime of crimes,—making man the property of his fellow-man! O, how accursed is that system, which entombs the godlike mind of man, defaces the divine image, reduces those who by creation were crowned with glory and honor to a level with four-footed beasts, and exalts the dealer in human flesh above all that is called God! Why should its existence be prolonged one hour? Is it not evil, only evil, and that continually? What does its presence imply but the absence of all fear of God, all regard for man, on the part of the people of the United States? Heaven speed its eternal overthrow!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00018", "bookId": 23, "start": 14329, "end": 16501, "sha256": "3a7fe48b42e6cc5c576759df49358e57c0f34feb8fc48607af4532168f30b417", "text": "So profoundly ignorant of the nature of slavery are many persons, that they are stubbornly incredulous whenever they read or listen to any recital of the cruelties which are daily inflicted on its victims. They do not deny that the slaves are held as property; but that terrible fact seems to convey to their minds no idea of injustice, exposure to outrage, or savage barbarity. Tell them of cruel scourgings, of mutilations and brandings, of scenes of pollution and blood, of the banishment of all light and knowledge, and they affect to be greatly indignant at such enormous exaggerations, such wholesale misstatements, such abominable libels on the character of the southern planters! As if all these direful outrages were not the natural results of slavery! As if it were less cruel to reduce a human being to the condition of a thing, than to give him a severe flagellation, or to deprive him of necessary food and clothing! As if whips, chains, thumb-screws, paddles, blood-hounds, overseers, drivers, patrols, were not all indispensable to keep the slaves down, and to give protection to their ruthless oppressors! As if, when the marriage institution is abolished, concubinage, adultery, and incest, must not necessarily abound; when all the rights of humanity are annihilated, any barrier remains to protect the victim from the fury of the spoiler; when absolute power is assumed over life and liberty, it will not be wielded with destructive sway! Skeptics of this character abound in society. In some few instances, their incredulity arises from a want of reflection; but, generally, it indicates a hatred of the light, a desire to shield slavery from the assaults of its foes, a contempt of the colored race, whether bond or free. Such will try to discredit the shocking tales of slaveholding cruelty which are recorded in this truthful Narrative; but they will labor in vain. _Mr. Douglass_ has frankly disclosed the place of his birth, the names of those who claimed ownership in his body and soul, and the names also of those who committed the crimes which he has alleged against them. His statements, therefore, may easily be disproved, if they are untrue.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00019", "bookId": 23, "start": 16503, "end": 18407, "sha256": "0262db8648e1840ccd40c1905e1365e5441213397507e87aac19ae1de81bd951", "text": "In the course of his Narrative, he relates two instances of murderous cruelty,—in one of which a planter deliberately shot a slave belonging to a neighboring plantation, who had unintentionally gotten within his lordly domain in quest of fish; and in the other, an overseer blew out the brains of a slave who had fled to a stream of water to escape a bloody scourging. _Mr. Douglass_ states that in neither of these instances was any thing done by way of legal arrest or judicial investigation. The Baltimore American, of March 17, 1845, relates a similar case of atrocity, perpetrated with similar impunity—as follows:—“_Shooting a slave._—We learn, upon the authority of a letter from Charles county, Maryland, received by a gentleman of this city, that a young man, named Matthews, a nephew of General Matthews, and whose father, it is believed, holds an office at Washington, killed one of the slaves upon his father’s farm by shooting him. The letter states that young Matthews had been left in charge of the farm; that he gave an order to the servant, which was disobeyed, when he proceeded to the house, _obtained a gun, and, returning, shot the servant._ He immediately, the letter continues, fled to his father’s residence, where he still remains unmolested.”—Let it never be forgotten, that no slaveholder or overseer can be convicted of any outrage perpetrated on the person of a slave, however diabolical it may be, on the testimony of colored witnesses, whether bond or free. By the slave code, they are adjudged to be as incompetent to testify against a white man, as though they were indeed a part of the brute creation. Hence, there is no legal protection in fact, whatever there may be in form, for the slave population; and any amount of cruelty may be inflicted on them with impunity. Is it possible for the human mind to conceive of a more horrible state of society?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00020", "bookId": 23, "start": 18409, "end": 18949, "sha256": "9a3d5c9ab16030000f90a44a315f75c18039b9ffb40314abff7551c87c452e75", "text": "The effect of a religious profession on the conduct of southern masters is vividly described in the following Narrative, and shown to be any thing but salutary. In the nature of the case, it must be in the highest degree pernicious. The testimony of _Mr. Douglass_, on this point, is sustained by a cloud of witnesses, whose veracity is unimpeachable. “A slaveholder’s profession of Christianity is a palpable imposture. He is a felon of the highest grade. He is a man-stealer. It is of no importance what you put in the other scale.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00021", "bookId": 23, "start": 18951, "end": 19488, "sha256": "f54b35e4502689df3c80dda9b253b9647b84b52adef6b13a1d83edce088c8b0a", "text": "Reader! are you with the man-stealers in sympathy and purpose, or on the side of their down-trodden victims? If with the former, then are you the foe of God and man. If with the latter, what are you prepared to do and dare in their behalf? Be faithful, be vigilant, be untiring in your efforts to break every yoke, and let the oppressed go free. Come what may—cost what it may—inscribe on the banner which you unfurl to the breeze, as your religious and political motto—“NO COMPROMISE WITH SLAVERY! NO UNION WITH SLAVEHOLDERS!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00022", "bookId": 23, "start": 19490, "end": 19516, "sha256": "0cac88f90ab80dc6c100dec2d4dd637e087435f2e8d23206a6bce659b8ab9787", "text": "WM. LLOYD GARRISON BOSTON,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00023", "bookId": 23, "start": 19518, "end": 19532, "sha256": "a8a51e40ae48467df7eb93929c09aa9719f84fd407b0b00074b75f889627cfc5", "text": "_May_ 1, 1845.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00024", "bookId": 23, "start": 19538, "end": 19572, "sha256": "c6446852f5f7d8fb150f150342120f379042d157310ede402ab0c59a2c615bab", "text": "LETTER FROM WENDELL PHILLIPS, ESQ.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00025", "bookId": 23, "start": 19575, "end": 19600, "sha256": "fdf404ce3d7474445cd67c41057bfc29ebcf7f93c269627236c94e8fcc908117", "text": "BOSTON, _April_ 22, 1845.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00026", "bookId": 23, "start": 19602, "end": 19617, "sha256": "7bfa8adab6c65a6071705899fc48fef58fc791457f058749dfab0c0582ca48d6", "text": "My Dear Friend:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00027", "bookId": 23, "start": 19619, "end": 19778, "sha256": "98f23feb65ceb4091b641f267c20ff5c6be4f20abff300f0d2832ab4527cc87e", "text": "You remember the old fable of “The Man and the Lion,” where the lion complained that he should not be so misrepresented “when the lions wrote history.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00028", "bookId": 23, "start": 19780, "end": 20854, "sha256": "46fe78beac3380c192de584e79d2a9953828b92da825d6dcc3863dde4ab8bc58", "text": "I am glad the time has come when the “lions write history.” We have been left long enough to gather the character of slavery from the involuntary evidence of the masters. One might, indeed, rest sufficiently satisfied with what, it is evident, must be, in general, the results of such a relation, without seeking farther to find whether they have followed in every instance. Indeed, those who stare at the half-peck of corn a week, and love to count the lashes on the slave’s back, are seldom the “stuff” out of which reformers and abolitionists are to be made. I remember that, in 1838, many were waiting for the results of the West India experiment, before they could come into our ranks. Those “results” have come long ago; but, alas! few of that number have come with them, as converts. A man must be disposed to judge of emancipation by other tests than whether it has increased the produce of sugar,—and to hate slavery for other reasons than because it starves men and whips women,—before he is ready to lay the first stone of his anti-slavery life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00029", "bookId": 23, "start": 20856, "end": 21327, "sha256": "8821765508857e5384054ffb7b815affd82d45ebc9d64a026df21e1a7e18a5d4", "text": "I was glad to learn, in your story, how early the most neglected of God’s children waken to a sense of their rights, and of the injustice done them. Experience is a keen teacher; and long before you had mastered your A B C, or knew where the “white sails” of the Chesapeake were bound, you began, I see, to gauge the wretchedness of the slave, not by his hunger and want, not by his lashes and toil, but by the cruel and blighting death which gathers over his soul.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00030", "bookId": 23, "start": 21329, "end": 21871, "sha256": "9c03a802c3397fe7f9711f28c7dcb83d6ec6387aa08a6fef1a17f0099c6140e5", "text": "In connection with this, there is one circumstance which makes your recollections peculiarly valuable, and renders your early insight the more remarkable. You come from that part of the country where we are told slavery appears with its fairest features. Let us hear, then, what it is at its best estate—gaze on its bright side, if it has one; and then imagination may task her powers to add dark lines to the picture, as she travels southward to that (for the colored man) Valley of the Shadow of Death, where the Mississippi sweeps along.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00031", "bookId": 23, "start": 21873, "end": 22683, "sha256": "e3e5a09a85999f175517b2326f8418c6a2d719940907d66d760613635b36b75f", "text": "Again, we have known you long, and can put the most entire confidence in your truth, candor, and sincerity. Every one who has heard you speak has felt, and, I am confident, every one who reads your book will feel, persuaded that you give them a fair specimen of the whole truth. No one-sided portrait,—no wholesale complaints,—but strict justice done, whenever individual kindliness has neutralized, for a moment, the deadly system with which it was strangely allied. You have been with us, too, some years, and can fairly compare the twilight of rights, which your race enjoy at the North, with that “noon of night” under which they labor south of Mason and Dixon’s line. Tell us whether, after all, the half-free colored man of Massachusetts is worse off than the pampered slave of the rice swamps!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00032", "bookId": 23, "start": 22685, "end": 23064, "sha256": "31d4d033ea60ddfb07919f0c22d8532706e1fc2eb7cb0f38fd4c7f3a5ad2e528", "text": "In reading your life, no one can say that we have unfairly picked out some rare specimens of cruelty. We know that the bitter drops, which even you have drained from the cup, are no incidental aggravations, no individual ills, but such as must mingle always and necessarily in the lot of every slave. They are the essential ingredients, not the occasional results, of the system.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00033", "bookId": 23, "start": 23066, "end": 24089, "sha256": "4734a6dff29907708a2def88dc6d766d350c341d03f2949d9c847b5e4947786b", "text": "After all, I shall read your book with trembling for you. Some years ago, when you were beginning to tell me your real name and birthplace, you may remember I stopped you, and preferred to remain ignorant of all. With the exception of a vague description, so I continued, till the other day, when you read me your memoirs. I hardly knew, at the time, whether to thank you or not for the sight of them, when I reflected that it was still dangerous, in Massachusetts, for honest men to tell their names! They say the fathers, in 1776, signed the Declaration of Independence with the halter about their necks. You, too, publish your declaration of freedom with danger compassing you around. In all the broad lands which the Constitution of the United States overshadows, there is no single spot,—however narrow or desolate,—where a fugitive slave can plant himself and say, “I am safe.” The whole armory of Northern Law has no shield for you. I am free to say that, in your place, I should throw the MS. into the fire.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00034", "bookId": 23, "start": 24091, "end": 24683, "sha256": "81239ded5e98143ce3428bad4dce48b6d49d198f356c21ab8bed43072fb035a8", "text": "You, perhaps, may tell your story in safety, endeared as you are to so many warm hearts by rare gifts, and a still rarer devotion of them to the service of others. But it will be owing only to your labors, and the fearless efforts of those who, trampling the laws and Constitution of the country under their feet, are determined that they will “hide the outcast,” and that their hearths shall be, spite of the law, an asylum for the oppressed, if, some time or other, the humblest may stand in our streets, and bear witness in safety against the cruelties of which he has been the victim.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00035", "bookId": 23, "start": 24685, "end": 25570, "sha256": "90eb4b710986e5d62695246a2c5f1c0dee1fc5bb7be313df901712acb1208c37", "text": "Yet it is sad to think, that these very throbbing hearts which welcome your story, and form your best safeguard in telling it, are all beating contrary to the “statute in such case made and provided.” Go on, my dear friend, till you, and those who, like you, have been saved, so as by fire, from the dark prison-house, shall stereotype these free, illegal pulses into statutes; and New England, cutting loose from a blood-stained Union, shall glory in being the house of refuge for the oppressed,—till we no longer merely “_hide_ the outcast,” or make a merit of standing idly by while he is hunted in our midst; but, consecrating anew the soil of the Pilgrims as an asylum for the oppressed, proclaim our _welcome_ to the slave so loudly, that the tones shall reach every hut in the Carolinas, and make the broken-hearted bondman leap up at the thought of old Massachusetts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00036", "bookId": 23, "start": 25572, "end": 25643, "sha256": "dcc5da3a743e8a8b2d5374d246734ad2f7a27f202a34511b29ddfa85c4cf71f1", "text": "God speed the day! _Till then, and ever,_ Yours truly, WENDELL PHILLIPS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00037", "bookId": 23, "start": 25649, "end": 25668, "sha256": "0ab4c83d5c2155598ae5a9501e6c9543021ee2687438a417f18f51beead16ff1", "text": "FREDERICK DOUGLASS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00038", "bookId": 23, "start": 25671, "end": 27145, "sha256": "546bec37c1c5e83c5500e2bf9b8a6c7f1b913f79962cb6cee2bfc044ae43156a", "text": "Frederick Douglass was born in slavery as Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey near Easton in Talbot County, Maryland. He was not sure of the exact year of his birth, but he knew that it was 1817 or 1818. As a young boy he was sent to Baltimore, to be a house servant, where he learned to read and write, with the assistance of his master’s wife. In 1838 he escaped from slavery and went to New York City, where he married Anna Murray, a free colored woman whom he had met in Baltimore. Soon thereafter he changed his name to Frederick Douglass. In 1841 he addressed a convention of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society in Nantucket and so greatly impressed the group that they immediately employed him as an agent. He was such an impressive orator that numerous persons doubted if he had ever been a slave, so he wrote _Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass_. During the Civil War he assisted in the recruiting of colored men for the 54th and 55th Massachusetts Regiments and consistently argued for the emancipation of slaves. After the war he was active in securing and protecting the rights of the freemen. In his later years, at different times, he was secretary of the Santo Domingo Commission, marshall and recorder of deeds of the District of Columbia, and United States Minister to Haiti. His other autobiographical works are _My Bondage And My Freedom_ and _Life And Times Of Frederick Douglass_, published in 1855 and 1881 respectively. He died in 1895.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00039", "bookId": 23, "start": 27151, "end": 27160, "sha256": "d0e5cb42d9924bed3d7ed4f8db06ecaf82716c56570480886725880fe4c6ea65", "text": "CHAPTER I", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00040", "bookId": 23, "start": 27163, "end": 28309, "sha256": "c354e962cab5b2f7b559dad14e65dd0dcef5a67d2753ae4d3e31f6ade6cca983", "text": "I was born in Tuckahoe, near Hillsborough, and about twelve miles from Easton, in Talbot county, Maryland. I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it. By far the larger part of the slaves know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs, and it is the wish of most masters within my knowledge to keep their slaves thus ignorant. I do not remember to have ever met a slave who could tell of his birthday. They seldom come nearer to it than planting-time, harvest-time, cherry-time, spring-time, or fall-time. A want of information concerning my own was a source of unhappiness to me even during childhood. The white children could tell their ages. I could not tell why I ought to be deprived of the same privilege. I was not allowed to make any inquiries of my master concerning it. He deemed all such inquiries on the part of a slave improper and impertinent, and evidence of a restless spirit. The nearest estimate I can give makes me now between twenty-seven and twenty-eight years of age. I come to this, from hearing my master say, some time during 1835, I was about seventeen years old.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00041", "bookId": 23, "start": 28311, "end": 28505, "sha256": "50053dbb7cd518caaaccb2512d29a853f29c1ed8cf10a6e3b4f744e45ecaec13", "text": "My mother was named Harriet Bailey. She was the daughter of Isaac and Betsey Bailey, both colored, and quite dark. My mother was of a darker complexion than either my grandmother or grandfather.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00042", "bookId": 23, "start": 28507, "end": 29447, "sha256": "21b1d7e3a95f2eff53e3f978de82b49f43d41d0f73837b6b30e391eec17b0aba", "text": "My father was a white man. He was admitted to be such by all I ever heard speak of my parentage. The opinion was also whispered that my master was my father; but of the correctness of this opinion, I know nothing; the means of knowing was withheld from me. My mother and I were separated when I was but an infant—before I knew her as my mother. It is a common custom, in the part of Maryland from which I ran away, to part children from their mothers at a very early age. Frequently, before the child has reached its twelfth month, its mother is taken from it, and hired out on some farm a considerable distance off, and the child is placed under the care of an old woman, too old for field labor. For what this separation is done, I do not know, unless it be to hinder the development of the child’s affection toward its mother, and to blunt and destroy the natural affection of the mother for the child. This is the inevitable result.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00043", "bookId": 23, "start": 29449, "end": 30868, "sha256": "24726f728f01e1f2395a0f9a116984109a3ca52897b5f54916d92efeeeafbe80", "text": "I never saw my mother, to know her as such, more than four or five times in my life; and each of these times was very short in duration, and at night. She was hired by a Mr. Stewart, who lived about twelve miles from my home. She made her journeys to see me in the night, travelling the whole distance on foot, after the performance of her day’s work. She was a field hand, and a whipping is the penalty of not being in the field at sunrise, unless a slave has special permission from his or her master to the contrary—a permission which they seldom get, and one that gives to him that gives it the proud name of being a kind master. I do not recollect of ever seeing my mother by the light of day. She was with me in the night. She would lie down with me, and get me to sleep, but long before I waked she was gone. Very little communication ever took place between us. Death soon ended what little we could have while she lived, and with it her hardships and suffering. She died when I was about seven years old, on one of my master’s farms, near Lee’s Mill. I was not allowed to be present during her illness, at her death, or burial. She was gone long before I knew any thing about it. Never having enjoyed, to any considerable extent, her soothing presence, her tender and watchful care, I received the tidings of her death with much the same emotions I should have probably felt at the death of a stranger.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00044", "bookId": 23, "start": 30870, "end": 31583, "sha256": "3bf8d25009a5cd2a94bd2c3d5b15da42d386c2cf092529737c227f7dcf75a0f7", "text": "Called thus suddenly away, she left me without the slightest intimation of who my father was. The whisper that my master was my father, may or may not be true; and, true or false, it is of but little consequence to my purpose whilst the fact remains, in all its glaring odiousness, that slaveholders have ordained, and by law established, that the children of slave women shall in all cases follow the condition of their mothers; and this is done too obviously to administer to their own lusts, and make a gratification of their wicked desires profitable as well as pleasurable; for by this cunning arrangement, the slaveholder, in cases not a few, sustains to his slaves the double relation of master and father.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00045", "bookId": 23, "start": 31585, "end": 32761, "sha256": "1c575d6ac6df2075a9d0fbd1793f9af9703b376fdf258b20fe19b3143f954d8b", "text": "I know of such cases; and it is worthy of remark that such slaves invariably suffer greater hardships, and have more to contend with, than others. They are, in the first place, a constant offence to their mistress. She is ever disposed to find fault with them; they can seldom do any thing to please her; she is never better pleased than when she sees them under the lash, especially when she suspects her husband of showing to his mulatto children favors which he withholds from his black slaves. The master is frequently compelled to sell this class of his slaves, out of deference to the feelings of his white wife; and, cruel as the deed may strike any one to be, for a man to sell his own children to human flesh-mongers, it is often the dictate of humanity for him to do so; for, unless he does this, he must not only whip them himself, but must stand by and see one white son tie up his brother, of but few shades darker complexion than himself, and ply the gory lash to his naked back; and if he lisp one word of disapproval, it is set down to his parental partiality, and only makes a bad matter worse, both for himself and the slave whom he would protect and defend.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00046", "bookId": 23, "start": 32763, "end": 33682, "sha256": "ec952ffbd75e6ec9a646926d8a762e01dc0a3888c959ee3e5ede87a72f7b317b", "text": "Every year brings with it multitudes of this class of slaves. It was doubtless in consequence of a knowledge of this fact, that one great statesman of the south predicted the downfall of slavery by the inevitable laws of population. Whether this prophecy is ever fulfilled or not, it is nevertheless plain that a very different-looking class of people are springing up at the south, and are now held in slavery, from those originally brought to this country from Africa; and if their increase do no other good, it will do away the force of the argument, that God cursed Ham, and therefore American slavery is right. If the lineal descendants of Ham are alone to be scripturally enslaved, it is certain that slavery at the south must soon become unscriptural; for thousands are ushered into the world, annually, who, like myself, owe their existence to white fathers, and those fathers most frequently their own masters.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00047", "bookId": 23, "start": 33684, "end": 35747, "sha256": "8a3a57c23682fa9c95d2757b55d59648686a66827dc87c42ccfd76d109290923", "text": "I have had two masters. My first master’s name was Anthony. I do not remember his first name. He was generally called Captain Anthony—a title which, I presume, he acquired by sailing a craft on the Chesapeake Bay. He was not considered a rich slaveholder. He owned two or three farms, and about thirty slaves. His farms and slaves were under the care of an overseer. The overseer’s name was Plummer. Mr. Plummer was a miserable drunkard, a profane swearer, and a savage monster. He always went armed with a cowskin and a heavy cudgel. I have known him to cut and slash the women’s heads so horribly, that even master would be enraged at his cruelty, and would threaten to whip him if he did not mind himself. Master, however, was not a humane slaveholder. It required extraordinary barbarity on the part of an overseer to affect him. He was a cruel man, hardened by a long life of slaveholding. He would at times seem to take great pleasure in whipping a slave. I have often been awakened at the dawn of day by the most heart-rending shrieks of an own aunt of mine, whom he used to tie up to a joist, and whip upon her naked back till she was literally covered with blood. No words, no tears, no prayers, from his gory victim, seemed to move his iron heart from its bloody purpose. The louder she screamed, the harder he whipped; and where the blood ran fastest, there he whipped longest. He would whip her to make her scream, and whip her to make her hush; and not until overcome by fatigue, would he cease to swing the blood-clotted cowskin. I remember the first time I ever witnessed this horrible exhibition. I was quite a child, but I well remember it. I never shall forget it whilst I remember any thing. It was the first of a long series of such outrages, of which I was doomed to be a witness and a participant. It struck me with awful force. It was the blood-stained gate, the entrance to the hell of slavery, through which I was about to pass. It was a most terrible spectacle. I wish I could commit to paper the feelings with which I beheld it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00048", "bookId": 23, "start": 35749, "end": 36505, "sha256": "192d4b3cc0c5f2087b38c51b72a25dcb8f5992aacc855143075593829ad597a4", "text": "This occurrence took place very soon after I went to live with my old master, and under the following circumstances. Aunt Hester went out one night,—where or for what I do not know,—and happened to be absent when my master desired her presence. He had ordered her not to go out evenings, and warned her that she must never let him catch her in company with a young man, who was paying attention to her belonging to Colonel Lloyd. The young man’s name was Ned Roberts, generally called Lloyd’s Ned. Why master was so careful of her, may be safely left to conjecture. She was a woman of noble form, and of graceful proportions, having very few equals, and fewer superiors, in personal appearance, among the colored or white women of our neighborhood.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00049", "bookId": 23, "start": 36507, "end": 38281, "sha256": "ca284b0d8127ec14c039cf5989942097c9dc4b1b59d2b4d6bb66bedd1df31d58", "text": "Aunt Hester had not only disobeyed his orders in going out, but had been found in company with Lloyd’s Ned; which circumstance, I found, from what he said while whipping her, was the chief offence. Had he been a man of pure morals himself, he might have been thought interested in protecting the innocence of my aunt; but those who knew him will not suspect him of any such virtue. Before he commenced whipping Aunt Hester, he took her into the kitchen, and stripped her from neck to waist, leaving her neck, shoulders, and back, entirely naked. He then told her to cross her hands, calling her at the same time a d——d b—-h. After crossing her hands, he tied them with a strong rope, and led her to a stool under a large hook in the joist, put in for the purpose. He made her get upon the stool, and tied her hands to the hook. She now stood fair for his infernal purpose. Her arms were stretched up at their full length, so that she stood upon the ends of her toes. He then said to her, “Now, you d——d b—-h, I’ll learn you how to disobey my orders!” and after rolling up his sleeves, he commenced to lay on the heavy cowskin, and soon the warm, red blood (amid heart-rending shrieks from her, and horrid oaths from him) came dripping to the floor. I was so terrified and horror-stricken at the sight, that I hid myself in a closet, and dared not venture out till long after the bloody transaction was over. I expected it would be my turn next. It was all new to me. I had never seen any thing like it before. I had always lived with my grandmother on the outskirts of the plantation, where she was put to raise the children of the younger women. I had therefore been, until now, out of the way of the bloody scenes that often occurred on the plantation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00050", "bookId": 23, "start": 38287, "end": 38297, "sha256": "5e3969b3a1a5487e39f49c890b68174390d08c9fa8da2bd9289255e4bd0ae952", "text": "CHAPTER II", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00051", "bookId": 23, "start": 38300, "end": 39772, "sha256": "16ec951c46f3fccb898aeadf6012a61aa768f37c045fc904575c2b2b864c6d46", "text": "My master’s family consisted of two sons, Andrew and Richard; one daughter, Lucretia, and her husband, Captain Thomas Auld. They lived in one house, upon the home plantation of Colonel Edward Lloyd. My master was Colonel Lloyd’s clerk and superintendent. He was what might be called the overseer of the overseers. I spent two years of childhood on this plantation in my old master’s family. It was here that I witnessed the bloody transaction recorded in the first chapter; and as I received my first impressions of slavery on this plantation, I will give some description of it, and of slavery as it there existed. The plantation is about twelve miles north of Easton, in Talbot county, and is situated on the border of Miles River. The principal products raised upon it were tobacco, corn, and wheat. These were raised in great abundance; so that, with the products of this and the other farms belonging to him, he was able to keep in almost constant employment a large sloop, in carrying them to market at Baltimore. This sloop was named Sally Lloyd, in honor of one of the colonel’s daughters. My master’s son-in-law, Captain Auld, was master of the vessel; she was otherwise manned by the colonel’s own slaves. Their names were Peter, Isaac, Rich, and Jake. These were esteemed very highly by the other slaves, and looked upon as the privileged ones of the plantation; for it was no small affair, in the eyes of the slaves, to be allowed to see Baltimore.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00052", "bookId": 23, "start": 39774, "end": 40732, "sha256": "3c8966fce010ffd93e6b37248c534322604238a27f81e8f380c0b909f6e2ad00", "text": "Colonel Lloyd kept from three to four hundred slaves on his home plantation, and owned a large number more on the neighboring farms belonging to him. The names of the farms nearest to the home plantation were Wye Town and New Design. “Wye Town” was under the overseership of a man named Noah Willis. New Design was under the overseership of a Mr. Townsend. The overseers of these, and all the rest of the farms, numbering over twenty, received advice and direction from the managers of the home plantation. This was the great business place. It was the seat of government for the whole twenty farms. All disputes among the overseers were settled here. If a slave was convicted of any high misdemeanor, became unmanageable, or evinced a determination to run away, he was brought immediately here, severely whipped, put on board the sloop, carried to Baltimore, and sold to Austin Woolfolk, or some other slave-trader, as a warning to the slaves remaining.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00053", "bookId": 23, "start": 40734, "end": 41740, "sha256": "096c3199b01a519857496ea13420c963ea72fa05c306321c82789f597339cd32", "text": "Here, too, the slaves of all the other farms received their monthly allowance of food, and their yearly clothing. The men and women slaves received, as their monthly allowance of food, eight pounds of pork, or its equivalent in fish, and one bushel of corn meal. Their yearly clothing consisted of two coarse linen shirts, one pair of linen trousers, like the shirts, one jacket, one pair of trousers for winter, made of coarse negro cloth, one pair of stockings, and one pair of shoes; the whole of which could not have cost more than seven dollars. The allowance of the slave children was given to their mothers, or the old women having the care of them. The children unable to work in the field had neither shoes, stockings, jackets, nor trousers, given to them; their clothing consisted of two coarse linen shirts per year. When these failed them, they went naked until the next allowance-day. Children from seven to ten years old, of both sexes, almost naked, might be seen at all seasons of the year.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00054", "bookId": 23, "start": 41742, "end": 43183, "sha256": "ba470b828df0cddb354ea3bc95e05480430a7c6dfd1fd3a05225be01c83e89a9", "text": "There were no beds given the slaves, unless one coarse blanket be considered such, and none but the men and women had these. This, however, is not considered a very great privation. They find less difficulty from the want of beds, than from the want of time to sleep; for when their day’s work in the field is done, the most of them having their washing, mending, and cooking to do, and having few or none of the ordinary facilities for doing either of these, very many of their sleeping hours are consumed in preparing for the field the coming day; and when this is done, old and young, male and female, married and single, drop down side by side, on one common bed,—the cold, damp floor,—each covering himself or herself with their miserable blankets; and here they sleep till they are summoned to the field by the driver’s horn. At the sound of this, all must rise, and be off to the field. There must be no halting; every one must be at his or her post; and woe betides them who hear not this morning summons to the field; for if they are not awakened by the sense of hearing, they are by the sense of feeling: no age nor sex finds any favor. Mr. Severe, the overseer, used to stand by the door of the quarter, armed with a large hickory stick and heavy cowskin, ready to whip any one who was so unfortunate as not to hear, or, from any other cause, was prevented from being ready to start for the field at the sound of the horn.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00055", "bookId": 23, "start": 43185, "end": 44220, "sha256": "ee5bec1086c050cfb6c87699088215666f62a6d903c456447c5b5d5355e7426a", "text": "Mr. Severe was rightly named: he was a cruel man. I have seen him whip a woman, causing the blood to run half an hour at the time; and this, too, in the midst of her crying children, pleading for their mother’s release. He seemed to take pleasure in manifesting his fiendish barbarity. Added to his cruelty, he was a profane swearer. It was enough to chill the blood and stiffen the hair of an ordinary man to hear him talk. Scarce a sentence escaped him but that was commenced or concluded by some horrid oath. The field was the place to witness his cruelty and profanity. His presence made it both the field of blood and of blasphemy. From the rising till the going down of the sun, he was cursing, raving, cutting, and slashing among the slaves of the field, in the most frightful manner. His career was short. He died very soon after I went to Colonel Lloyd’s; and he died as he lived, uttering, with his dying groans, bitter curses and horrid oaths. His death was regarded by the slaves as the result of a merciful providence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00056", "bookId": 23, "start": 44222, "end": 44542, "sha256": "e52d23748240b5a4029276ec052425c2313116684faca5c5f3cfbc5a177d0385", "text": "Mr. Severe’s place was filled by a Mr. Hopkins. He was a very different man. He was less cruel, less profane, and made less noise, than Mr. Severe. His course was characterized by no extraordinary demonstrations of cruelty. He whipped, but seemed to take no pleasure in it. He was called by the slaves a good overseer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00057", "bookId": 23, "start": 44544, "end": 46110, "sha256": "d46004cf60237d527123b8fe950e469a911b9fdac8f3d5fc14064dbc789539b5", "text": "The home plantation of Colonel Lloyd wore the appearance of a country village. All the mechanical operations for all the farms were performed here. The shoemaking and mending, the blacksmithing, cartwrighting, coopering, weaving, and grain-grinding, were all performed by the slaves on the home plantation. The whole place wore a business-like aspect very unlike the neighboring farms. The number of houses, too, conspired to give it advantage over the neighboring farms. It was called by the slaves the _Great House Farm._ Few privileges were esteemed higher, by the slaves of the out-farms, than that of being selected to do errands at the Great House Farm. It was associated in their minds with greatness. A representative could not be prouder of his election to a seat in the American Congress, than a slave on one of the out-farms would be of his election to do errands at the Great House Farm. They regarded it as evidence of great confidence reposed in them by their overseers; and it was on this account, as well as a constant desire to be out of the field from under the driver’s lash, that they esteemed it a high privilege, one worth careful living for. He was called the smartest and most trusty fellow, who had this honor conferred upon him the most frequently. The competitors for this office sought as diligently to please their overseers, as the office-seekers in the political parties seek to please and deceive the people. The same traits of character might be seen in Colonel Lloyd’s slaves, as are seen in the slaves of the political parties.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00058", "bookId": 23, "start": 46112, "end": 46967, "sha256": "e60a2a46fced27d6df30a10c26b17c6df48063b5eb0acee3ebf6846a4f2da3de", "text": "The slaves selected to go to the Great House Farm, for the monthly allowance for themselves and their fellow-slaves, were peculiarly enthusiastic. While on their way, they would make the dense old woods, for miles around, reverberate with their wild songs, revealing at once the highest joy and the deepest sadness. They would compose and sing as they went along, consulting neither time nor tune. The thought that came up, came out—if not in the word, in the sound;—and as frequently in the one as in the other. They would sometimes sing the most pathetic sentiment in the most rapturous tone, and the most rapturous sentiment in the most pathetic tone. Into all of their songs they would manage to weave something of the Great House Farm. Especially would they do this, when leaving home. They would then sing most exultingly the following words:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00059", "bookId": 23, "start": 46969, "end": 47034, "sha256": "8caa4e00f121e666c537bac442afdea90756f2c1f77376aff2e39bb3b6676572", "text": "“I am going away to the Great House Farm! O, yea! O, yea! O!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00060", "bookId": 23, "start": 47037, "end": 47395, "sha256": "451c3d4c7985c398a46e2dd737fe2fa0df29827362e0d8b1c6df67427c55515b", "text": "This they would sing, as a chorus, to words which to many would seem unmeaning jargon, but which, nevertheless, were full of meaning to themselves. I have sometimes thought that the mere hearing of those songs would do more to impress some minds with the horrible character of slavery, than the reading of whole volumes of philosophy on the subject could do.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00061", "bookId": 23, "start": 47397, "end": 48854, "sha256": "7a1f8fcd123d551091e5f73c9921202bd73b13f6fb9b1f835fcd75d0c9847a4b", "text": "I did not, when a slave, understand the deep meaning of those rude and apparently incoherent songs. I was myself within the circle; so that I neither saw nor heard as those without might see and hear. They told a tale of woe which was then altogether beyond my feeble comprehension; they were tones loud, long, and deep; they breathed the prayer and complaint of souls boiling over with the bitterest anguish. Every tone was a testimony against slavery, and a prayer to God for deliverance from chains. The hearing of those wild notes always depressed my spirit, and filled me with ineffable sadness. I have frequently found myself in tears while hearing them. The mere recurrence to those songs, even now, afflicts me; and while I am writing these lines, an expression of feeling has already found its way down my cheek. To those songs I trace my first glimmering conception of the dehumanizing character of slavery. I can never get rid of that conception. Those songs still follow me, to deepen my hatred of slavery, and quicken my sympathies for my brethren in bonds. If any one wishes to be impressed with the soul-killing effects of slavery, let him go to Colonel Lloyd’s plantation, and, on allowance-day, place himself in the deep pine woods, and there let him, in silence, analyze the sounds that shall pass through the chambers of his soul,—and if he is not thus impressed, it will only be because “there is no flesh in his obdurate heart.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00062", "bookId": 23, "start": 48856, "end": 49695, "sha256": "992a9cc27e40a1f125612a64bb40d882495b7b38845402bd110043bc2d77e0ba", "text": "I have often been utterly astonished, since I came to the north, to find persons who could speak of the singing, among slaves, as evidence of their contentment and happiness. It is impossible to conceive of a greater mistake. Slaves sing most when they are most unhappy. The songs of the slave represent the sorrows of his heart; and he is relieved by them, only as an aching heart is relieved by its tears. At least, such is my experience. I have often sung to drown my sorrow, but seldom to express my happiness. Crying for joy, and singing for joy, were alike uncommon to me while in the jaws of slavery. The singing of a man cast away upon a desolate island might be as appropriately considered as evidence of contentment and happiness, as the singing of a slave; the songs of the one and of the other are prompted by the same emotion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00063", "bookId": 23, "start": 49701, "end": 49712, "sha256": "be0202436657672a43ffaae4b1f24b9495ff2085241aa8e05e3656b58de14b99", "text": "CHAPTER III", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00064", "bookId": 23, "start": 49715, "end": 51066, "sha256": "e8b5faaeadf17634e33d96e54263061ffbddad2f2283e267c7f66c74f53877cb", "text": "Colonel Lloyd kept a large and finely cultivated garden, which afforded almost constant employment for four men, besides the chief gardener, (Mr. M’Durmond.) This garden was probably the greatest attraction of the place. During the summer months, people came from far and near—from Baltimore, Easton, and Annapolis—to see it. It abounded in fruits of almost every description, from the hardy apple of the north to the delicate orange of the south. This garden was not the least source of trouble on the plantation. Its excellent fruit was quite a temptation to the hungry swarms of boys, as well as the older slaves, belonging to the colonel, few of whom had the virtue or the vice to resist it. Scarcely a day passed, during the summer, but that some slave had to take the lash for stealing fruit. The colonel had to resort to all kinds of stratagems to keep his slaves out of the garden. The last and most successful one was that of tarring his fence all around; after which, if a slave was caught with any tar upon his person, it was deemed sufficient proof that he had either been into the garden, or had tried to get in. In either case, he was severely whipped by the chief gardener. This plan worked well; the slaves became as fearful of tar as of the lash. They seemed to realize the impossibility of touching _tar_ without being defiled.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00065", "bookId": 23, "start": 51068, "end": 51411, "sha256": "e5d68d7278f72f6f20b9b444a005e9689835f4bc037fcfbf4615e7578aa73f70", "text": "The colonel also kept a splendid riding equipage. His stable and carriage-house presented the appearance of some of our large city livery establishments. His horses were of the finest form and noblest blood. His carriage-house contained three splendid coaches, three or four gigs, besides dearborns and barouches of the most fashionable style.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00066", "bookId": 23, "start": 51413, "end": 53961, "sha256": "9e48793de064552d791eecbb73585e037af0f3b1b28bd82e00b5ae5d07127083", "text": "This establishment was under the care of two slaves—old Barney and young Barney—father and son. To attend to this establishment was their sole work. But it was by no means an easy employment; for in nothing was Colonel Lloyd more particular than in the management of his horses. The slightest inattention to these was unpardonable, and was visited upon those, under whose care they were placed, with the severest punishment; no excuse could shield them, if the colonel only suspected any want of attention to his horses—a supposition which he frequently indulged, and one which, of course, made the office of old and young Barney a very trying one. They never knew when they were safe from punishment. They were frequently whipped when least deserving, and escaped whipping when most deserving it. Every thing depended upon the looks of the horses, and the state of Colonel Lloyd’s own mind when his horses were brought to him for use. If a horse did not move fast enough, or hold his head high enough, it was owing to some fault of his keepers. It was painful to stand near the stable-door, and hear the various complaints against the keepers when a horse was taken out for use. “This horse has not had proper attention. He has not been sufficiently rubbed and curried, or he has not been properly fed; his food was too wet or too dry; he got it too soon or too late; he was too hot or too cold; he had too much hay, and not enough of grain; or he had too much grain, and not enough of hay; instead of old Barney’s attending to the horse, he had very improperly left it to his son.” To all these complaints, no matter how unjust, the slave must answer never a word. Colonel Lloyd could not brook any contradiction from a slave. When he spoke, a slave must stand, listen, and tremble; and such was literally the case. I have seen Colonel Lloyd make old Barney, a man between fifty and sixty years of age, uncover his bald head, kneel down upon the cold, damp ground, and receive upon his naked and toil-worn shoulders more than thirty lashes at the time. Colonel Lloyd had three sons—Edward, Murray, and Daniel,—and three sons-in-law, Mr. Winder, Mr. Nicholson, and Mr. Lowndes. All of these lived at the Great House Farm, and enjoyed the luxury of whipping the servants when they pleased, from old Barney down to William Wilkes, the coach-driver. I have seen Winder make one of the house-servants stand off from him a suitable distance to be touched with the end of his whip, and at every stroke raise great ridges upon his back.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00067", "bookId": 23, "start": 53963, "end": 54821, "sha256": "e7beb89253251425c24f8af1d43824828cc38c0737e51354cd86006794cdab50", "text": "To describe the wealth of Colonel Lloyd would be almost equal to describing the riches of Job. He kept from ten to fifteen house-servants. He was said to own a thousand slaves, and I think this estimate quite within the truth. Colonel Lloyd owned so many that he did not know them when he saw them; nor did all the slaves of the out-farms know him. It is reported of him, that, while riding along the road one day, he met a colored man, and addressed him in the usual manner of speaking to colored people on the public highways of the south: “Well, boy, whom do you belong to?” “To Colonel Lloyd,” replied the slave. “Well, does the colonel treat you well?” “No, sir,” was the ready reply. “What, does he work you too hard?” “Yes, sir.” “Well, don’t he give you enough to eat?” “Yes, sir, he gives me enough, such as it is.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00068", "bookId": 23, "start": 54823, "end": 55525, "sha256": "b320ddc6d586a9cf03afa73bc0f5e8f152706c2558d3e4c12bc05aa1e6b4b223", "text": "The colonel, after ascertaining where the slave belonged, rode on; the man also went on about his business, not dreaming that he had been conversing with his master. He thought, said, and heard nothing more of the matter, until two or three weeks afterwards. The poor man was then informed by his overseer that, for having found fault with his master, he was now to be sold to a Georgia trader. He was immediately chained and handcuffed; and thus, without a moment’s warning, he was snatched away, and forever sundered, from his family and friends, by a hand more unrelenting than death. This is the penalty of telling the truth, of telling the simple truth, in answer to a series of plain questions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00069", "bookId": 23, "start": 55527, "end": 57968, "sha256": "c093ee5d0a149f26ee3e9d44b52b7e74b9a4c47e5f06776bb052cafdf8d78438", "text": "It is partly in consequence of such facts, that slaves, when inquired of as to their condition and the character of their masters, almost universally say they are contented, and that their masters are kind. The slaveholders have been known to send in spies among their slaves, to ascertain their views and feelings in regard to their condition. The frequency of this has had the effect to establish among the slaves the maxim, that a still tongue makes a wise head. They suppress the truth rather than take the consequences of telling it, and in so doing prove themselves a part of the human family. If they have any thing to say of their masters, it is generally in their masters’ favor, especially when speaking to an untried man. I have been frequently asked, when a slave, if I had a kind master, and do not remember ever to have given a negative answer; nor did I, in pursuing this course, consider myself as uttering what was absolutely false; for I always measured the kindness of my master by the standard of kindness set up among slaveholders around us. Moreover, slaves are like other people, and imbibe prejudices quite common to others. They think their own better than that of others. Many, under the influence of this prejudice, think their own masters are better than the masters of other slaves; and this, too, in some cases, when the very reverse is true. Indeed, it is not uncommon for slaves even to fall out and quarrel among themselves about the relative goodness of their masters, each contending for the superior goodness of his own over that of the others. At the very same time, they mutually execrate their masters when viewed separately. It was so on our plantation. When Colonel Lloyd’s slaves met the slaves of Jacob Jepson, they seldom parted without a quarrel about their masters; Colonel Lloyd’s slaves contending that he was the richest, and Mr. Jepson’s slaves that he was the smartest, and most of a man. Colonel Lloyd’s slaves would boast his ability to buy and sell Jacob Jepson. Mr. Jepson’s slaves would boast his ability to whip Colonel Lloyd. These quarrels would almost always end in a fight between the parties, and those that whipped were supposed to have gained the point at issue. They seemed to think that the greatness of their masters was transferable to themselves. It was considered as being bad enough to be a slave; but to be a poor man’s slave was deemed a disgrace indeed!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00070", "bookId": 23, "start": 57974, "end": 57984, "sha256": "2d020cbd4cac00e9afab31268bd233f0c99cc1c86eb868fa1c53375b04b182ff", "text": "CHAPTER IV", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00071", "bookId": 23, "start": 57987, "end": 58521, "sha256": "2786e2f82e5c619e3197ffeb77c24e722e1c784c8eef659da198a54515525597", "text": "Mr. Hopkins remained but a short time in the office of overseer. Why his career was so short, I do not know, but suppose he lacked the necessary severity to suit Colonel Lloyd. Mr. Hopkins was succeeded by Mr. Austin Gore, a man possessing, in an eminent degree, all those traits of character indispensable to what is called a first-rate overseer. Mr. Gore had served Colonel Lloyd, in the capacity of overseer, upon one of the out-farms, and had shown himself worthy of the high station of overseer upon the home or Great House Farm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00072", "bookId": 23, "start": 58523, "end": 60372, "sha256": "ec36c1e096608072ec1a59cea5e35723bcb43ca5f55b68a09ba004cdf8bde021", "text": "Mr. Gore was proud, ambitious, and persevering. He was artful, cruel, and obdurate. He was just the man for such a place, and it was just the place for such a man. It afforded scope for the full exercise of all his powers, and he seemed to be perfectly at home in it. He was one of those who could torture the slightest look, word, or gesture, on the part of the slave, into impudence, and would treat it accordingly. There must be no answering back to him; no explanation was allowed a slave, showing himself to have been wrongfully accused. Mr. Gore acted fully up to the maxim laid down by slaveholders,—“It is better that a dozen slaves should suffer under the lash, than that the overseer should be convicted, in the presence of the slaves, of having been at fault.” No matter how innocent a slave might be—it availed him nothing, when accused by Mr. Gore of any misdemeanor. To be accused was to be convicted, and to be convicted was to be punished; the one always following the other with immutable certainty. To escape punishment was to escape accusation; and few slaves had the fortune to do either, under the overseership of Mr. Gore. He was just proud enough to demand the most debasing homage of the slave, and quite servile enough to crouch, himself, at the feet of the master. He was ambitious enough to be contented with nothing short of the highest rank of overseers, and persevering enough to reach the height of his ambition. He was cruel enough to inflict the severest punishment, artful enough to descend to the lowest trickery, and obdurate enough to be insensible to the voice of a reproving conscience. He was, of all the overseers, the most dreaded by the slaves. His presence was painful; his eye flashed confusion; and seldom was his sharp, shrill voice heard, without producing horror and trembling in their ranks.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00073", "bookId": 23, "start": 60374, "end": 61165, "sha256": "77c695b65b93677fa9fc0536d474cf3ba1be073c3c6ee1157418b2c586c3d69d", "text": "Mr. Gore was a grave man, and, though a young man, he indulged in no jokes, said no funny words, seldom smiled. His words were in perfect keeping with his looks, and his looks were in perfect keeping with his words. Overseers will sometimes indulge in a witty word, even with the slaves; not so with Mr. Gore. He spoke but to command, and commanded but to be obeyed; he dealt sparingly with his words, and bountifully with his whip, never using the former where the latter would answer as well. When he whipped, he seemed to do so from a sense of duty, and feared no consequences. He did nothing reluctantly, no matter how disagreeable; always at his post, never inconsistent. He never promised but to fulfil. He was, in a word, a man of the most inflexible firmness and stone-like coolness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00074", "bookId": 23, "start": 61167, "end": 62168, "sha256": "c8ac76de73e75fa386bc7e8fa174aa54056d46808b52d7dd28f5c59e4fa760b2", "text": "His savage barbarity was equalled only by the consummate coolness with which he committed the grossest and most savage deeds upon the slaves under his charge. Mr. Gore once undertook to whip one of Colonel Lloyd’s slaves, by the name of Demby. He had given Demby but few stripes, when, to get rid of the scourging, he ran and plunged himself into a creek, and stood there at the depth of his shoulders, refusing to come out. Mr. Gore told him that he would give him three calls, and that, if he did not come out at the third call, he would shoot him. The first call was given. Demby made no response, but stood his ground. The second and third calls were given with the same result. Mr. Gore then, without consultation or deliberation with any one, not even giving Demby an additional call, raised his musket to his face, taking deadly aim at his standing victim, and in an instant poor Demby was no more. His mangled body sank out of sight, and blood and brains marked the water where he had stood.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00075", "bookId": 23, "start": 62170, "end": 63690, "sha256": "dcf66698168245627c2ab542812a3ffbaab3299dc79b0842d76b0c0b128dd02c", "text": "A thrill of horror flashed through every soul upon the plantation, excepting Mr. Gore. He alone seemed cool and collected. He was asked by Colonel Lloyd and my old master, why he resorted to this extraordinary expedient. His reply was, (as well as I can remember,) that Demby had become unmanageable. He was setting a dangerous example to the other slaves,—one which, if suffered to pass without some such demonstration on his part, would finally lead to the total subversion of all rule and order upon the plantation. He argued that if one slave refused to be corrected, and escaped with his life, the other slaves would soon copy the example; the result of which would be, the freedom of the slaves, and the enslavement of the whites. Mr. Gore’s defence was satisfactory. He was continued in his station as overseer upon the home plantation. His fame as an overseer went abroad. His horrid crime was not even submitted to judicial investigation. It was committed in the presence of slaves, and they of course could neither institute a suit, nor testify against him; and thus the guilty perpetrator of one of the bloodiest and most foul murders goes unwhipped of justice, and uncensured by the community in which he lives. Mr. Gore lived in St. Michael’s, Talbot county, Maryland, when I left there; and if he is still alive, he very probably lives there now; and if so, he is now, as he was then, as highly esteemed and as much respected as though his guilty soul had not been stained with his brother’s blood.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00076", "bookId": 23, "start": 63692, "end": 64289, "sha256": "960ee6e7c7b5d6623d99cb545a15d9eca0becad3c574c004c68477688875d499", "text": "I speak advisedly when I say this,—that killing a slave, or any colored person, in Talbot county, Maryland, is not treated as a crime, either by the courts or the community. Mr. Thomas Lanman, of St. Michael’s, killed two slaves, one of whom he killed with a hatchet, by knocking his brains out. He used to boast of the commission of the awful and bloody deed. I have heard him do so laughingly, saying, among other things, that he was the only benefactor of his country in the company, and that when others would do as much as he had done, we should be relieved of “the d——d niggers.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00077", "bookId": 23, "start": 64291, "end": 65639, "sha256": "acc34135403ca6ab3105043cd8fc949395b313ad935ffb90566f63cb62f7bb24", "text": "The wife of Mr. Giles Hicks, living but a short distance from where I used to live, murdered my wife’s cousin, a young girl between fifteen and sixteen years of age, mangling her person in the most horrible manner, breaking her nose and breastbone with a stick, so that the poor girl expired in a few hours afterward. She was immediately buried, but had not been in her untimely grave but a few hours before she was taken up and examined by the coroner, who decided that she had come to her death by severe beating. The offence for which this girl was thus murdered was this:—She had been set that night to mind Mrs. Hicks’s baby, and during the night she fell asleep, and the baby cried. She, having lost her rest for several nights previous, did not hear the crying. They were both in the room with Mrs. Hicks. Mrs. Hicks, finding the girl slow to move, jumped from her bed, seized an oak stick of wood by the fireplace, and with it broke the girl’s nose and breastbone, and thus ended her life. I will not say that this most horrid murder produced no sensation in the community. It did produce sensation, but not enough to bring the murderess to punishment. There was a warrant issued for her arrest, but it was never served. Thus she escaped not only punishment, but even the pain of being arraigned before a court for her horrid crime.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00078", "bookId": 23, "start": 65641, "end": 65843, "sha256": "1976a31abfec96cde4fe779ed84b8a58327980a0a41ce9a556068498311e3718", "text": "Whilst I am detailing bloody deeds which took place during my stay on Colonel Lloyd’s plantation, I will briefly narrate another, which occurred about the same time as the murder of Demby by Mr. Gore.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00079", "bookId": 23, "start": 65845, "end": 66318, "sha256": "2d69bc850679e2683067ce3c1ae7def2a537d163a611099fb2f92330d16a3258", "text": "Colonel Lloyd’s slaves were in the habit of spending a part of their nights and Sundays in fishing for oysters, and in this way made up the deficiency of their scanty allowance. An old man belonging to Colonel Lloyd, while thus engaged, happened to get beyond the limits of Colonel Lloyd’s, and on the premises of Mr. Beal Bondly. At this trespass, Mr. Bondly took offence, and with his musket came down to the shore, and blew its deadly contents into the poor old man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00080", "bookId": 23, "start": 66320, "end": 66731, "sha256": "ebee919c2bedfb7c1c1418f3a9682ea7819a5157b84a1da3720a99af73006a1e", "text": "Mr. Bondly came over to see Colonel Lloyd the next day, whether to pay him for his property, or to justify himself in what he had done, I know not. At any rate, this whole fiendish transaction was soon hushed up. There was very little said about it at all, and nothing done. It was a common saying, even among little white boys, that it was worth a half-cent to kill a “nigger,” and a half-cent to bury one.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00081", "bookId": 23, "start": 66737, "end": 66746, "sha256": "fd890be9c8f94bc23578edbbe4dc90914766a97a97700a3aea16557f8634e7fe", "text": "CHAPTER V", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00082", "bookId": 23, "start": 66749, "end": 67526, "sha256": "f6a286def49eaac5ce5a731676bf304898723fb1aba2919ee89c98ee81c7bb36", "text": "As to my own treatment while I lived on Colonel Lloyd’s plantation, it was very similar to that of the other slave children. I was not old enough to work in the field, and there being little else than field work to do, I had a great deal of leisure time. The most I had to do was to drive up the cows at evening, keep the fowls out of the garden, keep the front yard clean, and run of errands for my old master’s daughter, Mrs. Lucretia Auld. The most of my leisure time I spent in helping Master Daniel Lloyd in finding his birds, after he had shot them. My connection with Master Daniel was of some advantage to me. He became quite attached to me, and was a sort of protector of me. He would not allow the older boys to impose upon me, and would divide his cakes with me.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00083", "bookId": 23, "start": 67528, "end": 68223, "sha256": "9f1fffb8c3d865739b9a1a5bc1944d6fba86ed1bcbd56469f7403c6097cd0c33", "text": "I was seldom whipped by my old master, and suffered little from any thing else than hunger and cold. I suffered much from hunger, but much more from cold. In hottest summer and coldest winter, I was kept almost naked—no shoes, no stockings, no jacket, no trousers, nothing on but a coarse tow linen shirt, reaching only to my knees. I had no bed. I must have perished with cold, but that, the coldest nights, I used to steal a bag which was used for carrying corn to the mill. I would crawl into this bag, and there sleep on the cold, damp, clay floor, with my head in and feet out. My feet have been so cracked with the frost, that the pen with which I am writing might be laid in the gashes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00084", "bookId": 23, "start": 68225, "end": 68718, "sha256": "f789b4b39a73d38235b19df965b2ed75b31279c4ce27cb2bb973ba6764a6c12d", "text": "We were not regularly allowanced. Our food was coarse corn meal boiled. This was called _mush_. It was put into a large wooden tray or trough, and set down upon the ground. The children were then called, like so many pigs, and like so many pigs they would come and devour the mush; some with oyster-shells, others with pieces of shingle, some with naked hands, and none with spoons. He that ate fastest got most; he that was strongest secured the best place; and few left the trough satisfied.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00085", "bookId": 23, "start": 68720, "end": 69315, "sha256": "762c3b25f837de726c64859127c651d183658dc3d75d818af2e4408619ea94b8", "text": "I was probably between seven and eight years old when I left Colonel Lloyd’s plantation. I left it with joy. I shall never forget the ecstasy with which I received the intelligence that my old master (Anthony) had determined to let me go to Baltimore, to live with Mr. Hugh Auld, brother to my old master’s son-in-law, Captain Thomas Auld. I received this information about three days before my departure. They were three of the happiest days I ever enjoyed. I spent the most part of all these three days in the creek, washing off the plantation scurf, and preparing myself for my departure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00086", "bookId": 23, "start": 69317, "end": 70040, "sha256": "02e0e0a7d37b62b7a0b2b70437ba7bba2dec377bd9daeab11059740657d25ca4", "text": "The pride of appearance which this would indicate was not my own. I spent the time in washing, not so much because I wished to, but because Mrs. Lucretia had told me I must get all the dead skin off my feet and knees before I could go to Baltimore; for the people in Baltimore were very cleanly, and would laugh at me if I looked dirty. Besides, she was going to give me a pair of trousers, which I should not put on unless I got all the dirt off me. The thought of owning a pair of trousers was great indeed! It was almost a sufficient motive, not only to make me take off what would be called by pig-drovers the mange, but the skin itself. I went at it in good earnest, working for the first time with the hope of reward.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00087", "bookId": 23, "start": 70042, "end": 71940, "sha256": "122f8f2ad23353a68548316ed4b191a8c918e17df93c19991d2247222467b506", "text": "The ties that ordinarily bind children to their homes were all suspended in my case. I found no severe trial in my departure. My home was charmless; it was not home to me; on parting from it, I could not feel that I was leaving any thing which I could have enjoyed by staying. My mother was dead, my grandmother lived far off, so that I seldom saw her. I had two sisters and one brother, that lived in the same house with me; but the early separation of us from our mother had well nigh blotted the fact of our relationship from our memories. I looked for home elsewhere, and was confident of finding none which I should relish less than the one which I was leaving. If, however, I found in my new home hardship, hunger, whipping, and nakedness, I had the consolation that I should not have escaped any one of them by staying. Having already had more than a taste of them in the house of my old master, and having endured them there, I very naturally inferred my ability to endure them elsewhere, and especially at Baltimore; for I had something of the feeling about Baltimore that is expressed in the proverb, that “being hanged in England is preferable to dying a natural death in Ireland.” I had the strongest desire to see Baltimore. Cousin Tom, though not fluent in speech, had inspired me with that desire by his eloquent description of the place. I could never point out any thing at the Great House, no matter how beautiful or powerful, but that he had seen something at Baltimore far exceeding, both in beauty and strength, the object which I pointed out to him. Even the Great House itself, with all its pictures, was far inferior to many buildings in Baltimore. So strong was my desire, that I thought a gratification of it would fully compensate for whatever loss of comforts I should sustain by the exchange. I left without a regret, and with the highest hopes of future happiness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00088", "bookId": 23, "start": 71942, "end": 72437, "sha256": "760761a81104ae0b72568720fa5ef5536c56cc976186839eed60963947688474", "text": "We sailed out of Miles River for Baltimore on a Saturday morning. I remember only the day of the week, for at that time I had no knowledge of the days of the month, nor the months of the year. On setting sail, I walked aft, and gave to Colonel Lloyd’s plantation what I hoped would be the last look. I then placed myself in the bows of the sloop, and there spent the remainder of the day in looking ahead, interesting myself in what was in the distance rather than in things near by or behind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00089", "bookId": 23, "start": 72439, "end": 72813, "sha256": "cccbf25e07e89c07f23ab687e5155e96bd22ffc672e47ffdac32fbf8e69b7ee1", "text": "In the afternoon of that day, we reached Annapolis, the capital of the State. We stopped but a few moments, so that I had no time to go on shore. It was the first large town that I had ever seen, and though it would look small compared with some of our New England factory villages, I thought it a wonderful place for its size—more imposing even than the Great House Farm!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00090", "bookId": 23, "start": 72815, "end": 73227, "sha256": "854d143e87cbbc5f470d0f6fe7d243e220f0d0b1206c22d3caba2aa04b8a89e0", "text": "We arrived at Baltimore early on Sunday morning, landing at Smith’s Wharf, not far from Bowley’s Wharf. We had on board the sloop a large flock of sheep; and after aiding in driving them to the slaughterhouse of Mr. Curtis on Louden Slater’s Hill, I was conducted by Rich, one of the hands belonging on board of the sloop, to my new home in Alliciana Street, near Mr. Gardner’s ship-yard, on Fells Point.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00091", "bookId": 23, "start": 73229, "end": 73867, "sha256": "7d553789b4d88b4fe0c5217cb316049bb0bdd13d99f3861a7e65ef03c21e77ae", "text": "Mr. and Mrs. Auld were both at home, and met me at the door with their little son Thomas, to take care of whom I had been given. And here I saw what I had never seen before; it was a white face beaming with the most kindly emotions; it was the face of my new mistress, Sophia Auld. I wish I could describe the rapture that flashed through my soul as I beheld it. It was a new and strange sight to me, brightening up my pathway with the light of happiness. Little Thomas was told, there was his Freddy,—and I was told to take care of little Thomas; and thus I entered upon the duties of my new home with the most cheering prospect ahead.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00092", "bookId": 23, "start": 73869, "end": 74865, "sha256": "0255069df96fa4619c7f70e32305fcdb0aea57a0530f626a0f1cf158b9df93dc", "text": "I look upon my departure from Colonel Lloyd’s plantation as one of the most interesting events of my life. It is possible, and even quite probable, that but for the mere circumstance of being removed from that plantation to Baltimore, I should have to-day, instead of being here seated by my own table, in the enjoyment of freedom and the happiness of home, writing this Narrative, been confined in the galling chains of slavery. Going to live at Baltimore laid the foundation, and opened the gateway, to all my subsequent prosperity. I have ever regarded it as the first plain manifestation of that kind providence which has ever since attended me, and marked my life with so many favors. I regarded the selection of myself as being somewhat remarkable. There were a number of slave children that might have been sent from the plantation to Baltimore. There were those younger, those older, and those of the same age. I was chosen from among them all, and was the first, last, and only choice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00093", "bookId": 23, "start": 74867, "end": 75646, "sha256": "a61041b44f0ef1066c39652bf63813f6bae7688aafc2051d1c1fbe61f463c8d0", "text": "I may be deemed superstitious, and even egotistical, in regarding this event as a special interposition of divine Providence in my favor. But I should be false to the earliest sentiments of my soul, if I suppressed the opinion. I prefer to be true to myself, even at the hazard of incurring the ridicule of others, rather than to be false, and incur my own abhorrence. From my earliest recollection, I date the entertainment of a deep conviction that slavery would not always be able to hold me within its foul embrace; and in the darkest hours of my career in slavery, this living word of faith and spirit of hope departed not from me, but remained like ministering angels to cheer me through the gloom. This good spirit was from God, and to him I offer thanksgiving and praise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00094", "bookId": 23, "start": 75652, "end": 75662, "sha256": "0a34ddace5e927cdeeddd973ecba01b825d1c2ca0a7f148d9025d773a34a8efb", "text": "CHAPTER VI", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00095", "bookId": 23, "start": 75665, "end": 76827, "sha256": "6787a2462ea2eeb46ff7e0ac5ffaab67edfaf2a515de60e16ebafbed0b9a2111", "text": "My new mistress proved to be all she appeared when I first met her at the door,—a woman of the kindest heart and finest feelings. She had never had a slave under her control previously to myself, and prior to her marriage she had been dependent upon her own industry for a living. She was by trade a weaver; and by constant application to her business, she had been in a good degree preserved from the blighting and dehumanizing effects of slavery. I was utterly astonished at her goodness. I scarcely knew how to behave towards her. She was entirely unlike any other white woman I had ever seen. I could not approach her as I was accustomed to approach other white ladies. My early instruction was all out of place. The crouching servility, usually so acceptable a quality in a slave, did not answer when manifested toward her. Her favor was not gained by it; she seemed to be disturbed by it. She did not deem it impudent or unmannerly for a slave to look her in the face. The meanest slave was put fully at ease in her presence, and none left without feeling better for having seen her. Her face was made of heavenly smiles, and her voice of tranquil music.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00096", "bookId": 23, "start": 76829, "end": 77209, "sha256": "68c33a064fde9294918980ee8668e6d1532778c3ed6672f2da7867c7a89d72ce", "text": "But, alas! this kind heart had but a short time to remain such. The fatal poison of irresponsible power was already in her hands, and soon commenced its infernal work. That cheerful eye, under the influence of slavery, soon became red with rage; that voice, made all of sweet accord, changed to one of harsh and horrid discord; and that angelic face gave place to that of a demon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00097", "bookId": 23, "start": 77211, "end": 80008, "sha256": "7875cdffbf460df2c17c02cf6852c4f59efddfb51d4e51ed8481d9baffc729a1", "text": "Very soon after I went to live with Mr. and Mrs. Auld, she very kindly commenced to teach me the A, B, C. After I had learned this, she assisted me in learning to spell words of three or four letters. Just at this point of my progress, Mr. Auld found out what was going on, and at once forbade Mrs. Auld to instruct me further, telling her, among other things, that it was unlawful, as well as unsafe, to teach a slave to read. To use his own words, further, he said, “If you give a nigger an inch, he will take an ell. A nigger should know nothing but to obey his master—to do as he is told to do. Learning would _spoil_ the best nigger in the world. Now,” said he, “if you teach that nigger (speaking of myself) how to read, there would be no keeping him. It would forever unfit him to be a slave. He would at once become unmanageable, and of no value to his master. As to himself, it could do him no good, but a great deal of harm. It would make him discontented and unhappy.” These words sank deep into my heart, stirred up sentiments within that lay slumbering, and called into existence an entirely new train of thought. It was a new and special revelation, explaining dark and mysterious things, with which my youthful understanding had struggled, but struggled in vain. I now understood what had been to me a most perplexing difficulty—to wit, the white man’s power to enslave the black man. It was a grand achievement, and I prized it highly. From that moment, I understood the pathway from slavery to freedom. It was just what I wanted, and I got it at a time when I the least expected it. Whilst I was saddened by the thought of losing the aid of my kind mistress, I was gladdened by the invaluable instruction which, by the merest accident, I had gained from my master. Though conscious of the difficulty of learning without a teacher, I set out with high hope, and a fixed purpose, at whatever cost of trouble, to learn how to read. The very decided manner with which he spoke, and strove to impress his wife with the evil consequences of giving me instruction, served to convince me that he was deeply sensible of the truths he was uttering. It gave me the best assurance that I might rely with the utmost confidence on the results which, he said, would flow from teaching me to read. What he most dreaded, that I most desired. What he most loved, that I most hated. That which to him was a great evil, to be carefully shunned, was to me a great good, to be diligently sought; and the argument which he so warmly urged, against my learning to read, only served to inspire me with a desire and determination to learn. In learning to read, I owe almost as much to the bitter opposition of my master, as to the kindly aid of my mistress. I acknowledge the benefit of both.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00098", "bookId": 23, "start": 80010, "end": 82621, "sha256": "462be7eb244666a7f0ffacdff867df44841bbfca355e0c9b36f62a90826ace2c", "text": "I had resided but a short time in Baltimore before I observed a marked difference, in the treatment of slaves, from that which I had witnessed in the country. A city slave is almost a freeman, compared with a slave on the plantation. He is much better fed and clothed, and enjoys privileges altogether unknown to the slave on the plantation. There is a vestige of decency, a sense of shame, that does much to curb and check those outbreaks of atrocious cruelty so commonly enacted upon the plantation. He is a desperate slaveholder, who will shock the humanity of his non-slaveholding neighbors with the cries of his lacerated slave. Few are willing to incur the odium attaching to the reputation of being a cruel master; and above all things, they would not be known as not giving a slave enough to eat. Every city slaveholder is anxious to have it known of him, that he feeds his slaves well; and it is due to them to say, that most of them do give their slaves enough to eat. There are, however, some painful exceptions to this rule. Directly opposite to us, on Philpot Street, lived Mr. Thomas Hamilton. He owned two slaves. Their names were Henrietta and Mary. Henrietta was about twenty-two years of age, Mary was about fourteen; and of all the mangled and emaciated creatures I ever looked upon, these two were the most so. His heart must be harder than stone, that could look upon these unmoved. The head, neck, and shoulders of Mary were literally cut to pieces. I have frequently felt her head, and found it nearly covered with festering sores, caused by the lash of her cruel mistress. I do not know that her master ever whipped her, but I have been an eye-witness to the cruelty of Mrs. Hamilton. I used to be in Mr. Hamilton’s house nearly every day. Mrs. Hamilton used to sit in a large chair in the middle of the room, with a heavy cowskin always by her side, and scarce an hour passed during the day but was marked by the blood of one of these slaves. The girls seldom passed her without her saying, “Move faster, you _black gip!_” at the same time giving them a blow with the cowskin over the head or shoulders, often drawing the blood. She would then say, “Take that, you _black gip!_” continuing, “If you don’t move faster, I’ll move you!” Added to the cruel lashings to which these slaves were subjected, they were kept nearly half-starved. They seldom knew what it was to eat a full meal. I have seen Mary contending with the pigs for the offal thrown into the street. So much was Mary kicked and cut to pieces, that she was oftener called “_pecked_” than by her name.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00099", "bookId": 23, "start": 82627, "end": 82638, "sha256": "313ce4fb75fc69bd011d34d2c46936bcb1fb567fef9dbdfc060d30d9652c0196", "text": "CHAPTER VII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00100", "bookId": 23, "start": 82641, "end": 83430, "sha256": "71ae8d4698f99343410a29e2d57eaf5ce4785218239338e59b948d5cc5072ac8", "text": "I lived in Master Hugh’s family about seven years. During this time, I succeeded in learning to read and write. In accomplishing this, I was compelled to resort to various stratagems. I had no regular teacher. My mistress, who had kindly commenced to instruct me, had, in compliance with the advice and direction of her husband, not only ceased to instruct, but had set her face against my being instructed by any one else. It is due, however, to my mistress to say of her, that she did not adopt this course of treatment immediately. She at first lacked the depravity indispensable to shutting me up in mental darkness. It was at least necessary for her to have some training in the exercise of irresponsible power, to make her equal to the task of treating me as though I were a brute.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00101", "bookId": 23, "start": 83432, "end": 85077, "sha256": "ea60af8b4b0055a9d6b5cda84a4368fd6330e5bc0041e2832bbefd05d8d5b554", "text": "My mistress was, as I have said, a kind and tender-hearted woman; and in the simplicity of her soul she commenced, when I first went to live with her, to treat me as she supposed one human being ought to treat another. In entering upon the duties of a slaveholder, she did not seem to perceive that I sustained to her the relation of a mere chattel, and that for her to treat me as a human being was not only wrong, but dangerously so. Slavery proved as injurious to her as it did to me. When I went there, she was a pious, warm, and tender-hearted woman. There was no sorrow or suffering for which she had not a tear. She had bread for the hungry, clothes for the naked, and comfort for every mourner that came within her reach. Slavery soon proved its ability to divest her of these heavenly qualities. Under its influence, the tender heart became stone, and the lamblike disposition gave way to one of tiger-like fierceness. The first step in her downward course was in her ceasing to instruct me. She now commenced to practise her husband’s precepts. She finally became even more violent in her opposition than her husband himself. She was not satisfied with simply doing as well as he had commanded; she seemed anxious to do better. Nothing seemed to make her more angry than to see me with a newspaper. She seemed to think that here lay the danger. I have had her rush at me with a face made all up of fury, and snatch from me a newspaper, in a manner that fully revealed her apprehension. She was an apt woman; and a little experience soon demonstrated, to her satisfaction, that education and slavery were incompatible with each other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00102", "bookId": 23, "start": 85079, "end": 85467, "sha256": "bd23458117fcaf92b482ad91839ddde6246ff4234292b23c8262a0371237607c", "text": "From this time I was most narrowly watched. If I was in a separate room any considerable length of time, I was sure to be suspected of having a book, and was at once called to give an account of myself. All this, however, was too late. The first step had been taken. Mistress, in teaching me the alphabet, had given me the _inch,_ and no precaution could prevent me from taking the _ell._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00103", "bookId": 23, "start": 85469, "end": 87177, "sha256": "389c034f59891140897fa721892aa75b11cc5060f730fb7cb6ad9aa983bd19bf", "text": "The plan which I adopted, and the one by which I was most successful, was that of making friends of all the little white boys whom I met in the street. As many of these as I could, I converted into teachers. With their kindly aid, obtained at different times and in different places, I finally succeeded in learning to read. When I was sent of errands, I always took my book with me, and by going one part of my errand quickly, I found time to get a lesson before my return. I used also to carry bread with me, enough of which was always in the house, and to which I was always welcome; for I was much better off in this regard than many of the poor white children in our neighborhood. This bread I used to bestow upon the hungry little urchins, who, in return, would give me that more valuable bread of knowledge. I am strongly tempted to give the names of two or three of those little boys, as a testimonial of the gratitude and affection I bear them; but prudence forbids;—not that it would injure me, but it might embarrass them; for it is almost an unpardonable offence to teach slaves to read in this Christian country. It is enough to say of the dear little fellows, that they lived on Philpot Street, very near Durgin and Bailey’s ship-yard. I used to talk this matter of slavery over with them. I would sometimes say to them, I wished I could be as free as they would be when they got to be men. “You will be free as soon as you are twenty-one, _but I am a slave for life!_ Have not I as good a right to be free as you have?” These words used to trouble them; they would express for me the liveliest sympathy, and console me with the hope that something would occur by which I might be free.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00104", "bookId": 23, "start": 87179, "end": 88098, "sha256": "6e02525f715e88d858a21894471d273f2ec26c5579296cf54e88e4d79041e197", "text": "I was now about twelve years old, and the thought of being _a slave for life_ began to bear heavily upon my heart. Just about this time, I got hold of a book entitled “The Columbian Orator.” Every opportunity I got, I used to read this book. Among much of other interesting matter, I found in it a dialogue between a master and his slave. The slave was represented as having run away from his master three times. The dialogue represented the conversation which took place between them, when the slave was retaken the third time. In this dialogue, the whole argument in behalf of slavery was brought forward by the master, all of which was disposed of by the slave. The slave was made to say some very smart as well as impressive things in reply to his master—things which had the desired though unexpected effect; for the conversation resulted in the voluntary emancipation of the slave on the part of the master.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00105", "bookId": 23, "start": 88100, "end": 90563, "sha256": "ff27756269178ddbfd47c97b2267d18f92165a93065817f019d71e12213d79cc", "text": "In the same book, I met with one of Sheridan’s mighty speeches on and in behalf of Catholic emancipation. These were choice documents to me. I read them over and over again with unabated interest. They gave tongue to interesting thoughts of my own soul, which had frequently flashed through my mind, and died away for want of utterance. The moral which I gained from the dialogue was the power of truth over the conscience of even a slaveholder. What I got from Sheridan was a bold denunciation of slavery, and a powerful vindication of human rights. The reading of these documents enabled me to utter my thoughts, and to meet the arguments brought forward to sustain slavery; but while they relieved me of one difficulty, they brought on another even more painful than the one of which I was relieved. The more I read, the more I was led to abhor and detest my enslavers. I could regard them in no other light than a band of successful robbers, who had left their homes, and gone to Africa, and stolen us from our homes, and in a strange land reduced us to slavery. I loathed them as being the meanest as well as the most wicked of men. As I read and contemplated the subject, behold! that very discontentment which Master Hugh had predicted would follow my learning to read had already come, to torment and sting my soul to unutterable anguish. As I writhed under it, I would at times feel that learning to read had been a curse rather than a blessing. It had given me a view of my wretched condition, without the remedy. It opened my eyes to the horrible pit, but to no ladder upon which to get out. In moments of agony, I envied my fellow-slaves for their stupidity. I have often wished myself a beast. I preferred the condition of the meanest reptile to my own. Any thing, no matter what, to get rid of thinking! It was this everlasting thinking of my condition that tormented me. There was no getting rid of it. It was pressed upon me by every object within sight or hearing, animate or inanimate. The silver trump of freedom had roused my soul to eternal wakefulness. Freedom now appeared, to disappear no more forever. It was heard in every sound, and seen in every thing. It was ever present to torment me with a sense of my wretched condition. I saw nothing without seeing it, I heard nothing without hearing it, and felt nothing without feeling it. It looked from every star, it smiled in every calm, breathed in every wind, and moved in every storm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00106", "bookId": 23, "start": 90565, "end": 93469, "sha256": "9715ca75dd89581eea7e83d769140cf27c736f86f5902c689152f0f2b4d9a6bd", "text": "I often found myself regretting my own existence, and wishing myself dead; and but for the hope of being free, I have no doubt but that I should have killed myself, or done something for which I should have been killed. While in this state of mind, I was eager to hear any one speak of slavery. I was a ready listener. Every little while, I could hear something about the abolitionists. It was some time before I found what the word meant. It was always used in such connections as to make it an interesting word to me. If a slave ran away and succeeded in getting clear, or if a slave killed his master, set fire to a barn, or did any thing very wrong in the mind of a slaveholder, it was spoken of as the fruit of _abolition._ Hearing the word in this connection very often, I set about learning what it meant. The dictionary afforded me little or no help. I found it was “the act of abolishing;” but then I did not know what was to be abolished. Here I was perplexed. I did not dare to ask any one about its meaning, for I was satisfied that it was something they wanted me to know very little about. After a patient waiting, I got one of our city papers, containing an account of the number of petitions from the north, praying for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, and of the slave trade between the States. From this time I understood the words _abolition_ and _abolitionist,_ and always drew near when that word was spoken, expecting to hear something of importance to myself and fellow-slaves. The light broke in upon me by degrees. I went one day down on the wharf of Mr. Waters; and seeing two Irishmen unloading a scow of stone, I went, unasked, and helped them. When we had finished, one of them came to me and asked me if I were a slave. I told him I was. He asked, “Are ye a slave for life?” I told him that I was. The good Irishman seemed to be deeply affected by the statement. He said to the other that it was a pity so fine a little fellow as myself should be a slave for life. He said it was a shame to hold me. They both advised me to run away to the north; that I should find friends there, and that I should be free. I pretended not to be interested in what they said, and treated them as if I did not understand them; for I feared they might be treacherous. White men have been known to encourage slaves to escape, and then, to get the reward, catch them and return them to their masters. I was afraid that these seemingly good men might use me so; but I nevertheless remembered their advice, and from that time I resolved to run away. I looked forward to a time at which it would be safe for me to escape. I was too young to think of doing so immediately; besides, I wished to learn how to write, as I might have occasion to write my own pass. I consoled myself with the hope that I should one day find a good chance. Meanwhile, I would learn to write.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00107", "bookId": 23, "start": 93471, "end": 95794, "sha256": "bf66d52a82bd003c062fe97127482475f42cdc9c22f6a306e64c6127f65bc5ef", "text": "The idea as to how I might learn to write was suggested to me by being in Durgin and Bailey’s ship-yard, and frequently seeing the ship carpenters, after hewing, and getting a piece of timber ready for use, write on the timber the name of that part of the ship for which it was intended. When a piece of timber was intended for the larboard side, it would be marked thus—“L.” When a piece was for the starboard side, it would be marked thus—“S.” A piece for the larboard side forward, would be marked thus—“L. F.” When a piece was for starboard side forward, it would be marked thus—“S. F.” For larboard aft, it would be marked thus—“L. A.” For starboard aft, it would be marked thus—“S. A.” I soon learned the names of these letters, and for what they were intended when placed upon a piece of timber in the ship-yard. I immediately commenced copying them, and in a short time was able to make the four letters named. After that, when I met with any boy who I knew could write, I would tell him I could write as well as he. The next word would be, “I don’t believe you. Let me see you try it.” I would then make the letters which I had been so fortunate as to learn, and ask him to beat that. In this way I got a good many lessons in writing, which it is quite possible I should never have gotten in any other way. During this time, my copy-book was the board fence, brick wall, and pavement; my pen and ink was a lump of chalk. With these, I learned mainly how to write. I then commenced and continued copying the Italics in Webster’s Spelling Book, until I could make them all without looking on the book. By this time, my little Master Thomas had gone to school, and learned how to write, and had written over a number of copy-books. These had been brought home, and shown to some of our near neighbors, and then laid aside. My mistress used to go to class meeting at the Wilk Street meetinghouse every Monday afternoon, and leave me to take care of the house. When left thus, I used to spend the time in writing in the spaces left in Master Thomas’s copy-book, copying what he had written. I continued to do this until I could write a hand very similar to that of Master Thomas. Thus, after a long, tedious effort for years, I finally succeeded in learning how to write.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00108", "bookId": 23, "start": 95800, "end": 95812, "sha256": "8380750c0744b7196b7a4e849b1797fc07e138b64ac7f67b106df6b5ea64d238", "text": "CHAPTER VIII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00109", "bookId": 23, "start": 95815, "end": 97136, "sha256": "6469c6b3156f4462d1b0f5d91c3686a80b460e2f42f6f5a565661b72a44ceda2", "text": "In a very short time after I went to live at Baltimore, my old master’s youngest son Richard died; and in about three years and six months after his death, my old master, Captain Anthony, died, leaving only his son, Andrew, and daughter, Lucretia, to share his estate. He died while on a visit to see his daughter at Hillsborough. Cut off thus unexpectedly, he left no will as to the disposal of his property. It was therefore necessary to have a valuation of the property, that it might be equally divided between Mrs. Lucretia and Master Andrew. I was immediately sent for, to be valued with the other property. Here again my feelings rose up in detestation of slavery. I had now a new conception of my degraded condition. Prior to this, I had become, if not insensible to my lot, at least partly so. I left Baltimore with a young heart overborne with sadness, and a soul full of apprehension. I took passage with Captain Rowe, in the schooner Wild Cat, and, after a sail of about twenty-four hours, I found myself near the place of my birth. I had now been absent from it almost, if not quite, five years. I, however, remembered the place very well. I was only about five years old when I left it, to go and live with my old master on Colonel Lloyd’s plantation; so that I was now between ten and eleven years old.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00110", "bookId": 23, "start": 97138, "end": 97663, "sha256": "ee764e22d2f5ec556c8fdcac455966209a5ed7e997513592299268a4a7bfa03f", "text": "We were all ranked together at the valuation. Men and women, old and young, married and single, were ranked with horses, sheep, and swine. There were horses and men, cattle and women, pigs and children, all holding the same rank in the scale of being, and were all subjected to the same narrow examination. Silvery-headed age and sprightly youth, maids and matrons, had to undergo the same indelicate inspection. At this moment, I saw more clearly than ever the brutalizing effects of slavery upon both slave and slaveholder.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00111", "bookId": 23, "start": 97665, "end": 98676, "sha256": "b809a1d8daa3963931f9aa9680da1ddd258e73958537d99f2fa2571aade73452", "text": "After the valuation, then came the division. I have no language to express the high excitement and deep anxiety which were felt among us poor slaves during this time. Our fate for life was now to be decided. We had no more voice in that decision than the brutes among whom we were ranked. A single word from the white men was enough—against all our wishes, prayers, and entreaties—to sunder forever the dearest friends, dearest kindred, and strongest ties known to human beings. In addition to the pain of separation, there was the horrid dread of falling into the hands of Master Andrew. He was known to us all as being a most cruel wretch,—a common drunkard, who had, by his reckless mismanagement and profligate dissipation, already wasted a large portion of his father’s property. We all felt that we might as well be sold at once to the Georgia traders, as to pass into his hands; for we knew that that would be our inevitable condition,—a condition held by us all in the utmost horror and dread.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00112", "bookId": 23, "start": 98678, "end": 99733, "sha256": "1f51432eb356734418aa2671d8c31267657e74814a21700847a186d9555da1df", "text": "I suffered more anxiety than most of my fellow-slaves. I had known what it was to be kindly treated; they had known nothing of the kind. They had seen little or nothing of the world. They were in very deed men and women of sorrow, and acquainted with grief. Their backs had been made familiar with the bloody lash, so that they had become callous; mine was yet tender; for while at Baltimore I got few whippings, and few slaves could boast of a kinder master and mistress than myself; and the thought of passing out of their hands into those of Master Andrew—a man who, but a few days before, to give me a sample of his bloody disposition, took my little brother by the throat, threw him on the ground, and with the heel of his boot stamped upon his head till the blood gushed from his nose and ears—was well calculated to make me anxious as to my fate. After he had committed this savage outrage upon my brother, he turned to me, and said that was the way he meant to serve me one of these days,—meaning, I suppose, when I came into his possession.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00113", "bookId": 23, "start": 99735, "end": 100146, "sha256": "7264bf88459c5b41a3251cee3a21b67edb6de875cd6f08a548365bae70ad8c9b", "text": "Thanks to a kind Providence, I fell to the portion of Mrs. Lucretia, and was sent immediately back to Baltimore, to live again in the family of Master Hugh. Their joy at my return equalled their sorrow at my departure. It was a glad day to me. I had escaped a worse than lion’s jaws. I was absent from Baltimore, for the purpose of valuation and division, just about one month, and it seemed to have been six.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00114", "bookId": 23, "start": 100148, "end": 102342, "sha256": "0327959e169bf168ccc72e810d7b840b163ea79b276b5ecde85ad00b852c1509", "text": "Very soon after my return to Baltimore, my mistress, Lucretia, died, leaving her husband and one child, Amanda; and in a very short time after her death, Master Andrew died. Now all the property of my old master, slaves included, was in the hands of strangers,—strangers who had had nothing to do with accumulating it. Not a slave was left free. All remained slaves, from the youngest to the oldest. If any one thing in my experience, more than another, served to deepen my conviction of the infernal character of slavery, and to fill me with unutterable loathing of slaveholders, it was their base ingratitude to my poor old grandmother. She had served my old master faithfully from youth to old age. She had been the source of all his wealth; she had peopled his plantation with slaves; she had become a great grandmother in his service. She had rocked him in infancy, attended him in childhood, served him through life, and at his death wiped from his icy brow the cold death-sweat, and closed his eyes forever. She was nevertheless left a slave—a slave for life—a slave in the hands of strangers; and in their hands she saw her children, her grandchildren, and her great-grandchildren, divided, like so many sheep, without being gratified with the small privilege of a single word, as to their or her own destiny. And, to cap the climax of their base ingratitude and fiendish barbarity, my grandmother, who was now very old, having outlived my old master and all his children, having seen the beginning and end of all of them, and her present owners finding she was of but little value, her frame already racked with the pains of old age, and complete helplessness fast stealing over her once active limbs, they took her to the woods, built her a little hut, put up a little mud-chimney, and then made her welcome to the privilege of supporting herself there in perfect loneliness; thus virtually turning her out to die! If my poor old grandmother now lives, she lives to suffer in utter loneliness; she lives to remember and mourn over the loss of children, the loss of grandchildren, and the loss of great-grandchildren. They are, in the language of the slave’s poet, Whittier,—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00115", "bookId": 23, "start": 102344, "end": 102730, "sha256": "5539781603f7c9e63ce78d26d99526e468c6a98baa296b7bdf07867e6b9f51cc", "text": "“Gone, gone, sold and gone To the rice swamp dank and lone, Where the slave-whip ceaseless swings, Where the noisome insect stings, Where the fever-demon strews Poison with the falling dews, Where the sickly sunbeams glare Through the hot and misty air:— Gone, gone, sold and gone To the rice swamp dank and lone, From Virginia hills and waters— Woe is me, my stolen daughters!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00116", "bookId": 23, "start": 102733, "end": 103869, "sha256": "afcab80af5bba59f27b9bb87c41b4c97e5da43ff26741bdd0c4b4fa9b25abe33", "text": "The hearth is desolate. The children, the unconscious children, who once sang and danced in her presence, are gone. She gropes her way, in the darkness of age, for a drink of water. Instead of the voices of her children, she hears by day the moans of the dove, and by night the screams of the hideous owl. All is gloom. The grave is at the door. And now, when weighed down by the pains and aches of old age, when the head inclines to the feet, when the beginning and ending of human existence meet, and helpless infancy and painful old age combine together—at this time, this most needful time, the time for the exercise of that tenderness and affection which children only can exercise towards a declining parent—my poor old grandmother, the devoted mother of twelve children, is left all alone, in yonder little hut, before a few dim embers. She stands—she sits—she staggers—she falls—she groans—she dies—and there are none of her children or grandchildren present, to wipe from her wrinkled brow the cold sweat of death, or to place beneath the sod her fallen remains. Will not a righteous God visit for these things?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00117", "bookId": 23, "start": 103871, "end": 105167, "sha256": "b5a4dd425b4be6d9c8c26e2487f0936c3d20af33a81f1d592d710dbda980224a", "text": "In about two years after the death of Mrs. Lucretia, Master Thomas married his second wife. Her name was Rowena Hamilton. She was the eldest daughter of Mr. William Hamilton. Master now lived in St. Michael’s. Not long after his marriage, a misunderstanding took place between himself and Master Hugh; and as a means of punishing his brother, he took me from him to live with himself at St. Michael’s. Here I underwent another most painful separation. It, however, was not so severe as the one I dreaded at the division of property; for, during this interval, a great change had taken place in Master Hugh and his once kind and affectionate wife. The influence of brandy upon him, and of slavery upon her, had effected a disastrous change in the characters of both; so that, as far as they were concerned, I thought I had little to lose by the change. But it was not to them that I was attached. It was to those little Baltimore boys that I felt the strongest attachment. I had received many good lessons from them, and was still receiving them, and the thought of leaving them was painful indeed. I was leaving, too, without the hope of ever being allowed to return. Master Thomas had said he would never let me return again. The barrier betwixt himself and brother he considered impassable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00118", "bookId": 23, "start": 105169, "end": 105354, "sha256": "07da1142b6697143392ee2227aef8d0246fc63f4376465a604ea05cc45fcf3e0", "text": "I then had to regret that I did not at least make the attempt to carry out my resolution to run away; for the chances of success are tenfold greater from the city than from the country.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00119", "bookId": 23, "start": 105356, "end": 105879, "sha256": "9790155704009e0aad563e7dc310a41efde8e520382731b92b3e427f6f7cf9ac", "text": "I sailed from Baltimore for St. Michael’s in the sloop Amanda, Captain Edward Dodson. On my passage, I paid particular attention to the direction which the steamboats took to go to Philadelphia. I found, instead of going down, on reaching North Point they went up the bay, in a north-easterly direction. I deemed this knowledge of the utmost importance. My determination to run away was again revived. I resolved to wait only so long as the offering of a favorable opportunity. When that came, I was determined to be off.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00120", "bookId": 23, "start": 105885, "end": 105895, "sha256": "fa9b748643e0af211d3ddaf98f27a06cad3b36c4490ae6a75037e488557c3a9f", "text": "CHAPTER IX", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00121", "bookId": 23, "start": 105898, "end": 108262, "sha256": "d423b71294915873435f075865fb1c0b1b7724ed48e4167a5d810246d3c579fc", "text": "I have now reached a period of my life when I can give dates. I left Baltimore, and went to live with Master Thomas Auld, at St. Michael’s, in March, 1832. It was now more than seven years since I lived with him in the family of my old master, on Colonel Lloyd’s plantation. We of course were now almost entire strangers to each other. He was to me a new master, and I to him a new slave. I was ignorant of his temper and disposition; he was equally so of mine. A very short time, however, brought us into full acquaintance with each other. I was made acquainted with his wife not less than with himself. They were well matched, being equally mean and cruel. I was now, for the first time during a space of more than seven years, made to feel the painful gnawings of hunger—a something which I had not experienced before since I left Colonel Lloyd’s plantation. It went hard enough with me then, when I could look back to no period at which I had enjoyed a sufficiency. It was tenfold harder after living in Master Hugh’s family, where I had always had enough to eat, and of that which was good. I have said Master Thomas was a mean man. He was so. Not to give a slave enough to eat, is regarded as the most aggravated development of meanness even among slaveholders. The rule is, no matter how coarse the food, only let there be enough of it. This is the theory; and in the part of Maryland from which I came, it is the general practice,—though there are many exceptions. Master Thomas gave us enough of neither coarse nor fine food. There were four slaves of us in the kitchen—my sister Eliza, my aunt Priscilla, Henny, and myself; and we were allowed less than a half of a bushel of corn-meal per week, and very little else, either in the shape of meat or vegetables. It was not enough for us to subsist upon. We were therefore reduced to the wretched necessity of living at the expense of our neighbors. This we did by begging and stealing, whichever came handy in the time of need, the one being considered as legitimate as the other. A great many times have we poor creatures been nearly perishing with hunger, when food in abundance lay mouldering in the safe and smoke-house, and our pious mistress was aware of the fact; and yet that mistress and her husband would kneel every morning, and pray that God would bless them in basket and store!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00122", "bookId": 23, "start": 108264, "end": 112616, "sha256": "db0cbac7e826a7643cf9339d04ffc05b31e0256500659b4feda19b60d95c3f64", "text": "Bad as all slaveholders are, we seldom meet one destitute of every element of character commanding respect. My master was one of this rare sort. I do not know of one single noble act ever performed by him. The leading trait in his character was meanness; and if there were any other element in his nature, it was made subject to this. He was mean; and, like most other mean men, he lacked the ability to conceal his meanness. Captain Auld was not born a slaveholder. He had been a poor man, master only of a Bay craft. He came into possession of all his slaves by marriage; and of all men, adopted slaveholders are the worst. He was cruel, but cowardly. He commanded without firmness. In the enforcement of his rules, he was at times rigid, and at times lax. At times, he spoke to his slaves with the firmness of Napoleon and the fury of a demon; at other times, he might well be mistaken for an inquirer who had lost his way. He did nothing of himself. He might have passed for a lion, but for his ears. In all things noble which he attempted, his own meanness shone most conspicuous. His airs, words, and actions, were the airs, words, and actions of born slaveholders, and, being assumed, were awkward enough. He was not even a good imitator. He possessed all the disposition to deceive, but wanted the power. Having no resources within himself, he was compelled to be the copyist of many, and being such, he was forever the victim of inconsistency; and of consequence he was an object of contempt, and was held as such even by his slaves. The luxury of having slaves of his own to wait upon him was something new and unprepared for. He was a slaveholder without the ability to hold slaves. He found himself incapable of managing his slaves either by force, fear, or fraud. We seldom called him “master;” we generally called him “Captain Auld,” and were hardly disposed to title him at all. I doubt not that our conduct had much to do with making him appear awkward, and of consequence fretful. Our want of reverence for him must have perplexed him greatly. He wished to have us call him master, but lacked the firmness necessary to command us to do so. His wife used to insist upon our calling him so, but to no purpose. In August, 1832, my master attended a Methodist camp-meeting held in the Bay-side, Talbot county, and there experienced religion. I indulged a faint hope that his conversion would lead him to emancipate his slaves, and that, if he did not do this, it would, at any rate, make him more kind and humane. I was disappointed in both these respects. It neither made him to be humane to his slaves, nor to emancipate them. If it had any effect on his character, it made him more cruel and hateful in all his ways; for I believe him to have been a much worse man after his conversion than before. Prior to his conversion, he relied upon his own depravity to shield and sustain him in his savage barbarity; but after his conversion, he found religious sanction and support for his slaveholding cruelty. He made the greatest pretensions to piety. His house was the house of prayer. He prayed morning, noon, and night. He very soon distinguished himself among his brethren, and was soon made a class-leader and exhorter. His activity in revivals was great, and he proved himself an instrument in the hands of the church in converting many souls. His house was the preachers’ home. They used to take great pleasure in coming there to put up; for while he starved us, he stuffed them. We have had three or four preachers there at a time. The names of those who used to come most frequently while I lived there, were Mr. Storks, Mr. Ewery, Mr. Humphry, and Mr. Hickey. I have also seen Mr. George Cookman at our house. We slaves loved Mr. Cookman. We believed him to be a good man. We thought him instrumental in getting Mr. Samuel Harrison, a very rich slaveholder, to emancipate his slaves; and by some means got the impression that he was laboring to effect the emancipation of all the slaves. When he was at our house, we were sure to be called in to prayers. When the others were there, we were sometimes called in and sometimes not. Mr. Cookman took more notice of us than either of the other ministers. He could not come among us without betraying his sympathy for us, and, stupid as we were, we had the sagacity to see it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00123", "bookId": 23, "start": 112618, "end": 113098, "sha256": "104df629611f1009c378e3e3019286c1a0383718faa38af3444fe4411e467430", "text": "While I lived with my master in St. Michael’s, there was a white young man, a Mr. Wilson, who proposed to keep a Sabbath school for the instruction of such slaves as might be disposed to learn to read the New Testament. We met but three times, when Mr. West and Mr. Fairbanks, both class-leaders, with many others, came upon us with sticks and other missiles, drove us off, and forbade us to meet again. Thus ended our little Sabbath school in the pious town of St. Michael’s.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00124", "bookId": 23, "start": 113100, "end": 113556, "sha256": "36433b058d3cb4de13037a2f733ab1ef53afd626c9bae06f87bdba61ca3b7646", "text": "I have said my master found religious sanction for his cruelty. As an example, I will state one of many facts going to prove the charge. I have seen him tie up a lame young woman, and whip her with a heavy cowskin upon her naked shoulders, causing the warm red blood to drip; and, in justification of the bloody deed, he would quote this passage of Scripture—“He that knoweth his master’s will, and doeth it not, shall be beaten with many stripes.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00125", "bookId": 23, "start": 113558, "end": 114778, "sha256": "d8596694e67c9a0366f4a33b0dae03fb311360040b1b248df08911200e7b11c9", "text": "Master would keep this lacerated young woman tied up in this horrid situation four or five hours at a time. I have known him to tie her up early in the morning, and whip her before breakfast; leave her, go to his store, return at dinner, and whip her again, cutting her in the places already made raw with his cruel lash. The secret of master’s cruelty toward “Henny” is found in the fact of her being almost helpless. When quite a child, she fell into the fire, and burned herself horribly. Her hands were so burnt that she never got the use of them. She could do very little but bear heavy burdens. She was to master a bill of expense; and as he was a mean man, she was a constant offence to him. He seemed desirous of getting the poor girl out of existence. He gave her away once to his sister; but, being a poor gift, she was not disposed to keep her. Finally, my benevolent master, to use his own words, “set her adrift to take care of herself.” Here was a recently-converted man, holding on upon the mother, and at the same time turning out her helpless child, to starve and die! Master Thomas was one of the many pious slaveholders who hold slaves for the very charitable purpose of taking care of them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00126", "bookId": 23, "start": 114780, "end": 116923, "sha256": "daa8cf818ec571e94e85dce63dba20a2aa34af02c20c43e8eb7603c5c68b723a", "text": "My master and myself had quite a number of differences. He found me unsuitable to his purpose. My city life, he said, had had a very pernicious effect upon me. It had almost ruined me for every good purpose, and fitted me for every thing which was bad. One of my greatest faults was that of letting his horse run away, and go down to his father-in-law’s farm, which was about five miles from St. Michael’s. I would then have to go after it. My reason for this kind of carelessness, or carefulness, was, that I could always get something to eat when I went there. Master William Hamilton, my master’s father-in-law, always gave his slaves enough to eat. I never left there hungry, no matter how great the need of my speedy return. Master Thomas at length said he would stand it no longer. I had lived with him nine months, during which time he had given me a number of severe whippings, all to no good purpose. He resolved to put me out, as he said, to be broken; and, for this purpose, he let me for one year to a man named Edward Covey. Mr. Covey was a poor man, a farm-renter. He rented the place upon which he lived, as also the hands with which he tilled it. Mr. Covey had acquired a very high reputation for breaking young slaves, and this reputation was of immense value to him. It enabled him to get his farm tilled with much less expense to himself than he could have had it done without such a reputation. Some slaveholders thought it not much loss to allow Mr. Covey to have their slaves one year, for the sake of the training to which they were subjected, without any other compensation. He could hire young help with great ease, in consequence of this reputation. Added to the natural good qualities of Mr. Covey, he was a professor of religion—a pious soul—a member and a class-leader in the Methodist church. All of this added weight to his reputation as a “nigger-breaker.” I was aware of all the facts, having been made acquainted with them by a young man who had lived there. I nevertheless made the change gladly; for I was sure of getting enough to eat, which is not the smallest consideration to a hungry man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00127", "bookId": 23, "start": 116929, "end": 116938, "sha256": "2aec8f14f9ce6ed01796744ac8095e5050720b6d5754560ecfd3da5a09c0c1b6", "text": "CHAPTER X", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00128", "bookId": 23, "start": 116941, "end": 120315, "sha256": "654f1b693e3f3e4a19e69d33f692979c58b398bcdb8a0d111e0ee31335362854", "text": "I had left Master Thomas’s house, and went to live with Mr. Covey, on the 1st of January, 1833. I was now, for the first time in my life, a field hand. In my new employment, I found myself even more awkward than a country boy appeared to be in a large city. I had been at my new home but one week before Mr. Covey gave me a very severe whipping, cutting my back, causing the blood to run, and raising ridges on my flesh as large as my little finger. The details of this affair are as follows: Mr. Covey sent me, very early in the morning of one of our coldest days in the month of January, to the woods, to get a load of wood. He gave me a team of unbroken oxen. He told me which was the in-hand ox, and which the off-hand one. He then tied the end of a large rope around the horns of the in-hand ox, and gave me the other end of it, and told me, if the oxen started to run, that I must hold on upon the rope. I had never driven oxen before, and of course I was very awkward. I, however, succeeded in getting to the edge of the woods with little difficulty; but I had got a very few rods into the woods, when the oxen took fright, and started full tilt, carrying the cart against trees, and over stumps, in the most frightful manner. I expected every moment that my brains would be dashed out against the trees. After running thus for a considerable distance, they finally upset the cart, dashing it with great force against a tree, and threw themselves into a dense thicket. How I escaped death, I do not know. There I was, entirely alone, in a thick wood, in a place new to me. My cart was upset and shattered, my oxen were entangled among the young trees, and there was none to help me. After a long spell of effort, I succeeded in getting my cart righted, my oxen disentangled, and again yoked to the cart. I now proceeded with my team to the place where I had, the day before, been chopping wood, and loaded my cart pretty heavily, thinking in this way to tame my oxen. I then proceeded on my way home. I had now consumed one half of the day. I got out of the woods safely, and now felt out of danger. I stopped my oxen to open the woods gate; and just as I did so, before I could get hold of my ox-rope, the oxen again started, rushed through the gate, catching it between the wheel and the body of the cart, tearing it to pieces, and coming within a few inches of crushing me against the gate-post. Thus twice, in one short day, I escaped death by the merest chance. On my return, I told Mr. Covey what had happened, and how it happened. He ordered me to return to the woods again immediately. I did so, and he followed on after me. Just as I got into the woods, he came up and told me to stop my cart, and that he would teach me how to trifle away my time, and break gates. He then went to a large gum-tree, and with his axe cut three large switches, and, after trimming them up neatly with his pocketknife, he ordered me to take off my clothes. I made him no answer, but stood with my clothes on. He repeated his order. I still made him no answer, nor did I move to strip myself. Upon this he rushed at me with the fierceness of a tiger, tore off my clothes, and lashed me till he had worn out his switches, cutting me so savagely as to leave the marks visible for a long time after. This whipping was the first of a number just like it, and for similar offences.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00129", "bookId": 23, "start": 120317, "end": 121018, "sha256": "e70829b95f6a09c73a7767a447d993718d2858685bbbe6528ca3788a6f9f0484", "text": "I lived with Mr. Covey one year. During the first six months, of that year, scarce a week passed without his whipping me. I was seldom free from a sore back. My awkwardness was almost always his excuse for whipping me. We were worked fully up to the point of endurance. Long before day we were up, our horses fed, and by the first approach of day we were off to the field with our hoes and ploughing teams. Mr. Covey gave us enough to eat, but scarce time to eat it. We were often less than five minutes taking our meals. We were often in the field from the first approach of day till its last lingering ray had left us; and at saving-fodder time, midnight often caught us in the field binding blades.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00130", "bookId": 23, "start": 121020, "end": 122968, "sha256": "6e38af8d73e654b6c2104a78b8fdf1cad81135e49fb19b2f90170548e2fc6723", "text": "Covey would be out with us. The way he used to stand it, was this. He would spend the most of his afternoons in bed. He would then come out fresh in the evening, ready to urge us on with his words, example, and frequently with the whip. Mr. Covey was one of the few slaveholders who could and did work with his hands. He was a hard-working man. He knew by himself just what a man or a boy could do. There was no deceiving him. His work went on in his absence almost as well as in his presence; and he had the faculty of making us feel that he was ever present with us. This he did by surprising us. He seldom approached the spot where we were at work openly, if he could do it secretly. He always aimed at taking us by surprise. Such was his cunning, that we used to call him, among ourselves, “the snake.” When we were at work in the cornfield, he would sometimes crawl on his hands and knees to avoid detection, and all at once he would rise nearly in our midst, and scream out, “Ha, ha! Come, come! Dash on, dash on!” This being his mode of attack, it was never safe to stop a single minute. His comings were like a thief in the night. He appeared to us as being ever at hand. He was under every tree, behind every stump, in every bush, and at every window, on the plantation. He would sometimes mount his horse, as if bound to St. Michael’s, a distance of seven miles, and in half an hour afterwards you would see him coiled up in the corner of the wood-fence, watching every motion of the slaves. He would, for this purpose, leave his horse tied up in the woods. Again, he would sometimes walk up to us, and give us orders as though he was upon the point of starting on a long journey, turn his back upon us, and make as though he was going to the house to get ready; and, before he would get half way thither, he would turn short and crawl into a fence-corner, or behind some tree, and there watch us till the going down of the sun.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00131", "bookId": 23, "start": 122970, "end": 125256, "sha256": "234dc94a1c94fccbd5a20d103cdaaa434254618a778f7ee1ad680938e5b85842", "text": "Mr. Covey’s _forte_ consisted in his power to deceive. His life was devoted to planning and perpetrating the grossest deceptions. Every thing he possessed in the shape of learning or religion, he made conform to his disposition to deceive. He seemed to think himself equal to deceiving the Almighty. He would make a short prayer in the morning, and a long prayer at night; and, strange as it may seem, few men would at times appear more devotional than he. The exercises of his family devotions were always commenced with singing; and, as he was a very poor singer himself, the duty of raising the hymn generally came upon me. He would read his hymn, and nod at me to commence. I would at times do so; at others, I would not. My non-compliance would almost always produce much confusion. To show himself independent of me, he would start and stagger through with his hymn in the most discordant manner. In this state of mind, he prayed with more than ordinary spirit. Poor man! such was his disposition, and success at deceiving, I do verily believe that he sometimes deceived himself into the solemn belief, that he was a sincere worshipper of the most high God; and this, too, at a time when he may be said to have been guilty of compelling his woman slave to commit the sin of adultery. The facts in the case are these: Mr. Covey was a poor man; he was just commencing in life; he was only able to buy one slave; and, shocking as is the fact, he bought her, as he said, for _a breeder_. This woman was named Caroline. Mr. Covey bought her from Mr. Thomas Lowe, about six miles from St. Michael’s. She was a large, able-bodied woman, about twenty years old. She had already given birth to one child, which proved her to be just what he wanted. After buying her, he hired a married man of Mr. Samuel Harrison, to live with him one year; and him he used to fasten up with her every night! The result was, that, at the end of the year, the miserable woman gave birth to twins. At this result Mr. Covey seemed to be highly pleased, both with the man and the wretched woman. Such was his joy, and that of his wife, that nothing they could do for Caroline during her confinement was too good, or too hard, to be done. The children were regarded as being quite an addition to his wealth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00132", "bookId": 23, "start": 125258, "end": 126141, "sha256": "ffcdcdcd15c8560f03699711ff50f2af1b6d265e4381730c9965ea552f5a519c", "text": "If at any one time of my life more than another, I was made to drink the bitterest dregs of slavery, that time was during the first six months of my stay with Mr. Covey. We were worked in all weathers. It was never too hot or too cold; it could never rain, blow, hail, or snow, too hard for us to work in the field. Work, work, work, was scarcely more the order of the day than of the night. The longest days were too short for him, and the shortest nights too long for him. I was somewhat unmanageable when I first went there, but a few months of this discipline tamed me. Mr. Covey succeeded in breaking me. I was broken in body, soul, and spirit. My natural elasticity was crushed, my intellect languished, the disposition to read departed, the cheerful spark that lingered about my eye died; the dark night of slavery closed in upon me; and behold a man transformed into a brute!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00133", "bookId": 23, "start": 126143, "end": 126691, "sha256": "cac4b1528b7c9b4b8b92dd21e0c695a5a714aef1f69f304a2bba0ecc35b8d682", "text": "Sunday was my only leisure time. I spent this in a sort of beast-like stupor, between sleep and wake, under some large tree. At times I would rise up, a flash of energetic freedom would dart through my soul, accompanied with a faint beam of hope, that flickered for a moment, and then vanished. I sank down again, mourning over my wretched condition. I was sometimes prompted to take my life, and that of Covey, but was prevented by a combination of hope and fear. My sufferings on this plantation seem now like a dream rather than a stern reality.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00134", "bookId": 23, "start": 126693, "end": 127495, "sha256": "ae8da936663b2400662f893174131af904a41280628c73c4f766fbc79a9a7237", "text": "Our house stood within a few rods of the Chesapeake Bay, whose broad bosom was ever white with sails from every quarter of the habitable globe. Those beautiful vessels, robed in purest white, so delightful to the eye of freemen, were to me so many shrouded ghosts, to terrify and torment me with thoughts of my wretched condition. I have often, in the deep stillness of a summer’s Sabbath, stood all alone upon the lofty banks of that noble bay, and traced, with saddened heart and tearful eye, the countless number of sails moving off to the mighty ocean. The sight of these always affected me powerfully. My thoughts would compel utterance; and there, with no audience but the Almighty, I would pour out my soul’s complaint, in my rude way, with an apostrophe to the moving multitude of ships:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00135", "bookId": 23, "start": 127497, "end": 129337, "sha256": "ce5ac3f6e91bd783ff9f6aef3dd990cde29a7c47b28527b10ac03778acbd580d", "text": "“You are loosed from your moorings, and are free; I am fast in my chains, and am a slave! You move merrily before the gentle gale, and I sadly before the bloody whip! You are freedom’s swift-winged angels, that fly round the world; I am confined in bands of iron! O that I were free! O, that I were on one of your gallant decks, and under your protecting wing! Alas! betwixt me and you, the turbid waters roll. Go on, go on. O that I could also go! Could I but swim! If I could fly! O, why was I born a man, of whom to make a brute! The glad ship is gone; she hides in the dim distance. I am left in the hottest hell of unending slavery. O God, save me! God, deliver me! Let me be free! Is there any God? Why am I a slave? I will run away. I will not stand it. Get caught, or get clear, I’ll try it. I had as well die with ague as the fever. I have only one life to lose. I had as well be killed running as die standing. Only think of it; one hundred miles straight north, and I am free! Try it? Yes! God helping me, I will. It cannot be that I shall live and die a slave. I will take to the water. This very bay shall yet bear me into freedom. The steamboats steered in a north-east course from North Point. I will do the same; and when I get to the head of the bay, I will turn my canoe adrift, and walk straight through Delaware into Pennsylvania. When I get there, I shall not be required to have a pass; I can travel without being disturbed. Let but the first opportunity offer, and, come what will, I am off. Meanwhile, I will try to bear up under the yoke. I am not the only slave in the world. Why should I fret? I can bear as much as any of them. Besides, I am but a boy, and all boys are bound to some one. It may be that my misery in slavery will only increase my happiness when I get free. There is a better day coming.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00136", "bookId": 23, "start": 129339, "end": 129491, "sha256": "80f5ea97c7f74a54b8232d10e40e448ce270c97e60931524295d1954676e1ac0", "text": "Thus I used to think, and thus I used to speak to myself; goaded almost to madness at one moment, and at the next reconciling myself to my wretched lot.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00137", "bookId": 23, "start": 129493, "end": 130781, "sha256": "cdc92a96d61a5a6c26f36e9b9070f79819a027344f2cff3f7efb315529569b96", "text": "I have already intimated that my condition was much worse, during the first six months of my stay at Mr. Covey’s, than in the last six. The circumstances leading to the change in Mr. Covey’s course toward me form an epoch in my humble history. You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man. On one of the hottest days of the month of August, 1833, Bill Smith, William Hughes, a slave named Eli, and myself, were engaged in fanning wheat. Hughes was clearing the fanned wheat from before the fan. Eli was turning, Smith was feeding, and I was carrying wheat to the fan. The work was simple, requiring strength rather than intellect; yet, to one entirely unused to such work, it came very hard. About three o’clock of that day, I broke down; my strength failed me; I was seized with a violent aching of the head, attended with extreme dizziness; I trembled in every limb. Finding what was coming, I nerved myself up, feeling it would never do to stop work. I stood as long as I could stagger to the hopper with grain. When I could stand no longer, I fell, and felt as if held down by an immense weight. The fan of course stopped; every one had his own work to do; and no one could do the work of the other, and have his own go on at the same time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00138", "bookId": 23, "start": 130783, "end": 141120, "sha256": "06ffd8e6190112fb8518280f189eab753ecbdd442b87d649219201c08748a2f2", "text": "Mr. Covey was at the house, about one hundred yards from the treading-yard where we were fanning. On hearing the fan stop, he left immediately, and came to the spot where we were. He hastily inquired what the matter was. Bill answered that I was sick, and there was no one to bring wheat to the fan. I had by this time crawled away under the side of the post and rail-fence by which the yard was enclosed, hoping to find relief by getting out of the sun. He then asked where I was. He was told by one of the hands. He came to the spot, and, after looking at me awhile, asked me what was the matter. I told him as well as I could, for I scarce had strength to speak. He then gave me a savage kick in the side, and told me to get up. I tried to do so, but fell back in the attempt. He gave me another kick, and again told me to rise. I again tried, and succeeded in gaining my feet; but, stooping to get the tub with which I was feeding the fan, I again staggered and fell. While down in this situation, Mr. Covey took up the hickory slat with which Hughes had been striking off the half-bushel measure, and with it gave me a heavy blow upon the head, making a large wound, and the blood ran freely; and with this again told me to get up. I made no effort to comply, having now made up my mind to let him do his worst. In a short time after receiving this blow, my head grew better. Mr. Covey had now left me to my fate. At this moment I resolved, for the first time, to go to my master, enter a complaint, and ask his protection. In order to do this, I must that afternoon walk seven miles; and this, under the circumstances, was truly a severe undertaking. I was exceedingly feeble; made so as much by the kicks and blows which I received, as by the severe fit of sickness to which I had been subjected. I, however, watched my chance, while Covey was looking in an opposite direction, and started for St. Michael’s. I succeeded in getting a considerable distance on my way to the woods, when Covey discovered me, and called after me to come back, threatening what he would do if I did not come. I disregarded both his calls and his threats, and made my way to the woods as fast as my feeble state would allow; and thinking I might be overhauled by him if I kept the road, I walked through the woods, keeping far enough from the road to avoid detection, and near enough to prevent losing my way. I had not gone far before my little strength again failed me. I could go no farther. I fell down, and lay for a considerable time. The blood was yet oozing from the wound on my head. For a time I thought I should bleed to death; and think now that I should have done so, but that the blood so matted my hair as to stop the wound. After lying there about three quarters of an hour, I nerved myself up again, and started on my way, through bogs and briers, barefooted and bareheaded, tearing my feet sometimes at nearly every step; and after a journey of about seven miles, occupying some five hours to perform it, I arrived at master’s store. I then presented an appearance enough to affect any but a heart of iron. From the crown of my head to my feet, I was covered with blood. My hair was all clotted with dust and blood; my shirt was stiff with blood. I suppose I looked like a man who had escaped a den of wild beasts, and barely escaped them. In this state I appeared before my master, humbly entreating him to interpose his authority for my protection. I told him all the circumstances as well as I could, and it seemed, as I spoke, at times to affect him. He would then walk the floor, and seek to justify Covey by saying he expected I deserved it. He asked me what I wanted. I told him, to let me get a new home; that as sure as I lived with Mr. Covey again, I should live with but to die with him; that Covey would surely kill me; he was in a fair way for it. Master Thomas ridiculed the idea that there was any danger of Mr. Covey’s killing me, and said that he knew Mr. Covey; that he was a good man, and that he could not think of taking me from him; that, should he do so, he would lose the whole year’s wages; that I belonged to Mr. Covey for one year, and that I must go back to him, come what might; and that I must not trouble him with any more stories, or that he would himself _get hold of me_. After threatening me thus, he gave me a very large dose of salts, telling me that I might remain in St. Michael’s that night, (it being quite late,) but that I must be off back to Mr. Covey’s early in the morning; and that if I did not, he would _get hold of me,_ which meant that he would whip me. I remained all night, and, according to his orders, I started off to Covey’s in the morning, (Saturday morning,) wearied in body and broken in spirit. I got no supper that night, or breakfast that morning. I reached Covey’s about nine o’clock; and just as I was getting over the fence that divided Mrs. Kemp’s fields from ours, out ran Covey with his cowskin, to give me another whipping. Before he could reach me, I succeeded in getting to the cornfield; and as the corn was very high, it afforded me the means of hiding. He seemed very angry, and searched for me a long time. My behavior was altogether unaccountable. He finally gave up the chase, thinking, I suppose, that I must come home for something to eat; he would give himself no further trouble in looking for me. I spent that day mostly in the woods, having the alternative before me,—to go home and be whipped to death, or stay in the woods and be starved to death. That night, I fell in with Sandy Jenkins, a slave with whom I was somewhat acquainted. Sandy had a free wife who lived about four miles from Mr. Covey’s; and it being Saturday, he was on his way to see her. I told him my circumstances, and he very kindly invited me to go home with him. I went home with him, and talked this whole matter over, and got his advice as to what course it was best for me to pursue. I found Sandy an old adviser. He told me, with great solemnity, I must go back to Covey; but that before I went, I must go with him into another part of the woods, where there was a certain _root,_ which, if I would take some of it with me, carrying it _always on my right side,_ would render it impossible for Mr. Covey, or any other white man, to whip me. He said he had carried it for years; and since he had done so, he had never received a blow, and never expected to while he carried it. I at first rejected the idea, that the simple carrying of a root in my pocket would have any such effect as he had said, and was not disposed to take it; but Sandy impressed the necessity with much earnestness, telling me it could do no harm, if it did no good. To please him, I at length took the root, and, according to his direction, carried it upon my right side. This was Sunday morning. I immediately started for home; and upon entering the yard gate, out came Mr. Covey on his way to meeting. He spoke to me very kindly, bade me drive the pigs from a lot near by, and passed on towards the church. Now, this singular conduct of Mr. Covey really made me begin to think that there was something in the _root_ which Sandy had given me; and had it been on any other day than Sunday, I could have attributed the conduct to no other cause than the influence of that root; and as it was, I was half inclined to think the _root_ to be something more than I at first had taken it to be. All went well till Monday morning. On this morning, the virtue of the _root_ was fully tested. Long before daylight, I was called to go and rub, curry, and feed, the horses. I obeyed, and was glad to obey. But whilst thus engaged, whilst in the act of throwing down some blades from the loft, Mr. Covey entered the stable with a long rope; and just as I was half out of the loft, he caught hold of my legs, and was about tying me. As soon as I found what he was up to, I gave a sudden spring, and as I did so, he holding to my legs, I was brought sprawling on the stable floor. Mr. Covey seemed now to think he had me, and could do what he pleased; but at this moment—from whence came the spirit I don’t know—I resolved to fight; and, suiting my action to the resolution, I seized Covey hard by the throat; and as I did so, I rose. He held on to me, and I to him. My resistance was so entirely unexpected that Covey seemed taken all aback. He trembled like a leaf. This gave me assurance, and I held him uneasy, causing the blood to run where I touched him with the ends of my fingers. Mr. Covey soon called out to Hughes for help. Hughes came, and, while Covey held me, attempted to tie my right hand. While he was in the act of doing so, I watched my chance, and gave him a heavy kick close under the ribs. This kick fairly sickened Hughes, so that he left me in the hands of Mr. Covey. This kick had the effect of not only weakening Hughes, but Covey also. When he saw Hughes bending over with pain, his courage quailed. He asked me if I meant to persist in my resistance. I told him I did, come what might; that he had used me like a brute for six months, and that I was determined to be used so no longer. With that, he strove to drag me to a stick that was lying just out of the stable door. He meant to knock me down. But just as he was leaning over to get the stick, I seized him with both hands by his collar, and brought him by a sudden snatch to the ground. By this time, Bill came. Covey called upon him for assistance. Bill wanted to know what he could do. Covey said, “Take hold of him, take hold of him!” Bill said his master hired him out to work, and not to help to whip me; so he left Covey and myself to fight our own battle out. We were at it for nearly two hours. Covey at length let me go, puffing and blowing at a great rate, saying that if I had not resisted, he would not have whipped me half so much. The truth was, that he had not whipped me at all. I considered him as getting entirely the worst end of the bargain; for he had drawn no blood from me, but I had from him. The whole six months afterwards, that I spent with Mr. Covey, he never laid the weight of his finger upon me in anger. He would occasionally say, he didn’t want to get hold of me again. “No,” thought I, “you need not; for you will come off worse than you did before.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00139", "bookId": 23, "start": 141122, "end": 142092, "sha256": "c475edf5ddab3651372d2de5c28a6b4af08d44406bf2155065fd9703e5faf6b0", "text": "This battle with Mr. Covey was the turning-point in my career as a slave. It rekindled the few expiring embers of freedom, and revived within me a sense of my own manhood. It recalled the departed self-confidence, and inspired me again with a determination to be free. The gratification afforded by the triumph was a full compensation for whatever else might follow, even death itself. He only can understand the deep satisfaction which I experienced, who has himself repelled by force the bloody arm of slavery. I felt as I never felt before. It was a glorious resurrection, from the tomb of slavery, to the heaven of freedom. My long-crushed spirit rose, cowardice departed, bold defiance took its place; and I now resolved that, however long I might remain a slave in form, the day had passed forever when I could be a slave in fact. I did not hesitate to let it be known of me, that the white man who expected to succeed in whipping, must also succeed in killing me.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00140", "bookId": 23, "start": 142094, "end": 142257, "sha256": "48aa2b0035f110a4f7e83e0badad7679fbbf14e498ca1ce68934c3edc2b543f1", "text": "From this time I was never again what might be called fairly whipped, though I remained a slave four years afterwards. I had several fights, but was never whipped.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00141", "bookId": 23, "start": 142259, "end": 142958, "sha256": "14a662cd80329e0368b319afe4b0c1388ad5c88cb46c3a2dc710338f6f6155b9", "text": "It was for a long time a matter of surprise to me why Mr. Covey did not immediately have me taken by the constable to the whipping-post, and there regularly whipped for the crime of raising my hand against a white man in defence of myself. And the only explanation I can now think of does not entirely satisfy me; but such as it is, I will give it. Mr. Covey enjoyed the most unbounded reputation for being a first-rate overseer and negro-breaker. It was of considerable importance to him. That reputation was at stake; and had he sent me—a boy about sixteen years old—to the public whipping-post, his reputation would have been lost; so, to save his reputation, he suffered me to go unpunished.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00142", "bookId": 23, "start": 142960, "end": 144357, "sha256": "224f9c277256e88c04c6f8f5e7834f95362e832fa4c3c5eec952ce9f44fa1c77", "text": "My term of actual service to Mr. Edward Covey ended on Christmas day, 1833. The days between Christmas and New Year’s day are allowed as holidays; and, accordingly, we were not required to perform any labor, more than to feed and take care of the stock. This time we regarded as our own, by the grace of our masters; and we therefore used or abused it nearly as we pleased. Those of us who had families at a distance, were generally allowed to spend the whole six days in their society. This time, however, was spent in various ways. The staid, sober, thinking and industrious ones of our number would employ themselves in making corn-brooms, mats, horse-collars, and baskets; and another class of us would spend the time in hunting opossums, hares, and coons. But by far the larger part engaged in such sports and merriments as playing ball, wrestling, running foot-races, fiddling, dancing, and drinking whisky; and this latter mode of spending the time was by far the most agreeable to the feelings of our masters. A slave who would work during the holidays was considered by our masters as scarcely deserving them. He was regarded as one who rejected the favor of his master. It was deemed a disgrace not to get drunk at Christmas; and he was regarded as lazy indeed, who had not provided himself with the necessary means, during the year, to get whisky enough to last him through Christmas.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00143", "bookId": 23, "start": 144359, "end": 145118, "sha256": "50fc25df24783aee8e4931e4f62dad9d09e688a677e3e0438a2f53c7c4e1321f", "text": "From what I know of the effect of these holidays upon the slave, I believe them to be among the most effective means in the hands of the slaveholder in keeping down the spirit of insurrection. Were the slaveholders at once to abandon this practice, I have not the slightest doubt it would lead to an immediate insurrection among the slaves. These holidays serve as conductors, or safety-valves, to carry off the rebellious spirit of enslaved humanity. But for these, the slave would be forced up to the wildest desperation; and woe betide the slaveholder, the day he ventures to remove or hinder the operation of those conductors! I warn him that, in such an event, a spirit will go forth in their midst, more to be dreaded than the most appalling earthquake.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00144", "bookId": 23, "start": 145120, "end": 146916, "sha256": "d096ac691fff426605ce6c8985688dd7be623ef57c8ce0d14053d1d6ab77482c", "text": "The holidays are part and parcel of the gross fraud, wrong, and inhumanity of slavery. They are professedly a custom established by the benevolence of the slaveholders; but I undertake to say, it is the result of selfishness, and one of the grossest frauds committed upon the down-trodden slave. They do not give the slaves this time because they would not like to have their work during its continuance, but because they know it would be unsafe to deprive them of it. This will be seen by the fact, that the slaveholders like to have their slaves spend those days just in such a manner as to make them as glad of their ending as of their beginning. Their object seems to be, to disgust their slaves with freedom, by plunging them into the lowest depths of dissipation. For instance, the slaveholders not only like to see the slave drink of his own accord, but will adopt various plans to make him drunk. One plan is, to make bets on their slaves, as to who can drink the most whisky without getting drunk; and in this way they succeed in getting whole multitudes to drink to excess. Thus, when the slave asks for virtuous freedom, the cunning slaveholder, knowing his ignorance, cheats him with a dose of vicious dissipation, artfully labelled with the name of liberty. The most of us used to drink it down, and the result was just what might be supposed; many of us were led to think that there was little to choose between liberty and slavery. We felt, and very properly too, that we had almost as well be slaves to man as to rum. So, when the holidays ended, we staggered up from the filth of our wallowing, took a long breath, and marched to the field,—feeling, upon the whole, rather glad to go, from what our master had deceived us into a belief was freedom, back to the arms of slavery.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00145", "bookId": 23, "start": 146918, "end": 148076, "sha256": "6e590948b6e75083babd2a6c3d5f3043cb87bbfbe4c9bef1f2fe0ddd61bbf648", "text": "I have said that this mode of treatment is a part of the whole system of fraud and inhumanity of slavery. It is so. The mode here adopted to disgust the slave with freedom, by allowing him to see only the abuse of it, is carried out in other things. For instance, a slave loves molasses; he steals some. His master, in many cases, goes off to town, and buys a large quantity; he returns, takes his whip, and commands the slave to eat the molasses, until the poor fellow is made sick at the very mention of it. The same mode is sometimes adopted to make the slaves refrain from asking for more food than their regular allowance. A slave runs through his allowance, and applies for more. His master is enraged at him; but, not willing to send him off without food, gives him more than is necessary, and compels him to eat it within a given time. Then, if he complains that he cannot eat it, he is said to be satisfied neither full nor fasting, and is whipped for being hard to please! I have an abundance of such illustrations of the same principle, drawn from my own observation, but think the cases I have cited sufficient. The practice is a very common one.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00146", "bookId": 23, "start": 148078, "end": 150633, "sha256": "df6fde2a1911898838aeb88f4e5c89eb3434ba3d947e4f14dca30569a51986cc", "text": "On the first of January, 1834, I left Mr. Covey, and went to live with Mr. William Freeland, who lived about three miles from St. Michael’s. I soon found Mr. Freeland a very different man from Mr. Covey. Though not rich, he was what would be called an educated southern gentleman. Mr. Covey, as I have shown, was a well-trained negro-breaker and slave-driver. The former (slaveholder though he was) seemed to possess some regard for honor, some reverence for justice, and some respect for humanity. The latter seemed totally insensible to all such sentiments. Mr. Freeland had many of the faults peculiar to slaveholders, such as being very passionate and fretful; but I must do him the justice to say, that he was exceedingly free from those degrading vices to which Mr. Covey was constantly addicted. The one was open and frank, and we always knew where to find him. The other was a most artful deceiver, and could be understood only by such as were skilful enough to detect his cunningly-devised frauds. Another advantage I gained in my new master was, he made no pretensions to, or profession of, religion; and this, in my opinion, was truly a great advantage. I assert most unhesitatingly, that the religion of the south is a mere covering for the most horrid crimes,—a justifier of the most appalling barbarity,—a sanctifier of the most hateful frauds,—and a dark shelter under, which the darkest, foulest, grossest, and most infernal deeds of slaveholders find the strongest protection. Were I to be again reduced to the chains of slavery, next to that enslavement, I should regard being the slave of a religious master the greatest calamity that could befall me. For of all slaveholders with whom I have ever met, religious slaveholders are the worst. I have ever found them the meanest and basest, the most cruel and cowardly, of all others. It was my unhappy lot not only to belong to a religious slaveholder, but to live in a community of such religionists. Very near Mr. Freeland lived the Rev. Daniel Weeden, and in the same neighborhood lived the Rev. Rigby Hopkins. These were members and ministers in the Reformed Methodist Church. Mr. Weeden owned, among others, a woman slave, whose name I have forgotten. This woman’s back, for weeks, was kept literally raw, made so by the lash of this merciless, _religious_ wretch. He used to hire hands. His maxim was, Behave well or behave ill, it is the duty of a master occasionally to whip a slave, to remind him of his master’s authority. Such was his theory, and such his practice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00147", "bookId": 23, "start": 150635, "end": 152945, "sha256": "1fe6b51934de7ca4216ff3be0253acdb8890f40a5451e6709ae6a17f7404600d", "text": "Mr. Hopkins was even worse than Mr. Weeden. His chief boast was his ability to manage slaves. The peculiar feature of his government was that of whipping slaves in advance of deserving it. He always managed to have one or more of his slaves to whip every Monday morning. He did this to alarm their fears, and strike terror into those who escaped. His plan was to whip for the smallest offences, to prevent the commission of large ones. Mr. Hopkins could always find some excuse for whipping a slave. It would astonish one, unaccustomed to a slaveholding life, to see with what wonderful ease a slaveholder can find things, of which to make occasion to whip a slave. A mere look, word, or motion,—a mistake, accident, or want of power,—are all matters for which a slave may be whipped at any time. Does a slave look dissatisfied? It is said, he has the devil in him, and it must be whipped out. Does he speak loudly when spoken to by his master? Then he is getting high-minded, and should be taken down a button-hole lower. Does he forget to pull off his hat at the approach of a white person? Then he is wanting in reverence, and should be whipped for it. Does he ever venture to vindicate his conduct, when censured for it? Then he is guilty of impudence,—one of the greatest crimes of which a slave can be guilty. Does he ever venture to suggest a different mode of doing things from that pointed out by his master? He is indeed presumptuous, and getting above himself; and nothing less than a flogging will do for him. Does he, while ploughing, break a plough,—or, while hoeing, break a hoe? It is owing to his carelessness, and for it a slave must always be whipped. Mr. Hopkins could always find something of this sort to justify the use of the lash, and he seldom failed to embrace such opportunities. There was not a man in the whole county, with whom the slaves who had the getting their own home, would not prefer to live, rather than with this Rev. Mr. Hopkins. And yet there was not a man any where round, who made higher professions of religion, or was more active in revivals,—more attentive to the class, love-feast, prayer and preaching meetings, or more devotional in his family,—that prayed earlier, later, louder, and longer,—than this same reverend slave-driver, Rigby Hopkins.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00148", "bookId": 23, "start": 152947, "end": 153518, "sha256": "37f9cab3f5273fa6219595a4cd57ed6193539aead105eafe27e5c67ad293be34", "text": "But to return to Mr. Freeland, and to my experience while in his employment. He, like Mr. Covey, gave us enough to eat; but, unlike Mr. Covey, he also gave us sufficient time to take our meals. He worked us hard, but always between sunrise and sunset. He required a good deal of work to be done, but gave us good tools with which to work. His farm was large, but he employed hands enough to work it, and with ease, compared with many of his neighbors. My treatment, while in his employment, was heavenly, compared with what I experienced at the hands of Mr. Edward Covey.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00149", "bookId": 23, "start": 153520, "end": 153717, "sha256": "42a7b4baf888e048401fcf7f449bf4aa9133f9c652613c6c2704a08de59133cf", "text": "Mr. Freeland was himself the owner of but two slaves. Their names were Henry Harris and John Harris. The rest of his hands he hired. These consisted of myself, Sandy Jenkins,[1] and Handy Caldwell.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00150", "bookId": 23, "start": 153720, "end": 154125, "sha256": "a44afd9fc676bde78b141c05e3b9173e771f42c44640cc35e075b1a0383b8345", "text": "[1] This is the same man who gave me the roots to prevent my being whipped by Mr. Covey. He was “a clever soul.” We used frequently to talk about the fight with Covey, and as often as we did so, he would claim my success as the result of the roots which he gave me. This superstition is very common among the more ignorant slaves. A slave seldom dies but that his death is attributed to trickery.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00151", "bookId": 23, "start": 154128, "end": 155580, "sha256": "dd64ff1d8fb37ddadafacb923c0ac06e3176774c9ba70a25b0275a4ea568ced5", "text": "Henry and John were quite intelligent, and in a very little while after I went there, I succeeded in creating in them a strong desire to learn how to read. This desire soon sprang up in the others also. They very soon mustered up some old spelling-books, and nothing would do but that I must keep a Sabbath school. I agreed to do so, and accordingly devoted my Sundays to teaching these my loved fellow-slaves how to read. Neither of them knew his letters when I went there. Some of the slaves of the neighboring farms found what was going on, and also availed themselves of this little opportunity to learn to read. It was understood, among all who came, that there must be as little display about it as possible. It was necessary to keep our religious masters at St. Michael’s unacquainted with the fact, that, instead of spending the Sabbath in wrestling, boxing, and drinking whisky, we were trying to learn how to read the will of God; for they had much rather see us engaged in those degrading sports, than to see us behaving like intellectual, moral, and accountable beings. My blood boils as I think of the bloody manner in which Messrs. Wright Fairbanks and Garrison West, both class-leaders, in connection with many others, rushed in upon us with sticks and stones, and broke up our virtuous little Sabbath school, at St. Michael’s—all calling themselves Christians! humble followers of the Lord Jesus Christ! But I am again digressing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00152", "bookId": 23, "start": 155582, "end": 157461, "sha256": "eb7a18515a0d40ead1ad736dab2217b0baf1d7d879a31045673119bed41224bc", "text": "I held my Sabbath school at the house of a free colored man, whose name I deem it imprudent to mention; for should it be known, it might embarrass him greatly, though the crime of holding the school was committed ten years ago. I had at one time over forty scholars, and those of the right sort, ardently desiring to learn. They were of all ages, though mostly men and women. I look back to those Sundays with an amount of pleasure not to be expressed. They were great days to my soul. The work of instructing my dear fellow-slaves was the sweetest engagement with which I was ever blessed. We loved each other, and to leave them at the close of the Sabbath was a severe cross indeed. When I think that these precious souls are to-day shut up in the prison-house of slavery, my feelings overcome me, and I am almost ready to ask, “Does a righteous God govern the universe? and for what does he hold the thunders in his right hand, if not to smite the oppressor, and deliver the spoiled out of the hand of the spoiler?” These dear souls came not to Sabbath school because it was popular to do so, nor did I teach them because it was reputable to be thus engaged. Every moment they spent in that school, they were liable to be taken up, and given thirty-nine lashes. They came because they wished to learn. Their minds had been starved by their cruel masters. They had been shut up in mental darkness. I taught them, because it was the delight of my soul to be doing something that looked like bettering the condition of my race. I kept up my school nearly the whole year I lived with Mr. Freeland; and, beside my Sabbath school, I devoted three evenings in the week, during the winter, to teaching the slaves at home. And I have the happiness to know, that several of those who came to Sabbath school learned how to read; and that one, at least, is now free through my agency.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00153", "bookId": 23, "start": 157463, "end": 158586, "sha256": "8b265acbbba39e3db1736b81c074699004f6b6082577c3b1497135ef0a399c4e", "text": "The year passed off smoothly. It seemed only about half as long as the year which preceded it. I went through it without receiving a single blow. I will give Mr. Freeland the credit of being the best master I ever had, _till I became my own master._ For the ease with which I passed the year, I was, however, somewhat indebted to the society of my fellow-slaves. They were noble souls; they not only possessed loving hearts, but brave ones. We were linked and interlinked with each other. I loved them with a love stronger than any thing I have experienced since. It is sometimes said that we slaves do not love and confide in each other. In answer to this assertion, I can say, I never loved any or confided in any people more than my fellow-slaves, and especially those with whom I lived at Mr. Freeland’s. I believe we would have died for each other. We never undertook to do any thing, of any importance, without a mutual consultation. We never moved separately. We were one; and as much so by our tempers and dispositions, as by the mutual hardships to which we were necessarily subjected by our condition as slaves.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00154", "bookId": 23, "start": 158588, "end": 162640, "sha256": "33314c1a759813ed4cd23cfedf7a5df180cfdd96807aca15aaa28a0bfa7ad6c3", "text": "At the close of the year 1834, Mr. Freeland again hired me of my master, for the year 1835. But, by this time, I began to want to live _upon free land_ as well as _with Freeland;_ and I was no longer content, therefore, to live with him or any other slaveholder. I began, with the commencement of the year, to prepare myself for a final struggle, which should decide my fate one way or the other. My tendency was upward. I was fast approaching manhood, and year after year had passed, and I was still a slave. These thoughts roused me—I must do something. I therefore resolved that 1835 should not pass without witnessing an attempt, on my part, to secure my liberty. But I was not willing to cherish this determination alone. My fellow-slaves were dear to me. I was anxious to have them participate with me in this, my life-giving determination. I therefore, though with great prudence, commenced early to ascertain their views and feelings in regard to their condition, and to imbue their minds with thoughts of freedom. I bent myself to devising ways and means for our escape, and meanwhile strove, on all fitting occasions, to impress them with the gross fraud and inhumanity of slavery. I went first to Henry, next to John, then to the others. I found, in them all, warm hearts and noble spirits. They were ready to hear, and ready to act when a feasible plan should be proposed. This was what I wanted. I talked to them of our want of manhood, if we submitted to our enslavement without at least one noble effort to be free. We met often, and consulted frequently, and told our hopes and fears, recounted the difficulties, real and imagined, which we should be called on to meet. At times we were almost disposed to give up, and try to content ourselves with our wretched lot; at others, we were firm and unbending in our determination to go. Whenever we suggested any plan, there was shrinking—the odds were fearful. Our path was beset with the greatest obstacles; and if we succeeded in gaining the end of it, our right to be free was yet questionable—we were yet liable to be returned to bondage. We could see no spot, this side of the ocean, where we could be free. We knew nothing about Canada. Our knowledge of the north did not extend farther than New York; and to go there, and be forever harassed with the frightful liability of being returned to slavery—with the certainty of being treated tenfold worse than before—the thought was truly a horrible one, and one which it was not easy to overcome. The case sometimes stood thus: At every gate through which we were to pass, we saw a watchman—at every ferry a guard—on every bridge a sentinel—and in every wood a patrol. We were hemmed in upon every side. Here were the difficulties, real or imagined—the good to be sought, and the evil to be shunned. On the one hand, there stood slavery, a stern reality, glaring frightfully upon us,—its robes already crimsoned with the blood of millions, and even now feasting itself greedily upon our own flesh. On the other hand, away back in the dim distance, under the flickering light of the north star, behind some craggy hill or snow-covered mountain, stood a doubtful freedom—half frozen—beckoning us to come and share its hospitality. This in itself was sometimes enough to stagger us; but when we permitted ourselves to survey the road, we were frequently appalled. Upon either side we saw grim death, assuming the most horrid shapes. Now it was starvation, causing us to eat our own flesh;—now we were contending with the waves, and were drowned;—now we were overtaken, and torn to pieces by the fangs of the terrible bloodhound. We were stung by scorpions, chased by wild beasts, bitten by snakes, and finally, after having nearly reached the desired spot,—after swimming rivers, encountering wild beasts, sleeping in the woods, suffering hunger and nakedness,—we were overtaken by our pursuers, and, in our resistance, we were shot dead upon the spot! I say, this picture sometimes appalled us, and made us", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00155", "bookId": 23, "start": 162642, "end": 162719, "sha256": "5f2b2b1f3298e557f02d04798817cb919109bed4befc3821af8d705e4079ac91", "text": "“rather bear those ills we had, Than fly to others, that we knew not of.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00156", "bookId": 23, "start": 162722, "end": 162979, "sha256": "10bd45f3ada9c2e65ad9d5407c900e7bf54da4a86e8ca3536291215d3df69120", "text": "In coming to a fixed determination to run away, we did more than Patrick Henry, when he resolved upon liberty or death. With us it was a doubtful liberty at most, and almost certain death if we failed. For my part, I should prefer death to hopeless bondage.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00157", "bookId": 23, "start": 162981, "end": 163296, "sha256": "d3101299fbabaca9d54de644da3ff0937512a1cce52210fcb15ce5dc53c93c46", "text": "Sandy, one of our number, gave up the notion, but still encouraged us. Our company then consisted of Henry Harris, John Harris, Henry Bailey, Charles Roberts, and myself. Henry Bailey was my uncle, and belonged to my master. Charles married my aunt: he belonged to my master’s father-in-law, Mr. William Hamilton.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00158", "bookId": 23, "start": 163298, "end": 164047, "sha256": "56ea55ec348d83f2db29ce35ce2d91c624f3bbf3b2c096278827b9fa6974f79e", "text": "The plan we finally concluded upon was, to get a large canoe belonging to Mr. Hamilton, and upon the Saturday night previous to Easter holidays, paddle directly up the Chesapeake Bay. On our arrival at the head of the bay, a distance of seventy or eighty miles from where we lived, it was our purpose to turn our canoe adrift, and follow the guidance of the north star till we got beyond the limits of Maryland. Our reason for taking the water route was, that we were less liable to be suspected as runaways; we hoped to be regarded as fishermen; whereas, if we should take the land route, we should be subjected to interruptions of almost every kind. Any one having a white face, and being so disposed, could stop us, and subject us to examination.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00159", "bookId": 23, "start": 164049, "end": 164205, "sha256": "4cf813363f11da97ead8ddc592689e7718a4e5e4d438ec76bf2c092875cc9841", "text": "The week before our intended start, I wrote several protections, one for each of us. As well as I can remember, they were in the following words, to wit:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00160", "bookId": 23, "start": 164207, "end": 164391, "sha256": "80b933d1dd9d6017e449a10f2019baa7d104a56622a7ab0037eccf974131d88a", "text": "“This is to certify that I, the undersigned, have given the bearer, my servant, full liberty to go to Baltimore, and spend the Easter holidays. Written with mine own hand, &c., 1835.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00161", "bookId": 23, "start": 164394, "end": 164470, "sha256": "af796055583b8495625a55ca1c76fafdabe17a28d84fc8e9d1f7007f94a43775", "text": "“WILLIAM HAMILTON, “Near St. Michael’s, in Talbot county, Maryland.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00162", "bookId": 23, "start": 164473, "end": 164629, "sha256": "e40a7012f925dd9f5871224a685e9b3171fae0623a15a101dba05efb3b9fc126", "text": "We were not going to Baltimore; but, in going up the bay, we went toward Baltimore, and these protections were only intended to protect us while on the bay.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00163", "bookId": 23, "start": 164631, "end": 165819, "sha256": "130bf176f0ca8a7f8b7c96a0d5f5423270658651c9e09067645952d4a1d42de1", "text": "As the time drew near for our departure, our anxiety became more and more intense. It was truly a matter of life and death with us. The strength of our determination was about to be fully tested. At this time, I was very active in explaining every difficulty, removing every doubt, dispelling every fear, and inspiring all with the firmness indispensable to success in our undertaking; assuring them that half was gained the instant we made the move; we had talked long enough; we were now ready to move; if not now, we never should be; and if we did not intend to move now, we had as well fold our arms, sit down, and acknowledge ourselves fit only to be slaves. This, none of us were prepared to acknowledge. Every man stood firm; and at our last meeting, we pledged ourselves afresh, in the most solemn manner, that, at the time appointed, we would certainly start in pursuit of freedom. This was in the middle of the week, at the end of which we were to be off. We went, as usual, to our several fields of labor, but with bosoms highly agitated with thoughts of our truly hazardous undertaking. We tried to conceal our feelings as much as possible; and I think we succeeded very well.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00164", "bookId": 23, "start": 165821, "end": 166739, "sha256": "03a0ab2bc70de00a9ff5a07722c799a84610ace6ffde7103228401a2a0f9fec1", "text": "After a painful waiting, the Saturday morning, whose night was to witness our departure, came. I hailed it with joy, bring what of sadness it might. Friday night was a sleepless one for me. I probably felt more anxious than the rest, because I was, by common consent, at the head of the whole affair. The responsibility of success or failure lay heavily upon me. The glory of the one, and the confusion of the other, were alike mine. The first two hours of that morning were such as I never experienced before, and hope never to again. Early in the morning, we went, as usual, to the field. We were spreading manure; and all at once, while thus engaged, I was overwhelmed with an indescribable feeling, in the fulness of which I turned to Sandy, who was near by, and said, “We are betrayed!” “Well,” said he, “that thought has this moment struck me.” We said no more. I was never more certain of any thing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00165", "bookId": 23, "start": 166741, "end": 168422, "sha256": "c3340bc98b2e17cf5b797d8426d176c16333133d1d5a1b2604af9775b29f1534", "text": "The horn was blown as usual, and we went up from the field to the house for breakfast. I went for the form, more than for want of any thing to eat that morning. Just as I got to the house, in looking out at the lane gate, I saw four white men, with two colored men. The white men were on horseback, and the colored ones were walking behind, as if tied. I watched them a few moments till they got up to our lane gate. Here they halted, and tied the colored men to the gate-post. I was not yet certain as to what the matter was. In a few moments, in rode Mr. Hamilton, with a speed betokening great excitement. He came to the door, and inquired if Master William was in. He was told he was at the barn. Mr. Hamilton, without dismounting, rode up to the barn with extraordinary speed. In a few moments, he and Mr. Freeland returned to the house. By this time, the three constables rode up, and in great haste dismounted, tied their horses, and met Master William and Mr. Hamilton returning from the barn; and after talking awhile, they all walked up to the kitchen door. There was no one in the kitchen but myself and John. Henry and Sandy were up at the barn. Mr. Freeland put his head in at the door, and called me by name, saying, there were some gentlemen at the door who wished to see me. I stepped to the door, and inquired what they wanted. They at once seized me, and, without giving me any satisfaction, tied me—lashing my hands closely together. I insisted upon knowing what the matter was. They at length said, that they had learned I had been in a “scrape,” and that I was to be examined before my master; and if their information proved false, I should not be hurt.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00166", "bookId": 23, "start": 168424, "end": 169538, "sha256": "fe891b8aa6ca75e8b55632dba76720ecaf7820c5b52b8041c495008b30cdce5a", "text": "In a few moments, they succeeded in tying John. They then turned to Henry, who had by this time returned, and commanded him to cross his hands. “I won’t!” said Henry, in a firm tone, indicating his readiness to meet the consequences of his refusal. “Won’t you?” said Tom Graham, the constable. “No, I won’t!” said Henry, in a still stronger tone. With this, two of the constables pulled out their shining pistols, and swore, by their Creator, that they would make him cross his hands or kill him. Each cocked his pistol, and, with fingers on the trigger, walked up to Henry, saying, at the same time, if he did not cross his hands, they would blow his damned heart out. “Shoot me, shoot me!” said Henry; “you can’t kill me but once. Shoot, shoot,—and be damned! _I won’t be tied!_” This he said in a tone of loud defiance; and at the same time, with a motion as quick as lightning, he with one single stroke dashed the pistols from the hand of each constable. As he did this, all hands fell upon him, and, after beating him some time, they finally overpowered him, and got him tied.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00167", "bookId": 23, "start": 169540, "end": 170748, "sha256": "51d592d1a825f26a94687dcb8833f066d5ff56348f25dbb13b87c2e3c6f0c0ed", "text": "During the scuffle, I managed, I know not how, to get my pass out, and, without being discovered, put it into the fire. We were all now tied; and just as we were to leave for Easton jail, Betsy Freeland, mother of William Freeland, came to the door with her hands full of biscuits, and divided them between Henry and John. She then delivered herself of a speech, to the following effect:—addressing herself to me, she said, “_You devil! You yellow devil!_ it was you that put it into the heads of Henry and John to run away. But for you, you long-legged mulatto devil! Henry nor John would never have thought of such a thing.” I made no reply, and was immediately hurried off towards St. Michael’s. Just a moment previous to the scuffle with Henry, Mr. Hamilton suggested the propriety of making a search for the protections which he had understood Frederick had written for himself and the rest. But, just at the moment he was about carrying his proposal into effect, his aid was needed in helping to tie Henry; and the excitement attending the scuffle caused them either to forget, or to deem it unsafe, under the circumstances, to search. So we were not yet convicted of the intention to run away.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00168", "bookId": 23, "start": 170750, "end": 172263, "sha256": "a35ac0dc6f048f3a881ed6ae9ea082dfd9c6d4876db99932f6c5c1c54d7f4eba", "text": "When we got about half way to St. Michael’s, while the constables having us in charge were looking ahead, Henry inquired of me what he should do with his pass. I told him to eat it with his biscuit, and own nothing; and we passed the word around, “_Own nothing;_” and “_Own nothing!_” said we all. Our confidence in each other was unshaken. We were resolved to succeed or fail together, after the calamity had befallen us as much as before. We were now prepared for any thing. We were to be dragged that morning fifteen miles behind horses, and then to be placed in the Easton jail. When we reached St. Michael’s, we underwent a sort of examination. We all denied that we ever intended to run away. We did this more to bring out the evidence against us, than from any hope of getting clear of being sold; for, as I have said, we were ready for that. The fact was, we cared but little where we went, so we went together. Our greatest concern was about separation. We dreaded that more than any thing this side of death. We found the evidence against us to be the testimony of one person; our master would not tell who it was; but we came to a unanimous decision among ourselves as to who their informant was. We were sent off to the jail at Easton. When we got there, we were delivered up to the sheriff, Mr. Joseph Graham, and by him placed in jail. Henry, John, and myself, were placed in one room together—Charles, and Henry Bailey, in another. Their object in separating us was to hinder concert.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00169", "bookId": 23, "start": 172265, "end": 173126, "sha256": "2d3def69943b73ca1d71b6962e8f3b8531dfd29a20e8a2b92f84c416f32843ee", "text": "We had been in jail scarcely twenty minutes, when a swarm of slave traders, and agents for slave traders, flocked into jail to look at us, and to ascertain if we were for sale. Such a set of beings I never saw before! I felt myself surrounded by so many fiends from perdition. A band of pirates never looked more like their father, the devil. They laughed and grinned over us, saying, “Ah, my boys! we have got you, haven’t we?” And after taunting us in various ways, they one by one went into an examination of us, with intent to ascertain our value. They would impudently ask us if we would not like to have them for our masters. We would make them no answer, and leave them to find out as best they could. Then they would curse and swear at us, telling us that they could take the devil out of us in a very little while, if we were only in their hands.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00170", "bookId": 23, "start": 173128, "end": 174543, "sha256": "67abc3a68325b5038f0fd69ebe98626abe6a016df59d761c9feaf60f0b9e6472", "text": "While in jail, we found ourselves in much more comfortable quarters than we expected when we went there. We did not get much to eat, nor that which was very good; but we had a good clean room, from the windows of which we could see what was going on in the street, which was very much better than though we had been placed in one of the dark, damp cells. Upon the whole, we got along very well, so far as the jail and its keeper were concerned. Immediately after the holidays were over, contrary to all our expectations, Mr. Hamilton and Mr. Freeland came up to Easton, and took Charles, the two Henrys, and John, out of jail, and carried them home, leaving me alone. I regarded this separation as a final one. It caused me more pain than any thing else in the whole transaction. I was ready for any thing rather than separation. I supposed that they had consulted together, and had decided that, as I was the whole cause of the intention of the others to run away, it was hard to make the innocent suffer with the guilty; and that they had, therefore, concluded to take the others home, and sell me, as a warning to the others that remained. It is due to the noble Henry to say, he seemed almost as reluctant at leaving the prison as at leaving home to come to the prison. But we knew we should, in all probability, be separated, if we were sold; and since he was in their hands, he concluded to go peaceably home.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00171", "bookId": 23, "start": 174545, "end": 175241, "sha256": "fdc8e085eb4d7444bd8811e23bcea3224cb75dd6c095aed2c48355a00cf40f57", "text": "I was now left to my fate. I was all alone, and within the walls of a stone prison. But a few days before, and I was full of hope. I expected to have been safe in a land of freedom; but now I was covered with gloom, sunk down to the utmost despair. I thought the possibility of freedom was gone. I was kept in this way about one week, at the end of which, Captain Auld, my master, to my surprise and utter astonishment, came up, and took me out, with the intention of sending me, with a gentleman of his acquaintance, into Alabama. But, from some cause or other, he did not send me to Alabama, but concluded to send me back to Baltimore, to live again with his brother Hugh, and to learn a trade.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00172", "bookId": 23, "start": 175243, "end": 175491, "sha256": "6f6469f3aeb45843d6efc54271f6169c36da5cabb78700d7090abc1b3ce208e7", "text": "Thus, after an absence of three years and one month, I was once more permitted to return to my old home at Baltimore. My master sent me away, because there existed against me a very great prejudice in the community, and he feared I might be killed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00173", "bookId": 23, "start": 175493, "end": 177476, "sha256": "e5edc608d7c8c6b8856f90e4602efe429651b312e5901419f115eaf8e780fb2d", "text": "In a few weeks after I went to Baltimore, Master Hugh hired me to Mr. William Gardner, an extensive ship-builder, on Fell’s Point. I was put there to learn how to calk. It, however, proved a very unfavorable place for the accomplishment of this object. Mr. Gardner was engaged that spring in building two large man-of-war brigs, professedly for the Mexican government. The vessels were to be launched in the July of that year, and in failure thereof, Mr. Gardner was to lose a considerable sum; so that when I entered, all was hurry. There was no time to learn any thing. Every man had to do that which he knew how to do. In entering the shipyard, my orders from Mr. Gardner were, to do whatever the carpenters commanded me to do. This was placing me at the beck and call of about seventy-five men. I was to regard all these as masters. Their word was to be my law. My situation was a most trying one. At times I needed a dozen pair of hands. I was called a dozen ways in the space of a single minute. Three or four voices would strike my ear at the same moment. It was—“Fred., come help me to cant this timber here.”—“Fred., come carry this timber yonder.”—“Fred., bring that roller here.”—“Fred., go get a fresh can of water.”—“Fred., come help saw off the end of this timber.”—“Fred., go quick, and get the crowbar.”—“Fred., hold on the end of this fall.”—“Fred., go to the blacksmith’s shop, and get a new punch.”—“Hurra, Fred! run and bring me a cold chisel.”—“I say, Fred., bear a hand, and get up a fire as quick as lightning under that steam-box.”—“Halloo, nigger! come, turn this grindstone.”—“Come, come! move, move! and _bowse_ this timber forward.”—“I say, darky, blast your eyes, why don’t you heat up some pitch?”—“Halloo! halloo! halloo!” (Three voices at the same time.) “Come here!—Go there!—Hold on where you are! Damn you, if you move, I’ll knock your brains out!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00174", "bookId": 23, "start": 177478, "end": 180636, "sha256": "00bd2d885d3f8c65e60546aa22904a0f8ef837e70fd701990405909492d4052b", "text": "This was my school for eight months; and I might have remained there longer, but for a most horrid fight I had with four of the white apprentices, in which my left eye was nearly knocked out, and I was horribly mangled in other respects. The facts in the case were these: Until a very little while after I went there, white and black ship-carpenters worked side by side, and no one seemed to see any impropriety in it. All hands seemed to be very well satisfied. Many of the black carpenters were freemen. Things seemed to be going on very well. All at once, the white carpenters knocked off, and said they would not work with free colored workmen. Their reason for this, as alleged, was, that if free colored carpenters were encouraged, they would soon take the trade into their own hands, and poor white men would be thrown out of employment. They therefore felt called upon at once to put a stop to it. And, taking advantage of Mr. Gardner’s necessities, they broke off, swearing they would work no longer, unless he would discharge his black carpenters. Now, though this did not extend to me in form, it did reach me in fact. My fellow-apprentices very soon began to feel it degrading to them to work with me. They began to put on airs, and talk about the “niggers” taking the country, saying we all ought to be killed; and, being encouraged by the journeymen, they commenced making my condition as hard as they could, by hectoring me around, and sometimes striking me. I, of course, kept the vow I made after the fight with Mr. Covey, and struck back again, regardless of consequences; and while I kept them from combining, I succeeded very well; for I could whip the whole of them, taking them separately. They, however, at length combined, and came upon me, armed with sticks, stones, and heavy handspikes. One came in front with a half brick. There was one at each side of me, and one behind me. While I was attending to those in front, and on either side, the one behind ran up with the handspike, and struck me a heavy blow upon the head. It stunned me. I fell, and with this they all ran upon me, and fell to beating me with their fists. I let them lay on for a while, gathering strength. In an instant, I gave a sudden surge, and rose to my hands and knees. Just as I did that, one of their number gave me, with his heavy boot, a powerful kick in the left eye. My eyeball seemed to have burst. When they saw my eye closed, and badly swollen, they left me. With this I seized the handspike, and for a time pursued them. But here the carpenters interfered, and I thought I might as well give it up. It was impossible to stand my hand against so many. All this took place in sight of not less than fifty white ship-carpenters, and not one interposed a friendly word; but some cried, “Kill the damned nigger! Kill him! kill him! He struck a white person.” I found my only chance for life was in flight. I succeeded in getting away without an additional blow, and barely so; for to strike a white man is death by Lynch law,—and that was the law in Mr. Gardner’s ship-yard; nor is there much of any other out of Mr. Gardner’s ship-yard.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00175", "bookId": 23, "start": 180638, "end": 183116, "sha256": "d8787b226a50b0844da54e7404ed94df462644373358806b226943af9dda06b4", "text": "I went directly home, and told the story of my wrongs to Master Hugh; and I am happy to say of him, irreligious as he was, his conduct was heavenly, compared with that of his brother Thomas under similar circumstances. He listened attentively to my narration of the circumstances leading to the savage outrage, and gave many proofs of his strong indignation at it. The heart of my once overkind mistress was again melted into pity. My puffed-out eye and blood-covered face moved her to tears. She took a chair by me, washed the blood from my face, and, with a mother’s tenderness, bound up my head, covering the wounded eye with a lean piece of fresh beef. It was almost compensation for my suffering to witness, once more, a manifestation of kindness from this, my once affectionate old mistress. Master Hugh was very much enraged. He gave expression to his feelings by pouring out curses upon the heads of those who did the deed. As soon as I got a little the better of my bruises, he took me with him to Esquire Watson’s, on Bond Street, to see what could be done about the matter. Mr. Watson inquired who saw the assault committed. Master Hugh told him it was done in Mr. Gardner’s ship-yard at midday, where there were a large company of men at work. “As to that,” he said, “the deed was done, and there was no question as to who did it.” His answer was, he could do nothing in the case, unless some white man would come forward and testify. He could issue no warrant on my word. If I had been killed in the presence of a thousand colored people, their testimony combined would have been insufficient to have arrested one of the murderers. Master Hugh, for once, was compelled to say this state of things was too bad. Of course, it was impossible to get any white man to volunteer his testimony in my behalf, and against the white young men. Even those who may have sympathized with me were not prepared to do this. It required a degree of courage unknown to them to do so; for just at that time, the slightest manifestation of humanity toward a colored person was denounced as abolitionism, and that name subjected its bearer to frightful liabilities. The watchwords of the bloody-minded in that region, and in those days, were, “Damn the abolitionists!” and “Damn the niggers!” There was nothing done, and probably nothing would have been done if I had been killed. Such was, and such remains, the state of things in the Christian city of Baltimore.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00176", "bookId": 23, "start": 183118, "end": 184965, "sha256": "22739ffe70d3ba83a0dcfc36aa988c57979f1b503e848c4e7de80f306f686cfb", "text": "Master Hugh, finding he could get no redress, refused to let me go back again to Mr. Gardner. He kept me himself, and his wife dressed my wound till I was again restored to health. He then took me into the ship-yard of which he was foreman, in the employment of Mr. Walter Price. There I was immediately set to calking, and very soon learned the art of using my mallet and irons. In the course of one year from the time I left Mr. Gardner’s, I was able to command the highest wages given to the most experienced calkers. I was now of some importance to my master. I was bringing him from six to seven dollars per week. I sometimes brought him nine dollars per week: my wages were a dollar and a half a day. After learning how to calk, I sought my own employment, made my own contracts, and collected the money which I earned. My pathway became much more smooth than before; my condition was now much more comfortable. When I could get no calking to do, I did nothing. During these leisure times, those old notions about freedom would steal over me again. When in Mr. Gardner’s employment, I was kept in such a perpetual whirl of excitement, I could think of nothing, scarcely, but my life; and in thinking of my life, I almost forgot my liberty. I have observed this in my experience of slavery,—that whenever my condition was improved, instead of its increasing my contentment, it only increased my desire to be free, and set me to thinking of plans to gain my freedom. I have found that, to make a contented slave, it is necessary to make a thoughtless one. It is necessary to darken his moral and mental vision, and, as far as possible, to annihilate the power of reason. He must be able to detect no inconsistencies in slavery; he must be made to feel that slavery is right; and he can be brought to that only when he ceases to be a man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00177", "bookId": 23, "start": 184967, "end": 185544, "sha256": "97d411552796b71759f3cbdcf9a610d757b0633a5db593c32598e1991a741f49", "text": "I was now getting, as I have said, one dollar and fifty cents per day. I contracted for it; I earned it; it was paid to me; it was rightfully my own; yet, upon each returning Saturday night, I was compelled to deliver every cent of that money to Master Hugh. And why? Not because he earned it,—not because he had any hand in earning it,—not because I owed it to him,—nor because he possessed the slightest shadow of a right to it; but solely because he had the power to compel me to give it up. The right of the grim-visaged pirate upon the high seas is exactly the same.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00178", "bookId": 23, "start": 185550, "end": 185560, "sha256": "63866b46a4db041a43a1432e242cf84643306d8556fbcf2fe975b9bc7b0b3e33", "text": "CHAPTER XI", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00179", "bookId": 23, "start": 185563, "end": 187136, "sha256": "268a5ee9819bc8c9f1fb651ad6d1b82b2fce88738bbd3e4634d57968eb5f7c60", "text": "I now come to that part of my life during which I planned, and finally succeeded in making, my escape from slavery. But before narrating any of the peculiar circumstances, I deem it proper to make known my intention not to state all the facts connected with the transaction. My reasons for pursuing this course may be understood from the following: First, were I to give a minute statement of all the facts, it is not only possible, but quite probable, that others would thereby be involved in the most embarrassing difficulties. Secondly, such a statement would most undoubtedly induce greater vigilance on the part of slaveholders than has existed heretofore among them; which would, of course, be the means of guarding a door whereby some dear brother bondman might escape his galling chains. I deeply regret the necessity that impels me to suppress any thing of importance connected with my experience in slavery. It would afford me great pleasure indeed, as well as materially add to the interest of my narrative, were I at liberty to gratify a curiosity, which I know exists in the minds of many, by an accurate statement of all the facts pertaining to my most fortunate escape. But I must deprive myself of this pleasure, and the curious of the gratification which such a statement would afford. I would allow myself to suffer under the greatest imputations which evil-minded men might suggest, rather than exculpate myself, and thereby run the hazard of closing the slightest avenue by which a brother slave might clear himself of the chains and fetters of slavery.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00180", "bookId": 23, "start": 187138, "end": 189107, "sha256": "ac904287573119f7e7f55eacdc78e8e668dd93f20475b10d10ac2e8e9e1c8708", "text": "I have never approved of the very public manner in which some of our western friends have conducted what they call the _underground railroad,_ but which I think, by their open declarations, has been made most emphatically the _upperground railroad._ I honor those good men and women for their noble daring, and applaud them for willingly subjecting themselves to bloody persecution, by openly avowing their participation in the escape of slaves. I, however, can see very little good resulting from such a course, either to themselves or the slaves escaping; while, upon the other hand, I see and feel assured that those open declarations are a positive evil to the slaves remaining, who are seeking to escape. They do nothing towards enlightening the slave, whilst they do much towards enlightening the master. They stimulate him to greater watchfulness, and enhance his power to capture his slave. We owe something to the slave south of the line as well as to those north of it; and in aiding the latter on their way to freedom, we should be careful to do nothing which would be likely to hinder the former from escaping from slavery. I would keep the merciless slaveholder profoundly ignorant of the means of flight adopted by the slave. I would leave him to imagine himself surrounded by myriads of invisible tormentors, ever ready to snatch from his infernal grasp his trembling prey. Let him be left to feel his way in the dark; let darkness commensurate with his crime hover over him; and let him feel that at every step he takes, in pursuit of the flying bondman, he is running the frightful risk of having his hot brains dashed out by an invisible agency. Let us render the tyrant no aid; let us not hold the light by which he can trace the footprints of our flying brother. But enough of this. I will now proceed to the statement of those facts, connected with my escape, for which I am alone responsible, and for which no one can be made to suffer but myself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00181", "bookId": 23, "start": 189109, "end": 191181, "sha256": "66083894944e72940bcd82112dc2005b340ebd3d58d588b27d4e294678cf90b6", "text": "In the early part of the year 1838, I became quite restless. I could see no reason why I should, at the end of each week, pour the reward of my toil into the purse of my master. When I carried to him my weekly wages, he would, after counting the money, look me in the face with a robber-like fierceness, and ask, “Is this all?” He was satisfied with nothing less than the last cent. He would, however, when I made him six dollars, sometimes give me six cents, to encourage me. It had the opposite effect. I regarded it as a sort of admission of my right to the whole. The fact that he gave me any part of my wages was proof, to my mind, that he believed me entitled to the whole of them. I always felt worse for having received any thing; for I feared that the giving me a few cents would ease his conscience, and make him feel himself to be a pretty honorable sort of robber. My discontent grew upon me. I was ever on the look-out for means of escape; and, finding no direct means, I determined to try to hire my time, with a view of getting money with which to make my escape. In the spring of 1838, when Master Thomas came to Baltimore to purchase his spring goods, I got an opportunity, and applied to him to allow me to hire my time. He unhesitatingly refused my request, and told me this was another stratagem by which to escape. He told me I could go nowhere but that he could get me; and that, in the event of my running away, he should spare no pains in his efforts to catch me. He exhorted me to content myself, and be obedient. He told me, if I would be happy, I must lay out no plans for the future. He said, if I behaved myself properly, he would take care of me. Indeed, he advised me to complete thoughtlessness of the future, and taught me to depend solely upon him for happiness. He seemed to see fully the pressing necessity of setting aside my intellectual nature, in order to contentment in slavery. But in spite of him, and even in spite of myself, I continued to think, and to think about the injustice of my enslavement, and the means of escape.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00182", "bookId": 23, "start": 191183, "end": 196212, "sha256": "4718744e01c9d677f4688fe4e8295df0af9f1753239d5be5c2d45a13dc370409", "text": "About two months after this, I applied to Master Hugh for the privilege of hiring my time. He was not acquainted with the fact that I had applied to Master Thomas, and had been refused. He too, at first, seemed disposed to refuse; but, after some reflection, he granted me the privilege, and proposed the following terms: I was to be allowed all my time, make all contracts with those for whom I worked, and find my own employment; and, in return for this liberty, I was to pay him three dollars at the end of each week; find myself in calking tools, and in board and clothing. My board was two dollars and a half per week. This, with the wear and tear of clothing and calking tools, made my regular expenses about six dollars per week. This amount I was compelled to make up, or relinquish the privilege of hiring my time. Rain or shine, work or no work, at the end of each week the money must be forthcoming, or I must give up my privilege. This arrangement, it will be perceived, was decidedly in my master’s favor. It relieved him of all need of looking after me. His money was sure. He received all the benefits of slaveholding without its evils; while I endured all the evils of a slave, and suffered all the care and anxiety of a freeman. I found it a hard bargain. But, hard as it was, I thought it better than the old mode of getting along. It was a step towards freedom to be allowed to bear the responsibilities of a freeman, and I was determined to hold on upon it. I bent myself to the work of making money. I was ready to work at night as well as day, and by the most untiring perseverance and industry, I made enough to meet my expenses, and lay up a little money every week. I went on thus from May till August. Master Hugh then refused to allow me to hire my time longer. The ground for his refusal was a failure on my part, one Saturday night, to pay him for my week’s time. This failure was occasioned by my attending a camp meeting about ten miles from Baltimore. During the week, I had entered into an engagement with a number of young friends to start from Baltimore to the camp ground early Saturday evening; and being detained by my employer, I was unable to get down to Master Hugh’s without disappointing the company. I knew that Master Hugh was in no special need of the money that night. I therefore decided to go to camp meeting, and upon my return pay him the three dollars. I staid at the camp meeting one day longer than I intended when I left. But as soon as I returned, I called upon him to pay him what he considered his due. I found him very angry; he could scarce restrain his wrath. He said he had a great mind to give me a severe whipping. He wished to know how I dared go out of the city without asking his permission. I told him I hired my time and while I paid him the price which he asked for it, I did not know that I was bound to ask him when and where I should go. This reply troubled him; and, after reflecting a few moments, he turned to me, and said I should hire my time no longer; that the next thing he should know of, I would be running away. Upon the same plea, he told me to bring my tools and clothing home forthwith. I did so; but instead of seeking work, as I had been accustomed to do previously to hiring my time, I spent the whole week without the performance of a single stroke of work. I did this in retaliation. Saturday night, he called upon me as usual for my week’s wages. I told him I had no wages; I had done no work that week. Here we were upon the point of coming to blows. He raved, and swore his determination to get hold of me. I did not allow myself a single word; but was resolved, if he laid the weight of his hand upon me, it should be blow for blow. He did not strike me, but told me that he would find me in constant employment in future. I thought the matter over during the next day, Sunday, and finally resolved upon the third day of September, as the day upon which I would make a second attempt to secure my freedom. I now had three weeks during which to prepare for my journey. Early on Monday morning, before Master Hugh had time to make any engagement for me, I went out and got employment of Mr. Butler, at his ship-yard near the drawbridge, upon what is called the City Block, thus making it unnecessary for him to seek employment for me. At the end of the week, I brought him between eight and nine dollars. He seemed very well pleased, and asked why I did not do the same the week before. He little knew what my plans were. My object in working steadily was to remove any suspicion he might entertain of my intent to run away; and in this I succeeded admirably. I suppose he thought I was never better satisfied with my condition than at the very time during which I was planning my escape. The second week passed, and again I carried him my full wages; and so well pleased was he, that he gave me twenty-five cents, (quite a large sum for a slaveholder to give a slave,) and bade me to make a good use of it. I told him I would.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00183", "bookId": 23, "start": 196214, "end": 197944, "sha256": "44e579b9e31d2c21ad5b5c7dee1b7a01a645d2d53e862c2177f5e3a36197c2a7", "text": "Things went on without very smoothly indeed, but within there was trouble. It is impossible for me to describe my feelings as the time of my contemplated start drew near. I had a number of warmhearted friends in Baltimore,—friends that I loved almost as I did my life,—and the thought of being separated from them forever was painful beyond expression. It is my opinion that thousands would escape from slavery, who now remain, but for the strong cords of affection that bind them to their friends. The thought of leaving my friends was decidedly the most painful thought with which I had to contend. The love of them was my tender point, and shook my decision more than all things else. Besides the pain of separation, the dread and apprehension of a failure exceeded what I had experienced at my first attempt. The appalling defeat I then sustained returned to torment me. I felt assured that, if I failed in this attempt, my case would be a hopeless one—it would seal my fate as a slave forever. I could not hope to get off with any thing less than the severest punishment, and being placed beyond the means of escape. It required no very vivid imagination to depict the most frightful scenes through which I should have to pass, in case I failed. The wretchedness of slavery, and the blessedness of freedom, were perpetually before me. It was life and death with me. But I remained firm, and, according to my resolution, on the third day of September, 1838, I left my chains, and succeeded in reaching New York without the slightest interruption of any kind. How I did so,—what means I adopted,—what direction I travelled, and by what mode of conveyance,—I must leave unexplained, for the reasons before mentioned.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00184", "bookId": 23, "start": 197946, "end": 200870, "sha256": "d0e05cd2ae50470c894d2a313d9c237c87c192a97eccb1b6f0ecc589ee4f508b", "text": "I have been frequently asked how I felt when I found myself in a free State. I have never been able to answer the question with any satisfaction to myself. It was a moment of the highest excitement I ever experienced. I suppose I felt as one may imagine the unarmed mariner to feel when he is rescued by a friendly man-of-war from the pursuit of a pirate. In writing to a dear friend, immediately after my arrival at New York, I said I felt like one who had escaped a den of hungry lions. This state of mind, however, very soon subsided; and I was again seized with a feeling of great insecurity and loneliness. I was yet liable to be taken back, and subjected to all the tortures of slavery. This in itself was enough to damp the ardor of my enthusiasm. But the loneliness overcame me. There I was in the midst of thousands, and yet a perfect stranger; without home and without friends, in the midst of thousands of my own brethren—children of a common Father, and yet I dared not to unfold to any one of them my sad condition. I was afraid to speak to any one for fear of speaking to the wrong one, and thereby falling into the hands of money-loving kidnappers, whose business it was to lie in wait for the panting fugitive, as the ferocious beasts of the forest lie in wait for their prey. The motto which I adopted when I started from slavery was this—“Trust no man!” I saw in every white man an enemy, and in almost every colored man cause for distrust. It was a most painful situation; and, to understand it, one must needs experience it, or imagine himself in similar circumstances. Let him be a fugitive slave in a strange land—a land given up to be the hunting-ground for slaveholders—whose inhabitants are legalized kidnappers—where he is every moment subjected to the terrible liability of being seized upon by his fellowmen, as the hideous crocodile seizes upon his prey!—I say, let him place himself in my situation—without home or friends—without money or credit—wanting shelter, and no one to give it—wanting bread, and no money to buy it,—and at the same time let him feel that he is pursued by merciless men-hunters, and in total darkness as to what to do, where to go, or where to stay,—perfectly helpless both as to the means of defence and means of escape,—in the midst of plenty, yet suffering the terrible gnawings of hunger,—in the midst of houses, yet having no home,—among fellow-men, yet feeling as if in the midst of wild beasts, whose greediness to swallow up the trembling and half-famished fugitive is only equalled by that with which the monsters of the deep swallow up the helpless fish upon which they subsist,—I say, let him be placed in this most trying situation,—the situation in which I was placed,—then, and not till then, will he fully appreciate the hardships of, and know how to sympathize with, the toil-worn and whip-scarred fugitive slave.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00185", "bookId": 23, "start": 200872, "end": 201785, "sha256": "5af9ff81e176a26223e8dd08b362806aaffb8fae43f7ce57cc13d79529625c31", "text": "Thank Heaven, I remained but a short time in this distressed situation. I was relieved from it by the humane hand of _Mr. David Ruggles_, whose vigilance, kindness, and perseverance, I shall never forget. I am glad of an opportunity to express, as far as words can, the love and gratitude I bear him. Mr. Ruggles is now afflicted with blindness, and is himself in need of the same kind offices which he was once so forward in the performance of toward others. I had been in New York but a few days, when Mr. Ruggles sought me out, and very kindly took me to his boarding-house at the corner of Church and Lespenard Streets. Mr. Ruggles was then very deeply engaged in the memorable _Darg_ case, as well as attending to a number of other fugitive slaves, devising ways and means for their successful escape; and, though watched and hemmed in on almost every side, he seemed to be more than a match for his enemies.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00186", "bookId": 23, "start": 201787, "end": 202672, "sha256": "496c3820416f60c9b092c030e5648618b09baa13cee8284e89dca09ba691f912", "text": "Very soon after I went to Mr. Ruggles, he wished to know of me where I wanted to go; as he deemed it unsafe for me to remain in New York. I told him I was a calker, and should like to go where I could get work. I thought of going to Canada; but he decided against it, and in favor of my going to New Bedford, thinking I should be able to get work there at my trade. At this time, Anna,[2] my intended wife, came on; for I wrote to her immediately after my arrival at New York, (notwithstanding my homeless, houseless, and helpless condition,) informing her of my successful flight, and wishing her to come on forthwith. In a few days after her arrival, Mr. Ruggles called in the Rev. J. W. C. Pennington, who, in the presence of Mr. Ruggles, Mrs. Michaels, and two or three others, performed the marriage ceremony, and gave us a certificate, of which the following is an exact copy:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00187", "bookId": 23, "start": 202674, "end": 202846, "sha256": "bc659edc5c62e0a4153cf30b0dc8aaff063e6c4302ec96b433970339525c006d", "text": "“This may certify, that I joined together in holy matrimony Frederick Johnson[3] and Anna Murray, as man and wife, in the presence of Mr. David Ruggles and Mrs. Michaels.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00188", "bookId": 23, "start": 202849, "end": 202907, "sha256": "47fd556568f4553bcdc910a6d4ef32452e935c62469a4f5d54158cb36ba0ec97", "text": "“JAMES W. C. PENNINGTON “_New York, Sept_. 15, 1838”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00189", "bookId": 23, "start": 202911, "end": 202928, "sha256": "d7c03a5e740d7f1a7c75beb646bf8d24480c5cd30893a2be7d9ce10a8393b866", "text": "[2] She was free.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00190", "bookId": 23, "start": 202932, "end": 203004, "sha256": "d14228c42f982fca3e88e083f350e1f671c6ff2b4fe46db8808ddea9e374999c", "text": "[3] I had changed my name from Frederick _Bailey_ to that of _Johnson_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00191", "bookId": 23, "start": 203007, "end": 203984, "sha256": "d18a544dad08744e5ee15dda61747d4ca65642919a8235d0b9074774d47ead90", "text": "Upon receiving this certificate, and a five-dollar bill from Mr. Ruggles, I shouldered one part of our baggage, and Anna took up the other, and we set out forthwith to take passage on board of the steamboat John W. Richmond for Newport, on our way to New Bedford. Mr. Ruggles gave me a letter to a Mr. Shaw in Newport, and told me, in case my money did not serve me to New Bedford, to stop in Newport and obtain further assistance; but upon our arrival at Newport, we were so anxious to get to a place of safety, that, notwithstanding we lacked the necessary money to pay our fare, we decided to take seats in the stage, and promise to pay when we got to New Bedford. We were encouraged to do this by two excellent gentlemen, residents of New Bedford, whose names I afterward ascertained to be Joseph Ricketson and William C. Taber. They seemed at once to understand our circumstances, and gave us such assurance of their friendliness as put us fully at ease in their presence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00192", "bookId": 23, "start": 203986, "end": 204521, "sha256": "cfacc3c5c367ea062458f51c74a374369590c5c05392aa7f069ec9c4837eedeb", "text": "It was good indeed to meet with such friends, at such a time. Upon reaching New Bedford, we were directed to the house of Mr. Nathan Johnson, by whom we were kindly received, and hospitably provided for. Both Mr. and Mrs. Johnson took a deep and lively interest in our welfare. They proved themselves quite worthy of the name of abolitionists. When the stage-driver found us unable to pay our fare, he held on upon our baggage as security for the debt. I had but to mention the fact to Mr. Johnson, and he forthwith advanced the money.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00193", "bookId": 23, "start": 204523, "end": 205891, "sha256": "1beb2010c26d67ad7fa5c3bf567183d95a70f39e7ac97880593e8d2aecbde25d", "text": "We now began to feel a degree of safety, and to prepare ourselves for the duties and responsibilities of a life of freedom. On the morning after our arrival at New Bedford, while at the breakfast-table, the question arose as to what name I should be called by. The name given me by my mother was, “Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey.” I, however, had dispensed with the two middle names long before I left Maryland so that I was generally known by the name of “Frederick Bailey.” I started from Baltimore bearing the name of “Stanley.” When I got to New York, I again changed my name to “Frederick Johnson,” and thought that would be the last change. But when I got to New Bedford, I found it necessary again to change my name. The reason of this necessity was, that there were so many Johnsons in New Bedford, it was already quite difficult to distinguish between them. I gave Mr. Johnson the privilege of choosing me a name, but told him he must not take from me the name of “Frederick.” I must hold on to that, to preserve a sense of my identity. Mr. Johnson had just been reading the “Lady of the Lake,” and at once suggested that my name be “Douglass.” From that time until now I have been called “Frederick Douglass;” and as I am more widely known by that name than by either of the others, I shall continue to use it as my own.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00194", "bookId": 23, "start": 205893, "end": 207147, "sha256": "9c01e29a3bcfbe907bbc4864a7885669802e32a84cbf13db49c5ddd414403708", "text": "I was quite disappointed at the general appearance of things in New Bedford. The impression which I had received respecting the character and condition of the people of the north, I found to be singularly erroneous. I had very strangely supposed, while in slavery, that few of the comforts, and scarcely any of the luxuries, of life were enjoyed at the north, compared with what were enjoyed by the slaveholders of the south. I probably came to this conclusion from the fact that northern people owned no slaves. I supposed that they were about upon a level with the non-slaveholding population of the south. I knew _they_ were exceedingly poor, and I had been accustomed to regard their poverty as the necessary consequence of their being non-slaveholders. I had somehow imbibed the opinion that, in the absence of slaves, there could be no wealth, and very little refinement. And upon coming to the north, I expected to meet with a rough, hard-handed, and uncultivated population, living in the most Spartan-like simplicity, knowing nothing of the ease, luxury, pomp, and grandeur of southern slaveholders. Such being my conjectures, any one acquainted with the appearance of New Bedford may very readily infer how palpably I must have seen my mistake.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00195", "bookId": 23, "start": 207149, "end": 208497, "sha256": "20640297d15f8b6ddd4bde553de654017efbcbb0079daf479b4266101c3a9b3c", "text": "In the afternoon of the day when I reached New Bedford, I visited the wharves, to take a view of the shipping. Here I found myself surrounded with the strongest proofs of wealth. Lying at the wharves, and riding in the stream, I saw many ships of the finest model, in the best order, and of the largest size. Upon the right and left, I was walled in by granite warehouses of the widest dimensions, stowed to their utmost capacity with the necessaries and comforts of life. Added to this, almost every body seemed to be at work, but noiselessly so, compared with what I had been accustomed to in Baltimore. There were no loud songs heard from those engaged in loading and unloading ships. I heard no deep oaths or horrid curses on the laborer. I saw no whipping of men; but all seemed to go smoothly on. Every man appeared to understand his work, and went at it with a sober, yet cheerful earnestness, which betokened the deep interest which he felt in what he was doing, as well as a sense of his own dignity as a man. To me this looked exceedingly strange. From the wharves I strolled around and over the town, gazing with wonder and admiration at the splendid churches, beautiful dwellings, and finely-cultivated gardens; evincing an amount of wealth, comfort, taste, and refinement, such as I had never seen in any part of slaveholding Maryland.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00196", "bookId": 23, "start": 208499, "end": 211131, "sha256": "0e49e2a4303e55f8be282c6afd023b1ed093ab0e1825450503e0e144bf1985e0", "text": "Every thing looked clean, new, and beautiful. I saw few or no dilapidated houses, with poverty-stricken inmates; no half-naked children and barefooted women, such as I had been accustomed to see in Hillsborough, Easton, St. Michael’s, and Baltimore. The people looked more able, stronger, healthier, and happier, than those of Maryland. I was for once made glad by a view of extreme wealth, without being saddened by seeing extreme poverty. But the most astonishing as well as the most interesting thing to me was the condition of the colored people, a great many of whom, like myself, had escaped thither as a refuge from the hunters of men. I found many, who had not been seven years out of their chains, living in finer houses, and evidently enjoying more of the comforts of life, than the average of slaveholders in Maryland. I will venture to assert, that my friend Mr. Nathan Johnson (of whom I can say with a grateful heart, “I was hungry, and he gave me meat; I was thirsty, and he gave me drink; I was a stranger, and he took me in”) lived in a neater house; dined at a better table; took, paid for, and read, more newspapers; better understood the moral, religious, and political character of the nation,—than nine tenths of the slaveholders in Talbot county Maryland. Yet Mr. Johnson was a working man. His hands were hardened by toil, and not his alone, but those also of Mrs. Johnson. I found the colored people much more spirited than I had supposed they would be. I found among them a determination to protect each other from the blood-thirsty kidnapper, at all hazards. Soon after my arrival, I was told of a circumstance which illustrated their spirit. A colored man and a fugitive slave were on unfriendly terms. The former was heard to threaten the latter with informing his master of his whereabouts. Straightway a meeting was called among the colored people, under the stereotyped notice, “Business of importance!” The betrayer was invited to attend. The people came at the appointed hour, and organized the meeting by appointing a very religious old gentleman as president, who, I believe, made a prayer, after which he addressed the meeting as follows: “_Friends, we have got him here, and I would recommend that you young men just take him outside the door, and kill him!_” With this, a number of them bolted at him; but they were intercepted by some more timid than themselves, and the betrayer escaped their vengeance, and has not been seen in New Bedford since. I believe there have been no more such threats, and should there be hereafter, I doubt not that death would be the consequence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00197", "bookId": 23, "start": 211133, "end": 212483, "sha256": "1f31d55a94b86d10f6b6b220d877a0548c526e3a82496cb86dae586f72cb6a55", "text": "I found employment, the third day after my arrival, in stowing a sloop with a load of oil. It was new, dirty, and hard work for me; but I went at it with a glad heart and a willing hand. I was now my own master. It was a happy moment, the rapture of which can be understood only by those who have been slaves. It was the first work, the reward of which was to be entirely my own. There was no Master Hugh standing ready, the moment I earned the money, to rob me of it. I worked that day with a pleasure I had never before experienced. I was at work for myself and newly-married wife. It was to me the starting-point of a new existence. When I got through with that job, I went in pursuit of a job of calking; but such was the strength of prejudice against color, among the white calkers, that they refused to work with me, and of course I could get no employment.[4] Finding my trade of no immediate benefit, I threw off my calking habiliments, and prepared myself to do any kind of work I could get to do. Mr. Johnson kindly let me have his wood-horse and saw, and I very soon found myself a plenty of work. There was no work too hard—none too dirty. I was ready to saw wood, shovel coal, carry wood, sweep the chimney, or roll oil casks,—all of which I did for nearly three years in New Bedford, before I became known to the anti-slavery world.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00198", "bookId": 23, "start": 212486, "end": 212605, "sha256": "3de0a004fd8cd95d4b701b03e7e99a6a927edd899b85dff7b58b9c4ec3337a0f", "text": "[4] I am told that colored persons can now get employment at calking in New Bedford—a result of anti-slavery effort.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00199", "bookId": 23, "start": 212608, "end": 213356, "sha256": "61c5c91c9d0903d2b5574e1eeeca4b779d77b523d3ee9d9d93ecc9d8f744e08c", "text": "In about four months after I went to New Bedford, there came a young man to me, and inquired if I did not wish to take the “Liberator.” I told him I did; but, just having made my escape from slavery, I remarked that I was unable to pay for it then. I, however, finally became a subscriber to it. The paper came, and I read it from week to week with such feelings as it would be quite idle for me to attempt to describe. The paper became my meat and my drink. My soul was set all on fire. Its sympathy for my brethren in bonds—its scathing denunciations of slaveholders—its faithful exposures of slavery—and its powerful attacks upon the upholders of the institution—sent a thrill of joy through my soul, such as I had never felt before!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00200", "bookId": 23, "start": 213358, "end": 214494, "sha256": "b95428816ac0fb95b6208aba71cbe65eb917c40abc5c8fe4a2bdf5169694f04f", "text": "I had not long been a reader of the “Liberator,” before I got a pretty correct idea of the principles, measures and spirit of the anti-slavery reform. I took right hold of the cause. I could do but little; but what I could, I did with a joyful heart, and never felt happier than when in an anti-slavery meeting. I seldom had much to say at the meetings, because what I wanted to say was said so much better by others. But, while attending an anti-slavery convention at Nantucket, on the 11th of August, 1841, I felt strongly moved to speak, and was at the same time much urged to do so by Mr. William C. Coffin, a gentleman who had heard me speak in the colored people’s meeting at New Bedford. It was a severe cross, and I took it up reluctantly. The truth was, I felt myself a slave, and the idea of speaking to white people weighed me down. I spoke but a few moments, when I felt a degree of freedom, and said what I desired with considerable ease. From that time until now, I have been engaged in pleading the cause of my brethren—with what success, and with what devotion, I leave those acquainted with my labors to decide.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00201", "bookId": 23, "start": 214499, "end": 214507, "sha256": "c7d7d0ad74ae42888b3524491d03621282b5c64962027fe533fda12d7640e5fb", "text": "APPENDIX", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00202", "bookId": 23, "start": 214510, "end": 218202, "sha256": "aa06ba914c68676bd452b96d0670c8a237c56cb692413c933338ea0d1dd0e03a", "text": "I find, since reading over the foregoing Narrative, that I have, in several instances, spoken in such a tone and manner, respecting religion, as may possibly lead those unacquainted with my religious views to suppose me an opponent of all religion. To remove the liability of such misapprehension, I deem it proper to append the following brief explanation. What I have said respecting and against religion, I mean strictly to apply to the _slaveholding religion_ of this land, and with no possible reference to Christianity proper; for, between the Christianity of this land, and the Christianity of Christ, I recognize the widest possible difference—so wide, that to receive the one as good, pure, and holy, is of necessity to reject the other as bad, corrupt, and wicked. To be the friend of the one, is of necessity to be the enemy of the other. I love the pure, peaceable, and impartial Christianity of Christ: I therefore hate the corrupt, slaveholding, women-whipping, cradle-plundering, partial and hypocritical Christianity of this land. Indeed, I can see no reason, but the most deceitful one, for calling the religion of this land Christianity. I look upon it as the climax of all misnomers, the boldest of all frauds, and the grossest of all libels. Never was there a clearer case of “stealing the livery of the court of heaven to serve the devil in.” I am filled with unutterable loathing when I contemplate the religious pomp and show, together with the horrible inconsistencies, which every where surround me. We have men-stealers for ministers, women-whippers for missionaries, and cradle-plunderers for church members. The man who wields the blood-clotted cowskin during the week fills the pulpit on Sunday, and claims to be a minister of the meek and lowly Jesus. The man who robs me of my earnings at the end of each week meets me as a class-leader on Sunday morning, to show me the way of life, and the path of salvation. He who sells my sister, for purposes of prostitution, stands forth as the pious advocate of purity. He who proclaims it a religious duty to read the Bible denies me the right of learning to read the name of the God who made me. He who is the religious advocate of marriage robs whole millions of its sacred influence, and leaves them to the ravages of wholesale pollution. The warm defender of the sacredness of the family relation is the same that scatters whole families,—sundering husbands and wives, parents and children, sisters and brothers,—leaving the hut vacant, and the hearth desolate. We see the thief preaching against theft, and the adulterer against adultery. We have men sold to build churches, women sold to support the gospel, and babes sold to purchase Bibles for the _Poor Heathen! All For The Glory Of God And The Good Of Souls!_ The slave auctioneer’s bell and the church-going bell chime in with each other, and the bitter cries of the heart-broken slave are drowned in the religious shouts of his pious master. Revivals of religion and revivals in the slave-trade go hand in hand together. The slave prison and the church stand near each other. The clanking of fetters and the rattling of chains in the prison, and the pious psalm and solemn prayer in the church, may be heard at the same time. The dealers in the bodies and souls of men erect their stand in the presence of the pulpit, and they mutually help each other. The dealer gives his blood-stained gold to support the pulpit, and the pulpit, in return, covers his infernal business with the garb of Christianity. Here we have religion and robbery the allies of each other—devils dressed in angels’ robes, and hell presenting the semblance of paradise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00203", "bookId": 23, "start": 218204, "end": 218359, "sha256": "cbf6b5811ed2162bbe71333c6c580d672f490c02f2f4e3b7b40701a47691ef8e", "text": "“Just God! and these are they,v Who minister at thine altar, God of right! Men who their hands, with prayer and blessing, lay On Israel’s ark of light.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00204", "bookId": 23, "start": 218361, "end": 218509, "sha256": "7353b31fb9d4edaf1b526f573401d40d9b96324f6ae6f78b0085dec881501788", "text": "“What! preach, and kidnap men? Give thanks, and rob thy own afflicted poor? Talk of thy glorious liberty, and then Bolt hard the captive’s door?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00205", "bookId": 23, "start": 218511, "end": 218656, "sha256": "682ad86f7edc35a3a85e82733c7ce48ef9588367e22cb8c99c0d3fae7d6bd016", "text": "“What! servants of thy own Merciful Son, who came to seek and save The homeless and the outcast, fettering down The tasked and plundered slave!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00206", "bookId": 23, "start": 218658, "end": 218812, "sha256": "344e3ac019d1b9f347c1facb609ca1b48cbdd01ad8f51226f7aaa4edc5025f8a", "text": "“Pilate and Herod friends! Chief priests and rulers, as of old, combine! Just God and holy! is that church which lends Strength to the spoiler thine?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00207", "bookId": 23, "start": 218815, "end": 220488, "sha256": "cf139704226a5b1276a84e1abc59610b7a5fbb6255bf87b466182e97a94e1c42", "text": "The Christianity of America is a Christianity, of whose votaries it may be as truly said, as it was of the ancient scribes and Pharisees, “They bind heavy burdens, and grievous to be borne, and lay them on men’s shoulders, but they themselves will not move them with one of their fingers. All their works they do for to be seen of men.—They love the uppermost rooms at feasts, and the chief seats in the synagogues, . . . . . . and to be called of men, Rabbi, Rabbi.—But woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye shut up the kingdom of heaven against men; for ye neither go in yourselves, neither suffer ye them that are entering to go in. Ye devour widows’ houses, and for a pretence make long prayers; therefore ye shall receive the greater damnation. Ye compass sea and land to make one proselyte, and when he is made, ye make him twofold more the child of hell than yourselves.—Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint, and anise, and cumin, and have omitted the weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith; these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone. Ye blind guides! which strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel. Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye make clean the outside of the cup and of the platter; but within, they are full of extortion and excess.—Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are like unto whited sepulchres, which indeed appear beautiful outward, but are within full of dead men’s bones, and of all uncleanness. Even so ye also outwardly appear righteous unto men, but within ye are full of hypocrisy and iniquity.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00208", "bookId": 23, "start": 220490, "end": 221515, "sha256": "e7ba49c6a563d6216bb1435d9fa33f412e74e84070932bf92c13a447d864d1f8", "text": "Dark and terrible as is this picture, I hold it to be strictly true of the overwhelming mass of professed Christians in America. They strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel. Could any thing be more true of our churches? They would be shocked at the proposition of fellowshipping a _sheep_-stealer; and at the same time they hug to their communion a _man_-stealer, and brand me with being an infidel, if I find fault with them for it. They attend with Pharisaical strictness to the outward forms of religion, and at the same time neglect the weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith. They are always ready to sacrifice, but seldom to show mercy. They are they who are represented as professing to love God whom they have not seen, whilst they hate their brother whom they have seen. They love the heathen on the other side of the globe. They can pray for him, pay money to have the Bible put into his hand, and missionaries to instruct him; while they despise and totally neglect the heathen at their own doors.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00209", "bookId": 23, "start": 221517, "end": 221950, "sha256": "614e2253273817f75b722bb8915de6e24c229f864cd4b3c3d44ce57bce8bbfc7", "text": "Such is, very briefly, my view of the religion of this land; and to avoid any misunderstanding, growing out of the use of general terms, I mean by the religion of this land, that which is revealed in the words, deeds, and actions, of those bodies, north and south, calling themselves Christian churches, and yet in union with slaveholders. It is against religion, as presented by these bodies, that I have felt it my duty to testify.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00210", "bookId": 23, "start": 221952, "end": 222573, "sha256": "f338201df71a0b96db6a81b41b5798f73af07193f7b74bc96b1324b092a2b2f1", "text": "I conclude these remarks by copying the following portrait of the religion of the south, (which is, by communion and fellowship, the religion of the north,) which I soberly affirm is “true to the life,” and without caricature or the slightest exaggeration. It is said to have been drawn, several years before the present anti-slavery agitation began, by a northern Methodist preacher, who, while residing at the south, had an opportunity to see slaveholding morals, manners, and piety, with his own eyes. “Shall I not visit for these things? saith the Lord. Shall not my soul be avenged on such a nation as this?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00211", "bookId": 23, "start": 222576, "end": 222584, "sha256": "44f698798adf054f9c8077fc90cb2d56b9c2a08d91beb4c2a16cd1d1e2c5b8b5", "text": "A PARODY", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00212", "bookId": 23, "start": 222587, "end": 222764, "sha256": "a4f82af1b2b072d2fdd834f7cf96c1635be0996a8c2626023d4b1888c3da402b", "text": "“Come, saints and sinners, hear me tell How pious priests whip Jack and Nell, And women buy and children sell, And preach all sinners down to hell, And sing of heavenly union.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00213", "bookId": 23, "start": 222766, "end": 222968, "sha256": "9fa53b54105cb6cff667e07114eae4ad09d7db298e4e7be8d46ff0f0df95e354", "text": "“They’ll bleat and baa, dona like goats, Gorge down black sheep, and strain at motes, Array their backs in fine black coats, Then seize their negroes by their throats, And choke, for heavenly union.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00214", "bookId": 23, "start": 222970, "end": 223145, "sha256": "4d2bda3a1c57b29844cae5af6d552f22cf77eec823aced287d1364d032c0cc65", "text": "“They’ll church you if you sip a dram, And damn you if you steal a lamb; Yet rob old Tony, Doll, and Sam, Of human rights, and bread and ham; Kidnapper’s heavenly union.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00215", "bookId": 23, "start": 223147, "end": 223330, "sha256": "bd96f3fc6adb22a2fcccee2217ea30c4d058518cce025ad4685c2a3969d005bf", "text": "“They’ll loudly talk of Christ’s reward, And bind his image with a cord, And scold, and swing the lash abhorred, And sell their brother in the Lord To handcuffed heavenly union.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00216", "bookId": 23, "start": 223332, "end": 223515, "sha256": "08b79cc8270f2294b30a01a3b20f9b99013cac21e41696edca767290a54aa179", "text": "“They’ll read and sing a sacred song, And make a prayer both loud and long, And teach the right and do the wrong, Hailing the brother, sister throng, With words of heavenly union.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00217", "bookId": 23, "start": 223517, "end": 223697, "sha256": "e7e6ee744615ad2a6bd9f170d90e39f35b6876a22ff26b5b4ed7accca55933cb", "text": "“We wonder how such saints can sing, Or praise the Lord upon the wing, Who roar, and scold, and whip, and sting, And to their slaves and mammon cling, In guilty conscience union.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00218", "bookId": 23, "start": 223699, "end": 223878, "sha256": "635a6d385e17dd38f9aa43976abf13689aaf4354c9a11312104a74bb1753d35f", "text": "“They’ll raise tobacco, corn, and rye, And drive, and thieve, and cheat, and lie, And lay up treasures in the sky, By making switch and cowskin fly, In hope of heavenly union.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00219", "bookId": 23, "start": 223880, "end": 224056, "sha256": "a03836062ce2ecb1a913e81654de5a3c87123e0d1aec6ad484fa5a7e5ea062d8", "text": "“They’ll crack old Tony on the skull, And preach and roar like Bashan bull, Or braying ass, of mischief full, Then seize old Jacob by the wool, And pull for heavenly union.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00220", "bookId": 23, "start": 224058, "end": 224224, "sha256": "cbaa806a05bfd30114087e0137e0e689f122ad6bf777d218ab2e60a7ced9d3b7", "text": "“A roaring, ranting, sleek man-thief, Who lived on mutton, veal, and beef, Yet never would afford relief To needy, sable sons of grief, Was big with heavenly union.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00221", "bookId": 23, "start": 224226, "end": 224428, "sha256": "6f9c1db1d4ceffca544b4ed36073cf76f71f461a23a88702b515816b13afdb20", "text": "“‘Love not the world,’ the preacher said, And winked his eye, and shook his head; He seized on Tom, and Dick, and Ned, Cut short their meat, and clothes, and bread, Yet still loved heavenly union.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00222", "bookId": 23, "start": 224430, "end": 224597, "sha256": "c63a979c51e80237c6363c8f28bfc64b8fa45d7c22d95c11337ecfe423b5955f", "text": "“Another preacher whining spoke Of One whose heart for sinners broke: He tied old Nanny to an oak, And drew the blood at every stroke, And prayed for heavenly union.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00223", "bookId": 23, "start": 224599, "end": 224779, "sha256": "da8c6817f8580717a191ac2c56b6df3d06bb28cbedb4cd7385e5fa4418c1c337", "text": "“Two others oped their iron jaws, And waved their children-stealing paws; There sat their children in gewgaws; By stinting negroes’ backs and maws, They kept up heavenly union.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00224", "bookId": 23, "start": 224781, "end": 224970, "sha256": "12d9d1ae0e2fb24131b1f9afa35c586068a77e09c9b885d80e77f45d6bc9e6d7", "text": "“All good from Jack another takes, And entertains their flirts and rakes, Who dress as sleek as glossy snakes, And cram their mouths with sweetened cakes; And this goes down for union.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00225", "bookId": 23, "start": 224973, "end": 225354, "sha256": "e55788fae16e4adeb760393f00beb03c73264f59bf4856f01c2842466a3d4719", "text": "Sincerely and earnestly hoping that this little book may do something toward throwing light on the American slave system, and hastening the glad day of deliverance to the millions of my brethren in bonds—faithfully relying upon the power of truth, love, and justice, for success in my humble efforts—and solemnly pledging my self anew to the sacred cause,—I subscribe myself,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG23.B00226", "bookId": 23, "start": 225356, "end": 225375, "sha256": "0ab4c83d5c2155598ae5a9501e6c9543021ee2687438a417f18f51beead16ff1", "text": "FREDERICK DOUGLASS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00227", "bookId": 23, "start": 225378, "end": 225408, "sha256": "784058ce23b9e61d0cd2936213bab0806e9a727f9df123f007b0232062f372ad", "text": "LYNN, _Mass., April_ 28, 1845.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG23.B00228", "bookId": 23, "start": 225411, "end": 225418, "sha256": "34a70d32ee976ccf59d2ef10404e3d8fb34a17f5bc2d459e9a8651e90cd5fa74", "text": "THE END", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00001", "bookId": 14474, "start": 1076, "end": 1136, "sha256": "f00cc5bfb0a0db3fbcc1fb364cc6894ae817c17af3a13305c355cb54457a6bcf", "text": "THE CHEMICAL HISTORY OF A CANDLE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00002", "bookId": 14474, "start": 1153, "end": 1256, "sha256": "6b18f6e5020963162eac7bf18edd2979756f3ad067e567b02abe67fc362fea41", "text": "A COURSE OF LECTURES DELIVERED BEFORE A JUVENILE AUDIENCE AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00003", "bookId": 14474, "start": 1298, "end": 1300, "sha256": "60547bd9ab11c5459a6fffa441ed70d662c73f05c37822da5f3a653f95a9d2a4", "text": "BY", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00004", "bookId": 14474, "start": 1325, "end": 1356, "sha256": "669927acfaa9a2919d4081e6a436d325ee9de7dc3203a04485748f7008b7f214", "text": "MICHAEL FARADAY, D.C.L., F.R.S.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00005", "bookId": 14474, "start": 1392, "end": 1401, "sha256": "6536c88cec5f47ce41aa352b2d8e20528613aa77786b7f8f2451d760853a9e61", "text": "EDITED BY", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00006", "bookId": 14474, "start": 1430, "end": 1453, "sha256": "171238634b8a143199b4273990cb58ae0148bc0b18df8483db57cc11d2ec7af4", "text": "WILLIAM CROOKES, F.C.S.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00007", "bookId": 14474, "start": 1476, "end": 1512, "sha256": "46c4fff12cd2d527aded5ad754fda1c505006bd9976467e3a9530731137494d0", "text": "A NEW IMPRESSION, WITH ILLUSTRATIONS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00008", "bookId": 14474, "start": 1550, "end": 1556, "sha256": "c5a0d0ad7a5b0635bc6c0a3dd6998313d91476b55fa5dd78e287a6b5a7f23d2a", "text": "LONDON", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00009", "bookId": 14474, "start": 1589, "end": 1604, "sha256": "0b3767ee82193af8702f35233255e66018b4585fd53334997014756cab5fdd6b", "text": "CHATTO & WINDUS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00010", "bookId": 14474, "start": 1643, "end": 1647, "sha256": "00f6112fe58387958ef80793a34746429f40c97fe7b51d6a576705acbf8fc6af", "text": "1908", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00011", "bookId": 14474, "start": 1657, "end": 1664, "sha256": "83242f46d992ef8514058ed85730e5d6097e9f7f49f17cb84a55e18fe6b56ab7", "text": "PREFACE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00012", "bookId": 14474, "start": 1668, "end": 2443, "sha256": "e445daf70cd5abaf12a1b6b368221ba0f2089d6eb7a2aa30a162053475f68f30", "text": "From the primitive pine-torch to the paraffin candle, how wide an interval! between them how vast a contrast! The means adopted by man to illuminate his home at night, stamp at once his position in the scale of civilisation. The fluid bitumen of the far East, blazing in rude vessels of baked earth; the Etruscan lamp, exquisite in form, yet ill adapted to its office; the whale, seal, or bear fat, filling the hut of the Esquimaux or Lap with odour rather than light; the huge wax candle on the glittering altar, the range of gas lamps in our streets,—all have their stories to tell. All, if they could speak (and, after their own manner, they can), might warm our hearts in telling, how they have ministered to man’s comfort, love of home, toil, and devotion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00013", "bookId": 14474, "start": 2447, "end": 2821, "sha256": "72d79527f9384aa0354dacd664b305b555a2a76c47e59d1559d63422de87cfe4", "text": "Surely, among the millions of fire-worshippers and fire-users who have passed away in earlier ages, _some_ have pondered over the mystery of fire; perhaps some clear minds have guessed shrewdly near the truth. Think of the time man has lived in hopeless ignorance: think that only during a period which might be spanned by the life of one man, has the truth been known.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00014", "bookId": 14474, "start": 2825, "end": 3196, "sha256": "30ba054ac39826cffcec9df89a0ac66503a5937e0c60daea1f3e7e457a06f6da", "text": "Atom by atom, link by link, has the reasoning chain been forged. Some links, too quickly and too slightly made, have given way, and been replaced by better work; but now the great phenomena are known—the outline is correctly and firmly drawn—cunning artists are filling in the rest, and the child who masters these Lectures knows more of fire than Aristotle did.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00015", "bookId": 14474, "start": 3200, "end": 3380, "sha256": "960d9563150b79ab85120b2e4fe3a96e05da07198058279f5d835d520ac221fb", "text": "The candle itself is now made to light up the dark places of nature; the blowpipe and the prism are adding to our knowledge of the earth’s crust; but the torch must come first.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00016", "bookId": 14474, "start": 3384, "end": 3542, "sha256": "27049e65d109518195e816990b29499eac3705e7956c1f6240e266d1bb978c47", "text": "Among the readers of this book some few may devote themselves to increasing the stores of knowledge: the Lamp of Science _must_ burn. “_Alere flammam._”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00017", "bookId": 14474, "start": 3546, "end": 3557, "sha256": "8d9cde8a6162c2e5ec1dd958151eaaafcb5980554bc0acf7adfad6879ab177a0", "text": "W. CROOKES.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00018", "bookId": 14474, "start": 3567, "end": 3576, "sha256": "08e211c5879863b87ee66ee06cee95d514f6a092091c5934a745960d93baf2db", "text": "CONTENTS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00019", "bookId": 14474, "start": 3582, "end": 3592, "sha256": "4c64ef78fb7b95097ecde6fc77c7a8276c8d20a9dc293f3ef4714f8f22d22d06", "text": "LECTURE I.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00020", "bookId": 14474, "start": 3596, "end": 3665, "sha256": "c3db83b4d25311c0c79c7f499088affa33cca90b16273195bab8239790c032e2", "text": "A CANDLE: THE FLAME—ITS SOURCES—STRUCTURE—MOBILITY—BRIGHTNESS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00021", "bookId": 14474, "start": 3671, "end": 3682, "sha256": "91bd50c1b2bf6f13ffdb1d3d1b45ae59454a8ef99d271971ce95d04d8d5628d5", "text": "LECTURE II.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00022", "bookId": 14474, "start": 3686, "end": 3762, "sha256": "c93948c8904ca1de51d86bbfc5f731565e4969d481c16fefdd1f0e50a3b6fbc1", "text": "BRIGHTNESS OF THE FLAME—AIR NECESSARY FOR COMBUSTION—PRODUCTION OF WATER", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00023", "bookId": 14474, "start": 3768, "end": 3780, "sha256": "c28f9fed28c9dbffee07226a98fa7a149987afff8ab5503f98d9b796e0e2e8d5", "text": "LECTURE III.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00024", "bookId": 14474, "start": 3784, "end": 3861, "sha256": "8863e2cb204b3f34d58642e75e61b3fa5f1fa48d4e9a57c01e34024962494659", "text": "PRODUCTS: WATER FROM THE COMBUSTION—NATURE OF WATER—A COMPOUND—HYDROGEN", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00025", "bookId": 14474, "start": 3867, "end": 3878, "sha256": "10eb8613b3e36f42eea48d72a2b0376753e4d3a0b04af04e310b0899f9ab501f", "text": "LECTURE IV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00026", "bookId": 14474, "start": 3882, "end": 3958, "sha256": "c28a24edb7ecb549f550d68671d2fabc09cad53c521ce998e7006b9fca6e2708", "text": "HYDROGEN IN THE CANDLE—BURNS INTO WATER—THE OTHER PART OF WATER—OXYGEN", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00027", "bookId": 14474, "start": 3964, "end": 3974, "sha256": "cb72b989861d2e998fcabaaaf17809ea1eddeb9757a7230ea5d2a340c509d532", "text": "LECTURE V.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00028", "bookId": 14474, "start": 3978, "end": 4114, "sha256": "c0b594b53f08442d63464cba621bb8841beb849e2cebad51a52ae0ac2f272edc", "text": "OXYGEN PRESENT IN THE AIR—NATURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE—ITS PROPERTIES—OTHER PRODUCTS FROM THE CANDLE—CARBONIC ACID—ITS PROPERTIES", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00029", "bookId": 14474, "start": 4120, "end": 4131, "sha256": "5c1a693e9d373bb25c5cf73119f2240daf8a364a75f615faf4a313849c76f6c2", "text": "LECTURE VI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00030", "bookId": 14474, "start": 4135, "end": 4235, "sha256": "0fd61ba5f949fb8a5b07e5aa3ba03b576695e81ac41682ff58db9a3820dbfafe", "text": "CARBON OR CHARCOAL—COAL-GAS—RESPIRATION AND ITS ANALOGY TO THE BURNING OP A CANDLE—CONCLUSION", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00031", "bookId": 14474, "start": 4241, "end": 4261, "sha256": "4bc3d36045da95057f7cf73aef0c8b43600766ebc89ac0bb066991fdda23fd5d", "text": "LECTURE ON PLATINUM.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00032", "bookId": 14474, "start": 4267, "end": 4273, "sha256": "e9120a356121b6f8ef11e501816b812ca44056388e5b83e6f41df64abe0fb608", "text": "NOTES.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00033", "bookId": 14474, "start": 4283, "end": 4315, "sha256": "24c4672677816d01eeccde4f619c07b7bb0f7bc3ee922a57d64c398ac52465e9", "text": "THE CHEMICAL HISTORY OF A CANDLE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00034", "bookId": 14474, "start": 4319, "end": 4329, "sha256": "4c64ef78fb7b95097ecde6fc77c7a8276c8d20a9dc293f3ef4714f8f22d22d06", "text": "LECTURE I.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00035", "bookId": 14474, "start": 4333, "end": 4403, "sha256": "a4a8b59eb8ee74e4e13e74914dfdcbea0813db39bb353063cab1dcd28b371d53", "text": "A CANDLE: THE FLAME—ITS SOURCES—STRUCTURE—MOBILITY—BRIGHTNESS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00036", "bookId": 14474, "start": 4409, "end": 5360, "sha256": "5bdbc1fc47328ab13a45ae0644afc5228b89bcd02fe10d5468f1c1d23db63fc0", "text": "I purpose, in return for the honour you do us by coming to see what are our proceedings here, to bring before you, in the course of these lectures, the Chemical History of a Candle. I have taken this subject on a former occasion; and were it left to my own will, I should prefer to repeat it almost every year—so abundant is the interest that attaches itself to the subject, so wonderful are the varieties of outlet which it offers into the various departments of philosophy. There is not a law under which any part of this universe is governed which does not come into play, and is touched upon in these phenomena. There is no better, there is no more open door by which you can enter into the study of natural philosophy, than by considering the physical phenomena of a candle. I trust, therefore, I shall not disappoint you in choosing this for my subject rather than any newer topic, which could not be better, were it even so good.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00037", "bookId": 14474, "start": 5364, "end": 5960, "sha256": "ed3e0b2d2d388c65f9de7162903c7a23717089637888bcfd3cb8754c368e169f", "text": "And before proceeding, let me say this also—that though our subject be so great, and our intention that of treating it honestly, seriously, and philosophically, yet I mean to pass away from all those who are seniors amongst us. I claim the privilege of speaking to juveniles as a juvenile myself. I have done so on former occasions—and, if you please, I shall do so again. And though I stand here with the knowledge of having the words I utter given to the world, yet that shall not deter me from speaking in the same familiar way to those whom I esteem nearest to me on this occasion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00038", "bookId": 14474, "start": 5964, "end": 6918, "sha256": "7954ddcf052e169915ff1549479823eafbcc0505c8b00b4d61c2ef9c6d6238a4", "text": "And now, my boys and girls, I must first tell you of what candles are made. Some are great curiosities. I have here some bits of timber, branches of trees particularly famous for their burning. And here you see a piece of that very curious substance taken out of some of the bogs in Ireland, called _candle-wood_,—a hard, strong, excellent wood, evidently fitted for good work as a resister of force, and yet withal burning so well that where it is found they make splinters of it, and torches, since it burns like a candle, and gives a very good light indeed. And in this wood we have one of the most beautiful illustrations of the general nature of a candle that I can possibly give. The fuel provided, the means of bringing that fuel to the place of chemical action, the regular and gradual supply of air to that place of action—heat and light—all produced by a little piece of wood of this kind, forming, in fact, a natural candle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00039", "bookId": 14474, "start": 6922, "end": 8273, "sha256": "f4654ae2eae2ddce05b04d0853c84af8dd26c05d5034699e30aac095874e0708", "text": "But we must speak of candles as they are in commerce. Here are a couple of candles commonly called dips. They are made of lengths of cotton cut off, hung up by a loop, dipped into melted tallow, taken out again and cooled, then re-dipped until there is an accumulation of tallow round the cotton. In order that you may have an idea of the various characters of these candles, you see these which I hold in my hand—they are very small, and very curious. They are, or were, the candles used by the miners in coal mines. In olden times the miner had to find his own candles; and it was supposed that a small candle would not so soon set fire to the fire-damp in the coal mines as a large one; and for that reason, as well as for economy’s sake, he had candles made of this sort—20, 30, 40, or 60 to the pound. They have been replaced since then by the steel-mill, and then by the Davy-lamp, and other safety-lamps of various kinds. I have here a candle that was taken out of the _Royal George_[1], it is said, by Colonel Pasley. It has been sunk in the sea for many years, subject to the action of salt water. It shews you how well candles may be preserved; for though it is cracked about and broken a good deal, yet, when lighted, it goes on burning regularly, and the tallow resumes its natural condition as soon as it is fused.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00040", "bookId": 14474, "start": 8277, "end": 10252, "sha256": "a5bc39a03ebbc7d6488e3dbcffe5fc7888f54f280902ec1b3e0fce3ad6b7dccf", "text": "Mr. Field, of Lambeth, has supplied me abundantly with beautiful illustrations of the candle and its materials. I shall therefore now refer to them. And, first, there is the suet—the fat of the ox—Russian tallow, I believe, employed in the manufacture of these dips, which Gay Lussac, or some one who entrusted him with his knowledge, converted into that beautiful substance, stearin, which you see lying beside it. A candle, you know, is not now a greasy thing like an ordinary tallow candle, but a clean thing, and you may almost scrape off and pulverise the drops which fall from it without soiling anything. This is the process he adopted[2]:—The fat or tallow is first boiled with quick-lime, and made into a soap, and then the soap is decomposed by sulphuric acid, which takes away the lime, and leaves the fat re-arranged as stearic acid, whilst a quantity of glycerin is produced at the same time. Glycerin—absolutely a sugar, or a substance similar to sugar—comes out of the tallow in this chemical change. The oil is then pressed out of it; and you see here this series of pressed cakes, shewing how beautifully the impurities are carried out by the oily part as the pressure goes on increasing, and at last you have left that substance which is melted, and cast into candles as here represented. The candle I have in my hand is a stearin candle, made of stearin from tallow in the way I have told you. Then here is a sperm candle, which comes from the purified oil of the spermaceti whale. Here also are yellow bees-wax and refined bees-wax, from which candles are made. Here, too, is that curious substance called paraffin, and some paraffin candles made of paraffin obtained from the bogs of Ireland. I have here also a substance brought from Japan, since we have forced an entrance into that out-of-the-way place—a sort of wax which a kind friend has sent me, and which forms a new material for the manufacture of candles.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00041", "bookId": 14474, "start": 10256, "end": 13268, "sha256": "8e99de0f0cf26cc9441ac9cff964c3480974fa52df45ecd059c6a2ba1cbe0201", "text": "And how are these candles made? I have told you about dips, and I will shew you how moulds are made. Let us imagine any of these candles to be made of materials which can be cast. “Cast!” you say. “Why, a candle is a thing that melts; and surely if you can melt it, you can cast it.” Not so. It is wonderful, in the progress of manufacture, and in the consideration of the means best fitted to produce the required result, how things turn up which one would not expect beforehand. Candles cannot always be cast. A wax candle can never be cast. It is made by a particular process, which I can illustrate in a minute or two: but I must not spend much time on it. Wax is a thing which, burning so well, and melting so easily in a candle, cannot be cast. However, let us take a material that can be cast. Here is a frame, with a number of moulds fastened in it. The first thing to be done is to put a wick through them. Here is one—a plaited wick, which does not require snuffing[3]—supported by a little wire. It goes to the bottom, where it is pegged in—the little peg holding the cotton tight, and stopping the aperture, so that nothing fluid shall run out. At the upper part there is a little bar placed across, which stretches the cotton and holds it in the mould. The tallow is then melted, and the moulds are filled. After a certain time, when the moulds are cool, the excess of tallow is poured off at one corner, and then cleaned off altogether, and the ends of the wick cut away. The candles alone then remain in the mould, and you have only to upset them, as I am doing, when out they tumble, for the candles are made in the form of cones, being narrower at the top than at the bottom; so that what with their form and their own shrinking, they only need a little shaking, and out they fall. In the same way are made these candles of stearin and of paraffin. It is a curious thing to see how wax candles are made. A lot of cottons are hung upon frames, as you see here, and covered with metal tags at the ends to keep the wax from covering the cotton in those places. These are carried to a heater, where the wax is melted. As you see, the frames can turn round; and as they turn, a man takes a vessel of wax and pours it first down one, and then the next and the next, and so on. When he has gone once round, if it is sufficiently cool, he gives the first a second coat, and so on until they are all of the required thickness. When they have been thus clothed, or fed, or made up to that thickness, they are taken off, and placed elsewhere. I have here, by the kindness of Mr. Field, several specimens of these candles. Here is one only half-finished. They are then taken down, and well rolled upon a fine stone slab, and the conical top is moulded by properly shaped tubes, and the bottoms cut off and trimmed. This is done so beautifully that they can make candles in this way weighing exactly four, or six, to the pound, or any number they please.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00042", "bookId": 14474, "start": 13272, "end": 14362, "sha256": "be3c8da335a147acf159058a10e046b6ef2accd68a3073458c6f71c5bcbd9409", "text": "We must not, however, take up more time about the mere manufacture, but go a little further into the matter. I have not yet referred you to luxuries in candles (for there is such a thing as luxury in candles). See how beautifully these are coloured: you see here mauve, magenta, and all the chemical colours recently introduced, applied to candles. You observe, also, different forms employed. Here is a fluted pillar most beautifully shaped; and I have also here some candles sent me by Mr. Pearsall, which are ornamented with designs upon them, so that as they burn you have as it were a glowing sun above, and a bouquet of flowers beneath. All, however, that is fine and beautiful is not useful. These fluted candles, pretty as they are, are bad candles; they are bad because of their external shape. Nevertheless, I shew you these specimens sent to me from kind friends on all sides, that you may see what is done, and what may be done in this or that direction; although, as I have said, when we come to these refinements, we are obliged to sacrifice a little in utility.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00043", "bookId": 14474, "start": 14366, "end": 15410, "sha256": "f15849922e3a40b39aec26b111929b5aed0d6f6965b152e1a526795a51a45da4", "text": "Now, as to the light of the candle. We will light one or two, and set them at work in the performance of their proper functions. You observe a candle is a very different thing from a lamp. With a lamp you take a little oil, fill your vessel, put in a little moss or some cotton prepared by artificial means, and then light the top of the wick. When the flame runs down the cotton to the oil, it gets extinguished, but it goes on burning in the part above. Now, I have no doubt you will ask, how is it that the oil, which will not burn of itself, gets up to the top of the cotton, where it will burn? We shall presently examine that; but there is a much more wonderful thing about the burning of a candle than this. You have here a solid substance with no vessel to contain it; and how is it that this solid substance can get up to the place where the flame is? How is it that this solid gets there, it not being a fluid? or, when it is made a fluid, then how is it that it keeps together? This is a wonderful thing about a candle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00044", "bookId": 14474, "start": 15414, "end": 16248, "sha256": "a16ef25878222418878913c5b63827f4b5b7204c87af13cb6ab332f928a24134", "text": "We have here a good deal of wind, which will help us in some of our illustrations, but tease us in others; for the sake, therefore, of a little regularity, and to simplify the matter, I shall make a quiet flame—for who can study a subject when there are difficulties in the way not belonging to it? Here is a clever invention of some costermonger or street stander in the market-place for the shading of their candles on Saturday nights, when they are selling their greens, or potatoes, or fish. I have very often admired it. They put a lamp-glass round the candle, supported on a kind of gallery, which clasps it, and it can be slipped up and down as required. By the use of this lamp-glass, employed in the same way, you have a steady flame, which you can look at, and carefully examine, as I hope you will do, at home.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00045", "bookId": 14474, "start": 16252, "end": 18991, "sha256": "1de3ab8704ec715cab44d9e44c230c91790bbbd21f200bc814494ffb4e6db5f4", "text": "You see, then, in the first instance, that a beautiful cup is formed. As the air comes to the candle it moves upwards by the force of the current which the heat of the candle produces, and it so cools all the sides of the wax, tallow, or fuel, as to keep the edge much cooler than the part within; the part within melts by the flame that runs down the wick as far as it can go before it is extinguished, but the part on the outside does not melt. If I made a current in one direction, my cup would be lop-sided, and the fluid would consequently run over,—for the same force of gravity which holds worlds together holds this fluid in a horizontal position, and if the cup be not horizontal, of course the fluid will run away in guttering. You see, therefore, that the cup is formed by this beautifully regular ascending current of air playing upon all sides, which keeps the exterior of the candle cool. No fuel would serve for a candle which has not the property of giving this cup, except such fuel as the Irish bogwood, where the material itself is like a sponge, and holds its own fuel. You see now why you would have had such a bad result if you were to burn these beautiful candles that I have shewn you, which are irregular, intermittent in their shape, and cannot therefore have that nicely-formed edge to the cup which is the great beauty in a candle. I hope you will now see that the perfection of a process—that is, its utility—is the better point of beauty about it. It is not the best looking thing, but the best acting thing, which is the most advantageous to us. This good-looking candle is a bad burning one. There will be a guttering round about it because of the irregularity of the stream of air and the badness of the cup which is formed thereby. You may see some pretty examples (and I trust you will notice these instances) of the action of the ascending current when you have A little gutter run down the side of a candle, making it thicker there than it is elsewhere. As the candle goes on burning, that keeps its place and forms a little pillar sticking up by the side, because, as it rises higher above the rest of the wax or fuel, the air gets better round it, and it is more cooled and better able to resist the action of the heat at a little distance. Now, the greatest mistakes and faults with regard to candles, as in many other things, often bring with them instruction which we should not receive if they had not occurred. We come here to be philosophers; and I hope you will always remember that whenever a result happens, especially if it be new, you should say, “What is the cause? Why does it occur?” and you will in the course of time find out the reason.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00046", "bookId": 14474, "start": 18995, "end": 19973, "sha256": "75ad3c3cf538d23428ffa26b56c8b858b6d3412e4a48d6b20e8b36945052ce3f", "text": "Then, there is another point about these candles which will answer a question,—that is, as to the way in which this fluid gets out of the cup, up the wick, and into the place of combustion. You know that the flames on these burning wicks in candles made of bees-wax, stearin, or spermaceti, do not run down to the wax or other matter, and melt it all away, but keep to their own right place. They are fenced off from the fluid below, and do not encroach on the cup at the sides. I cannot imagine a more beautiful example than the condition of adjustment under which a candle makes one part subserve to the other to the very end of its action. A combustible thing like that, burning away gradually, never being intruded upon by the flame, is a very beautiful sight; especially when you come to learn what a vigorous thing flame is—what power it has of destroying the wax itself when it gets hold of it, and of disturbing its proper form if it come only too near.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00047", "bookId": 14474, "start": 19977, "end": 21798, "sha256": "69677c4c08d5ad77a43acff1d0dd30f1c840a3a6684a5b802b41415e86f9cee7", "text": "But how does the flame get hold of the fuel? There is a beautiful point about that—_capillary attraction_[4]. “Capillary attraction!” you say,—“the attraction of hairs.” Well, never mind the name: it was given in old times, before we had a good understanding of what the real power was. It is by what is called capillary attraction that the fuel is conveyed to the part where combustion goes on, and is deposited there, not in a careless way, but very beautifully in the very midst of the centre of action which takes place around it. Now, I am going to give you one or two instances of capillary attraction. It is that kind of action or attraction which makes two things that do not dissolve in each other still hold together. When you wash your hands, you wet them thoroughly; you take a little soap to make the adhesion better, and you find your hand remains wet. This is by that kind of attraction of which I am about to speak. And, what is more, if your hands are not soiled (as they almost always are by the usages of life), if you put your finger into a little warm water, the water will creep a little way up the finger, though you may not stop to examine it. I have here a substance which is rather porous—a column of salt—and I will pour into the plate at the bottom, not water, as it appears, but a saturated solution of salt which cannot absorb more; so that the action which you see will not be due to its dissolving anything. We may consider the plate to be the candle, and the salt the wick, and this solution the melted tallow. (I have coloured the fluid, that you may see the action better.) You observe that, now I pour in the fluid, it rises and gradually creeps up the salt higher and higher; and provided the column does not tumble over, it will go to the top.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00048", "bookId": 14474, "start": 21802, "end": 21825, "sha256": "527fd831af999fc9f2a95cacb5122ca0ae8fd7e27426b1dedaaf052b3798c8f4", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 1.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00049", "bookId": 14474, "start": 21829, "end": 23877, "sha256": "a6c6eb577271d270803526c3f9d36ec9fd7c448f09af937551cfd8197f0feb34", "text": "If this blue solution were combustible, and we were to place a wick at the top of the salt, it would burn as it entered into the wick. It is a most curious thing to see this kind of action taking place, and to observe how singular some of the circumstances are about it. When you wash your hands, you take a towel to wipe off the water; and it is by that kind of wetting, or that kind of attraction which makes the towel become wet with water, that the wick is made wet with the tallow. I have known some careless boys and girls (indeed, I have known it happen to careful people as well) who, having washed their hands and wiped them with a towel, have thrown the towel over the side of the basin, and before long it has drawn all the water out of the basin and conveyed it to the floor, because it happened to be thrown over the side in such a way as to serve the purpose of a syphon.[5] That you may the better see the way in which the substances act one upon another, I have here a vessel made of wire gauze filled with water, and you may compare it in its action to the cotton in one respect, or to a piece of calico in the other. In fact, wicks are sometimes made of a kind of wire gauze. You will observe that this vessel is a porous thing; for if I pour a little water on to the top, it will run out at the bottom. You would be puzzled for a good while if I asked you what the state of this vessel is, what is inside it, and why it is there? The vessel is full of water, and yet you see the water goes in and runs out as if it were empty. In order to prove this to you, I have only to empty it. The reason is this,—the wire, being once wetted, remains wet; the meshes are so small that the fluid is attracted so strongly from the one side to the other, as to remain in the vessel although it is porous. In like manner the particles of melted tallow ascend the cotton and get to the top; other particles then follow by their mutual attraction for each other, and as they reach the flame they are gradually burned.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00050", "bookId": 14474, "start": 23881, "end": 24787, "sha256": "72efebb5f146c51eb61128bbe813fcb1a794ba5e27a814e1ffe8ba5d536433d8", "text": "Here is another application of the same principle. You see this bit of cane. I have seen boys about the streets, who are very anxious to appear like men, take a piece of cane, and light it and smoke it, as an imitation of a cigar. They are enabled to do so by the permeability of the cane in one direction, and by its capillarity. If I place this piece of cane on a plate containing some camphine (which is very much like paraffin in its general character), exactly in the same manner as the blue fluid rose through the salt will this fluid rise through the piece of cane. There being no pores at the side, the fluid cannot go in that direction, but must pass through its length. Already the fluid is at the top of the cane: now I can light it and make it serve as a candle. The fluid has risen by the capillary attraction of the piece of cane, just as it does through the cotton in the candle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00051", "bookId": 14474, "start": 24791, "end": 25248, "sha256": "f4d7f4e46413add02291cb0f77ac4d0f912cf16b12720a767ee33fda7d119aaf", "text": "Now, the only reason why the candle does not burn all down the side of the wick is, that the melted tallow extinguishes the flame. You know that a candle, if turned upside-down, so as to allow the fuel to run upon the wick, will be put out. The reason is, that the flame has not had time to make the fuel hot enough to burn, as it does above, where it is carried in small quantities into the wick, and has all the effect of the heat exercised upon it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00052", "bookId": 14474, "start": 25252, "end": 26317, "sha256": "80f0e287c32792b0058e1f6beb177e4c43e1aaa537ae443ecba71404b6fb7c73", "text": "There is another condition which you must learn as regards the candle, without which you would not be able fully to understand the philosophy of it, and that is the vaporous condition of the fuel. In order that you may understand that, let me shew you a very pretty, but very common-place experiment. If you blow a candle out cleverly, you will see the vapour rise from it. You have, I know, often smelt the vapour of a blown-out candle—and a very bad smell it is; but if you blow it out cleverly, you will be able to see pretty well the vapour into which this solid matter is transformed. I will blow out one of these candles in such a way as not to disturb the air around it, by the continuing action of my breath; and now, if I hold a lighted taper two or three inches from the wick, you will observe a train of fire going through the air till it reaches the candle. I am obliged to be quick and ready, because, if I allow the vapour time to cool, it becomes condensed into a liquid or solid, or the stream of combustible matter gets disturbed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00053", "bookId": 14474, "start": 26321, "end": 26576, "sha256": "0223f214e2c8c9f627a19514af08f5df8537a9179a01b3f056670e838c5aed71", "text": "Now, as to the shape or form of the flame. It concerns us much to know about the condition which the matter of the candle finally assumes at the top of the wick—where you have such beauty and brightness as nothing but combustion or flame can produce.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00054", "bookId": 14474, "start": 26580, "end": 26603, "sha256": "53444ef6c7ae50db8b45fc4a19b177be4af969cba3b7b4d3d64cdde770ea53b5", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 2.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00055", "bookId": 14474, "start": 26607, "end": 27642, "sha256": "a54fdc127aa5c340d20f38594e30d6bb0684551e67c85214df56788fc303e2a9", "text": "You have the glittering beauty of gold and silver, and the still higher lustre of jewels, like the ruby and diamond; but none of these rival the brilliancy and beauty of flame. What diamond can shine like flame? It owes its lustre at night-time to the very flame shining upon it. The flame shines in darkness, but the light which the diamond has is as nothing until the flame shine upon it, when it is brilliant again. The candle alone shines by itself, and for itself, or for those who have arranged the materials. Now, let us look a little at the form of the flame as you see it under the glass shade. It is steady and equal; and its general form is that which is represented in the diagram, varying with atmospheric disturbances, and also varying according to the size of the candle. It is a bright oblong—brighter at the top than towards the bottom—with the wick in the middle, and besides the wick in the middle, certain darker parts towards the bottom, where the ignition is not so perfect as in the part above.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00056", "bookId": 14474, "start": 27646, "end": 27669, "sha256": "d0442eddabd80163f1443318ce379cf00255ff7cbcd3aa493a134551890d461d", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 3.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00057", "bookId": 14474, "start": 27673, "end": 29267, "sha256": "95d6e53f7a075fd0cc34be0168a3a56a1c52862f30ad063567ba17559223ccbf", "text": "I have a drawing here, sketched many years ago by Hooke, when he made his investigations. It is the drawing of the flame of a lamp, but it will apply to the flame of a candle. The cup of the candle is the vessel or lamp, the melted spermaceti is the oil, and the wick is common to both. Upon that he sets this little flame, and then he represents what is true—a certain quantity of matter rising about it which you do not see, and which, if you have not been here before, or are not familiar with the subject, you will not know of. He has here represented the parts of the surrounding atmosphere that are very essential to the flame, and that are always present with it. There is a current formed, which draws the flame out—for the flame which you see is really drawn out by the current, and drawn upward to a great height—just as Hooke has here shewn you by that prolongation of the current in the diagram. You may see this by taking a lighted candle, and putting it in the sun so as to get its shadow thrown on a piece of paper. How remarkable it is that that thing which is light enough to produce shadows of other objects, can be made to throw its own shadow on a piece of white paper or card, so that you can actually see streaming round the flame something which is not part of the flame, but is ascending and drawing the flame upwards. Now, I am going to imitate the sunlight, by applying the voltaic battery to the electric lamp. You now see our sun, and its great luminosity; and by placing a candle between it and the screen, we get the shadow of the flame.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00058", "bookId": 14474, "start": 29271, "end": 29294, "sha256": "4f14df8a875be0bd3bae590555520b3dd8a44dd08bae3b3c016d394193655b1a", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 4.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00059", "bookId": 14474, "start": 29298, "end": 29764, "sha256": "e3c27f87b15b74c347e91804fc2bf9e1d011c52024d8d8d0af5b2b1a26ab6f58", "text": "You observe the shadow of the candle and of the wick; then there is a darkish part, as represented in the diagram, and then a part which is more distinct. Curiously enough, however, what we see in the shadow as the darkest part of the flame is, in reality, the brightest part; and here you see streaming upwards the ascending current of hot air, as shewn by Hooke, which draws out the flame, supplies it with air, and cools the sides of the cup of melted fuel.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00060", "bookId": 14474, "start": 29768, "end": 30692, "sha256": "45f9a9d4848d634d64060f059fb8806de8f288762e588784b471864d74f384cb", "text": "I can give you here a little further illustration, for the purpose of shewing you how flame goes up or down; according to the current. I have here a flame—it is not a candle-flame—but you can, no doubt, by this time, generalise enough to be able to compare one thing with another. What I am about to do is to change the ascending current that takes the flame upwards into a descending current. This I can easily do by the little apparatus you see before me. The flame, as I have said, is not a candle flame, but it is produced by alcohol, so that it shall not smoke too much. I will also colour the flame with another substance[6], so that you may trace its course; for with the spirit alone you could hardly see well enough to have the opportunity of tracing its direction. By lighting this spirit-of-wine, we have then a flame produced; and you observe that when held in the air, it naturally goes upwards.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00061", "bookId": 14474, "start": 30696, "end": 30718, "sha256": "57f9a1ee1e4932af7a7103fdc1582479f516403417bbad24d3c5b57cdd68efdb", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 5]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00062", "bookId": 14474, "start": 30722, "end": 31301, "sha256": "ab375f683f5f3aba1dbb9b1ec5d5c25fe521dcfe72164a03c955d9c562e66600", "text": "You understand now easily enough why flames go up under ordinary circumstances—it is because of the draught of air by which the combustion is formed. But now, by blowing the flame down, you see I am enabled to make it go downwards into this little chimney—the direction of the current being changed. Before we have concluded this course of lectures, we shall shew you a lamp in which the flame goes up and the smoke goes down, or the flame goes down and the smoke goes up. You see, then, that we have the power in this way of varying the flame in different directions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00063", "bookId": 14474, "start": 31305, "end": 34805, "sha256": "d2726046e1641659a37d30cbb073a1aa223d43e81d85647788264281c2e70466", "text": "There are now some other points that I must bring before you. Many of the flames you see here vary very much in their shape by the currents of air blowing around them in different directions; but we can, if we like, make flames so that they will look like fixtures, and we can photograph them—indeed, we have to photograph them—so that they become fixed to us, if we wish to find out everything concerning them. That, however, is not the only thing I wish to mention. If I take a flame sufficiently large, it does not keep that homogeneous, that uniform condition of shape, but it breaks out with a power of life which is quite wonderful. I am about to use another kind of fuel, but one which is truly and fairly a representative of the wax or tallow of a candle. I have here a large ball of cotton, which will serve as a wick. And, now that I have immersed it in spirit and applied a light to it, in what way does it differ from an ordinary candle? Why, it differs very much in one respect, that we have a vivacity and power about it, a beauty and a life entirely different from the light presented by a candle. You see those fine tongues of flame rising up. You have the same general disposition of the mass of the flame from below upwards; but, in addition to that, you have this remarkable breaking out into tongues which you do not perceive in the case of a candle. Now, why is this? I must explain it to you, because when you understand that perfectly, you will be able to follow me better in what I have to say hereafter. I suppose some here will have made for themselves the experiment I am going to shew you. Am I right in supposing that anybody here has played at snapdragon? I do not know a more beautiful illustration of the philosophy of flame, as to a certain part of its history, than the game of snapdragon. First, here is the dish; and let me say, that when you play snapdragon properly, you ought to have the dish well-warmed; you ought also to have warm plums and warm brandy, which, however, I have not got. When you have put the spirit into the dish, you have the cup and the fuel; and are not the raisins acting like the wicks? I now throw the plums into the dish, and light the spirit, and you see those beautiful tongues of flame that I refer to. You have the air creeping in over the edge of the dish forming these tongues. Why? Because, through the force of the current and the irregularity of the action of the flame, it cannot flow in one uniform stream. The air flows in so irregularly that you have what would otherwise be a single image, broken up into a variety of forms, and each of these little tongues has an independent existence of its own. Indeed, I might say, you have here a multitude of independent candles. You must not imagine, because you see these tongues all at once, that the flame is of this particular shape. A flame of that shape is never so at any one time. Never is a body of flame, like that which you just saw rising from the ball, of the shape it appears to you. It consists of a multitude of different shapes, succeeding each other so fast that the eye is only able to take cognisance of them all at once. In former times, I purposely analysed a flame of that general character, and the diagram shews you the different parts of which it is composed. They do not occur all at once: it is only because we see these shapes in such rapid succession, that they seem to us to exist all at one time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00064", "bookId": 14474, "start": 34809, "end": 34832, "sha256": "9574e0a0c2a17a55d894de0d965fbae69c011be3597728efb694a1f8a2ec79a7", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 6.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00065", "bookId": 14474, "start": 34836, "end": 35132, "sha256": "10a3a88ba0912bdedbb0874cf329e087f48a47b2edd179122d4f6b6772d21583", "text": "It is too bad that we have not got further than my game of snapdragon; but we must not, under any circumstances, keep you beyond your time. It will be a lesson to me in future to hold you more strictly to the philosophy of the thing, than to take up your time so much with these illustrations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00066", "bookId": 14474, "start": 35142, "end": 35153, "sha256": "91bd50c1b2bf6f13ffdb1d3d1b45ae59454a8ef99d271971ce95d04d8d5628d5", "text": "LECTURE II.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00067", "bookId": 14474, "start": 35157, "end": 35245, "sha256": "e30e11d3c6d7bd556a3e1b6f24b6f1d0092feff41eb775beddbae2729aba1f9b", "text": "A CANDLE: BRIGHTNESS OF THE FLAME—AIR NECESSARY FOR COMBUSTION—PRODUCTION OF WATER.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00068", "bookId": 14474, "start": 35251, "end": 36558, "sha256": "f065d0cd611829cdb53afe905381f45d29c3fdb6495315042bb5cc27fbf21fee", "text": "We were occupied the last time we met in considering the general character and arrangement as regards the fluid portion of a candle, and the way in which that fluid got into the place of combustion. You see, when we have a candle burning fairly in a regular, steady atmosphere, it will have a shape something like the one shewn in the diagram, and will look pretty uniform, although very curious in its character. And now, I have to ask your attention to the means by which we are enabled to ascertain what happens in any particular part of the flame—why it happens, what it does in happening, and where, after all, the whole candle goes to: because, as you know very well, a candle being brought before us and burned, disappears, if burned properly, without the least trace of dirt in the candlestick—and this is a very curious circumstance. In order, then, to examine this candle carefully, I have arranged certain apparatus, the use of which you will see as I go on. Here is a candle: I am about to put the end of this glass tube into the middle of the flame—into that part which old Hooke has represented in the diagram as being rather dark, and which you can see at any time, if you will look at a candle carefully, without blowing it about. We will examine this dark part first.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00069", "bookId": 14474, "start": 36562, "end": 36585, "sha256": "d837e16a29a71cfb29940d932b2f8d999baf1b5c390b8b3c3f8472c052af4060", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 7.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00070", "bookId": 14474, "start": 36589, "end": 39765, "sha256": "478855933fec763d1409900d48b7ae7ac7556fbe56cf02c7245812f83624087e", "text": "Now, I take this bent glass tube, and introduce one end into that part of the flame, and you see at once that something is coming from the flame, out at the other end of the tube; and if I put a flask there, and leave it for a little while, you will see that something from the middle part of the flame is gradually drawn out, and goes through the tube and into that flask, and there behaves very differently from what it does in the open air. It not only escapes from the end of the tube, but falls down to the bottom of the flask like a heavy substance, as indeed it is. We find that this is the wax of the candle made into a vaporous fluid—not a gas. (You must learn the difference between a gas and a vapour: a gas remains permanent, a vapour is something that will condense.) If you blow out a candle, you perceive a very nasty smell, resulting from the condensation of this vapour. That is very different from what you have outside the flame; and, in order to make that more clear to you, I am about to produce and set fire to a larger portion of this vapour—for what we have in the small way in a candle, to understand thoroughly, we must, as philosophers, produce in a larger way, if needful, that we may examine the different parts. And now Mr. Anderson will give me a source of heat, and I am about to shew you what that vapour is. Here is some wax in a glass flask, and I am going to make it hot, as the inside of that candle-flame is hot, and the matter about the wick is hot. [The Lecturer placed some wax in a glass flask, and heated it over a lamp.] Now, I dare say that is hot enough for me. You see that the wax I put in it has become fluid, and there is a little smoke coming from it. We shall very soon have the vapour rising up. I will make it still hotter, and now we get more of it, so that I can actually pour the vapour out of the flask into that basin, and set it on fire there. This, then, is exactly the same kind of vapour as we have in the middle of the candle; and that you may be sure this is the case, let us try whether we have not got here, in this flask, a real combustible vapour out of the middle of the candle. [Taking the flask into which the tube from the candle proceeded, and introducing a lighted taper.] See how it burns. Now, this is the vapour from the middle of the candle, produced by its own heat; and that is one of the first things you have to consider with respect to the progress of the wax in the course of its combustion, and as regards the changes it undergoes. I will arrange another tube carefully in the flame, and I should not wonder if we were able, by a little care, to get that vapour to pass through the tube to the other extremity, where we will light it, and obtain absolutely the flame of the candle at a place distant from it. Now, look at that. Is not that a very pretty experiment? Talk about laying on gas—why, we can actually lay on a candle! And you see from this that there are clearly two different kinds of action—one the _production_ of the vapour, and the other the _combustion_ of it—both of which take place in particular parts of the candle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00071", "bookId": 14474, "start": 39769, "end": 39791, "sha256": "f3fa039cfa461c43aa64723f9d304516091db7d96ee4b7fb5682b7db4b4345d2", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 8]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00072", "bookId": 14474, "start": 39795, "end": 41416, "sha256": "b56f230e5faa2fc51d7a36b32d777d90a2ba52be0d738cecc01aa69ea22d9a57", "text": "I shall get no vapour from that part which is already burnt. If I raise the tube (fig. 7) to the upper part of the flame, so soon as the vapour has been swept out, what comes away will be no longer combustible: It is already burned. How burned? Why, burned thus:—In the middle of the flame, where the wick is, there is this combustible vapour; on the outside of the flame is the air which we shall find necessary for the burning of the candle; between the two, intense chemical action takes place, whereby the air and the fuel act upon each other, and at the very same time that we obtain light the vapour inside is destroyed. If you examine where the heat of a candle is, you will find it very curiously arranged. Suppose I take this candle, and hold a piece of paper close upon the flame, where is the heat of that flame? Do you not see that it is _not_ in the inside? It is in a ring, exactly in the place where I told you the chemical action was; and even in my irregular mode of making the experiment, if there is not too much disturbance, there will always be a ring. This is a good experiment for you to make at home. Take a strip of paper, have the air in the room quiet, and put the piece of paper right across the middle of the flame (I must not talk while I make the experiment), and you will find that it is burnt in two places, and that it is not burnt, or very little so, in the middle; and when you have tried the experiment once or twice, so as to make it nicely, you will be very interested to see where the heat is, and to find that it is where the air and the fuel come together.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00073", "bookId": 14474, "start": 41420, "end": 44630, "sha256": "93d73f409270860dc3652b496299aea70ddee575c77ec9b1670cb76ae05faddc", "text": "This is most important for us as we proceed with our subject. Air is absolutely necessary for combustion; and, what is more, I must have you understand that _fresh_ air is necessary, or else we should be imperfect in our reasoning and our experiments. Here is a jar of air. I place it over a candle, and it burns very nicely in it at first, shewing that what I have said about it is true; but there will soon be a change. See how the flame is drawing upwards, presently fading, and at last going out. And going out, why? Not because it wants air merely, for the jar is as full now as it was before; but it wants pure, fresh air. The jar is full of air, partly changed, partly not changed; but it does not contain sufficient of the fresh air which is necessary for the combustion of a candle. These are all points which we, as young chemists, have to gather up; and if we look a little more closely into this kind of action, we shall find certain steps of reasoning extremely interesting. For instance, here is the oil-lamp I shewed you—an excellent lamp for our experiments—the old Argand lamp. I now make it like a candle [obstructing the passage of air into the centre of the flame]; there is the cotton; there is the oil rising up it; and there is the conical flame. It burns poorly, because there is a partial restraint of air. I have allowed no air to get to it, save round the outside of the flame, and it does not burn well. I cannot admit more air from the outside, because the wick is large; but if, as Argand did so cleverly, I open a passage to the middle of the flame, and so let air come in there, you will see how much more beautifully it burns. If I shut the air off, look how it smokes; and why? We have now some very interesting points to study. We have the case of the combustion of a candle; we have the case of a candle being put out by the want of air; and we have now the case of imperfect combustion; and this is to us so interesting, that I want you to understand it as thoroughly as you do the case of a candle burning in its best possible manner. I will now make a great flame, because we need the largest possible illustrations. Here is a larger wick [burning turpentine on a ball of cotton]. All these things are the same as candles, after all. If we have larger wicks, we must have a larger supply of air, or we shall have less perfect combustion. Look now at this black substance going up into the atmosphere; there is a regular stream of it. I have provided means to carry off the imperfectly burned part, lest it should annoy you. Look at the soots that fly off from the flame: see what an imperfect combustion it is, because it cannot get enough air. What, then, is happening? Why, certain things which are necessary to the combustion of a candle are absent, and very bad results are accordingly produced; but we see what happens to a candle when it is burnt in a pure and proper state of air. At the time when I shewed you this charring by the ring of flame on the one side of the paper, I might have also shewn you, by turning to the other side, that the burning of a candle produces the same kind of soot—charcoal or carbon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00074", "bookId": 14474, "start": 44634, "end": 46830, "sha256": "f5419f477e5d74ac2a82d66c80fada43ae22274863b61888dcd25a81e4607a69", "text": "But, before I shew that, let me explain to you—as it is quite necessary for our purpose—that, though I take a candle and give you, as the general result, its combustion in the form of a flame, we must see whether combustion is always in this condition, or whether there are other conditions of flame; and we shall soon discover that there are, and that they are most important to us. I think, perhaps, the best illustration of such a point to us, as juveniles, is to shew the result of strong contrast. Here is a little gunpowder. You know that gunpowder burns with flame—we may fairly call it flame. It contains carbon and other materials, which altogether cause it to burn with a flame. And here is some pulverised iron, or iron filings. Now, I purpose burning these two things together. I have a little mortar in which I will mix them. (Before I go into these experiments, let me hope that none of you, by trying to repeat them, for fun’s sake, will do any harm. These things may all be very properly used if you take care; but without that, much mischief will be done.) Well, then, here is a little gunpowder, which I put at the bottom of that little wooden vessel, and mix the iron filings up with it, my object being to make the gunpowder set fire to the filings and burn them in the air, and thereby shew the difference between substances burning with flame and not with flame. Here is the mixture; and when I set fire to it, you must watch the combustion, and you will see that it is of two kinds. You will see the gunpowder burning with a flame, and the filings thrown up. You will see them burning too, but without the production of flame. They will each burn separately. [The Lecturer then ignited the mixture.] There is the gunpowder, which burns with a flame; and there are the filings—they burn with a different kind of combustion. You see, then, these two great distinctions; and upon these differences depend all the utility and all the beauty of flame which we use for the purpose of giving out light. When we use oil, or gas, or candle, for the purpose of illumination, their fitness all depends upon these different kinds of combustion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00075", "bookId": 14474, "start": 46834, "end": 47832, "sha256": "21f0c796ddf1f090c305058b40507afa733697bfb4be3dc13cb3bd8cba62daa9", "text": "There are such curious conditions of flame, that it requires some cleverness and nicety of discrimination to distinguish the kinds of combustion one from another. For instance, here is a powder which is very combustible, consisting, as you see, of separate little particles. It is called _lycopodium_[7], and each of these particles can produce a vapour, and produce its own flame; but, to see them burning, you would imagine it was all one flame. I will now set fire to a quantity, and you will see the effect. We saw a cloud of flame, apparently in one body; but that rushing noise [referring to the sound produced by the burning] was a proof that the combustion was not a continuous or regular one. This is the lightning of the pantomimes, and a very good imitation. [The experiment was twice repeated by blowing lycopodium from a glass tube through a spirit-flame.] This is not an example of combustion like that of the filings I have been speaking of, to which we must now return.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00076", "bookId": 14474, "start": 47836, "end": 49627, "sha256": "d2f75d9ceba71eb31a0e4421b3c7304afcc9c7e1f8805d4b6bccd164defc0f99", "text": "Suppose I take a candle, and examine that part of it which appears brightest to our eyes. Why, there I get these black particles, which already you have seen many times evolved from the flame, and which I am now about to evolve in a different way. I will take this candle and clear away the gutterage, which occurs by reason of the currents of air; and if I now arrange a glass tube so as just to dip into this luminous part, as in our first experiment, only higher, you see the result. In place of having the same white vapour that you had before, you will now have a black vapour. There it goes, as black as ink. It is certainly very different from the white vapour; and when we put a light to it, we shall find that it does not burn, but that it puts the light out. Well, these particles, as I said before, are just the smoke of the candle; and this brings to mind that old employment which Dean Swift recommended to servants for their amusement, namely, writing on the ceiling of a room with a candle. But what is that black substance? Why, it is the same carbon which exists in the candle. How comes it out of the candle? It evidently existed in the candle, or else we should not have had it here. And now I want you to follow me in this explanation. You would hardly think that all those substances which fly about London, in the form of soots and blacks, are the very beauty and life of the flame, and which are burned in it as those iron filings were burned here. Here is a piece of wire gauze, which will not let the flame go through it; and I think you will see, almost immediately, that when I bring it low enough to touch that part of the flame which is otherwise so bright, that it quells and quenches it at once, and allows a volume of smoke to rise up.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00077", "bookId": 14474, "start": 49631, "end": 50268, "sha256": "fb23fcae50f99b7531c22df26741e69a47ac8edde7ee5a4b50ef397c3b9df3bc", "text": "I want you now to follow me in this point,—that whenever a substance burns, as the iron filings burnt in the flame of gunpowder, without assuming the vaporous state (whether it becomes liquid or remains solid), it becomes exceedingly luminous. I have here taken three or four examples apart from the candle, on purpose to illustrate this point to you; because what I have to say is applicable to all substances, whether they burn or whether they do not burn,—that they are exceedingly bright if they retain their solid state, and that it is to this presence of solid particles in the candle-flame that it owes its brilliancy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00078", "bookId": 14474, "start": 50272, "end": 52769, "sha256": "ef7b45586441c029c083a5d69f7ea6e64851c1979348da710cd3edbb8345195a", "text": "Here is a platinum-wire, a body which does not change by heat. If I heat it in this flame, see how exceedingly luminous it becomes. I will make the flame dim, for the purpose of giving a little light only, and yet you will see that the heat which it can give to that platinum-wire, though far less than the heat it has itself, is able to raise the platinum-wire to a far higher state of effulgence. This flame has carbon in it; but I will take one that has no carbon in it. There is a material, a kind of fuel—a vapour, or gas, whichever you like to call it—in that vessel, and it has no solid particles in it; so I take that because it is an example of flame itself burning without any solid matter whatever; and if I now put this solid substance in it, you see what an intense heat it has, and how brightly it causes the solid body to glow. This is the pipe through which we convey this particular gas, which we call hydrogen, and which you shall know all about next time we meet. And here is a substance called oxygen, by means of which this hydrogen can burn; and although we produce, by their mixture, far greater heat[8] than you can obtain from the candle, yet there is very little light. If, however, I take a solid substance, and put that into it, we produce an intense light If I take a piece of lime, a substance which will not burn, and which will not vaporise by the heat (and because it does not vaporise, remains solid, and remains heated), you will soon observe what happens as to its glowing. I have here a most intense heat, produced by the burning of hydrogen in contact with the oxygen; but there is as yet very little light—not for want of heat, but for want of particles which can retain their solid state; but when I hold this piece of lime in the flame of the hydrogen as it burns in the oxygen, see how it glows! This is the glorious lime-light, which rivals the voltaic-light, and which is almost equal to sunlight. I have here a piece of carbon or charcoal, which will burn and give us light exactly in the same manner as if it were burnt as part of a candle. The heat that is in the flame of a candle decomposes the vapour of the wax, and sets free the carbon particles—they rise up heated and glowing as this now glows, and then enter into the air. But the particles when burnt never pass off from a candle in the form of carbon. They go off into the air as a perfectly invisible substance, about which we shall know hereafter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00079", "bookId": 14474, "start": 52773, "end": 53244, "sha256": "8e39e9e469aebec674f4945df310833c3581c88db69a06a7dfb5795d705e1dec", "text": "Is it not beautiful to think that such a process is going on, and that such a dirty thing as charcoal can become so incandescent? You see it comes to this—that all bright flames contain these solid particles; all things that burn and produce solid particles, either during the time they are burning, as in the candle, or immediately after being burnt, as in the case of the gunpowder and iron-filings,—all these things give us this glorious and beautiful light.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00080", "bookId": 14474, "start": 53248, "end": 54411, "sha256": "414ba8f873d4d8bb67234af94addbbc1ea6ec50cb38d55d72dbd7153edf32b19", "text": "I will give you a few illustrations. Here is a piece of phosphorus, which burns with a bright flame. Very well; we may now conclude that phosphorus will produce, either at the moment that it is burning or afterwards, these solid particles. Here is the phosphorus lighted, and I cover it over with this glass for the purpose of keeping in what is produced. What is all that smoke? That smoke consists of those very particles which are produced by the combustion of the phosphorus. Here, again, are two substances. This is chlorate of potassa, and this other sulphuret of antimony. I shall mix these together a little, and then they may be burnt in many ways. I shall touch them with a drop of sulphuric acid, for the purpose of giving you an illustration of chemical action, and they will instantly burn[9]. [The Lecturer then ignited the mixture by means of sulphuric acid.] Now, from the appearance of things, you can judge for yourselves whether they produce solid matter in burning. I have given you the train of reasoning which will enable you to say whether they do or do not; for what is this bright flame but the solid particles passing off?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00081", "bookId": 14474, "start": 54415, "end": 54438, "sha256": "cf6e67e8ddeb585271a3287f004d8ee8f9f06565229114e5fc88b080b9f50731", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 9.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00082", "bookId": 14474, "start": 54442, "end": 55902, "sha256": "cb8cffd1040bca764b6c088fb607c3504b4690233953507407d10668f41190cf", "text": "Mr. Anderson has in the furnace a very hot crucible,—I am about to throw into it some zinc filings, and they will burn with a flame like gunpowder. I make this experiment because you can make it well at home. Now, I want you to see what will be the result of the combustion of this zinc. Here it is burning—burning beautifully like a candle, I may say. But what is all that smoke, and what are those little clouds of wool which will come to you if you cannot come to them, and make themselves sensible to you in the form of the old philosophic wool, as it was called? We shall have left in that crucible, also, a quantity of this woolly matter. But I will take a piece of this same zinc and make an experiment a little more closely at home, as it were. You will have here the same thing happening. Here is the piece of zinc, there [pointing to a jet of hydrogen] is the furnace, and we will set to work and try and burn the metal. It glows, you see: there is the combustion, and there is the white substance into which it burns. And so, if I take that flame of hydrogen as the representative of a candle, and shew you a substance like zinc burning in the flame, you will see that it was merely during the action of combustion that this substance glowed—while it was kept hot; and if I take a flame of hydrogen, and put this white substance from the zinc into it, look how beautifully it glows, and just because it is a solid substance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00083", "bookId": 14474, "start": 55906, "end": 57923, "sha256": "c7faea530b3d99641c7b83ac2f976259bfe8981960c914e847a0f3a2aecd8617", "text": "I will now take such a flame as I had a moment since, and set free from it the particles of carbon. Here is some camphine, which will burn with a smoke; but if I send these particles of smoke through this pipe into the hydrogen flame, you will see they will burn and become luminous, because we heat them a second time. There they are. Those are the particles of carbon re-ignited a second time. They are those particles which you can easily see by holding a piece of paper behind them, and which, whilst they are in the flame, are ignited by the heat produced, and, when so ignited, produce this brightness. When the particles are not separated, you get no brightness. The flame of coal-gas owes its brightness to the separation, during combustion, of these particles of carbon, which are equally in that as in a candle. I can very quickly alter that arrangement. Here, for instance, is a bright flame of gas. Supposing I add so much air to the flame as to cause it all to burn before those particles are set free, I shall not have this brightness; and I can do that in this way:—If I place over the jet this wire-gauze cap, as you see, and then light the gas over it, it burns with a non-luminous flame, owing to its having plenty of air mixed with it before it burns; and if I raise the gauze, you see it does not burn below[10]. There is plenty of carbon in the gas; but, because the atmosphere can get to it, and mix with it before it burns, you see how pale and blue the flame is. And if I blow upon a bright gas-flame, so as to consume all this carbon before it gets heated to the glowing point, it will also burn blue: [The Lecturer illustrated his remarks by blowing on the gas-light.] The only reason why I have not the same bright light when I thus blow upon the flame is, that the carbon meets with sufficient air to burn it before it gets separated in the flame in a free state. The difference is solely due to the solid particles not being separated before the gas is burnt.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00084", "bookId": 14474, "start": 57927, "end": 59210, "sha256": "539c04d872da50c93ea74404e6f2df6ee9d1d4af85e4c49db5abfaa91a6a17ed", "text": "You observe that there are certain products as the result of the combustion of a candle, and that of these products one portion may be considered as charcoal, or soot; that charcoal, when afterwards burnt, produces some other product; and it concerns us very much now to ascertain what that other product is. We shewed that something was going away; and I want you now to understand how much is going up into the air; and for that purpose we will have combustion on a little larger scale. From that candle ascends heated air, and two or three experiments will shew you the ascending current; but, in order to give you a notion of the quantity of matter which ascends in this way, I will make an experiment by which I shall try to imprison some of the products of this combustion. For this purpose I have here what boys call a fire-balloon. I use this fire-balloon merely as a sort of measure of the result of the combustion we are considering; and I am about to make a flame in such an easy and simple manner as shall best serve my present purpose. This plate shall be the “cup,” we will so say, of the candle; this spirit shall be our fuel; and I am about to place this chimney over it, because it is better for me to do so than to let things proceed at random.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00085", "bookId": 14474, "start": 59214, "end": 59238, "sha256": "6ae63b4a4d3e58b293970a6b40b652620194b06f63617be90917d33d4b80ddc1", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 10.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00086", "bookId": 14474, "start": 59242, "end": 61282, "sha256": "b1a8680797a9d85b6be47a8bd9d0333e40dd62c17045b6b7e20406ab02136109", "text": "Mr. Anderson will now light the fuel, and here at the top we shall get the results of the combustion. What we get at the top of that tube is exactly the same, generally speaking, as you get from the combustion of a candle; but we do not get a luminous flame here, because we use a substance which is feeble in carbon. I am about to put this balloon—not into action, because that is not my object—but to shew you the effect which results from the action of those products which arise from the candle, as they arise here from the furnace. [The balloon was held over the chimney, when it immediately commenced to fill.] You see how it is disposed to ascend; but we must not let it up, because it might come in contact with those upper gas-lights, and that would be very inconvenient. [The upper gas-lights were turned out, at the request of the Lecturer, and the balloon was allowed to ascend.] Does not that shew you what a large bulk of matter is being evolved? Now, there is going through this tube [placing a large glass tube over a candle] all the products of that candle, and you will presently see that the tube will become quite opaque. Suppose I take another candle, and place it under a jar, and then put a light on the other side, just to shew you what is going on. You see that the sides of the jar become cloudy, and the light begins to burn feebly. It is the products, you see, which make the light so dim, and this is the same thing which makes the sides of the jar so opaque. If you go home and take a spoon that has been in the cold air, and hold it over a candle—not so as to soot it—you will find that it becomes dim, just as that jar is dim. If you can get a silver dish, or something of that kind, you will make the experiment still better. And now, just to carry your thoughts forward to the time we shall next meet, let me tell you that it is _water_ which causes the dimness; and when we next meet. I will shew you that we can make it, without difficulty, assume the form of a liquid.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00087", "bookId": 14474, "start": 61292, "end": 61304, "sha256": "c28f9fed28c9dbffee07226a98fa7a149987afff8ab5503f98d9b796e0e2e8d5", "text": "LECTURE III.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00088", "bookId": 14474, "start": 61308, "end": 61387, "sha256": "74d5dbd38f91a5e13c8f2ef6025d13fa919398421201c4dbd4fea36ad96b96da", "text": "PRODUCTS: WATER FROM THE COMBUSTION—NATURE OF WATER—A COMPOUND—HYDROGEN.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00089", "bookId": 14474, "start": 61393, "end": 62231, "sha256": "fa8dc702727583ab77fc21cb192bf22da31d0045d108be3509184d461bf996a3", "text": "I dare say you will remember that when we parted we had just mentioned the word “products” from the candle. For when a candle burns we found we were able, by nice adjustment, to get various products from it. There was one substance which was not obtained when the candle was burning properly, which was charcoal or smoke; and there was some other substance that went upwards from the flame which did not appear as smoke, but took some other form, and made part of that general current which, ascending from the candle upwards, becomes invisible, and escapes. There were also other products to mention. You remember that in that rising current having its origin at the candle, we found that one part was condensable against a cold spoon, or against a clean plate, or any other cold thing, and another part was incondensable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00090", "bookId": 14474, "start": 62235, "end": 62725, "sha256": "5f4f35cd89b4f751ecd2d4a86e6baa64061afdfa6c5e1310e7cb128961290c89", "text": "We will first take the condensable part, and examine it; and, strange to say, we find that that part of the product is just water—nothing but water. On the last occasion I spoke of it incidentally, merely saying that water was produced among the condensable products of the candle; but to-day I wish to draw your attention to water, that we may examine it carefully, especially in relation to this subject, and also with respect to its general existence on the surface of the globe.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00091", "bookId": 14474, "start": 62729, "end": 63769, "sha256": "aa617f34c2a66dd82bad044d4241355cceb86b10a677cd94bee95fe717fadbb6", "text": "Now, having previously arranged an experiment for the purpose of condensing water from the products of the candle, my next point will be to shew you this water; and perhaps one of the best means that I can adopt for shewing its presence to so many at once, is to exhibit a very visible action of water, and then to apply that test to what is collected as a drop at the bottom of that vessel. I have here a chemical substance, discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy, which has a very energetic action upon water, which I shall use as a test of the presence of water. If I take a little piece of it—it is called potassium, as coming from potash,—if I take a little piece of it, and throw it into that basin, you see how it shews the presence of water by lighting up and floating about, burning with a violent flame. I am now going to take away the candle which has been burning beneath the vessel containing ice and salt, and you see a drop of water—a condensed product of the candle—hanging from under the surface of the dish.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00092", "bookId": 14474, "start": 63773, "end": 63797, "sha256": "348384ef2effc577fc84f96985e3a13bc78145eb73847b1a5c9e0ef58adad5e4", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 11.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00093", "bookId": 14474, "start": 63801, "end": 66022, "sha256": "3eef8e649590b96a8f9c2d8422f27af97271f765895b54d61c63adf96244286d", "text": "I will shew you that potassium has the same action upon it as upon the water in that basin in the experiment we have just tried. See, it takes fire, and burns in just the same manner. I will take another drop upon this glass slab, and when I put the potassium on to it, you see at once, from its taking fire, that there is water present. Now, that water was produced by the candle. In the same manner, if I put this spirit-lamp under that jar, you will soon see the latter become damp, from the dew which is deposited upon it—that dew being the result of combustion; and I have no doubt you will shortly see by the drops of water which fall upon the paper below, that there is a good deal of water produced from the combustion of the lamp. I will let it remain, and you can afterwards see how much water has been collected. So, if I take a gas-lamp, and put any cooling arrangement over it, I shall get water—water being likewise produced from the combustion of gas. Here, in this bottle, is a quantity of water—perfectly pure, distilled water, produced from the combustion of a gas-lamp—in no point different from the water that you distil from the river, or ocean, or spring, but exactly the same thing. Water is one individual thing—it never changes. We can add to it by careful adjustment, for a little while, or we can take it apart, and get other things from it; but water, as water, remains always the same, either in a solid, liquid, or fluid state. Here, again [holding another bottle], is some water produced by the combustion of an oil-lamp. A pint of oil, when burnt fairly and properly, produces rather more than a pint of water. Here, again, is some water, produced by a rather long experiment from a wax candle. And so we can go on with almost all combustible substances, and find that if they burn with a flame, as a candle, they produce water. You may make these experiments yourselves. The head of a poker is a very good thing to try with, and if it remains cold long enough over the candle, you may get water condensed in drops on it; or a spoon or ladle, or anything else may be used, provided it be clean, and can carry off the heat, and so condense the water.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00094", "bookId": 14474, "start": 66026, "end": 66563, "sha256": "17c2d004aee642d2072abf68fdd06d0c5393ddab8b59a783d0dc5310a4d9aa3c", "text": "And now—to go into the history of this wonderful production of water from combustibles, and by combustion—I must first of all tell you that this water may exist in different conditions; and although you may now be acquainted with all its forms, they still require us to give a little attention to them for the present, so that we may perceive how the water, whilst it goes through its Protean changes, is entirely and absolutely the same thing, whether it is produced from a candle, by combustion, or from the rivers or ocean.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00095", "bookId": 14474, "start": 66567, "end": 68182, "sha256": "3bf201dc3fa2d425b4201d1ea250c06b40bdf95747feb7e7dd1ab51d1c3816dc", "text": "First of all, water, when at the coldest, is ice. Now, we philosophers—I hope that I may class you and myself together in this case—speak of water as water, whether it be in its solid, or liquid, or gaseous state,—we speak of it chemically as water. Water is a thing compounded of two substances, one of which we have derived from the candle, and the other we shall find elsewhere. Water may occur as ice; and you have had most excellent opportunities lately of seeing this. Ice changes back into water—for we had on our last Sabbath a strong instance of this change, by the sad catastrophe which occurred in our own house, as well as in the houses of many of our friends,—ice changes back into water when the temperature is raised: water also changes into steam when it is warmed enough. The water which we have here before us is in its densest state[11], and although it changes in weight, in condition, in form, and in many other qualities, it still is water; and whether we alter it into ice by cooling, or whether we change it into steam by heat, it increases in volume,—in the one case very strangely and powerfully, and in the other case very largely and wonderfully. For instance, I will now take this tin cylinder, and pour a little water into it; and seeing how much water I pour in, you may easily estimate for yourselves how high it will rise in the vessel: it will cover the bottom about two inches. I am now about to convert the water into steam, for the purpose of shewing to you the different volumes which water occupies in its different states of water and steam.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00096", "bookId": 14474, "start": 68186, "end": 69113, "sha256": "18406456ec0b50ac8db050bdfb13696a4469b636907e45503141917fb665811b", "text": "Let us now take the case of water changing into ice: we can effect that by cooling it in a mixture of salt and pounded ice[12]; and I shall do so to shew you the expansion of water into a thing of larger bulk when it is so changed. These bottles [holding one] are made of strong cast iron, very strong and very thick—I suppose they are the third of an inch in thickness; they are very carefully filled with water, so as to exclude all air, and then they are screwed down tight. We shall see that when we freeze the water in these iron vessels, they will not be able to hold the ice, and the expansion within them will break them in pieces as these [pointing to some fragments] are broken, which have been bottles of exactly the same kind. I am about to put these two bottles into that mixture of ice and salt, for the purpose of shewing that when water becomes ice, it changes in volume in this extraordinary way.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00097", "bookId": 14474, "start": 69117, "end": 70037, "sha256": "a42d99843ad69b1fdfc252ae49df617213fd0f6ba2ef901e7058ba8a801cf5bd", "text": "In the mean time look at the change which has taken place in the water to which we have applied heat—it is losing its fluid state. You may tell this by two or three circumstances. I have covered the mouth of this glass flask, in which water is boiling, with a watch-glass. Do you see what happens? It rattles away like a valve chattering, because the steam rising from the boiling water sends the valve up and down, and forces itself out, and so makes it clatter. You can very easily perceive that the flask is quite full of steam, or else it would not force its way out. You see, also, that the flask contains a substance very much larger than the water, for it fills the whole of the flask over and over again, and there it is blowing away into the air; and yet you cannot observe any great diminution in the bulk of the water, which shews you that its change of bulk is very great when it becomes steam.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00098", "bookId": 14474, "start": 70041, "end": 71149, "sha256": "d115daa73893b8e8e9a74bce956740e18a00970bf2becb0dc98abd5c96911424", "text": "I have put our iron bottles containing water into this freezing mixture, that you may see what happens. No communication will take place, you observe, between the water in the bottles and the ice in the outer vessel. But there will be a conveyance of heat from the one to the other; and if we are successful—we are making our experiment in very great haste—I expect you will by-and-by, so soon as the cold has taken possession of the bottles and their contents, hear a pop on the occasion of the bursting of the one bottle or the other; and, when we come to examine the bottles, we shall find their contents masses of ice, partly enclosed by the covering of iron which is too small for them, because the ice is larger in bulk than the water. You know very well that ice floats upon water: if a boy falls through a hole into the water, he tries to get on the ice again to float him up. Why does the ice float?—think of that, and philosophise. Because the ice is larger than the quantity of water which can produce it; and therefore the ice weighs the lighter, and the water is the heavier.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00099", "bookId": 14474, "start": 71153, "end": 72970, "sha256": "2cdfadbc2fd2092e14f9bb65dd18bb715a2ea59f755c03984485d9db34472a7c", "text": "To return now to the action of heat on water. See what a stream of vapour is issuing from this tin vessel! You observe, we must have made it quite full of steam to have it sent out in that great quantity. And now, as we can convert the water into steam by heat, we convert it back into liquid water by the application of cold. And if we take a glass, or any other cold thing, and hold it over this steam, see how soon it gets damp with water; it will condense it until the glass is warm—it condenses the water which is now running down the sides of it. I have here another experiment to shew the condensation of water from a vaporous state back into a liquid state, in the same way as the vapour, one of the products of the candle, was condensed against the bottom of the dish, and obtained in the form of water; and to shew you how truly and thoroughly these changes take place, I will take this tin flask, which is now full of steam, and close the top. We shall see what takes place when we cause this water or steam to return back to the fluid state by pouring some cold water on the outside. [The Lecturer poured the cold water over the vessel, when it immediately collapsed.] You see what has happened. If I had closed the stopper, and still kept the heat applied to it, it would have burst the vessel; yet, when the steam returns to the state of water, the vessel collapses, there being a vacuum produced inside by the condensation of the steam. I shew you these experiments for the purpose of pointing out that in all these occurrences there is nothing that changes the water into any other thing—it still remains water; and so the vessel is obliged to give way, and is crushed inwards, as in the other case, by the further application of heat, it would have been blown outwards.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00100", "bookId": 14474, "start": 72974, "end": 72998, "sha256": "a7c102cb6b23a83f61dbe9a34ddc26b8f84d69181c1f1b100fe80887897e7357", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 12.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00101", "bookId": 14474, "start": 73002, "end": 73450, "sha256": "f3713f434f0f5d606e022e5d3c06fbb057793befdca4531eee9198cde7d14219", "text": "And what do you think the bulk of that water is when it assumes the vaporous condition? You see that cube [pointing to a cubic foot]. There, by its side, is a cubic inch, exactly the same shape as the cubic foot, and that bulk of water [the cubic inch] is sufficient to expand into that bulk [the cubic foot] of steam; and, on the contrary, the application of cold will contract that large quantity of steam into this small quantity of water.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00102", "bookId": 14474, "start": 73454, "end": 73478, "sha256": "ef656c4a551de3fd3aa9b7a99e4eba3517b39205499c6f17888ccab4a28b7ac6", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 13.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00103", "bookId": 14474, "start": 73482, "end": 74230, "sha256": "4575b88479bf6729e1c3d8498704aaf5e725f07f227377b94f4789f6b76fa7de", "text": "[One of the iron bottles burst at that moment.] Ah! There is one of our bottles burst, and here you see is a crack down one side an eighth of an inch in width. [The other now exploded, sending the freezing mixture in all directions.] This other bottle is also broken; although the iron was nearly half-an-inch thick, the ice has burst it asunder. These changes always take place in water: they do not require to be always produced by artificial means,—we only use them here because we want to produce a small winter round that little bottle, instead of a long and severe one. But if you go to Canada, or to the North, you will find the temperature there out of doors will do the same thing as has been done here by the freezing mixture.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00104", "bookId": 14474, "start": 74234, "end": 75201, "sha256": "49f53f2119005c695300d6605d871cb357c60fc15d493dcc5708961dff554553", "text": "To return to our quiet philosophy. We shall not in future be deceived, therefore, by any changes that are produced in water. Water is the same everywhere, whether produced from the ocean or from the flame of the candle. Where, then, is this water which we get from a candle? I must anticipate a little, and tell you. It evidently comes, as to part of it, from the candle; but is it within the candle beforehand? No. It is not in the candle; and it is not in the air round about the candle which is necessary for its combustion. It is neither in one nor the other, but it comes from their conjoint action, a part from the candle, a part from the air; and this we have now to trace, so that we may understand thoroughly what is the chemical history of a candle when we have it burning on our table. How shall we get at this? I myself know plenty of ways, but I want _you_ to get at it from the association in your own minds of what I have already told you.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00105", "bookId": 14474, "start": 75205, "end": 76998, "sha256": "b5c351095d05b61d9edf975458381f882d5e16a41403216d20c16a4302a47c08", "text": "I think you can see a little in this way. We had just now the case of a substance which acted upon the water in the way that Sir Humphrey Davy shewed us[13], and which I am now going to recall to your minds by making again an experiment upon that dish. It is a thing which we have to handle very carefully, for you see, if I allow a little splash of water to come upon this mass, it sets fire to part of it; and if there were free access of air, it would quickly set fire to the whole. Now, this is a metal—a beautiful and bright metal—which rapidly changes in the air, and, as you know, rapidly changes in water. I will put a piece on the water, and you see it burns beautifully, making a floating lamp, using the water in the place of air. Again, if we take a few iron filings or turnings, and put them in water, we find that they likewise undergo an alteration. They do not change so much as this potassium does, but they change somewhat in the same way; they become rusty, and shew an action upon the water, though in a different degree of intensity to what this beautiful metal does: but they act upon the water in the same manner generally as this potassium. I want you to put these different facts together in your minds. I have another metal here [zinc], and when we examined it with regard to the solid substance produced by its combustion, we had an opportunity of seeing that it burned; and I suppose, if I take a little strip of this zinc and put it over the candle, you will see something half-way, as it were, between the combustion of potassium on the water and the action of iron,—you see there is a sort of combustion. It has burned, leaving a white ash or residuum, and here also we find that the metal has a certain amount of action upon water.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00106", "bookId": 14474, "start": 77002, "end": 78222, "sha256": "744fdd3ac69d70cc2b41fe106350bd70ff05fa57c0bd139efd2443ca2f471888", "text": "By degrees we have learned how to modify the action of these different substances, and to make them tell us what we want to know. And now, first of all, I take iron. It is a common thing in all chemical reactions, where we get any result of this kind, to find that it is increased by the action of heat; and if we want to examine minutely and carefully the action of bodies one upon another, we often have to refer to the action of heat. You are aware, I believe, that iron-filings burn beautifully in the air; but I am about to shew you an experiment of this kind, because it will impress upon you what I am going to say about iron in its action on water. If I take a flame and make it hollow;—you know why, because I want to get air to it and into it, and therefore I make it hollow—and then take a few iron-filings and drop them into the flame, you see how well they burn. That combustion results from the chemical action which is going on when we ignite those particles. And so we proceed to consider these different effects, and ascertain what iron will do when it meets with water. It will tell us the story so beautifully, so gradually and regularly, that I think it will please you very much.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00107", "bookId": 14474, "start": 78226, "end": 78972, "sha256": "34d841d301e4f4be8aba419be9bbea942c20f974063da2522d05f349c47a4418", "text": "I have here a furnace with a pipe going through it like an iron gun barrel, and I have stuffed that barrel full of bright iron-turnings, and placed it across the fire, to be made red-hot. We can either send air through the barrel to come in contact with the iron, or we can send steam from this little boiler at the end of the barrel. Here is a stop-cock which shuts off the steam from the barrel until we wish to admit it. There is some water in these glass jars, which I have coloured blue, so that you may see what happens. Now, you know very well that any steam I might send through that barrel, if it went through into the water, would be condensed; for you have seen that steam cannot retain its gaseous form if it be cooled down.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00108", "bookId": 14474, "start": 78976, "end": 79000, "sha256": "58b8ca5e41cdbdfba27275898e829a24c5522dd8d8f7475af6247f69da1a006b", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 14.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00109", "bookId": 14474, "start": 79004, "end": 81199, "sha256": "ec4c49dbd134ad91fa044ad4b1b43b6100a66932fe308d508e37cebb09d545f7", "text": "You saw it here [pointing to the tin flask] crushing itself into a small bulk, and causing the flask holding it to collapse; so that if I were to send steam through that barrel, it would be condensed—supposing the barrel were cold: it is, therefore, heated to perform the experiment I am now about to shew you. I am going to send the steam through the barrel in small quantities; and you shall judge for yourselves, when you see it issue from the other end, whether it still remains steam. Steam is condensable into water, and when you lower the temperature of steam, you convert it back into fluid water; but I have lowered the temperature of the gas which I have collected in this jar, by passing it through water after it has traversed the iron barrel, and still it does not change back into water. I will take another test and apply to this gas. (I hold the jar in an inverted position, or my substance would escape.) If I now apply a light to the mouth of the jar, it ignites with a slight noise. That tells you that it is not steam. Steam puts out a fire—it does not burn; but you saw that what I had in that jar burnt. We may obtain this substance equally from water produced from the candle-flame as from any other source. When it is obtained by the action of the iron upon the aqueous vapour, it leaves the iron in a state very similar to that in which these filings were after they were burnt. It makes the iron heavier than it was before. So long as the iron remains in the tube and is heated, and is cooled again without the access of air or water, it does not change in its weight; but after having had this current of steam passed over it, it then comes out heavier that it was before, having taken something out of the steam, and having allowed something else to pass forth, which we see here. And now, as we have another jar full, I will shew you something most interesting. It is a combustible gas; and I might at once take this jar and set fire to the contents, and shew you that it is combustible; but I intend to shew you more if I can. It is also a very light substance. Steam will condense: this body will rise in the air, and not condense.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00110", "bookId": 14474, "start": 81203, "end": 81226, "sha256": "fd6dca789e21ec993d2b2f1fce1f7fde5f8078da179afe0d58245be5ff190abf", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 15]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00111", "bookId": 14474, "start": 81230, "end": 81961, "sha256": "a2969a7db247db1685340a04e2eddefb2ba5bd9f6b8b076f0f999b8317ba822b", "text": "Suppose I take another glass jar, empty of all but air: if I examine it with a taper, I shall find that it contains nothing but air. I will now take this jar full of the gas that I am speaking of, and deal with it as though it were a light body. I will hold both upside-down, and turn the one up under the other; and that which did contain the gas procured from the steam, what does it contain now? You will find it now only contains air. But look! Here is the combustible substance [taking the other jar] which I have poured out of the one jar into the other. It still preserves its quality, and condition, and independence, and therefore is the more worthy of our consideration, as belonging to the products of a candle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00112", "bookId": 14474, "start": 81965, "end": 83544, "sha256": "60412544e6231606aa288b85bcdcc2f755c0a9b80f08000108a6101ab8e62bfd", "text": "Now, this substance which we have just prepared by the action of iron on the steam or water, we can also get by means of those other things which you have already seen act so well upon the water. If I take a piece of potassium, and make the necessary arrangements, it will produce this gas; and if, instead, a piece of zinc, I find, when I come to examine it very carefully, that the main reason why this zinc cannot act upon the water continuously as the other metal does, is because the result of the action of the water envelopes the zinc in a kind of protecting coat. We have learned in consequence, that if we put into our vessel only the zinc and water, they by themselves do not give rise to much action, and we get no result. But suppose I proceed to dissolve off this varnish—this encumbering substance—which I can do by a little acid; the moment I do this, I find the zinc acting upon the water exactly as the iron did, but at the common temperature. The acid in no way is altered, except in its combination with the oxide of zinc, which is produced. I have now poured the acid into the glass, and the effect is as though I were applying heat to cause this boiling up. There is something coming off from the zinc very abundantly, which is not steam. There is a jar full of it; and you will find that I have exactly the same combustible substance remaining in the vessel, when I hold it upside-down, that I produced during the experiment with the iron barrel. This is what we get from water—the same substance which is contained in the candle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00113", "bookId": 14474, "start": 83548, "end": 83572, "sha256": "8a327c5d6b7ef1a7e5bca14e6e3562b8f406ac4a1653a3885fe6d0b369198bfd", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 16.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00114", "bookId": 14474, "start": 83576, "end": 84944, "sha256": "43e065c218a113c392821c24de03aa8df289f37ff33186cf58010e7e073608e2", "text": "Let us now trace distinctly the connection between these two points. This is hydrogen—a body classed among those things which in Chemistry we call elements, because we can get nothing else out of them. A candle is not an elementary body, because we can get carbon out of it; we can get this hydrogen out of it, or at least out of the water which it supplies. And this gas has been so named hydrogen, because it is that element which, in association with another, generates water. [Footnote: [greek: hudos], “water,” and [greek: gennao], “I generate.”] Mr. Anderson having now been able to get two or three jars of gas, we shall have a few experiments to make, and I want to shew you the best way of making these experiments. I am not afraid to shew you, for I wish you to make experiments, if you will only make them with care and attention, and the assent of those around you. As we advance in Chemistry, we are obliged to deal with substances which are rather injurious, if in their wrong places—the acids, and heat, and combustible things we use, might do harm if carelessly employed. If you want to make hydrogen, you can make it easily from bits of zinc, and sulphuric or muriatic acid. Here is what in former times was called the “philosopher’s candle.” It is a little phial with a cork, and a tube or pipe passing through it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00115", "bookId": 14474, "start": 84948, "end": 84972, "sha256": "dbb28690ba3b9ae7de7966ba84d243660047a0cbda64f36ecdb8d179226ec5e4", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 17.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00116", "bookId": 14474, "start": 84976, "end": 87817, "sha256": "6bbe283735a3a33c4a954195fb54781698e1863820a4970492e7792a779ab4b0", "text": "And I am now putting a few little pieces of zinc into it. This little instrument I am going to apply to a useful purpose in our demonstrations—for I want to shew you that you can prepare hydrogen, and make some experiments with it as you please at your own homes. Let me here tell you why I am so careful to fill this phial nearly, and yet not quite full. I do it because the evolved gas, which, as you have seen, is very combustible, is explosive to a considerable extent when mixed with air, and might lead to harm, if you were to apply a light to the end of that pipe before all the air had been swept out of the space above the water. I am now about to pour in the sulphuric acid. I have used very little zinc, and more sulphuric acid and water, because I want to keep it at work for some time. I therefore take care in this way to modify the proportions of the ingredients, so that I may have a regular supply—not too quick, and not too slow. Supposing I now take a glass and put it upside-down over the end of the tube, because the hydrogen is light I expect that it will remain in that vessel a little while. We will now test the contents of our glass to see if there be hydrogen in it. I think I am safe in saying we have caught some [applying a light]. There it is, you see. I will now apply a light to the top of the tube. There is the hydrogen burning. There is our philosophical candle. It is a foolish feeble sort of a flame, you may say; but it is so hot that scarcely any common flame gives out so much heat. It goes on burning regularly, and I am now about to put that flame to burn under a certain arrangement, in order that we may examine its results and make use of the information which we may thereby acquire. Inasmuch as the candle produces water, and this gas comes out of the water, let us see what this gives us by the same process of combustion that the candle went through when it burnt in the atmosphere; and for that purpose I am going to put the lamp under this apparatus, in order to condense whatever may arise from the combustion within it In the course of a short time you will see moisture appearing in the cylinder, and you will get the water running down the side; and the water from this hydrogen flame will have absolutely the same effect upon all our tests, being obtained by the same general process as in the former case. This hydrogen is a very beautiful substance. It is so light that it carries things up: it is far lighter than the atmosphere; and I dare say I can shew you this by an experiment which, if you are very clever, some of you may even have skill enough to repeat. Here is our generator of hydrogen, and here are some soap-suds. I have an india-rubber tube connected with the hydrogen generator, and at the end of the tube is a tobacco-pipe.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00117", "bookId": 14474, "start": 87821, "end": 87845, "sha256": "52f076f98cdd2085798bd220a0fc14337b084d8459af0e08bff1c51808f87f42", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 18.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00118", "bookId": 14474, "start": 87849, "end": 89006, "sha256": "b36d57f54c7cce5dcfbf791fbcc67be82227d0899ffe2c2bea939d6717174317", "text": "I can thus put the pipe into the suds, and blow bubbles by means of the hydrogen. You observe how the bubbles fall downwards when I blow them with my warm breath; but notice the difference when I blow them with hydrogen. [The Lecturer here blew bubbles with hydrogen, which rose to the roof of the theatre.] It shews you how light this gas must be in order to carry with it not merely the ordinary soap-bubble, but the larger portion of a drop hanging to the bottom of it. I can shew its lightness in a better way than this; larger bubbles than these may be so lifted up; indeed, in former times balloons used to be filled with this gas. Mr. Anderson will fasten this tube on to our generator, and we shall have a stream of hydrogen here with which we can charge this balloon made of collodion. I need not even be very careful to get all the air out, for I know the power of this gas to carry it up. [Two collodion balloons were inflated, and sent up, one being held by a string.] Here is another larger one made of thin membrane, which we will fill and allow to ascend. You will see they will all remain floating about until the gas escapes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00119", "bookId": 14474, "start": 89010, "end": 89646, "sha256": "76f1587c650afdea421dc9bc692938d997ef0b8c2d1b8d11299348b517c9aee3", "text": "What, then, are the comparative weights of these substances? I have a table here which will shew you the proportion which their weights bear to each other. I have taken a pint and a cubic foot as the measures, and have placed opposite to them the respective figures. A pint measure of this hydrogen weighs three-quarters of our smallest weight (a grain), and a cubic foot weighs one-twelfth of an ounce; whereas a pint of water weighs 8,750 grains, and a cubic foot of water weighs almost 1,000 ounces. You see, therefore, what a vast difference there is between the weight of a cubic foot of water and a cubic foot of hydrogen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00120", "bookId": 14474, "start": 89650, "end": 90213, "sha256": "236ffcfdf43de431a4b6c05817888452bb1d618dc7dc9999ad8a9915a517fc12", "text": "Hydrogen gives rise to no substance that can become solid, either during combustion or afterwards as a product of its combustion. But when it burns, it produces water only; and if we take a cold glass and put it over the flame, it becomes damp, and you have water, produced immediately in appreciable quantity; and nothing is produced by its combustion but the same water which you have seen the flame of the candle produce. It is important to remember that this hydrogen is the only thing in nature which furnishes water as the sole product of combustion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00121", "bookId": 14474, "start": 90217, "end": 90975, "sha256": "60dcd715708dad88439b45e120bb7dcbb69a52429d89c29083caf5aece7fff2c", "text": "And now we must endeavour to find some additional proof of the general character and composition of water; and for this purpose I will keep you a little longer, so that at our next meeting we may be better prepared for the subject. We have the power of arranging the zinc which you have seen acting upon the water by the assistance of an acid, in such a manner as to cause all the power to be evolved in the place where we require it I have behind me a voltaic pile, and I am just about to shew you, at the end of this lecture, its character and power, that you may see what we shall have to deal with when next we meet. I hold here the extremities of the wires which transport the power from behind me, and which I shall cause to act on the water.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00122", "bookId": 14474, "start": 90979, "end": 92060, "sha256": "94f66a087e24a4880c6cf4c185629ec47d5534d6661cdc9680c6e377712eb98e", "text": "We have previously seen what a power of combustion is possessed by the potassium, or the zinc, or the iron-filings; but none of them shew such energy as this. [The Lecturer here made contact between the two terminal wires of the battery, when a brilliant flash of light was produced.] This light is, in fact, produced by a forty-zinc power of burning: it is a power that I can carry about in my hands, through these wires, at pleasure—although, if I applied it wrongly to myself, it would destroy me in an instant, for it is a most intense thing, and the power you see here put forth while you count five [bringing the poles in contact, and exhibiting the electric light] is equivalent to the power of several thunder-storms, so great is its force[14]. And that you may see what intense energy it has, I will take the ends of the wires which convey the power from the battery, and with it I dare say I can burn this iron file. Now, this is a chemical power, and one which, when we next meet, I shall apply to water, and shew you what results we are able to produce.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00123", "bookId": 14474, "start": 92070, "end": 92081, "sha256": "10eb8613b3e36f42eea48d72a2b0376753e4d3a0b04af04e310b0899f9ab501f", "text": "LECTURE IV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00124", "bookId": 14474, "start": 92085, "end": 92162, "sha256": "0ce0f282b0d6921ccc96b14539d9b3db6404700671f3369b46c040becbab5d9b", "text": "HYDROGEN IN THE CANDLE—BURNS INTO WATER—THE OTHER PART OF WATER—OXYGEN.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00125", "bookId": 14474, "start": 92166, "end": 96029, "sha256": "96370bc6209653eb2d0cfc8098ebb942dbd1a88ad8b4b91ffc76a39d6d42e391", "text": "I see you are not tired of the candle yet, or I am sure you would not be interested in the subject in the way you are. When our candle was burning, we found it produced water exactly like the water we have around us; and by further examination of this water we found in it that curious body, hydrogen—that light substance of which there is some in this jar. We afterwards saw the burning powers of that hydrogen, and that it produced water. And I think I introduced to your notice an apparatus which I very briefly said was an arrangement of chemical force, or power, or energy, so adjusted as to convey its power to us in these wires; and I said I should use that force to pull the water to pieces, to see what else there was in the water besides hydrogen; because, you remember, when we passed the water through the iron tube, we by no means got the weight of water back which we put in, in the form of steam, though we had a very large quantity of gas evolved. We have now to see what is the other substance present. That you may understand the character and use of this instrument, let us make an experiment or two. Let us put together, first of all, some substances, knowing what they are, and then see what that instrument does to them. There is some copper (observe the various changes which it can undergo), and here is some nitric acid, and you will find that this, being a strong chemical agent, will act very powerfully when I add it to the copper. It is now sending forth a beautiful red vapour; but as we do not want that vapour, Mr. Anderson will hold it near the chimney for a short time, that we may have the use and beauty of the experiment without the annoyance. The copper which I have put into the flask will dissolve: it will change the acid and the water into a blue fluid, containing copper and other things; and I propose then shewing you how this voltaic battery deals with it; and in the mean time we will arrange another kind of experiment for you to see what power it has. This is a substance which is to us like water—that is to say, it contains bodies which we do not know of as yet, as water contains a body which we do not know as yet. Now, this solution of a salt[15] I will put upon paper, and spread about, and apply the power of the battery to it, and observe what will happen. Three or four important things will happen which we shall take advantage of. I place this wetted paper upon a sheet of tinfoil, which is convenient for keeping all clean, and also for the advantageous application of the power; and this solution, you see, is not at all affected by being put upon the paper or tinfoil, nor by anything else I have brought in contact with it yet, and which, therefore, is free to us to use as regards that instrument. But first let us see that our instrument is in order. Here are our wires. Let us see whether it is in the state in which it was last time. We can soon tell. As yet, when I bring them together, we have no power, because the conveyers—what we call the electrodes—the passages or ways for the electricity—are stopped; but now Mr. Anderson by that [referring to a sudden flash at the ends of the wires] has given me a telegram to say that it is ready. Before I begin our experiment I will get Mr. Anderson to break contact again at the battery behind me, and we will put a platinum-wire across to connect the poles, and then if I find I can ignite a pretty good length of this wire, we shall be safe in our experiment. Now you will see the power. [The connection was established, and the intermediate wire became red-hot.] There is the power running beautifully through the wire, which I have made thin on purpose to shew you that we have those powerful forces; and now, having that power, we will proceed with it to the examination of water.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00126", "bookId": 14474, "start": 96033, "end": 97157, "sha256": "6c5ce6cc1306ec31d94d9cf50a80153516d98bb8a7a55373ba22f0ce35c6f98f", "text": "I have here two pieces of platinum, and if I lay them down upon this piece of paper [the moistened paper on the tinfoil], you will see no action; and if I take them up, there is no change that you can see, but the arrangement remains just as it was before. But, now, see what happens: if I take these two poles and put either one or the other of them down separately on the platinum-plates, they do nothing for me, both are perfectly without action; but if I let them both be in contact at the same moment, see what happens [a brown spot appeared under each pole of the battery]. Look here at the effect that takes place, and see how I have pulled something apart from the white—something brown; and I have no doubt, if I were to arrange it thus, and were to put one of the poles to the tinfoil on the other side of the paper—why, I get such a beautiful action upon the paper, that I am going to see whether I cannot write with it—a telegram, if you please. [The Lecturer here traced the word “juvenile” on the paper with one of the terminal wires.] See there how beautifully we can get our results!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00127", "bookId": 14474, "start": 97161, "end": 97636, "sha256": "e52b34e94d2bce6b842bc6acc3f5d6fdafd1ea40bac074d9bf6e8f0c01ee99c9", "text": "You see we have here drawn something, which we have not known about before, out of this solution. Let us now take that flask from Mr. Andersen’s hands, and see what we can draw out of that. This, you know, is a liquid which we have just made up from copper and nitric acid, whilst our other experiments were in hand; and though I am making this experiment very hastily, and may bungle a little, yet I prefer to let you see what I do rather than prepare it beforehand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00128", "bookId": 14474, "start": 97640, "end": 98876, "sha256": "ba1443331756ebb4d588c68511f179410f14290f560cb439e5963c192ea79189", "text": "Now, see what happens. These two platinum-plates are the two ends (or I will make them so immediately) of this apparatus; and I am about to put them in contact with that solution just as we did a moment ago on the paper. It does not matter to us whether the solution be on the paper or whether it be in the jar, so long as we bring the ends of the apparatus to it. If I put the two platinums in by themselves, they come out as clean and as white as they go in [inserting them into the fluid without connecting them with the battery]; but when we take the power and lay that on [the platinums were connected with the battery and again dipped into the solution], this, you see [exhibiting one of the platinums], is at once turned into copper, as it were: it has become like a plate of copper; and that [exhibiting the other piece of platinum] has come out quite clean. If I take this coppered piece and change sides, the copper will leave the right-hand side and come over to the left side; what was before the coppered plate comes out clean, and the plate which was clean comes out coated with copper; and thus you see that the same copper we put into this solution we can also take out of it by means of this instrument.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00129", "bookId": 14474, "start": 98880, "end": 101056, "sha256": "286fec88b7d1ad0a484ec736326b60186dd5866b2fe9c6a981304dae7fe84b93", "text": "Putting that solution aside, let us now see what effect this instrument will have upon water. Here are two little platinum-plates which I intend to make the ends of the battery, and this (C) is a little vessel so shaped as to enable me to take it to pieces, and shew you its construction. In these two cups (A and B) I pour mercury, which touches the ends of the wires connected with the platinum-plates. In the vessel (C) I pour some water containing a little acid (but which is put only for the purpose of facilitating the action; it undergoes no change in the process), and connected with the top of the vessel is a bent glass tube (D), which may remind you of the pipe which was connected with the gun barrel in our furnace experiment, and which now passes under the jar (F). I have now adjusted this apparatus, and we will proceed to affect the water in some way or other. In the other case, I sent the water through a tube which was made red-hot; I am now going to pass the electricity through the contents of this vessel. Perhaps I may boil the water; if I do boil the water, I shall get steam; and you know that steam condenses when it gets cold, and you will therefore see by that whether I do boil the water or not. Perhaps, however, I shall not boil the water, but produce some other effect. You shall have the experiment and see. There is one wire which I will put to this side (A), and here is the other wire which I will put to the other side (B), and you will soon see whether any disturbance takes place. Here it is seeming to boil up famously; but does it boil? Let us see whether that which goes out is steam or not. I think you will soon see the jar (F) will be filled with vapour, if that which rises from the water is steam. But can it be steam? Why, certainly not; because there it remains, you see, unchanged. There it is standing over the water, and it cannot therefore be steam, but must be a permanent gas of some sort What is it? Is it hydrogen? Is it anything else? Well, we will examine it. If it is hydrogen, it will burn. [The Lecturer then ignited a portion of the gas collected, which burnt with an explosion.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00130", "bookId": 14474, "start": 101060, "end": 101083, "sha256": "9a893d4737b8f43827999da471a7a746b58bd33abbd1182cefe40f60f53aaa9b", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 19]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00131", "bookId": 14474, "start": 101087, "end": 104171, "sha256": "fd71509c14ce2fcb9c839392ad718442421ee1a8fd9b4eb157725d827b5b98b8", "text": "It is certainly something combustible, but not combustible in the way that hydrogen is. Hydrogen would not have given you that noise; but the colour of that light, when the thing did burn, was like that of hydrogen: it will, however, burn without contact with the air. That is why I have chosen this other form of apparatus, for the purpose of pointing out to you what are the particular circumstances of this experiment. In place of an open vessel I have taken one that is closed (our battery is so beautifully active that we are even boiling the mercury, and getting all things right—not wrong, but vigorously right); and I am going to shew you that that gas, whatever it may be, can burn without air, and in that respect differs from a candle, which cannot burn without the air. And our manner of doing this is as follows:—I have here a glass vessel (G) which is fitted with two platinum-wires (IK), through which I can apply electricity; and we can put the vessel on the air-pump and exhaust the air, and when we have taken the air out we can bring it here and fasten it on to this jar (F), and let into the vessel that gas which was formed by the action of the voltaic battery upon the water, and which we have produced by changing the water into it,—for I may go as far as this, and say we have really, by that experiment, changed the water into that gas. We have not only altered its condition, but we have changed it really and truly into that gaseous substance, and all the water is there which was decomposed by the experiment. As I screw this vessel (GH) on here (H), and make the tubes well connected, and when I open the stop-cocks (HHH), if you watch the level of the water (in F), you will see that the gas will rise. I will now close the stop-cocks, as I have drawn up as much as the vessel can hold, and being safely conveyed into that chamber, I will pass into it an electric spark from this Leyden jar (L), when the vessel, which is now quite clear and bright, will become dim. There will be no sound, for the vessel is strong enough to confine the explosion. [A spark was then passed through the jar, when the explosive mixture was ignited.] Did you see that brilliant light? If I again screw the vessel on to the jar, and open these stop-cocks, you will see that the gas will rise a second time. [The stop-cocks were then opened.] Those gases [referring to the gases first collected in the jar, and which had just been ignited by the electric spark] have disappeared, as you see: their place is vacant, and fresh gas has gone in. Water has been formed from them; and if we repeat our operation [repeating the last experiment], I shall have another vacancy, as you will see by the water rising. I always have an empty vessel after the explosion, because the vapour or gas into which that water has been resolved by the battery explodes under the influence of the spark, and changes into water; and by-and-by you will see in this upper vessel some drops of water trickling down the sides and collecting at the bottom.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00132", "bookId": 14474, "start": 104175, "end": 104532, "sha256": "3b05644913d51b44189e323569bd70c5354b67f7c5c448c5d17e3f0cfd1ea851", "text": "We are here dealing with water entirely, without reference to the atmosphere. The water of the candle had the atmosphere helping to produce it; but in this way it can be produced independently of the air. Water, therefore, ought to contain that other substance which the candle takes from the air, and which, combining with the hydrogen, produces water.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00133", "bookId": 14474, "start": 104536, "end": 105124, "sha256": "7e4e78903910c6262112ec8ad5bd15289ab66f51188da16d9232f2e6574ed3b1", "text": "Just now you saw that one end of this battery took hold of the copper, extracting it from the vessel which contained the blue solution. It was effected by this wire; and surely we may say, if the battery has such power with a metallic solution which we made and unmade, may we not find that it is possible to split asunder the component parts of the water, and put them into this place and that place? Suppose I take the poles—the metallic ends of this battery—and see what will happen with the water in this apparatus (fig. 20), where we have separated the two ends far apart.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00134", "bookId": 14474, "start": 105128, "end": 105152, "sha256": "b36c3525985701971fb7627851d54b610ce67aa8ea52a1f563294181ef7502a1", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 20.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00135", "bookId": 14474, "start": 105156, "end": 106653, "sha256": "c0a429ea9aa948c677675b436fbb12fcaf0ead887089ed4a3be8ca158927272c", "text": "I place one here (at A), and the other there (at B), and I have little shelves with holes which I can put upon each pole, and so arrange them that whatever escapes from the two ends of the battery will appear as separate gases; for you saw that the water did not become vaporous, but gaseous. The wires are now in perfect and proper connection with the vessel containing the water; and you see the bubbles rising: let us collect these bubbles and see what they are. Here is a glass cylinder (O); I fill it with water and put it over one end (A) of the pile; and I will take another (H) and put it over the other end (B) of the pile. And so now we have a double apparatus, with both places delivering gas. Both these jars will fill with gas. There they go, that to the right (H) filling very rapidly; the one to the left (O) filling not so rapidly; and though I have allowed some bubbles to escape, yet still the action is going on pretty regularly; and were it not that one is rather smaller than the other, you would see that I should have twice as much in this (H) as I have in that (O). Both these gases are colourless; they stand over the water without condensing; they are alike in all things—I mean in all _apparent_ things; and we have here an opportunity of examining these bodies and ascertaining what they are. Their bulk is large, and we can easily apply experiments to them. I will take this jar (H) first, and will ask you to be prepared to recognise hydrogen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00136", "bookId": 14474, "start": 106657, "end": 108202, "sha256": "18a9c884026b95ddeccfce5212feff4d1f45cf32d80babcc758b93630c9e870a", "text": "Think of all its qualities—the light gas which stood well in inverted vessels, burning with a pale flame at the mouth of the jar—and see whether this gas does not satisfy all these conditions. If it be hydrogen, it will remain here while I hold this jar inverted. [A light was then applied, when the hydrogen burnt] What is there now in the other jar? You know that the two together made an explosive mixture. But what can this be which we find as the other constituent in water, and which must therefore be that substance which made the hydrogen burn? We know that the water we put into the vessel consisted of the two things together. We find one of these is hydrogen: what must that other be which was in the water before the experiment, and which we now have by itself? I am about to put this lighted splinter of wood into the gas. The gas itself will not burn, but it will make the splinter of wood burn. [The Lecturer ignited the end of the wood, and introduced it into the jar of gas.] See how it invigorates the combustion of the wood, and how it makes it burn far better than the air would make it burn; and now you see by itself that every other substance which is contained in the water, and which, when the water was formed by the burning of the candle, must have been taken from the atmosphere. What shall we call it, A, B, or C? Let us call it O—call it “Oxygen:” it is a very good distinct-sounding name. This, then, is the oxygen which was present in the water, forming so large a part of it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00137", "bookId": 14474, "start": 108206, "end": 108793, "sha256": "78f0cb7a2189311b5d62ad9bf3cfb333ad0c8c38aa4becb4262fe9d995c4c0a9", "text": "We shall now begin to understand more clearly our experiments and researches; because, when we have examined these things once or twice, we shall soon see why a candle burns in the air. When we have in this way analysed the water—that is to say, separated, or electrolysed its parts out of it—we get two volumes of hydrogen, and one of the body that burns it. And these two are represented to us on the following diagram, with their weights also stated; and we shall find that the oxygen is a very heavy body by comparison with the hydrogen. It is the other element in water.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00138", "bookId": 14474, "start": 108797, "end": 109053, "sha256": "40f5f56234a07061d589bfabd44f484d1984fc31eab8049836655497a2560b4b", "text": "I had better, perhaps, tell you now how we get this oxygen abundantly, having shewn you how we can separate it from the water. Oxygen, as you will immediately imagine, exists in the atmosphere; for how should the candle burn to produce water without it?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00139", "bookId": 14474, "start": 109059, "end": 109450, "sha256": "241214c64e8da05c54a960f1f75ba77956549a8a12aa465c71ae0d566a475ba0", "text": "_____________________ | | | | 1 | 8 | | | | | | Oxygen. | Oxygen, . . . . 88.9 | | | | |_________| Hydrogen, . . . 11.1 | Hydrogen. | ————— | | 9 Water,. . . . . 100.0 | | | | | | |___________|", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00140", "bookId": 14474, "start": 109454, "end": 109542, "sha256": "84d7e46cb6db66445c87fc3c4074538d1738ead43252abf130188bb8476b003b", "text": "Such a thing would be absolutely impossible, and chemically impossible, without oxygen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00141", "bookId": 14474, "start": 109546, "end": 109570, "sha256": "59634d0980aec81f4c61ec4dfb97a983091758fc94ddc5865c6ea8bf6261a508", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 21.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00142", "bookId": 14474, "start": 109574, "end": 112290, "sha256": "bec7809546b4f50e6917886dcc424fe27cfef6bef7fe86a5aaab7366f35a1c50", "text": "Can we get it from the air? Well, there are some very complicated and difficult processes by which we can get it from the air; but we have better processes. There is a substance called the black oxide of manganese: it is a very black-looking mineral, but very useful, and when made red-hot it gives out oxygen. Here is an iron bottle which has had some of this substance put into it, and there is a tube fixed to it, and a fire ready made, and Mr. Anderson will put that retort into the fire, for it is made of iron, and can stand the heat. Here is a salt called chlorate of potassa, which is now made in large quantities for bleaching, and chemical and medical uses, and for pyrotechnic and other purposes. I will take some and mix it with some of the oxide of manganese (oxide of copper, or oxide of iron would do as well); and if I put these together in a retort, far less than a red heat is sufficient to evolve this oxygen from the mixture. I am not preparing to make much, because we only want sufficient for our experiments; only, as you will see immediately, if I use too small a charge, the first portion of the gas will be mixed with the air already in the retort, and I should be obliged to sacrifice the first portion of the gas, because it would be so much diluted with air; the first portion must therefore be thrown away. You will find in this case, that a common spirit-lamp is quite sufficient for me to get the oxygen, and so we shall have two processes going on for its preparation. See how freely the gas is coming over from that small portion of the mixture. We will examine it, and see what are its properties. Now, in this way we are producing, as you will observe, a gas just like the one we had in the experiment with the battery, transparent, undissolved by water, and presenting the ordinary visible properties of the atmosphere. (As this first jar contains the air, together with the first portions of the oxygen set free during the preparation, we will carry it out of the way, and be prepared to make our experiments in a regular, dignified manner.) And, inasmuch as that power of making wood, wax, or other things burn, was so marked in the oxygen we obtained by means of the voltaic battery from water, we may expect to find the same property here. We will try it You see there is the combustion of a lighted taper in air, and here is its combustion in this gas [lowering the taper into the jar]. See how brightly and how beautifully it burns! You can also see more than this,—you will perceive it is a heavy gas, whilst the hydrogen would go up like a balloon, or even faster than a balloon, when not encumbered with the weight of the envelope.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00143", "bookId": 14474, "start": 112294, "end": 112318, "sha256": "34740acd3e9510470044776de1bb90bb7df42e977749e255c2a857a7ec3f7865", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 22.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00144", "bookId": 14474, "start": 112322, "end": 113173, "sha256": "1e9821d514faf7c6325f79d2374e749b5a78ed4b3b23563ea7f72a6d914dda86", "text": "You may easily see that although we obtained from water twice as much in volume of the hydrogen as of oxygen, it does not follow that we have twice as much in weight—because one is heavy, and the other a very light gas. We have means of weighing gases or air; but without stopping to explain, that, let me just tell you what their respective weights are. The weight of a pint of hydrogen is three-quarters of a grain; the weight of the same quantity of oxygen is nearly twelve grains. This is a very great difference. The weight of a cubit foot of hydrogen is one-twelfth of an ounce; and the weight of a cubit foot of oxygen is one ounce and a third. And so on we might come to masses of matter which may be weighed in the balance, and which we can take account of as to hundredweights and as to tons, as you will see almost immediately.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00145", "bookId": 14474, "start": 113177, "end": 113982, "sha256": "0d6a0e9828565b0d8d13a15325fdb7e1b38c29e037d5b7b147cbff09c5e5b477", "text": "Now, as regards this very property of oxygen supporting combustion, which we may compare to air, I will take a piece of candle to shew it you in a rough way, and the result will be rough. There is our candle burning in the air: how will it burn in oxygen? I have here a jar of this gas, and I am about to put it over the candle for you to compare the action of this gas with that of the air. Why, look at it: it looks something like the light you saw at the poles of the voltaic battery. Think how vigorous that action must be! And yet, during all that action, nothing more is produced than what is produced by the burning of the candle in air. We have the same production of water, and the same phenomena exactly, when we use this gas instead of air, as we have when the candle is burnt in air.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00146", "bookId": 14474, "start": 113986, "end": 115484, "sha256": "0d4c64d705ddde7d57bc2d40bfc7a573aa0511518d811446e78a726b0e4e22a1", "text": "But now we have got a knowledge of this new substance, we can look at it a little more distinctly, in order to satisfy ourselves that we have got a good general understanding of this part of the product of a candle. It is wonderful how great the supporting powers of this substance are as regards combustion. For instance, here is a lamp which, simple though it be, is the original, I may say, of a great variety of lamps which are constructed for divers purposes—for light-houses, microscopic illuminations, and other uses; and if it were proposed to make it burn very brightly, you would say, “If a candle burnt better in oxygen, will not a lamp do the same?” Why, it will do so. Mr. Anderson will give me a tube coming from our oxygen reservoir, and I am about to apply it to this flame, which I will previously make burn badly on purpose. There comes the oxygen: what a combustion that makes! But if I shut it off, what becomes of the lamp? [The flow of oxygen was stopped, and the lamp relapsed to its former dimness.] It is wonderful how, by means of oxygen, we get combustion accelerated. But it does not affect merely the combustion of hydrogen, or carbon, or the candle; but it exalts all combustions of the common kind. We will take one which relates to iron, for instance, as you have already seen iron burn a little in the atmosphere. Here is a jar of oxygen, and this is a piece of iron wire; but if it were a bar as thick as my wrist, it would burn the same.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00147", "bookId": 14474, "start": 115488, "end": 115512, "sha256": "9239595e69e187e312e15430abd6af485b12469acbc27ec92d25a1c306ee1fb7", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 23.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00148", "bookId": 14474, "start": 115516, "end": 115963, "sha256": "96a617886aea55bee0b56c40b1144690f537888414c9577c746da5c95e69169b", "text": "I first attach a little piece of wood to the iron, I then set the wood on fire and let them both down together into the jar. The wood is now alight, and there it burns as wood should burn in oxygen; but it will soon communicate its combustion to the iron. The iron is now burning brilliantly, and will continue so for a long time. As long as we supply oxygen, so long can we carry on the combustion of the iron, until the latter is consumed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00149", "bookId": 14474, "start": 115967, "end": 116694, "sha256": "a0cf5cad51a6c681ac61439444e129fe3426cafe1793e0b1519a989c8c405c56", "text": "We will now put that on one side, and take some other substance; but we must limit our experiments, for we have not time to spare for all the illustrations you would have a right to if we had more time. We will take a piece of sulphur—you know how sulphur burns in the air—well, we put it into the oxygen, and you will see that whatever can burn in air, can burn with a far greater intensity in oxygen, leading you to think that perhaps the atmosphere itself owes all its power of combustion to this gas. The sulphur is now burning very quietly in the oxygen; but you cannot for a moment mistake the very high and increased action which takes place when it is so burnt, instead of being burnt merely in common air.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00150", "bookId": 14474, "start": 116698, "end": 116722, "sha256": "db3a54ef669c398c521b9744f4ad1be1d6a3f75d690a9cb9084589746f079165", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 24.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00151", "bookId": 14474, "start": 116726, "end": 117455, "sha256": "e6612b7b679a1373bfa251b0dc9723954d974d77f850794103e36b0421a5ed82", "text": "I am now about to shew you the combustion of another substance—phosphorus. I can do it better for you here than you can do it at home. This is a very combustible substance; and if it be so combustible in air, what might you expect it would be in oxygen? I am about to shew it to you not in its fullest intensity, for if I did so we should almost blow the apparatus up—I may even now crack the jar, though I do not want to break things carelessly. You see how it burns in the air. But what a glorious light it gives out when I introduce it into oxygen! [Introducing the lighted phosphorus into the jar of oxygen.] There you see the solid particles going off which cause that combustion to be so brilliantly luminous.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00152", "bookId": 14474, "start": 117459, "end": 119204, "sha256": "7df429793cabcc473678cab1ee1c2190fff031878139620e0be3a597c044dc81", "text": "Thus far we have tested this power of oxygen, and the high combustion it produces by means of other substances. We must now, for a little while longer, look at it as respects the hydrogen. You know, when we allowed the oxygen and the hydrogen derived from the water to mix and burn together, we had a little explosion. You remember, also, that when I burnt the oxygen and the hydrogen in a jet together, we got very little light, but great heat. I am now about to set fire to oxygen and hydrogen, mixed in the proportion in which they occur in water. Here is a vessel containing one volume of oxygen and two volumes of hydrogen. This mixture is exactly of the same nature as the gas we just now obtained from the voltaic battery: it would be far too much to burn at once; I have therefore arranged to blow soap-bubbles with it, and burn those bubbles, that we may see by a general experiment or two how this oxygen supports the combustion of the hydrogen. First of all, we will see whether we can blow a bubble. Well, there goes the gas [causing it to issue through a tobacco-pipe into some soap-suds]. Here I have a bubble. I am receiving them on my hand: and you will perhaps think I am acting oddly in this experiment; but it is to shew you that we must not always trust to noise and sounds, but rather to real facts. [Exploding a bubble on the palm of his hand.] I am afraid to fire a bubble from the end of the pipe, because the explosion would pass up into the jar and blow it to pieces. This oxygen then will unite with the hydrogen, as you see by the phenomena, and hear by the sound, with the utmost readiness of action, and all its powers are then taken up in its neutralisation of the qualities of the hydrogen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00153", "bookId": 14474, "start": 119208, "end": 120246, "sha256": "4e7e00abd6fd5afc0b27c76c45c79e0177962ba97e39f2bf0109ede81a4f1d79", "text": "So now I think you will perceive the whole history of water with reference to oxygen and the air, from what we have before said. Why does a piece of potassium decompose water? Because it finds oxygen in the water. What is set free when I put it in the water, as I am about to do again? It sets free hydrogen, and the hydrogen burns; but the potassium itself combines with oxygen; and this piece of potassium, in taking the water apart—the water, you may say, derived from the combustion of the candle—takes away the oxygen which the candle took from the air, and so sets the hydrogen free; and even if I take a piece of ice, and put a piece of potassium upon it, the beautiful affinities by which the oxygen and the hydrogen are related are such, that the ice will absolutely set fire to the potassium. I shew this to you to-day, in order to enlarge your ideas of these things, and that you may see how greatly results are modified by circumstances. There is the potassium on the ice, producing a sort of volcanic action.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00154", "bookId": 14474, "start": 120250, "end": 120656, "sha256": "90bc106f841e63e5e423f2b38719c656a02d3f72fd8f98d4f4f9588f5134b4b8", "text": "It will be my place, when next we meet, having pointed out these anomalous actions, to shew you that none of these extra and strange effects are met with by us—that none of these strange and injurious actions take place when we are burning, not merely a candle, but gas in our streets, or fuel in our fireplaces, so long as we confine ourselves within the laws that Nature has made for our guidance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00155", "bookId": 14474, "start": 120666, "end": 120676, "sha256": "cb72b989861d2e998fcabaaaf17809ea1eddeb9757a7230ea5d2a340c509d532", "text": "LECTURE V.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00156", "bookId": 14474, "start": 120680, "end": 120817, "sha256": "c20f11dbed197ca0ad010f9f7d3d4078ed5389a13be512e5f2b6bbe7e46d62cd", "text": "OXYGEN PRESENT IN THE AIR—NATURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE—ITS PROPERTIES—OTHER PRODUCTS FROM THE CANDLE—CARBONIC ACID—ITS PROPERTIES.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00157", "bookId": 14474, "start": 120823, "end": 121511, "sha256": "529f8221226bc62c9a948061ec67bdba3e8cf427f3f70c7beb0c2eba98636942", "text": "We have now seen that we can produce hydrogen and oxygen from the water that we obtained from the candle. Hydrogen, you know, comes from the candle, and oxygen, you believe, comes from the air. But then you have a right to ask me, “How is it that the air and the oxygen do not equally well burn the candle?” If you remember what happened when I put a jar of oxygen over a piece of candle, you recollect there was a very different kind of combustion to that which took place in the air. Now, why is this? It is a very important question, and one I shall endeavour to make you understand: it relates most intimately to the nature of the atmosphere, and is most important to us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00158", "bookId": 14474, "start": 121515, "end": 125136, "sha256": "4cbe879913886ad7fe20decaa2b528cde5963cd85555a6aedeff1017d394bcef", "text": "We have several tests for oxygen besides the mere burning of bodies. You have seen a candle burnt in oxygen, or in the air; you have seen phosphorus burnt in the air, or in oxygen; and you have seen iron-filings burnt in oxygen. But we have other tests besides these, and I am about to refer to one or two of them for the purpose of carrying your conviction and your experience further. Here we have a vessel of oxygen. I will shew its presence to you: if I take a little spark and put it into that oxygen, you know, by the experience you gained the last time we met, what will happen; if I put that spark into the jar, it will tell you whether we have oxygen here or not. Yes! We have proved it by combustion; and now here is another test for oxygen, which is a very curious and useful one. I have here two jars full of gas, with a plate between them to prevent their mixing; I take the plate away, and the gases are creeping one into the other. “What happens?” say you: “they together produce no such combustion as was seen in the case of the candle.” But see how the presence of oxygen is told by its association with this other substance[14]. What a beautifully coloured gas I have obtained in this way, shewing me the presence of the oxygen! In the same way we can try this experiment by mixing common air with this test-gas. Here is a jar containing air—such air as the candle would burn in—and here is a jar or bottle containing the test-gas. I let them come together over water, and you see the result: the contents of the test-bottle are flowing into the jar of air, and you see I obtain exactly the same kind of action as before, and that shews me that there is oxygen in the air—the very same substance that has been already obtained by us from the water produced by the candle. But then, beyond that, how is it that the candle does not burn in air as well as in oxygen? We will come to that point at once. I have here two jars; they are filled to the same height with gas, and the appearance to the eye is alike in both, and I really do not know at present which of these jars contains oxygen and which contains air, although I know they have previously been filled with these gases. But here is our test-gas, and I am going to work with the two jars, in order to examine whether there is any difference between them in the quality of reddening this gas. I am now going to turn this test-gas into one of the jars, and observe what happens. There is reddening, you see; there is then oxygen present. We will now test the other jar; but you see this is not so distinctly red as the first: and, further, this curious thing happens,—if I take these two gases and shake them well together with water, we shall absorb the red gas; and then, if I put in more of this test-gas and shake again, we shall absorb more; and I can go on as long as there be any oxygen present to produce that effect. If I let in air, it will not matter; but the moment I introduce water, the red gas disappears; and I may go on in this way, putting in more and more of the test-gas, until I come to something left behind which will not redden any longer by the use of that particular body that rendered the air and the oxygen red. Why is that? You see in a moment it is because there is, besides oxygen, something else present which is left behind. I will let a little more air into the jar, and if it turns red you will know that some of that reddening gas is still present, and that consequently it was not for the want of this producing body that that air was left behind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00159", "bookId": 14474, "start": 125140, "end": 125596, "sha256": "e57f8066b4118081511abe204f18701b82d1d68119f4a72d5be390d8dd25f8b3", "text": "Now, you will begin to understand what I am about to say. You saw that when I burnt phosphorus in a jar, as the smoke produced by the phosphorus and the oxygen of the air condensed, it left a good deal of gas unburnt, just as this red gas left something untouched,—there was, in fact, this gas left behind, which the phosphorus cannot touch, which the reddening gas cannot touch, and this something is not oxygen, and yet is part of the atmosphere.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00160", "bookId": 14474, "start": 125600, "end": 128325, "sha256": "b1d049e0c9be83e319755aceac2d9a7bac25f5feacff5be63a5effad9836cbd6", "text": "So that is one way of opening out air into the two things of which it is composed—oxygen, which burns our candles, our phosphorus, or anything else; and this other substance—nitrogen—which will not burn them. This other part of the air is by far the larger proportion, and it is a very curious body, when we come to examine it; it is remarkably curious, and yet you say, perhaps, that it is very uninteresting. It is uninteresting in some respects because of this—that it shews no brilliant effects of combustion. If I test it with a taper as I do oxygen and hydrogen, it does not burn like hydrogen, nor does it make the taper burn like oxygen. Try it in any way I will, it does neither the one thing nor the other: it will not take fire; it will not let the taper burn; it puts out the combustion of everything. There is nothing that will burn in it in common circumstances. It has no smell; it is not sour; it does not dissolve in water; it is neither an acid nor an alkali; it is as indifferent to all our organs as it is possible for a thing to be. And you might say, “It is nothing; it is not worth chemical attention; what does it do in the air?” Ah! then come our beautiful and fine results shewn us by an observant philosophy. Suppose, in place of having nitrogen, or nitrogen and oxygen, we had pure oxygen as our atmosphere; what would become of us? You know very well that a piece of iron lit in a jar of oxygen goes on burning to the end. When you see a fire in an iron grate, imagine where the grate would go to if the whole of the atmosphere were oxygen. The grate would burn up more powerfully than the coals—for the iron of the grate itself is even more combustible than the coals which we burn in it. A fire put into the middle of a locomotive would be a fire in a magazine of fuel, if the atmosphere were oxygen. The nitrogen lowers it down and makes it moderate and useful for us, and then, with all that, it takes away with it the fumes that you have seen produced from the candle, disperses them throughout the whole of the atmosphere, and carries them away to places where they are wanted to perform a great and glorious purpose of good to man, for the sustenance of vegetation; and thus does a most wonderful work, although you say, on examining it, “Why, it is a perfectly indifferent thing.” This nitrogen in its ordinary state is an inactive element; no action short of the most intense electric force, and then in the most infinitely small degree, can cause the nitrogen to combine directly with the other element of the atmosphere, or with other things round about it; it is a perfectly indifferent, and therefore to say, a safe substance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00161", "bookId": 14474, "start": 128329, "end": 128504, "sha256": "1f127c10060a80b568a6d98dc17fcddfcf479d86b44f557040801913de25704c", "text": "But before I take you to that result, I must tell you about the atmosphere itself. I have written on this diagram the composition of one hundred parts of atmospheric air:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00162", "bookId": 14474, "start": 128527, "end": 128689, "sha256": "e8033945fa25aa8bc017e4dfe2c3f4d0c25f0e1539c2d5eced83e9b0c12e246b", "text": "Bulk. Weight. Oxygen, . . . . . 20 22.3 Nitrogen, . . . . 80 77.7 ——— ————— 100 100.0", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00163", "bookId": 14474, "start": 128693, "end": 129362, "sha256": "6375d439c94cefc881c90733daa935a2fafb03ba271bf02b8eb15b083d33f2e4", "text": "It is a true analysis of the atmosphere, so far as regards the quantity of oxygen and the quantity of nitrogen present. By our analysis, we find that 5 pints of the atmosphere contain only 1 pint of oxygen, and 4 pints, or 4 parts, of nitrogen by bulk. That is our analysis of the atmosphere. It requires all that quantity of nitrogen to reduce the oxygen down, so as to be able to supply the candle properly with fuel, so as to supply us with an atmosphere which our lungs can healthily and safely breathe; for it is just as important to make the oxygen right for us to breathe, as it is to make the atmosphere right for the burning of the fire and the candle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00164", "bookId": 14474, "start": 129366, "end": 129756, "sha256": "a4534a195826046189f12e8041da8aea11a157e9c61b5c8d12e3bd29d5099b9f", "text": "But now for this atmosphere. First of all, let me tell you the weight of these gases. A pint of nitrogen weighs 10⁴⁄₁₀ grains, or a cubic foot weighs 1⅙ ounce. That is the weight of the nitrogen. The oxygen is heavier: a pint of it weighs 11⁹⁄₁₀ grains, and a cubic foot weighs 1¾ ounce. A pint of air weighs about 10⁷⁄₁₀ grains, and a cubic foot 1⅕ ounce.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00165", "bookId": 14474, "start": 129760, "end": 129784, "sha256": "54cab59fdf5613a9d88f3bf10dce4c6fce639f21b956a6dd1214d8a3036cdff5", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 25.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00166", "bookId": 14474, "start": 129788, "end": 131470, "sha256": "6c4de0028447c0ac86460604c86c4616974fa81f224c605362a06baeb11f2572", "text": "You have asked me several times, and I am very glad you have, “How do you weigh gases?” I will shew you; it is very simple, and easily done. Here is a balance, and here a copper bottle, made as light as we can consistent with due strength, turned very nicely in the lathe, and made perfectly air-tight, with a stop-cock, which we can open and shut, which at present is open, and therefore allows the bottle to be full of air. I have here a nicely-adjusted balance, in which I think the bottle, in its present condition, will be balanced by the weight on the other side. And here is a pump by which we can force the air into this bottle, and with it we will force in a certain number of volumes of air, as measured by the pump. [Twenty measures were pumped in.] We will shut that in and put it in the balance. See how it sinks: it is much heavier than it was. By what? By the air that we have forced into it by the pump. There is not a greater _bulk_ of air, but there is the same bulk of _heavier_ air, because we have forced in air upon it. And that you may have a fair notion in your mind as to how much this air measures, here is a jar full of water. We will open that copper vessel into this jar, and let the air return to its former state. All I have to do now is to screw them tightly together, and to turn the taps, when there, you see, is the bulk of the twenty pumps of air which I forced into the bottle; and to make sure that we have been quite correct in what we have been doing, we will take the bottle again to the balance, and, if it is now counterpoised by the original weight, we shall be quite sure we have made our experiment correctly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00167", "bookId": 14474, "start": 131474, "end": 131498, "sha256": "8de176bdabc769a444e8d8ab183d68772666c3ed95fae8d1c7238c25a8edd95e", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 26.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00168", "bookId": 14474, "start": 131502, "end": 132488, "sha256": "8d7de201a833c47ee941729ba4b4a9211e3446742e41c6bbbe43584ee0147b3e", "text": "It is balanced; so, you see, we can find out the weight of the extra volumes of air forced in, in that way, and by that means we are able to ascertain that a cubic foot of air weighs 1⅕ ounce. But that small experiment will by no means convey to your mind the whole literal truth of this matter. It is wonderful how it accumulates when you come to larger volumes. This bulk of air [a cubic foot] weighs 1⅕ ounce. What do you think of the contents of that box above there, which I have had made for the purpose? The air which is within that box weighs one pound—a full pound; and I have calculated the weight of the air in this room,—you would hardly imagine it, but it is above a ton. So rapidly do the weights rise up, and so important is the presence of the atmosphere, and of the oxygen and the nitrogen in it, and the use it performs in conveying things to and fro from place to place, and carrying bad vapours to places where they will do good instead of harm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00169", "bookId": 14474, "start": 132492, "end": 133170, "sha256": "8f7c6527ad89af87df24465a2ca90a91a5d2aa0fdc8a0d31f1afe678f234f81a", "text": "Having given you that little illustration with respect to the weight of the air, let me shew you certain consequences of it. You have a right to them, because you would not understand so much without it. Do you remember this kind of experiment? Have you ever seen it? Suppose I take a pump somewhat similar to the one I had a little while ago to force air into the bottle, and suppose I place it in such a manner that by certain arrangements I can apply my hand to it: my hand moves about in the air so easily that it seems to feel nothing, and I can hardly get velocity enough by any motion of my own in the atmosphere to make sure that there is much resistance to it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00170", "bookId": 14474, "start": 133174, "end": 133198, "sha256": "e13a24c0f3a930f89c3a34a2ad94bf5d9fe2b8362744ee047bfab9bb1b0fdd55", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 27.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00171", "bookId": 14474, "start": 133202, "end": 134056, "sha256": "7188061f5c996406b6f50d4bb8c18fe0db115d39d3512b3d2c6a3a16508eeb7a", "text": "But, when I put my hand here [on the air-pump receiver, which was afterwards exhausted], you see what happens. Why is my hand fastened to this place, and why am I able to pull this pump about? And see! how is it that I can hardly get my hand away? Why is this? It is the weight of the air—the weight of the air that is above. I have another experiment here, which I think will explain to you more about it. When the air is pumped from underneath the bladder which is stretched over this glass, you will see the effect in another shape: the top is quite flat at present, but I will make a very little motion with the pump, and now look at it—see how it has gone down, see how it is bent in. You will see the bladder go in more and more, until at last I expect it will be driven in and broken by the force of the atmosphere pressing upon it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00172", "bookId": 14474, "start": 134060, "end": 134084, "sha256": "f15a7c9f4dbf186da7a59893daa79c6e8cab30215ebd64bc0686f5af467b2cdd", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 28.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00173", "bookId": 14474, "start": 134088, "end": 135299, "sha256": "872579d9a3dbdb0c1b1cdd5c3447ba692bf7cb7038ce018e8de5b7910cbdee7c", "text": "[The bladder at last broke with a loud report.] Now, that was done entirely by the weight of the air pressing on it, and you can easily understand how that is. The particles that are piled up in the atmosphere stand upon each other, as these five cubes do. You can easily conceive that four of these five cubes are resting upon the bottom one, and if I take that away, the others will all sink down. So it is with the atmosphere: the air that is above is sustained by the air that is beneath; and when the air is pumped away from beneath them, the change occurs which you saw when I placed my hand on the air-pump, and which you saw in the case of the bladder, and which you shall see better here. I have tied over this jar a piece of sheet india-rubber, and I am now about to take away the air from the inside of the jar; and if you will watch the india-rubber—which acts as a partition between the air below and the air above—you will see, when I pump, how the pressure shews itself. See where it is going to—I can actually put my hand into the jar; and yet this result is only caused by the great and powerful action of the air above. How beautifully it shews this curious circumstance!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00174", "bookId": 14474, "start": 135303, "end": 136023, "sha256": "e6b3382af378293675ffa05faeda108c613dd525a210481ebc1d9333e697563a", "text": "Here is something that you can have a pull at, when I have finished to-day. It is a little apparatus of two hollow brass hemispheres, closely fitted together, and having connected with it a pipe and a cock, through which we can exhaust the air from the inside; and although the two halves are so easily taken apart, while the air is left within, yet you will see, when we exhaust it by-and-by, no power of any two of you will be able to pull them apart. Every square inch of surface that is contained in the area of that vessel sustains fifteen pounds by weight, or nearly so, when the air is taken out; and you may try your strength presently in seeing whether you can overcome that pressure of the atmosphere.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00175", "bookId": 14474, "start": 136027, "end": 137668, "sha256": "e68e9f8ed1d134aa54678acbdef9db1ec5de6392aade3175744ca9660d6521b6", "text": "Here is another very pretty thing—the boys’ sucker, only refined by the philosopher. We young ones have a perfect right to take toys, and make them into philosophy, inasmuch as now-a-days we are turning philosophy into toys. Here is a sucker, only it is made of india-rubber: if I clap it upon the table, you see at once it holds. Why does it hold? I can slip it about, and yet if I try to pull it up, it seems as if it would pull the table with it I can easily make it slip about from place to place; but only when I bring it to the edge of the table can I get it off. It is only kept down by the pressure of the atmosphere above. We have a couple of them; and if you take these two and press them together, you will see how firmly they stick. And, indeed, we may use them as they are proposed to be used, to stick against windows, or against walls, where they will adhere for an evening, and serve to hang anything on that you want. I think, however, that you boys ought to be shewn experiments that you can make at home; and so here is a very pretty experiment in illustration of the pressure of the atmosphere. Here is a tumbler of water. Suppose I were to ask you to turn that tumbler upside-down, so that the water should not fall out, and yet not be kept in by your hand, but merely by using the pressure of the atmosphere. Could you do that? Take a wine-glass, either quite full or half-full of water, and put a flat card on the top, turn it upside-down, and then see what becomes of the card and of the water. The air cannot get in because the water by its capillary attraction round the edge keeps it out.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00176", "bookId": 14474, "start": 137672, "end": 138870, "sha256": "e474c350b89750d13db36ea033642c23594d6425dbf8f542e27a9eddc626dfa2", "text": "I think this will give you a correct notion of what you may call the materiality of the air; and when I tell you that the box holds a pound of it, and this room more than a ton, you will begin to think that air is something very serious. I will make another experiment, to convince you of this positive resistance. There is that beautiful experiment of the popgun, made so well and so easily, you know, out of a quill, or a tube, or anything of that kind,—where we take a slice of potato, for instance, or an apple, and take the tube and cut out a pellet, as I have now done, and push it to one end. I have made that end tight; and now I take another piece and put it in: it will confine the air that is within the tube perfectly and completely for our purpose; and I shall now find it absolutely impossible by any force of mine to drive that little pellet close up to the other. It cannot be done. I may press the air to a certain extent, but if I go on pressing, long before it comes to the second, the confined air will drive the front one out with a force something like that of gunpowder; for gunpowder is in part dependent upon the same action that you see here exemplified.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00177", "bookId": 14474, "start": 138874, "end": 139401, "sha256": "cef51534127e528d08327963af4b8d108675b0702484ae035c93b2c2bff6faac", "text": "I saw the other day an experiment which pleased me much, as I thought it would serve our purpose here. (I ought to have held my tongue for four or five minutes before beginning this experiment, because it depends upon my lungs for success.) By the proper application of air I expect to be able to drive this egg out of one cup into the other by the force of my breath; but if I fail, it is in a good cause; and I do not promise success, because I have been talking more than I ought to do to make the experiment succeed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00178", "bookId": 14474, "start": 139405, "end": 139511, "sha256": "27f832dc9b95a778aff6f96adc8624c78c49d88240ac5117efe52771f027622f", "text": "[The Lecturer here tried the experiment, and succeeded in blowing the egg from one egg-cup to the other.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00179", "bookId": 14474, "start": 139515, "end": 139898, "sha256": "8dcd5af58f586febc86588e5c5b20289793031750eb431dbd5dd3cb8415efb4e", "text": "You see that the air which I blow goes downwards between the egg and the cup, and makes a blast under the egg, and is thus able to lift a heavy thing—for a full egg is a very heavy thing for air to lift. If you want to make the experiment, you had better boil the egg quite hard first, and then you may very safely try to blow it from one cup to the other, with a little care.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00180", "bookId": 14474, "start": 139902, "end": 141187, "sha256": "6135dd51c85fe38a328bed4d092f8bfcc5f1524b4e6372d6c7565e5930e7cb66", "text": "I have now kept you long enough upon this property of the weight of the air, but there is another thing I should like to mention. You saw the way in which, in this popgun, I was able to drive the second piece of potato half or two-thirds of an inch before the first piece started, by virtue of the elasticity of the air—just as I pressed into the copper bottle the particles of air by means of the pump. Now, this depends upon a wonderful property in the air, namely, its elasticity; and I should like to give you a good illustration of this. If I take anything that confines the air properly, as this membrane, which also is able to contract and expand so as to give us a measure of the elasticity of the air, and confine in this bladder a certain portion of air; and then, if we take the atmosphere off from the outside of it, just as in these cases we put the pressure on—if we take the pressure off, you will see how it will then go on expanding and expanding, larger and larger, until it will fill the whole of this bell-jar, shewing you that wonderful property of the air, its elasticity, its compressibility, and expansibility, to an exceedingly large extent, and which is very essential for the purposes and services it performs in the economy of creation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00181", "bookId": 14474, "start": 141191, "end": 141613, "sha256": "24ae523f4b2cbce7b47db5b24b0a6444b44e811949bd52226b11d086ec8d7ef1", "text": "We will now turn to another very important part of our subject, remembering that we have examined the candle in its burning, and have found that it gives rise to various products. We have the products, you know, of soot, of water, and of something else which you have not yet examined. We have collected the water, but have allowed the other things to go into the air. Let us now examine some of these other products.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00182", "bookId": 14474, "start": 141617, "end": 142612, "sha256": "22cb20d970ba57b861296e7989c3dce0a222195c20fa0ccdca3791b2891b94f7", "text": "Here is an experiment which I think will help you in part in this way. We will put our candle there, and place over it a chimney, thus. I think my candle will go on burning, because the air-passage is open at the bottom and the top. In the first place, you see the moisture appearing—that you know about. It is water produced from the candle by the action of the air upon its hydrogen. But, besides that, something is going out at the top: it is not moisture—it is not water—it is not condensable; and yet, after all, it has very singular properties. You will find that the air coming out of the top of our chimney is nearly sufficient to blow the light out I am holding to it; and if I put the light fairly opposed to the current, it will blow it quite out. You will say that is as it should be; and I am supposing that you think it ought to do so, because the nitrogen does not support combustion, and ought to put the candle out, since the candle will not burn in nitrogen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00183", "bookId": 14474, "start": 142616, "end": 142640, "sha256": "a6c1cdb91ccfa8c3ea43b964ab8b0adfc096e30effc8bd6e4192c786573202ea", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 29.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00184", "bookId": 14474, "start": 142644, "end": 143218, "sha256": "e04aa6972c268087716606f53b491d2dc19ce107ec04aaa95fd8a2daf89da4c7", "text": "But is there nothing else there than nitrogen? I must now anticipate—that is to say, I must use my own knowledge to supply you with the means that we adopt for the purpose of ascertaining these things, and examining such gases as these. I will take an empty bottle—here is one—and if I hold it over this chimney, I shall get the combustion of the candle below sending its results into the bottle above; and we shall soon find that this bottle contains, not merely an air that is bad as regards the combustion of a taper put into it, but having other properties.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00185", "bookId": 14474, "start": 143222, "end": 145681, "sha256": "5065fab40d989fbea779968c980b0468c7604593a11296fb41e99344086d1464", "text": "Let me take a little quick-lime and pour some common water on to it—the commonest water will do. I will stir it a moment, then pour it upon a piece of filtering paper in a funnel, and we shall very quickly have a clear water proceeding to the bottle below, as I have here. I have plenty of this water in another bottle; but, nevertheless, I should like to use the lime-water that was prepared before you, so that you may see what its uses are. If I take some of this beautiful clear lime-water, and pour it into this jar, which has collected the air from the candle, you will see a change coming about. Do you see that the water has become quite milky? Observe, that will not happen with air merely. Here is a bottle filled with air; and if I put a little lime-water into it, neither the oxygen nor the nitrogen, nor anything else that is in that quantity of air, will make any change in the lime-water. It remains perfectly clear, and no shaking of that quantity of lime-water with that quantity of air in its common state will cause any change; but if I take this bottle with the lime-water, and hold it so as to get the general products of the candle in contact with it, in a very short time we shall have it milky. There is the chalk, consisting of the lime which we used in making the lime-water, combined with something that came from the candle—that other product which we are in search of, and which I want to tell you about to-day. This is a substance made visible to us by its action, which is not the action of the lime-water either upon the oxygen or upon the nitrogen, nor upon the water itself, but it is something new to us from the candle. And then we find this white powder, produced by the lime-water and the vapour from the candle, appears to us very much like whitening or chalk, and, when examined, it does prove to be exactly the same substance as whitening or chalk. So we are led, or have been led, to observe upon the various circumstances of this experiment, and to trace this production of chalk to its various causes, to give us the true knowledge of the nature of this combustion of the candle—to find that this substance, issuing from the candle, is exactly the same as that substance which would issue from a retort, if I were to put some chalk into it with a little moisture, and make it red-hot: you would then find that exactly the same substance would issue from it as from the candle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00186", "bookId": 14474, "start": 145685, "end": 148526, "sha256": "04d289b1be8766d4c6876b3b0dde173fea92d7dde34b0bd1adfb45e68092994e", "text": "But we have a better means of getting this substance, and in greater quantity, so as to ascertain what its general characters are. We find this substance in very great abundance in a multitude of cases where you would least expect it. All limestones contain a great deal of this gas which issues from the candle, and which we call _carbonic acid_. All chalks, all shells, all corals contain a great quantity of this curious air. We find it fixed in these stones; for which reason Dr. Black called it “fixed air”—finding it in these fixed things like marble and chalk. He called it fixed air, because it lost its quality of air, and assumed the condition of a solid body. We can easily get this air from marble. Here is a jar containing a little muriatic acid, and here is a taper which, if I put it into that jar, will shew only the presence of common air. There is, you see, pure air down to the bottom; the jar is full of it Here is a substance—marble[17], a very beautiful and superior marble—and if I put these pieces of marble into the jar, a great boiling apparently goes on. That, however, is not steam—it is a gas that is rising up; and if I now search the jar by a candle, I shall have exactly the same effect produced upon the taper as I had from the air which issued from the end of the chimney over the burning candle. It is exactly the same action, and caused by the very same substance that issued from the candle; and in this way we can get carbonic acid in great abundance—we have already nearly filled the jar. We also find that this gas is not merely contained in marble. Here is a vessel in which I have put some common whitening—chalk, which has been washed in water and deprived of its coarser particles, and so supplied to the plasterer as whitening. Here is a large jar containing this whitening and water, and I have here some strong sulphuric acid, which is the acid you might have to use if you were to make these experiments (only, in using this acid with limestone, the body that is produced is an insoluble substance, whereas the muriatic acid produces a soluble substance that does not so much thicken the water). And you will seek out a reason why I take this kind of apparatus for the purpose of shewing this experiment. I do it because you may repeat in a small way what I am about to do in a large one. You will have here just the same kind of action; and I am evolving in this large jar carbonic acid, exactly the same in its nature and properties as the gas which we obtained from the combustion of the candle in the atmosphere. And no matter how different the two methods by which we prepare this carbonic acid, you will see, when we get to the end of our subject, that it is all exactly the same, whether prepared in the one way or in the other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00187", "bookId": 14474, "start": 148530, "end": 149093, "sha256": "69a3bb5c0b5a00a263ed01b8c7078988652863c8a26c3e75a16f276e6f671a2b", "text": "We will now proceed to the next experiment with regard to this gas. What is its nature? Here is one of the vessels full, and we will try it, as we have done so many other gases, by combustion. You see it is not combustible, nor does it support combustion. Neither, as we know, does it dissolve much in water, because we collect it over water very easily. Then, you know that it has an effect, and becomes white in contact with lime-water; and when it does become white in that way, it becomes one of the constituents to make carbonate of lime or limestone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00188", "bookId": 14474, "start": 149097, "end": 150018, "sha256": "94199f0c83707c1d9626b0ae768d4c606c731a86fbcff3ca4d7e951dc2e4ccba", "text": "The next thing I must shew you is, that it really does dissolve a little in water, and therefore that it is unlike oxygen and hydrogen in that respect I have here an apparatus by which we can produce this solution. In the lower part of this apparatus is marble and acid, and in the upper part cold water. The valves are so arranged that the gas can get from one to the other. I will set it in action now, and you can see the gas bubbling up through the water, as it has been doing all night long, and by this time we shall find that we have this substance dissolved in the water. If I take a glass and draw off some of the water, I find that it tastes a little acid to the mouth: it is impregnated with carbonic acid; and if I now apply a little lime-water to it, that will give us a test of its presence. This water will make the lime-water turbid and white, which is proof of the presence of carbonic acid.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00189", "bookId": 14474, "start": 150022, "end": 150245, "sha256": "1a7c993e66055f5961f36f8a582b4be1e3a07efcbe194b6a9ee13bf01b499052", "text": "Then it is a very weighty gas—it is heavier than the atmosphere. I have put their respective weights at the lower part of this table, along with, for comparison, the weights of the other gases we have been examining:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00190", "bookId": 14474, "start": 150272, "end": 150552, "sha256": "1c867c5c1ed62da275b61ae8e08b40cc55c44600feb1862e39b52452e4d3c0af", "text": "Pint. Cubic Foot. Hydrogen, . . . . ¾ grains. ¹⁄₁₂ ounce. Oxygen, . . . . 11⁹⁄₁₀ „ 1½ „ Nitrogen, . . . . 10⅒ „ 1¼ „ Air,. . . . . . 10⁷⁄₁₆ „ 1⅜ „ Carbonic acid, . . 16⅓ „ 1⁹⁄₁₀ „", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00191", "bookId": 14474, "start": 150556, "end": 151442, "sha256": "e2644b0ff71224f7cbaee65f10698e75ae9e1a17190f5e195894c587c3be6a22", "text": "A pint of it weighs 16⅓ grains, and a cubic foot weighs 1⁹⁄₁₀ ounce, almost two ounces. You can see by many experiments that this is a heavy gas. Suppose I take a glass containing nothing else but air, and from this vessel containing the carbonic acid I attempt to pour a little of this gas into that glass; I wonder whether any has gone in or not. I cannot tell by the appearance, but I can in this way [introducing the taper]. Yes, there it is, you see; and if I were to examine it by lime-water, I should find it by that test also. I will take this little bucket, and put it down into the well of carbonic acid—indeed, we too often have real wells of carbonic acid—and now, if there is any carbonic acid, I must have got to it by this time, and it will be in this bucket, which we will examine with a taper. There it is, you see; it is full of carbonic acid.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00192", "bookId": 14474, "start": 151446, "end": 151470, "sha256": "8b1381a5cc8197b2a1bbe1eb58697322e5d02391503a80098067e511e659d56a", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 30.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00193", "bookId": 14474, "start": 151474, "end": 152096, "sha256": "016ffa69092132389ba0b9fca700bef0116fb71364d488cb2cade395536d7d88", "text": "There is another experiment by which I will shew you its weight. I have here a jar suspended at one end of a balance—it is now equipoised; but when I pour this carbonic acid into the jar on the one side which now contains air, you will see it sink down at once, because of the carbonic acid that I pour into it. And now, if I examine this jar with the lighted taper, I shall find that the carbonic acid has fallen into it, and it no longer has any power of supporting the combustion. If I blow a soap-bubble, which of course will be filled with air, and let it fall into this jar of carbonic acid, it will float.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00194", "bookId": 14474, "start": 152100, "end": 152124, "sha256": "b45d4308a042457c8395b41fa555ec82d30c1344b40dc77c12a8b9ef0f94d320", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 31.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00195", "bookId": 14474, "start": 152128, "end": 153086, "sha256": "850b7fba91af3f5d5d2f20865de71d0ae3fd81694eb51f5247bd0eae0b898449", "text": "But I shall first of all take one of these little balloons filled with air. I am not quite sure where the carbonic acid is; we will just try the depth, and see whereabouts is its level. There, you see, we have this bladder floating on the carbonic acid; and if I evolve some more of the carbonic acid, the bladder will be lifted up higher. There it goes—the jar is nearly full; and now I will see whether I can blow a soap-bubble on that, and float it in the same way. [The Lecturer here blew a soap-bubble, and allowed it to fall into the jar of carbonic acid, when it floated in it midway.] It is floating, as the balloon floated, by virtue of the greater weight of the carbonic acid than of the air. And now, having so far given you the history of the carbonic acid—as to its sources in the candle, as to its physical properties and weight—when we next meet I shall shew you of what it is composed, and where it gets its elements from.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00196", "bookId": 14474, "start": 153096, "end": 153107, "sha256": "5c1a693e9d373bb25c5cf73119f2240daf8a364a75f615faf4a313849c76f6c2", "text": "LECTURE VI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00197", "bookId": 14474, "start": 153111, "end": 153212, "sha256": "9814e7f3a7941847f35d04bb6bee2dc95995650ea6e4381eeac070964cdedc39", "text": "CARBON OR CHARCOAL—COAL-GAS—RESPIRATION AND ITS ANALOGY TO THE BURNING OF A CANDLE—CONCLUSION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00198", "bookId": 14474, "start": 153218, "end": 154480, "sha256": "7b05c5cf089889ac43cfb2c100eff44eabcaa09279d137cdf8375e7c467485cb", "text": "A lady, who honours me by her presence at these Lectures, has conferred a still further obligation by sending me these two candles, which are from Japan, and, I presume, are made of that substance to which I referred in a former lecture. You see that they are even far more highly ornamented than the French candles; and, I suppose, are candles of luxury, judging from their appearance. They have a remarkable peculiarity about them—namely, a hollow wick,—that beautiful peculiarity which Argand introduced into the lamp, and made so valuable. To those who receive such presents from the East, I may just say that this and such like materials gradually undergo a change which gives them on the surface a dull and dead appearance; but they may easily be restored to their original beauty, if the surface be rubbed with a clean cloth or silk handkerchief, so as to polish the little rugosity or roughness: this will restore the beauty of the colours. I have so rubbed one of these candles, and you see the difference between it and the other which has not been polished, but which may be restored by the same process. Observe, also, that these moulded candles from Japan are made more conical than the moulded candles in this part of the world.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00199", "bookId": 14474, "start": 154484, "end": 157198, "sha256": "cb94c95a902b289440acf38a4331169f633fc7c6ebd77a9c0bdf6e0d510db71e", "text": "I told you, when we last met, a good deal about carbonic acid. We found, by the lime-water test, that when the vapour from the top of the candle or lamp was received into bottles, and tested by this solution of lime-water (the composition of which I explained to you, and which you can make for yourselves), we had that white opacity which was in fact calcareous matter, like shells and corals, and many of the rocks and minerals in the earth. But I have not yet told you fully and clearly the chemical history of this substance—carbonic acid—as we have it from the candle, and I must now resume that subject. We have seen the products, and the nature of them, as they issue from the candle. We have traced the water to its elements, and now we have to see where are the elements of the carbonic acid supplied by the candle. A few experiments will shew this. You remember that when a candle burns badly, it produces smoke; but if it is burning well, there is no smoke. And you know that the brightness of the candle is due to this smoke, which becomes ignited. Here is an experiment to prove this: so long as the smoke remains in the flame of the candle and becomes ignited, it gives a beautiful light, and never appears to us in the form of black particles. I will light some fuel, which is extravagant in its burning. This will serve our purpose—a little turpentine on a sponge. You see the smoke rising from it, and floating into the air in large quantities; and, remember now, the carbonic acid that we have from the candle is from such smoke as that. To make that evident to you, I will introduce this turpentine burning on the sponge into a flask where I have plenty of oxygen, the rich part of the atmosphere, and you now see that the smoke is all consumed. This is the first part of our experiment; and now, what follows? The carbon which you saw flying off from the turpentine flame in the air is now entirely burned in this oxygen, and we shall find that it will, by this rough and temporary experiment, give us exactly the same conclusion and result as we had from the combustion of the candle. The reason why I make the experiment in this manner is solely that I may cause the steps of our demonstration to be so simple that you can never for a moment lose the train of reasoning, if you only pay attention. All the carbon which is burned in oxygen, or air, comes out as carbonic acid, whilst those particles which are not so burned shew you the second substance in the carbonic acid—namely, the carbon—that body which made the flame so bright whilst there was plenty of air, but which was thrown off in excess when there was not oxygen enough to burn it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00200", "bookId": 14474, "start": 157202, "end": 158376, "sha256": "f44848b865e41d025ba26b855ecdb1a2f2580371b3083e9606c892260b000fca", "text": "I have also to shew you a little more distinctly the history of carbon and oxygen, in their union to make carbonic acid. You are now better able to understand this than before, and I have prepared three or four experiments by way of illustration. This jar is filled with oxygen, and here is some carbon which has been placed in a crucible, for the purpose of being made red-hot. I keep my jar dry, and venture to give you a result imperfect in some degree, in order that I may make the experiment brighter. I am about to put the oxygen and the carbon together. That this is carbon (common charcoal pulverised), you will see by the way in which it burns in the air [letting some of the red-hot charcoal fall out of the crucible]. I am now about to burn it in oxygen gas, and look at the difference. It may appear to you at a distance as if it were burning with a flame; but it is not so. Every little piece of charcoal is burning as a spark, and whilst it so burns it is producing carbonic acid. I specially want these two or three experiments to point out what I shall dwell upon more distinctly by-and-by—that carbon burns in this way, and not as a flame.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00201", "bookId": 14474, "start": 158380, "end": 159653, "sha256": "47010244407f6a63cfcc436c1e1ce5aa94e80be360ebfca9dab48fdf9b5f61e1", "text": "Instead of taking many particles of carbon to burn, I will take a rather large piece, which will enable you to see the form and size; and to trace the effects very decidedly. Here is the jar of oxygen, and here is the piece of charcoal, to which I have fastened a little piece of wood, which I can set fire to, and so commence the combustion, which I could not conveniently do without. You now see the charcoal burning, but not as a flame (or if there be a flame, it is the smallest possible one, which I know the cause of—namely, the formation of a little carbonic oxide close upon the surface of the carbon). It goes on burning, you see, slowly producing carbonic acid by the union of this carbon or charcoal (they are equivalent terms) with the oxygen. I have here another piece of charcoal, a piece of bark, which has the quality of being blown to pieces—exploding as it burns. By the effect of the heat, we shall reduce the lump of carbon into particles that will fly off; still every particle, equally with the whole mass, burns in this peculiar way: it burns as a coal, and not like a flame. You observe a multitude of little combustions going on, but no flame. I do not know a finer experiment than this, to shew that carbon burns with a spark.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00202", "bookId": 14474, "start": 159657, "end": 161293, "sha256": "ecd3d703922e196ad8c40e090f21f30275f1804ed35cc2fa1df40b2c6f9af1c2", "text": "Here, then, is carbonic acid formed from its elements. It is produced at once; and if we examined it by lime-water, you will see that we have the same substance which I have previously described to you. By putting together 6 parts of carbon by weight (whether it comes from the flame of a candle or from powdered charcoal) and 16 parts of oxygen by weight, we have 22 parts of carbonic acid; and, as we saw last time, the 22 parts of carbonic acid, combined with 28 parts of lime, produced common carbonate of lime. If you were to examine an oyster-shell, and weigh the component parts, you would find that every 50 parts would give 6 of carbon and 16 of oxygen, combined with 28 of lime. However, I do not want to trouble you with these minutiæ—it is only the general philosophy of the matter that we can now go into. See how finely the carbon is dissolving away [pointing to the lump of charcoal burning quietly in the jar of oxygen]. You may say that the charcoal is actually dissolving in the air round about; and if that were perfectly pure charcoal, which we can easily prepare, there would be no residue whatever. When we have a perfectly cleansed and purified piece of carbon, there is no ash left. The carbon burns as a solid dense body, that heat alone cannot change as to its solidity, and yet it passes away into vapour that never condenses into solid or liquid under ordinary circumstances; and what is more curious still, is the fact that the oxygen does not change in its bulk by the solution of the carbon in it. Just as the bulk is at first, so it is at last, only it has become carbonic acid.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00203", "bookId": 14474, "start": 161297, "end": 164484, "sha256": "30c706279798f66848606df553a331fbe9debfd7563fbd8ff2da4a3d0f74de32", "text": "There is another experiment which I must give you before you are fully acquainted with the general nature of carbonic acid. Being a compound body, consisting of carbon and oxygen, carbonic acid is a body that we ought to be able to take asunder. And so we can. As we did with water, so we can with carbonic acid—take the two parts asunder. The simplest and quickest way is to act upon the carbonic acid by a substance that can attract the oxygen from it, and leave the carbon behind. You recollect that I took potassium and put it upon water or ice, and you saw that it could take the oxygen from the hydrogen. Now, suppose we do something of the same kind here with this carbonic acid. You know carbonic acid to be a heavy gas. I will not test it with lime-water, as that will interfere with our subsequent experiments; but I think the heaviness of the gas and the power of extinguishing flame will be sufficient for our purpose. I introduce a flame into the gas, and you will see whether it will be put out. You see the light is extinguished. Indeed, the gas may, perhaps, put out phosphorus, which, you know, has a pretty strong combustion. Here is a piece of phosphorus heated to a high degree. I introduce it into gas, and you observe the light is put out; but it will take fire again in the air, because there it re-enters into combustion. Now, let me take a piece of potassium, a substance which, even at common temperatures, can act upon carbonic acid, though not sufficiently for our present purpose, because it soon gets covered with a protecting coat; but if we warm it up to the burning point in air, as we have a fair right to do, and as we have done with phosphorus, you will see that it can burn in carbonic acid; and if it burns, it will burn by taking oxygen, so that you will see what is left behind. I am going, then, to burn this potassium in the carbonic acid, as a proof of the existence of oxygen in the carbonic acid. [In the preliminary process of heating, the potassium exploded.] Sometimes we get an awkward piece of potassium that explodes, or something like it, when it burns. I will take another piece; and now that it is heated, I introduce it into the jar, and you perceive that it burns in the carbonic acid—not so well as in the air, because the carbonic acid contains the oxygen combined; but it does burn, and takes away the oxygen. If I now put this potassium into water, I find that, besides the potash formed (which you need not trouble about), there is a quantity of carbon produced. I have here made the experiment in a very rough way; but I assure you that if I were to make it carefully, devoting a day to it, instead of five minutes, we should get all the proper amount of charcoal left in the spoon, or in the place where the potassium was burned, so that there could be no doubt as to the result. Here, then, is the carbon obtained from the carbonic acid, as a common black substance; so that you have the entire proof of the nature of carbonic acid as consisting of carbon and oxygen. And now, I may tell you, that _whenever_ carbon burns under common circumstances, it produces carbonic acid.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00204", "bookId": 14474, "start": 164488, "end": 166274, "sha256": "f565f4b8c09314c3b3198c2961e7d96ce84c239dafa98cc48de9c928a17429ab", "text": "Suppose I take this piece of wood, and put it into a bottle with lime-water. I might shake that lime-water up with wood and the atmosphere as long as I pleased, it would still remain clear as you see it; but suppose I burn the piece of wood in the air of that bottle. You, of course, know I get water. Do I get carbonic acid? [The experiment was performed.] There it is, you see—that is to say, the carbonate lime, which results from carbonic acid, and that carbonic acid must be formed from the carbon which comes from the wood, from the candle, or any other thing. Indeed, you have yourselves frequently tried a very pretty experiment, by which you may see the carbon in wood. If you take a piece of wood, and partly burn it, and then blow it out, you have carbon left. There are things that do not shew carbon in this way. A candle does not shew it, but it contains carbon. Here also is a jar of coal-gas, which produces carbonic acid abundantly. You do not see the carbon, but we can soon shew it to you. I will light it, and as long as there is any gas in this cylinder it will go on burning. You see no carbon, but you see a flame; and because that is bright, it will lead you to guess that there is carbon in the flame. But I will shew it to you by another process. I have some of the same gas in another vessel, mixed with a body that will burn the hydrogen of the gas, but will not burn the carbon. I will light them with a burning taper, and you perceive the hydrogen is consumed, but not the carbon, which is left behind as a dense black smoke. I hope that by these three or four experiments you will learn to see when carbon is present, and understand what are the products of combustion, when gas or other bodies are thoroughly burned in the air.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00205", "bookId": 14474, "start": 166278, "end": 169105, "sha256": "8174d26c84e052299fdd431318e0872b96b25016016cd28611896c5a74a47394", "text": "Before we leave the subject of carbon, let us make a few experiments and remarks upon its wonderful condition as respects ordinary combustion. I have shewn you that the carbon in burning burns only as a solid body, and yet you perceive that, after it is burned, it ceases to be a solid. There are very few fuels that act like this. It is, in fact, only that great source of fuel, the carbonaceous series, the coals, charcoals, and woods, that can do it. I do not know that there is any other elementary substance besides carbon that burns with these conditions; and if it had not been so, what would happen to us? Suppose all fuel had been like iron, which, when it burns, burns into a solid substance. We could not then have such a combustion as you have in this fireplace. Here also is another kind of fuel which burns very well—as well as, if not better, than carbon—so well, indeed, as to take fire of itself when it is in the air, as you see [breaking a tube full of lead pyrophorus]. This substance is lead, and you see how wonderfully combustible it is. It is very much divided, and is like a heap of coals in the fireplace; the air can get to its surface and inside, and so it burns. But why does it not burn in that way now, when it is lying in a mass? [emptying the contents of the tube in a heap on to a plate of iron]. Simply because the air cannot get to it. Though it can produce a great heat, the great heat which we want in our furnaces and under our boilers, still that which is produced cannot get away from the portion which remains unburned underneath, and that portion, therefore, is prevented from coming in contact with the atmosphere, and cannot be consumed. How different is that from carbon. Carbon burns just in the same way as this lead does, and so gives an intense fire in the furnace, or wherever you choose to burn it; but then the body produced by its combustion passes away, and the remaining carbon is left clear. I shewed you how carbon went on dissolving in the oxygen, leaving no ash; whereas here [pointing to the heap of pyrophorus] we have actually more ash than fuel, for it is heavier by the amount of the oxygen which has united with it. Thus you see the difference between carbon and lead or iron: if we choose iron, which gives so wonderful a result in our application of this fuel, either as light or heat. If, when the carbon burnt, the product went off as a solid body, you would have had the room filled with an opaque substance, as in the case of the phosphorus; but when carbon burns, everything passes up into the atmosphere. It is in a fixed, almost unchangeable condition before the combustion; but afterwards it is in the form of gas, which it is very difficult (though we have succeeded) to produce in a solid or a liquid state.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00206", "bookId": 14474, "start": 169109, "end": 170318, "sha256": "ccc02ea978c16d7b6a8fc74be16378d35f8d089850e973406745486f99329f46", "text": "Now, I must take you to a very interesting part of our subject—to the relation between the combustion of a candle and that living kind of combustion which goes on within us. In every one of us there is a living process of combustion going on very similar to that of a candle; and I must try to make that plain to you. For it is not merely true in a poetical sense—the relation of the life of man to a taper; and if you will follow, I think I can make this clear. In order to make the relation very plain, I have devised a little apparatus which we can soon build up before you. Here is a board and a groove cut in it, and I can close the groove at the top part by a little cover. I can then continue the groove as a channel by a glass tube at each end, there being a free passage through the whole. Suppose I take a taper or candle (we can now be liberal in our use of the word “candle,” since we understand what it means), and place it in one of the tubes; it will go on, you see, burning very well. You observe that the air which feeds the flame passes down the tube at one end, then goes along the horizontal tube, and ascends the tube at the other end in which the taper is placed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00207", "bookId": 14474, "start": 170322, "end": 170345, "sha256": "010d4915ea8b646076fdedce442b2f7a0fa202b17696a7471b71b3021380e5cc", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 32]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00208", "bookId": 14474, "start": 170349, "end": 172230, "sha256": "de80a01944f0eed222728983042deaa597ddbe50c58a43bd0631c0d967b253f0", "text": "If I stop the aperture through which the air enters, I stop combustion, as you perceive. I stop the supply of air, and consequently the candle goes out. But, now, what will you think of this fact? In a former experiment I shewed you the air going from one burning candle to a second candle. If I took the air proceeding from another candle, and sent it down by a complicated arrangement into this tube, I should put this burning candle out. But what will you say when I tell you that my breath will put out that candle? I do not mean by blowing at all, but simply that the nature of my breath is such that a candle cannot burn in it. I will now hold my mouth over the aperture, and without blowing the flame in any way, let no air enter the tube but what comes from my mouth. You see the result. I did not blow the candle out. I merely let the air which I expired pass into the aperture, and the result was that the light went out for want of oxygen, and for no other reason. Something or other—namely, my lungs—had taken away the oxygen from the air, and there was no more to supply the combustion of the candle. It is, I think, very pretty to see the time it takes before the bad air which I throw into this part of the apparatus has reached the candle. The candle at first goes on burning, but so soon as the air has had time to reach it, it goes out. And, now, I will shew you another experiment, because this is an important part of our philosophy. Here is a jar which contains fresh air, as you can see by the circumstance of a candle or gas-light burning it. I make it close for a little time, and by means of a pipe I get my mouth over it so that I can inhale the air. By putting it over water, in the way that you see, I am able to draw up this air (supposing the cork to be quite tight), take it into my lungs, and throw it back into the jar.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00209", "bookId": 14474, "start": 172234, "end": 172258, "sha256": "524e164484bbc8dcf570cbad07d2d4d411c23327a0173cfb8dc6b8ef42771c30", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 33.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00210", "bookId": 14474, "start": 172262, "end": 173057, "sha256": "0c5c75bf30b919f330123690bfd550b6edb9fdb86d6d0deb0ad3a5498d4afef6", "text": "We can then examine it, and see the result. You observe, I first take up the air, and then throw it back, as is evident from the ascent and descent of the water; and now, by putting a taper into the air, you will see the state in which it is, by the light being extinguished. Even one inspiration, you see, has completely spoiled this air, so that it is no use my trying to breathe it a second time. Now, you understand the ground of the impropriety of many of the arrangements among the houses of the poorer classes, by which the air is breathed over and over again, for the want of a supply, by means of proper ventilation, sufficient to produce a good result. You see how bad the air becomes by a single breathing; so that you can easily understand how essential fresh air is to us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00211", "bookId": 14474, "start": 173061, "end": 173600, "sha256": "1549e9abdb10f5b3a10bc3e3c2bd0b507fb1e72f184d8ad6cbaaff0bde64d194", "text": "To pursue this a little further, let us see what will happen with lime-water. Here is a globe which contains a little lime-water, and it is so arranged as regards the pipes, as to give access to the air within, so that we can ascertain the effect of respired or unrespired air upon it. Of course, I can either draw in air (through A), and so make the air that feeds my lungs go through the lime-water, or I can force the air out of my lungs through the tube (B), which goes to the bottom, and so shew its effect upon the lime-water.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00212", "bookId": 14474, "start": 173604, "end": 173628, "sha256": "6550e643e968e214d41dde4b7eca38faf3f7995c7f08ac76ff455e6cbf1fbd93", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 34.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00213", "bookId": 14474, "start": 173632, "end": 174195, "sha256": "dce0d0827c314889ab6f15b293b1721264ec89cbcec687588f1a2006c2dff38f", "text": "You will observe that, however long I draw the external air into the lime-water, and then through it to my lungs, I shall produce no effect upon the water—it will not make the lime-water turbid; but if I throw the air _from_ my lungs through the lime-water, several times in succession, you see how white and milky the water is getting, shewing the effect which expired air has had upon it; and now you begin to know that the atmosphere which we have spoiled by respiration is spoiled by carbonic acid, for you see it here in contact with the lime-water.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00214", "bookId": 14474, "start": 174199, "end": 174398, "sha256": "73141cb7dd9bd1a61962f5df19b04e031f4b018cb4229a028ccedbaf6338bbfa", "text": "I have here two bottles, one containing lime-water and the other common water, and tubes which pass into the bottles and connect them. The apparatus is very rough, but it is useful notwithstanding.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00215", "bookId": 14474, "start": 174402, "end": 174426, "sha256": "5d61170624adb197b5ed15ae9c9820cd3e916097f7525f80a1714b0c77a777e2", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 35.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00216", "bookId": 14474, "start": 174430, "end": 174970, "sha256": "a421730a1d944a165cc66a3ad53f637ab1d22266560c1818ac638a21917519cb", "text": "If I take these two bottles, inhaling here and exhaling there, the arrangement of the tubes will prevent the air going backwards. The air coming in will go to my mouth and lungs, and in going out, will pass through the lime-water, so that I can go on breathing and making an experiment, very refined in its nature, and very good in its results. You will observe that the good air has done nothing to the lime-water; in the other case nothing has come to the lime-water but my respiration, and you see the difference in the two cases.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00217", "bookId": 14474, "start": 174974, "end": 176930, "sha256": "6050a11e9a0071d4e7a8c681418d331fd067f0d93470c8b742a986ff90dcdaa2", "text": "Let us now go a little further. What is all this process going on within us which we cannot do without, either day or night, which is so provided for by the Author of all things that He has arranged that it shall be independent of all will? If we restrain our respiration, as we can to a certain extent, we should destroy ourselves. When we are asleep, the organs of respiration, and the parts that are associated with them, still go on with their action—so necessary is this process of respiration to us, this contact of the air with the lungs. I must tell you, in the briefest possible manner, what this process is. We consume food: the food goes through that strange set of vessels and organs within us, and is brought into various parts of the system, into the digestive parts especially; and alternately the portion which is so changed is carried through our lungs by one set of vessels, while the air that we inhale and exhale is drawn into and thrown out of the lungs by another set of vessels, so that the air and the food come close together, separated only by an exceedingly thin surface: the air can thus act upon the blood by this process, producing precisely the same results in kind as we have seen in the case of the candle. The candle combines with parts of the air, forming carbonic acid, and evolves heat; so in the lungs there is this curious, wonderful change taking place. The air entering, combines with the carbon (not carbon in a free state, but, as in this case, placed ready for action at the moment), and makes carbonic acid, and is so thrown out into the atmosphere, and thus this singular result takes place: we may thus look upon the food as fuel. Let me take that piece of sugar, which will serve my purpose. It is a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, similar to a candle, as containing the same elements, though not in the same proportion—the proportions being as shewn in this table:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00218", "bookId": 14474, "start": 176934, "end": 176940, "sha256": "96f3619611b1805c07d92a2e4ac409abd4dabb654ec332cd96a4abfdf104af5c", "text": "SUGAR.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00219", "bookId": 14474, "start": 176945, "end": 177057, "sha256": "74d422d7d948d3a97722b3cbfff783e5df175d731fe3c03552080d71c2b3fca7", "text": "Carbon, . . . . 72 _ Hydrogen, . . . 11 | | 99 Oxygen, . . . . 88_|", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00220", "bookId": 14474, "start": 177061, "end": 178787, "sha256": "0580aaea337f3945dcc6164749198ca51e54734e56cbe55d4bfe98f0a8710f1a", "text": "This is, indeed, a very curious thing, which you can well remember, for the oxygen and hydrogen are in exactly the proportions which form water, so that sugar may be said to be compounded of 72 parts of carbon and 99 parts of water; and it is the carbon in the sugar that combines with the oxygen carried in by the air in the process of respiration—so making us like candles—producing these actions, warmth, and far more wonderful results besides, for the sustenance of the system, by a most beautiful and simple process. To make this still more striking, I will take a little sugar; or, to hasten the experiment, I will use some syrup, which contains about three-fourths of sugar and a little water. If I put a little oil of vitriol on it, it takes away the water, and leaves the carbon in a black mass. [The Lecturer mixed the two together.] You see how the carbon is coming out, and before long we shall have a solid mass of charcoal, all of which has come out of sugar. Sugar, as you know, is food, and here we have absolutely a solid lump of carbon where you would not have expected it. And if I make arrangements so as to oxidize the carbon of sugar, we shall have a much more striking result Here is sugar, and I have here an oxidizer—a quicker one than the atmosphere; and so we shall oxidize this fuel by a process different from respiration in its form, though not different in its kind. It is the combustion of the carbon by the contact of oxygen which the body has supplied to it. If I set this into action at once, you will see combustion produced. Just what occurs in my lungs—taking in oxygen from another source, namely, the atmosphere—takes place here by a more rapid process.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00221", "bookId": 14474, "start": 178791, "end": 180749, "sha256": "dd3db3a7ac6559efe27b305dca1bbefc63d70efc02d4cefbcd278805345ea08e", "text": "You will be astonished when I tell you what this curious play of carbon amounts to. A candle will burn some four, five, six, or seven hours. What, then, must be the daily amount of carbon going up into the air in the way of carbonic acid! What a quantity of carbon must go from each of us in respiration! What a wonderful change of carbon must take place under these circumstances of combustion or respiration! A man in twenty-four hours converts as much as seven ounces of carbon into carbonic acid; a milch cow will convert seventy ounces, and a horse seventy-nine ounces, solely by the act of respiration. That is, the horse in twenty-four hours burns seventy-nine ounces of charcoal, or carbon, in his organs of respiration, to supply his natural warmth in that time. All the warm-blooded animals get their warmth in this way, by the conversion of carbon, not in a free state, but in a state of combination. And what an extraordinary notion this gives us of the alterations going on in our atmosphere. As much as 5,000,000 pounds, or 548 tons, of carbonic acid is formed by respiration in London alone in twenty-four hours. And where does all this go? Up into the air. If the carbon had been like the lead which I shewed you, or the iron which, in burning, produces a solid substance, what would happen? Combustion could not go on. As charcoal burns, it becomes a vapour and passes off into the atmosphere, which is the great vehicle, the great carrier for conveying it away to other places. Then, what becomes of it? Wonderful is it to find that the change produced by respiration, which seems so injurious to us (for we cannot breathe air twice over), is the very life and support of plants and vegetables that grow upon the surface of the earth. It is the same also under the surface, in the great bodies of water; for fishes and other animals respire upon the same principle, though not exactly by contact with the open air.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00222", "bookId": 14474, "start": 180753, "end": 181896, "sha256": "589c153cb36b06209277c6fbc6c409ae8db5a3dd831d746b0c93080ab22309b9", "text": "Such fish as I have here [pointing to a globe of gold-fish] respire by the oxygen which is dissolved from the air by the water, and form carbonic acid; and they all move about to produce the one great work of making the animal and vegetable kingdoms subservient to each other. And all the plants growing upon the surface of the earth, like that which I have brought here to serve as an illustration, absorb carbon. These leaves are taking up their carbon from the atmosphere, to which we have given it in the form of carbonic acid, and they are growing and prospering. Give them a pure air like ours, and they could not live in it; give them carbon with other matters, and they live and rejoice. This piece of wood gets all its carbon, as the trees and plants get theirs, from the atmosphere, which, as we have seen, carries away what is bad for us and at the same time good for them,—what is disease to the one being health to the other. So are we made dependent, not merely upon our fellow-creatures, but upon our fellow-existers, all Nature being tied together by the laws that make one part conduce to the good of another.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00223", "bookId": 14474, "start": 181900, "end": 186166, "sha256": "7d4123f414655233d86cf8ca2b8a0aa18fe195425e0d12b25c8e997152f38118", "text": "There is another little point which I must mention before we draw to a close—a point which concerns the whole of these operations, and most curious and beautiful it is to see it clustering upon and associated with the bodies that concern us—oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, in different states of their existence. I shewed you just now some powdered lead, which I set burning[18]; and you saw that the moment the fuel was brought to the air, it acted, even before it got out of the bottle—the moment the air crept in, it acted. Now, there is a case of chemical affinity by which all our operations proceed. When we breathe, the same operation is going on within us. When we burn a candle, the attraction of the different parts one to the other is going on. Here it is going on in this case of the lead; and it is a beautiful instance of chemical affinity. If the products of combustion rose off from the surface, the lead would take fire, and go on burning to the end; but you remember that we have this difference between charcoal and lead—that, while the lead can start into action at once, if there be access of air to it, the carbon will remain days, weeks, months, or years. The manuscripts of Herculaneum were written with carbonaceous ink, and there they have been for 1,800 years or more, not having been at all changed by the atmosphere, though coming in contact with it under various circumstances. Now, what is the circumstance which makes the lead and carbon differ in this respect? It is a striking thing to see that the matter which is appointed to serve the purpose of fuel _waits_ in its action: it does not start off burning, like the lead and many other things that I could shew you; but which I have not encumbered the table with; but it waits for action. This waiting is a curious and wonderful thing. Candles—those Japanese candles, for instance—do not start into action at once, like the lead or iron (for iron finely divided does the same thing as lead), but there they wait for years, perhaps for ages, without undergoing any alteration. I have here a supply of coal-gas. The jet is giving forth the gas, but you see it does not take fire—it comes out into the air, but it waits till it is hot enough before it burns. If I make it hot enough, it takes fire. If I blow it out, the gas that is issuing forth waits till the light is applied to it again. It is curious to see how different substances wait—how some will wait till the temperature is raised a little, and others till it is raised a good deal. I have here a little gunpowder and some gun-cotton; even these things differ in the conditions under which they will burn. The gunpowder is composed of carbon and other substances, making it highly combustible; and the gun-cotton is another combustible preparation. They are both waiting, but they will start into activity at different degrees of heat, or under different conditions. By applying a heated wire to them, we shall see which will start first [touching the gun-cotton with the hot iron]. You see the gun-cotton has gone off, but not even the hottest part of the wire is now hot enough to fire the gunpowder. How beautifully that shews you the difference in the degree in which bodies act in this way! In the one case the substance will wait any time until the associated bodies are made active by heat; but in the other, as in the process of respiration, it waits no time. In the lungs, as soon as the air enters, it unites with the carbon; even in the lowest temperature which the body can bear short of being frozen, the action begins at once, producing the carbonic acid of respiration: and so all things go on fitly and properly. Thus you see the analogy between respiration and combustion is rendered still more beautiful and striking. Indeed, all I can say to you at the end of these lectures (for we must come to an end at one time or other) is to express a wish that you may, in your generation, be fit to compare to a candle; that you may, like it, shine as lights to those about you; that, in all your actions, you may justify the beauty of the taper by making your deeds honourable and effectual in the discharge of your duty to your fellow-men.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00224", "bookId": 14474, "start": 186176, "end": 186196, "sha256": "4bc3d36045da95057f7cf73aef0c8b43600766ebc89ac0bb066991fdda23fd5d", "text": "LECTURE ON PLATINUM.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00225", "bookId": 14474, "start": 186200, "end": 186276, "sha256": "151d16f6cb7c0972593e0be7435f57a8b2a5eb2407c7c7b020a78a3815ae7cb0", "text": "[_Delivered before the_ ROYAL INSTITUTION, _on Friday, February 22, 1861._]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00226", "bookId": 14474, "start": 186282, "end": 188699, "sha256": "3303b965080ef3a741da30d4b4c5da9c81c422730bced85e91e6d93da4901329", "text": "Whether I was to have the honour of appearing before you this evening or not, seemed to be doubtful upon one or two points. One of these I will mention immediately; the other may or may not appear during the course of the hour that follows. The first point is this. When I was tempted to promise this subject for your attention this evening, it was founded upon a promise, and a full intent of performing that promise, on the part of my friend Deville, of Paris, to come here to shew before you a phenomenon in metallurgic chemistry not common. In that I have been disappointed. His intention was to have fused here some thirty or forty pounds of platinum, and so to have made manifest, through my mouth and my statement, the principles of a new process in metallurgy, in relation to this beautiful, magnificent, and valuable metal; but circumstances over which neither he nor I, nor others concerned, have sufficient control, have prevented the fulfilment of that intention; and the period at which I learned the fact was so recent, that I could hardly leave my place here to be filled by another, or permit you, who in your kindness have come to hear what might be said, to remain unreceived in the best manner possible to me under the circumstances. I therefore propose to state, as well as I can, what the principles are on which M. Deville proceeds, by means of drawings, and some subordinate or inferior experiments. The metal platinum, of which you see some very fine specimens on the table, has been known to us about a hundred years. It has been wrought in a beautiful way in this country, in France, and elsewhere, and supplied to the consumer in ingots of this kind, or in plates, such as we have here, or in masses, that by their very fall upon the table indicate the great weight of the substance, which is, indeed, nearly at the head of all substances in that respect. This substance has been given to us hitherto mainly through the philosophy of Dr. Wollaston, whom many of us know, and it is obtained in great purity and beauty. It is a very remarkable metal in many points, besides its known special uses. It usually comes to us in grains. Here is a very fine specimen of native platinum in grains. Here is also a nugget or ingot, and here are some small pieces gathered out of certain alluvial soils in Brazil, Mexico, California, and the Uralian districts of Russia.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00227", "bookId": 14474, "start": 188703, "end": 191162, "sha256": "3bf78711c9e8d458035570a1a5941209e2c0a3bfeeb98eed7265d113c59f1c6f", "text": "It is strange that this metal is almost always found associated with some four or five other metals, most curious in their qualities and characteristics. They are called platiniferous metals; and they have not only the relation of being always found associated in this manner, but they have other relations of a curious nature, which I shall point out to you by a reference to one of the tables behind me. This substance is always native—it is always in the metallic state; and the metals with which it is found connected, and which are rarely found elsewhere, are palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, and ruthenium. We have the names in one of the tables arranged in two columns, representing, as you see, two groups—platinum, iridium, and osmium constituting one group; and ruthenium, rhodium, and palladium the other. Three of these have the chemical equivalent of 98½, and the others a chemical equivalent of about half that number. Then the metals of one group have an extreme specific gravity—platinum being, in fact, the lightest of the three, or as light as the lightest. Osmium has a specific gravity of 21.4, and is the heaviest body in nature; platinum is 21.15, and iridium the same; the specific gravity of the other three being only about half that, namely, 11.3, 12.1, and 11.8. Then there is this curious relation, that palladium and iridium are very much alike, so that you would scarcely know one from the other, though one has only half the weight of the other, and only half the equivalent power. So with iridium and rhodium, and osmium and ruthenium, which are so closely allied that they make pairs, being separated each from its own group. Then these metals are the most infusible that we possess. Osmium is the most difficult to fuse: indeed, I believe it never has been fused, while every other metal has. Ruthenium comes next, iridium next, rhodium next, platinum next (so that it ranks here as a pretty fusible metal, and yet we have been long accustomed to speak of the infusibility of platinum), and next comes palladium, which is the most fusible metal of the whole. It is a curious thing to see this fine association of physical properties coming out in metals which are grouped together somehow or other in nature, but, no doubt, by causes which are related to analogous properties in their situation on the surface of the earth, for it is in alluvial soils that these things are found.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00228", "bookId": 14474, "start": 191166, "end": 194398, "sha256": "368f27184f26eba5f665103cfcabf1e8a072a75b640a2ea62c36a5041046fef1", "text": "Now, with regard to this substance, let me tell you briefly how we get it. The process used to be this. The ore which I shewed you just now was taken, and digested in nitro-muriatic acid of a certain strength, and partly converted into a solution, with the leaving behind of certain bodies that I have upon the table. The platinum being dissolved with care in acids, to the solution the muriate of ammonia was added, as I am about to add it here. A yellow precipitate was then thrown down, as you perceive is the case now; and this, carefully washed and cleansed, gave us that body [pointing to a specimen of the chloride of platinum and ammonium], the other elements, or nearly all, being ejected. This substance being heated, gave us what we call platinum sponge, or platinum in the metallic state, so finely divided as to form a kind of heavy mass or sponge, which, at the time that Dr. Wollaston first sent it forth, was not fusible for the market or in the manufacturers’ workshops, inasmuch as the temperature required was so high, and there were no furnaces that could bring the mass into a globule, and cause the parts to adhere together. Most of our metals that we obtain from nature, and work in our shops, are brought at last into a mass by fusion. I am not aware that there is in the arts or sciences any other than iron which is not so. Soft iron we do not bring together by fusion, but by a process which is analogous to the one that was followed in the case of platinum, namely, welding; for these divided grains of spongy platinum having been well washed and sunk in water for the purpose of excluding air, and pressed together, and heated, and hammered, and pressed again, until they come into a pretty close, dense, compact mass, did so cohere, that when the mass was put into the furnace of charcoal, and raised to a high temperature, the particles, at first infinitely divided—for they were chemically divided—adhered the one to the other, each to all the rest, until they made that kind of substance which you see here, which will bear rolling and expansion of every kind. No other process than that has hitherto been adopted for the purpose of obtaining this substance from the particles by solution, precipitation, ignition, and welding. It certainly is a very fine thing to see that we may so fully depend upon the properties of the various substances we have to deal with; that we can, by carrying out our processes, obtain a material like this, allowing of division and extension under a rolling mill—a material of the finest possible kind, the parts being held together, not with interstices, not with porosity, but so continuous that no fluids can pass between them; and, as Dr. Wollaston beautifully shewed, a globule of platinum fused by the voltaic battery and the oxyhydrogen blowpipe, when drawn into a wire, was not sounder or stronger than this wire made by the curious coalescence of the particles by the sticking power that they had at high temperatures. This is the process adopted by Messrs. Johnson and Matthey, to whose great kindness I am indebted for these ingots and for the valuable assistance I have received in the illustrations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00229", "bookId": 14474, "start": 194402, "end": 196549, "sha256": "6fde91d2414b505a7c9694bd08af56b2c5ce873df1d43bc9a5dab537db5b5fc3", "text": "The treatment, however, that I have to bring before you is of another kind; and it is in the hope that we shall be able before long to have such a thing as the manufacture of platinum of this kind, that I am encouraged to come before you, and tell you how far Deville has gone in the matter, and to give you illustrations of the principles on which he proceeds. I think it is but fair that you should see an experiment shewing you the way in which we get the adhesion of platinum. Probably you all know of the welding of iron: you go into the smith’s shop, and you see him put the handle of a poker on to the stem, and by a little management and the application of heat he makes them one. You have no doubt seen him put the iron into the fire and sprinkle a little sand upon it. He does not know the philosophy he calls into play when he sprinkles a little sand over the oxide of iron, but he has a fine philosophy there, or practises it, when he gets his welding. I can shew you here this beautiful circumstance of the sticking together of the particles up to the fullest possible intensity of their combination. If you were to go into the workshops of Mr. Matthey, and see them hammering and welding away, you would see the value of the experiment I am about to shew you. I have here some platinum-wire. This is a metal which resists the action of acids, resists oxidation by heat, and change of any sort; and which, therefore, I may heat in the atmosphere without any flux. I bend the wire so as to make the ends cross: these I make hot by means of the blowpipe, and then, by giving them a tap with a hammer, I shall make them into one piece. Now that the pieces are united, I shall have great difficulty in pulling them apart, though they are joined only at the point where the two cylindrical surfaces came together. And now I have succeeded in pulling the wire apart, the division is not at the point of welding, but where the force of the pincers has cut it, so that the junction we have effected is a complete one. This, then, is the principle of the manufacture and production of platinum in the old way.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00230", "bookId": 14474, "start": 196553, "end": 197029, "sha256": "8f626dbad2291e6681e7004ba7bc54f0b9d1f247bda5d869eb564d9bc8191ca1", "text": "The treatment which Deville proposes to carry out, and which he has carried out to a rather large extent in reference to the Russian supply of platinum, is one altogether by heat, having little or no reference to the use of acids. That you may know what the problem is, look at this table, which gives you the composition of such a piece of platinum ore as I shewed you just now. Wherever it comes from, the composition is as complicated, though the proportions vary:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00231", "bookId": 14474, "start": 197033, "end": 197327, "sha256": "e2452b2a958f2489b1dc5b0b9e9ac77e1b45e1527bc7595266342696f3b9abac", "text": "Platinum, . . . . . 76.4 Iridium,. . . . . . 4.3 Rhodium,. . . . . . 0.3 Palladium,. . . . . 1.4 Gold, . . . . . . . 0.4 Copper, . . . . . . 4.1 Iron, . . . . . . . 11.7 Osmide of Iridium,. 0.5 Sand, . . . . . . . 1.4 ————— 100.5", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00232", "bookId": 14474, "start": 197331, "end": 197648, "sha256": "fb2f79ad27ddc90c222d43ada63516a9eea21522a7037a871b56f83d102c414e", "text": "This refers to the Uralian ore. In that state of combination, as shewn in the table, the iridium and osmium are found combined in crystals, sometimes to the amount of 0.5 per cent., and sometimes 3 or 4 per cent. Now, this Deville proposes to deal with in the dry way, in the place of dealing with it by any acid.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00233", "bookId": 14474, "start": 197652, "end": 199057, "sha256": "6c5f180276cb438830acf9d75b177344e12c05a8fba1bcf2d9a88b5eb3800a80", "text": "I have here another kind of platinum; and I shew it to you for this reason. The Russian Government, having large stores of platinum in their dominions, have obtained it in a metallic state, and worked it into coin. The coin I have in my hand is a twelve silver rouble piece. The rouble is worth three shillings, and this coin is, therefore, of the value of thirty-six shillings. The smaller coin is worth half that sum; and the other, half of that. The metal, however, is unfit for coinage. When you have the two metals, gold and silver, used for coinage, you have a little confusion in the value of the two in the market; but when you have three precious metals (for you may call platinum a precious metal) worked into coin, they will be sure to run counter to one another. Indeed, the case did happen, that the price of platinum coin fixed by the Government was such, that it was worth while to purchase platinum in other countries, and make coin of it, and then take it into that country and circulate it. The result was, that the Russian Government stopped the issue. The composition of this coin is—platinum, 97.0; iridium, 1.2; rhodium, 0.5; palladium, 0.25; a little copper, and a little iron. It is, in fact, bad platinum: it scales, and it has an unfitness for commercial use and in the laboratory, which the other well-purified platinum has not. It wants working over again.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00234", "bookId": 14474, "start": 199061, "end": 201851, "sha256": "bf119cda35a3d30a50aef68ae352c3b31f60e9bd4a251d25dce6225eaa3a2b5b", "text": "Now, Deville’s process depends upon three points,—upon intense heat, blowpipe action, and the volatility of certain metals. We know that there are plenty of metals that are volatile; but this, I think, is the first time that it has been proposed to use the volatility of certain metals—such as gold and palladium—for the purpose of driving them off and leaving something else behind. He counts largely upon the volatility of metals which we have not been in the habit of considering volatile, but which we have rather looked upon as fixed; and I must endeavour to illustrate these three points by a few experiments. Perhaps I can best show you what is required in the process of heating platinum by using that source of heat which we have here, and which seems to be almost illimitable—namely, the voltaic battery; for it is only in consequence of the heat that the voltaic battery affects the platinum. By applying the two extremities of the battery to this piece of platinum-wire, you will see what result we shall obtain. You perceive that we can take about this heating agent wherever we like, and deal with it as we please, limiting it in any way. I am obliged to deal carefully with it; but even that circumstance will have an interest for you in watching the experiment. Contact is now made. The electric current, when compressed into thin conducting-wires offering resistance, evolves heat to a large extent; and this is the power by which we work. You see the intense glow immediately imparted to the wire; and if I applied the heat continuously, the effect of the current would be to melt the wire. As soon as the contact is broken, the wire resumes its former appearance; and now that we make contact again, you perceive the glow as before. [The experiment was repeated several times in rapid succession.] You can see a line of light, though you can scarcely perceive the wire; and now that it has melted with the great heat, if you examine it, you will perceive that it is indeed a set of irregularities from end to end—a set of little spheres, which are strung upon an axis of platinum running through it. It is that wire which Mr. Grove described as being produced at the moment when fusion of the whole mass is commencing. In the same manner, if I take a tolerably thick piece of platinum, and subject it to the heat that can be produced by this battery, you will see the brilliancy of the effect produced. I shall put on a pair of spectacles for the experiment, as there is an injurious effect of the voltaic spark upon the eyes, if the action is continued; and it is neither policy nor bravery to subject any organ to unnecessary danger; and I want, at all events, to keep the full use of my eyes to the end of the lecture.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00235", "bookId": 14474, "start": 201855, "end": 202962, "sha256": "a6cc96bfab77c1a5e56b461a523ddd6ec1892faf232c6a57a20e44857f56b407", "text": "You now see the action of the heat upon the piece of platinum—heat so great as to break in pieces the plate on which the drops of metal fall. You perceive, then, that we have sufficiently powerful sources of heat in nature to deal with platinum. I have here an apparatus by which the same thing can be shewn. Here is a piece of platinum, which is put into a crucible of carbon made at the end of one pole of the battery, and you will see the brilliant light that will be produced. There is our furnace, and the platinum is rapidly getting heated; and now you perceive that it is melted, and throwing off little particles. What a magnificent philosophical instrument this is. When you look at the result, which is lying upon the charcoal, you will see a beautifully fused piece of platinum. It is now a fiery globule, with a surface so bright, and smooth, and reflecting, that I cannot tell whether it is transparent, or opaque, or what. This, then, will give you an idea of what has to be done by any process that pretends to deal with thirty, or forty, or fifty pounds of platinum at once.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00236", "bookId": 14474, "start": 202966, "end": 204021, "sha256": "c1e7649616b798241485325110e6a3eea88a97b866992e4ff4abb6dbc0fae594", "text": "Let me now tell you briefly what Deville proposes to do. First of all, he takes this ore, with its impurities, and mixes it (as he finds it essential and best) with its own weight of sulphuret of lead—lead combined with sulphur. Both the lead and the sulphur are wanted; for the iron that is there present, as you see by the table, is one of the most annoying substances in the treatment that you can imagine, because it is not volatile; and while the iron remains adhering to the platinum, the platinum will not flow readily. It cannot be sent away by a high temperature—sent into the atmosphere so as to leave the platinum behind. Well, then, a hundred parts of ore and a hundred parts of sulphuret of lead, with about fifty parts of metallic lead, being all mingled together in a crucible, the sulphur of the sulphuret takes the iron, the copper, and some of the other metals and impurities, and combines with them to form a slag; and as it goes on boiling and oxidising, it carries off the iron, and so a great cleansing takes place.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00237", "bookId": 14474, "start": 204025, "end": 206316, "sha256": "fd6e02fa8a26eba81d4987fed6df08112dadbe563f35746943c2bfa5eb3578cd", "text": "Now, you ought to know that these metals, such as platinum, iridium, and palladium, have a strong affinity for such metals as lead and tin, and upon this a great deal depends. Very much depends upon the platinum throwing out its impurities of iron and so forth, by being taken up with the lead present in it. That you may have a notion of the great power that platinum has of combining with other metals, I will refer you to a little of the chemist’s experience—his bad experience. He knows very well that if he takes a piece of platinum-foil, and heats a piece of lead upon it, or if he takes a piece of platinum-foil, such as we have here, and heats things upon it that have lead in them, his platinum is destroyed. I have here a piece of platinum, and if I apply the heat of the spirit-lamp to it, in consequence of the presence of this little piece of lead which I will place on it, I shall make a hole in the metal. The heat of the lamp itself would do no harm to the platinum, nor would other chemical means; but because there is a little lead present, and there is an affinity between the two substances, the bodies fuse together at once. You see the hole I have made. It is large enough to put your finger in, though the platinum itself was, as you saw, almost infusible, except by the voltaic battery. For the purpose of shewing this fact in a more striking manner, I have taken pieces of platinum-foil, tinfoil, and lead-foil, and rolled them together; and if I apply the blowpipe to them, you will have, in fact, a repetition on a larger scale of the experiment you saw just now when the lead and platinum came together, and one spoiled the other. When the metals are laid one upon the other, and folded together and heat applied, you will not only see that the platinum runs to waste, but that at the time when the platinum and lead are combined there is ignition produced—there is a power of sustaining combustion. I have taken a large piece, that you may see the phenomenon on a large scale. You saw the ignition and the explosion which followed, of which we have here the results—the consequence of the chemical affinity between the platinum and the metals combined with it, which is the thing upon which Deville founds his first result.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00238", "bookId": 14474, "start": 206320, "end": 207568, "sha256": "39fda6320bc3325cdb22c2b9ca830c08bc457d33074fbb4a6bc3ac1b0965dca4", "text": "When he has melted these substances and stirred them well up, and so obtained a complete mixture, he throws in air upon the surface to burn off all the sulphur from the remaining sulphuret of lead; and at last he gets an ingot of lead with platinum—much lead, comparatively, and little platinum. He gets that in the crucible with a lot of scoriæ and other things, which he treats afterwards. It is that platiniferous lead which we have to deal with in our future process. Now, let me tell you what he does with it. His first object is to get rid of the lead. He has thrown out all the iron, and a number of other things, and he has got this kind of compound indicated in the table. He may get it as high as 78 per cent. of platinum, and 22 of lead; or 5, or 10, or 15 of platinum, and 95, or 90, or 85 of lead (which he calls weak platinum), and he then places it in the kind of vessel that you see before you. Suppose we had the mixture here; we should have to make it hot, and then throw in air upon the surface. The combustible metal—that is, the lead—and the part that will oxidise, are thoroughly oxidised; the litharge would flow out in a fused state into a vessel placed to receive it, and the platinum remains behind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00239", "bookId": 14474, "start": 207572, "end": 207596, "sha256": "ed983151de025ed38726736c57c8bb8a7ad1d9b0c1714ab844e5653682298f57", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 36.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00240", "bookId": 14474, "start": 207600, "end": 208276, "sha256": "cbdea288fba63277445cd324d45cb1ee16626ba7b59d6d31d389d420983b3acc", "text": "Here is the process which Deville adopts for the purpose of casting off the lead, after he has got out the platinum from the ore. (Having made use of your friend, you get rid of him as quickly as you can.) He gets his heat by applying the combination of oxygen and hydrogen, or of carburetted fuel, for the purpose of producing a fire. I have here a source of coal-gas; there I have a source of hydrogen; and here I have a source of oxygen. I have here also one of the blowpipes used by Deville in his process for working platinum in the way I have spoken of. There are two pipes, and one of them goes to the source of coal-gas, and the other to the supply of oxygen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00241", "bookId": 14474, "start": 208280, "end": 208304, "sha256": "d089177e2cd4322b5a4a30ab8f3cce783f978ad82e24be628aa4a2cc2890405e", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 37.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00242", "bookId": 14474, "start": 208308, "end": 210583, "sha256": "dd777d63454d875352b594e7516134d4bd6f33f9f9cf2fc22d864237f6a6514c", "text": "By uniting these we obtain a flame of such a heat as to melt platinum. You will, perhaps, hardly imagine what the heat is, unless you have some proof of it; but you will soon see that I have actually the power of melting platinum. Here is a piece of platinum-foil running like wax under the flame which I am bringing to bear against it. The question, however, is whether we shall get heat enough to melt, not this small quantity, but large masses—many pounds of the metal. Having obtained heat like this, the next consideration is what vessel is he to employ which could retain the platinum when so heated, or bear the effects of the flame? Such vessels are happily well supplied at Paris, and are formed of a substance which surrounds Paris; it is a kind of chalk (called, I believe, by geologists, _calcaire grossière_), and it has the property of enduring an extreme degree of heat. I am now going to get the highest heat that we can obtain. First, I shew you the combustion of hydrogen by itself. I have not a large supply, because the coal-gas is sufficient for most of our purposes. If I put a piece of lime obtained from this chalk into the gas, you see we get a pretty hot flame, which would burn one’s fingers a good deal But now let me subject a piece of it to the joint action of oxygen and hydrogen. I do this for the purpose of shewing you the value of lime as a material for the furnaces and chambers that are to contain the substances to be operated on, and that are consequently to sustain the action of this extreme heat. Here we have the hydrogen and the oxygen, which will give the most intense heat that can be obtained by chemical action; and if I put a piece of lime into the flame, we get what is called the lime-light. Now, with all the beauty and intensity of action which you perceive, there is no sensible deterioration of the lime except by the mechanical force of the current of gases rushing from the jet against the lime, sweeping away such particles as are not strongly aggregated. “Vapour of lime” some call it; and it may be so, but there is no other change of the lime than that under the action of heat of this highly-exalted chemical condition, though almost any other substance would melt at once.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00243", "bookId": 14474, "start": 210587, "end": 213546, "sha256": "06cde396324cc0cc90ff362915b8eb1816398faf00901c253ed23fb5674facc0", "text": "Then, as to the way in which the heat is applied to the substance. It is all very well for me to take a piece of antimony, and fuse it in the flame of a blowpipe. But if I tried this piece in the ordinary lamp flame, I should do nothing; if I tried a smaller piece, I should do little or nothing; and if I tried a still smaller piece, I should do little or nothing; yet I have a condition which will represent what Deville carries to the highest possible extent, and which we all carry to the highest extent, in the use of the blowpipe. Suppose I take this piece of antimony: I shall not be able to melt it in that flame of the candle by merely holding it there; yet, by taking pains, we can even melt a piece of platinum there. This is a preparation which I made for the purpose of proving the fusibility of platinum in a common candle. There is a piece of wire, drawn by that ingenious process of Dr. Wollaston’s, not more than the three-thousandth part of an inch in diameter. He put the wire into the middle of a cylinder of silver, and drew both together until the whole compound was exceedingly thin; and then he dissolved away the silver by nitric acid. There was left in the centre a substance which I can scarcely see with an eye-glass, but which I know is there, and which I can make visible, as you see, by putting it into the candle, where the heat makes it glow like a spark. I have again and again tried this experiment up-stairs in my own room, and have easily fused this platinum-wire by a common candle. You see we have, therefore, heat enough in the candle, as in the voltaic battery, or in the highly-exalted combustion of the blowpipe, but we do not supply a continuous source of heat. In the very act of this becoming ignited, the heat radiates so fast that you cannot accumulate enough to cause the fusion of the wire, except under the most careful arrangement. Thus I cannot melt that piece of antimony by simply putting it into the candle; but if I put it upon charcoal, and drive the fiery current against it, there will be heat enough to melt it. The beauty of the blowpipe is, that it sends hot air (making hot air by the combustion of the flame) against the thing to be heated. I have only to hold the antimony in the course of that current, and particle by particle of the current impinges upon the antimony, and so we get it melted. You now see it red-hot, and I have no doubt it will continue to burn if I withdraw it from the flame and continue to force the air on it. Now, you see it burning without any heat but that of its own combustion, which I am keeping up by sending the air against it. It would go out in a moment if I took away the current of air from it; but there it is burning, and the more air I give it, by this or any other action, the better it is. So, then, we have here not merely a mighty source of heat, but a means of driving the heat forcibly against substances.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00244", "bookId": 14474, "start": 213550, "end": 215238, "sha256": "ffdd6fe9f3aa1505847d370d4c2d7dd41e618a7d5e7896f5f84167bb5602201f", "text": "Let me shew you another experiment with a piece of iron. It will serve two purposes—shewing you what the blowpipe does as a source of heat, and what it does by sending that heat where it is wanted. I have taken iron in contrast with silver or other metals, that you may see the difference of action, and so be more interested in the experiment. Here is our fuel, the coal-gas; and here our oxygen. Having thus my power of heat, I apply it to the iron, which, as you see, soon gets red-hot. It is now flowing about like a globule of melted mercury. But observe, I cannot raise any vapour: it is now covered with a coat of melted oxide, and unless I have a great power in my blowpipe, it is hardly possible to break through it. Now, then, you see these beautiful sparks: you have not only a beautiful kind of combustion, but you see the iron is being driven off, not producing smoke, but burning in a fixed condition. How different this is from the action of some other metals—that piece of antimony, for instance, which we saw just now throwing off abundance of fumes. We can, of course, burn away this iron by giving plenty of air to it; but with the bodies which Deville wants to expose to this intense heat he has not that means: the gas itself must have power enough to drive off the slag which forms on the surface of the metal, and power to impinge upon the platinum so as to get the full contact that he wants for the fusion to take place. We see here, then, the means to which he resorts—oxygen, and either coal-gas or water-gas[19], or pure hydrogen, for producing heat, and the blowpipe for the purpose of impelling the heated current upon the metals.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00245", "bookId": 14474, "start": 215242, "end": 215813, "sha256": "e4b411011b64a2fa6e8b0c06bd74ffefc625b4272c7f499005ac0f3e4ecceceb", "text": "I have two or three rough drawings here, representing the kind of furnaces which he employs. They are larger, however, than the actual furnaces he uses. Even the furnace in which he carries on that most serious operation of fusing fifty pounds of platinum at once is not much more than half the size of the drawing. It is made of a piece of lime below and a piece of lime above. You see how beautifully lime sustains heat without altering in shape; and you may have thought how beautifully it prevents the dissipation of the heat by its very bad conducting powers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00246", "bookId": 14474, "start": 215817, "end": 215840, "sha256": "78bd2d94afdee14a863062da6c464aef365b4f77a8f3c0306a78cfd4ebb47817", "text": "[Illustration: Fig. 38]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00247", "bookId": 14474, "start": 215844, "end": 217900, "sha256": "453b436fab9c09d6e767fe0c7dafe55014c3d6923898bf5db2476f577d37c1fc", "text": "While the front part of the lime which you saw here was so highly ignited, I could at any moment touch the back of it without feeling any annoyance from the heat So, by having a chamber of lime of this sort, he is able to get a vessel to contain these metals with scarcely any loss of heat. He puts the blowpipes through these apertures, and sends down these gases upon the metals, which are gradually melted. He then puts in more metal through a hole at the top. The results of the combustion issue out of the aperture which you see represented. If there be strips of platinum, he pushes them through the mouth out of which the heated current is coming, and there they get red-hot and white-hot before they get into the bath of platinum. So he is able to fuse a large body of platinum in this manner. When the platinum is melted, he takes off the top and pours out from the bottom piece, like a crucible, and makes his cast. This is the furnace by which he fuses his forty pounds or fifty pounds of platinum at once. The metal is raised to a heat that no eye can bear. There is no light and shadow, no chiaro-oscuro there; all is the same intensity of glow. You look in, and you cannot see where the metal or the lime is; it is all as one. We have, therefore, a platform with a handle, which turns upon an axis, that coincides with the gutter that is formed for the pouring of the metal; and when all is known to be ready, by means of dark glasses, the workmen take off the top piece and lift up the handle, and the mould being then placed in a proper position, he knows that the issue of the metal will be exactly in the line of the axis. No injury has ever happened from the use of this plan. You know with what care it is necessary to carry such a vessel of mercury as we have here, for fear of turning it over on one side or the other; but if it be a vessel of melted platinum, the very greatest care must be used, because the substance is twice as heavy: yet no injury has been done to any of the workmen in this operation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00248", "bookId": 14474, "start": 217904, "end": 220825, "sha256": "cf99a11771eada843a118935f919ada170ba0720175982dd9b6e2dea9edeb00f", "text": "I have said that Deville depends upon intense heat for carrying off vapour; and this brings me to the point of shewing how vapours are carried off. Here is a basin of mercury, which boils easily, as you know, and gives us the opportunity of observing the facts and principles which are to guide us. I have here two poles of the battery, and if I bring them into contact with the mercury, see what a development of vapour we have. The mercury is flying off rapidly; and I might, if I pleased, put all the company around me in a bath of mercury vapour. And so, if we take this piece of lead and treat it in the same way, it will also give off vapour. Observe the fumes that rise from it; and even if it was so far enclosed from the air that you could not form any litharge, you would still have those abundant fumes flying off. I may also take a piece of gold, and shew you the same thing. I have here a piece of gold which I put upon a clean surface of Paris limestone. Applying the heat of the blowpipe to it, you see how the heat drives off the vapour; and if you notice at the end of the Lecture, you will observe on the stone a purple patch of condensed gold. Thus you see a proof of the volatilisation of gold. It is the same with silver. You will not be startled if I sometimes use one agent and sometimes another to illustrate a particular point. The volatility of gold and silver is the same thing, whether it be effected by the voltaic battery or by the blowpipe. [A lump of silver was placed in a charcoal crucible between the poles of a voltaic battery.] Now, look at the fumes of silver, and observe the peculiar and beautiful green colour which they produce. We shall now shew you this same process of boiling the silver, cast on a screen from the electric lamp which you have before you; and while Dr. Tyndall is kindly getting the lamp ready for this purpose, let me tell you that Deville proposes to throw out in this way all these extraneous things that I have spoken of, except two—namely, iridium and rhodium. It so happens, as he says, that iridium and rhodium do make the metal more capable of resisting the attacks of acids than platinum itself. Alloys are compounded up to 25 per cent. of rhodium and iridium, by which the chemical inaction of the platinum is increased, and also its malleability and other physical properties. [The image of the voltaic discharge through vapour of silver was now thrown upon the screen.] What you have now on the screen is an inverted image of what you saw when we heated the silver before. The fine stream that you see around the silver is the discharge of the electric force that takes place, giving you that glorious green light which you see in the ray; and if Dr. Tyndall will open the top of the lamp, you will see the quantity of fumes that will come out of the aperture, shewing you at once the volatility of silver.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00249", "bookId": 14474, "start": 220829, "end": 221779, "sha256": "23c469d3cac6a9dc8d2026090e858859e427de6bfd8238384f16ffa7b9ad4216", "text": "I have now finished this imperfect account. It is but an apology for not having brought the process itself before you. I have done the best I could under the circumstances; and I know your kindness well, for if I were not aware that I might trust to it, I would not appear here so often as I have done. The gradual loss of memory and of my other faculties is making itself painfully evident to me, and requires, every time I appear before you, the continued remembrance of your kindness to enable me to get through my task. If I should happen to go on too long, or should fail in doing what you might desire, remember it is yourselves who are chargeable, by wishing me to remain. I have desired to retire, as I think every man ought to do before his faculties become impaired; but I must confess that the affection I have for this place, and for those who frequent this place, is such, that I hardly know when the proper time has arrived.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00250", "bookId": 14474, "start": 221789, "end": 221795, "sha256": "e9120a356121b6f8ef11e501816b812ca44056388e5b83e6f41df64abe0fb608", "text": "NOTES.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00251", "bookId": 14474, "start": 221801, "end": 222143, "sha256": "ac8df67355f45ce28a275ca562165432a84a7f03ee6dc85b5b90cec3d5aa4f34", "text": "[Footnote 1: Page 16. The Royal George sunk at Spithead on The 29th of August, 1782. Colonel Pasley commenced operations for the removal of the wreck by the explosion of gunpowder, in August, 1839. The candle which Professor Faraday exhibited must therefore have been exposed to the action of salt water for upwards of fifty-seven years.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00252", "bookId": 14474, "start": 222147, "end": 223077, "sha256": "a975eab9371e63233c8c21c51a25d85a13f4a9a8b00280892d54089c9a04b5f7", "text": "[Footnote 2: Page 17. The fat or tallow consists of a chemical combination of fatty acids with glycerine. The lime unites with the palmitic, oleic, and stearic acids, and separates the glycerine. After washing, the insoluble lime soap is decomposed with hot dilute sulphuric acid. The melted fatty acids thus rise as an oil to the surface, when they are decanted. They are again washed and cast into thin plates, which, when cold, are placed between layers of cocoa-nut matting, and submitted to intense hydraulic pressure. In this way the soft oleic acid is squeezed out, whilst the hard palmitic and stearic acids remain. These are further purified by pressure at a higher temperature, and washing in warm dilute sulphuric acid, when they are ready to be made into candles. These acids are harder and whiter than the fats from which they were obtained, whilst at the same time they are cleaner and more combustible.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00253", "bookId": 14474, "start": 223081, "end": 223192, "sha256": "aca2327648332766f14025b50d00f6d264aa7ce24d1a5236e9b5b7a22f77571b", "text": "[Footnote 3: Page 19. A little borax or phosphorus salt is sometimes added, in order to make the ash fusible.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00254", "bookId": 14474, "start": 223196, "end": 223684, "sha256": "4c9da41539c442e0679da3307f2d1bf977706a14e8201885d6f39ba8a0824f2b", "text": "[Footnote 4: Page 27. Capillary attraction or repulsion is the cause which determines the ascent or descent of a fluid in a capillary tube. If a piece of thermometer tubing, open at each end, be plunged into water, the latter will instantly rise in the tube considerably above its external level. If, on the other hand, the tube be plunged into mercury, a repulsion instead of attraction will be exhibited, and the level of the mercury will be lower in the tube than it is outside.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00255", "bookId": 14474, "start": 223688, "end": 224143, "sha256": "ed7e335bfc2e827b9a80ef2baf8e625664ec854197534ee887a788455581383c", "text": "[Footnote 5: Page 29. The late Duke of Sussex was, we believe, the first to shew that a prawn might be washed upon this principle. If the tail, after pulling off the fan part, be placed in a tumbler of water, and the head be allowed to hang over the outside, the water will be sucked up the tail by capillary attraction, and will continue to run out through the head until the water in the glass has sunk so low that the tail ceases to dip into it.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00256", "bookId": 14474, "start": 224147, "end": 224261, "sha256": "07c762573593f2b992e717a0e0517624c5d89f3b4129708a2a98145399161403", "text": "[Footnote 6: Page 37. The alcohol had chloride of copper dissolved in it: this produces a beautiful green flame.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00257", "bookId": 14474, "start": 224265, "end": 224407, "sha256": "39bd0a7c6d2842f180a84461a51807d8873feb0ef6067dbedf84c525ce30012a", "text": "[Footnote 7: Page 54. Lycopodium is a yellowish powder found in the fruit of the club moss (_Lycopodium clavatum_). It is used in fireworks.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00258", "bookId": 14474, "start": 224411, "end": 224615, "sha256": "bbd7fdcef61ebafc6f69321cb34e68cb46e76994ff948a03ddcc548396c4e801", "text": "[Footnote 8: Page 58. Bunsen has calculated that the temperature of the oxyhydrogen blowpipe is 8061° Centigrade. Hydrogen burning in air has a temperature of 3259° C., and coal-gas in air, 2350° C.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00259", "bookId": 14474, "start": 224619, "end": 225041, "sha256": "90801d2446ff75d672fc21d1a94379922509856a990669382b7f0a2f37114bfc", "text": "[Footnote 9: Page 60. The following is the action of the sulphuric acid in inflaming the mixture of sulphuret of antimony and chlorate of potassa. A portion of the latter is decomposed by the sulphuric acid into oxide of chlorine, bisulphate of potassa, and perchlorate of potassa. The oxide of chlorine inflames the sulphuret of antimony, which is a combustible body, and the whole mass instantly bursts into flame.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00260", "bookId": 14474, "start": 225045, "end": 225663, "sha256": "131d303c902721f80671012e9bbb76c1abd5baa756fca06f9a9aa0642894db80", "text": "[Footnote 10: Page 63. The “air-burner,” which is of such value in the laboratory, owes its advantage to this principle. It consists of a cylindrical metal chimney, covered at the top with a piece of rather coarse iron-wire gauze. This is supported over an argand burner, in such a manner that the gas may mix in the chimney with an amount of air sufficient to burn the carbon and hydrogen simultaneously, so that there may be no separation of carbon in the flame with consequent deposition of soot. The flame, being unable to pass through the wire gauze, burns in a steady, nearly invisible manner above.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00261", "bookId": 14474, "start": 225667, "end": 225759, "sha256": "bd632938887bfc3f7b0439d6bfdfca631f3d6608f3761020a138afbadead0509", "text": "[Footnote 11: Page 74. Water is in its densest state at a temperature of 39.1° Fahrenheit]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00262", "bookId": 14474, "start": 225763, "end": 225909, "sha256": "33d08fea27ba8694a0009d8f2086aab9e5e39e48691a59ec619388e9e882e22f", "text": "[Footnote 12: Page 74. A mixture of salt and pounded ice reduces the temperature from 32° F. to zero—the ice at the same time becoming fluid.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00263", "bookId": 14474, "start": 225913, "end": 226237, "sha256": "0b4926a00218078e5fb305eda59eef4ab5bf4cc90966da05fddf815dc849c245", "text": "[Footnote 13: Page 82. Potassium, the metallic basis of potash, was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807, who succeeded in separating it from potash by means of a powerful voltaic battery. Its great affinity for oxygen causes it to decompose water with evolution of hydrogen, which takes fire with the heat produced.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00264", "bookId": 14474, "start": 226241, "end": 226425, "sha256": "10d6766cd98883f683dde9db72f23829280d93374c9a554467c63107ce492441", "text": "[Footnote 14: Page 98. Professor Faraday has calculated that there is as much electricity required to decompose one grain of water as there is in a very powerful flash of lightning.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00265", "bookId": 14474, "start": 226429, "end": 226762, "sha256": "3d1d191d6e979e544ff7985c17b53882522170e4733d66a83b547185c295ad0c", "text": "[Footnote 15: Page 101. A solution of acetate of lead submitted to the action of the voltaic current, yields lead at the negative pole, and brown peroxide of lead at the positive pole. A solution of nitrate of silver, under the same circumstances, yields silver at the negative pole, and peroxide of silver at the positive pole.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00266", "bookId": 14474, "start": 226766, "end": 227043, "sha256": "31b991cf8d0e66daba0779613c67d8beb36d2ff703b9d8b024c0edafcde5a787", "text": "[Footnote 16: Page 129. The gas which is thus employed as a test for the presence of oxygen, is the binoxide of nitrogen, or nitrous oxide. It is a colourless gas, which, when brought in contact with oxygen, unites with it, forming hyponitric acid, the red gas referred to.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00267", "bookId": 14474, "start": 227047, "end": 227295, "sha256": "61db2a802bbdb4366d3e2b9e5e13cf3568e661e541ec69db7d7d68655832ee0a", "text": "[Footnote 17: Page 152. _Marble_ is a compound of carbonic acid and lime. The muriatic acid being the stronger of the two, takes the place of the carbonic acid, which escapes as a gas, the residue forming muriate of lime or chloride of calcium.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00268", "bookId": 14474, "start": 227299, "end": 227661, "sha256": "450437c852ebe6ba3809d62c69e105865f7d4dd2cbe68c8939260856f8b925a4", "text": "[Footnote 18: Page 186. _Lead pyrophorus_ is made by heating dry tartrate of lead in a glass tube (closed at one end, and drawn out to a fine point at the other) until no more vapours are evolved. The open end of the tube is then to be sealed before the blowpipe. When the tube is broken and the contents shaken out into the air, they burn with a red flash.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00269", "bookId": 14474, "start": 227665, "end": 227856, "sha256": "aa27e6b47b816e7677463096ff29808c6e71fee73e5c546d57802fdcd7992829", "text": "[Footnote 19: Page 216. _Water-gas_ is formed by passing vapour of water over red-hot charcoal or coke. It is a mixture of hydrogen and carbonic oxide; each of which is an inflammable gas.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG14474.B00270", "bookId": 14474, "start": 227866, "end": 227987, "sha256": "835901d99ec1732b126e564fdef04e2256a6e4712617668849d7fbf697831c6f", "text": "Poster’s note: “combustion that makes!” was corrected from a misprint “combusion that makes!” in the original.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00001", "bookId": 39863, "start": 1123, "end": 1337, "sha256": "8b5524a98e639f3921d8e0e7965ae10b3d80ede6a1b9297da3ca7a53b0a9248b", "text": "Produced by Alicia Williams, Brenda Lewis and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned images of public domain material from the Google Print project.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00002", "bookId": 39863, "start": 1359, "end": 1439, "sha256": "aa6ef384276df21d545078ae1cebb35c9bf0837aa243d1f9d2dc13c90611fe76", "text": "[Illustration: DR. MONTESSORI GIVING A LESSON IN TOUCHING GEOMETRICAL INSETS]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00003", "bookId": 39863, "start": 1451, "end": 1475, "sha256": "0f41dde0a5d2257a2cc7651e9d9dff1b7aa1ba4a212efa7f7850836bc32f2785", "text": "THE MONTESSORI METHOD", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00004", "bookId": 39863, "start": 1481, "end": 1609, "sha256": "8eb0813e313855e6d195944ba29b993d930889827dd3535bc290d8d3d4e70b11", "text": "SCIENTIFIC PEDAGOGY AS APPLIED TO CHILD EDUCATION IN \"THE CHILDREN'S HOUSES\" WITH ADDITIONS AND REVISIONS BY THE AUTHOR", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00005", "bookId": 39863, "start": 1615, "end": 1617, "sha256": "60547bd9ab11c5459a6fffa441ed70d662c73f05c37822da5f3a653f95a9d2a4", "text": "BY", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00006", "bookId": 39863, "start": 1623, "end": 1639, "sha256": "4ad8c211c6323978458bc6b9900e214349a44550b8c59e0df851da7030a67b89", "text": "MARIA MONTESSORI", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00007", "bookId": 39863, "start": 1645, "end": 1693, "sha256": "d8932934d1ba9a19602c77319a91d43ee2a73cc4e146b6bc0f42a229bf4789c8", "text": "TRANSLATED FROM THE ITALIAN BY ANNE E. GEORGE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00008", "bookId": 39863, "start": 1699, "end": 1776, "sha256": "b42d635f949720fdf9196fdad9d2f644c2ff4d502bcfe1c2b302121b815be7e7", "text": "WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY PROFESSOR HENRY W. HOLMES OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00009", "bookId": 39863, "start": 1782, "end": 1830, "sha256": "59ca188b641c1b0e23324413789286eee83bdd3ddcf85820f749532e46dc4bdd", "text": "_WITH THIRTY-TWO ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00010", "bookId": 39863, "start": 1836, "end": 1885, "sha256": "75bcdcf2cfe4f4e9185d419642f4a823ce651000c85830980f4c386d0c69677c", "text": "NEW YORK FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY MCMXII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00011", "bookId": 39863, "start": 1897, "end": 1918, "sha256": "65325d05c4ea61c0fa36eed323cebc6220a6572a342f045988398ecf1cb79023", "text": "_Copyright, 1912, by_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00012", "bookId": 39863, "start": 1924, "end": 1951, "sha256": "4ea83927c43c60dbca1897a2dc5e7ae608628b52b94cabbc297e424dce0d17b1", "text": "FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00013", "bookId": 39863, "start": 1957, "end": 2063, "sha256": "92d00ee31c337f514e902bc1e680a29aad3935ffce0f0123c340b009d1f1f3f7", "text": "_All rights reserved, including that of translation into foreign languages, including the Scandinavian_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00014", "bookId": 39863, "start": 2075, "end": 2189, "sha256": "646248d57ee75d032da65595b5122208652c8eaa1edcb35befadcbc84ae8a994", "text": "_I place at the beginning of this volume, now appearing in the United States, her fatherland, the dear name of_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00015", "bookId": 39863, "start": 2197, "end": 2215, "sha256": "b4ac77457723f45355ae71505fc22d515b5747578c89cf86b1379955652bb920", "text": "_ALICE HALLGARTEN_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00016", "bookId": 39863, "start": 2221, "end": 2319, "sha256": "b6a643b11954c505d3c410be43fe9e192e66dd29fcc1a2b3d8a87033e595b561", "text": "_of New York, who by her marriage to Baron Leopold Franchetti became by choice our compatriot._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00017", "bookId": 39863, "start": 2325, "end": 2648, "sha256": "d57053e2c0556c976530bf1b91fad776f7480f9f1bfa50f36a4f01c26a166d64", "text": "_Ever a firm believer in the principles underlying the Case dei Bambini, she, with her husband, forwarded the publication of this book in Italy, and, throughout the last years of her short life, greatly desired the English translation which should introduce to the land of her birth the work so near her heart._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00018", "bookId": 39863, "start": 2654, "end": 2786, "sha256": "f0acbc2a7345da779bad3e99f57d431f48b8bbdbf0922302e115e849a3941bb3", "text": "_To her memory I dedicate this book, whose pages, like an ever-living flower, perpetuate the recollection of her beneficence._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00019", "bookId": 39863, "start": 2798, "end": 2813, "sha256": "e3c34cdc4e6035e05099c7378fbd93f5ee12c027acc313ac882cca5a0d3e79a7", "text": "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00020", "bookId": 39863, "start": 2821, "end": 3361, "sha256": "aca1a717b019c01dc9369e5dc1661a8a511c76bbd74de55942e1d27927fc14fe", "text": "Grateful acknowledgment is made to Mrs. Guy Baring, of London, for the loan of her manuscript translation of \"Pedagogia Scientifica\"; to Mrs. John R. Fisher (Dorothy Canfield) for translating a large part of the new work written by Dr. Montessori for the American Edition; and to The House of Childhood, Inc., New York, for use of the illustrations of the didactic apparatus. Dr. Montessori's patent rights in the apparatus are controlled, for the United States and Canada, by The House of Childhood, Inc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00021", "bookId": 39863, "start": 3420, "end": 3435, "sha256": "1042ffb9623f6383e0603110d6fe2fbb6dd7e4a6217627314af34fb54f4200d8", "text": "THE PUBLISHERS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00022", "bookId": 39863, "start": 3445, "end": 3476, "sha256": "7205f0281efc3c973e093bed8af3fa6cc4bdec45692d76f25bf4d416ce361d26", "text": "PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00023", "bookId": 39863, "start": 3482, "end": 3969, "sha256": "b9de09e3d9d505b7a1ddbed2af2ac08819150c6007697587dd29b32a931852ed", "text": "In February, 1911, Professor Henry W. Holmes, of the Division of Education of Harvard University, did me the honour to suggest that an English translation be made of my Italian volume, \"_Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica applicato all' educazione infantile nelle Case dei Bambini_.\" This suggestion represented one of the greatest events in the history of my educational work. To-day, that to which I then looked forward as an unusual privilege has become an accomplished fact.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00024", "bookId": 39863, "start": 3973, "end": 4654, "sha256": "f6a059fd1b4958e2c4962a9bef0d25b0890702488bef342f05952c0498cbf84e", "text": "The Italian edition of \"_Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica_\" had no preface, because the book itself I consider nothing more than the preface to a more comprehensive work, the aim and extent of which it only indicates. For the educational method for children of from three to six years set forth here is but the earnest of a work that, developing the same principle and method, shall cover in a like manner the successive stages of education. Moreover, the method which obtains in the _Case dei Bambini_ offers, it seems to me, an experimental field for the study of man, and promises, perhaps, the development of a science that shall disclose other secrets of nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00025", "bookId": 39863, "start": 4658, "end": 5610, "sha256": "2840b884524e0760dafee18cfeb9287bc6ebacce864a8cb2d571dcb6d86690a0", "text": "In the period that has elapsed between the publication of the Italian and American editions, I have had, with my pupils, the opportunity to simplify and render more exact certain practical details of the method, and to gather additional observations concerning discipline. The results attest the vitality of the method and the necessity for an extended scientific collaboration in the near future, and are embodied in two new chapters written for the American edition. I know that my method has been widely spoken of in America, thanks to Mr. S. S. McClure, who has presented it through the pages of his well-known magazine. Indeed, many Americans have already come to Rome for the purpose of observing personally the practical application of the method in my little schools. If, encouraged by this movement, I may express a hope for the future, it is that my work in Rome shall become the centre of an efficient and helpful collaboration.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00026", "bookId": 39863, "start": 5614, "end": 5910, "sha256": "c9a3bbaa96294b32ab37a654b40f456e38d3ce6a75f7a1c5cec0c6eee06f15c1", "text": "To the Harvard professors who have made my work known in America and to _McClure's Magazine_, a mere acknowledgment of what I owe them is a barren response; but it is my hope that the method itself, in its effect upon the children of America, may prove an adequate expression of my gratitude.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00027", "bookId": 39863, "start": 5967, "end": 5984, "sha256": "e20a73ae327600bcbd76c50beb16ede9b21c19a06a134dac35eda56fbafdd224", "text": "MARIA MONTESSORI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00028", "bookId": 39863, "start": 5988, "end": 5999, "sha256": "c1298a7886bb512f12dda8aa8088180293f75c45e8ce040326ac5bb81064b30b", "text": "ROME, 1912.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00029", "bookId": 39863, "start": 6009, "end": 6017, "sha256": "eabe6aca2f0dcdbddb32c8f06e6edfa1b78618efaf57d677950d443b91d99175", "text": "CONTENTS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00030", "bookId": 39863, "start": 6089, "end": 6093, "sha256": "c62ae84fb20004173d3831696a1cd12030c795b06916f30e5ba192c932402571", "text": "PAGE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00031", "bookId": 39863, "start": 6099, "end": 6167, "sha256": "7acd6edafbd81fdfd5485c5ed083f8b5605307b3f534c2c151f3d7ed3316479d", "text": "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS V", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00032", "bookId": 39863, "start": 6173, "end": 6241, "sha256": "37e0c1f302fb77b4f74cd763ac3ed6680d1eefbf38b825c8684b31b5d426bfa9", "text": "THE AMERICAN EDITION VII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00033", "bookId": 39863, "start": 6247, "end": 6315, "sha256": "51d7a3bf560537a4f90ba1e196f39105e524862cb00f25749da85f6566512654", "text": "INTRODUCTION XVII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00034", "bookId": 39863, "start": 6321, "end": 6330, "sha256": "d0e5cb42d9924bed3d7ed4f8db06ecaf82716c56570480886725880fe4c6ea65", "text": "CHAPTER I", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00035", "bookId": 39863, "start": 6334, "end": 6413, "sha256": "5633903c0f43b691b77f7009c459491aa2c975b6af74b5996ae78646b48f5e86", "text": "A CRITICAL CONSIDERATION OF THE NEW PEDAGOGY IN ITS RELATION TO MODERN SCIENCE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00036", "bookId": 39863, "start": 6421, "end": 6487, "sha256": "551a46180e7d1e19ff68b5a3473c80c23534ca672c93b34ca5cc20a6e5372da7", "text": "Influence of Modern Science upon Pedagogy 1", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00037", "bookId": 39863, "start": 6495, "end": 6561, "sha256": "e2abb406c54e57a74a164f8b56858334c5d3d3e3e1273e1b7e7ab600380ba1f6", "text": "Italy's part in the development of Scientific Pedagogy 4", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00038", "bookId": 39863, "start": 6569, "end": 6699, "sha256": "46d55b4e1543f8f03e32bf4e7692e39f574305c9b6922e2577b3a821f4dbd590", "text": "Difference between scientific technique and the scientific spirit 7", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00039", "bookId": 39863, "start": 6707, "end": 6835, "sha256": "ca4cae3dae0a103d67eb9cd500fe3a8e3689ac477e02cad05411e776d1349f94", "text": "Direction of the preparation should be toward the spirit rather than toward the mechanism 9", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00040", "bookId": 39863, "start": 6843, "end": 6975, "sha256": "7e4280bcffd8d6bc7a9ad5af057e8a9ddfcdec8ef3c8df34eb8f3cc238aa7ec6", "text": "The master to study man in the awakening of his intellectual life 12", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00041", "bookId": 39863, "start": 6983, "end": 7049, "sha256": "e8e4355032baa85718d281d9d79949c08c242bb6d01d14c62af55a08fe2a002c", "text": "Attitude of the teacher in the light of another example 13", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00042", "bookId": 39863, "start": 7057, "end": 7190, "sha256": "32d4a07d5d5398742b603a70c6bf5744dc1144f5017ca9b2a37f1ef3f85d8d50", "text": "The school must permit the free natural manifestations of the child if in the school Scientific Pedagogy is to be born 15", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00043", "bookId": 39863, "start": 7198, "end": 7325, "sha256": "eb55a2f88d3c9e79713e454ad423c65deb5a0e2b971a35c3288adf37af9658d5", "text": "Stationary desks and chairs proof that the principle of slavery still informs the school 16", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00044", "bookId": 39863, "start": 7333, "end": 7399, "sha256": "2709b3cf1b7f55df00fb81dce73060bf5bca51d3b0cf0f7f10638727589b0b8c", "text": "Conquest of liberty, what the school needs 19", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00045", "bookId": 39863, "start": 7407, "end": 7473, "sha256": "4a3bacb723fd48d1d77931de569abd6d094eaddb10c45eed988fce1c5aa6dd59", "text": "What may happen to the spirit 20", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00046", "bookId": 39863, "start": 7481, "end": 7547, "sha256": "00088e0851c0372390b76437bfe0ee5512592f014051851e1846aae9bd8bb514", "text": "Prizes and punishments, the bench of the soul 21", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00047", "bookId": 39863, "start": 7555, "end": 7688, "sha256": "75b2f766a726cd5f4507b6696feaefa4ebe09608e9ee8fa86db84ba1b625e1dd", "text": "All human victories, all human progress, stand upon the inner force 24", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00048", "bookId": 39863, "start": 7694, "end": 7704, "sha256": "5e3969b3a1a5487e39f49c890b68174390d08c9fa8da2bd9289255e4bd0ae952", "text": "CHAPTER II", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00049", "bookId": 39863, "start": 7708, "end": 7726, "sha256": "7b12f63b69b6be4fdaf98bd8a22e5048138bf139e6e088c479ea045e59f754d6", "text": "HISTORY OF METHODS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00053", "bookId": 39863, "start": 8147, "end": 8213, "sha256": "689cf8d6501b2c5e9d1cba22f1cdc5c1f75e81e19d4d732ec9998eb6bcc16a07", "text": "Origin of the methods for the education of deficients 33", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00054", "bookId": 39863, "start": 8221, "end": 8287, "sha256": "3ace55f434a7833137765106a8b12531e05b9cb19a1e67db1e4f79480de252f8", "text": "Application of the methods in Germany and France 35", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00055", "bookId": 39863, "start": 8295, "end": 8362, "sha256": "10dd71fda83642c82da9e57ce595c57efe8842b41ee8186beacb428a40af8dd4", "text": "Séguin's first didactic material was spiritual 37", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00056", "bookId": 39863, "start": 8370, "end": 8499, "sha256": "0caaaa7ea5b353d0835e329e2e10231a6cd879e54c8b8c8d5bda1db9d51ed455", "text": "Methods for deficients applied to the education of normal children 42", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00057", "bookId": 39863, "start": 8507, "end": 8573, "sha256": "d74175fdede6b20e8c52141bd53a0d566e994bd5f2b6f396e892c04d3650ec6e", "text": "Social and pedagogic importance of the \"Children's Houses\" 44", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00058", "bookId": 39863, "start": 8579, "end": 8590, "sha256": "be0202436657672a43ffaae4b1f24b9495ff2085241aa8e05e3656b58de14b99", "text": "CHAPTER III", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00062", "bookId": 39863, "start": 8910, "end": 9032, "sha256": "32e251bbe6ce141cac35a2952e6dfdbf13527ce0e5a4a9315969a36eac36ff05", "text": "The problem of life more profound than that of the intellectual elevation of the poor 52", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00063", "bookId": 39863, "start": 9040, "end": 9164, "sha256": "095cf77a22c01c8fc8761e2b184e1cbd51bd9bf649fa6455c2b3b68364465b2c", "text": "Isolation of the masses of the poor, unknown to past centuries 53", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00064", "bookId": 39863, "start": 9172, "end": 9304, "sha256": "da61cd7ff49afecf7f02edf2a6986e1830c62a4f3d994bac543bb98a22511450", "text": "Work of the Roman Association of Good Building and the moral importance of their reforms 56", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00065", "bookId": 39863, "start": 9312, "end": 9442, "sha256": "0af6a096bd14882bbacbfe629afaa2c7631a77d1e0158c701f6713db7fb7275d", "text": "The \"Children's House\" earned by the parents through their care of the building 60", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00066", "bookId": 39863, "start": 9450, "end": 9516, "sha256": "51c86dafec35a157465fbc058bf64fdf857d2b09ad6ec99399e269f34b715f0a", "text": "Pedagogical organization of the \"Children's House\" 62", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00067", "bookId": 39863, "start": 9524, "end": 9658, "sha256": "c9b7f19c611b5d3a7d957e8e8978511a322a7e389fa024b82db016387fe5e45c", "text": "The \"Children's House\" the first step toward the socialisation of the house 65", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00068", "bookId": 39863, "start": 9666, "end": 9797, "sha256": "eb92a857a102991990adaf708d34e065cb7be0c6dfc7dfce7191e1b42a20ef0e", "text": "The communised house in its relation to the home and to the spiritual evolution of women 66", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00069", "bookId": 39863, "start": 9805, "end": 9871, "sha256": "f08e6f1282511c963d0df9d3a003a8d23c0c7841eb9ecf5268736d54452b3551", "text": "Rules and regulations of the \"Children's Houses\" 70", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00070", "bookId": 39863, "start": 9877, "end": 9887, "sha256": "2d020cbd4cac00e9afab31268bd233f0c99cc1c86eb868fa1c53375b04b182ff", "text": "CHAPTER IV", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00071", "bookId": 39863, "start": 9891, "end": 9942, "sha256": "65ab675758876d6cdfbbfa708dba040ff1dbe3c267cc6201b7008da3e7e3fe0f", "text": "PEDAGOGICAL METHODS USED IN THE \"CHILDREN'S HOUSES\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00072", "bookId": 39863, "start": 9950, "end": 10084, "sha256": "a8bf76221d12bd3be7f6e4b3baf90b578745960ab5c954a3dbd850307871bf94", "text": "Child psychology can be established only through the method of external observation 72", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00073", "bookId": 39863, "start": 10092, "end": 10158, "sha256": "74a9fbf46ba1894e0948f2a4a1225cc287bdf55b7b1cea076f70ab00ad3f3951", "text": "Anthropological consideration 73", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00074", "bookId": 39863, "start": 10166, "end": 10232, "sha256": "a9578f616fc5571241cd9a7f15f4f9f2bb0b24ebe6833b013a3d520874377e13", "text": "Anthropological notes 77", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00075", "bookId": 39863, "start": 10240, "end": 10306, "sha256": "df2a14213a885d6d83a1181a7c07b6bb5a2f40cb78deebaff9ede27cb008ffa0", "text": "Environment and schoolroom furnishings 80", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00076", "bookId": 39863, "start": 10312, "end": 10321, "sha256": "fd890be9c8f94bc23578edbbe4dc90914766a97a97700a3aea16557f8634e7fe", "text": "CHAPTER V", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00077", "bookId": 39863, "start": 10325, "end": 10335, "sha256": "f9960f6fff97cb6adf1ba9b33d31debfe39375b78e6a8d9b4ed1e0c210903cce", "text": "DISCIPLINE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00078", "bookId": 39863, "start": 10343, "end": 10409, "sha256": "86f79aa0f7c4d9eec1f2e7a26a9b7ff64a002b05d96d8b92348b1e7718eb39ef", "text": "Discipline through liberty 86", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00079", "bookId": 39863, "start": 10417, "end": 10483, "sha256": "f655f7e4618aa950b3738d34d254fb071a3aa44bbeb78a4fd13a646f89b8a84e", "text": "Independence 95", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00080", "bookId": 39863, "start": 10491, "end": 10557, "sha256": "242b07da11669dc6c188bd38a80ce3deb8bd64eec6902828ee096c03c955f7e4", "text": "Abolition of prizes and external forms of punishment 101", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00081", "bookId": 39863, "start": 10565, "end": 10631, "sha256": "bfbe6e4abe57332004b01dd3ff6ef615db73354a7d370692f3d7c64a0940ef8c", "text": "Biological concept of liberty in pedagogy 104", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00082", "bookId": 39863, "start": 10637, "end": 10647, "sha256": "0a34ddace5e927cdeeddd973ecba01b825d1c2ca0a7f148d9025d773a34a8efb", "text": "CHAPTER VI", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00083", "bookId": 39863, "start": 10651, "end": 10681, "sha256": "4d9ef5976e6a2425e3041264ea68d2d5e16cc3af7183d7f890b713a6dec80ba6", "text": "HOW THE LESSON SHOULD BE GIVEN", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00084", "bookId": 39863, "start": 10689, "end": 10755, "sha256": "d6d7133f5f51fa231c362d5531bc9ebb1b77cb8a047538085d5f2db50897b9cf", "text": "Characteristics of the individual lessons 107", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00085", "bookId": 39863, "start": 10763, "end": 10829, "sha256": "68127a41844ae5d8d78675759c8a7c73cbb3405fc7328c415f92c73cbfac084f", "text": "Method of observation the fundamental guide 108", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00086", "bookId": 39863, "start": 10837, "end": 10967, "sha256": "ffe57811deb1374335801ee79897488e924584dc4b4170b440d2f135e7ad750d", "text": "Difference between the scientific and unscientific methods illustrated 109", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00087", "bookId": 39863, "start": 10975, "end": 11105, "sha256": "af03d54f0c7c1d5d01eee91b9dd3d45c8000e4efafd548b78ffb5a5cd0ffaf48", "text": "First task of educators to stimulate life, leaving it then free to develop 115", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00088", "bookId": 39863, "start": 11111, "end": 11122, "sha256": "313ce4fb75fc69bd011d34d2c46936bcb1fb567fef9dbdfc060d30d9652c0196", "text": "CHAPTER VII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00089", "bookId": 39863, "start": 11126, "end": 11153, "sha256": "46fe5a0d16f61bbe5dde2ef2e0d627a1dd2ce906f10c0524d6324367fb311b70", "text": "EXERCISES OF PRACTICAL LIFE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00090", "bookId": 39863, "start": 11161, "end": 11227, "sha256": "d7ec07a1730706366d3b4dc19e46277a1c9fcd1e61b9b36f1ad99fdaf4c591b0", "text": "Suggested schedule for the \"Children's Houses\" 119", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00091", "bookId": 39863, "start": 11235, "end": 11366, "sha256": "a06a23d29982247e2600103255b7b3ac86e6c80db068f11cf66bc30b47259a67", "text": "The child must be prepared for the forms of social life and his attention attracted to these forms 121", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00092", "bookId": 39863, "start": 11374, "end": 11440, "sha256": "83c793c86082b21129d08315bcb456667adc78cfcda8a109d1d3780348cb1baa", "text": "Cleanliness, order, poise, conversation 122", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00093", "bookId": 39863, "start": 11446, "end": 11458, "sha256": "8380750c0744b7196b7a4e849b1797fc07e138b64ac7f67b106df6b5ea64d238", "text": "CHAPTER VIII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00094", "bookId": 39863, "start": 11462, "end": 11489, "sha256": "b6b2841a8153481c6d26837bb58757484e4edccca159e08fb6090aa565da6a29", "text": "REFECTION--THE CHILD'S DIET", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00095", "bookId": 39863, "start": 11497, "end": 11563, "sha256": "15410332c76e86820b9bdf06307c82233f17cba8ca7c385ef4eb5566060c822f", "text": "Diet must be adapted to the child's physical nature 125", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00096", "bookId": 39863, "start": 11571, "end": 11637, "sha256": "a441b85ff2066ad9f325fc2bfc40ba2ba2c796400251be40525be3e997aecfe1", "text": "Foods and their preparation 126", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00097", "bookId": 39863, "start": 11645, "end": 11711, "sha256": "65fbdb96831a5ae5ce1a746778e0b64ef16837cb77ae1b81a3d264c22959bed2", "text": "Drinks 132", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00098", "bookId": 39863, "start": 11719, "end": 11785, "sha256": "55d7ef2668561d7d30f5758c28acecd231fa1d8a91fecf3daa312397462fc77c", "text": "Distribution of meals 133", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00099", "bookId": 39863, "start": 11791, "end": 11801, "sha256": "fa9b748643e0af211d3ddaf98f27a06cad3b36c4490ae6a75037e488557c3a9f", "text": "CHAPTER IX", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00100", "bookId": 39863, "start": 11805, "end": 11835, "sha256": "4626093c4bb2bd0675b50bde270d36f4126900023754e322b146fca28f6a1aae", "text": "MUSCULAR EDUCATION--GYMNASTICS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00101", "bookId": 39863, "start": 11843, "end": 11909, "sha256": "6986ad6184d5392e95a6f37f87e29c1ea889e6b93ffe0e55adafd591b1278cac", "text": "Generally accepted idea of gymnastics is inadequate 137", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00102", "bookId": 39863, "start": 11917, "end": 11983, "sha256": "c54aeb5ec270a229d074e91f032cce0d16a28858a4b28b67113edacbac40b6a3", "text": "The special gymnastics necessary for little children 138", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00103", "bookId": 39863, "start": 11991, "end": 12057, "sha256": "e60b30fc041b739df5b21763155151bab8d7413e0e73cc9c8cee83feea85b6c3", "text": "Other pieces of gymnastic apparatus 141", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00104", "bookId": 39863, "start": 12065, "end": 12131, "sha256": "e9b8cdfee999f6423bbc2df031b45ec8702f254da580018c4f0e34a0f2311e9d", "text": "Free gymnastics 144", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00105", "bookId": 39863, "start": 12139, "end": 12205, "sha256": "c65356827fa20c2a9bd3a9f56d9355c310d29e37dcb53fdf6453d2ec12220f45", "text": "Educational gymnastics 144", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00106", "bookId": 39863, "start": 12213, "end": 12340, "sha256": "c26f45d858b98121e02b366b52241c5870b5778d7081435db0f468d43c814eda", "text": "Respiratory gymnastics, and labial, dental, and lingual gymnastics 147", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00107", "bookId": 39863, "start": 12346, "end": 12355, "sha256": "2aec8f14f9ce6ed01796744ac8095e5050720b6d5754560ecfd3da5a09c0c1b6", "text": "CHAPTER X", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00108", "bookId": 39863, "start": 12359, "end": 12431, "sha256": "494b6f98657f1260c926b89f7c4f2933749780e3243c20d19dff08154883cdb3", "text": "NATURE IN EDUCATION--AGRICULTURAL LABOUR: CULTURE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00109", "bookId": 39863, "start": 12439, "end": 12505, "sha256": "3395396638f84ff33e6ebb9f166eae975b6c314206fbb65f889540d9c02dae66", "text": "The savage of the Aveyron 149", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00110", "bookId": 39863, "start": 12513, "end": 12644, "sha256": "3da615e9c12b2ee06fc01407528dc8e8506aac25999162e787395d9e09905d1e", "text": "Itard's educative drama repented in the education of little children 153", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00111", "bookId": 39863, "start": 12652, "end": 12782, "sha256": "9d4d0dacffe13a83eab160d57a6461135bc3b002c750bad58c72c7f1ef319e64", "text": "Gardening and horticulture basis of a method for education of children 155", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00112", "bookId": 39863, "start": 12790, "end": 12923, "sha256": "18304ecf772ebd62870ecfec3818ebbf41510992a219a3f3f15f61c2192c56ec", "text": "The child initiated into observation of the phenomena of life and into foresight by way of auto-education 156", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00113", "bookId": 39863, "start": 12931, "end": 13126, "sha256": "82514df1d823b169b1743d655c7fe1cb5729e6140b344a833764a08f5eec223b", "text": "Children are initiated into the virtue of patience and into confident expectation, and are inspired with a feeling for nature 159", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00114", "bookId": 39863, "start": 13134, "end": 13267, "sha256": "e0ef65bde6c8cb145c045244175bcbf7ab725794b5016a264e09203df312728a", "text": "The child follows the natural way of development of the human race 160", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00115", "bookId": 39863, "start": 13273, "end": 13283, "sha256": "63866b46a4db041a43a1432e242cf84643306d8556fbcf2fe975b9bc7b0b3e33", "text": "CHAPTER XI", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00125", "bookId": 39863, "start": 14074, "end": 14267, "sha256": "e5215d129b7a7a95bec1d1c7ec981496efd9d5b63dff69b600251d4a231db58b", "text": "Education of the senses has as its aim the refinement of the differential perception of stimuli by means of repeated exercises 173", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00126", "bookId": 39863, "start": 14275, "end": 14342, "sha256": "ab0a49921b398f3d94a49934544a29f6ffb4d35949d6b2431ed414bb555d9732", "text": "Three Periods of Séguin 177", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00127", "bookId": 39863, "start": 14348, "end": 14360, "sha256": "4e34027d4bab63d1583c84f49ae4b06da6c540b4a416155288d5ca7948d8873f", "text": "CHAPTER XIII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00149", "bookId": 39863, "start": 15936, "end": 16061, "sha256": "583461bc3dba38170d7f6753551422b00c76e9b90442997205b1098463806af6", "text": "Application of the visual sense to the observation of environment 232", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00150", "bookId": 39863, "start": 16069, "end": 16193, "sha256": "8b4b9cffd7b7c017893f8b89e1190bdbef5fabf1fb9fffae21b6606ca54f8b4e", "text": "Method of using didactic material: dimensions, form, design 233", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00151", "bookId": 39863, "start": 16201, "end": 16267, "sha256": "ecf96f1084989825e56e731b9c95a87833c3e3a81fd0619405ed9f4527535d06", "text": "Free plastic work 241", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00152", "bookId": 39863, "start": 16275, "end": 16341, "sha256": "41b2d00e6d7435a1bca538808ff13dbbc448f030ea2fe24ad0bbca8a396f6ad7", "text": "Geometric analysis of figures 243", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00153", "bookId": 39863, "start": 16349, "end": 16415, "sha256": "4ee6115822ebd850db5a359539b58f70b530f5d1d6aeae8241e90b25f5e86f4a", "text": "Exercises in the chromatic sense 244", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00154", "bookId": 39863, "start": 16421, "end": 16432, "sha256": "3e6f21ecffc9f2d47ddc2c325206cc4203b24b86b722361365c4d97a078fbcde", "text": "CHAPTER XVI", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00158", "bookId": 39863, "start": 16761, "end": 16827, "sha256": "38b7366276cc50563722ef76ed1c6dbba32a0a0f811512e7c226c468302937fb", "text": "Results of objective observation and logical thought 253", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00159", "bookId": 39863, "start": 16835, "end": 16960, "sha256": "809a865704fd5816a810099d6f7f9751f0066339a8fa0a33bb9ed84ffa96b517", "text": "Not necessary to begin teaching writing with vertical strokes 257", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00160", "bookId": 39863, "start": 16968, "end": 17034, "sha256": "a2b81a36d09d72fe307290b602d795444ff6a968dbe40f0e0f79492027fadafc", "text": "Spontaneous drawing of normal children 258", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00161", "bookId": 39863, "start": 17042, "end": 17108, "sha256": "3c4099a67a3bf23786f2b0a6ada4339d0e2e14f3ff616cb8bebedb695cef8e95", "text": "Use of Froebel mats in teaching children sewing 260", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00162", "bookId": 39863, "start": 17116, "end": 17249, "sha256": "9eff00fa407281c2ee2784462a25e65aaca7de233fe77ce6b976e1798517b0a0", "text": "Children should be taught how before they are made to execute a task 261", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00163", "bookId": 39863, "start": 17257, "end": 17323, "sha256": "33f62b1b0697437ba1b1f4095e59ea07b7538c9b3859e4eccfa5035445d839a1", "text": "Two diverse forms of movement made in writing 262", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00164", "bookId": 39863, "start": 17331, "end": 17397, "sha256": "e10b4e8fd72a9fc45a3aaa107aff63433eea66936cc8af10eea76f338e825b67", "text": "Experiments with normal children 267", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00165", "bookId": 39863, "start": 17405, "end": 17471, "sha256": "f2681c77843b388c93ffcd60cb0747825d2dddd02b72d0286d521dd928916f0c", "text": "Origin of alphabets in present use 269", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00166", "bookId": 39863, "start": 17477, "end": 17489, "sha256": "ff7f175b27223fc4aa5e287f054e3dc71b4ca19249d0ef5fc93dec83995e60ce", "text": "CHAPTER XVII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00203", "bookId": 39863, "start": 20276, "end": 20342, "sha256": "19b3eabf4db5c196f959d2c5d3d5cf7fa7e28d3683e308ee07b9444b18642c09", "text": "Obedience is naturally sacrifice 363", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00204", "bookId": 39863, "start": 20350, "end": 20483, "sha256": "d72042a65bfeff14cb6a1ed9d07e25135d20d8748e138e6d239d6c8d842ad0d8", "text": "Obedience develops will-power and the capacity to perform the act it becomes necessary to obey 367", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00205", "bookId": 39863, "start": 20489, "end": 20501, "sha256": "74afff6070b081ab16e299505cc87c7dbb0fb04b01c397af6a8e5b51afdf741d", "text": "CHAPTER XXII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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hooks and eyes 200", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00224", "bookId": 39863, "start": 21987, "end": 22055, "sha256": "6460c90559698fd4d0e0489ef48258b746aa3a3ee43c50498d1f5adab8887b1f", "text": "Tablets with silk, for educating the chromatic sense 201", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00225", "bookId": 39863, "start": 22061, "end": 22184, "sha256": "4bba23904e81fcdf80f271b39fa6d855e76176f19a2d68c9e2e772bd42c0ce1f", "text": "Didactic apparatus for training the sense of touch, and for teaching writing 282", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00226", "bookId": 39863, "start": 22190, "end": 22319, "sha256": "0fbb3e37dd9cd21f322f67bbe9f5e8a5e33ee166482db854e9f9b4962cb420ca", "text": "Children touching letters and making words with cardboard script 283", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00227", "bookId": 39863, "start": 22325, "end": 22393, "sha256": "dc777b265dc3205667592513d2b1444418dcb80bd6921e7aa8364718b82dfb5a", "text": "Montessori children eating dinner 348", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00228", "bookId": 39863, "start": 22399, "end": 22467, "sha256": "8bde7280c29da465ef7a46ad4bd9853070e536244ddd7ba9790e0886d5a86741", "text": "School at Tarrytown, N. Y. 349", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00229", "bookId": 39863, "start": 22477, "end": 22489, "sha256": "348348036267fa046df6956d6bff62c93c2f7b89c711056c6a8cdcab6dd4a8e7", "text": "INTRODUCTION", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00230", "bookId": 39863, "start": 22495, "end": 23591, "sha256": "24c75bd7c75de9b0c2ad90f5dea0c3e315ddfffc7daa4f3151ccc7568ec128f9", "text": "An audience already thoroughly interested awaits this translation of a remarkable book. For years no educational document has been so eagerly expected by so large a public, and not many have better merited general anticipation. That this widespread interest exists is due to the enthusiastic and ingenious articles in _McClure's Magazine_ for May and December, 1911, and January, 1912; but before the first of these articles appeared a number of English and American teachers had given careful study to Dr. Montessori's work, and had found it novel and important. The astonishing welcome accorded to the first popular expositions of the Montessori system may mean much or little for its future in England and America; it is rather the earlier approval of a few trained teachers and professional students that commends it to the educational workers who must ultimately decide upon its value, interpret its technicalities to the country at large, and adapt it to English and American conditions. To them as well as to the general public this brief critical Introduction is addressed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00231", "bookId": 39863, "start": 23595, "end": 25268, "sha256": "7280ee9832b9e944fd5fa799ac5ebf738d196b3ac7c955cfa3bbd9e02c749428", "text": "It is wholly within the bounds of safe judgment to call Dr. Montessori's work remarkable, novel, and important. It is remarkable, if for no other reason, because it represents the constructive effort of a woman. We have no other example of an educational system--original at least in its systematic wholeness and in its practical application--worked out and inaugurated by the feminine mind and hand. It is remarkable, also, because it springs from a combination of womanly sympathy and intuition, broad social outlook, scientific training, intensive and long-continued study of educational problems, and, to crown all, varied and unusual experience as a teacher and educational leader. No other woman who has dealt with Dr. Montessori's problem--the education of young children--has brought to it personal resources so richly diverse as hers. These resources, furthermore, she has devoted to her work with an enthusiasm, an absolute abandon, like that of Pestalozzi and Froebel, and she presents her convictions with an apostolic ardour which commands attention. A system which embodies such a capital of human effort could not be unimportant. Then, too, certain aspects of the system are in themselves striking and significant: it adapts to the education of normal children methods and apparatus originally used for deficients; it is based on a radical conception of liberty for the pupil; it entails a highly formal training of separate sensory, motor, and mental capacities; and it leads to rapid, easy, and substantial mastery of the elements of reading, writing, and arithmetic. All this will be apparent to the most casual reader of this book.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00232", "bookId": 39863, "start": 25272, "end": 26970, "sha256": "e5e6c7ed57f33e879e86ab9cef6fde558cc8334688d8650b6dbffa00fcbca0ed", "text": "None of these things, to be sure, is absolutely new in the educational world. All have been proposed in theory; some have been put more or less completely into practice. It is not unjust, for instance, to point out that much of the material used by Dr. Walter S. Fernald, Superintendent of the Massachusetts Institution for the Feeble-Minded at Waverley, is almost identical with the Montessori material, and that Dr. Fernald has long maintained that it could be used to good effect in the education of normal children. (It may interest American readers to know that Séguin, on whose work that of Dr. Montessori is based, was once head of the school at Waverley.) So, too, formal training in various psycho-physical processes has been much urged of late by a good many workers in experimental pedagogy, especially by Meumann. But before Montessori, no one had produced a system in which the elements named above were combined. She conceived it, elaborated it in practice, and established it in schools. It is indeed the final result, as Dr. Montessori proudly asserts, of years of experimental effort both on her own part and on the part of her great predecessors; but the crystallisation of these experiments in a programme of education for normal children is due to Dr. Montessori alone. The incidental features which she has frankly taken over from other modern educators she has chosen because they fit into the fundamental form of her own scheme, and she has unified them all in her general conception of method. The system is not original in the sense in which Froebel's system was original; but as a system it is the novel product of a single woman's creative genius.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00233", "bookId": 39863, "start": 26974, "end": 29657, "sha256": "40c4dbc7d590fe31082261932b5d801fc180a08f3e33f452c8d87387f54e327a", "text": "As such, no student of elementary education ought to ignore it. The system doubtless fails to solve all the problems in the education of young children; possibly some of the solutions it proposes are partly or completely mistaken; some are probably unavailable in English and American schools; but a system of education does not have to attain perfection in order to merit study, investigation, and experimental use. Dr. Montessori is too large-minded to claim infallibility, and too thoroughly scientific in her attitude to object to careful scrutiny of her scheme and the thorough testing of its results. She expressly states that it is not yet complete. Practically, it is highly probable that the system ultimately adopted in our schools will combine elements of the Montessori programme with elements of the kindergarten programme, both \"liberal\" and \"conservative.\" In its actual procedure school work must always be thus eclectic. An all-or-nothing policy for a single system inevitably courts defeat; for the public is not interested in systems as systems, and refuses in the end to believe that any one system contains every good thing. Nor can we doubt that this attitude is essentially sound. If we continue, despite the pragmatists, to believe in absolute principles, we may yet remain skeptical about the logic of their reduction to practice--at least in any fixed programme of education. We are not yet justified, at any rate, in adopting one programme to the exclusion of every other simply because it is based on the most intelligible or the most inspiring philosophy. The pragmatic test must also be applied, and rigorously. We must try out several combinations, watch and record the results, compare them, and proceed cautiously to new experiments. This procedure is desirable for every stage and grade of education, but especially for the earliest stage, because there it has been least attempted and is most difficult. Certainly a system so radical, so clearly defined, and so well developed as that of Dr. Montessori offers for the thoroughgoing comparative study of methods in early education new material of exceptional importance. Without accepting every detail of the system, without even accepting unqualifiedly its fundamental principles, one may welcome it, thus, as of great and immediate value. If early education is worth studying at all, the educator who devotes his attention to it will find it necessary to define the differences in principle between the Montessori programme and other programmes, and to carry out careful tests of the results obtainable from the various systems and their feasible combinations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00234", "bookId": 39863, "start": 29661, "end": 29961, "sha256": "73ada81d45b3b7a99d8e19daf39cf411fdbaff8ef2a51158f8ba95ea82003f59", "text": "One such combination this Introduction will suggest, and it will discuss also the possible uses of the Montessori apparatus in the home; but it may be helpful first to present the outstanding characteristics of the Montessori system as compared with the modern kindergarten in its two main forms.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00235", "bookId": 39863, "start": 29965, "end": 31221, "sha256": "64a70e6f91a03dac0a33aabe2ac69175aed2a48c4914cb73c1e32112f3388bf6", "text": "Certain similarities in principle are soon apparent. Dr. Montessori's views of childhood are in some respects identical with those of Froebel, although in general decidedly more radical. Both defend the child's right to be active, to explore his environment and develop his own inner resources through every form of investigation and creative effort. Education is to guide activity, not repress it. Environment cannot create human power, but only give it scope and material, direct it, or at most but call it forth; and the teacher's task is first to nourish and assist, to watch, encourage, guide, induce, rather than to interfere, prescribe, or restrict. To most American teachers and to all kindergartners this principle has long been familiar; they will but welcome now a new and eloquent statement of it from a modern viewpoint. In the practical interpretation of the principle, however, there is decided divergence between the Montessori school and the kindergarten. The Montessori \"directress\" does not teach children in groups, with the practical requirement, no matter how well \"mediated,\" that each member of the group shall join in the exercise. The Montessori pupil does about as he pleases, so long as he does not do any harm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00236", "bookId": 39863, "start": 31225, "end": 32489, "sha256": "438be742bfaa7546a20ae0e3864e64d5c6e5945b5148a7983c3f428549ba2987", "text": "Montessori and Froebel stand in agreement also on the need for training of the senses; but Montessori's scheme for this training is at once more elaborate and more direct than Froebel's. She has devised out of Séguin's apparatus a comprehensive and scientific scheme for formal gymnastic of the senses; Froebel originated a series of objects designed for a much broader and more creative use by the children, but by no means so closely adapted to the training of sensory discrimination. The Montessori material carries out the fundamental principle of Pestalozzi, which he tried in vain to embody in a successful system of his own: it \"develops piece by piece the pupil's mental capacities\" by training separately, through repeated exercises, his several senses and his ability to distinguish, compare, and handle typical objects. In the kindergarten system, and particularly in the \"liberal\" modifications of it, sense training is incidental to constructive and imaginative activity in which the children are pursuing larger ends than the mere arrangement of forms or colours. Even in the most formal work in kindergarten design the children are \"making a picture,\" and are encouraged to tell what it looks like--\"a star,\" \"a kite,\" \"a flower.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00237", "bookId": 39863, "start": 32493, "end": 32923, "sha256": "876c8e8d6882cb17358235a1a43e6546d64e2ac3ace64e1103c2cc12fb7f390e", "text": "As to physical education, the two systems agree in much the same way: both affirm the need for free bodily activity, for rhythmic exercises, and for the development of muscular control; but whereas the kindergarten seeks much of all this through group games with an imaginative or social content, the Montessori scheme places the emphasis on special exercises designed to give formal training in separate physical functions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00238", "bookId": 39863, "start": 32927, "end": 35298, "sha256": "d4acd3c6a06b11b719c62fc34fe5bea05d6b7166d301920412bb3f253cf1c667", "text": "In another general aspect, however, the agreement between the two systems, strong in principle, leaves the Montessori system less formal rather than more formal in practice. The principle in this case consists of the affirmation of the child's need for social training. In the conservative kindergarten this training is sought once more, largely in group games. These are usually imaginative, and sometimes decidedly symbolic: that is, the children play at being farmers, millers, shoemakers, mothers and fathers, birds, animals, knights, or soldiers; they sing songs, go through certain semi-dramatic activities--such as \"opening the pigeon house,\" \"mowing the grass,\" \"showing the good child to the knights,\" and the like; and each takes his part in the representation of some typical social situation. The social training involved in these games is formal only in the sense that the children are not engaged, as the Montessori children often are, in a real social enterprise, such as that of serving dinner, cleaning the room, caring for animals, building a toy house, or making a garden. It cannot be too strongly emphasized that even the most conservative kindergarten does not, on principle, exclude \"real\" enterprises of this latter sort; but in a three-hour session it does rather little with them. Liberal kindergartens do more, particularly in Europe, where the session is often longer. Nor does the Montessori system wholly exclude imaginative group games. But Dr. Montessori, despite an evidently profound interest not only in social training, but also in æsthetic, idealistic, and even religious development, speaks of \"games and foolish stories\" in a casual and derogatory way, which shows that she is as yet unfamiliar with the American kindergartner's remarkable skill and power in the use of these resources. (Of course the American kindergartner does not use \"foolish\" stories; but stories she does use, and to good effect.) The Montessori programme involves much direct social experience, both in the general life of the school and in the manual work done by the pupils; the kindergarten extends the range of the child's social consciousness through the imagination. The groupings of the Montessori children are largely free and unregulated; the groupings of kindergarten children are more often formal and prescribed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00239", "bookId": 39863, "start": 35302, "end": 37312, "sha256": "755cc63e78ada56581060ae20418837e13e03510b217b35cb57371b3521954b0", "text": "On one point the Montessori system agrees with the conservative kindergarten, but not with the liberal: it prepares directly for the mastery of the school arts. There can be no doubt that Dr. Montessori has devised a peculiarly successful scheme for teaching children to write, an effective method for the introduction of reading, and good material for early number work. Both types of kindergarten increase, to be sure, the child's general capacity for expression: kindergarten activity adds to his stock of ideas, awakens and guides his imagination, increases his vocabulary, and trains him in the effective use of it. Children in a good kindergarten hear stories and tell them, recount their own experiences, sing songs, and recite verses, all in a company of friendly but fairly critical listeners, which does even more to stimulate and guide expression than does the circle at home. But even the conservative kindergarten does not teach children to write and to read. It does teach them a good deal about number; and it may fairly be questioned whether it does not do more fundamental work in this field than the Montessori system itself. The Froebelian gifts offer exceptional opportunity for concrete illustration of the conceptions of _whole_ and _part_, through the creation of wholes from parts, and the breaking up of wholes into parts. This aspect of number is at least as important as the series aspect, which children get in counting and for which the Montessori \"Long Stair\" provides such good material. The Froebelian material may be used very readily for counting, however, and the Montessori material gives some slight opportunity for uniting and dividing. So far as preparation for arithmetic is concerned, a combination of the two bodies of material is both feasible and desirable. The liberal kindergarten, meanwhile, abandoning the use of the gifts and occupations for mathematical purposes, makes no attempt to prepare its pupils directly for the school arts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00240", "bookId": 39863, "start": 37316, "end": 39307, "sha256": "feda29f61d20eaed8f129545466f92ebe22e31855cb2555605154bcbd1a9934c", "text": "Compared with the kindergarten, then, the Montessori system presents these main points of interest: it carries out far more radically the principle of unrestricted liberty; its materials are intended for the direct and formal training of the senses; it includes apparatus designed to aid in the purely physical development of the children; its social training is carried out mainly by means of present and actual social activities; and it affords direct preparation for the school arts. The kindergarten, on the other hand, involves a certain amount of group-teaching, in which children are held--not necessarily by the enforcement of authority, yet by authority, confessedly, when other means fail--to definite activities; its materials are intended primarily for creative use by the children and offer opportunity for mathematical analysis and the teaching of design; and its procedure is rich in resources for the imagination. One thing should be made entirely clear and emphatic: in none of these characteristics are the two systems rigidly antagonistic. Much kindergarten activity is free, and the principle of prescription is not wholly given over by the \"Houses of Childhood\"--witness their _Rules and Regulations_; the kindergarten involves direct sense training, and the Montessori system admits some of the Froebel blocks for building and design; there are many purely muscular activities in the kindergarten, and some of the usual kindergarten games are used by Montessori; the kindergarten conducts some gardening, care of animals, construction-work, and domestic business, and the Montessori system admits a few imaginative social plays; both systems (but not the liberal form of the kindergarten) work directly toward the school arts. Since the difference between the two programmes is one of arrangement, emphasis, and degree, there is no fundamental reason why a combination especially adapted to English and American schools cannot be worked out.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00241", "bookId": 39863, "start": 39311, "end": 41561, "sha256": "96a69d176ba0a6426eea84515c9e8a54abe604a934423e31ee28faa1513bd1fe", "text": "The broad contrast between a Montessori school and a kindergarten appears on actual observation to be this: whereas the Montessori children spend almost all their time handling _things_, largely according to their individual inclination and under individual guidance, kindergarten children are generally engaged in group work and games with an imaginative background and appeal. A possible principle of adjustment between the two systems might be stated thus: work with objects designed for formal sensory, motor, and intellectual training should be done individually or in purely voluntary groups; imaginative and social activity should be carried on in regulated groups. This principle is suggested only as a possible basis for education during the kindergarten age; for as children grow older they must be taught in classes, and they naturally learn how to carry out imaginative and social enterprises in free groups, and the former often alone. Nor should it be supposed that the principle is suggested as a rule to which there can be no exception. It is suggested simply as a general working hypothesis, the value of which must be tested in experience. Although it has long been observed by kindergartners themselves that group-work with the Froebelian materials, especially such work as involves geometrical analysis and formal design, soon tires the children, it has been held that the kindergartner could safeguard her pupils from loss of interest or real fatigue by watching carefully for the first signs of weariness and stopping the work promptly on their appearance. For small groups of the older children, who can do work of this sort with ease and enjoyment, no doubt the inevitable restraint of group teaching is a negligible factor, the fatiguing effects of which any good kindergartner can forestall. But for younger children a régime of complete freedom would seem to promise better results--at least so far as work with objects is concerned. In games, on the other hand, group teaching means very little restraint and the whole process is less tiring any way. To differentiate in method between these two kinds of activity may be the best way to keep them both in an effective educational programme.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00242", "bookId": 39863, "start": 41565, "end": 42846, "sha256": "8cc2b9983b2c720878b75e8e01e7b6da1bcbee224faaa9d6416371bf2f28899e", "text": "To speak of an effective educational programme leads at once, however, to an important aspect of the Montessori system, quite aside from its relation to the kindergarten, with which this Introduction must now deal. This is the social aspect, which finds its explanation in Dr. Montessori's own story of her first school. In any discussion of the availability of the Montessori system in English and American schools--particularly in American public schools and English \"Board\" schools--two general conditions under which Dr. Montessori did her early work in Rome should be borne in mind. She had her pupils almost all day long, practically controlling their lives in their waking hours; and her pupils came for the most part from families of the laboring class. We cannot expect to achieve the results Dr. Montessori has achieved if we have our pupils under our guidance only two or three hours in the morning, nor can we expect exactly similar results from children whose heredity and experience make them at once more sensitive, more active, and less amenable to suggestion than hers. If we are to make practical application of the Montessori scheme we must not neglect to consider the modifications of it which differing social conditions may render necessary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00243", "bookId": 39863, "start": 42850, "end": 44171, "sha256": "516c4491070fecb8008bab3f94d5c9aba45a3db08b1167f7bf46c0b67918a186", "text": "The conditions under which Dr. Montessori started her original school in Rome do not, indeed, lack counterpart in large cities the world over. When one reads her eloquent \"Inaugural Address\" it is impossible not to wish that a \"School within the Home\" might stand as a centre of hopeful child life in the midst of every close-built city block. Better, of course, if there were no hive-like city tenements at all, and if every family could give to its own children on its own premises enough of \"happy play in grassy places.\" Better if every mother and father were in certain ways an expert in child psychology and hygiene. But while so many unfortunate thousands still live in the hateful cliff-dwellings of our modern cities, we must welcome Dr. Montessori's large conception of the social function of her \"Houses of Childhood\" as a new gospel for the schools which serve the city poor. No matter what didactic apparatus such schools may use, they should learn of Dr. Montessori the need of longer hours, complete care of the children, closer co-operation with the home, and larger aims. In such schools, too, it is probable that the two fundamental features of Dr. Montessori's work--her principle of liberty and her scheme for sense training--will find their completest and most fruitful application.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00244", "bookId": 39863, "start": 44175, "end": 45771, "sha256": "07d92bf8ea749fd4d878af17f3498423b813ff0ce9ef09be15c0f91068efbeff", "text": "It is just these fundamental features, however, which will be most bitterly attacked whenever the social status of the original _Casa dei Bambini_ is forgotten. Anthropometric measurements, baths, training in personal self-care, the serving of meals, gardening, and the care of animals we may hear sweepingly recommended for all schools, even for those with a three-hour session and a socially favored class of pupils; but the need for individual liberty and for the training of the senses will be denied even in the work of schools where the conditions correspond closely to those at San Lorenzo. Of course no practical educator will actually propose bathtubs for all schools, and no doubt there will be plenty of wise conservatism about transferring to a given school any function now well discharged by the homes that support it. The problems raised by the proposal to apply in all schools the Montessori conception of discipline and the Montessori sense-training are really more difficult to solve. Is individual liberty a universal educational principle, or a principle which must be modified in the case of a school with no such social status as that of the original \"House of Childhood\"? Do all children need sense training, or only those of unfavorable inheritance and home environment? No serious discussion of the Montessori system can avoid these questions. What is said in answer to them here is written in the hope that subsequent discussion may be somewhat influenced to keep in view the really deciding factor in each case--the actual situation in the school.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00245", "bookId": 39863, "start": 45775, "end": 47314, "sha256": "e4f5dd9d9e9ad027c9537b90fbebbf12e90b9b8eba3223f0ba6171a9224fe13d", "text": "There is occasion enough in these questions, to be sure, for philosophical and scientific argument. The first question involves an ethical issue, the second a psychological issue, and both may be followed through to purely metaphysical issues. Dr. Montessori believes in liberty for the pupil because she thinks of life \"as a superb goddess, ever advancing to new conquests.\" Submission, loyalty, self-sacrifice seem to her, apparently, only incidental necessities of life, not essential elements of its eternal form. There is obvious opportunity here for profound difference of philosophic theory and belief. She seems to hold, too, that sense perception forms the sole basis for the mental and hence for the moral life; that \"sense training will prepare the ordered foundation upon which the child may build up a clear and strong mentality,\" including, apparently, his moral ideals; and that the cultivation of purpose and of the imaginative and creative capacities of children is far less important than the development of the power to learn from the environment by means of the senses. These views seem to agree rather closely with those of Herbart and to some extent with those of Locke. Certainly they offer material for both psychological and ethical debate. Possibly, however, Dr. Montessori would not accept the views here ascribed to her on the evidence of this book; and in any case these are matters for the philosopher and the psychologist. A pedagogical issue is never wholly an issue of high principle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00246", "bookId": 39863, "start": 47318, "end": 50001, "sha256": "838058a9e6e0fa4ae60d7018a0db6e8e2b0ee43f205e0103d6eed0a748fd143d", "text": "Can it reasonably be maintained, then, that an actual situation like that in the first \"House of Childhood\" at Rome is the only situation in which the Montessori principle of liberty can justifiably find full application? Evidently the Roman school is a true Republic of Childhood, in which nothing need take precedence of the child's claim to pursue an active purpose of his own. Social restraints are here reduced to a minimum; the children must, to be sure, subordinate individual caprice to the demands of the common good, they are not allowed to quarrel or to interfere with each other, and they have duties to perform at stated times; but each child is a citizen in a community governed wholly in the interests of the equally privileged members thereof, his liberty is rarely interfered with, he is free to carry out his own purposes, and he has as much influence in the affairs of the commonwealth as the average member of an adult democracy. This situation is never duplicated in the home, for a child is not only a member of the family, whose interests are to be considered with the rest, but literally a subordinate member, whose interests must often be frankly set aside for those of an adult member or for those of the household itself. Children must come to dinner at dinner time, even if continued digging in the sand would be more to their liking or better for their general development of muscle, mind, or will. It is possible, of course, to refine on the theory of the child's membership in the family community and of the right of elders to command, but practically it remains true that the common conditions of family life prohibit any such freedom as is exercised in a Montessori school. In the same way a school of large enrollment that elects to cover in a given time so much work that individual initiative cannot be trusted to compass it, is forced to teach certain things at nine o'clock and others at ten, and to teach in groups; and the individual whose life is thus cabined and confined must get what he can. For a given school the obvious question is, Considering the work to be done in the time allowed, can we give up the safeguards of a fixed programme and group teaching? The deeper question lies here: Is the work to be done in itself so important that it is worth while to have the children go through it under compulsion or on interest induced by the teacher? Or to put it another way: May not the work be so much less important than the child's freedom that we had better trust to native curiosity and cleverly devised materials anyway and run the risk of his losing part of the work, or even the whole of it?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00247", "bookId": 39863, "start": 50005, "end": 51946, "sha256": "3d9e47fae66d7b23aad1b60633191ed6fe4924e57de475fd8ddaa0b57a1e6171", "text": "For schools beyond the primary grade there will be no doubt as to the answer to this question. There are many ways in which school work may safely be kept from being the deadening and depressing process it so often is, but the giving up of all fixed and limited schedules and the prescriptions of class teaching is not one of them. Even if complete liberty of individual action were possible in schools of higher grade, it is not certain that it would be desirable: for we must learn to take up many of our purposes in life under social imperative. But with young children the question becomes more difficult. What work do we wish to make sure that each child does? If our schools can keep but half a day, is there time enough for every child to cover this work without group teaching at stated times? Is the prescription and restraint involved in such group teaching really enough to do the children any harm or to make our teaching less effective? Can we not give up prescription altogether for parts of the work and minimise it for others? The general question of individual liberty is thus reduced to a series of practical problems of adjustment. It is no longer a question of total liberty or no liberty at all, but a question of the practical mediation of these extremes. When we consider, furthermore, that the teacher's skill and the attractiveness of her personality, the alluring power of the didactic apparatus and the ease with which it enables children to learn, to say nothing of a cheerful and pleasant room and the absence of set desks and seats, may all work together to prevent scheduled teaching in groups from becoming in the least an occasion for restraint, it is plain that in any given school there may be ample justification for abating the rigour of Dr. Montessori's principle of freedom. Every school must work out its own solution of the problem in the face of its particular conditions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00248", "bookId": 39863, "start": 51950, "end": 53454, "sha256": "f87bb9521aaf855db55dad872f9c5ae452fb9029dbcbd4e98ee5a78378ad2eb4", "text": "The adoption of sense-training would seem to be much less a matter for variable decision. Some children may need less than others, but for all children between the ages of three and five the Montessori material will prove fascinating as well as profitable. A good deal of modern educational theory has been based on the belief that children are interested only in what has social value, social content, or \"real use\"; yet a day with any normal child will give ample evidence of the delight that children take in purely formal exercises. The sheer fascination of tucking cards under the edge of a rug will keep a baby happy until any ordinary supply of cards is exhausted; and the wholly sensory appeal of throwing stones into the water gives satisfaction enough to absorb for a long time the attention of older children--to say nothing of grown-ups. The Montessori apparatus satisfies sense hunger when it is keen for new material, and it has besides a puzzle-interest which children eagerly respond to. Dr. Montessori subordinates the value of the concrete mental content her material supplies to its value in rendering the senses more acute; yet it is by no means certain that this content--purely formal as it is--does not also give the material much of its importance. Indeed, the refinement of sensory discrimination may not in itself be particularly valuable. What Professor G. M. Whipple says on this point in his _Manual of Menial and Physical Tests_ (p. 130) has much weight:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00249", "bookId": 39863, "start": 53462, "end": 54793, "sha256": "6060ed874f3fad8f62baec192cf86997895c54a2250cf74a52349c1ce02e8da4", "text": "The use of sensory tests in correlation work is particularly interesting. In general, some writers are convinced that keen discrimination is a prerequisite to keen intelligence, while others are equally convinced that intelligence is essentially conditioned by \"higher\" processes, and only remotely by sensory capacity--barring, of course, such diminution of capacity as to interfere seriously with the experiencing of sensations, as in partial deafness or partial loss of vision. While it is scarcely the place here to discuss the evolutionary significance of discriminative sensitivity, it may be pointed out that the normal capacity is many times in excess of the actual demands of life, and that it is consequently difficult to understand why nature has been so prolific and generous; to understand, in other words, what is the sanction for the seemingly hypertrophied discriminative capacity of the human sense organs. The usual \"teleological explanations\" of our sensory life fail to account for this discrepancy. Again, the very fact of the existence of this surplus capacity seems to negative at the outset the notion that sensory capacity can be a conditioning factor in intelligence--with the qualification already noted.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00250", "bookId": 39863, "start": 54797, "end": 55214, "sha256": "1e7b76be40ab92a18b46eb72a2d09a2fcdadb45c2bf6453918a3f23e5dc5a21b", "text": "It is quite possible that the real pedagogical value of the Montessori apparatus is due to the fact that it keeps children happily engaged in the exercise of their senses and their fingers when they crave such exercise most and to the further fact that it teaches them without the least strain a good deal about forms and materials. These values are not likely to be much affected by differing school conditions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00251", "bookId": 39863, "start": 55218, "end": 56201, "sha256": "adfc2a3bdfd7e084ea24af056d95419ee28f8325286f211c508a16cd57777218", "text": "In the use of the material for sense-training, English and American teachers may find profit in two general warnings. First, it should not be supposed that sense training alone will accomplish all that Dr. Montessori accomplishes through the whole range of her school activities. To fill up most of a morning with sense-training is to give it (except perhaps in the case of the youngest pupils) undue importance. It is not even certain that the general use of the senses will be much affected by it, to say nothing of the loss of opportunity for larger physical and social activity. Second, the isolation of the senses should be used with some care. To shut off sight is to take one step toward sleep, and the requirement that a child concentrate his attention, in this situation, on the sense perceptions he gets by other means than vision must not be maintained too long. No small strain is involved in mental action without the usual means of information and control.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00252", "bookId": 39863, "start": 56205, "end": 56915, "sha256": "91e075d7b2ca13c6677e890b71fd657029bb6b43cb3b2581f0c7dcd214effac5", "text": "The proposal, mentioned above, of a feasible combination of the Montessori system and the kindergarten may now be set forth. If it is put very briefly and without defense or prophecy, it is because it is made without dogmatism, simply in the hope that it will prove suggestive to some open-minded teacher who is willing to try out any scheme that promises well for her pupils. The conditions supposed are those of the ordinary American public-school kindergarten, with a two-year programme beginning with children three and a half or four years old, a kindergarten with not too many pupils, with a competent kindergartner and assistant kindergartner, and with some help from training-school students.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00253", "bookId": 39863, "start": 56919, "end": 58840, "sha256": "d703c372326fd61fbf5909ad96a1f29cf79d4a6382e5f39ab2448bf7f88ceb29", "text": "The first proposal is for the use of the Montessori material during the better part of the first year instead of the regular Froebelian material. To the use of the Montessori devices--including the gymnastic apparatus--some of the time now devoted to pictures and stories should also be applied. It is not suggested that no Froebelian material should be used, but that the two systems be woven into each other, with a gradual transition from the free, individual use of the Montessori objects to the same sort of use of the large sizes of the Froebel gifts, especially the second, third, and fourth. When the children seem to be ready for it, a certain amount of more formal work with the gifts should be begun. In the second year the Froebelian gift work should predominate, without absolute exclusion of the Montessori exercises. In the latter part of the second year the Montessori exercises preparatory to writing should be introduced. Throughout the second year the full time for stories and picture work should be given to them, and in both years the morning circle and the games should be carried on as usual. The luncheon period should of course remain the same. One part of Dr. Montessori's programme the kindergartner and her assistant should use every effort to incorporate in their work--the valuable training in self-help and independent action afforded in the care of the materials and equipment by the children themselves. This need not be confined to the Montessori apparatus. Children who have been trained to take out, use, and put away the Montessori objects until they are ready for the far richer variety of material in the Froebelian system, should be able to care for it also. Of course if there are children who can return in the afternoon, it would be very interesting to attempt the gardening, which both Froebel and Montessori recommend, and the Montessori vase-work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00254", "bookId": 39863, "start": 58844, "end": 59071, "sha256": "a311511ff5e7684b6909c1a4e9793e1447a4fc3e68e1e775cd4da7e97c092421", "text": "For the possible scorn of those to whom all compromise is distasteful, the author of this Introduction seeks but one compensation--that any kindergartner who may happen to adopt his suggestion will let him study the results.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00255", "bookId": 39863, "start": 59075, "end": 60509, "sha256": "794f0d89fc67c17ed680ef1069ba1f9968c91eac30ce3231a404a91b96e77be4", "text": "As to the use of the Montessori system in the home, one or two remarks must suffice. In the first place, parents should not expect that the mere presence of the material in the nursery will be enough to work an educational miracle. A Montessori directress does no common \"teaching,\" but she is called upon for very skillful and very tiring effort. She must watch, assist, inspire, suggest, guide, explain, correct, inhibit. She is supposed, in addition, to contribute by her work to the upbuilding of a new science of pedagogy; but her educational efforts--and education is not an investigative and experimental effort, but a practical and constructive one--are enough to exhaust all her time, strength, and ingenuity. It will do no harm--except perhaps to the material itself--to have the Montessori material at hand in the home, but it must be used under proper guidance if it is to be educationally effective. And besides, it must not be forgotten that the material is by no means the most important feature of the Montessori programme. The best use of the Montessori system in the home will come through the reading of this book. If parents shall learn from Dr. Montessori something of the value of child life, of its need for activity, of its characteristic modes of expression, and of its possibilities, and shall apply this knowledge wisely, the work of the great Italian educator will be successful enough.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00256", "bookId": 39863, "start": 60513, "end": 61803, "sha256": "06878127a11f0e31504b5c942ce431a83b10abea49355b86adcbd07e15388c0b", "text": "This Introduction cannot close without some discussion, however limited, of the important problems suggested by the Montessori method of teaching children to write and to read. We have in American schools admirable methods for the teaching of reading; by the Aldine method, for instance, children of fair ability read without difficulty ten or more readers in the first school year, and advance rapidly toward independent power. Our instruction in writing, however, has never been particularly noteworthy. We have been trying recently to teach children to write a flowing hand by the \"arm movement,\" without much formation of separate letters by the fingers, and our results seem to prove that the effort with children before the age of ten is not worth while. Sensible school officers are content to let children in the first four grades write largely by drawing the letters, and there has been, a fairly general conviction that writing is not in any case especially important before the age of eight or nine. In view of Dr. Montessori's success in teaching children of four and five to write with ease and skill, must we not revise our estimate of the value of writing and our procedure in teaching it? What changes may we profitably introduce in our teaching of reading?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00257", "bookId": 39863, "start": 61807, "end": 62786, "sha256": "230a246efe80670ad6e82709494b2bd96a24f03b539f8b6b0e181097d3b59318", "text": "Here again our theory and our practice have suffered from the headstrong advocacy of general principles. Because by clumsy methods children used to be kept at the task of learning the school arts to the undoubted detriment of their minds and bodies, certain writers have advocated the total exclusion of reading and writing from the early grades. Many parents refuse to send their children to school until they are eight, preferring to let them \"run wild.\" This attitude is well justified by school conditions in some places; but where the schools are good, it ignores not only the obvious advantages of school life quite aside from instruction in written language, but also the almost complete absence of strain afforded by modern methods. Now that the Montessori system adds a new and promising method to our resources, it is the more unreasonable: for as a fact normal children are eager to read and write at six, and have plenty of use for these accomplishments.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00258", "bookId": 39863, "start": 62790, "end": 63538, "sha256": "5872e505313de25c5c6592642cae02ee5d9ed57e65749bbebcd6152bc7907b62", "text": "This does not mean, however, that reading and writing are so important for young children that they should be unduly emphasised. If we can teach them without strain, let us do so, and the more effectively the better; but let us remember, as Dr. Montessori does, that reading and writing should form but a subordinate part of the experience of a child and should minister in general to his other needs. With the best of methods the value of reading and writing before six is questionable. Our conscious life is bookish enough as it is, and it would seem on general grounds a safer policy to defer written language until the age of normal interest in it, and even then not to devote to it more time than an easy and gradual mastery demands.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00259", "bookId": 39863, "start": 63542, "end": 64950, "sha256": "cbd44ffe41b15828004f25b0ded884661100b645af230a839d9edc575ae259de", "text": "Of the technical advantages of the Montessori scheme for writing there can be little doubt. The child gains ready control over his pencil through exercises which have their own simple but absorbing interest; and if he does not learn to write with an \"arm movement,\" we may be quite content with his ability to draw a legible and handsome script. Then he learns the letters--their forms, their names, and how to make them--through exercises which have the very important technical characteristic of involving a _thorough sensory analysis_ of the material to be mastered. Meumann has taught us of late the great value in all memory work of complete impression through prolonged and intensive analytical study. In the teaching of spelling, for instance, it is comparatively useless to devise schemes for remembering unless the original impressions are made strong and elaborate; and it is only by careful, varied, and detailed sense impression that such material as the alphabet can be thus impressed. So effective is the Montessori scheme for impressing the letters--especially because of its novel use of the sense of touch--that the children learn how to make the whole alphabet before the abstract and formal character of the material leads to any diminution of interest or enthusiasm. Their initial curiosity over the characters they see their elders use is enough to carry them through.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00260", "bookId": 39863, "start": 64954, "end": 67270, "sha256": "9491c66080968afa892fdac954c43ca05c1fa9c78956dd628b044066a4156f91", "text": "In Italian the next step is easy. The letters once learned, it is a simple matter to combine them into words, for Italian spelling is so nearly phonetic that it presents very little difficulty to any one who knows how to pronounce. It is at just this point that the teaching of English reading by the Montessori method will find its greatest obstacle. Indeed, it is the unphonetic character of English spelling that has largely influenced us to give up the alphabet method of teaching children to read. Other reasons, to be sure, have also induced us to teach by the word and the sentence method; but this one has been and will continue to be the deciding factor. We have found it more effective to teach children whole words, sentences, or rhymes by sight, adding to sense impressions the interest aroused by a wide range of associations, and then analysing the words thus acquired into their phonetic elements to give the children independent power in the acquisition of new words. Our marked success with this method makes it by no means certain that it is \"in the characteristic process of natural development\" for children to build up written words from their elements--sounds and syllables. It would seem, on the contrary, as James concluded, that the mind works quite as naturally in the opposite direction--grasping wholes first, especially such as have a practical interest, and then working down to their formal elements. In the teaching of spelling, of course, the wholes (words) are already known at sight--that is, the pupil recognises them easily in reading--and the process aims at impressing upon the child's mind the exact order of their constituent elements. It is because reading and spelling are in English such completely separate processes that we can teach a child to read admirably without making him a \"good speller\" and are forced to bring him to the latter glorious state by new endeavours. We gain by this separation both in reading and in spelling, as experience and comparative tests--popular superstition to the contrary notwithstanding--have conclusively proved. The mastery of the alphabet by the Montessori method will be of great assistance in teaching our children to write, but of only incidental assistance in teaching them to read and to spell.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00261", "bookId": 39863, "start": 67274, "end": 68249, "sha256": "6ca0d1d843a3d25eb5b3ec12a794e47374875c555d0b3bdd93fd34800c387a8e", "text": "Once more, then, this Introduction attempts to suggest a compromise. In the school arts the programme used to such good effect in the Italian schools and the programme which has been so well worked out in English and American schools may be profitably combined. We can learn much about writing and reading from Dr. Montessori--especially from the freedom her children have in the process of learning to write and in the use of their newly acquired power, as well as from her device for teaching them to read connected prose. We can use her materials for sense training and lead as she does to easy mastery of the alphabetic symbols. Our own schemes for teaching reading we can retain, and doubtless the phonetic analysis they involve we shall find easier and more effective because of our adoption of the Montessori scheme for teaching the letters. The exact adjustment of the two methods is of course a task for teachers in practice and for educational leaders.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00262", "bookId": 39863, "start": 68253, "end": 69316, "sha256": "7070c3a7711165b7bd11af7512022c7874f7eb5c415011a39282b77eac8952f4", "text": "To all educators this book should prove most interesting. Not many of them will expect that the Montessori method will regenerate humanity. Not many will wish to see it--or any method--produce a generation of prodigies such as those who have been heralded recently in America. Not many will approve the very early acquisition by children of the arts of reading and writing. But all who are fair-minded will admit the genius that shines from the pages which follow, and the remarkable suggestiveness of Dr. Montessori's labors. It is the task of the professional student of education to-day to submit all systems to careful comparative study, and since Dr. Montessori's inventive power has sought its tests in practical experience rather than in comparative investigation, this duller task remains to be done. But however he may scrutinise the results of her work, the educator who reads of it here will honour in the Dottoressa Maria Montessori the enthusiasm, the patience, and the constructive insight of the scientist and the friend of humanity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00263", "bookId": 39863, "start": 69374, "end": 69435, "sha256": "cbeb60a47049efe621973220408f3a3d13bde198b1f8398d1c4a837335bef3f6", "text": "HENRY W. HOLMES. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, February 22, 1912.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00264", "bookId": 39863, "start": 69445, "end": 69466, "sha256": "c5727034123d74fddfcad4602e983651ad62d77e00ec6949019c836af0d4ae5f", "text": "THE MONTESSORI METHOD", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00265", "bookId": 39863, "start": 69476, "end": 69485, "sha256": "d0e5cb42d9924bed3d7ed4f8db06ecaf82716c56570480886725880fe4c6ea65", "text": "CHAPTER I", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00266", "bookId": 39863, "start": 69489, "end": 69568, "sha256": "b9474089c1909d6427b56331baf265c4dc6b3bcf482d2f99335b8795a1410820", "text": "A CRITICAL CONSIDERATION OF THE NEW PEDAGOGY IN ITS RELATION TO MODERN SCIENCE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00267", "bookId": 39863, "start": 69574, "end": 69896, "sha256": "873d2ee6711f126001c742e9a1897ca2a8e58cc04cdf4dd3c6c26a013aedbc15", "text": "It is not my intention to present a treatise on Scientific Pedagogy. The modest design of these incomplete notes is to give the results of an experiment that apparently opens the way for putting into practice those new principles of science which in these last years are tending to revolutionise the work of education.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00268", "bookId": 39863, "start": 69900, "end": 70543, "sha256": "2bb9f75bf62cfe44919dae309415360ea060603fb90225e17c9e9c806b87b460", "text": "Much has been said in the past decade concerning the tendency of pedagogy, following in the footsteps of medicine, to pass beyond the purely speculative stage and base its conclusions on the positive results of experimentation. Physiological or experimental psychology which, from Weber and Fechner to Wundt, has become organised into a new science, seems destined to furnish to the new pedagogy that fundamental preparation which the old-time metaphysical psychology furnished to philosophical pedagogy. Morphological anthropology applied to the physical study of children, is also a strong element in the growth of the new pedagogy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00269", "bookId": 39863, "start": 70547, "end": 71213, "sha256": "90d649841af327f33cd55471c5595ca3d8683ea43ffbc7db99c2452848691ce5", "text": "But in spite of all these tendencies, Scientific Pedagogy has never yet been definitely constructed nor defined. It is something vague of which we speak, but which does not, in reality, exist. We might say that it has been, up to the present time, the mere intuition or suggestion of a science which, by the aid of the positive and experimental sciences that have renewed the thought of the nineteenth century, must emerge from the mist and clouds that have surrounded it. For man, who has formed a new world through scientific progress, must himself be prepared and developed through a new pedagogy. But I will not attempt to speak of this more fully here.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00270", "bookId": 39863, "start": 71217, "end": 71863, "sha256": "b6925d0c091dc493de5d8a861457b35410df23fa76e12c3b61fcd2cb66b716d3", "text": "Several years ago, a well-known physician established in Italy a _School of Scientific Pedagogy_, the object of which was to prepare teachers to follow the new movement which had begun to be felt in the pedagogical world. This school had, for two or three years, a great success, so great, indeed, that teachers from all over Italy flocked to it, and it was endowed by the City of Milan with a splendid equipment of scientific material. Indeed, its beginnings were most propitious, and liberal help was afforded it in the hope that it might be possible to establish, through the experiments carried on there, \"the science of forming man.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00271", "bookId": 39863, "start": 71867, "end": 72770, "sha256": "98eb3b12886be7352f871d331da0e18650f2fe356fc8ee3783ef3102a07d412e", "text": "The enthusiasm which welcomed this school was, in a large measure, due to the warm support given it by the distinguished anthropologist, Giuseppe Sergi, who for more than thirty years had earnestly laboured to spread among the teachers of Italy the principles of a new civilisation based upon education. \"To-day in the social world,\" said Sergi, \"an imperative need makes itself felt--the reconstruction of educational methods; and he who fights for this cause, fights for human regeneration.\" In his pedagogical writings collected in a volume under the title of \"_Educazione ed Istruzione_\" (Pensieri),[1] he gives a résumé of the lectures in which he encouraged this new movement, and says that he believes the way to this desired regeneration lies in a methodical study of the one to be educated, carried on under the guidance of pedagogical anthropology and of experimental psychology.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00272", "bookId": 39863, "start": 72776, "end": 72796, "sha256": "8156acddd5f60934c7d57844e14334bbd363845d59e7832fe49526b6ab51c3c0", "text": "[1] Trevisini, 1892.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00273", "bookId": 39863, "start": 72800, "end": 73252, "sha256": "f22ecfaf8ef5d67de3f698e60743b6ee921b20c4576f3263e01c8b38916ce757", "text": "\"For several years I have done battle for an idea concerning the instruction and education of man, which appeared the more just and useful the more deeply I thought upon it. My idea was that in order to establish natural, rational methods, it was essential that we make numerous, exact, and rational observations of man as an individual, principally during infancy, which is the age at which the foundations of education and culture must be laid.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00274", "bookId": 39863, "start": 73256, "end": 73536, "sha256": "9eb8f73d6a87801b6217e834a3573a9ea7694c0e771ecfdcb419e031298a9ea6", "text": "\"To measure the head, the height, etc., does not indeed mean that we are establishing a system of pedagogy, but it indicates the road which we may follow to arrive at such a system, since if we are to educate an individual, we must have a definite and direct knowledge of him.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00275", "bookId": 39863, "start": 73540, "end": 74356, "sha256": "80a384f4c7c1c211c99e1e1269bc82fc2aa16cdc8aa5295a3f4ded6b94b01d6d", "text": "The authority of Sergi was enough to convince many that, given such a knowledge of the individual, the art of educating him would develop naturally. This, as often happens, led to a confusion of ideas among his followers, arising now from a too literal interpretation, now from an exaggeration, of the master's ideas. The chief trouble lay in confusing the experimental study of the pupil, with his education. And since the one was the road leading to the other, which should have grown from it naturally and rationally, they straightway gave the name of Scientific Pedagogy to what was in truth pedagogical anthropology. These new converts carried as their banner, the \"Biographical Chart,\" believing that once this ensign was firmly planted upon the battle-field of the school, the victory would be won.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00276", "bookId": 39863, "start": 74360, "end": 74622, "sha256": "1a7f806879027fce25a77212e1e9ae09f226550ba958ddf448781f174b4d6427", "text": "The so-called School of Scientific Pedagogy, therefore, instructed the teachers in the taking of anthropometric measurements, in the use of esthesiometric instruments, in the gathering of Psychological Data--and the army of new scientific teachers was formed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00277", "bookId": 39863, "start": 74626, "end": 75691, "sha256": "67c26ae0617e55a0e0e11a85540728c3a6c6dc9e5ca5e70b56d33923137eeed1", "text": "It should be said that in this movement Italy showed herself to be abreast of the times. In France, in England, and especially in America, experiments have been made in the elementary schools, based upon a study of anthropology and psychological pedagogy, in the hope of finding in anthropometry and psychometry, the regeneration of the school. In these attempts it has rarely been the _teachers_ who have carried on the research; the experiments have been, in most cases, in the hands of physicians who have taken more interest in their especial science than in education. They have usually sought to get from their experiments some contribution to psychology, or anthropology, rather than to attempt to organise their work and their results toward the formation of the long-sought Scientific Pedagogy. To sum up the situation briefly, anthropology and psychology have never devoted themselves to the question of educating children in the schools, nor have the scientifically trained teachers ever measured up to the standards of genuine scientists.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00278", "bookId": 39863, "start": 75695, "end": 76414, "sha256": "e52b6e5ba697d2a511b6a4430b1e7a49d3554e52e8d8096666df415fddc020ce", "text": "The truth is that the practical progress of the school demands a genuine _fusion_ of these modern tendencies, in practice and thought; such a fusion as shall bring scientists directly into the important field of the school and at the same time raise teachers from the inferior intellectual level to which they are limited to-day. Toward this eminently practical ideal the University School of Pedagogy, founded in Italy by Credaro, is definitely working. It is the intention of this school to raise Pedagogy from the inferior position it has occupied as a secondary branch of philosophy, to the dignity of a definite science, which shall, as does Medicine, cover a broad and varied field of comparative study.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00279", "bookId": 39863, "start": 76418, "end": 76566, "sha256": "ebfea628342e2b0af665961357c6916e026d746ddd9d73d009f18c9bdda6a8a9", "text": "And among the branches affiliated with it will most certainly be found Pedagogical Hygiene, Pedagogical Anthropology, and Experimental Psychology.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00280", "bookId": 39863, "start": 76570, "end": 77370, "sha256": "dd932f0d038af71af2c1f8a3d8654a3e0052094b4d7cabdbe6c1c1f943c29c4d", "text": "Truly, Italy, the country of Lombroso, of De-Giovanni, and of Sergi, may claim the honour of being pre-eminent in the organisation of such a movement. In fact, these three scientists may be called the founders of the new tendency in Anthropology: the first leading the way in criminal anthropology, the second in medical anthropology, and the third in pedagogical anthropology. For the good fortune of science, all three of them have been the recognised leaders of their special lines of thought, and have been so prominent in the scientific world that they have not only made courageous and valuable disciples, but have also prepared the minds of the masses to receive the scientific regeneration which they have encouraged. (For reference, see my treatise \"Pedagogical Anthropology.\")[2]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00281", "bookId": 39863, "start": 77376, "end": 77430, "sha256": "84ee22dadeeb0ecb1e31e205eac50264a3df3cd1046d8528bc25aeb6a8c111d8", "text": "[2] Montessori: \"L'Antropologia Pedagogica.\" Vallardi.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00282", "bookId": 39863, "start": 77434, "end": 77504, "sha256": "a239f7a80d1f07cf46fd8e8aeb716260b631afaa8691d8b110f1b0727d4ba8e1", "text": "Surely all this is something of which our country may be justly proud.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00283", "bookId": 39863, "start": 77510, "end": 78365, "sha256": "f880221b0c4b4fb46ee8e81f3d2e3fcdd26776cb400c8f338b7b64d1ba0947b2", "text": "To-day, however, those things which occupy us in the field of education are the interests of humanity at large, and of civilisation, and before such great forces we can recognise only one country--the entire world. And in a cause of such great importance, all those who have given any contribution, even though it be only an attempt not crowned with success, are worthy of the respect of humanity throughout the civilised world. So, in Italy, the schools of Scientific Pedagogy and the Anthropological Laboratories, which have sprung up in the various cities through the efforts of elementary teachers and scholarly inspectors, and which have been abandoned almost before they became definitely organised, have nevertheless a great value by reason of the faith which inspired them, and because of the doors they have opened to thinking people.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00284", "bookId": 39863, "start": 78369, "end": 79902, "sha256": "f8a19719f7206ad5484107827eb9fe7d1c6e332be60ee006670b0529e9141433", "text": "It is needless to say that such attempts were premature and sprang from too slight a comprehension of new sciences still in the process of development. Every great cause is born from repeated failures and from imperfect achievements. When St. Francis of Assisi saw his Lord in a vision, and received from the Divine lips the command--\"Francis, rebuild my Church!\"--he believed that the Master spoke of the little church within which he knelt at that moment. And he immediately set about the task, carrying upon his shoulders the stones with which he meant to rebuild the fallen walls. It was not until later that he became aware of the fact that his mission was to renew the Catholic Church through the spirit of poverty. But the St. Francis who so ingenuously carried the stones, and the great reformer who so miraculously led the people to a triumph of the spirit, are one and the same person in different stages of development. So we, who work toward one great end, are members of one and the same body; and those who come after us will reach the goal only because there were those who believed and laboured before them. And, like St. Francis, we have believed that by carrying the hard and barren stones of the experimental laboratory to the old and crumbling walls of the school, we might rebuild it. We have looked upon the aids offered by the materialistic and mechanical sciences with the same hopefulness with which St. Francis looked upon the squares of granite, which he must carry upon his shoulders.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00285", "bookId": 39863, "start": 79906, "end": 80082, "sha256": "d65fec838a97c451f7f7fb24b4999d3d420369da40ec401d2d44ef1bdca7e26c", "text": "Thus we have been drawn into a false and narrow way, from which we must free ourselves, if we are to establish true and living methods for the training of future generations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00286", "bookId": 39863, "start": 80088, "end": 81098, "sha256": "1b20785311aaabba29da4a131cda9ef64adf1b8e3375fe5620af4234a2854f72", "text": "To prepare teachers in the method of the experimental sciences is not an easy matter. When we shall have instructed them in anthropometry and psychometry in the most minute manner possible, we shall have only created machines, whose usefulness will be most doubtful. Indeed, if it is after this fashion that we are to initiate our teachers into experiment, we shall remain forever in the field of theory. The teachers of the old school, prepared according to the principles of metaphysical philosophy, understood the ideas of certain men regarded as authorities, and moved the muscles of speech in talking of them, and the muscles of the eye in reading their theories. Our scientific teachers, instead, are familiar with certain instruments and know how to move the muscles of the hand and arm in order to use these instruments; besides this, they have an intellectual preparation which consists of a series of typical tests, which they have, in a barren and mechanical way, learned how to apply.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00287", "bookId": 39863, "start": 81102, "end": 81552, "sha256": "0d978298dfd0e38c3531ad7ad82d3cb3e17f0869ca680ebece8f2ff21246fb15", "text": "The difference is not substantial, for profound differences cannot exist in exterior technique alone, but lie rather within the inner man. Not with all our initiation into scientific experiment have we prepared _new masters_, for, after all, we have left them standing without the door of real experimental science; we have not admitted them to the noblest and most profound phase of such study,--to that experience which makes real scientists.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00288", "bookId": 39863, "start": 81556, "end": 83343, "sha256": "792ec7cbff3588ce5e56b9fbdd6b9859d416e4f43adcdf43d7270f282eb3acf4", "text": "And, indeed, what is a scientist? Not, certainly, he who knows how to manipulate all the instruments in the physical laboratory, or who in the laboratory of the chemist handles the various reactives with deftness and security, or who in biology knows how to make ready the specimens for the microscope. Indeed, it is often the case that an assistant has a greater dexterity in experimental technique than the master scientist himself. We give the name scientist to the type of man who has felt experiment to be a means guiding him to search out the deep truth of life, to lift a veil from its fascinating secrets, and who, in this pursuit, has felt arising within him a love for the mysteries of nature, so passionate as to annihilate the thought of himself. The scientist is not the clever manipulator of instruments, he is the worshipper of nature and he bears the external symbols of his passion as does the follower of some religious order. To this body of real scientists belong those who, forgetting, like the Trappists of the Middle Ages, the world about them, live only in the laboratory, careless often in matters of food and dress because they no longer think of themselves; those who, through years of unwearied use of the microscope, become blind; those who in their scientific ardour inoculate themselves with tuberculosis germs; those who handle the excrement of cholera patients in their eagerness to learn the vehicle through which the diseases are transmitted; and those who, knowing that a certain chemical preparation may be an explosive, still persist in testing their theories at the risk of their lives. This is the spirit of the men of science, to whom nature freely reveals her secrets, crowning their labours with the glory of discovery.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00289", "bookId": 39863, "start": 83347, "end": 83693, "sha256": "4372d4a2de0aeacd7d899f57306472468cfc551fe60094a33783a3d8776fd290", "text": "There exists, then, the \"spirit\" of the scientist, a thing far above his mere \"mechanical skill,\" and the scientist is at the height of his achievement when the spirit has triumphed over the mechanism. When he has reached this point, science will receive from him not only new revelations of nature, but philosophic syntheses of pure thought.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00290", "bookId": 39863, "start": 83697, "end": 84875, "sha256": "19d1d4e52c696a1ffb5b70defa6f5913c692e5e697d96deee3e6fb00cebc8391", "text": "It is my belief that the thing which we should cultivate in our teachers is more the _spirit_ than the mechanical skill of the scientist; that is, the _direction_ of the _preparation_ should be toward the spirit rather than toward the mechanism. For example, when we considered the scientific preparation of teachers to be simply the acquiring of the technique of science, we did not attempt to make these elementary teachers perfect anthropologists, expert experimental psychologists, or masters of infant hygiene; we wished only to _direct them_ toward the field of experimental science, teaching them to manage the various instruments with a certain degree of skill. So now, we wish to _direct_ the teacher, trying to awaken in him, in connection with his own particular field, the school, that scientific _spirit_ which opens the door for him to broader and bigger possibilities. In other words, we wish to awaken in the mind and heart of the educator an _interest in natural phenomena_ to such an extent that, loving nature, he shall understand the anxious and expectant attitude of one who has prepared an experiment and who awaits a revelation from it.[3]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00291", "bookId": 39863, "start": 84881, "end": 84997, "sha256": "673919a4c8356f6b16daaadf640934078eab13ef1fe37d9bc399ec365eb78658", "text": "[3] See in my treatise on Pedagogical Anthropology the chapter on \"The Method Used In Experimental Sciences.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00292", "bookId": 39863, "start": 85001, "end": 85393, "sha256": "a78fcab5d69df6bd08e9bbdebfbf18147ef03d215defd4302e7533680ca0c353", "text": "The instruments are like the alphabet, and we must know how to manage them if we are to read nature; but as the book, which contains the revelation of the greatest thoughts of an author, uses in the alphabet the means of composing the external symbols or words, so nature, through the mechanism of the experiment, gives us an infinite series of revelations, unfolding for us her secrets.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00293", "bookId": 39863, "start": 85397, "end": 85864, "sha256": "edb694becd25b1ac8a28e2b9c29b06da4c11a35c05d7d322cd35d41c4c295cc9", "text": "Now one who has learned to spell mechanically all the words in his spelling-book, would be able to read in the same mechanical way the words in one of Shakespeare's plays, provided the print were sufficiently clear. He who is initiated solely into the making of the bare experiment, is like one who spells out the literal sense of the words in the spelling-book; it is on such a level that we leave the teachers if we limit their preparation to technique alone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00294", "bookId": 39863, "start": 85868, "end": 86874, "sha256": "8a275837cfcb6496c1de6d8a050816dd979d9892abf5a43612c0f9e1caec5719", "text": "We must, instead, make of them worshippers and interpreters of the spirit of nature. They must be like him who, having learned to spell, finds himself, one day, able to read behind the written symbols the _thought_ of Shakespeare, or Goethe, or Dante. As may be seen, the difference is great, and the road long. Our first error was, however, a natural one. The child who has mastered the spelling-book gives the impression of knowing how to read. Indeed, he does read the signs over the shop doors, the names of newspapers, and every word that comes under his eyes. It would be very natural if, entering a library, this child should be deluded into thinking that he knew how to read the sense of all the books he saw there. But attempting to do this, he would soon feel that \"to know how to read mechanically\" is nothing, and that he needs to go back to school. So it is with the teachers whom we have thought to prepare for scientific pedagogy by teaching them anthropometry and psychometry.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00295", "bookId": 39863, "start": 86880, "end": 89323, "sha256": "369599d93a7ebf54e57d4c7480aa571361bc18bfe3c510ca53814cc1fbf73fab", "text": "But let us put aside the difficulty of preparing scientific masters in the accepted sense of the word. We will not even attempt to outline a programme of such preparation, since this would lead us into a discussion which has no place here. Let us suppose, instead, that we have already prepared teachers through long and patient exercises for the _observation_ of _nature_, and that we have led them, for example, to the point attained by those students of natural sciences who rise at night and go into the woods and fields that they may surprise the awakening and the early activities of some family of insects in which they are interested. Here we have the scientist who, though he may be sleepy and tired with walking, is full of watchfulness, who is not aware that he is muddy or dusty, that the mist wets him, or the sun burns him; but is intent only upon not revealing in the least degree his presence, in order that the insects may, hour after hour, carry on peacefully those natural functions which he wishes to observe. Let us suppose these teachers to have reached the standpoint of the scientist who, half blind, still watches through his microscope the spontaneous movements of some particular infusory animalcule. These creatures seem to this scientific watcher, in their manner of avoiding each other and in their way of selecting their food, to possess a dim intelligence. He then disturbs this sluggish life by an electric stimulus, observing how some group themselves about the positive pole, and others about the negative. Experimenting further, with a luminous stimulus, he notices how some run toward the light, while others fly from it. He investigates these and like phenomena; having always in mind this question: whether the fleeing from or running to the stimulus be of the same character as the avoidance of one another or the selection of food--that is, whether such differences are the result of choice and are due to that dim consciousness, rather than to physical attraction or repulsion similar to that of the magnet. And let us suppose that this scientist, finding it to be four o'clock in the afternoon, and that he has not yet lunched, is conscious, with a feeling of pleasure, of the fact that he has been at work in his laboratory instead of in his own home, where they would have called him hours ago, interrupting his interesting observation, in order that he might eat.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00296", "bookId": 39863, "start": 89327, "end": 89936, "sha256": "c355c5ee20202f905d9298485508d58146b17fcae3c49aa3bcfa5942cbab06ba", "text": "Let us imagine, I say, that the teacher has arrived, independently of his scientific training, at such an attitude of interest in the observation of natural phenomena. Very well, but such a preparation is not enough. The master, indeed, is destined in his particular mission not to the observation of insects or of bacteria, but of man. He is not to make a study of man in the manifestations of his daily physical habits as one studies some family of insects, following their movements from the hour of _their morning awakening_. _The master is to study man in_ the awakening of his intellectual life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00297", "bookId": 39863, "start": 89940, "end": 90490, "sha256": "dfe4267901d323acf6d0ad44d7d94afcab0562bc869490b6473c0543eb91940a", "text": "The interest in humanity to which we wish to educate the teacher must be characterised by the intimate relationship between the observer and the individual to be observed; a relationship which does not exist between the student of zoology or botany and that form of nature which he studies. Man cannot love the insect or the chemical reaction which he studies, without sacrificing a part of himself. This self-sacrifice seems to one who looks at it from the standpoint of the world, a veritable renunciation of life itself, almost a martyrdom.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00298", "bookId": 39863, "start": 90494, "end": 90714, "sha256": "cdd6210d896e3eef693fdeed9c1296f22d3d3c9134aa3d097e3d320e9fe4775c", "text": "But the love of man for man in a far more tender thing, and so simple that it is universal. To love in this way is not the privilege of any especially prepared intellectual class, but lies within the reach of all men.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00299", "bookId": 39863, "start": 90718, "end": 92038, "sha256": "2ac84a5c25c25e471289e9a79202cb9b127b3ec36ab70eab48c784dc184abf25", "text": "To give an idea of this second form of preparation, that of the spirit, let us try to enter into the minds and hearts of those first followers of Christ Jesus as they heard Him speak of a Kingdom not of this world, greater far than any earthly kingdom, no matter how royally conceived. In their simplicity they asked of Him, \"Master, tell us who shall be greatest in the Kingdom of Heaven!\" To which Christ, caressing the head of a little child who, with reverent, wondering eyes, looked into His face, replied, \"Whosoever shall become as one of these little ones, he shall be greatest in the Kingdom of Heaven.\" Now let us picture among those to whom these words were spoken, an ardent, worshipping soul, who takes them into his heart. With a mixture of respect and love, of sacred curiosity and of a desire to achieve this spiritual greatness, he sets himself to observe every manifestation of this little child. Even such an observer placed in a classroom filled with little children will not be the new educator whom we wish to form. But let us seek to implant in the soul the self-sacrificing spirit of the scientist with the reverent love of the disciple of Christ, and we shall have prepared the _spirit_ of the teacher. From the child itself he will learn how to perfect himself as an educator.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00300", "bookId": 39863, "start": 92044, "end": 92711, "sha256": "b0c038377c54fc0b4a40a64f8387f2fe4c330b68b9053667f0945e3dd4fbd54f", "text": "Let us consider the attitude of the teacher in the light of another example. Picture to yourself one of our botanists or zoologists experienced in the technique of observation and experimentation; one who has travelled in order to study \"certain fungi\" in their native environment. This scientist has made his observations in open country and, then, by the aid of his microscope and of all his laboratory appliances, has carried on the later research work in the most minute way possible. He is, in fact, a scientist who understands what it is to study nature, and who is conversant with all the means which modern experimental science offers for this study.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00301", "bookId": 39863, "start": 92717, "end": 93416, "sha256": "164771615347d169f374f59da09bf9053dbfebe5bd4d06b08b1bb2130c04504b", "text": "Now let us imagine such a man appointed, by reason of the original work he has done, to a chair of science in some university, with the task before him of doing further original research work with hymenoptera. Let us suppose that, arrived at his post, he is shown a glass-covered case containing a number of beautiful butterflies, mounted by means of pins, their outspread wings motionless. The student will say that this is some child's play, not material for scientific study, that these specimens in the box are more fitly a part of the game which the little boys play, chasing butterflies and catching them in a net. With such material as this the experimental scientist can do nothing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00302", "bookId": 39863, "start": 93420, "end": 93920, "sha256": "cd9e96c2cbb97d805ea4385a35d9650087b567d6ce48eb157010c3924ea1ae8a", "text": "The situation would be very much the same if we should place a teacher who, according to our conception of the term, is scientifically prepared, in one of the public schools where the children are repressed in the spontaneous expression of their personality till they are almost like dead beings. In such a school the children, like butterflies mounted on pins, are fastened each to his place, the desk, spreading the useless wings of barren and meaningless knowledge which they have acquired.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00303", "bookId": 39863, "start": 93924, "end": 94217, "sha256": "78e321f399a9e65b368d467c039bc81a9af7f0d4390a89505ee9d50440bd2659", "text": "It is not enough, then, to prepare in our Masters the scientific spirit. We must also make ready the _school_ for their observation. The school must permit the _free_, _natural manifestations_ of the _child_ if in the school scientific pedagogy is to be born. This is the essential reform.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00304", "bookId": 39863, "start": 94221, "end": 94934, "sha256": "9e4164cfc0a7f1e097d6b82775b419873bc3b777658d76d9a89beef8f68f2de2", "text": "No one may affirm that such a principle already exists in pedagogy and in the school. It is true that some pedagogues, led by Rousseau, have given voice to impracticable principles and vague aspirations for the liberty of the child, but the true concept of liberty is practically unknown to educators. They often have the same concept of liberty which animates a people in the hour of rebellion from slavery, or perhaps, the conception of _social liberty_, which although it is a more elevated idea is still invariably restricted. \"Social liberty\" signifies always one more round of Jacob's ladder. In other words it signifies a partial liberation, the liberation of a country, of a class, or of thought.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00305", "bookId": 39863, "start": 94938, "end": 97687, "sha256": "ed906115b88658149a73e5477b7300597668e0581ef633645ee0da1bc6054856", "text": "That concept of liberty which must inspire pedagogy is, instead, universal. The biological sciences of the nineteenth century have shown it to us when they have offered us the means for studying life. If, therefore, the old-time pedagogy foresaw or vaguely expressed the principle of studying the pupil before educating him, and of leaving him free in his spontaneous manifestations, such an intuition, indefinite and barely expressed, was made possible of practical attainment only after the contribution of the experimental sciences during the last century. This is not a case for sophistry or discussion, it is enough that we state our point. He who would say that the principle of liberty informs the pedagogy of to-day, would make us smile as at a child who, before the box of mounted butterflies, should insist that they were alive and could fly. The principle of slavery still pervades pedagogy, and, therefore, the same principle pervades the school. I need only give one proof--the stationary desks and chairs. Here we have, for example, a striking evidence of the errors of the early materialistic scientific pedagogy which, with mistaken zeal and energy, carried the barren stones of science to the rebuilding of the crumbling walls of the school. The schools were at first furnished with the long, narrow benches upon which the children were crowded together. Then came science and perfected the bench. In this work much attention was paid to the recent contributions of anthropology. The age of the child and the length of his limbs were considered in placing the seat at the right height. The distance between the seat and the desk was calculated with infinite care, in order that the child's back should not become deformed, and, finally, the seats were separated and the width so closely calculated that the child could barely seat himself upon it, while to stretch himself by making any lateral movements was impossible. This was done in order that he might be separated from his neighbour. These desks are constructed in such a way as to render the child visible in all his immobility. One of the ends sought through this separation is the prevention of immoral acts in the schoolroom. What shall we say of such prudence in a state of society where it would be considered scandalous to give voice to principles of sex morality in education, for fear we might thus contaminate innocence? And, yet, here we have science lending itself to this hypocrisy, fabricating machines! Not only this; obliging science goes farther still, perfecting the benches in such a way as to permit to the greatest possible extent the immobility of the child, or, if you wish, to repress every movement of the child.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00306", "bookId": 39863, "start": 97691, "end": 98369, "sha256": "b43f89cda49033ebf34d960f0680daee4872b384d7b8c875868c54eed6a5b015", "text": "It is all so arranged that, when the child is well-fitted into his place, the desk and chair themselves force him to assume the position considered to be hygienically comfortable. The seat, the foot-rest, the desks are arranged in such a way that the child can never stand at his work. He is allotted only sufficient space for sitting in an erect position. It is in such ways that schoolroom desks and benches have advanced toward perfection. Every cult of the so-called scientific pedagogy has designed a model scientific desk. Not a few nations have become proud of their \"national desk,\"--and in the struggle of competition these various machines have been patented.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00307", "bookId": 39863, "start": 98373, "end": 98938, "sha256": "da940e600f33f91c3636335b681097722171f40e57a84f3929ad8fe62868c9b9", "text": "Undoubtedly there is much that is scientific underlying the construction of these benches. Anthropology has been drawn upon in the measuring of the body and the diagnosis of the age; physiology, in the study of muscular movements; psychology, in regard to perversion of instincts; and, above all, hygiene, in the effort to prevent curvature of the spine. These desks were indeed scientific, following in their construction the anthropological study of the child. We have here, as I have said, an example of the literal application of science to the schools.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00308", "bookId": 39863, "start": 98942, "end": 99442, "sha256": "20ebeb30ce9bf9d9db483d685c2ded85f279d5d2ae938c6cd05257fefcac2afc", "text": "I believe that before very long we shall all be struck with great surprise by this attitude. It will seem incomprehensible that the fundamental error of the desk should not have been revealed earlier through the attention given to the study of infant hygiene, anthropology, and sociology, and through the general progress of thought. The marvel is greater when we consider that during the past years there has been stirring in almost every nation a movement toward the protection of the child.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00309", "bookId": 39863, "start": 99446, "end": 99734, "sha256": "f37d30fb6979fefad81b7c583dd056f3b0884366e52a3d771d584fe543bc7af7", "text": "I believe that it will not be many years before the public, scarcely believing the descriptions of these scientific benches, will come to touch with wondering bands the amazing seats that were constructed for the purpose of preventing among our school children curvature of the spine!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00310", "bookId": 39863, "start": 99738, "end": 100437, "sha256": "12cfef5ffb4e1d90f0b930b15a1af0bfe726fe9428e8fabdad72f9e7f5c61cae", "text": "The development of these scientific benches means that the pupils were subjected to a régime, which, even though they were born strong and straight, made it possible for them to become humpbacked! The vertebral column, biologically the most primitive, fundamental, and oldest part of the skeleton, the most fixed portion, of our body, since the skeleton is the most solid portion of the organism--the vertebral column, which resisted and was strong through the desperate struggles of primitive man when he fought against the desert-lion, when he conquered the mammoth, when he quarried the solid rock and shaped the iron to his uses, bends, and cannot resist, under the yoke of the school.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00311", "bookId": 39863, "start": 100441, "end": 100807, "sha256": "4ca0825ef4da1ed09cfa220471f13115bce3e3d777ad368f13b95a5b7afe5704", "text": "It is incomprehensible that so-called _science_ should have worked to perfect an instrument of slavery in the school without being enlightened by one ray from the movement of social liberation, growing and developing throughout the world. For the age of scientific benches was also the age of the redemption of the working classes from the yoke of unjust labor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00312", "bookId": 39863, "start": 100811, "end": 101484, "sha256": "038dcf1b2ffa71dde30defb9cf8d64e2744ba147a336aff99be2ef8ed31d9a9f", "text": "The tendency toward social liberty is most evident, and manifests itself on every hand. The leaders of the people make it their slogan, the labouring masses repeat the cry, scientific and socialistic publications voice the same movement, our journals are full of it. The underfed workman does not ask for a tonic, but for better economic conditions which shall prevent malnutrition. The miner who, through the stooping position maintained during many hours of the day, is subject to inguinal rupture, does not ask for an abdominal support, but demands shorter hours and bettor working conditions, in order that he may be able to lead a healthy life like other men.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00313", "bookId": 39863, "start": 101488, "end": 101862, "sha256": "752c8ac957e60bf3672ba2747525f26f162c9dd703bb985bc90b40a6e94caff2", "text": "And when, during this same social epoch, we find that the children in our schoolrooms are working amid unhygienic conditions, so poorly adapted to normal development that even the skeleton becomes deformed, our response to this terrible revelation is an orthopedic bench. It is much as if we offered to the miner the abdominal brace, or arsenic to the underfed workman.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00314", "bookId": 39863, "start": 101866, "end": 102122, "sha256": "7543373bef1087e861a86de3e4d18e478285f80f0f948d18f17cb4283d13ebcf", "text": "Some time ago a woman, believing me to be in sympathy with all scientific innovations concerning the school, showed me with evident satisfaction _a corset or brace for pupils_. She had invented this and felt that it would complete the work of the bench.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00315", "bookId": 39863, "start": 102126, "end": 102660, "sha256": "45f7e285dcd7835c32cd46065b74f19aad11fc34413f01a7513649aacabccae0", "text": "Surgery has still other means for the treatment of spinal curvature. I might mention orthopedic instruments, braces, and a method of periodically suspending the child, by the head or shoulders, in such a fashion that the weight of the body stretches and thus straightens the vertebral column. In the school, the orthopedic instrument in the shape of the desk is in great favour to-day; someone proposes the brace--one step farther and it will be suggested that we give the scholars a systematic course in the suspension method!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00316", "bookId": 39863, "start": 102664, "end": 103071, "sha256": "645da7a91da2b919ca34639323c3b7427f249584cdc4cd7eff53255a1353f48b", "text": "All this is the logical consequence of a material application of the methods of science to the decadent school. Evidently the rational method of combating spinal curvature in the pupils, is to change the form of their work--so that they shall no longer be obliged to remain for so many hours a day in a harmful position. It is a conquest of liberty which the school needs, not the mechanism of a bench.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00317", "bookId": 39863, "start": 103075, "end": 103669, "sha256": "f8419850d5ad3a6eb2f83567047b246017c4493c64e08e9aa985ce2cb3a2a903", "text": "Even were the stationary seat helpful to the child's body, it would still be a dangerous and unhygienic feature of the environment, through the difficulty of cleaning the room perfectly when the furniture cannot be moved. The foot-rests, which cannot be removed, accumulate the dirt carried in daily from the street by the many little feet. To-day there is a general transformation in the matter of house furnishings. They are made lighter and simpler so that they may be easily moved, dusted, and even washed. But the school seems blind to the transformation of the social environment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00318", "bookId": 39863, "start": 103675, "end": 104718, "sha256": "371dfcde7d8e1585e0d5d285ee579476250ee784f6a64415a73fcc8234ea6cf1", "text": "It behooves us to think of what may happen to the _spirit_ of the child who is condemned to grow in conditions so artificial that his very bones may become deformed. When we speak of the redemption of the workingman, it is always understood that beneath the most apparent form of suffering, such as poverty of the blood, or ruptures, there exists that other wound from which the soul of the man who is subjected to any form of slavery must suffer. It is at this deeper wrong that we aim when we say that the workman must be redeemed through liberty. We know only too well that when a man's very blood has been consumed or his intestines wasted away through his work, his soul must have lain oppressed in darkness, rendered insensible, or, it may be, killed within him. The _moral_ degradation of the slave is, above all things, the weight that opposes the progress of humanity--humanity striving to rise and held back by this great burden. The cry of redemption speaks far more clearly for the souls of men than for their bodies.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00319", "bookId": 39863, "start": 104722, "end": 104807, "sha256": "d34f386b9198a864d73315e0116219b5fff9e55c59dbc3263273042cee580502", "text": "What shall we say then, when the question before us is that of _educating children_?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00320", "bookId": 39863, "start": 104811, "end": 105282, "sha256": "12cf438def623c27b138040db345794c0765e9c2d73d31215740d558853eab28", "text": "We know only too well the sorry spectacle of the teacher who, in the ordinary schoolroom, must pour certain cut and dried facts into the heads of the scholars. In order to succeed in this barren task, she finds it necessary to discipline her pupils into immobility and to force their attention. Prizes and punishments are every-ready and efficient aids to the master who must force into a given attitude of mind and body those who are condemned to be his listeners.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00321", "bookId": 39863, "start": 105286, "end": 106208, "sha256": "2bd99939b947ebf010b181517c2de9e1aa824d62a1a2d4a3bbbc3b0f589971c9", "text": "It is true that to-day it is deemed expedient to abolish official whippings and habitual blows, just as the awarding of prizes has become less ceremonious. These partial reforms are another prop approved of by science, and offered to the support of the decadent school. Such prizes and punishments are, if I may be allowed the expression, the _bench_ of the soul, the instrument of slavery for the spirit. Here, however, these are not applied to lessen deformities, but to provoke them. The prize and the punishment are incentives toward unnatural or forced effort, and, therefore we certainly cannot speak of the natural development of the child in connection with them. The jockey offers a piece of sugar to his horse before jumping into the saddle, the coachman beats his horse that he may respond to the signs given by the reins; and, yet, neither of these runs so superbly as the free horse of the plains.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00322", "bookId": 39863, "start": 106212, "end": 106282, "sha256": "edb7dead5588a6e1972ebee496f199eaa03c65cbd5674cad37eec7eb5b034d54", "text": "And here, in the case of education, shall man place the yoke upon man?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00323", "bookId": 39863, "start": 106286, "end": 106679, "sha256": "dcc885f77561b753caedd20ccd49572e38565905557924f34039813965e97d95", "text": "True, we say that social man is natural man yoked to society. But if we give a comprehensive glance to the moral progress of society, we shall see that little by little, the yoke is being made easier, in other words, we shall see that nature, or life, moves gradually toward triumph. The yoke of the slave yields to that of the servant, and the yoke of the servant to that of the workman.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00324", "bookId": 39863, "start": 106683, "end": 107209, "sha256": "39c1080fe82748faa660a296cc59a8cd7be8e52837d852d2a857cbcd8f9065b8", "text": "All forms of slavery tend little by little to weaken and disappear, even the sexual slavery of woman. The history of civilisation is a history of conquest and of liberation. We should ask in what stage of civilisation we find ourselves and if, in truth, the good of prizes and of punishments be necessary to our advancement. If we have indeed gone beyond this point, then to apply such a form of education would be to draw the new generation back to a lower level, not to lead them into their true heritage of progress.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00325", "bookId": 39863, "start": 107213, "end": 108346, "sha256": "e300f5c014ea52fa65ed3fd9a1ce1b5b6d4a46aee06cda25481a320ac0561f74", "text": "Something very like this condition of the school exists in society, in the relation between the government and the great numbers of the men employed in its administrative departments. These clerks work day after day for the general national good, yet they do not feel or see the advantage of their work in any immediate reward. That is, they do not realise that the state carries on its great business through their daily tasks, and that the whole nation is benefited by their work. For them the immediate good is promotion, as passing to a higher class is for the child in school. The man who loses sight of the really big aim of his work is like a child who has been placed in a class below his real standing: like a slave, he is cheated of something which is his right. His dignity as a man is reduced to the limits of the dignity of a machine which must be oiled if it is to be kept going, because it does not have within itself the impulse of life. All those petty things such as the desire for decorations or medals, are but artificial stimuli, lightening for the moment the dark, barren path in which he treads.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00326", "bookId": 39863, "start": 108350, "end": 108859, "sha256": "9e526152ba200ca78be9f3b50d768eeec5f6f637fd329f792525b931593ec01a", "text": "In the same way we give prizes to school children. And the fear of not achieving promotion, withholds the clerk from running away, and binds him to his monotonous work, even as the fear of not passing into the next class drives the pupil to his book. The reproof of the superior is in every way similar to the scolding of the teacher. The correction of badly executed clerical work is equivalent to the bad mark placed by the teacher upon the scholar's poor composition. The parallel is almost perfect.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00327", "bookId": 39863, "start": 108863, "end": 109654, "sha256": "dc4931e765a7d96634fdd090f51d7144ae817accd9cb1fc021ac4b2c26702da3", "text": "But if the administrative departments are not carried on in a way which would seem suitable to a nation's greatness; if corruption too easily finds a place; it is the result of having extinguished the true greatness of man in the mind of the employee, and of having restricted his vision to those petty, immediate facts, which he has come to look upon as prizes and punishments. The country stands, because the rectitude of the greater number of its employees is such that they resist the corruption of the prizes and punishments, and follow an irresistible current of honesty. Even as life in the social environment triumphs against every cause of poverty and death, and proceeds to new conquests, so the instinct of liberty conquers all obstacles, going from victory to victory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00328", "bookId": 39863, "start": 109658, "end": 109779, "sha256": "52092acbf8b0a993b56266aa6767579589d6f9b52229b5fef01864ebcf9f7666", "text": "It is this personal and yet universal force of life, a force often latent within the soul, that sends the world forward.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00329", "bookId": 39863, "start": 109785, "end": 110481, "sha256": "0f449ea6d836fd16ad153b0f00e31315b8b251cfc156841a677e89d4aa01e3c8", "text": "But he who accomplishes a truly human work, he who does something really great and victorious, is never spurred to his task by those trifling attractions called by the name of \"prizes,\" nor by the fear of those petty ills which we call \"punishments.\" If in a war a great army of giants should fight with no inspiration beyond the desire to win promotion, epaulets, or medals, or through fear of being shot, if these men were to oppose a handful of pygmies who were inflamed by love of country, the victory would go to the latter. When real heroism has died within an army, prizes and punishments cannot do more than finish the work of deterioration, bringing in corruption and cowardice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00330", "bookId": 39863, "start": 110485, "end": 110553, "sha256": "cdb2d39bf6c84912d8548ad9353be94354fa8e587f2f388f9048780ec21210d3", "text": "All human victories, all human progress, stand upon the inner force.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00331", "bookId": 39863, "start": 110557, "end": 111360, "sha256": "fe66108d25575f965a18767e742ce085ec3c24af5c0d556f5084bfb137fb18e8", "text": "Thus a young student may become a great doctor if he is spurred to his study by an interest which makes medicine his real vocation. But if he works in the hope of an inheritance, or of making a desirable marriage, or if indeed he is inspired by any material advantage, he will never become a true master or a great doctor, and the world will never make one step forward because of his work. He to whom such stimuli are necessary, had far better never become a physician. Everyone has a special tendency, a special vocation, modest, perhaps, but certainly useful. The system of prizes may turn an individual aside from this vocation, may make him choose a false road, for him a vain one, and forced to follow it, the natural activity of a human being may be warped, lessened, even annihilated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00332", "bookId": 39863, "start": 111364, "end": 112069, "sha256": "2aaa31c36c1abc78ed74f2e7685b09cb3f0b55288376d5b7096b8793411973e5", "text": "We repeat always that the world _progresses_ and that we must urge men forward to obtain progress. But progress comes from the _new things that are born_, and these, not being foreseen, are not rewarded with prizes: rather, they often carry the leader to martyrdom. God forbid that poems should ever be born of the desire to be crowned in the Capitol! Such a vision need only come into the heart of the poet and the muse will vanish. The poem must spring from the soul of the poet, when he thinks neither of himself nor of the prize. And if he does win the laurel, he will feel the vanity of such a prize. The true reward lies in the revelation through the poem of his own triumphant inner force.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00333", "bookId": 39863, "start": 112073, "end": 112465, "sha256": "559dfdc75f4f93d95587726e5bbc8fd862aa869c73a0e280253e131f16678e1c", "text": "There does exist, however, an external prize for man; when, for example, the orator sees the faces of his listeners change with the emotions he has awakened, he experiences something so great that it can only be likened to the intense joy with which one discovers that he is loved. Our joy is to touch, and conquer souls, and this is the one prize which can bring us a true compensation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00334", "bookId": 39863, "start": 112469, "end": 113261, "sha256": "bf61a0309dd8e146476ea972f4bbadf5a1b0db30b32f7cb54377558a1ab7a2a8", "text": "Sometimes there is given to us a moment when we fancy ourselves to be among the great ones of the world. These are moments of happiness given to man that he may continue his existence in peace. It may be through love attained or because of the gift of a son, through a glorious discovery or the publication of a book; in some such moment we feel that there exists no man who is above us. If, in such a moment, someone vested with authority comes forward to offer us a medal or a prize, he is the important destroyer of our real reward--\"And who are you?\" our vanished illusion shall cry, \"Who are you that recalls me to the fact that I am not the first among men? Who stands so far above me that he may give me a prize?\" The prize of such a man in such a moment can only be Divine.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00335", "bookId": 39863, "start": 113265, "end": 113923, "sha256": "638a69f7fe599c22186551b65119b0c96e04192d17ec2c54ef604b9ae7de8e90", "text": "As for punishments, the soul of the normal man grows perfect through expanding, and punishment as commonly understood is always a form of _repression_. It may bring results with those inferior natures who grow in evil, but these are very few, and social progress is not affected by them. The penal code threatens us with punishment if we are dishonest within the limits indicated by the laws. But we are not honest through fear of the laws; if we do not rob, if we do not kill, it is because we love peace, because the natural trend of our lives leads us forward, leading us ever farther and more definitely away from the peril of low and evil acts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00336", "bookId": 39863, "start": 113927, "end": 114678, "sha256": "8f6ec1b92e4af179725567456657a187f81ce995cd5b043199216a8615173609", "text": "Without going into the ethical or metaphysical aspects of the question, we may safely affirm that the delinquent before he transgresses the law, has, _if he knows of the existence of a punishment_, felt the threatening weight of the criminal code upon him. He has defined it, or he has been lured into the crime, deluding himself with the idea that he would be able to avoid the punishment of the law. But there has occurred within his mind, a _struggle between the crime and the punishment_. Whether it be efficacious in hindering crime or not, this penal code is undoubtedly made for a very limited class of individuals; namely, criminals. The enormous majority of citizens are honest without any regard whatever to the threats of the law.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00337", "bookId": 39863, "start": 114682, "end": 115081, "sha256": "6bbd269992b855052652b0c8e5a54634b659587d7d2b68354fb82743d9df7db4", "text": "The real punishment of normal man is the loss of the consciousness of that individual power and greatness which are the sources of his inner life. Such a punishment often falls upon men in the fullness of success. A man whom we would consider crowned by happiness and fortune may be suffering from this form of punishment. Far too often man does not see the real punishment which threatens him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00338", "bookId": 39863, "start": 115087, "end": 115131, "sha256": "b1c16ee9eede9e66e68e622ec27e3a59bdf6607d0ee8f544c2a467d9dd07e001", "text": "And it is just here that education may help.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00339", "bookId": 39863, "start": 115135, "end": 115431, "sha256": "590fa9cf20e515f81e90e3f4edb965c171682e5acfc6d31791d4989be0b4a52c", "text": "To-day we hold the pupils in school, restricted by those instruments so degrading to body and spirit, the desk--and material prizes and punishments. Our aim in all this is to reduce them to the discipline of immobility and silence,--to lead them,--where? Far too often toward no definite end.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00340", "bookId": 39863, "start": 115435, "end": 115713, "sha256": "868f5027ad4e813a72db2c74f1ef89cd43498ca7c2e40da675b10bbe3029ead5", "text": "Often the education of children consists in pouring into their intelligence the intellectual contents of school programmes. And often these programmes have been compiled in the official department of education, and their use is imposed by law upon the teacher and the child.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00341", "bookId": 39863, "start": 115717, "end": 115890, "sha256": "5178f1ef09047e58dbdb1c6932fee4987d8a13b4ed6bee8f9741f1fcf3867bc9", "text": "Ah, before such dense and wilful disregard of the life which is growing within these children, we should hide our heads in shame and cover our guilty faces with our hands!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00342", "bookId": 39863, "start": 115894, "end": 116091, "sha256": "0cf13209845946d438fe6dc383c59b0d38f561241bff465d0e175dbb7abe35eb", "text": "Sergi says truly: \"To-day an urgent need imposes itself upon society: the reconstruction of methods in education and instruction, and he who fights for this cause, fights for human regeneration.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00343", "bookId": 39863, "start": 116101, "end": 116111, "sha256": "5e3969b3a1a5487e39f49c890b68174390d08c9fa8da2bd9289255e4bd0ae952", "text": "CHAPTER II", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00344", "bookId": 39863, "start": 116115, "end": 116133, "sha256": "7b12f63b69b6be4fdaf98bd8a22e5048138bf139e6e088c479ea045e59f754d6", "text": "HISTORY OF METHODS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00345", "bookId": 39863, "start": 116139, "end": 117132, "sha256": "901305d64ef2b7c31f2d0e1fc1f2334385e4e8efe372877e8b2c1507b06df5af", "text": "If we are to develop a system of scientific pedagogy, we must, then, proceed along lines very different from those which have been followed up to the present time. The transformation of the school must be contemporaneous with the preparation of the teacher. For if we make of the teacher an observer, familiar with the experimental methods, then we must make it possible for her to observe and to experiment in the school. The fundamental principle of scientific pedagogy must be, indeed, the _liberty of the pupil_;--such liberty as shall permit a development of individual, spontaneous manifestations of the child's nature. If a new and scientific pedagogy is to arise from the _study of the individual_, such study must occupy itself with the observation of _free_ children. In vain should we await a practical renewing of pedagogical methods from methodical examinations of pupils made under the guidance offered to-day by pedagogy, anthropology, and experimental psychology.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00346", "bookId": 39863, "start": 117136, "end": 117680, "sha256": "c9df3fae6a9c788f11a14fff459d524f8cea83ba00886d805d35a2c9143a211b", "text": "Every branch of experimental science has grown out of the application of a method peculiar to itself. Bacteriology owes its scientific content to the method of isolation and culture of microbes. Criminal, medical, and pedagogical anthropology owe their progress to the application of anthropological methods to individuals of various classes, such as criminals, the insane, the sick of the clinics, scholars. So experimental psychology needs as its starting point an exact definition of the technique to be used in making the experiment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00347", "bookId": 39863, "start": 117684, "end": 118559, "sha256": "03fdf7ac45e8708490c02aaf1450ec300c871f91de4d577e0635eac1b3d26b56", "text": "To put it broadly, it is important to define _the method_, _the technique_, and from its application to _await_ the definite result, which must be gathered entirely from actual experience. One of the characteristics of experimental sciences is to proceed to the making of an experiment _without preconceptions of any sort_ as to the final result of the experiment itself. For example, should we wish to make scientific observations concerning the development of the head as related to varying degrees of intelligence, one of the conditions of such an experiment would be to ignore, in the taking of the measurements, which were the most intelligent and which the most backward among the scholars examined. And this because the preconceived idea that the most intelligent should have the head more fully developed will inevitably alter the results of the research.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00348", "bookId": 39863, "start": 118563, "end": 118855, "sha256": "76f64416e8f5a2a987e080c0aeaa92fda308bc6c4a847ce7a33131f2536086ab", "text": "He who experiments must, while doing so, divest himself of every preconception. It is clear then that if we wish to make use of a method of experimental psychology, the first thing necessary is to renounce all former creeds and to proceed by means of the _method_ in the search for truth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00349", "bookId": 39863, "start": 118859, "end": 119357, "sha256": "c70eb15445d73367d0c57775a5a8d13d4deee5b125bf36e7a3335f0d51d12333", "text": "We must not start, for example, from any dogmatic ideas which we may happen to have held upon the subject of child psychology. Instead, we must proceed by a method which shall tend to make possible to the child complete liberty. This we must do if we are to draw from the observation of his spontaneous manifestations conclusions which shall lead to the establishment of a truly scientific child psychology. It may be that such a method holds for us great surprises, unexpected possibilities.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00350", "bookId": 39863, "start": 119361, "end": 119494, "sha256": "f245432c72d5aca6067ada74bbb51631c8c5d3af5cbaecdf208a66c8775d7a6c", "text": "Child psychology and pedagogy must establish their content by successive conquests arrived at through the method of experimentation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00351", "bookId": 39863, "start": 119500, "end": 120059, "sha256": "66bdc5c43aeff1c864e69a183908b4c5c9cf29371a805f24bb4de8a85ec2cebb", "text": "Our problem then, is this: to establish the _method peculiar_ to experimental pedagogy. It cannot be that used in other experimental sciences. It is true that scientific pedagogy is rounded out by hygiene, anthropology, and psychology, and adopts in part the technical method characteristic of all three, although limiting itself to a special study of the individual to be educated. But in pedagogy this study of the individual, though it must accompany the very different work of _education_, is a limited and secondary part of the science as a whole.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00352", "bookId": 39863, "start": 120063, "end": 120519, "sha256": "4741270906f51083f1db2121387c9634ab1cc05223f689332b8e909f4cac081c", "text": "This present study deals in part with the _method_ used in experimental pedagogy, and is the result of my experiences during two years in the \"Children's Houses.\" I offer only a beginning of the method, which I have applied to children between the ages of three and six. But I believe that these tentative experiments, because of the surprising results which they have given, will be the means of inspiring a continuation of the work thus undertaken.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00353", "bookId": 39863, "start": 120523, "end": 120819, "sha256": "a93d3c6ef369aee6a8cb0d6d258b7d7acba662fe3d9f57ccdf52561fdf6df9da", "text": "Indeed, although our educational system, which experience has demonstrated to be excellent, is not yet entirely completed, it nevertheless constitutes a system well enough established to be practical in all institutions where young children are cared for, and in the first elementary classes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00354", "bookId": 39863, "start": 120823, "end": 121389, "sha256": "839ad76724cac11b5e75a0521bf49ea43a98df17405a6ed776cc355a942b2f8a", "text": "Perhaps I am not exact when I say that the present work springs from two years of experience. I do not believe that these later attempts of mine could alone have rendered possible all that I set forth in this book. The origin of the educational system in use in the \"Children's Houses\" is much more remote, and if this experience with normal children seems indeed rather brief, it should be remembered that it sprang from preceding pedagogical experiences with abnormal children, and that considered in this way, it represents a long and thoughtful endeavour.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00355", "bookId": 39863, "start": 121393, "end": 121971, "sha256": "36b8456ce085d967c876975b7dfa353d6f0c1a0c91a8959fd5a23c1c81007707", "text": "About fifteen years ago, being assistant doctor at the Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Rome, I had occasion to frequent the insane asylums to study the sick and to select subjects for the clinics. In this way I became interested in the idiot children who were at that time housed in the general insane asylums. In those days thyroid organotherapy was in full development, and this drew the attention of physicians to deficient children. I myself, having completed my regular hospital services, had already turned my attention to the study of children's diseases.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00356", "bookId": 39863, "start": 121975, "end": 123213, "sha256": "2be4c2df08497bc072c0a9cd857054c09b5ac49ab871adca1955401594350e48", "text": "It was thus that, being interested in the idiot children, I became conversant with the special method of education devised for these unhappy little ones by Edward Séguin, and was led to study thoroughly the idea, then beginning to be prevalent among the physicians, of the efficacy of \"pedagogical treatment\" for various morbid forms of disease such as deafness, paralysis, idiocy, rickets, etc. The fact that pedagogy must join with medicine in the treatment of disease was the practical outcome of the thought of the time. And because of this tendency the method of treating disease by gymnastics became widely popular. I, however, differed from my colleagues in that I felt that mental deficiency presented chiefly a pedagogical, rather than mainly a medical, problem. Much was said in the medical congresses of the medico-pedagogic method for the treatment and education of the feeble minded, and I expressed my differing opinion in an address on _Moral Education_ at the Pedagogical Congress of Turin in 1898. I believe that I touched a chord already vibrant, because the idea, making its way among the physicians and elementary teachers, spread in a flash as presenting a question of lively interest to the school.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00357", "bookId": 39863, "start": 123217, "end": 123514, "sha256": "b14dfe8848918a972d8f93e6ec6d251a91d2f3832bb6810fa8c8c51f860a7c83", "text": "In fact I was called upon by my master, Guido Baccelli, the great Minister of Education, to deliver to the teachers of Rome a course of lectures on the education of feeble-minded children. This course soon developed into the State Orthophrenic School, which I directed for more than two years.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00358", "bookId": 39863, "start": 123518, "end": 123899, "sha256": "5e2fa6ecc7bca1c728f42331af4f01e2c14cb5588d18ad6f1ef4e61a01f643a4", "text": "In this school we had an all-day class of children composed of those who in the elementary schools were considered hopelessly deficient. Later on, through the help of a philanthropic organisation, there was founded a Medical Pedagogic Institute where, besides the children from the public schools, we brought together all of the idiot children from the insane asylums in Rome.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00359", "bookId": 39863, "start": 123903, "end": 124398, "sha256": "dcee347e55fbf8de1ec5f7b71826ae8031ee18ed0ca155aafadd4fbbdc708dd8", "text": "I spent these two years with the help of my colleagues in preparing the teachers of Rome for a special method of observation and education of feeble-minded children. Not only did I train teachers, but what was much more important, after I had been in London and Paris for the purpose of studying in a practical way the education of deficients, I gave myself over completely to the actual teaching of the children, directing at the same time the work of the other teachers in our institute.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00360", "bookId": 39863, "start": 124402, "end": 125336, "sha256": "353e92caef30754ac22f7330d4e8ea80985824da1c68026ef04db31a64b4a63c", "text": "I was more than an elementary teacher, for I was present, or directly taught the children, from eight in the morning to seven in the evening without interruption. These two years of practice are my first and indeed my true degree in pedagogy. From the very beginning of my work with deficient children (1898 to 1900) I felt that the methods which I used had in them nothing peculiarly limited to the instruction of idiots. I believed that they contained educational principles _more rational_ than those in use, so much more so, indeed, that through their means an inferior mentality would be able to grow and develop. This feeling, so deep as to be in the nature of an intuition, became my controlling idea after I had left the school for deficients, and, little by little, I became convinced that similar methods applied to normal children would develop or set free their personality in a marvellous and surprising way.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00361", "bookId": 39863, "start": 125340, "end": 125850, "sha256": "038d50bab27eee554510b630fe341df78d9860ad7e261632709aad381ba355bc", "text": "It was then that I began a genuine and thorough study of what is known as remedial pedagogy, and, then, wishing to undertake the study of normal pedagogy and of the principles upon which it is based, I registered as a student of philosophy at the University. A great faith animated me, and although I did not know that I should ever be able to test the truth of my idea, I gave up every other occupation to deepen and broaden its conception. It was almost as if I prepared myself for an unknown mission.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00362", "bookId": 39863, "start": 125854, "end": 126167, "sha256": "841a2769a2a57c27aa01cb656193bde26df8812cd549ecaa373353327b85fffc", "text": "The methods for the education of deficients had their origin at the time of the French Revolution in the work of a physician whose achievements occupy a prominent place in the history of medicine, as he was the founder of that branch of medical science which to-day is known as Otiatria (diseases of the ear).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00363", "bookId": 39863, "start": 126171, "end": 126876, "sha256": "6deafe401955c9ef3335baf4bce3e5920524d3d31f69e1da0bfbd0586f795a15", "text": "He was the first to attempt a methodical education of the sense of hearing. He made these experiments in the institute for deaf mutes founded in Paris by Pereire, and actually succeeded in making the semi-deaf hear clearly. Later on, having in charge for eight years the idiot boy known as \"the wild boy of Aveyron,\" he extended to the treatment of all the senses those educational methods which had already given such excellent results in the treatment of the sense of hearing. A student of Pinel, Itard, was the first educator to practise _the observation_ of the pupil in the way in which the sick are observed in the hospitals, especially those suffering from diseases of the nervous system.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00364", "bookId": 39863, "start": 126880, "end": 128606, "sha256": "106edb8aff8238df7e26b3249c5937bdfdb12626860962eaa233b6a185cbaa2b", "text": "The pedagogic writings of Itard are most interesting and minute descriptions of educational efforts and experiences, and anyone reading them to-day must admit that they were practically the first attempts at experimental psychology. But the merit of having completed a genuine educational system for deficient children was due to Edward Séguin, first a teacher and then a physician. He took the experiences of Itard as his starting point, applying these methods, modifying and completing them during a period of ten years' experience with children taken from the insane asylums and placed in, a little school in Rue Pigalle in Paris. This method was described for the first time in a volume of more than six hundred pages, published in Paris in 1846, with the title: \"Traitement Moral, Hygiène et Education des Idiots.\" Later Séguin emigrated to the United States of America where he founded many institutions for deficients, and where, after another twenty years of experience, he published the second edition of his method, under a very different title: \"Idiocy and its Treatment by the Physiological Method.\" This volume was published in New York in 1886, and in it Séguin had carefully defined his method of education, calling it the _physiological method_. He no longer referred in the title to a method for the \"education of idiots\" as if the method were special to them, but spoke now of idiocy treated by a physiological method. If we consider that pedagogy always had psychology as its base, and that Wundt defines a \"physiological psychology,\" the coincidence of these ideas must strike us, and lead us to suspect in the physiological method some connection with physiological psychology.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00365", "bookId": 39863, "start": 128610, "end": 129511, "sha256": "9b79d89f571b6953845deaf25c9d3ce26cb2eb06d2275fb14eeb26ac9b2995c2", "text": "While I was assistant at the Psychiatric Clinic, I had read Edward Séguin's French book, with great interest. But the English book which was published in New York twenty years later, although it was quoted in the works about special education by Bourneville, was not to be found in any library. I made a vain quest for it, going from house to house of nearly all the English physicians, who were known to be specially interested in deficient children, or who were superintendents of special schools. The fact that this book was unknown in England, although it had been published in the English language, made me think that the Séguin system had never been understood. In fact, although Séguin was constantly quoted in all the publications dealing with institutions for deficients, the educational _applications_ described, were quite different from the applications of Séguin's system.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00366", "bookId": 39863, "start": 129515, "end": 130098, "sha256": "39f952e46c0c8d4c39f3fcbf46719a2075a2f00fad2a6a1d8723b1066ada4552", "text": "Almost everywhere the methods applied to deficients are more or less the same as those in use for normal children. In Germany, especially, a friend who had gone there in order to help me in my researches, noticed that although special materials existed here and there in the pedagogical museums of the schools for deficients, these materials were rarely used. Indeed, the German educators hold the principle that it is well to adapt to the teaching of backward children, the same method used for normal ones; but these methods are much more objective in Germany than with us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00367", "bookId": 39863, "start": 130102, "end": 130663, "sha256": "ecbdf42280f656a5b6c8891e19366ea33ab4a698f02371356f0be96e203be76f", "text": "At the Bicêtre, where I spent some time, I saw that it was the didactic apparatus of Séguin far more than his _method_ which was being used, although, the French text was in the hands of the educators. The teaching there was purely mechanical, each teacher following the rules according to the letter. I found, however, wherever I went, in London as well as in Paris, a desire for fresh counsel and for new experiences, since far too often Séguin's claim that with his methods the education of idiots was actually possible, had proved only a delusion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00368", "bookId": 39863, "start": 130667, "end": 130916, "sha256": "65afd44c898e96105aca58cc90c3b0933e10b8a80c46a180bd0a4de8003b5884", "text": "After this study of the methods in use throughout Europe I concluded my experiments upon the deficients of Rome, and taught them throughout two years. I followed Séguin's book, and also derived much help from the remarkable experiments of Itard.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00369", "bookId": 39863, "start": 130920, "end": 131269, "sha256": "999bc65daa61ce47c788326d5e8d4c9aea74d9218e39ced58f9039abaef4fb20", "text": "Guided by the work of these two men, I had manufactured a great variety of didactic material. These materials, which I have never seen complete in any institution, became in the hands of those who knew how to apply them, a most remarkable and efficient means, but unless rightly presented, they failed to attract the attention of the deficients.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00370", "bookId": 39863, "start": 131273, "end": 132414, "sha256": "16be5e7178416e7c9cfc8249748dbece5a64b9419e886b9de026f98d77c1fc2f", "text": "I felt that I understood the discouragement of those working with feeble-minded children, and could see why they had, in so many cases, abandoned the method. The prejudice that the educator must place himself on a level with the one to be educated, sinks the teacher of deficients into a species of apathy. He accepts the fact that he is educating an inferior personality, and for that very reason he does not succeed. Even so those who teach little children too often have the idea that they are educating babies and seek to place themselves on the child's level by approaching him with games, and often with foolish stories. Instead of all this, we must know how to call to the _man_ which lies dormant within the soul of the child. I felt this, intuitively, and believed that not the didactic material, but my voice which called to them, _awakened_ the children, and encouraged them to use the didactic material, and through it, to educate themselves. I was guided in my work by the deep respect which I felt for their misfortune, and by the love which these unhappy children know how to awaken in those who are near them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00371", "bookId": 39863, "start": 132418, "end": 133291, "sha256": "5d66445d682049a0f31de0fe759ca78c5ecd6fe632e0768336837d25c6c5cfdb", "text": "Séguin, too, expressed himself in the same way on this subject. Reading his patient attempts, I understand clearly that the first didactic material used by him was _spiritual_. Indeed, at the close of the French volume, the author, giving a résumé of his work, concludes by saying rather sadly, that all he has established will be lost or useless, if the _teachers_ are not prepared for their work. He holds rather original views concerning the preparation of teachers of deficients. He would have them good to look upon, pleasant-voiced, careful in every detail of their personal appearance, doing everything possible to make themselves attractive. They must, he says, render themselves attractive in voice and manner, since it is their task to awaken souls which are frail and weary, and to lead them forth to lay hold upon the beauty and strength of life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00372", "bookId": 39863, "start": 133295, "end": 134048, "sha256": "03cb21d8335438d543e69e04466eccda6c447eaa64a622c523b70705dc5b47ba", "text": "This belief that we must act upon the spirit, served as a sort of _secret key_, opening to me the long series of didactic experiments so wonderfully analysed by Edward Séguin,--experiments which, properly understood, are really most efficacious in the education of idiots. I myself obtained most surprising results through their application, but I must confess that, while my efforts showed themselves in the intellectual progress of my pupils, a peculiar form of exhaustion prostrated me. It was as if I gave to them some vital force from within me. Those things which we call encouragement, comfort, love, respect, are drawn from the soul of man, and the more freely we give of them, the more do we renew and reinvigorate the life about us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00373", "bookId": 39863, "start": 134052, "end": 134227, "sha256": "7c7f48ee49ce3ed645b5e3122d44696b6823bd617a31686e698b02d4651f8e15", "text": "Without such inspiration the most perfect _external stimulus_ may pass unobserved. Thus the blind Saul, before the glory of the sun, exclaimed, \"This?--It is the dense fog!\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00374", "bookId": 39863, "start": 134231, "end": 134590, "sha256": "2fbf280daaf36e39ed1acb796772aa0f5b8c355656648f0635b8ba81b88083bb", "text": "Thus prepared, I was able to proceed to new experiments on my own account. This is not the place for a report of these experiments, and I will only note that at this time I attempted an original method for the teaching of reading and writing, a part of the education of the child which was most imperfectly treated in the works of both Itard and Séguin.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00375", "bookId": 39863, "start": 134594, "end": 134841, "sha256": "f18a261b01bbc1e8824e0d8d308024c4b3c16b98cc623c9bfd0bb23f70058d5e", "text": "I succeeded in teaching a number of the idiots from the asylums both to read and to write so well that I was able to present them at a public school for an examination together with normal children. And they passed the examination successfully.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00376", "bookId": 39863, "start": 134845, "end": 135599, "sha256": "ce190ceb9a0566f38400aa78b3c5d001270b446a5990225d5b55cdb256973d69", "text": "These results seemed almost miraculous to those who saw them. To me, however, the boys from the asylums had been able to compete with the normal children only because they had been taught in a different way. They had been helped in their psychic development, and the normal children had, instead, been suffocated, held back. I found myself thinking that if, some day, the special education which had developed these idiot children in such a marvellous fashion, could be applied to the development of normal children, the \"miracle\" of which my friends talked would no longer be possible. The abyss between the inferior mentality of the idiot and that of the normal brain can never be bridged if the normal child has reached his full development.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00377", "bookId": 39863, "start": 135603, "end": 135855, "sha256": "9efaba66f3f1d0b51e506d87f87aa6f7359c7dcca75efe153c46b322f42c0d83", "text": "While everyone was admiring the progress of my idiots, I was searching for the reasons which could keep the happy healthy children of the common schools on so low a plane that they could be equalled in tests of intelligence by my unfortunate pupils!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00378", "bookId": 39863, "start": 135859, "end": 136066, "sha256": "8cff345b12673f94f9bdada6762e83959e7c7bf148f761daf429adfbc38e0e6f", "text": "One day, a directress in the Institute for Deficients, asked me to read one of the prophecies of Ezekiel which had made a profound impression upon her, as it seemed to prophesy the education of deficients.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00379", "bookId": 39863, "start": 136070, "end": 136220, "sha256": "bacf962bc021d323d28e0215790e3f475fdd56bf5aa364c6c11a8f4e35e0396b", "text": "\"The hand of the Lord was upon me, and carried me out in the spirit of the Lord, and set me down in the midst of the valley which was full of bones.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00380", "bookId": 39863, "start": 136224, "end": 136351, "sha256": "e70e3881fd60f63f01188a6c8bec18fee39bc3ae1024cd7f6f5688d69768d00d", "text": "\"And caused me to pass by them round about: and, behold, there were very many in the open valley; and, lo, they were very dry.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00381", "bookId": 39863, "start": 136355, "end": 136453, "sha256": "022ee593abfdaa22b3d5e936e34a60961bf933237367a1c3cae5476cd625f96c", "text": "\"And he said unto me, Son of man, can these bones live? And I answered, O Lord God, thou knowest.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00382", "bookId": 39863, "start": 136457, "end": 136570, "sha256": "1a499b2ef3ba4027d798d1b37c7748f4669daf12df2f59ac171f88733e36dd29", "text": "\"Again he said unto me, Prophesy upon these bones, and say unto them, O ye dry hones, hear the word of the Lord.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00383", "bookId": 39863, "start": 136574, "end": 136683, "sha256": "75f6fed382ac9e1ebeae75d70fc3e68c526552fafab82cb434a3cbf669d50c1d", "text": "\"Thus saith the Lord God unto these bones; Behold, I will cause breath to enter into you, and ye shall live:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00384", "bookId": 39863, "start": 136687, "end": 136860, "sha256": "8f427ffa74ae00a2e96afb9b86fa78d04bdfbea8ada7cc6499ee4b2346340f46", "text": "\"And I will lay sinews upon you, and will bring up flesh upon you, and cover you with skin, and put breath in you, and ye shall live; and ye shall know that I am the Lord.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00385", "bookId": 39863, "start": 136864, "end": 137011, "sha256": "0809eed9b5176193341a318782e68df224ef719b9272752a65e6b5d36bd519e2", "text": "\"So I prophesied as I was commanded: and as I prophesied, there was a noise, and behold a shaking, and the bones came together, bone to his bone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00386", "bookId": 39863, "start": 137015, "end": 137149, "sha256": "7c689c240ca59e37ebf62db23d779a113f7165e4e36fa5d3f195457e05b6b095", "text": "\"And when I beheld, lo, the sinews and the flesh came up upon them, and the skin covered them above: but there was no breath in them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00387", "bookId": 39863, "start": 137153, "end": 137355, "sha256": "9a2068f18174dc356d287180764c8c12e7a020eef761976ecdefaee3bad9b514", "text": "\"Then said he unto me, Prophesy unto the wind, prophesy, son of man, and say to the wind, Thus saith the Lord God; Come from the four winds, O breath, and breathe upon these slain, that they may live.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00388", "bookId": 39863, "start": 137359, "end": 137498, "sha256": "e5d16a7e616c0b64d8b457813bd794abf219bd5aeeb32ba4ebfbe363822bbfc7", "text": "\"So I prophesied as He commanded me, and the breath came into them, and they lived, and stood up upon their feet, an exceeding great army.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00389", "bookId": 39863, "start": 137502, "end": 137673, "sha256": "da2d87a472907af14e58ab3fba1f45b698e344535e325a06068d873a07aab498", "text": "\"Then he said unto me, Son of man, these bones are the whole house of Israel: behold, they say, Our bones are dried, and our hope is lost: we are cut off for our parts.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00390", "bookId": 39863, "start": 137677, "end": 138561, "sha256": "ecdfc045ed266e737b85265d9606c6786990974d019569f40caa21eefbb5af4f", "text": "In fact, the words--\"I will cause breath to enter into you, and ye shall live,\" seem to me to refer to the direct individual work of the master who encourages, calls to, and helps his pupil, preparing him for education. And the remainder--\"I will lay sinews upon you, and will bring up flesh upon you,\" recalled the fundamental phrase which sums up Séguin's whole method,--\"to lead the child, as it were, by the hand, from the education of the muscular system, to that of the nervous system, and of the senses.\" It was thus that Séguin taught the idiots how to walk, how to maintain their equilibrium in the most difficult movements of the body--such as going up stairs, jumping, etc., and finally, to feel, beginning the education of the muscular sensations by touching, and reading the difference of temperature, and ending with the education of the particular senses.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00391", "bookId": 39863, "start": 138565, "end": 139425, "sha256": "309ec70faef601479ca8bd7fd33481c9030fd2c64abd217a1d2ce868065b4a74", "text": "But if the training goes no further than this, we have only led these children to adapt themselves to a low order of life (almost a vegetable existence). \"Call to the Spirit,\" says the prophecy, and the spirit shall enter into them, and they shall have life. Séguin, indeed, led the idiot from the vegetative to the intellectual life, \"from the education, of the senses to general notions, from general notions to abstract thought, from abstract thought to morality.\" But when this wonderful work is accomplished, and by means of a minute physiological analysis and of a gradual progression in method, the idiot has become a man, he is still an inferior in the midst of his fellow men, an individual who will never be able fully to adapt himself to the social environment: \"Our bones are dried, and our hope is lost; we are cut off for our parts.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00392", "bookId": 39863, "start": 139429, "end": 139675, "sha256": "f8c9e61cb32fb0a8ba2a0e75e637ad8bf131094ef93a83d2d9ccef74de217f01", "text": "This gives us another reason why the tedious method of Séguin was so often abandoned; the tremendous difficulty of the means, did not justify the end. Everyone felt this, and many said, \"There is still so much to be done for normal children!\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00393", "bookId": 39863, "start": 139681, "end": 140206, "sha256": "366b8b0eb47a85715271e29333a056def6c03853b8d0e4fa65caacf97c6bb453", "text": "Having through actual experience justified my faith in Séguin's method, I withdrew from active work among deficients, and began a more thorough study of the works of Itard and Séguin. I felt the need of meditation. I did a thing which I had not done before, and which perhaps few students have been willing to do,--I translated into Italian and copied out with my own hand, the writings of these men, from beginning to end, making for myself books as the old Benedictines used to do before the diffusion of printing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00394", "bookId": 39863, "start": 140210, "end": 141216, "sha256": "ce250f5a157c10faeb87fdbd05047fe62ce6b385ecd46767f49b0e92671a72c8", "text": "I chose to do this by hand, in order that I might have time to weigh the sense of each word, and to read, in truth, the _spirit_ of the author. I had just finished copying the 600 pages of Séguin's French volume when I received from New York a copy of the English book published in 1866. This old volume had been found among the books discarded from the private library of a New York physician. I translated it with the help of an English friend. This volume did not add much in the way of new pedagogical experiments, but dealt with the philosophy of the experiences described in the first volume. The man who had studied abnormal children for thirty years expressed the idea that the physiological method, which has as its base the individual study of the pupil and which forms its educative methods upon the analysis of physiological and psychological phenomena, must come also to be applied to normal children. This step, he believed, would show the way to a complete human regeneration.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00395", "bookId": 39863, "start": 141220, "end": 141444, "sha256": "2d0661feeffde380703834ab5cab39132757477da7f5899f32695e5b772a6bb7", "text": "The voice of Séguin seemed to be like the voice of the forerunner crying in the wilderness, and my thoughts were filled with the immensity and importance of a work which should be able to reform the school and education.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00396", "bookId": 39863, "start": 141448, "end": 141946, "sha256": "c944f43caa4bcd5eac595dcd682aaa17d122346bb76a536a0a0480f39f3b6722", "text": "At this time I was registered at the University as a student of philosophy, and followed the courses in experimental psychology, which had only recently been established in Italian universities, namely, at Turin, Rome and Naples. At the same time I made researches in Pedagogic Anthropology in the elementary schools, studying in this way the methods in organisation used for the education of normal children. This work led to the teaching of Pedagogic Anthropology in the University of Rome.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00397", "bookId": 39863, "start": 141952, "end": 142233, "sha256": "b4b91d038c7d7b4a1fdf3b6aaeda7d5e317190efcb3df14238883166520b5646", "text": "I had long wished to experiment with the methods for deficients in a first elementary class of normal children, but I had never thought of making use of the homes or institutions where very young children were cared for. It was pure chance that brought this new idea to my mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00398", "bookId": 39863, "start": 142237, "end": 143532, "sha256": "d741d4a6655fe749bdd66e2eabe88b0bfc732323f5b2917495f278abd1c3c361", "text": "It was near the end of the year 1906, and I had just returned from Milan, where I had been one of a committee at the International Exhibition for the assignment of prizes in the subjects of Scientific Pedagogy and Experimental Psychology. A great opportunity came to me, for I was invited by Edoardo Talamo, the Director General of the Roman Association for Good Building, to undertake the organisation of infant schools in its model tenements. It was Signor Talamo's happy idea to gather together in a large room all the little ones between the ages of three and seven belonging to the families living in the tenement. The play and work of these children was to be carried on under the guidance of a teacher who should have her own apartment in the tenement house. It was intended that every house should have its school, and as the Association for Good Building already owned more than 400 tenements in Rome the work seemed to offer tremendous possibilities of development. The first school was to be established in January, 1907, in a large tenement house in the Quarter of San Lorenzo. In the same Quarter the Association already owned fifty-eight buildings, and according to Signor Talamo's plans we should soon be able to open sixteen of these \"schools within the house.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00399", "bookId": 39863, "start": 143536, "end": 143915, "sha256": "b77200ebfd3a55056ddf0448c88b92d3bfc908666ccf7045fda8fb5606a242e2", "text": "This new kind of school was christened by Signora Olga Lodi, a mutual friend of Signor Talamo and myself, under the fortunate title of _Casa dei Bambini_ or \"The Children's House.\" Under this name the first of our schools was opened on the sixth of January, 1907, at 58 Via dei Masi. It was confided to the care of Candida Nuccitelli and was under my guidance and direction.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00400", "bookId": 39863, "start": 143919, "end": 144198, "sha256": "6418e76eeaeb662357b8f1f27a395f14edd3bd57e409ce6e2f9c62e4dc1b26ae", "text": "From the very first I perceived, in all its immensity, the social and pedagogical importance of such institutions, and while at that time my visions of a triumphant future seemed exaggerated, to-day many are beginning to understand that what I saw before was indeed the truth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00401", "bookId": 39863, "start": 144202, "end": 144557, "sha256": "3c284d922d376da67287c514730db0c9c0aa8203d5e6f1ec6b2fb7dc1ad11765", "text": "On the seventh of April of the same year, 1907, a second \"Children's House\" was opened in the Quarter of San Lorenzo; and on the eighteenth of October, 1908, another was inaugurated by the Humanitarian Society in Milan in the Quarter inhabited by workingmen. The workshops of this same society undertook the manufacture of the materials which we used.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00402", "bookId": 39863, "start": 144561, "end": 145027, "sha256": "54d1eed2946656b91b31eee7b51ef80b1e95748849fea93406906e1863aef4a8", "text": "On the fourth of November following, a third \"Children's House\" was opened in Rome, this time not in the people's Quarter, but in a modern building for the middle classes, situated in Via Famagosta, in that part of the city known as the Prati di Castello; and in January, 1909, Italian Switzerland began to transform its orphan asylums and children's homes in which the Froebel system had been used, into \"Children's Houses\" adopting our methods and materials.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00403", "bookId": 39863, "start": 145031, "end": 145315, "sha256": "785b66a125e707606c90f05c96d8792262cfbca18c14cfa27d03e07a50022043", "text": "The \"Children's House\" has a twofold importance: the social importance which it assumes through its peculiarity of being a school within the house, and its purely pedagogic importance gained through its methods for the education of very young children, of which I now made a trial.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00404", "bookId": 39863, "start": 145319, "end": 145536, "sha256": "9f7026b95bfaf3a09ec5b308790e11e4ed46b8a7fc8eae7178a88605f2694f6b", "text": "As I have said, Signor Talamo's invitation gave me a wonderful opportunity for applying the methods used with deficients to normal children, not of the elementary school age, but of the age usual in infant asylums.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00405", "bookId": 39863, "start": 145540, "end": 145768, "sha256": "fed9e279711c4a0d5eaf656e6285136128541c325b5c7264ee912619ab1de141", "text": "If a parallel between the deficient and the normal child is possible, this will be during the period of early infancy _when the child who has not the force to develop_ and _he who is not yet developed_ are in some ways alike.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00406", "bookId": 39863, "start": 145772, "end": 146554, "sha256": "32ec8343e6d3840b687a624505fcb1069d601fcebc8c88c638e2b0a2c7ae1c23", "text": "The very young child has not yet acquired a secure co-ordination of muscular movements, and, therefore, walks imperfectly, and is not able to perform the ordinary acts of life, such as fastening and unfastening its garments. The sense organs, such as the power of accommodation of the eye, are not yet completely developed; the language is primordial and shows those defects common to the speech of the very young child. The difficulty of fixing the attention, the general instability, etc., are characteristics which the normal infant and the deficient child have in common. Preyer, also, in his psychological study of children has turned aside to illustrate the parallel between pathological linguistic defects, and those of normal children in the process of developing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00407", "bookId": 39863, "start": 146558, "end": 147061, "sha256": "dbe27b7e4711eb0a13e9139eb801bdadc4786d54dca6997ed963f43a7a71a986", "text": "Methods which made growth possible to the mental personality of the idiot ought, therefore, to _aid the development of young children_, and should be so adapted as to constitute a hygienic education of the entire personality of a normal human being. Many defects which become permanent, such as speech defects, the child acquires through being neglected during the most important period of his age, the period between three and six, at which time he forms and establishes his principal functions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00408", "bookId": 39863, "start": 147065, "end": 147705, "sha256": "4ed7cf2c84d6304388ebf6bf1cf38e7d7d4df77b31ea053f740ec8e7c9c7ab17", "text": "Here lies the significance of my pedagogical experiment in the \"Children's Houses.\" It represents the results of a series of trials made by me, in the education of young children, with methods already used with deficients. My work has not been in any way an application, pure and simple, of the methods of Séguin to young children, as anyone who will consult the works of the author will readily see. But it is none the less true that, underlying these two years of trial, there is a basis of experiment which goes back to the days of the French Revolution, and which represents the earnest work of the lives of Itard and Séguin.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00409", "bookId": 39863, "start": 147709, "end": 148216, "sha256": "252b04d1602d059f41182b89633f65cb9c73bfb1a8fe55b3e1d394c4713db1c7", "text": "As for me, thirty years after the publication of Séguin's second book, I took up again the ideas and, I may even say, the work of this great man, with the same freshness of spirit with which he received the inheritance of the work and ideas of his master Itard. For _ten years_ I not only made practical experiments according to their methods, but through reverent meditation absorbed the works of these noble and consecrated men, who have left to humanity most vital proof of their obscure heroism.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00410", "bookId": 39863, "start": 148220, "end": 148687, "sha256": "faff111f7efd1952646572b638bd158dae80105d46e9506ef1096977e0447d67", "text": "Thus my ten years of work may in a sense be considered as a summing up of the forty years of work done by Itard and Séguin. Viewed in this light, fifty years of active work preceded and prepared for this apparently brief trial of only two years, and I feel that I am not wrong in saying that these experiments represent the successive work of three physicians, who from Itard to me show in a greater or less degree the first steps along the path of psychiatry.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00411", "bookId": 39863, "start": 148691, "end": 149187, "sha256": "dfe0104e9137f1db3dd4f06f5071f51f1c2877a3ea913adf765783507ad69a01", "text": "As definite factors in the civilisation of the people, the \"Children's Houses\" deserve a separate volume. They have, in fact, solved so many of the social and pedagogic problems in ways which have seemed to be Utopian, that they are a part of that modern transformation of the home which must most surely be realised before many years have passed. In this way they touch directly the most important side of the social question--that which deals with the intimate or home life of the people.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00412", "bookId": 39863, "start": 149191, "end": 149446, "sha256": "4ea3507a46717bc11d44ed8ea41516a38e720701bd833fe95886acbbb667eb17", "text": "It is enough here to reproduce the inaugural discourse delivered by me on the occasion of the opening of the second \"Children's House\" in Rome, and to present the rules and regulations[4] which I arranged in accordance with the wishes of Signor Talamo.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00413", "bookId": 39863, "start": 149452, "end": 149468, "sha256": "1ffd0f43d083d8ff8515b14fb46eed9ae602654a664a4a952934db7fe93996f8", "text": "[4] See page 70.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00414", "bookId": 39863, "start": 149472, "end": 149894, "sha256": "df29646dd62f04d86c3d43e12523a85a761dcf3bb10bcdacdc1d277a76b61c4e", "text": "It will be noticed that the club to which I refer, and the dispensary which is also an out-patients' institution for medical and surgical treatment (all such institutions being free to the inhabitants) have already been established. In the modern tenement--Casa Moderna in the Prati di Castello, opened November 4, 1908, through the philanthropy of Signor Talamo--they are also planning to annex a \"communal kitchen.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00415", "bookId": 39863, "start": 149904, "end": 149915, "sha256": "be0202436657672a43ffaae4b1f24b9495ff2085241aa8e05e3656b58de14b99", "text": "CHAPTER III", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00416", "bookId": 39863, "start": 149919, "end": 150011, "sha256": "d95bd7508d4bb704265bc29f6a3f264532c012bf7be7d969ae52ff9bc1029428", "text": "INAGURAL ADDRESS DELIVERED ON THE OCCASION OF THE OPENING OF ONE OF THE \"CHILDREN'S HOUSES\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00417", "bookId": 39863, "start": 150017, "end": 150329, "sha256": "76c622cce32e8a3d315046138f95bd153429bed0fec4426e5923272ef73ca923", "text": "It may be that the life lived by the very poor is a thing which some of you here to-day have never actually looked upon in all its degradation. You may have only felt the misery of deep human poverty through the medium of some great book, or some gifted actor may have made your soul vibrato with its horror.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00418", "bookId": 39863, "start": 150335, "end": 151303, "sha256": "422aab609685ba8568b0ffbc26282ea73718f55a8a03d76ae961fc91b05d5922", "text": "Let us suppose that in some such moment a voice should cry to you, \"Go look upon these homes of misery and blackest poverty. For there have sprung up amid the terror and the suffering, cases of happiness, of cleanliness, of peace. The poor are to have an ideal house which shall be their own. In Quarters where poverty and vice ruled, a work of moral redemption is going on. The soul of the people is being set free from the torpor of vice, from the shadows of ignorance. The little children too have a 'House' of their own. The new generation goes forward to meet the new era, the time when misery shall no longer be deplored but destroyed. They go to meet the time when the dark dens of vice and wretchedness shall have become things of the past, and when no trace of them shall be found among the living.\" What a change of emotions we should experience! and how we should hasten here, as the wise men guided by a dream and a star hastened to Bethlehem!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00419", "bookId": 39863, "start": 151307, "end": 151671, "sha256": "0eb2c4b9477352e6216b68104744302064a1176058be99da226ac8b08495c30e", "text": "I have spoken thus in order that you may understand the great significance, the real beauty, of this humble room, which seems like a bit of the house itself set apart by a mother's hand for the use and happiness of the children of the Quarter. This is the second \"Children's House\"[5] which has been established within the ill-favoured Quarter of San Lorenzo.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00420", "bookId": 39863, "start": 151677, "end": 151784, "sha256": "8a6b8e3a9cbe3b93e3396a05063c93f4b667b1ac880e046dae485370e057ed5f", "text": "[5] Dr. Montessori no longer directs the work in the Casa dei Bambini in the Quarter of San Lorenzo.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00421", "bookId": 39863, "start": 151788, "end": 152014, "sha256": "a0786e574250e2cbbb7e3aea30fd2d4fbd8a8d1231ff8ddf73e70549846689a1", "text": "The Quarter of San Lorenzo is celebrated, for every newspaper in the city is filled with almost daily accounts of its wretched happenings. Yet there are many who are not familiar with the origin of this portion of our city.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00422", "bookId": 39863, "start": 152018, "end": 152486, "sha256": "60f284ca2dfe8763c6179dd5031e7aaa66c64be3494b1acde31dd548cbabd6d8", "text": "It was never intended to build up here a tenement district for the people. And indeed San Lorenzo is not the _People's_ Quarter, it is the Quarter of the _poor_. It is the Quarter where lives the underpaid, often unemployed workingman, a common type in a city which has no factory industries. It is the home of him who undergoes the period of surveillance to which he is condemned after his prison sentence is ended. They are all here, mingled, huddled together.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00423", "bookId": 39863, "start": 152490, "end": 153124, "sha256": "dc23d9210808f13b6f34647ea2c71f46e6a5c29d17f9802bde1f6bba117ba2a4", "text": "The district of San Lorenzo sprang into being between 1884 and 1888 at the time of the great building fever. No standards either social or hygienic guided these new constructions. The aim in building was simply to cover with walls square foot after square foot of ground. The more space covered, the greater the gain of the interested Banks and Companies. All this with a complete disregard of the disastrous future which they were preparing. It was natural that no one should concern himself with the stability of the building he was creating, since in no case would the property remain in the possession of him who built it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00424", "bookId": 39863, "start": 153128, "end": 153779, "sha256": "b95455335dc8c585ef5ee55a4a1c898ae9c24811596f63829d7039128416b5cd", "text": "When the storm burst, in the shape of the inevitable building panic of 1888 to 1890, these unfortunate houses remained for a long time untenanted. Then, little by little, the need of dwelling-places began to make itself felt, and these great houses began to fill. Now, those speculators who had been so unfortunate as to remain possessors of these buildings could not, and did not wish to, add fresh capital to that already lost, so the houses constructed in the first place in utter disregard of all laws of hygiene, and rendered still worse by having been used as temporary habitations, came to be occupied by the poorest class in the city.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00425", "bookId": 39863, "start": 153783, "end": 154393, "sha256": "2963e3f0b5f72cbd27a7a7083212aea66ae3133784a47f8f9dc7d93236ca0829", "text": "The apartments not being prepared for the working class, were too large, consisting of five, six, or seven rooms. These were rented at a price which, while exceedingly low in relation to the size, was yet too high for any one family of very poor people. This led to the evil of subletting. The tenant who has taken a six room apartment at eight dollars a month sublets rooms at one dollar and a half or two dollars a month to those who can pay so much, and a corner of a room, or a corridor, to a poorer tenant, thus making an income of fifteen dollars or more, over and above the cost of his own rent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00426", "bookId": 39863, "start": 154399, "end": 154766, "sha256": "f58b84cac8cf3ed89c6d26a858b306088a8a80f7859bc456d34e1b7e7d5d9597", "text": "This means that the problem of existence is in great part solved for him, and that in every case he adds to his income through usury. The one who holds the lease traffics in the misery of his fellow tenants, lending small sums at a rate which generally corresponds to twenty cents a week for the loan of two dollars, equivalent to an annual rate of 500 per cent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00427", "bookId": 39863, "start": 154770, "end": 154900, "sha256": "49fbeb709376a64980771e89c0594157a41663a12244cb79795ec79b4a505505", "text": "Thus we have in the evil of subletting the most cruel form of usury: that which only the poor know how to practise upon the poor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00428", "bookId": 39863, "start": 154904, "end": 155456, "sha256": "07ab4f99df9f451e59690e538eea807c11b3ab8c5f49b18564c81152e3c23c89", "text": "To this we must add the evils of crowded living, promiscuousness, immorality, crime. Every little while the newspapers uncover for us one of these _intérieurs_: a large family, growing boys and girls, sleep in one room; while one corner of the room is occupied by an outsider, a woman who receives the nightly visits of men. This is seen by the girls and the boys; evil passions are kindled that lead to the crime and bloodshed which unveil for a brief instant before our eyes, in some lurid paragraph, this little detail of the mass of misery.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00429", "bookId": 39863, "start": 155460, "end": 155825, "sha256": "b6815af5c60462e2fd7a7dfa1a14d75d3c0333a781ed2df97c26b293b5ee1411", "text": "Whoever enters, for the first time, one of these apartments is astonished and horrified. For this spectacle of genuine misery is not at all like the garish scene he has imagined. We enter here a world of shadows, and that which strikes us first is the darkness which, even though it be midday, makes it impossible to distinguish any of the details of the room.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00430", "bookId": 39863, "start": 155829, "end": 156343, "sha256": "2ab4edf0dd9621c017021db39357d83267962cafacff0c0320321eefd3c3fab8", "text": "When the eye has grown accustomed to the gloom, we perceive, within, the outlines of a bed upon which lies huddled a figure--someone ill and suffering. If we have come to bring money from some society for mutual aid, a candle must be lighted before the sum can be counted and the receipt signed. Oh, when we talk of social problems, how often we speak vaguely, drawing upon our fancy for details instead of preparing ourselves to judge intelligently through a personal investigation of facts and conditions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00431", "bookId": 39863, "start": 156347, "end": 156992, "sha256": "bebc889ecd62a21b43b0ddbb84cd693e971702b533e7c973bbeda66cede94408", "text": "We discuss earnestly the question of home study for school children, when for many of them home means a straw pallet thrown down in the corner of some dark hovel. We wish to establish circulating libraries that the poor may read at home. We plan to send among these people books which shall form their domestic literature--books through whose influence they shall come to higher standards of living. We hope through the printed page to educate these poor people in matters of hygiene, of morality, of culture, and in this we show ourselves profoundly ignorant of their most crying needs. For many of them have no light by which to read!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00432", "bookId": 39863, "start": 156996, "end": 157163, "sha256": "e798366acb7984943792e91bedc78b4c196eb60a6ee332edfe1bfafbd8eea625", "text": "There lies before the social crusader of the present day a problem more profound than that of the intellectual elevation of the poor; the problem, indeed, of _life_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00433", "bookId": 39863, "start": 157167, "end": 157663, "sha256": "d9bfab5f5ec771a58498d972ed2354a76bad40ce928417d6f425f2cf5ed86547", "text": "In speaking of the children born in these places, even the conventional expressions must be changed, for they do not \"first see the light of day\"; they come into a world of gloom. They grow among the poisonous shadows which envelope over-crowded humanity. These children cannot be other than filthy in body, since the water supply in an apartment originally intended to be occupied by three or four persons, when distributed among twenty or thirty is scarcely enough for drinking purposes!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00434", "bookId": 39863, "start": 157667, "end": 157845, "sha256": "d58cf67204911795468761ce1b7e8ae20051dce6ca5a606904d7ef0e41fbb079", "text": "We Italians have elevated our word \"casa\" to the almost sacred significance of the English word \"home,\" the enclosed temple of domestic affection, accessible only to dear ones.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00435", "bookId": 39863, "start": 157849, "end": 158418, "sha256": "c757adfa3cf9cc23bf618d1d354809907a5a1140b389890633c94a81bccc81aa", "text": "Far removed from this conception is the condition of the many who have no \"casa,\" but only ghastly walls within which the most intimate acts of life are exposed upon the pillory. Here, there can be no privacy, no modesty, no gentleness; here, there is often not even light, nor air, nor water! It seems a cruel mockery to introduce here our idea of the home as essential to the education of the masses, and as furnishing, along with the family, the only solid basis for the social structure. In doing this we would be not practical reformers but visionary poets.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00436", "bookId": 39863, "start": 158422, "end": 159221, "sha256": "c85cd99d36c126263adcf9181573d32f9672d70e701e1c81779be30029f02eb4", "text": "Conditions such as I have described make it more decorous, more hygienic, for these people to take refuge in the street and to let their children live there. But how often these streets are the scene of bloodshed, of quarrel, of sights so vile as to be almost inconceivable. The papers tell us of women pursued and killed by drunken husbands! Of young girls with the fear of worse than death, stoned by low men. Again, we see untellable things--a wretched woman thrown, by the drunken men who have preyed upon her, forth into the gutter. There, when day has come, the children of the neighbourhood crowd about her like scavengers about their dead prey, shouting and laughing at the sight of this wreck of womanhood, kicking her bruised and filthy body as it lies in the mud of the gutter!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00437", "bookId": 39863, "start": 159225, "end": 159488, "sha256": "f4710b4d002b0c76eb6e5f9174f72a260a1c40835ac7b320da0d44348b5445ff", "text": "Such spectacles of extreme brutality are possible here at the very gate of a cosmopolitan city, the mother of civilisation and queen of the fine arts, because of a new fact which was unknown to past centuries, namely, _the isolation of the masses of the poor_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00438", "bookId": 39863, "start": 159492, "end": 160122, "sha256": "312aab9e596f7323ab6672c46dcd4b4a60c734eab1013ad3d87da5ad62d9b0ed", "text": "In the Middle Ages, leprosy was isolated: the Catholics isolated the Hebrews in the Ghetto; but poverty was never considered a peril and an infamy so great that it must be isolated. The homes of the poor were scattered among those of the rich and the contrast between these was a commonplace in literature up to our own times. Indeed, when I was a child in school, teachers, for the purpose of moral education, frequently resorted to the illustration of the kind princess who sends help to the poor cottage next door, or of the good children from the great house who carry food to the sick woman in the neighbouring attic.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00439", "bookId": 39863, "start": 160126, "end": 160847, "sha256": "395640b70df61c205c4f13f04d9bc4faba613b1bbbc8616118b5ce9c6921fa8d", "text": "To-day all this would be as unreal and artificial as a fairy tale. The poor may no longer learn from their more fortunate neighbours lessons in courtesy and good breeding, they no longer have the hope of help from them in cases of extreme need. We have herded them together far from us, without the walls, leaving them to learn of each other, in the abandon of desperation, the cruel lessons of brutality and vice. Anyone in whom the social conscience is awake must see that we have thus created infected regions that threaten with deadly peril the city which, wishing to make all beautiful and shining according to an æsthetic and aristocratic ideal, has thrust without its walls whatever is ugly or diseased.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00440", "bookId": 39863, "start": 160851, "end": 161518, "sha256": "65d807ee324bcfc7ebf0dabb0c3d270dccf087f505fa98d105ca8b6653a53453", "text": "When I passed for the first time through these streets, it was as if I found myself in a city upon which some great disaster had fallen. It seemed to me that the shadow of some recent struggle still oppressed the unhappy people who, with something very like terror in their pale faces, passed me in these silent streets. The very silence seemed to signify the life of a community interrupted, broken. Not a carriage, not even the cheerful voice of the ever-present street vender, nor the sound of the hand-organ playing in the hope of a few pennies, not even these things, so characteristic of poor quarters, enter here to lighten this sad and heavy silence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00441", "bookId": 39863, "start": 161522, "end": 162566, "sha256": "ddc175f2df059b85a4dbb4b8f2f5eccb528f55c81a10efcbcf28d397a0ffbaab", "text": "Observing these streets with their deep holes, the doorsteps broken and tumbling, we might almost suppose that this disaster had been in the nature of a great inundation which had carried the very earth away; but looking about us at the houses stripped of all decorations, the walls broken and scarred, we are inclined to think that it was perhaps an earthquake which has afflicted this quarter. Then, looking still more closely, we see that in all this thickly settled neighbourhood there is not a shop to be found. So poor is the community that it has not been possible to establish even one of those popular bazars where necessary articles are sold at so low a price as to put them within the reach of anyone. The only shops of any sort are the low wine shops which open their evil-smelling doors to the passer-by. As we look upon all this, it is borne upon us that the disaster which has placed its weight of suffering upon these people is not a convulsion of nature, but poverty--poverty with its inseparable companion, vice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00442", "bookId": 39863, "start": 162570, "end": 163083, "sha256": "51e66373a133b48748b54d0103e16823beeaf2564862682a3c9c4b26c69d6cbb", "text": "This unhappy and dangerous state of things, to which our attention is called at intervals by newspaper accounts of violent and immoral crime, stirs the hearts and consciences of many who come to undertake among these people some work of generous benevolence. One might almost say that every form of misery inspires a special remedy and that all have been tried here, from the attempt to introduce hygienic principles into each house, to the establishment of crêches, \"Children's Houses,\" and dispensaries.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00443", "bookId": 39863, "start": 163087, "end": 163772, "sha256": "fae739807eb18c893aa920e79d4c7bb6a7723f237c85997f6661fdbb09e53c63", "text": "But what indeed is benevolence? Little more than an expression of sorrow; it is pity translated into action. The benefits of such a form of charity cannot be great, and through the absence of any continued income and the lack of organisation it is restricted to a small number of persons. The great and widespread peril of evil demands, on the other hand, a broad and comprehensive work directed toward the redemption of the entire community. Only such an organisation, as, working for the good of others, shall itself grow and prosper through the general prosperity which it has made possible, can make a place for itself in this quarter and accomplish a permanent good work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00444", "bookId": 39863, "start": 163776, "end": 164152, "sha256": "b8543127721b3c4f39bd5e780a680029b4e3c8d74c1ab42428b836e61d90ea91", "text": "It is to meet this dire necessity that the great and kindly work of the Roman Association of Good Building has been undertaken. The advanced and highly modern way in which this work is being carried on is due to Edoardo Talamo, Director General of the Association. His plans, so original, so comprehensive, yet so practical, are without counterpart in Italy or elsewhere.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00445", "bookId": 39863, "start": 164156, "end": 164367, "sha256": "2d487f71a79cd7b1dc116b19c0f7bf2b87580afd1a6e8098a7c2d7406a66b076", "text": "This Association was incorporated three years ago in Rome, its plan being to acquire city tenements, remodel them, put them into a productive condition, and administer them as a good father of a family would.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00446", "bookId": 39863, "start": 164371, "end": 165257, "sha256": "da51af38703ba956e6566b973422b04343988d9359fe445478a412aa5255ee6e", "text": "The first property acquired comprised a large portion of the Quarter of San Lorenzo, where to-day the Association possesses fifty-eight houses, occupying a ground space of about 30,000 square metres, and containing, independent of the ground floor, 1,600 small apartments. Thousands of people will in this way receive the beneficent influence of the protective reforms of the Good Building Association. Following its beneficent programme, the Association set about transforming these old houses, according to the most modern standards, paying as much attention to questions related to hygiene and morals as to those relating to buildings. The constructional changes would make the property of real and lasting value, while the hygienic and moral transformation, would, through the improved condition of the inmates, make the rent from these apartments a more definite asset.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00447", "bookId": 39863, "start": 165261, "end": 165824, "sha256": "6d2fdf63c3793f29e6216cbeeaa1a374ffe8aabd70b77fe208a5e36a090974cb", "text": "The Association of Good Building therefore decided upon a programme which would permit of a gradual attainment of their ideal. It is necessary to proceed slowly because it is not easy to empty a tenement house at a time when houses are scarce, and the humanitarian principles which govern the entire movement make it impossible to proceed more rapidly in this work of regeneration. So it is, that the Association has up to the present time transformed only three houses in the Quarter of San Lorenzo. The plan followed in this transformation is as follows:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00448", "bookId": 39863, "start": 165828, "end": 166415, "sha256": "93a0b5a7e5995a314daf490d3235fe6c609eb7d825564c05e72e0407d1338a5c", "text": "A: To demolish in every building all portions of the structure not originally constructed with the idea of making homes, but, from a purely commercial standpoint, of making the rental roll larger. In other words, the new management tore down those parts of the building which encumbered the central court, thus doing away with dark, ill-ventilated apartments, and giving air and light to the remaining portion of the tenement. Broad airy courts take the place of the inadequate air and light shafts, rendering the remaining apartments more valuable and infinitely more desirable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00449", "bookId": 39863, "start": 166419, "end": 166625, "sha256": "7187232bb28f6bb2ad4ee6e84b580476172d89416d54f6b2a3918189fa5faae7", "text": "B: To increase the number of stairways, and to divide the room space in a more practical way. The large six or seven room suites are reduced to small apartments of one, two, or three rooms, and a kitchen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00450", "bookId": 39863, "start": 166629, "end": 167226, "sha256": "108501188935e347322daadc34e6e6930c443fab794d4a19246fc743cb4c3e58", "text": "The importance of such changes may be recognised from the economic point of view of the proprietor as well as from the standpoint of the moral and material welfare of the tenant. Increasing the number of stairways diminishes that abuse of walls and stairs inevitable where so many persons must pass up and down. The tenants more readily learn to respect the building and acquire habits of cleanliness and order. Not only this, but in reducing the chances of contact among the inhabitants of the house, especially late at night, a great advance has been made in the matter of moral hygiene.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00451", "bookId": 39863, "start": 167230, "end": 167536, "sha256": "f737d98c355006e94f7859b85eb9fa8e508f1337b453dc546adf9a053c1a4b0c", "text": "The division of the house into small apartments has done much toward this moral regeneration. Each family is thus set apart, _homes_ are made possible, while the menacing evil of subletting together with all its disastrous consequences of overcrowding and immorality is checked in the most radical way.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00452", "bookId": 39863, "start": 167540, "end": 168032, "sha256": "2e1ad4f123cb16d7e72f51532cfec77f1e0c95fd2cef8a504f3edd63523a3aa7", "text": "On one side this arrangement lessens the burden of the individual lease holders, and on the other increases the income of the proprietor, who now receives those earnings which were the unlawful gain of the system of subletting. When the proprietor who originally rented an apartment of six rooms for a monthly rental of eight dollars, makes such an apartment over into three small, sunny, and airy suites consisting of one room and a kitchen, it is evident that he increases his income.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00453", "bookId": 39863, "start": 168036, "end": 168404, "sha256": "70143792c16808ed5d55391081f6388fe8bd18a5c60a13c82352bef3ad1ee1ed", "text": "The moral importance of this reform as it stands to-day is tremendous, for it has done away with those evil influences and low opportunities which arise from crowding and from promiscuous contact, and has brought to life among these people, for the first time, the gentle sentiment of feeling themselves free within their own homes, in the intimacy of the family.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00454", "bookId": 39863, "start": 168408, "end": 169229, "sha256": "b86e18f01a917913f5b816621cd25dac866829187fbb33a5ef7c5adb6042e080", "text": "But the project of the Association goes beyond even this. The house which it offers to its tenants is not only sunny and airy, but in perfect order and repair, almost shining, and as if perfumed with purity and freshness. These good things, however, carry with them a responsibility which the tenant must assume if he wishes to enjoy them. He must pay an actual tax of _care_ and _good will_. The tenant who receives a clean house must keep it so, must respect the walls from the big general entrance to the interior of his own little apartment. He who keeps his house in good condition receives the recognition and consideration due such a tenant. Thus all the tenants unite in an ennobling warfare for practical hygiene, an end made possible by the simple task of _conserving_ the already perfect conditions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00455", "bookId": 39863, "start": 169233, "end": 169866, "sha256": "a74b17f46860aa6b3fd2b5ce3007cdd31a3dfd1c63e56a5ac673ffc0f134730f", "text": "Here indeed is something new! So far only our great national buildings have had a continued _maintenance fund_. Here, in these houses offered to the people, the maintenance is confided to a hundred or so workingmen, that is, to all the occupants of the building. This care is almost perfect. The people keep the house in perfect condition, without a single spot. The building in which we find ourselves to-day has been for two years under the sole protection of the tenants, and the work of maintenance has been left entirely to them. Yet few of our houses can compare in cleanliness and freshness with this home of the poor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00456", "bookId": 39863, "start": 169870, "end": 170164, "sha256": "a4adbc3ebc3c8c670ef1fc786108f1cc01b0f95208bf312b876eaa49e64359ca", "text": "The experiment has been tried and the result is remarkable. The people acquire together with the lore of home-making, that of cleanliness. They come, moreover, to wish to beautify their homes. The Association helps this by placing growing plants and trees in the courts and about the halls.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00457", "bookId": 39863, "start": 170168, "end": 170559, "sha256": "a1ba0d63e94b33db380df1752e2409e715ce8ef25c8890f93d6d2ec7ea5ee354", "text": "Out of this honest rivalry in matters so productive of good, grows a species of pride new to this quarter; this is the pride which the entire body of tenants takes in having the best-cared-for building and in having risen to a higher and more civilised plane of living. They not only live in a house, but they _know how to live_, they _know how to respect_ the house in which they live.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00458", "bookId": 39863, "start": 170563, "end": 170812, "sha256": "31ec02346b9e8766a01307490459d6af2916082160a92da3fe50457db6b7b9df", "text": "This first impulse has led to other reforms. From the clean home will come personal cleanliness. Dirty furniture cannot be tolerated in a clean house, and those persons living in a permanently clean house will come to desire personal cleanliness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00459", "bookId": 39863, "start": 170816, "end": 171575, "sha256": "12d5688a250a31079f0be6fccb0cf705a899dfc81141c0acf0b75ad04b854dfd", "text": "One of the most important hygienic reforms of the Association is that of _the baths_. Each remodeled tenement has a place set apart for bathrooms, furnished with tubs or shower, and having hot and cold water. All the tenants in regular turn may use these baths, as, for example, in various tenements the occupants go according to turn, to wash their clothes in the fountain in the court. This is a great convenience which invites the people to be clean. These hot and cold baths _within the house_ are a great improvement upon the general public baths. In this way we make possible to these people, at one and the same time, health and refinement, opening not only to the sun, but to progress, those dark habitations once the _vile caves_ of misery.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00460", "bookId": 39863, "start": 171579, "end": 172946, "sha256": "e6d4f3e99a70962f2299ccbf1e1094fa6c54ba4f79f4219fb5344ecbd97fe4c5", "text": "But in striving to realise its ideal of a semi-gratuitous maintenance of its buildings, the Association met with a difficulty in regard to those children under school age, who must often be left alone during the entire day while their parents went out to work. These little ones, not being able to understand the educative motives which taught their parents to respect the house, became ignorant little vandals, defacing the walls and stairs. And here we have another reform the expense of which may be considered as indirectly assumed by the tenants as was the care of the building. This reform may be considered as the most brilliant transformation of a tax which progress and civilisation have as yet devised. The \"Children's House\" is earned by the parents through the care of the building. Its expenses are met by the sum that the Association would have otherwise been forced to spend upon repairs. A wonderful climax, this, of moral benefits received! Within the \"Children's House,\" which belongs exclusively to those children under school age, working mothers may safely leave their little ones, and may proceed with a feeling of great relief and freedom to their own work. But this benefit, like that of the care of the house, is not conferred without a tax of care and of good will. [6]The Regulations posted on the walls announce it thus:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00461", "bookId": 39863, "start": 172952, "end": 172968, "sha256": "d4be4d9fef634ba29a843e5c5d62f446aeeee98155bed947b52c2bceab415815", "text": "[6] See page 70.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00462", "bookId": 39863, "start": 172972, "end": 173118, "sha256": "84dded03744df83c471fa65bc145ed88b5dfb2b82ae370c2e5b54ef5bc53082b", "text": "\"The mothers are obliged to send their children to the 'Children's House' clean, and to co-operate with the Directress in the educational work.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00463", "bookId": 39863, "start": 173122, "end": 173897, "sha256": "b21afd065468eb00904931b94f28c53809e8e324a7f83be3095f39fbf38738ab", "text": "Two obligations: namely, the physical and moral care of their own children. If the child shows through its conversation that the educational work of the school is being undermined by the attitude taken in his home, he will be sent back to his parents, to teach them thus how to take advantage of their good opportunities. Those who give themselves over to low-living, to fighting, and to brutality, shall feel upon them the weight of those little lives, so needing care. They shall feel that they themselves have once more cast into the darkness of neglect those little creatures who are the dearest part of the family. In other words, the parents must learn to _deserve_ the benefit of having within the house the great advantage of a school for their little ones.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00464", "bookId": 39863, "start": 173901, "end": 174447, "sha256": "87a88dd6f84db67bae88fa47d83c76d0a3bf727f438a933a02cc3ba5e45e8a91", "text": "\"Good will,\" a willingness to meet the demands of the Association is enough, for the directress is ready and willing to teach them how. The regulations say that the mother must go at least once a week, to confer with the directress, giving an account of her child, and accepting any helpful advice which the directress may be able to give. The advice thus given will undoubtedly prove most illuminating in regard to the child's health and education, since to each of the \"Children's Houses\" is assigned a physician as well as a directress.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00465", "bookId": 39863, "start": 174451, "end": 175238, "sha256": "e97700bac9b6899ed90156299ca23db457f891d98940be94fe04fd3cd5f6aaee", "text": "The directress is always at the disposition of the mothers, and her life, as a cultured and educated person, is a constant example to the inhabitants of the house, for she is obliged to live in the tenement and to be therefore a co-habitant with the families of all her little pupils. This is a fact of immense importance. Among these almost savage people, into these houses where at night no one dared go about unarmed, there has come not only to teach, _but to live the very life they live_, a gentlewoman of culture, an educator by profession, who dedicates her time and her life to helping those about her! A true missionary, a moral queen among the people, she may, if she be possessed of sufficient tact and heart, reap an unheard-of harvest of good from her social work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00466", "bookId": 39863, "start": 175242, "end": 175756, "sha256": "ecbc85caa28895634d3101fc35c70e25b69c992f471eb3ec3cdca97056587a33", "text": "This house is verily _new_; it would seem a dream impossible of realisation, but it has been tried. It is true that there have been before this attempts made by generous persons to go and live among the poor to civilise them. But such work is not practical, unless the house of the poor is hygienic, making it possible for people of better standards to live there. Nor can such work succeed in its purpose unless some common advantage or interest unites all of the tenants in an effort toward better things.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00467", "bookId": 39863, "start": 175760, "end": 176053, "sha256": "b3e74a24a5dcae20979dcbb0dba54bb3cda410d0705beb670cc9908ba416280b", "text": "This tenement is new also because of the pedagogical organisation of the \"Children's House.\" This is not simply a place where the children are kept, not just an _asylum_, but a true school for their education, and its methods are inspired by the rational principles of scientific pedagogy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00468", "bookId": 39863, "start": 176057, "end": 176430, "sha256": "850576d9e30c0c6e50446d7814bb37491eabbd6e9fd2474c40509841aad2d141", "text": "The physical development of the children is followed, each child being studied from the anthropological standpoint. Linguistic exercises, a systematic sense-training, and exercises which directly fit the child for the duties of practical life, form the basis of the work done. The teaching is decidedly objective, and presents an unusual richness of didactic material.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00469", "bookId": 39863, "start": 176434, "end": 176846, "sha256": "adb9b91ab5a1241f71bef2c3578fff90e413e5bc817aa4ef092955e99f6621a4", "text": "It is not possible to speak of all this in detail. I must, however, mention that there already exists in connection with the school a bathroom, where the children may be given hot or cold baths and where they may learn to take a partial bath, hands, face, neck, ears. Wherever possible the Association has provided a piece of ground in which the children may learn to cultivate the vegetables in common use.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00470", "bookId": 39863, "start": 176850, "end": 177857, "sha256": "2e04d33b1cdac50e155ec45cfdcc590bd8e7508c05c9de39115a709304e4da7c", "text": "It is important that I speak here of the pedagogical progress attained by the \"Children's House\" as an institution. Those who are conversant with the chief problems of the school know that to-day much attention is given to a great principle, one that is ideal and almost beyond realisation,--the union of the family and the school in the matter of educational aims. But the family is always something far away from the school, and is almost always regarded as rebelling against its ideals. It is a species of phantom upon which the school can never lay its hands. The home is closed not only to pedagogical progress, but often to social progress. We see here for the first time the possibility of realising the long-talked-of pedagogical ideal. We have put _the school within the house_; and this is not all. We have placed it within the house as the _property of the collectivity_, leaving under the eyes of the parents the whole life of the teacher in the accomplishment of her high mission.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00471", "bookId": 39863, "start": 177861, "end": 177967, "sha256": "561b73724bf1a248b58f841ee20dba76918e8ef7b537388d94170a273fd8a920", "text": "This idea of the collective ownership of the school is new and very beautiful and profoundly educational.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00472", "bookId": 39863, "start": 177971, "end": 178629, "sha256": "902900221f60a1667266814c8761226574d345b83131bfb94c74ccb1ddd0653a", "text": "The parents know that the \"Children's House\" is their property, and is maintained by a portion of the rent they pay. The mothers may go at any hour of the day to watch, to admire, or to meditate upon the life there. It is in every way a continual stimulus to reflection, and a fount of evident blessing and help to their own children. We may say that the mothers _adore_ the \"Children's House,\" and the directress. How many delicate and thoughtful attentions these good mothers show the teacher of their little ones! They often leave sweets or flowers upon the sill of the schoolroom window, as a silent token, reverently, almost religiously, given.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00473", "bookId": 39863, "start": 178633, "end": 179020, "sha256": "40baec4997f937b733be631c77d8d1fc27cf91bb5b0c4f0664082c06a9bd6f8e", "text": "And when after three years of such a novitiate, the mothers send their children to the common schools, they will be excellently prepared to co-operate in the work of education, and will have acquired a sentiment, rarely found even among the best classes; namely, the idea that they must _merit_ through their own conduct and with their own virtue, the possession of an educated son.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00474", "bookId": 39863, "start": 179024, "end": 179970, "sha256": "f66d6e99e2ecc449ff68512861707ce0169a48501d715094eb375365d7af49ca", "text": "Another advance made by the \"Children's Houses\" as an institution is related to scientific pedagogy. This branch of pedagogy, heretofore, being based upon the anthropological study of the pupil whom it is to educate, has touched only a few of the positive questions which tend to transform education. For a man is not only a biological but a social product, and the social environment of individuals in the process of education, is the home. Scientific pedagogy will seek in vain to better the new generation if it does not succeed in influencing also the environment within which this new generation grows! I believe, therefore, that in opening the house to the light of new truths, and to the progress of civilisation we have solved the problem of being able to modify directly, the _environment_ of the new generation, and have thus made it possible to apply, in a practical way, the fundamental principles of scientific pedagogy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00475", "bookId": 39863, "start": 179974, "end": 180249, "sha256": "49871042fab322337cd2dc87aa320e1720139f2e591f44a1c2948afa58120ee1", "text": "The \"Children's House\" marks still another triumph; it is the first step toward the _socialisation of the house_. The inmates find under their own roof the convenience of being able to leave their little ones in a place, not only safe, but where they have every advantage.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00476", "bookId": 39863, "start": 180253, "end": 181157, "sha256": "e684e975c9156e1f9aa5e01f0e7d1d73ae9b4ecd135f55f07e91868f58051f37", "text": "And let it be remembered that _all_ the mothers in the tenement may enjoy this privilege, going away to their work with easy minds. Until the present time only one class in society might have this advantage. Rich women were able to go about their various occupations and amusements, leaving their children in the hands of a nurse or a governess. To-day the women of the people who live in these remodeled houses, may say, like the great lady, \"I have left my son with the governess and the nurse.\" More than this, they may add, like the princess of the blood, \"And the house physician watches over them and directs their sane and sturdy growth.\" These women, like the most advanced class of English and American mothers, possess a \"Biographical Chart,\" which, filled for the mother by the directress and the doctor, gives her the most practical knowledge of her child's growth and condition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00477", "bookId": 39863, "start": 181161, "end": 181846, "sha256": "19f7b11ef6977d76e1d6543cd0079249f5f2c6749403ee52df0d67a8ac20d35f", "text": "We are all familiar with the ordinary advantages of the communistic transformation of the general environment. For example, the collective use of railway carriages, of street lights, of the telephone, all these are great advantages. The enormous production of useful articles, brought about by industrial progress, makes possible to all, clean clothes, carpets, curtains, table-delicacies, better tableware, etc. The making of such benefits generally tends to level social caste. All this we have seen in its reality. But the communising of _persons_ is new. That the collectivity shall benefit from the services of the servant, the nurse, the teacher--this is a modern ideal.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00478", "bookId": 39863, "start": 181850, "end": 183075, "sha256": "90642d9fc80c5cd3eae071e926d0054c7634f9c0c484dbce8a6c667b9302700f", "text": "We have in the \"Children's Houses\" a demonstration of this ideal which is unique in Italy or elsewhere. Its significance is most profound, for it corresponds to a need of the times. We can no longer say that the convenience of leaving their children takes away from the mother a natural social duty of first importance; namely, that of caring for and educating her tender offspring. No, for to-day the social and economic evolution calls the working-woman to take her place among wage-earners, and takes away from her by force those duties which would be most dear to her! The mother must, in any event, leave her child, and often with the pain of knowing him to be abandoned. The advantages furnished by such institutions are not limited to the labouring classes, but extend also to the general middle-class, many of whom work with the brain. Teachers, professors, often obliged to give private lessons after school hours, frequently leave their children to the care, of some rough and ignorant maid-of-all-work. Indeed, the first announcement of the \"Children's House\" was followed by a deluge of letters from persons of the better class demanding that these helpful reforms be extended to their dwellings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00479", "bookId": 39863, "start": 183079, "end": 183444, "sha256": "475c83a1f7752e59114d536ac43245200e2c7d97bc4e4e7303ed14d3072c3b3e", "text": "We are, then, communising a \"maternal function,\" a feminine duty, within the house. We may see here in this practical act the solving of many of woman's problems which have seemed to many impossible of solution. What then will become of the home, one asks, if the woman goes away from it? The home will be transformed and will assume the functions of the woman.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00480", "bookId": 39863, "start": 183448, "end": 183531, "sha256": "b1041ada6df95e98c09b6b5a907f70baed517abd4d896f2f7dbcbc184d64b943", "text": "I believe that in the future of society other forms of communistic life will come.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00481", "bookId": 39863, "start": 183535, "end": 184127, "sha256": "3c18b1e507d8c58f2fdee5cdf2033d63a83db05051e8faa0335034c53350c55c", "text": "Take, for example, the infirmary; woman is the natural nurse for the dear ones of her household. But who does not know how often in these days she is obliged to tear herself unwillingly from the bedside of her sick to go to her work? Competition is great, and her absence from her post threatens the tenure of the position from which she draws the means of support. To be able to leave the sick one in a \"house-infirmary,\" to which she may have access any free moments she may have, and where she is at liberty to watch during the night, would be an evident advantage to such a woman.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00482", "bookId": 39863, "start": 184131, "end": 184505, "sha256": "66eca23eda96ccab3b9fe97c8122290991da87f03c0afe9f766c6d393fe84089", "text": "And how great would be the progress made in the matter of family hygiene, in all that relates to isolation and disinfection! Who does not know the difficulties of a poor family when one child is ill of some contagions disease, and should be isolated from the others? Often such a family may have no kindred or friends in the city to whom the other children may be sent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00483", "bookId": 39863, "start": 184509, "end": 185086, "sha256": "8a1d3dbadbe666361a303aa2c15d7d661b86fe2ab9a2582778d3dded8270ac9f", "text": "Much more distant, but not impossible, is the communal kitchen, where the dinner ordered in the morning is sent at the proper time, by means of a dumb-waiter, to the family dining-room. Indeed, this has been successfully tried in America. Such a reform would be of the greatest advantage to those families of the middle-class who must confide their health and the pleasures of the table to the hands of an ignorant servant who ruins the food. At present, the only alternative in such cases is to go outside the home to some café where a cheap table d'hôte may be had.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00484", "bookId": 39863, "start": 185090, "end": 185240, "sha256": "78eca4520f547792b8294b1a50b46de2663c7550dd8bf597e2c4d69d1dd0fa4f", "text": "Indeed, the transformation of the house must compensate for the loss in the family of the presence of the woman who has become a social wage-earner.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00485", "bookId": 39863, "start": 185244, "end": 185404, "sha256": "2e98d2451f518207b46419e4c132e712b05840989a5f16c07d339aaed055a4fa", "text": "In this way the house will become a centre, drawing into itself all those good things which have hitherto been lacking: schools, public baths, hospitals, etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00486", "bookId": 39863, "start": 185408, "end": 186259, "sha256": "1a4ba59101eb8ebd27e8c53e9a9ca9fc463b68296022dc28f87fe7108dec17e8", "text": "Thus the tendency will be to change the tenement houses, which have been places of vice and peril, into centres of education, of refinement, of comfort. This will be helped if, besides the schools for the children, there may grow up also _clubs_ and reading-rooms for the inhabitants, especially for the men, who will find there a way to pass the evening pleasantly and decently. The tenement-club, as possible and as useful in all social classes as is the \"Children's House,\" will do much toward closing the gambling-houses and saloons to the great moral advantage of the people. And I believe that the Association of Good Building will before long establish such clubs in its reformed tenements here in the Quarter of San Lorenzo; clubs where the tenants may find newspapers and books, and where they may hear simple and helpful lectures.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00487", "bookId": 39863, "start": 186263, "end": 186816, "sha256": "948af59a7a89b32c731c1ce9217a2b7cf94397bbfe9acd784440fb1df2806224", "text": "We are, then, very far from the dreaded dissolution of the home and of the family, through the fact that woman has been forced by changed social and economic conditions to give her time and strength to remunerative work. The home itself assumes the gentle feminine attributes of the domestic housewife. The day may come when the tenant, having given to the proprietor of the house a certain sum, shall receive in exchange whatever is necessary to the _comfort_ of life; in other words, the administration shall become the _steward_ of the family.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00488", "bookId": 39863, "start": 186820, "end": 187489, "sha256": "04f2e25e59a13ac3ac3b5ab208db506b2227df5548acff2d2919faa3024f1be9", "text": "The house, thus considered, tends to assume in its evolution a significance more exalted than even the English word \"home\" expresses. It does not consist of walls alone, though these walls be the pure and shining guardians of that intimacy which is the sacred symbol of the family. The home shall become more than this. It lives! It has a soul. It may be said to embrace its inmates with the tender, consoling arms of woman. It is the giver of moral life, of blessings; it cares for, it educates and feeds the little ones. Within it, the tired workman shall find rest and newness of life. He shall find there the intimate life of the family, and its happiness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00489", "bookId": 39863, "start": 187493, "end": 187897, "sha256": "2b8a6a089f0d4b22b6535621bf96d19274e7fda292ff57972439960e23418e73", "text": "The new woman, like the butterfly come forth from the chrysalis, shall be liberated from all those attributes which once made her desirable to man only as the source of the material blessings of existence. She shall be, like man, an individual, a free human being, a social worker; and, like man, she shall seek blessing and repose within the house, the house which has been reformed and communised.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00490", "bookId": 39863, "start": 187901, "end": 188287, "sha256": "7f68ab08eb83ebd8d6cbe047acd199d4d1dbd4628e01e392875549f539a93081", "text": "She shall wish to be loved for herself and not as a giver of comfort and repose. She shall wish a love free from every form of servile labour. The goal of human love is not the egotistical end of assuring its own satisfaction--it is the sublime goal of multiplying the forces of the free spirit, making it almost Divine, and, within such beauty and light, perpetuating the species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00491", "bookId": 39863, "start": 188291, "end": 188531, "sha256": "d0efedb3ec5dc623bb895f6bda9aa1ddfd5a93e6d65409845761a44d6b34ac71", "text": "This ideal love is made incarnate by Frederick Nietzsche, in the woman of Zarathustra, who conscientiously wished her son to be better than she. \"Why do you desire me?\" she asks the man. \"Perhaps because of the perils of a solitary life?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00492", "bookId": 39863, "start": 188535, "end": 188842, "sha256": "8b2198a7b8aa85e5e3ca3429e81850c374c45134307a501da931d62c459b3aa0", "text": "\"In that case go far from me. I wish the man who has conquered himself, who has made his soul great. I wish the man who has conserved a clean and robust body. I wish the man who desires to unite with me, body and soul, to create a son! A son better, more perfect, stronger, than any created heretofore!\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00493", "bookId": 39863, "start": 188846, "end": 189267, "sha256": "85a2fb72a729ba95ca47f7419691a403e744aa949d19a6e19dc4f0019917d96a", "text": "To better the species consciously, cultivating his own health, his own virtue, this should be the goal of man's married life. It is a sublime concept of which, as yet, few think. And the socialised home of the future, living, provident, kindly; educator and comforter; is the true and worthy home of those human mates who wish to better the species, and to send the race forward triumphant into the eternity of life!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00494", "bookId": 39863, "start": 189273, "end": 189321, "sha256": "ae52aa402e9e642752512180291dd5cf54382575919f3478ab2fba941e291640", "text": "RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE \"CHILDREN'S HOUSES\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00495", "bookId": 39863, "start": 189325, "end": 189555, "sha256": "e39b77f0558bb0a634f961949b5bb526578b94c90800f524c2870f6ca40d664e", "text": "The Roman Association of Good Building hereby establishes within its tenement house number, a \"Children's House,\" in which may be gathered together all children under common school age, belonging to the families of the tenants.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00496", "bookId": 39863, "start": 189559, "end": 189773, "sha256": "cbaec199c36826da9a3bc80ad9bf750f2118799618b4b9ead10105c55503fe76", "text": "The chief aim of the \"Children's House\" is to offer, free of charge, to the children of those parents who are obliged to absent themselves for their work, the personal care which the parents are not able to give.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00497", "bookId": 39863, "start": 189777, "end": 189973, "sha256": "8507478733e80fa5b94e25ca52e8979347520f50f4baf3589533233ad5bda68c", "text": "In the \"Children's House\" attention is given to the education, the health, the physical and moral development of the children. This work is carried on in a way suited to the age of the children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00498", "bookId": 39863, "start": 189977, "end": 190074, "sha256": "b91e223011fa691b7a487dbf109d97c8b9afed10ae0e81b23d96e6d0174bfe15", "text": "There shall be connected with the \"Children's House\" a Directress, a Physician, and a Caretaker.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00499", "bookId": 39863, "start": 190078, "end": 190162, "sha256": "87e088c6b9878406dbff187fd3ceedfe2023abc6b68c5527430c403814b700a1", "text": "The programme and hours of the \"Children's House\" shall be fixed by the Directress.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00500", "bookId": 39863, "start": 190166, "end": 190284, "sha256": "e7058fbed555c746a4d197802811c72bbe6d3e6a9d8dd89172adea8b59c67327", "text": "There may be admitted to the \"Children's House\" all the children in the tenement between the ages of three and seven.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00501", "bookId": 39863, "start": 190288, "end": 190441, "sha256": "dd8b06641be884a85e2693a469350fe5aaecca7e0e5b69fc390039fd34db4402", "text": "The parents who wish to avail themselves of the advantages of the \"Children's House\" pay nothing. They must, however, assume these binding obligations:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00502", "bookId": 39863, "start": 190449, "end": 190598, "sha256": "ac9450fcc808402419ce6da6fe54285e7509fcbeec92d275b3dcaf04ad9aa6dd", "text": "(a) To send their children to the \"Children's House\" at the appointed time, clean in body and clothing, and provided with a suitable apron.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00503", "bookId": 39863, "start": 190606, "end": 191012, "sha256": "1b155867591e08b920af95a969c06b6367d55bd20f86e2b2259d5a3be475c5d8", "text": "(b) To show the greatest respect and deference toward the Directress and toward all persons connected with the \"Children's House,\" and to co-operate with the Directress herself in the education of the children. Once a week, at least, the mothers may talk with the Directress, giving her information concerning the home life of the child, and receiving helpful advice from her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00504", "bookId": 39863, "start": 191016, "end": 191068, "sha256": "eae18da0c046e0fec36c66d4123c1fd82950ca3ba0cb526b1d1576cd0e521cb1", "text": "There shall be expelled from the \"Children's House\":", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00505", "bookId": 39863, "start": 191076, "end": 191155, "sha256": "462639e30e93fdb985b8e23391f8a9085c2faef50e013bebb15b2f64e4d4ea79", "text": "(a) Those children who present themselves unwashed, or in soiled clothing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00506", "bookId": 39863, "start": 191163, "end": 191212, "sha256": "bca5d7cbcffe1d384dae7da7dc5f967bbb86374c06fb510cc7b84e5239071361", "text": "(b) Those who show themselves to be incorrigible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00507", "bookId": 39863, "start": 191220, "end": 191399, "sha256": "efe2b9d7bc4500cb01978bf085ab974b93d121b1b1ab343ea9b602f75d0d92b4", "text": "(c) Those whose parents fail in respect to the persons connected with the \"Children's House,\" or who destroy through bad conduct the educational work of the institution.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00508", "bookId": 39863, "start": 191409, "end": 191419, "sha256": "2d020cbd4cac00e9afab31268bd233f0c99cc1c86eb868fa1c53375b04b182ff", "text": "CHAPTER IV", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00509", "bookId": 39863, "start": 191423, "end": 191474, "sha256": "65ab675758876d6cdfbbfa708dba040ff1dbe3c267cc6201b7008da3e7e3fe0f", "text": "PEDAGOGICAL METHODS USED IN THE \"CHILDREN'S HOUSES\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00510", "bookId": 39863, "start": 191480, "end": 192515, "sha256": "c814f91ee0aa3520b2b1e23339ab4a59ad4ac8691865c2d5317adc3ac3d20846", "text": "As soon as I knew that I had at my disposal a class of little children, it was my wish to make of this school a field for scientific experimental pedagogy and child psychology. I started with a view in which Wundt concurs; namely, that child psychology does not exist. Indeed, experimental researches in regard to childhood, as, for example, those of Preyer and Baldwin, have been made upon not more than two or three subjects, children of the investigators. Moreover, the instruments of psychometry must be greatly modified and simplified before they can be used with children, who do not lend themselves passively as subjects for experimentation. Child psychology can be established only through the method of external observation. We must renounce all idea of making any record of internal states, which can be revealed only by the introspection of the subject himself. The instruments of psychometric research, as applied to pedagogy, have up to the present time been limited to the esthesiometric phase of the study.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00511", "bookId": 39863, "start": 192519, "end": 192898, "sha256": "0ebea2ecae11cc1789c556c215c33467c2face7023d142ee06a757dbe8bbade5", "text": "My intention was to keep in touch with the researches of others, but to make myself independent of them, proceeding to my work without preconceptions of any kind. I retained as the only essential, the affirmation, or, rather, the definition of Wundt, that \"all methods of experimental psychology may be reduced to one; namely, carefully recorded observation of the subject.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00512", "bookId": 39863, "start": 192902, "end": 193132, "sha256": "3649e4f27a346f9f36e29e6e54c6344e86e76eb35cd6598f502073a3a047f203", "text": "Treating of children, another factor must necessarily intervene: the study of the development. Here too, I retained the same general criterion, but without clinging to any dogma about the activity of the child according to age.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00513", "bookId": 39863, "start": 193138, "end": 193167, "sha256": "62a386103975735970a5124880c3eb626d6113667e57e70ad2652fa8ccb3297b", "text": "ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00514", "bookId": 39863, "start": 193171, "end": 193352, "sha256": "143288e08776f144cc8b8165249837a5c6a7378bb61bc65f3d447a3b35540c8f", "text": "In regard to physical development, my first thought was given to the regulating of anthropometric observations, and to the selection of the most important observations to be made.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00515", "bookId": 39863, "start": 193356, "end": 194259, "sha256": "2f82efa363d76f3452b691cde7f9dd52989d2e67aff7799f8f4a8d7c1369db26", "text": "I designed an anthropometer provided with the metric scale, varying between .50 metre and 1.50 metres. A small stool, 30 centimetres high, could be placed upon the floor of the anthropometer for measurements taken in a sitting position. I now advise making the anthropometer with a platform on either side of the pole bearing the scale, so that on one side the total stature can be measured, and on the other the height of the body when seated. In the second case, the zero is indicated at 30 centimetres; that is, it corresponds to the seat of the stool, which is fixed. The indicators on the vertical post are independent one of the other and this makes it possible to measure two children at the same time. In this way the inconvenience and waste of time caused by having to move the seat about, is obviated, and also the trouble of having to calculate the difference in the metric scale.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00516", "bookId": 39863, "start": 194263, "end": 194777, "sha256": "0d2b45fe33c1a7df8b1c7a37a5304d0e0ad8cf5166d57815baafca3f1a19a2c9", "text": "Having thus facilitated the technique of the researches, I decided to take the measurements of the children's stature, seated and standing, every month, and in order to have these regulated as exactly as possible in their relation to development, and also to give greater regularity to the research work of the teacher, I made a rule that the measurements should be taken on the day on which the child completed each month of his age. For this purpose I designed a register arranged on the following plan:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00517", "bookId": 39863, "start": 194783, "end": 195738, "sha256": "cc3f7a91bf109e68f85c361ab7a7c9e13f8df17e7524bdf16329362225ab33bd", "text": "========================================================== || SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER ---------++--------------------+-------------------------- Day of || Stature | Stature Etc. month |+----------+---------+----------+--------------- || Standing | Sitting | Standing | Sitting ---------++----------+---------+----------+--------------- 1 || | | | |+----------+---------+----------+--------------- 2 || | | | |+----------+---------+----------+--------------- 3 || | | | |+----------+---------+----------+--------------- 4 || | | | |+----------+---------+----------+--------------- Etc. || | | | ---------++----------+---------+----------+---------------", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00518", "bookId": 39863, "start": 195742, "end": 196165, "sha256": "57d0a9e335aeb86a4b257d1420dad22f174de306d43b64e0a38d45a4c03ed103", "text": "The spaces opposite each number are used to register the name of the child born on that day of the month. Thus the teacher knows which scholars she must measure on the days which are marked on the calendar, and she fills in his measurements to correspond with the month in which he was born. In this way a most exact registration can be arrived at without having the teacher feel that she is overburdened, or fatigued.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00519", "bookId": 39863, "start": 196169, "end": 197116, "sha256": "aa631e0f9251c8643e7f8e6a65f5da3a064baf245c9bbcfc6097c49799138db0", "text": "With regard to the weight of the child, I have arranged that it shall be taken every week on a pair of scales which I have placed in the dressing-room where the children are given their bath. According to the day on which the child is born, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, etc., we have him weighed when he is ready to take a bath. Thus the children's baths (no small matter when we consider a class of fifty) are sub-divided into seven days, and from three to five children go to the bath every day. Certainly, theoretically, a daily bath would be desirable, but in order to manage this a large bath or a number of small ones would be necessary, so that a good many children could be bathed at once. Even a weekly bath entails many difficulties, and sometimes has to be given up. In any case, I have distributed the taking of the weight in the order stated with the intention of thus arranging for and making sure of periodical baths.[7]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00520", "bookId": 39863, "start": 197122, "end": 198141, "sha256": "29adb4cd08c8f01a1219386ae2b1362cd3fc875bdfb836bd7f1782b638cdee1e", "text": "[7] Incidentally, I may say, that I have invented a means of bathing children contemporaneously, without having a large bath. In order to manage this, I thought of having a long trough with supports at the bottom, on which small, separate tubs could rest, with rather large holes in the bottom. The little tubs are filled from the large trough, into which the water runs and then goes into all the little tubs together, by the law of the levelling of liquids, going through the holes in the bottom. When the water is settled, it does not pass from tub to tub, and the children will each have their own bath. The emptying of the trough brings with it the simultaneous emptying of the little tubs, which being of light metal, will be easily moved from the bottom of the big tub, in order to clean it. It is not difficult to imagine arranging a cork for the hole at the bottom. These are only projects for the future!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00521", "bookId": 39863, "start": 198145, "end": 198290, "sha256": "3912bfb958ecd7283564093bc9e930ad57082d0bcf4b7dd9425878e50719f836", "text": "The form here given shows the register which we use in recording the weight of the children. Every page of the register corresponds to a month.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00522", "bookId": 39863, "start": 198294, "end": 198769, "sha256": "18ad63c03f6b2cb69912993a662aa604551100c0fe6f1413205d1131c84cdce4", "text": "It seems to me that the anthropological measurements, the taking and recording of which I have just described, should be the only ones with which the schoolmistress need occupy herself; and, therefore, the only ones which should be taken actually within the school. It is my plan that other measurements should be taken by a physician, who either is, or is preparing to be, a specialist in infant anthropology. In the meantime, I take these special measurements myself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00523", "bookId": 39863, "start": 198775, "end": 200412, "sha256": "a9958ce624c36b31dbded1e7bc6cd903bae9be762312d755d62dddf1529fa5af", "text": "====================================================== | SEPTEMBER +----------+----------+----------+---------- | 1st week | 2nd week | 3rd week | 4th week | Lbs. | Lbs. | Lbs. | Lbs. +----------+----------+----------+---------- Monday____|__________|__________|__________|__________ ______|__________|__________|__________|__________ ______|__________|__________|__________|__________ ______|__________|__________|__________|__________ ______|__________|__________|__________|__________ ______|__________|__________|__________|__________ Tuesday___|__________|__________|__________|__________ ______|__________|__________|__________|__________ ______|__________|__________|__________|__________ ______|__________|__________|__________|__________ ______|__________|__________|__________|__________ ______|__________|__________|__________|__________ Wednesday_|__________|__________|__________|__________ ______|__________|__________|__________|__________ ______|__________|__________|__________|__________ ______|__________|__________|__________|__________ ______|__________|__________|__________|__________ ______|__________|__________|__________|__________ ______|__________|__________|__________|__________ ______|__________|__________|__________|__________ Etc. | | | | | | | | ----------+----------+----------+----------+----------", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00524", "bookId": 39863, "start": 200416, "end": 200633, "sha256": "a82fe42a19f836def4efb00d9b400add726b7486449c6876e5bc2513515cdb24", "text": "The examination made by the physician must necessarily be complex, and to facilitate and regulate the taking of these measurements I have designed and had printed biological charts, of which I here give an example.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00525", "bookId": 39863, "start": 200639, "end": 200704, "sha256": "7087bbb165f01f75f0d4b1254b33065103824bad6f1fe71e01d4222c6723e337", "text": "_Number_ _____________ _Date_ _________________", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00526", "bookId": 39863, "start": 200710, "end": 200775, "sha256": "fcf1768b6cf9633e5a932ef6b3a19f94612af53657cc7cfb151e1e525423e232", "text": "_Name and Surname_ ______________________________ _Age_ ________", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00527", "bookId": 39863, "start": 200781, "end": 200845, "sha256": "30fc7cb1f0ab97da80e2e1f5d905f116cdad1f6bea659c82e6224f265234d61c", "text": "_Name of Parents_ ________ _Mother's Age_ ___ _Father's Age_ ___", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00528", "bookId": 39863, "start": 200851, "end": 200907, "sha256": "b0d0fce0eadb7fd94b90c45510471be2e6fd310ff863b2fdd3298aab7a9088b3", "text": "_Professions_ __________________________________________", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00529", "bookId": 39863, "start": 200913, "end": 201245, "sha256": "9c53680377b4a010b8d1ca159d2b2b2ce0ca355fa7e431e8f024f6def8a1d31a", "text": "_Details of Hereditary Antecedents_ ____________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00530", "bookId": 39863, "start": 201251, "end": 201582, "sha256": "2d60746fb751ca4c59ed82e6641bad9aa53f0bfd68037948f5b5713bb5c89156", "text": "_Personal Antecedents_ ________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00531", "bookId": 39863, "start": 201590, "end": 201611, "sha256": "f36fa805c1d297326d88a12a93e97b1cd96bd0cd5c7233f6c68242202f6cb987", "text": "ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00532", "bookId": 39863, "start": 201617, "end": 202149, "sha256": "c6d736fb72e6ac0f84048b55c472643a8d31b26adeb8c136b68bb27c9cfabcbd", "text": "+-------------------------------------------------------------+ | Standing | Weight | Chest | Seated | Index of | Ponderal | | Stature | | Meas. | Stature | Stature[8] | Index[9] | |----------+--------+-------+---------+------------+----------| | | | | | | | |----------+--------+-------+---------+------------+----------| | | | | | | | +----------+--------+-------+---------+------------+----------+", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00533", "bookId": 39863, "start": 202155, "end": 202613, "sha256": "3e5d4e25a9bba335633e64a0193310423f68dc81ea3dfb318fda6d7ce3ef173a", "text": "+------------------------------------+ | HEAD | |----------------+-------------------| | | Dia. | Dia. | Cephalic | | Cir. | Front | Across | Index | | | to Back | | | |------+---------+--------+----------| | | | | | |------+---------+--------+----------| | | | | | +------+---------+--------+----------+", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00534", "bookId": 39863, "start": 202619, "end": 202852, "sha256": "989c9ef13d38e0a8b98893eb4fbedee2186560f9267a80bb3c8c8f47d751ba2e", "text": "_Physical Constitution_ ________________________________ _Condition of Muscles_ ________________________________ _Colour of Skin_ ______________________________________ _Colour of Hair_ ______________________________________", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00535", "bookId": 39863, "start": 202860, "end": 203141, "sha256": "87456b7784cbe7653613fa7a4ec1836c6f4d6368d01cf97a6cf99272e70fceb3", "text": "NOTES _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00536", "bookId": 39863, "start": 203149, "end": 203242, "sha256": "84b3b87a5ad7fced304216de11aa2556f5ab924c0d4b5f8f15137043b940320b", "text": "[8] For the Index of Stature Dr. Montessori combines the seated and standing statures.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00537", "bookId": 39863, "start": 203248, "end": 203315, "sha256": "9b96715f8e57ba25563b9a6ccf8ae9b4ffa1409be774d22eea965a630250b6de", "text": "[9] The Ponderal Index is found by combining the height and weight.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00538", "bookId": 39863, "start": 203319, "end": 203482, "sha256": "f9b74901a8bf84cceaaba443ee05240e9115b778bcaf19aeeedb067cf139e013", "text": "As will be seen, these charts are very simple. I made them so because I wished the doctor and the schoolmistress to be able to use them freely and independently.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00539", "bookId": 39863, "start": 203486, "end": 204729, "sha256": "4286efed5e66d937c18fe4db7d534886061eb913c8cb05da7df5bbb179492051", "text": "By this method the anthropometrical records are arranged in an orderly way, while the simplicity of the mechanism, and the clearness of the charts, guarantee the making of such observations as I have considered fundamental. Referring to the physician's biographical chart, I advise that once a year the following measurements be taken: Circumference of the head; the two greater diameters of the head; the circumference of the chest; and the cephalic, ponderal, and stature indices. Further information concerning the selection of these measurements may be found in my treatise, \"Antropologia Pedagogica.\" The physician is asked to take these measurements during the week, or at least within the month, in which the child completes a year of his age, and, if it is possible, on the birthday itself. In this way the task of the physician will also be made easier, because of its regularity. We have, at the most, fifty children in each of our schools, and the birthdays of these scattered over the 365 days of the year make it possible for the physician to take his measurements from time to time, so that the burden of his work is not heavy. It is the duty of the teacher to inform the doctor of the birthdays of the children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00540", "bookId": 39863, "start": 204733, "end": 204952, "sha256": "82778acdba6afb37732567515adf1e6287054786cff7f8261b552986c920847c", "text": "The taking of these anthropometrical measurements has also an educational side to it, for the pupils, when they leave the \"Children's House,\" know how to answer with clearness and certainty the following questions:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00541", "bookId": 39863, "start": 204956, "end": 204994, "sha256": "0a5550ef985841e62face51259d7b2b0c1615ef794a1a33b4b886d75a8b0bdb2", "text": "On what day of the week were you born?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00542", "bookId": 39863, "start": 204998, "end": 205023, "sha256": "caa7d450a4f491abab306dc52b6b524e000f320c7ac794a6ab9cfce07dec8e50", "text": "On what day of the month?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00543", "bookId": 39863, "start": 205027, "end": 205056, "sha256": "3e7a6b8fc746831d905c9b7431b105be5d1f2a8399bebeef36711df6bfa5c90d", "text": "When does your birthday come?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00544", "bookId": 39863, "start": 205060, "end": 205613, "sha256": "888643176135a47c84e3fb4e95cc822685fb9f0b3fc47c27632011f039152c56", "text": "And with all this they will have acquired habits of order, and, above all, they will have formed the habit of observing themselves. Indeed, I may say here, that the children take a great pleasure in being measured; at the first glance of the teacher and at the word stature, the child begins instantly to take off his shoes, laughing and running to place himself upon the platform of the anthropometer; placing himself of his own accord in the normal position so perfectly that the teacher needs only to arrange the indicator and read the result.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00545", "bookId": 39863, "start": 205617, "end": 206646, "sha256": "cbe399053eab670f041221af288c27a9c89cd47a05aea4cef96202024e128463", "text": "Aside from the measurements which the physician takes with the ordinary instruments (calipers and metal yard measure), he makes observations upon the children's colouring, condition of their muscles, state of their lymphatic glands, the condition of the blood, etc. He notices any malformations; describes any pathological conditions with care (any tendency to rickets, infant paralysis, defective sight, etc.). This objective study of the child will guide the doctor when he finds it advisable to talk with the parents concerning its condition. Following this, when the doctor has found it desirable, he makes a thorough, sanitary inspection of the home of the child, prescribing necessary treatment and eventually doing away with such troubles as eczema, inflammation of the ear, feverish conditions, intestinal disturbances, etc. This careful following of the case in hand is greatly assisted by the existence of the _dispensary within the house_, which makes feasible direct treatment and continual observation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00546", "bookId": 39863, "start": 206650, "end": 206883, "sha256": "993ae8ea9668c0b96633952e2d0f9b14d2a793dfcab3fd6133019f4a7b40f63a", "text": "I have found that the usual question asked patients who present themselves at the clinics, are not adapted for use in our schools, as the members of the families living in these tenements are for the greater part perfectly normal.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00547", "bookId": 39863, "start": 206887, "end": 207371, "sha256": "56f12ea4a8cf1f8564544253c2a5fc9019429826889edba81c04dc61043a3ca8", "text": "I therefore encourage the directress of the school to gather from her conversations with the mothers information of a more practical sort. She informs herself as to the education of the parents, their habits, the wages earned, the money spent for household purposes, etc., and from all this she outlines a history of each family, much on the order of those used by Le-Play. This method is, of course, practical only where the directress lives among the families of her scholars.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00548", "bookId": 39863, "start": 207375, "end": 207736, "sha256": "6fe3387beaaa3a77fc5f2cd4889a55aaa11234a8aaae587243d42e98ecf78b62", "text": "In every case, however, the physician's advice to the mothers concerning the hygienic care of each particular child, as well as his directions concerning hygiene in general, will prove most helpful. The directress should act as the go-between in these matters, since she is in the confidence of the mothers, and since from her, such advice comes naturally.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00549", "bookId": 39863, "start": 207742, "end": 207777, "sha256": "9cfa49b61f276828f9c8c8e0a687c2107c13a9fb880ec3c3fc4b0b669de56308", "text": "ENVIRONMENT: SCHOOLROOM FURNISHINGS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00550", "bookId": 39863, "start": 207781, "end": 208054, "sha256": "69dbfde3ecebe1952a976d917c220bd8cddbb9f1c1406bff8c6ec9a421ecc561", "text": "The method of _observation_ must undoubtedly include the _methodical observation_ of the morphological growth of the pupils. But let me repeat that, while this element necessarily enters, it is not upon this particular kind of observation that the method is established.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00551", "bookId": 39863, "start": 208058, "end": 208191, "sha256": "fd1e42acdc0208ed084e48e438856b7431463e4737d6c9ef0816de05dc601221", "text": "The method of observation is established upon one fundamental base--_the liberty of the pupils in their spontaneous manifestations_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00552", "bookId": 39863, "start": 208195, "end": 208483, "sha256": "0cb0e7e9756e28ce381d08c9a5dfcd2c5cf8322988e8f51e1fe98d3041aa7377", "text": "With this in view, I first turned my attention to the question of environment, and this, of course, included the furnishing of the schoolroom. In considering an ample playground with space for a garden as an important part of this school environment, I am not suggesting anything new.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00553", "bookId": 39863, "start": 208487, "end": 208755, "sha256": "470e2e7c6b66b2203987b6c40931d82b2c57fb4095cf7be0c63f170d8b42fe88", "text": "The novelty lies, perhaps, in my idea for the use of this open-air space, which is to be in direct communication with the schoolroom, so that the children may be free to go and come as they like, throughout the entire day. I shall speak of this more fully later on.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00554", "bookId": 39863, "start": 208759, "end": 209336, "sha256": "0207212d55ec60052b4f4bc47eb62c02bb746f8f047429d1c19dc751f5e2bc29", "text": "The principal modification in the matter of school furnishings is the abolition of desks, and benches or stationary chairs. I have had tables made with wide, solid, octagonal legs, spreading in such a way that the tables are at the same time solidly firm and very light, so light, indeed, that two four-year-old children can easily carry them about. These tables are rectangular and sufficiently large to accommodate two children on the long side, there being room for three if they sit rather close together. There are smaller tables at which one child may work alone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00555", "bookId": 39863, "start": 209340, "end": 209727, "sha256": "6f6cb2b58371f76fd2ead6001e53b3e7b043bd6e861fa46223b60a0cce38df30", "text": "I also designed and had manufactured little chairs. My first plan for these was to have them cane seated, but experience has shown the wear on these to be so great, that I now have chairs made entirely of wood. These are very light and of an attractive shape. In addition to these, I have in each schoolroom a number of comfortable little armchairs, some of wood and some of wicker.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00556", "bookId": 39863, "start": 209731, "end": 210292, "sha256": "02aeda71143bc3a9a8e6badd04ad32b1aea37f949688b124c6a876d9df6b9391", "text": "Another piece of our school furniture consists of a little washstand, so low that it can be used by even a three-year-old child. This is painted with a white waterproof enamel and, besides the broad, upper and lower shelves which hold the little white enameled basins and pitchers, there are small side shelves for the soap-dishes, nail-brushes, towels, etc. There is also a receptacle into which the basins may be emptied. Wherever possible, a small cupboard provides each child with a space where he may keep his own soap, nail-brush, tooth-brush, etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00557", "bookId": 39863, "start": 210296, "end": 210942, "sha256": "57f95c6ce610a5d9923b398e920ed82cd36bf67f98e65bddd60ad52c099b1cd9", "text": "In each of our schoolrooms we have provided a series of long low cupboards, especially designed for the reception of the didactic materials. The doors of these cupboards open easily, and the care of the materials is confided to the children. The tops of these cases furnish room for potted plants, small aquariums, or for the various toys with which the children are allowed to play freely. We have ample blackboard space, and these boards are so hung as to be easily used by the smallest child. Each blackboard is provided with a small case in which are kept the chalk, and the white cloths which we use instead of the ordinary erasers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00558", "bookId": 39863, "start": 210946, "end": 212314, "sha256": "f8d93e0bf20da5bf4c8ca68b40a27470a9c1a88c6c2c227ed6d55c348a241e50", "text": "Above the blackboards are hung attractive pictures, chosen carefully, representing simple scenes in which children would naturally be interested. Among the pictures in our \"Children's Houses\" in Rome we have hung a copy of Raphael's \"Madonna della Seggiola,\" and this picture we have chosen as the emblem of the \"Children's Houses.\" For indeed, these \"Children's Houses\" represent not only social progress, but universal human progress, and are closely related to the elevation of the idea of motherhood, to the progress of woman and to the protection of her offspring. In this beautiful conception, Raphael has not only shown us the Madonna as a Divine Mother holding in her arms the babe who is greater than she, but by the side of this symbol of all motherhood, he has placed the figure of St. John, who represents humanity. So in Raphael's picture we see humanity rendering homage to maternity,--maternity, the sublime fact in the definite triumph of humanity. In addition to this beautiful symbolism, the picture has a value as being one of the greatest works of art of Italy's greatest artist. And if the day shall come when the \"Children's Houses\" shall be established throughout the world, it is our wish that this picture of Raphael's shall have its place in each of the schools, speaking eloquently of the country in which they originated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00559", "bookId": 39863, "start": 212318, "end": 212665, "sha256": "a3a2a02cc546d6821557fd23aee9945f4ac2bf6988386494c6fc32d0011ce9ae", "text": "The children, of course, cannot comprehend the symbolic significance of the \"Madonna of the Chair,\" but they will see something more beautiful than that which they feel in more ordinary pictures, in which they see mother, father, and children. And the constant companionship with this picture will awaken in their heart a religious impression.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00560", "bookId": 39863, "start": 212669, "end": 212759, "sha256": "ef4f10fb86a2047d038e429fc8a5a685e6279c92a951e03899fdc0cc2e54e43d", "text": "This, then, is the environment which I have selected for the children we wish to educate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00561", "bookId": 39863, "start": 212765, "end": 213158, "sha256": "dee93ec99230b645956cdfaf3719e40b94b7040ffb050c5038a8ac6fc906b88c", "text": "I know the first objection which will present itself to the minds of persons accustomed to the old-time methods of discipline;--the children in these schools, moving about, will overturn the little tables and chairs, producing noise and disorder; but this is a prejudice which has long existed in the minds of those dealing with little children, and for which there is no real foundation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00562", "bookId": 39863, "start": 213162, "end": 213709, "sha256": "4820d13a91f4268763d1e4c963f74b5e225ca882b6b26436b80c430f3c47e828", "text": "Swaddling clothes have for many centuries been considered necessary to the new-born babe, walking-chairs to the child who is learning to walk. So in the school, we still believe it necessary to have heavy desks and chairs fastened to the floor. All these things are based upon the idea that the child should grow in immobility, and upon the strange prejudice that, in order to execute any educational movement, we must maintain a special position of the body;--as we believe that we must assume a special position when we are about to pray.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00563", "bookId": 39863, "start": 213713, "end": 214588, "sha256": "fbb72ea81acfbf930cae9b4469a60a237ebf76927360779d8664a97e4faa8d8c", "text": "Our little tables and our various types of chairs are all light and easily transported, and we permit the child to _select_ the position which he finds most comfortable. He can _make himself comfortable_ as well as seat himself in his own place. And this freedom is not only an external sign of liberty, but a means of education. If by an awkward movement a child upsets a chair, which falls noisily to the floor, he will have an evident proof of his own incapacity; the same movement had it taken place amid stationary benches would have passed unnoticed by him. Thus the child has some means by which he can correct himself, and having done so he will have before him the actual proof of the power he has gained: the little tables and chairs remain firm and silent each in its own place. It is plainly seen that the _child has learned to command his movements_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00564", "bookId": 39863, "start": 214592, "end": 215415, "sha256": "8ebb22f9319e41b4e28b0cf96b861984e038a4d9d4d60d987c8a45da615e3e05", "text": "In the old method, the proof of discipline attained lay in a fact entirely contrary to this; that is, in the immobility and silence of the child himself. Immobility and silence which _hindered_ the child from learning to move with grace and with discernment, and left him so untrained, that, when he found himself in an environment where the benches and chairs were not nailed to the floor, he was not able to move about without overturning the lighter pieces of furniture. In the \"Children's Houses\" the child will not only learn to move gracefully and properly, but will come to understand the reason for such deportment. The ability to move which he acquires here will be of use to him all his life. While he is still a child, he becomes capable of conducting himself correctly, and yet, with perfect freedom.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00565", "bookId": 39863, "start": 215419, "end": 216187, "sha256": "2eb7a101f0025f6a2359b7bd46f139f13c2602473dd1eaca551c9cf96c7933f4", "text": "The Directress of the Casa dei Bambini at Milan constructed under one of the windows a long, narrow shelf upon which she placed the little tables containing the metal geometric forms used in the first lessons in design. But the shelf was too narrow, and it often happened that the children in selecting the pieces which they wished to use would allow one of the little tables to fall to the floor, thus upsetting with great noise all the metal pieces which it held. The directress intended to have the shelf changed, but the carpenter was slow in coming, and while waiting for him she discovered that the children had learned to handle these materials so carefully that in spite of the narrow and sloping shelf, the little tables no longer fell to the floor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00566", "bookId": 39863, "start": 216191, "end": 216511, "sha256": "6f9b28d5b35526e1ff783901028e39b8ae5b07d4f49b856f6fcbdcd8a64942fd", "text": "The children, by carefully directing their movements, had overcome the defect in this piece of furniture. The simplicity or imperfection of external objects often serves to develop the _activity_ and the dexterity of the pupils. This has been one of the surprises of our method as applied in the \"Children's Houses.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00567", "bookId": 39863, "start": 216515, "end": 216683, "sha256": "9dbe87e71c81da50a8288335a04d97108914425c5bdd55fd06d73b21714396b0", "text": "It all seems very logical, and now that it has been actually tried and put into words, it will no doubt seem to everyone as simple as the egg of Christopher Columbus.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00568", "bookId": 39863, "start": 216693, "end": 216703, "sha256": "e3daf2d4156a0b23cfc3a5f2ca9503220e1314d703750b217a5dda58a3597ed8", "text": "CHAPTER V.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00569", "bookId": 39863, "start": 216707, "end": 216717, "sha256": "f9960f6fff97cb6adf1ba9b33d31debfe39375b78e6a8d9b4ed1e0c210903cce", "text": "DISCIPLINE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00570", "bookId": 39863, "start": 216723, "end": 216835, "sha256": "f115cd6674ad66e3e25a73300eae73c562e271ca334df5764fe1357ad73da443", "text": "The pedagogical method of _observation_ has for its base the _liberty_ of the child; and _liberty is activity_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00571", "bookId": 39863, "start": 216839, "end": 217434, "sha256": "ac7d0ddd9be490c78790a1546fc0cf61fa8674a72d6418b22f01eb14030259c0", "text": "Discipline must come through liberty. Here is a great principle which is difficult for followers of common-school methods to understand. How shall one obtain _discipline_ in a class of free children? Certainly in our system, we have a concept of discipline very different from that commonly accepted. If discipline is founded upon liberty, the discipline itself must necessarily be _active_. We do not consider an individual disciplined only when he has been rendered as artificially silent as a mute and as immovable as a paralytic. He is an individual _annihilated_, not _disciplined_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00572", "bookId": 39863, "start": 217438, "end": 217832, "sha256": "7bb673874c39a6c6cced1f5fa0af4d599b6fa149ba6ec15259635a75bcdc7798", "text": "We call an individual disciplined when he is master of himself, and can, therefore, regulate his own conduct when it shall be necessary to follow some rule of life. Such a concept of _active discipline_ is not easy either to comprehend or to apply. But certainly it contains a great _educational_ principle, very different from the old-time absolute and undiscussed coercion to immobility.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00573", "bookId": 39863, "start": 217836, "end": 218472, "sha256": "50749386169fb1d80805a71c6a202c051dccb33cb520e8ceac811aac5353e5f9", "text": "A special technique is necessary to the teacher who is to lead the child along such a path of discipline, if she is to make it possible for him to continue in this way all his life, advancing indefinitely toward perfect self-mastery. Since the child now learns to _move_ rather than to _sit still_, he prepares himself not for the school, but for life; for he becomes able, through habit and through practice, to perform easily and correctly the simple acts of social or community life. The discipline to which the child habituates himself here is, in its character, not limited to the school environment but extends to society.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00574", "bookId": 39863, "start": 218476, "end": 219428, "sha256": "8316b2b329dc1902165d18fa2c0b99a1e4774689a9a995745944de7df07a6a6d", "text": "The liberty of the child should have as its _limit_ the collective interest; as its _form_, what we universally consider good breeding. We must, therefore, check in the child whatever offends or annoys others, or whatever tends toward rough or ill-bred acts. But all the rest,--every manifestation having a useful scope,--whatever it be, and under whatever form it expresses itself, must not only be permitted, but must be _observed_ by the teacher. Here lies the essential point; from her scientific preparation, the teacher must bring not only the capacity, but the desire, to observe natural phenomena. In our system, she must become a passive, much more than an active, influence, and her passivity shall be composed of anxious scientific curiosity, and of absolute _respect_ for the phenomenon which she wishes to observe. The teacher must understand and _feel_ her position of _observer_: the _activity_ must lie in the _phenomenon_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00575", "bookId": 39863, "start": 219432, "end": 220400, "sha256": "9ed9c12fb72d32b3436a69856c64416fc1936c5c3dffdd4fa12e331ad7ad5c47", "text": "Such principles assuredly have a place in schools for little children who are exhibiting the first psychic manifestations of their lives. We cannot know the consequences of suffocating a _spontaneous action_ at the time when the child is just beginning to be active: perhaps we suffocate _life itself_. Humanity shows itself in all its intellectual splendour during this tender age as the sun shows itself at the dawn, and the flower in the first unfolding of the petals; and we must _respect_ religiously, reverently, these first indications of individuality. If any educational act is to be efficacious, it will be only that which tends to _help_ toward the complete unfolding of this life. To be thus helpful it is necessary rigorously to avoid the _arrest_ of _spontaneous movements and the imposition of arbitrary tasks_. It is of course understood, that here we do not speak of useless or dangerous acts, for these must be _suppressed_, _destroyed_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00576", "bookId": 39863, "start": 220406, "end": 221384, "sha256": "a72da4c5510dfa8cb102cb44a4d65a99a13262f260627405b8a424f911bb5058", "text": "Actual training and practice are necessary to fit for this method teachers who have not been prepared for scientific observation, and such training is especially necessary to those who have been accustomed to the old domineering methods of the common school. My experiences in training teachers for the work in my schools did much to convince me of the great distance between these methods and those. Even an intelligent teacher, who understands the principle, finds much difficulty in putting it into practice. She can not understand that her new task is apparently _passive_, like that of the astronomer who sits immovable before the telescope while the worlds whirl through space. This idea, that _life acts of itself_, and that in order to study it, to divine its secrets or to direct its activity, it is necessary to observe it and to understand it without intervening--this idea, I say, is very difficult for anyone to _assimilate_ and _to put into practice_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00577", "bookId": 39863, "start": 221388, "end": 222001, "sha256": "288543d70e60debda4d9a0b644a65e2146cbb25492c51b0e8276fc0c57bbdeb4", "text": "The teacher has too thoroughly learned to be the one free activity of the school; it has for too long been virtually her duty to suffocate the activity of her pupils. When in the first days in one of the \"Children's Houses\" she does not obtain order and silence, she looks about her embarrassed as if asking the public to excuse her, and calling upon those present to testify to her innocence. In vain do we repeat to her that the disorder of the first moment is necessary. And finally, when we oblige her to do nothing but _watch_, she asks if she had not better resign, since she is no longer a teacher.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00578", "bookId": 39863, "start": 222005, "end": 222511, "sha256": "6c5ac8da54a55d9ed906054d8a780c5787578c987fbf1ad210dc513db2771c5c", "text": "But when she begins to find it her duty to discern which are the acts to hinder and which are those to observe, the teacher of the old school feels a great void within herself and begins to ask if she will not be inferior to her new task. In fact, she who is not prepared finds herself for a long time abashed and impotent; whereas the broader the teacher's scientific culture and practice in experimental psychology, the sooner will come for her the marvel of unfolding life, and her interest in it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00579", "bookId": 39863, "start": 222515, "end": 223102, "sha256": "5282328b0043bb690ea8425306f4a1fe61fc2f0f1f3801c2c0043fa6111c5ae9", "text": "Notari, in his novel, \"My Millionaire Uncle,\" which is a criticism of modern customs, gives with that quality of vividness which is peculiar to him, a most eloquent example of the old-time methods of discipline. The \"uncle\" when a child was guilty of such a number of disorderly acts that he practically upset the whole town, and in desperation he was confined in a school. Here \"Fufu,\" as he was called, experiences his first wish to be kind, and feels the first moving of his soul when he is near to the pretty little Fufetta, and learns that she is hungry and has no luncheon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00580", "bookId": 39863, "start": 223106, "end": 223229, "sha256": "67205c57b594312c4168a643f628b55c0bd1199e59af41f4520827f8b0537b06", "text": "\"He glanced around, looked at Fufetta, rose, took his little lunch basket, and without saying a word placed it in her lap.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00581", "bookId": 39863, "start": 223233, "end": 223333, "sha256": "2c5a81f96fb8181085d1a40a0c613b479bdad567189e5c249b7f2fa4133e1050", "text": "\"Then he ran away from her, and, without knowing why he did so, hung his head and burst into tears.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00582", "bookId": 39863, "start": 223337, "end": 223423, "sha256": "1f753cb11bfeb5e258430ed122ba7ce281f2ec6b25f6d4ee0bb189c932e7a248", "text": "\"My uncle did not know how to explain to himself the reason for this sudden outburst.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00583", "bookId": 39863, "start": 223427, "end": 223643, "sha256": "bb7dbe473aa102da28ef925d1c7404e4954c070418e6dd2ee8ec5be997bb32cc", "text": "\"He had seen for the first time two kind eyes full of sad tears, and he had felt moved within himself, and at the same time a great shame had rushed over him; the shame of eating near to one who had nothing to eat.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00584", "bookId": 39863, "start": 223647, "end": 223909, "sha256": "ae30532161371de8ab83b6df2fca1989f58f1aa631189837b33451615490889d", "text": "\"Not knowing how to express the impulse of his heart, nor what to say in asking her to accept the offer of his little basket, nor how to invent an excuse to justify his offering it to her, he remained the victim of this first deep movement of his little soul.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00585", "bookId": 39863, "start": 223913, "end": 224034, "sha256": "a603967447d389ea2c2958a949d78ab5c211082125c284a179e4d762080c4c31", "text": "\"Fufetta, all confused, ran to him quickly. With great gentleness she drew away the arm in which he had hidden his face.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00586", "bookId": 39863, "start": 224038, "end": 224260, "sha256": "a5542c916237ef7739ca1842d880a91928772e30bee032a1f1bbbfe506a9190b", "text": "\"'Do not cry, Fufu,' she said to him softly, almost as if pleading with him. She might have been speaking to her beloved rag doll, so motherly and intent was her little face, and so full of gentle authority, her manner.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00587", "bookId": 39863, "start": 224264, "end": 224558, "sha256": "de49becd77dcbfdfa9904a83b07f22d5615c65d7fa4bd05518bddb67e1c18c2a", "text": "\"Then the little girl kissed him, and my uncle yielding to the influence which had filled his heart, put his arms around her neck, and, still silent and sobbing, kissed her in return. At last, sighing deeply, he wiped from his face and eyes the damp traces of his emotion, and smiled again.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00588", "bookId": 39863, "start": 224562, "end": 224627, "sha256": "7f1b10f5db427711d3de6028a994e1de18d3091e27c336b385ffd34135dfdaff", "text": "\"A strident voice called out from the other end of the courtyard:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00589", "bookId": 39863, "start": 224631, "end": 224706, "sha256": "4bc7c8df1944ca2dbb6056dc1876bae337e743b30ac0ce26c7f3c87347465cb7", "text": "\"'Here, here, you two down there--be quick with you; inside, both of you!'", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00590", "bookId": 39863, "start": 224710, "end": 224903, "sha256": "b4518b063c227614c97d7c969812403d0b6373296301d5060beb45c6a5cf1463", "text": "\"It was the teacher, the guardian. She crushed that first gentle stirring in the soul of a rebel with the same blind brutality that she would have used toward two children engaged in a fight.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00591", "bookId": 39863, "start": 224907, "end": 224997, "sha256": "9628c0e371782c81dec2ea7b7f1f733d629e8cc8a28ad1bf22bbfac2953fdf50", "text": "\"It was the time for all to go back into the school--and everybody had to obey the rule.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00592", "bookId": 39863, "start": 225001, "end": 226342, "sha256": "b6f1934d3d09b27cde2d7e94a32a4f31ccbc0460b55331e217fea9ba51d279d2", "text": "Thus I saw my teachers act in the first days of my practice school in the \"Children's Houses.\" They almost involuntarily recalled the children to immobility without _observing_ and _distinguishing_ the nature of the movements they repressed. There was, for example, a little girl who gathered her companions about her and then, in the midst of them, began to talk and gesticulate. The teacher at once ran to her, took hold of her arms, and told her to be still; but I, observing the child, saw that she was playing at being teacher or mother to the others, and teaching them the morning prayer, the invocation to the saints, and the sign of the cross: she already showed herself as a _director_. Another child, who continually made disorganised and misdirected movements, and who was considered abnormal, one day, with an expression of intense attention, set about moving the tables. Instantly they were upon him to make him stand still because he made too much noise. Yet this was one of the _first manifestations_, in this child, of _movements_ that were _co-ordinated_ and _directed toward a useful end_, and it was therefore an action that should have been respected. In fact, after this the child began to be quiet and happy like the others whenever he had any small objects to move about and to arrange upon his desk.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00593", "bookId": 39863, "start": 226346, "end": 226772, "sha256": "287bc9f57a4924301fc20bf123ba9d64d354d19e21d796cfd57f4cd4e4508d37", "text": "It often happened that while the directress replaced in the boxes various materials that had been used, a child would draw near, picking up the objects, with the evident desire of imitating the teacher. The first impulse was to send the child back to her place with the remark, \"Let it alone; go to your seat.\" Yet the child expressed by this act a desire to be useful; the time, with her, was ripe for a lesson in order.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00594", "bookId": 39863, "start": 226776, "end": 227909, "sha256": "368bb13e09f441fe4a1d7c0a6edb181ca25a070ce91fc3708bb2b3aca404c27a", "text": "One day, the children had gathered themselves, laughing and talking, into a circle about a basin of water containing some floating toys. We had in the school a little boy barely two and a half years old. He had been left outside the circle, alone, and it was easy to see that he was filled with intense curiosity. I watched him from a distance with great interest; he first drew near to the other children and tried to force his way among them, but he was not strong enough to do this, and he then stood looking about him. The expression of thought on his little face was intensely interesting. I wish that I had had a camera so that I might have photographed him. His eye lighted upon a little chair, and evidently he made up his mind to place it behind the group of children and then to climb up on it. He began to move toward the chair, his face illuminated with hope, but at that moment the teacher seized him brutally (or, perhaps, she would have said, gently) in her arms, and lifting him up above the heads of the other children showed him the basin of water, saying, \"Come, poor little one, you shall see too!\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00595", "bookId": 39863, "start": 227913, "end": 228198, "sha256": "c07865e1dac8bf10408472cd21aefec792ff41321eedbbd38e966ed8589f1edb", "text": "Undoubtedly the child, seeing the floating toys, did not experience the joy that he was about to feel through conquering the obstacle with his own force. The sight of those objects could be of no advantage to him, while his intelligent efforts would have developed his inner powers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00596", "bookId": 39863, "start": 228202, "end": 228642, "sha256": "916396a323428b6ec62d7b9d88300ba7f8ac66ef05ae01f4272eb1189666fa31", "text": "The teacher _hindered_ the child, in this case, from educating himself, without giving him any compensating good in return. The little fellow had been about to feel himself a conqueror, and he found himself held within two imprisoning arms, impotent. The expression of joy, anxiety, and hope, which had interested me so much faded from his face and left on it the stupid expression of the child who knows that others will act for him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00597", "bookId": 39863, "start": 228646, "end": 229278, "sha256": "0a40423c878ad16f1e84779c6d1e0fe2920feb5577659a3a2c3ec2978d659d7e", "text": "When the teachers were weary of my observations, they began to allow the children to do whatever they pleased. I saw children with their feet on the tables, or with their fingers in their noses, and no intervention was made to correct them. I saw others push their companions, and I saw dawn in the faces of these an expression of violence; and not the slightest attention on the part of the teacher. Then I had to intervene to show with what absolute rigour it is necessary to hinder, and little by little suppress, all those things which we must not do, so that the child may come to discern clearly between good and evil.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00598", "bookId": 39863, "start": 229282, "end": 229898, "sha256": "c62387eaa41100218e28340b7f9414131d64bbfd069249bee825622813b00748", "text": "If discipline is to be lasting, its foundations must be laid in this way and these first days are the most difficult for the directress. The first idea that the child must acquire, in order to be actively disciplined, is that of the difference between _good_ and _evil_; and the task of the educator lies in seeing that the child does not confound _good_ with _immobility_, and _evil_ with _activity_, as often happens in the case of the old-time discipline. And all this because our aim is to discipline _for activity_, _for work_, _for good_; not for _immobility_, not for _passivity_, not for _obedience_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00599", "bookId": 39863, "start": 229902, "end": 230090, "sha256": "b9ccb3d792bb4feef6127b3e87518c9077391f154fb2958f7df4867b67d1038b", "text": "A room in which all the children move about usefully, intelligently, and voluntarily, without committing any rough or rude act, would seem to me a classroom very well disciplined indeed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00600", "bookId": 39863, "start": 230096, "end": 230595, "sha256": "d7471d86844b49a15dc47382d73c713d1a3085bd8874b0970f3689976bb9490d", "text": "To seat the children in rows, as in the common schools, to assign to each little one a place, and to propose that they shall sit thus quietly observant of the order of the whole class as an assemblage--this can be attained later, as _the starting place_ of _collective education_. For also, in life, it sometimes happens that we must all remain seated and quiet; when, for example, we attend a concert or a lecture. And we know that even to us, as grown people, this costs no little sacrifice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00601", "bookId": 39863, "start": 230599, "end": 231279, "sha256": "17ca28bdee4c60492d591bb42c6294350a296c07025174f1e2321a89258d6feb", "text": "If we can, when we have established individual discipline, arrange the children, sending each one to _his own place_, _in order_, trying to make them understand the idea that thus placed they look well, and that it is a _good thing_ to be thus placed in order, that it is a _good and pleasing arrangement in the room_, this ordered and tranquil adjustment of theirs--then their remaining in their places, _quiet_ and _silent_, is the result of a species of _lesson_, not an _imposition_. To make them understand the idea, without calling their attention too forcibly to the practice, to have them _assimilate a principle of collective order_--that is the important thing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00602", "bookId": 39863, "start": 231283, "end": 231760, "sha256": "68d018ddff4a2991fb7c2c2a968029409884e8076fcc3d72f2681b0afd0d5798", "text": "If, after they have understood this idea, they rise, speak, change to another place, they no longer do this without knowing and without thinking, but they do it because they _wish_ to rise, to speak, etc.; that is, from that _state of repose and order_, well understood, they depart in order to undertake _some voluntary action_; and knowing that there are actions which are prohibited, this will give them a new impulse to remember to discriminate between good and evil.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00603", "bookId": 39863, "start": 231764, "end": 232311, "sha256": "2024789fb46ac4aaf0870bd440ba9a1360163867888e20e1508fedf64cb95af9", "text": "The movements of the children from the state of order become always more co-ordinated and perfect with the passing of the days; in fact, they learn to reflect upon their own acts. Now (with the idea of order understood by the children) the observation of the way in which the children pass from the first disordered movements to those which are spontaneous and ordered--this is the book of the teacher; this is the book which must inspire her actions; it is the only one in which she must read and study if she is to become a real educator.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00604", "bookId": 39863, "start": 232315, "end": 232640, "sha256": "4cfd17c29d05dc44bc6b7d4f594effc78018ed06f49afc996260d34d18041020", "text": "For the child with such exercises makes, to a certain extent, a selection of his own _tendencies_, which were at first confused in the unconscious disorder of his movements. It is remarkable how clearly _individual differences_ show themselves, if we proceed in this way; the child, conscious and free, _reveals himself_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00605", "bookId": 39863, "start": 232644, "end": 233047, "sha256": "e40afac3088c31948700c8b382f49c7feb4d4eff3b82f18d6cc6a75f53688414", "text": "There are those who remain quietly in their seats, apathetic, or drowsy; others who leave their places to quarrel, to fight, or to overturn the various blocks and toys, and then there are those others who set out to fulfil a definite and determined act--moving a chair to some particular spot and sitting down in it, moving one of the unused tables and arranging upon it the game they wish to play.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00606", "bookId": 39863, "start": 233051, "end": 233176, "sha256": "0111ecc8ee9e62689ae0161a527ee4ffe062e8e40d40c057f9b7a9b6fbdd9c5a", "text": "Our idea of liberty for the child cannot be the simple concept of liberty we use in the observation of plants, insects, etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00607", "bookId": 39863, "start": 233180, "end": 233379, "sha256": "6f3079cd651ddc05383b89c15c39040822efb3e5567f7647659a31c109834d43", "text": "The child, because of the peculiar characteristics of helplessness with which he is born, and because of his qualities as a social individual is circumscribed by _bonds_ which _limit_ his activity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00608", "bookId": 39863, "start": 233383, "end": 233662, "sha256": "a9b3778e94c5a52031261daf9981acd2f31a9ee8afe8b438860984af5d6c947f", "text": "An educational method that shall have _liberty_ as its basis must intervene to help the child to a conquest of these various obstacles. In other words, his training must be such as shall help him to diminish, in a rational manner, the _social bonds_, which limit his activity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00609", "bookId": 39863, "start": 233666, "end": 233952, "sha256": "ce4d8399f28e73c52f7c794445994c8aa12f805f5ffda6eba31e7f5213e8ac4c", "text": "Little by little, as the child grows in such an atmosphere, his spontaneous manifestations will become more _clear, with the clearness of truth_, revealing his nature. For all these reasons, the first form of educational intervention must tend to lead the child toward independence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00610", "bookId": 39863, "start": 233958, "end": 233970, "sha256": "f0a5e9edf8185929f6a0f8a2c1b8282f7380ce1151f0336810522a2170fc4440", "text": "INDEPENDENCE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00611", "bookId": 39863, "start": 233974, "end": 234277, "sha256": "c3d9836b1b3223888d5d84a962ed094d536608ca50f953f539ceae6f93e14bf8", "text": "No one can be free unless he is independent: therefore, the first, active manifestations of the child's individual liberty must be so guided that through this activity he may arrive at independence. Little children, from the moment in which they are weaned, are making their way toward independence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00612", "bookId": 39863, "start": 234281, "end": 234638, "sha256": "30b5b51bfbf27076e873fe4f9e5bd471c81f2290459d361f44be750399d208e7", "text": "What is a weaned child? In reality it is a child that has become independent of the mother's breast. Instead of this one source of nourishment he will find various kinds of food; for him the means of existence are multiplied, and he can to some extent make a selection of his food, whereas he was at first limited absolutely to one form of nourishment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00613", "bookId": 39863, "start": 234642, "end": 235045, "sha256": "5db9670b1c9c09a58152271878f8d4e5a207ae17a1c085654f25511a03ed0347", "text": "Nevertheless, he is still dependent, since he is not yet able to walk, and cannot wash and dress himself, and since he is not yet able to _ask_ for things in a language which is clear and easily understood. He is still in this period to a great extent the _slave_ of everyone. By the age of three, however, the child should have been able to render himself to a great extent _independent_ and free.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00614", "bookId": 39863, "start": 235049, "end": 235448, "sha256": "9b1200904b9a1600ee8ee1ab01298d6d77f620d3bd2d2bf94b41d3410b507863", "text": "That we have not yet thoroughly assimilated the highest concept of the term _independence_, is due to the fact that the social form in which we live is still _servile_. In an age of civilisation where servants exist, the concept of that _form of life_ which is _independence_ cannot take root or develop freely. Even so in the time of slavery, the concept of liberty was distorted and darkened.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00615", "bookId": 39863, "start": 235452, "end": 235534, "sha256": "83695a1388a4ea54d4398d9ef09ec9a3f6e4224841656175e48737437fc401ea", "text": "Our servants are not our dependents, rather it is we who are dependent upon them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00616", "bookId": 39863, "start": 235538, "end": 236128, "sha256": "35106104c6a9db65f8f50e076bbf3d995e7b012453557b53b1a4172ca8d399af", "text": "It is not possible to accept universally as a part of our social structure such a deep human error without feeling the general effects of it in the form of moral inferiority. We often believe ourselves to be independent simply because no one commands us, and because we command others; but the nobleman who needs to call a servant to his aid is really a dependent through his own inferiority. The paralytic who cannot take off his boots because of a pathological fact, and the prince who dare not take them off because of a social fact, are in reality reduced to the same condition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00617", "bookId": 39863, "start": 236132, "end": 236427, "sha256": "ee8d9ae035dd6e745a290d1ef5345bde22f45741b9ce47a1a51770947432976b", "text": "Any nation that accepts the idea of servitude and believes that it is an advantage for man to be served by man, admits servility as an instinct, and indeed we all too easily lend ourselves to _obsequious service_, giving to it such complimentary names as _courtesy_, _politeness_, _charity_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00618", "bookId": 39863, "start": 236431, "end": 236714, "sha256": "79f9b7eebbb74db299ff52122c90565d26e47b72d9b947ebd054f5b1493f4656", "text": "In reality, _he who is served is limited_ in his independence. This concept will be the foundation of the dignity of the man of the future; \"I do not wish to be served, _because_ I am not an impotent.\" And this idea must be gained before men can feel themselves to be really free.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00619", "bookId": 39863, "start": 236718, "end": 237301, "sha256": "7f896147b595b0aead68abcdd4c05bea240ec4a12098c13c7f27eb0bb057c12d", "text": "Any pedagogical action, if it is to be efficacious in the training of little children, must tend to _help_ the children to advance upon this road of independence. We must help them to learn to walk without assistance, to run, to go up and down stairs, to lift up fallen objects, to dress and undress themselves, to bathe themselves, to speak distinctly, and to express their own needs clearly. We must give such help as shall make it possible for children to achieve the satisfaction of their own individual aims and desires. All this is a part of education for independence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00620", "bookId": 39863, "start": 237305, "end": 238444, "sha256": "3d730506fa273dc50ac98638ef2d62bfb968dd63d7caab5c59c1270f8552f3a2", "text": "We habitually _serve_ children; and this is not only an act of servility toward them, but it is dangerous, since it tends to suffocate their useful, spontaneous activity. We are inclined to believe that children are like puppets, and we wash them and feed them as if they were dolls. We do not stop to think that the child _who does not do, does not know how to do_. He must, nevertheless, do these things, and nature has furnished him with the physical means for carrying on these various activities, and with the intellectual means for learning how to do them. And our duty toward him is, in every case, that of _helping him_ to make a conquest of such useful acts as nature intended he should perform for himself. The mother who feeds her child without making the least effort to teach him to hold the spoon for himself and to try to find his mouth with it, and who does not at least eat herself, inviting the child to look and see how she does it, is not a good mother. She offends the fundamental human dignity of her son,--she treats him as if he were a doll, when he is, instead, a man confided by nature to her care.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00621", "bookId": 39863, "start": 238448, "end": 238943, "sha256": "08b618800a307be79217f8b42726a34c527b93e3efb0fc6ca302aaa36161f175", "text": "Who does not know that to _teach_ a child to feed himself, to wash and dress himself, is a much more tedious and difficult work, calling for infinitely greater patience, than feeding, washing and dressing the child one's self? But the former is the work of an educator, the latter is the easy and inferior work of a servant. Not only is it easier for the mother, but it is very dangerous for the child, since it doses the way and puts obstacles in the path of the life which is developing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00622", "bookId": 39863, "start": 238947, "end": 239858, "sha256": "c52d8c945a799994a305ab927468ab4e08389a696f4d23a4e29d28e48cbd4561", "text": "The ultimate consequences of such an attitude on the part of the parent may be very serious indeed. The grand gentleman who has too many servants not only grows constantly more and more dependent upon them, until he is, finally, actually their slave, but his muscles grow weak through inactivity and finally lose their natural capacity for action. The mind of one who does not work for that which he needs, but commands it from others, grows heavy and sluggish. If such a man should some day awaken to the fact of his inferior position and should wish to regain once more his own independence, he would find that he had no longer the force to do so. These dangers should be presented to the parents of the privileged social classes, if their children are to use independently and for right the special power which is theirs. Needless help is an actual hindrance to the development of natural forces.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00623", "bookId": 39863, "start": 239862, "end": 240571, "sha256": "bbab56ab6bd0ab193a2e90d21f982e5d2db83adddd6019df7923c36f7ad175c6", "text": "Oriental women wear trousers, it is true, and European women, petticoats; but the former, even more than the latter, are taught as a part of their education the art of _not moving_. Such an attitude toward woman leads to the fact that man works not only for himself, but for woman. And the woman wastes her natural strength and activity and languishes in slavery. She is not only maintained and served, she is, besides, diminished, belittled, in that individuality which is hers by right of her existence as a human being. As an individual member of society, she is a cypher. She is rendered deficient in all those powers and resources which tend to the preservation of life. Let me illustrate this:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00624", "bookId": 39863, "start": 240575, "end": 241277, "sha256": "f7df972ac8cba02e3e2b1ff44e6a92148d12bdeae76024ae474378f0cc3dec54", "text": "A carriage containing a father, mother, and child, is going along a country road. An armed brigand stops the carriage with the well-known phrase, \"Your money or your life.\" Placed in this situation, the three persons in the carriage act in very different ways. The man, who is a trained marksman, and who is armed with a revolver, promptly draws, and confronts the assassin. The boy, armed only with the freedom and lightness of his own legs, cries out and betakes himself to flight. The woman, who is not armed in any way whatever, neither artificially nor naturally (since her limbs, not trained for activity, are hampered by her skirts), gives a frightened gasp, and sinks down unconscious.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00625", "bookId": 39863, "start": 241281, "end": 241572, "sha256": "cfb5265375bdd2ad9d07a0283bcd1d6bbc4a6438ca0850f27b97b095db6d2678", "text": "These three diverse reactions are in close relation to the state of liberty and independence of each of the three individuals. The swooning woman is she whose cloak is carried for her by attentive cavaliers, who are quick to pick up any fallen object that she may be spared all exertion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00626", "bookId": 39863, "start": 241576, "end": 242225, "sha256": "fbf2581c0d81b45d16df7dc5de6b5bade0f33cc464c83c0e0336bd3245d0ce96", "text": "The peril of servilism and dependence lies not only in that \"useless consuming of life,\" which leads to helplessness, but in the development of individual traits which indicate all too plainly a regrettable perversion and degeneration of the normal man. I refer to the domineering and tyrannical behaviour with examples of which we are all only too familiar. The domineering habit develops side by side with helplessness. It is the outward sign of the state of feeling of him who conquers through the work of others. Thus it often happens that the master is a tyrant toward his servant. It is the spirit of the task-master toward the slave.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00627", "bookId": 39863, "start": 242229, "end": 243434, "sha256": "b87e94962487fa9305e99626f3be5bf06d8bcbb7b15fbc4d8e8d985216b2e8ba", "text": "Let us picture to ourselves a clever and proficient workman, capable, not only of producing much and perfect work, but of giving advice in his workshop, because of his ability to control and direct the general activity of the environment in which he works. The man who is thus master of his environment will be able to smile before the anger of others, showing that great mastery of himself which comes from consciousness of his ability to do things. We should not, however, be in the least surprised to know that in his home this capable workman scolded his wife if the soup was not to his taste, or not ready at the appointed time. In his home, he is no longer the capable workman; the skilled workman here is the wife, who serves him and prepares his food for him. He is a serene and pleasant man where he is powerful through being efficient, but is domineering where he is served. Perhaps if he should learn how to prepare his soup he might become a perfect man! The man who, through his own efforts, is able to perform all the actions necessary for his comfort and development in life, conquers himself, and in doing so multiplies his abilities and perfects himself as an individual.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00628", "bookId": 39863, "start": 243438, "end": 243547, "sha256": "fc35ed7015e8d1211da8fe82bababb59a9dceb264f96f29f1b527d3fa804b7be", "text": "We must make of the future generation, _powerful men_, and by that we mean men who are independent and free.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00629", "bookId": 39863, "start": 243553, "end": 243608, "sha256": "0602811d90fd4ff888789ecea38b9304459e7f1657a74d02b3f215b0bd2257b3", "text": "ABOLITION OF PRIZES AND OF EXTERNAL FORMS OF PUNISHMENT", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00630", "bookId": 39863, "start": 243612, "end": 243978, "sha256": "4d31cd7b35684b83ed318ea63848d9fd82ee7774819216478cd2ffd29e8ac56e", "text": "Once we have accepted and established such principles, the abolition of prizes and external forms of punishment will follow naturally. Man, disciplined through liberty, begins to desire the true and only prize which will never belittle or disappoint him,--the birth of human power and liberty within that inner life of his from which his activities must spring.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00631", "bookId": 39863, "start": 243982, "end": 244668, "sha256": "05a80f4f926b6457458fae92c26df4ddc01136b3890dbb13ae827147957f2531", "text": "In my own experience I have often marvelled to see how true this is. During our first months in the \"Children's Houses,\" the teachers had not yet learned to put into practice the pedagogical principles of liberty and discipline. One of them, especially, busied herself, when I was absent, in _remedying_ my ideas by introducing a few of those methods to which she had been accustomed. So, one day when I came in unexpectedly, I found one of the most intelligent of the children wearing a large Greek cross of silver, hung from his neck by a fine piece of white ribbon, while another child was seated in an armchair which had been conspicuously placed in the middle of the room.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00632", "bookId": 39863, "start": 244672, "end": 244925, "sha256": "36228365bc855c9cccbb41874c5e2cad9592e7b4630a92399e98650e072b411f", "text": "The first child had been rewarded, the second was being punished. The teacher, at least while I was present, did not interfere in any way, and the situation remained as I had found it. I held my peace, and placed myself where I might observe quietly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00633", "bookId": 39863, "start": 244929, "end": 245814, "sha256": "708925fec593d907b493625ac77331cfea6bdaab7ba39bb54d34c28d3eee3d41", "text": "The child with the cross was moving back and forth, carrying the objects with which he had been working, from his table to that of the teacher, and bringing others in their place. He was busy and happy. As he went back and forth he passed by the armchair of the child who was being punished. The silver cross slipped from his neck and fell to the floor, and the child in the armchair picked it up, dangled it on its white ribbon, looking at it from all sides, and then said to his companion: \"Do you see what you have dropped?\" The child turned and looked at the trinket with an air of indifference; his expression seemed to say; \"Don't interrupt me,\" his voice replied \"I don't care.\" \"Don't you care, really?\" said the punished one calmly. \"Then I will put it on myself.\" And the other replied, \"Oh, yes, put it on,\" in a tone that seemed to add, \"and leave me in peace!\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00634", "bookId": 39863, "start": 245818, "end": 246293, "sha256": "6122302c49da42801f3730bfb1e2cb1519cd2774eb1dfd69ac75fb975c5323b8", "text": "The boy in the armchair carefully arranged the ribbon so that the cross lay upon the front of his pink apron where he could admire its brightness and its pretty form, then he settled himself more comfortably in his little chair and rested his arms with evident pleasure upon the arms of the chair. The affair remained thus, and was quite just. The dangling cross could satisfy the child who was being punished, but not the active child, content and happy with his work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00635", "bookId": 39863, "start": 246297, "end": 246638, "sha256": "5fea876090463b84f31281d69866091f01b132cab72932bd9ce0aa4fde5e97b4", "text": "One day I took with me on a visit to another of the \"Children's Houses\" a lady who praised the children highly and who, opening a box she had brought, showed them a number of shining medals, each tied with a bright red ribbon. \"The mistress,\" she said \"will put these on the breasts of those children who are the cleverest and the best.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00636", "bookId": 39863, "start": 246642, "end": 246990, "sha256": "4503fd55fa7f9a9ed5a8f0590fd8cccd139ab22d08d3cc00262b5c24ca157a0a", "text": "As I was under no obligation to instruct this visitor in my methods, I kept silence, and the teacher took the box. At that moment, a most intelligent little boy of four, who was seated quietly at one of the little tables, wrinkled his forehead in an act of protest and cried out over and over again;--\"Not to the boys, though, not to the boys!\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00637", "bookId": 39863, "start": 246994, "end": 247298, "sha256": "b9c887afdb0aac2360856aeeaa74370b3c6472748d576735c7236ca68ed3b073", "text": "What a revelation! This little fellow already knew that he stood among the best and strongest of his class, although no one had ever revealed this fact to him, and he did not wish to be offended by this prize. Not knowing how to defend his dignity, he invoked the superior quality of his masculinity!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00638", "bookId": 39863, "start": 247302, "end": 249062, "sha256": "69f0f3a9f2af3a0bf28dd20428824d072713f09da7b1fc33f584e75816f39897", "text": "As to punishments, we have many times come in contact with children who disturbed the others without paying any attention to our corrections. Such children were at once examined by the physician. When the case proved to be that of a normal child, we placed one of the little tables in a corner of the room, and in this way isolated the child; having him sit in a comfortable little armchair, so placed that he might see his companions at work, and giving him those games and toys to which he was most attracted. This isolation almost always succeeded in calming the child; from his position he could see the entire assembly of his companions, and the way in which they carried on their work was an _object lesson_ much more efficacious than any words of the teacher could possibly have been. Little by little, he would come to see the advantages of being one of the company working so busily before his eyes, and he would really wish to go back and do as the others did. We have in this way led back again to discipline all the children who at first seemed to rebel against it. The isolated child was always made the object of special care, almost as if he were ill. I myself, when I entered the room, went first of all directly to him, caressing him, as if he were a very little child. Then I turned my attention to the others, interesting myself in their work, asking questions about it as if they had been little men. I do not know what happened in the soul of these children whom we found it necessary to discipline, but certainly the conversion was always very complete and lasting. They showed great pride in learning how to work and how to conduct themselves, and always showed a very tender affection for the teacher and for me.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00639", "bookId": 39863, "start": 249068, "end": 249113, "sha256": "b503f77239aaa5d9ed9e04d958b2393ad42c7c09c3381f41b645e6d201333c50", "text": "THE BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF LIBERTY IN PEDAGOGY", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00640", "bookId": 39863, "start": 249117, "end": 250340, "sha256": "ae85c8d8c9b95d3db3f5118032a6907bda26101787100fd2ff913ee1bb3ab02e", "text": "From a biological point of view, the concept of _liberty_ in the education of the child in his earliest years must be understood as demanding those conditions adapted to the most favourable _development_ of his entire individuality. So, from the physiological side as well as from the mental side, this includes the free development of the brain. The educator must be as one inspired by a deep _worship of life_, and must, through this reverence, _respect_, while he observes with human interest, the _development_ of the child life. Now, child life is not an abstraction; _it is the life of individual children_. There exists only one real biological manifestation: the _living individual_; and toward single individuals, one by one observed, education must direct itself. By education must be understood the active _help_ given to the normal expansion of the life of the child. The child is a body which grows, and a soul which develops,--these two forms, physiological and psychic, have one eternal font, life itself. We must neither mar nor stifle the mysterious powers which lie within these two forms of growth, but we must _await from them_ the manifestations which we know will succeed one another.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00641", "bookId": 39863, "start": 250344, "end": 251662, "sha256": "9e4179bc5afa52670a5476511ce96beaf0f9f13b41c78227ee1c30807f7867e9", "text": "_Environment_ is undoubtedly a _secondary_ factor in the phenomena of life; it can modify in that it can help or hinder, but it can never _create_. The modern theories of evolution, from Naegeli to De Vries, consider throughout the development of the two biological branches, animal and vegetable, this interior factor as the essential force in the transformation of the species and in the transformation of the individual. The origins of the _development_, both in the species and in the individual, _lie within_. The child does not grow _because_ he is nourished, _because_ he breathes, _because_ he is placed in conditions of temperature to which he is adapted; he grows because the potential life within him develops, making itself visible; because the fruitful germ from which his life has come develops itself according to the biological destiny which was fixed for it by heredity. Adolescence does not come _because_ the child laughs, or dances, or does gymnastic exercises, or is well nourished; but because he has arrived at that particular physiological state. Life makes itself manifest,--life creates, life gives:--and is in its turn held within certain limits and bound by certain laws which are insuperable. The _fixed_ characteristics of the species do not change,--they can only vary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00642", "bookId": 39863, "start": 251666, "end": 252127, "sha256": "faa472a5ef5cd1caf99062a83b1451ad7359fe633872d5ea6cfe2ad4120e83be", "text": "This concept, so brilliantly set forth by De Vries in his Mutation Theory, illustrates also the limits of education. We can act on the _variations_ which are in relation to the environment, and whose limits vary slightly in the species and in the individual, but we cannot act upon the _mutations_. The mutations are bound by some mysterious tie to the very font of life itself, and their power rises superior to the modifying elements of the environment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00643", "bookId": 39863, "start": 252131, "end": 252364, "sha256": "a70d55bdbdb41cdf1a8ea715386788228dddcc9952272e23085a7f49df0ab932", "text": "A species, for example, cannot _mutate_ or change into another species through any phenomenon of _adaptation_, as, on the other hand, a great human genius cannot be suffocated by any limitation, nor by any false form of education.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00644", "bookId": 39863, "start": 252368, "end": 252837, "sha256": "f819e8115353f26f6c5abeddfd96840880c99150de299feaccfdec9ba98e0269", "text": "The _environment_ acts more strongly upon the individual life the less fixed and strong this individual life may be. But environment can act in two opposite senses, favouring life, and stifling it. Many species of palm, for example, are splendid in the tropical regions, because the climatic conditions are favourable to their development, but many species of both animals and plants have become extinct in regions to which they were not able to adapt themselves.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00645", "bookId": 39863, "start": 252841, "end": 253184, "sha256": "b2303883b19fb61c3af2f9dcab4aa2b5a04664670a2bdcb198156d1d6cb6f982", "text": "Life is a superb goddess, always advancing, overthrowing the obstacles which environment places in the way of her triumph. This is the basic or fundamental truth,--whether it be a question of species or of individuals, there persists always the forward march of those victorious ones in whom this mysterious life-force is strong and vital.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00646", "bookId": 39863, "start": 253188, "end": 253422, "sha256": "e341dff5f6e8cb2d4287627928b338342955307438b2cb3606637745c4d67573", "text": "It is evident that in the case of humanity, and especially in the case of our civil humanity, which we call society, the important and imperative question is that of the _care_, or perhaps we might say, the _culture_ of human life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00647", "bookId": 39863, "start": 253432, "end": 253442, "sha256": "0a34ddace5e927cdeeddd973ecba01b825d1c2ca0a7f148d9025d773a34a8efb", "text": "CHAPTER VI", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00648", "bookId": 39863, "start": 253446, "end": 253477, "sha256": "b8fae8e7091a71fefa2a73c751d43a3b6f13b8d32e19649daafb0bc87b5215ee", "text": "HOW THE LESSONS SHOULD BE GIVEN", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00649", "bookId": 39863, "start": 253485, "end": 253578, "sha256": "28e2af572c53bb570ad3b23a38a569c17326267ee5e426798410619a027f3420", "text": "\"Let all thy words be counted.\" _Dante, Inf., canto_ X.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00650", "bookId": 39863, "start": 253584, "end": 253918, "sha256": "c56d3c35a7226bf9d56fa2ae9b904ff52c132cc66cf9e9e96ebccd2044630056", "text": "Given the fact that, through the régime of liberty the pupils can manifest their natural tendencies in the school, and that with this in view we have prepared the environment and the materials (the objects with which the child is to work), the teacher must not limit her action to _observation_, but must proceed to _experiment_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00651", "bookId": 39863, "start": 253922, "end": 254507, "sha256": "b0526fa06924b2ee4dedc9c03cf2c8686f7ab56a04b1c89bffd40cf024a4408c", "text": "In this method the lesson corresponds to an _experiment_. The more fully the teacher is acquainted with the methods of experimental psychology, the better will she understand how to give the lesson. Indeed, a special technique is necessary if the method is to be properly applied. The teacher must at least have attended the training classes in the \"Children's Houses,\" in order to acquire a knowledge of the fundamental principles of the method and to understand their application. The most difficult portion of this training is that which refers to the method for discipline.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00652", "bookId": 39863, "start": 254511, "end": 255144, "sha256": "1389f5d4bbd5df32331f8264dbf84d112cf18303c9cd48ec7604e90905645459", "text": "In the first days of the school the children do not learn the idea of collective order; this idea follows and comes as a result of those disciplinary exercises through which the child learns to discern between good and evil. This being the case, it is evident that, at the outset the teacher _cannot give_ collective lessons. Such lessons, indeed, will always be _very rare_, since the children being free are not obliged to remain in their places quiet and ready to listen to the teacher, or to watch what she is doing. The collective lessons, in fact, are of very secondary importance, and have been almost abolished by us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00653", "bookId": 39863, "start": 255150, "end": 255231, "sha256": "53b064faa0be1332979248e8a1a27c39f9f04fb79fb830aadb3800a0fa19c953", "text": "CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL LESSONS:--CONCISENESS, SIMPLICITY, OBJECTIVITY", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00654", "bookId": 39863, "start": 255235, "end": 255676, "sha256": "32afbafad2210d8eaa089b222cf030d0b5b28aa2b4733874bda280b67849914f", "text": "The lessons, then, are individual, and _brevity_ must be one of their chief characteristics. Dante gives excellent advice to teachers when he says, \"Let thy words be counted.\" The more carefully we cut away useless words, the more perfect will become the lesson. And in preparing the lessons which she is to give, the teacher must pay special attention to this point, counting and weighing the value of the words which she is to speak.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00655", "bookId": 39863, "start": 255680, "end": 256100, "sha256": "f553ecb3e5376f27246537e6269829e94035a91d3fed40376c0dd6930fef6d18", "text": "Another characteristic quality of the lesson in the \"Children's Houses\" is its _simplicity_. It must be stripped of all that is not absolute truth. That the teacher must not lose herself in vain words, is included in the first quality of conciseness; this second, then, is closely related to the first: that is, the carefully chosen words must be the most simple it is possible to find, and must refer to the truth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00656", "bookId": 39863, "start": 256104, "end": 256505, "sha256": "44e2c92f064469e85b06910f19ca10765942cb30e2cadb4105f09d8f1524ceca", "text": "The third quality of the lesson is its _objectivity_. The lesson must be presented in such a way that the personality of the teacher shall disappear. There shall remain in evidence only the _object_ to which she wishes to call the attention of the child. This brief and simple lesson must be considered by the teacher as an explanation of the object and of the use which the child can make of it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00657", "bookId": 39863, "start": 256509, "end": 257641, "sha256": "f984a85646a38b398ad34fc1fe8a110da429f62fab59a1dd82c0904ce875972b", "text": "In the giving of such lessons the fundamental guide must be the _method of observation_, in which is included and understood the liberty of the child. So the teacher shall _observe_ whether the child interests himself in the object, how he is interested in it, for how long, etc., even noticing the expression of his face. And she must take great care not to offend the principles of liberty. For, if she provokes the child to make an unnatural effort, she will no longer know what is the _spontaneous_ activity of the child. If, therefore, the lesson rigorously prepared in this brevity, simplicity and truth is not understood by the child, is not accepted by him as an explanation of the object,--the teacher must be warned of two things:--first, not to _insist_ by repeating the lesson; and second, _not to make the child feel that he has made a mistake_, or that he is not understood, because in doing so she will cause him to make an effort to understand, and will thus alter the natural state which must be used by her in making her psychological observation. A few examples may serve to illustrate this point.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00658", "bookId": 39863, "start": 257645, "end": 258389, "sha256": "cd8512c26b7c58afd9d5e50d8f21c6fe7345a6f4d49a4aa097b22278424b3166", "text": "Let us suppose, for example, that the teacher wishes to teach to a child the two colours, red and blue. She desires to attract the attention of the child to the object. She says, therefore, \"Look at this.\" Then, in order to teach the colours, she says, showing him the red, \"This is _red_,\" raising her voice a little and pronouncing the word \"red\" slowly and clearly; then showing him the other colour, \"This is _blue_.\" In order to make sure that the child has understood, she says to him, \"Give me the red,\"--\"Give me the blue.\" Let us suppose that the child in following this last direction makes a mistake. The teacher does not repeat and does not insist; she smiles, gives the child a friendly caress and takes away the colours.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00659", "bookId": 39863, "start": 258393, "end": 260207, "sha256": "ad2d6de1cb251039999f3e6ca40cce9012a60e9203c6ccee10975579cbefa6ec", "text": "Teachers ordinarily are greatly surprised at such simplicity. They often say, \"But everybody knows how to do that!\" Indeed, this again is a little like the egg of Christopher Columbus, but the truth is that not everyone knows how to do this simple thing (to give a lesson with such simplicity). To _measure_ one's own activity, to make it conform to these standards of clearness, brevity and truth, is practically a very difficult matter. Especially is this true of teachers prepared by the old-time methods, who have learned to labour to deluge the child with useless, and often, false words. For example, a teacher who had taught in the public schools often reverted to collectivity. Now in giving a collective lesson much importance is necessarily given to the simple thing which is to be taught, and it is necessary to oblige all the children to follow the teacher's explanation, when perhaps not all of them are disposed to give their attention to the particular lesson in hand. The teacher has perhaps commenced her lesson in this way:--\"Children, see if you can guess what I have in my hand!\" She knows that the children cannot guess, and she therefore attracts their attention by means of a falsehood. Then she probably says,--\"Children, look out at the sky. Have you ever looked at it before? Have you never noticed it at night when it is all shining with stars? No! Look at my apron. Do you know what colour it is? Doesn't it seem to you the same colour as the sky? Very well then, look at this colour I have in my hand. It is the same colour as the sky and my apron. It is _blue_. Now look around you a little and see if you can find something in the room which is blue. And do you know what colour cherries are, and the colour of the burning coals in the fireplace, etc., etc.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00660", "bookId": 39863, "start": 260211, "end": 260690, "sha256": "de60f4520f82acfbf03d1e3071d372ee661e96b20be4009127ab68062b925c39", "text": "Now in the mind of the child after he has made the useless effort of trying to guess there revolves a confused mass of ideas,--the sky, the apron, the cherries, etc. It will be difficult for him to extract from all this confusion the idea which it was the scope of the lesson to make clear to him; namely, the recognition of the two colours, blue and red. Such a work of selection is almost impossible for the mind of a child who is not yet able to follow a long discourse.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00661", "bookId": 39863, "start": 260694, "end": 261982, "sha256": "18e5f56f9034ac1cc0b6225b6213352805d8a4bf3d90b00426f5d2716d88789d", "text": "I remember being present at an arithmetic lesson where the children were being taught that two and three make five. To this end, the teacher made use of a counting board having coloured beads strung on its thin wires. She arranged, for example, two beads on the top line, then on a lower line three, and at the bottom five beads. I do not remember very clearly the development of this lesson, but I do know that the teacher found it necessary to place beside the two beads on the upper wire a little cardboard dancer with a blue skirt, which she christened on the spot the name of one of the children in the class, saying, \"This is Mariettina.\" And then beside the other three beads she placed a little dancer dressed in a different colour, which she called \"Gigina.\" I do not know exactly how the teacher arrived at the demonstration of the same, but certainly she talked for a long time with these little dancers, moving them about, etc. If _I_ remember the dancers more clearly than I do the arithmetic process, how must it have been with the children? If by such a method they were able to learn that two and three make five, they must have made a tremendous mental effort, and the teacher must have found it necessary to talk with the little dancers for a long time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00662", "bookId": 39863, "start": 261986, "end": 263541, "sha256": "ece508f93045cadbc9ea12bdf34f8e05979d33f48a036d5fd9d28163024ee0b4", "text": "In another lesson a teacher wished to demonstrate to the children the difference between noise and sound. She began by telling a long story to the children. Then suddenly someone in league with her knocked noisily at the door. The teacher stopped and cried out--\"What is it! What's happened! What is the matter! Children, do you know what this person at the door has done? I can no longer go on with my story, I cannot remember it any more. I will have to leave it unfinished. Do you know what has happened? Did you hear! Have you understood? That was a noise, that is a noise. Oh! I would much rather play with this little baby (taking up a mandolin which she had dressed up in a table cover). Yes, dear baby, I had rather play with you. Do you see this baby that I am holding in my arms?\" Several children replied, \"It isn't a baby.\" Others said, \"It's a mandolin.\" The teacher went on--\"No, no, it is a baby, really a baby. I love this little baby. Do you want me to show you that it is a baby? Keep very, very quiet then. It seems to me that the baby is crying. Or, perhaps it is talking, or perhaps it is going to say papa or mamma.\" Putting her hand under the cover, she touched the strings of the mandolin. \"There! did you hear the baby cry! Did you hear it call out?\" The children cried out--\"It's a mandolin, you touched the strings, you made it play.\" The teacher then replied, \"Be quiet, be quiet, children. Listen to what I am going to do.\" Then she uncovered the mandolin and began to play on it, saying, \"This is sound.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00663", "bookId": 39863, "start": 263545, "end": 264095, "sha256": "576eadae75e5288359fc6d14e2e31049f4cc32331aa04481616291d60840e2dc", "text": "To suppose that the child from such a lesson as this shall come to understand the difference between noise and sound is ridiculous. The child will probably get the impression that the teacher wished to play a joke, and that she is rather foolish, because she lost the thread of her discourse when she was interrupted by noise, and because she mistook a mandolin for a baby. Most certainly, it is the figure of the teacher herself that is impressed upon the child's mind through such a lesson, and not the object for which the lesson was given.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00664", "bookId": 39863, "start": 264099, "end": 266103, "sha256": "394e9c19496c9c2a537d1edd3c8c88360ebbdf7e6855ea8ece7881b8ac72f1a6", "text": "To obtain a _simple lesson_ from a teacher who has been prepared according to the ordinary methods, is a very difficult task. I remember that, after having explained the material fully and in detail, I called upon one of my teachers to teach, by means of the geometric insets, the difference between a square and a triangle. The task of the teacher was simply to fit a square and a triangle of wood into the empty spaces made to receive them. She should then have shown the child how to follow with his finger the contours of the wooden pieces and of the frames into which they fit, saying, meanwhile, \"This is a square--this is a triangle.\" The teacher whom I had called upon began by having the child touch the square, saying, \"This is a line,--another,--another,--and another. There are four lines: count them with your little finger and tell me how many there are. And the corners,--count the corners, feel them with your little finger. See, there are four corners too. Look at this piece well. It is a square.\" I corrected the teacher, telling her that in this way she was not teaching the child to recognise a form, but was giving him an idea of sides, of angles, of number, and that this was a very different thing from that which she was to teach in this lesson. \"But,\" she said, trying to justify herself, \"it is the same thing.\" It is not, however, the same thing. It is the geometric analysis and the mathematics of the thing. It would be possible to have an idea of the form of the quadrilateral without knowing how to count to four, and, therefore, without appreciating the number of sides and angles. The sides and the angles are abstractions which in themselves do not exist; that which does exist is this piece of wood of a determined form. The elaborate explanations of the teacher not only confused the child's mind, but bridged over the distance that lies between the concrete and the abstract, between the form of an object and the mathematics of the form.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00665", "bookId": 39863, "start": 266107, "end": 267445, "sha256": "44303b2618c702e0d439ef6e855d45ac41c53e608b1a36baf1b38ed2d1065ed3", "text": "Let as suppose, I said to the teacher, that an architect shows you a dome, the form of which interests you. He can follow one of two methods in showing you his work: he can call attention to the beauty of line, the harmony of the proportions, and may then take you inside the building and up into the cupola itself, in order that you may appreciate the relative proportion of the parts in such a way that your impression of the cupola as a whole shall be founded on general knowledge of its parts, or he can have you count the windows, the wide or narrow cornices, and can, in fact, make you a design showing the construction; he can illustrate for you the static laws and write out the algebraic formulæ necessary in the calculation of such laws. In the first place, you will be able to retain in your mind the form of the cupola; in the second, you will have understood nothing, and will come away with the impression that the architect fancied himself speaking to a fellow engineer, instead of to a traveller whose object was to become familiar with the beautiful things about him. Very much the same thing happens if we, instead of saying to the child, \"This is a square,\" and by simply having him touch the contour establish materially the idea of the form, proceed rather to a geometrical analysis of the contour.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00666", "bookId": 39863, "start": 267449, "end": 268457, "sha256": "2ef1e804055eb1294863b30a486cd0c0a8ecc8dd463211eaa88b0ac5b1f9d44f", "text": "Indeed, we should feel that we are making the child precocious if we taught him the geometric forms in the plane, presenting at the same time the mathematical concept, but we do not believe that the child is too immature to appreciate the simple _form_; on the contrary, it is no effort for a child to look at a square window or table,--he sees all these forms about him in his daily life. To call his attention to a determined form is to clarify the impression he has already received of it, and to fix the idea of it. It is very much as if, while we are looking absent-mindedly at the shore of a lake, an artist should suddenly say to us--\"How beautiful the curve is that the shore makes there under the shade of that cliff.\" At his words, the view which we have been observing almost unconsciously, is impressed upon our minds as if it had been illuminated by a sudden ray of sunshine, and we experience the joy of having crystallised an impression which we had before only imperfectly felt.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00667", "bookId": 39863, "start": 268461, "end": 268545, "sha256": "66525b81c16679b5194c916921f65c3a7c8d9728109a6b7fd7e12d2d79e6a0ec", "text": "And such is our duty toward the child: to give a ray of light and to go on our way.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00668", "bookId": 39863, "start": 268549, "end": 268913, "sha256": "70e93f206dada76e990836d516c2676b6b1db8385ae9383a1e8f43a05c7a0dd4", "text": "I may liken the effects of these first lessons to the impressions of one who walks quietly, happily, through a wood, alone, and thoughtful, letting his inner life unfold freely. Suddenly, the chime of a distant bell recalls him to himself, and in that awakening he feels more strongly than before the peace and beauty of which he has been but dimly conscious.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00669", "bookId": 39863, "start": 268917, "end": 269364, "sha256": "9c231cca8e2696a2c90b163244265b53ef5ff8edf99efbc2a5990106503be4bb", "text": "To stimulate life,--leaving it then free to develop, to unfold,--herein lies the first task of the educator. In such a delicate task, a great art must suggest the moment, and limit the intervention, in order that we shall arouse no perturbation, cause no deviation, but rather that we shall help the soul which is coming into the fulness of life, and which shall live from its _own forces_. This _art_ must accompany the _scientific method_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00670", "bookId": 39863, "start": 269368, "end": 270027, "sha256": "bd32ca0380e1fcb6d0e9242a9ea9123c05d92947487d8a6ee6bc46a30da7b6b8", "text": "When the teacher shall have touched, in this way, soul for soul, each one of her pupils, awakening and inspiring the life within them as if she were an invisible spirit, she will then possess each soul, and a sign, a single word from her shall suffice; for each one will feel her in a living and vital way, will recognise her and will listen to her. There will come a day when the directress herself shall be filled with wonder to see that all the children obey her with gentleness and affection, not only ready, but intent, at a sign from her. They will look toward her who has made them live, and will hope and desire to receive from her, new life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00671", "bookId": 39863, "start": 270031, "end": 270974, "sha256": "de41400cd7cab505f92f6c294b992c0c392b7751ecdd7d547857578a5afae08e", "text": "Experience has revealed all this, and it is something which forms the chief source of wonder for those who visit the \"Children's Houses.\" Collective discipline is obtained as if by magic force. Fifty or sixty children from two and a half years to six years of age, all together, and at a single time know how to hold their peace so perfectly that the absolute silence seems that of a desert. And, if the teacher, speaking in a low voice, says to the children, \"Rise, pass several times around the room on the tips of your toes and then come back to your place in silence\" all together, as a single person, the children rise, and follow the order with the least possible noise. The teacher with that one voice has spoken to each one; and each child hopes from her intervention to receive some light and inner happiness. And feeling so, he goes forth intent and obedient like an anxious explorer, following the order in his own way.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00672", "bookId": 39863, "start": 270980, "end": 271332, "sha256": "ca543c5dad9020240e28152b96b5e8ab80467cb9d92e53b60b89ade9e30c400f", "text": "In this matter of discipline we have again something of the egg of Christopher Columbus. A concert-master must prepare his scholars one by one in order to draw from their collective work great and beautiful harmony; and each artist must perfect himself as an individual before he can be ready to follow the voiceless commands of the master's baton.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00673", "bookId": 39863, "start": 271336, "end": 271555, "sha256": "b60e03044de3a0a811d9a17949f14a718db17100d73c309d4e7bf33fe0aca8bc", "text": "How different is the method which we follow in the public schools! It is as if a concert-master taught the same monotonous and sometimes discordant rhythm contemporaneously to the most diverse instruments and voices.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00674", "bookId": 39863, "start": 271559, "end": 271917, "sha256": "5c3b6f98f5f8c625512eb4aab0af827939d578a67937ed91f64fde10a2d99fd7", "text": "Thus we find that the most disciplined members of society are the men who are best trained, who have most thoroughly perfected themselves, but this is the training or the perfection acquired through contact with other people. The perfection of the collectivity cannot be that material and brutal solidarity which comes from mechanical organisation alone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00675", "bookId": 39863, "start": 271921, "end": 272567, "sha256": "58fc713e1849ebfcfc8e64aad118750692b43495866e2ef75fb43c28a6481672", "text": "In regard to infant psychology, we are more richly endowed with prejudices than with actual knowledge bearing upon the subject. We have, until the present day, wished to dominate the child through force, by the imposition of external laws, instead of making an interior conquest of the child, in order to direct him as a human soul. In this way, the children have lived beside us without being able to make us know them. But if we cut away the artificiality with which we have enwrapped them, and the violence through which we have foolishly thought to discipline them, they will reveal themselves to us in all the truth of child nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00676", "bookId": 39863, "start": 272571, "end": 273040, "sha256": "a6963f3e789361e5a692de381984dcfb79af0301d09ad78f1b462199a49e6001", "text": "Their gentleness is so absolute, so sweet, that we recognise in it the infancy of that humility which can remain oppressed by every form of yoke, by every injustice; and child love and _knowledge_ is such that it surpasses every other love and makes us think that in very truth humanity must carry within it that passion which pushes the minds of men to the successive conquest of thought, making easier from century to century the yokes of every form of slavery.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00677", "bookId": 39863, "start": 273050, "end": 273061, "sha256": "313ce4fb75fc69bd011d34d2c46936bcb1fb567fef9dbdfc060d30d9652c0196", "text": "CHAPTER VII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00678", "bookId": 39863, "start": 273065, "end": 273092, "sha256": "46fe5a0d16f61bbe5dde2ef2e0d627a1dd2ce906f10c0524d6324367fb311b70", "text": "EXERCISES OF PRACTICAL LIFE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00679", "bookId": 39863, "start": 273098, "end": 273158, "sha256": "33e5f939be30c8bc554b0390867bc101857d603d8531e16f8b3716f62458b940", "text": "PROPOSED WINTER SCHEDULE OF HOURS IN THE \"CHILDREN'S HOUSES\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00680", "bookId": 39863, "start": 273162, "end": 273210, "sha256": "f40b0ad6407fb65de03ae3052cc60aff94101299d39dd01d831c9873a25b57ed", "text": "Opening at Nine O'clock--Closing at Four O'clock", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00681", "bookId": 39863, "start": 273218, "end": 273568, "sha256": "5e6cc4be85642540af4ee7122882bac341401eed88c3ad499333d17a4e26c3ee", "text": "9-10. Entrance. Greeting. Inspection as to personal cleanliness. Exercises of practical life; helping one another to take off and put on the aprons. Going over the room to see that everything is dusted and in order. Language: Conversation period: Children give an account of the events of the day before. Religious exercises.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00682", "bookId": 39863, "start": 273576, "end": 273695, "sha256": "fe390b3d9c4238b8fa05db898137af793fca2cb08dc711601d582c1741c329b0", "text": "10-11. Intellectual exercises. Objective lessons interrupted by short rest periods. Nomenclature, Sense exercises.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00683", "bookId": 39863, "start": 273703, "end": 273907, "sha256": "5de085c612eee1c14c42a4603c83ed9c03481415ba3c97fa7226f7ed47c8f17b", "text": "11-11:30. Simple gymnastics: Ordinary movements done gracefully, normal position of the body, walking, marching in line, salutations, movements for attention, placing of objects gracefully.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00684", "bookId": 39863, "start": 273915, "end": 273948, "sha256": "bcc014c363841139af95eae84e184f28237dc1254625388311c4de0bddf62a3f", "text": "11:30-12. Luncheon: Short prayer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00685", "bookId": 39863, "start": 273956, "end": 273973, "sha256": "050314fab0eea64af4caa6f648ba9d0f4f2867677564ee43a63fad1ac962f35f", "text": "12-1. Free games.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00686", "bookId": 39863, "start": 273981, "end": 274255, "sha256": "35cac28e663d1d00f009c43daa33578665e74f84266c57ce7bb1faae94b45bcc", "text": "1-2. Directed games, if possible, in the open air. During this period the older children in turn go through with the exercises of practical life, cleaning the room, dusting, putting the material in order. General inspection for cleanliness: Conversation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00687", "bookId": 39863, "start": 274263, "end": 274309, "sha256": "bcaafdcf5b69e4ca477e61a4cb2f07de0e5b8e0f80eedb00015997f2e4ff0515", "text": "2-3. Manual work. Clay modelling, design, etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00688", "bookId": 39863, "start": 274317, "end": 274477, "sha256": "e50e00da62bda5c749dfb15c3b9806f7285a632cc74c21e848d7b929ae9471b0", "text": "3-4. Collective gymnastics and songs, if possible in the open air. Exercises to develop forethought: Visiting, and caring for, the plants and animals.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00689", "bookId": 39863, "start": 274481, "end": 274690, "sha256": "1c503448f4279d3997ef89aadf4e5f40090357148fa7783e25cf5e30aa23b2bf", "text": "As soon as a school is established, the question of schedule arises. This must be considered from two points of view; the length of the school-day and the distribution of study and of the activities of life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00690", "bookId": 39863, "start": 274694, "end": 275700, "sha256": "a48e9a7f09566cc60a5af41af3fd9f47ddfd31911ee4512e98ac78b06402cef2", "text": "I shall begin by affirming that in the \"Children's Houses,\" as in the school for deficients, the hours may be very long, occupying the entire day. For poor children, and especially for the \"Children's Houses\" annexed to workingmen's tenements, I should advise that the school-day should be from nine in the morning to five in the evening in winter, and from eight to six in summer. These long hours are necessary, if we are to follow a directed line of action which shall be helpful to the growth of the child. It goes without saying, that in the case of little children such a long school-day should be interrupted by at least an hour's rest in bed. And here lies the great practical difficulty. At present we must allow our little ones to sleep in their seats in a wretched position, but I foresee a time, not distant, when we shall be able to have a quiet, darkened room where the children may sleep in low-swung hammocks. I should like still better to have this nap taken in the open air.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00691", "bookId": 39863, "start": 275704, "end": 275870, "sha256": "790ff786a28ca5367378d3251e05a7ff584d9e2edfaac57ea8c8788c7ec61275", "text": "In the \"Children's Houses\" in Rome we send the little ones to their own apartments for the nap, as this can be done without their having to go out into the streets.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00692", "bookId": 39863, "start": 275874, "end": 276172, "sha256": "0270f99300096ecf4f472dac47e50c463fed697df40e4d1514a04bd9db169019", "text": "It must be observed that these long hours include not only the nap, but the luncheon. This must be considered in such schools as the \"Children's Houses,\" whose aim is to help and to direct the growth of children in such an important period of development as that from three to six years of age.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00693", "bookId": 39863, "start": 276176, "end": 276347, "sha256": "0ca2fbcc1a7f0e2210f3abfdccad68397620ee46c58c5da116c0138930efe433", "text": "The \"Children's House\" is a garden of child culture, and we most certainly do not keep the children for so many hours in school with the idea of making students of them!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00694", "bookId": 39863, "start": 276351, "end": 276982, "sha256": "99c292cf8821bd7e35f225017adb517cc19c373e1b6855ec30338c87aba8a702", "text": "The first step which we must take in our method is to _call_ to the pupil. We call now to his attention, now to his interior life, now to the life he leads with others. Making a comparison which must not be taken in a literal sense,--it is necessary to proceed as in experimental psychology or anthropology when one makes an experiment,--that is, after having prepared the instrument (to which in this case the environment may correspond) we prepare the subject. Considering the method as a whole, we must begin our work by preparing the child for the forms of social life, and we must attract his attention to these forms.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00695", "bookId": 39863, "start": 276986, "end": 277538, "sha256": "5a5b3988816427c97a494b3b70085d4449dc816f1638e85b6005bcfad8243e8c", "text": "In the schedule which we outlined when we established the first \"Children's House,\" but which we have never followed entirely, (a sign that a schedule in which the material is distributed in arbitrary fashion is not adapted to the régime of liberty) we begin the day with a series of exercises of practical life, and I must confess that these exercises were the only part of the programme which proved thoroughly stationary. These exercises were such a success that they formed the beginning of the day in all of the \"Children's Houses.\" First:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00696", "bookId": 39863, "start": 277544, "end": 277593, "sha256": "b8718e65a3f8bfce0461d7a4fe4866c1cdece027c78bbf6c3fa0d336ce5e3836", "text": "Cleanliness. Order. Poise. Conversation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00697", "bookId": 39863, "start": 277597, "end": 278203, "sha256": "27ccfa354b5960716add5ebe8a4f881e4e3501320ab8dbec5a4254b99c705ec7", "text": "As soon as the children arrive at school we make an inspection for cleanliness. If possible, this should be carried on in the presence of the mothers, but their attention should not be called to it directly. We examine the hands, the nails, the neck, the ears, the face, the teeth; and care is given to the tidiness of the hair. If any of the garments are torn or soiled or ripped, if the buttons are lacking, or if the shoes are not clean, we call the attention of the child to this. In this way, the children become accustomed to observing themselves and take an interest in their own appearance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00698", "bookId": 39863, "start": 278207, "end": 279127, "sha256": "8891a364d92b72bb4b39e4b48e740c4d6b4fe9b01a2dcca3880cf10b8b75206c", "text": "The children in our \"Children's Houses\" are given a bath in turn, but this, of course, can not be done daily. In the class, however, the teacher, by using a little washstand with small pitchers and basins, teaches the children to take a partial bath: for example, they learn how to wash their hands and clean their nails. Indeed, sometimes we teach them how to take a foot-bath. They are shown especially how to wash their ears and eyes with great care. They are taught to brush their teeth and rinse their mouths carefully. In all of this, we call their attention to the different parts of the body which they are washing, and to the different means which we use in order to cleanse them: clear water for the eyes, soap and water for the hands, the brush for the teeth, etc. We teach the big ones to help the little ones, and, so, encourage the younger children to learn quickly to take care of themselves.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00699", "bookId": 39863, "start": 279131, "end": 280631, "sha256": "ea32c8657f3a041639d55f947cf824bc358e30fad87ee4ec4305649bffdc06a1", "text": "After this care of their persons, we put on the little aprons. The children are able to put these on themselves, or, with the help of each other. Then we begin our visit about the schoolroom. We notice if all of the various materials are in order and if they are clean. The teacher shows the children how to clean out the little corners where dust has accumulated, and shows them how to use the various objects necessary in cleaning a room,--dust-cloths, dust-brushes, little brooms, etc. All of this, when the children are allowed _to do it by themselves_, is very quickly accomplished. Then the children go each to his own place. The teacher explains to them that the normal position is for each child to be seated in his own place, in silence, with his feet together on the floor, his hands resting on the table, and his head erect. In this way she teaches them poise and equilibrium. Then she has them rise on their feet in order to sing the hymn, teaching them that in rising and sitting down it is not necessary to be noisy. In this way the children learn to move about the furniture with poise and with care. After this we have a series of exercises in which the children learn to move gracefully, to go and come, to salute each other, to lift objects carefully, to receive various objects from each other politely. The teacher calls attention with little exclamations to a child who is clean, a room which is well ordered, a class seated quietly, a graceful movement, etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00700", "bookId": 39863, "start": 280635, "end": 280878, "sha256": "d2e6a8ba163e7abe2bb1e7fec8c3a5a704550ef17d2ed5923c01cdcb7e9fb0aa", "text": "From such a starting point we proceed to the free teaching. That is, the teacher will no longer make comments to the children, directing them how to move from their seats, etc., she will limit herself to correcting the disordered movements.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00701", "bookId": 39863, "start": 280882, "end": 282710, "sha256": "b5504a3bf8ed8e13cc9bb1241d8b20a700b36c9dab38e8b3428a3a4ba27c142f", "text": "After the directress has talked in this way about the attitude of the children and the arrangement of the room, she invites the children to talk with her. She questions them concerning what they have done the day before, regulating her inquiries in such a way that the children need not report the intimate happenings of the family but their individual behaviour, their games, attitude to parents, etc. She will ask if they have been able to go up the stairs without getting them muddy, if they have spoken politely to their friends who passed, if they have helped their mothers, if they have shown in their family what they have learned at school, if they have played in the street, etc. The conversations are longer on Monday after the vacation, and on that day the children are invited to tell what they have done with the family; if they have gone away from home, whether they have eaten things not usual for children to eat, and if this is the case we urge them not to eat these things and try to teach them that they are bad for them. Such conversations as these encourage the _unfolding_ or development of language and are of great educational value, since the directress can prevent the children from recounting happenings in the house or in the neighbourhood, and can select, instead, topics which are adapted to pleasant conversation, and in this way can teach the children those things which it is desirable to talk about; that is, things with which we occupy ourselves in life, public events, or things which have happened in the different houses, perhaps, to the children themselves--as baptism, birthday parties, any of which may serve for occasional conversation. Things of this sort will encourage children to describe, themselves. After this morning talk we pass to the various lessons.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00702", "bookId": 39863, "start": 282720, "end": 282732, "sha256": "8380750c0744b7196b7a4e849b1797fc07e138b64ac7f67b106df6b5ea64d238", "text": "CHAPTER VIII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00703", "bookId": 39863, "start": 282736, "end": 282763, "sha256": "b6b2841a8153481c6d26837bb58757484e4edccca159e08fb6090aa565da6a29", "text": "REFECTION--THE CHILD'S DIET", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00704", "bookId": 39863, "start": 282769, "end": 282876, "sha256": "e7c218ac3c37881034ddbe41ed5baa608a6fddeb8bc21a69a3f03320d7c97591", "text": "In connection with the exercises of practical life, it may be fitting to consider the matter of refection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00705", "bookId": 39863, "start": 282880, "end": 283817, "sha256": "11cb67292d87868a1c76be7d0f2c2ca5287b86f47f9e52c81b526333440db734", "text": "In order to protect the child's development, especially in neighbourhoods where standards of child hygiene are not yet prevalent in the home, it would be well if a large part at least of the child's diet could be entrusted to the school. It is well known to-day that the diet must be adapted to the physical nature of the child; and as the medicine of children is not the medicine of adults in reduced doses, so the diet must not be that of the adult in lesser quantitative proportions. For this reason I should prefer that even in the \"Children's Houses\" which are situated in tenements and from which little ones, being at home, can go up to eat with the family, school refection should be instituted. Moreover, even in the case of rich children, school refection would always be advisable until a scientific course in cooking shall have introduced into the wealthier families the habit of specialising in children's food.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00706", "bookId": 39863, "start": 283821, "end": 284016, "sha256": "31bdb0d3d11a7c882d0a48ca4331978b28c00e9f3a706bb87ef11accee91fb13", "text": "The diet of little children must be rich in fats and sugar: the first for reserve matter and the second for plastic tissue. In fact, sugar is a stimulant to tissues in the process of formation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00707", "bookId": 39863, "start": 284020, "end": 284289, "sha256": "56169fd2c79b116eed37077025c5f23daa6effa28a8570fac019b9cb6de082fa", "text": "As for the _form_ of preparation, it is well that the alimentary substances should always be minced, because the child has not yet the capacity for completely masticating the food, and his stomach is still incapable of fulfilling the function of mincing food matter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00708", "bookId": 39863, "start": 284293, "end": 284406, "sha256": "2268c9e22682e21c060fc3b719db7bcd9332d9cd1355b79375533c428f8bff1e", "text": "Consequently, soups, purées, and meat balls, should constitute the ordinary form of dish for the child's table.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00709", "bookId": 39863, "start": 284410, "end": 284730, "sha256": "13980283cfae3693f258c14b58cd179ff5cacc19f3df49ceca1ebda0be29773f", "text": "The nitrogenous diet for a child from two or three years of age ought to be constituted chiefly of milk and eggs, but after the second year broths are also to be recommended. After three years and a half meat can be given; or, in the case of poor children, vegetables. Fruits are also to be recommended for children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00710", "bookId": 39863, "start": 284734, "end": 284814, "sha256": "676e7429e37894e054fa3fb15b4ecf32f32a1e36cff981142867f8c6fa485c32", "text": "Perhaps a detailed summary on child diet may be useful, especially for mothers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00711", "bookId": 39863, "start": 284818, "end": 285689, "sha256": "9eec83163733afaa21a00f5da6505285134c54fb9d5148271a632ffa14836191", "text": "_Method of Preparing Broth for Little Children._ (Age three to six; after that the child may use the common broth of the family.) The quantity of meat should correspond to 1 gramme for every cubic centimetre of broth and should be put in cold water. No aromatic herbs should be used, the only wholesome condiment being salt. The meat should be left to boil for two hours. Instead of removing the grease from the broth it is well to add butter to it, or, in the case of the poor, a spoonful of olive oil; but substitutes for butter, such as margerine, etc., should never be used. The broth must be prepared _fresh_; it would be well, therefore, to put the meat on the fire two hours before the meal, because as soon as broth is cool there begins to take place a separation of chemical substances, which are injurious to the child and may easily cause diarrhea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00712", "bookId": 39863, "start": 285693, "end": 286130, "sha256": "a8e19c09db0c5647f6d997d60f770d4adf25e46b4a455540178930c8272b6fd7", "text": "_Soups._ A very simple soup, and one to be highly recommended for children, is bread boiled in salt water or in broth and abundantly seasoned with oil. This is the classic soup of poor children and an excellent means of nutrition. Very like this, is the soup which consists of little cubes of bread toasted in butter and allowed to soak in the broth which is itself fat with butter. Soups of grated bread also belong in this class.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00713", "bookId": 39863, "start": 286134, "end": 286328, "sha256": "5489dbedb046848207cbc9bb58ac0e1ac645270a55839d04e3993594d1be57db", "text": "Pastine,[10] especially the glutinous pastine, which are of the same nature, are undoubtedly superior to the others for digestibility, but are accessible only to the privileged social classes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00714", "bookId": 39863, "start": 286334, "end": 286389, "sha256": "a87ca30ba637493a684b02c80b0077380c9e176f2865ec0eeda27b0d045bbe3f", "text": "[10] Those very fine forms of vermicelli used in soups.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00715", "bookId": 39863, "start": 286393, "end": 286612, "sha256": "70a8056f2f26d095b0b2c57b0dbf48bc12c3734c9341dbc3fc491b7d71ee1596", "text": "The poor should know how much more wholesome is a broth made from remnants of stale bread, than soups of coarse spaghetti--often dry and seasoned with meat juice. Such soups are most indigestible for little children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00716", "bookId": 39863, "start": 286616, "end": 287074, "sha256": "41a7a57aa650e5c91e4da695554a0fa2ca2e3a444369f4d70151af0e6dc82162", "text": "Excellent soups are those consisting of purées of vegetables (beans, peas, lentils). To-day one may find in the shops dried vegetables especially adapted for this sort of soups. Boiled in salt water, the vegetables are peeled, put to cool and passed through a sieve (or simply compressed, if they are already peeled). Butter is then added, and the paste is stirred slowly into the boiling water, care being taken that it dissolves and leaves no lumps.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00717", "bookId": 39863, "start": 287078, "end": 287195, "sha256": "27b6fe43891925792ece8ba3e2fdc340016a14e0a34d3f2271b1baee1c5a5b3f", "text": "Vegetable soups can also be seasoned with pork. Instead of broth, sugared milk may be the base of vegetable purées.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00718", "bookId": 39863, "start": 287199, "end": 287475, "sha256": "714f0b1e0c70f2d613c8a7f00cf3b5ac7047cde65fde0189932f66dae6017893", "text": "I strongly recommend for children a soup of rice boiled in broth or milk; also cornmeal broth, provided it be seasoned with abundant butter, but not with cheese. (The porridge form--polenta, really cornmeal mush, is to be highly recommended on account of the long cooking.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00719", "bookId": 39863, "start": 287479, "end": 287617, "sha256": "70cf61c20bd7cd3927e48f88a833a7205d0b8bc3ff7668a3efa2d550bf965e33", "text": "The poorer classes who have no meat-broth can feed their children equally well with soups of boiled bread and porridge seasoned with oil.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00720", "bookId": 39863, "start": 287621, "end": 288074, "sha256": "28f878b3750ea6e0729fbe7bd8b002ceaa5b2721cbad9d613ff199690385c353", "text": "_Milk and Eggs._ These are foods which not only contain nitrogenous substances in an eminently digestible form, but they have the so-called _enzymes_ which facilitate assimilation into the tissues, and, hence, in a particular way, favour the growth of the child. And they answer so much the better this last most important condition if they are _fresh_ and _intact_, keeping in themselves, one may say, the life of the animals which produced them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00721", "bookId": 39863, "start": 288078, "end": 288371, "sha256": "d7c162c487308dec9895651a04ea065d9af7357b484b63e5ceaea51e12581383", "text": "Milk fresh from the cow, and the egg while it is still warm, are assimilable to the highest degree. Cooking, on the other hand, makes the milk and eggs lose their special conditions of assimilability and reduces the nutritive power in them to the simple power of any nitrogenous substance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00722", "bookId": 39863, "start": 288375, "end": 289029, "sha256": "e7b1f33db4c22560863ac949f7cce546556c8570e4dffea95780eac0d5bdec9d", "text": "To-day, consequently, there are being founded _special dairies for children_ where the milk produced is sterile; the rigorous cleanliness of the surroundings in which the milk-producing animals live, the sterilisation of the udder before milking, of the hands of the milker, and of the vessels which are to contain the milk, the hermetic sealing of these last, and the refrigerating bath immediately after the milking, if the milk is to be carried far,--otherwise it is well to drink it warm, procure a milk free from bacteria which, therefore, has no need of being sterilised by boiling, and which preserves intact its natural nutritive powers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00723", "bookId": 39863, "start": 289033, "end": 289353, "sha256": "9ac985b3d1c99ae39f505c7e2db1e9b65b8d208dff5102306f732fad9b8f4aec", "text": "As much may be said of eggs; the best way of feeding them to a child is to take them still warm from the hen and have him eat them just as they are, and then digest them in the open air. But where this is not practicable, eggs must be chosen fresh, and barely heated in water, that is to say, prepared _à la coque_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00724", "bookId": 39863, "start": 289357, "end": 289604, "sha256": "2b3cc3f792766e18004cb199e75e3e52266417e00eb9a1b12f07fdb46b35ad70", "text": "All other forms of preparation, milk-soup, omelettes, and so forth, do, to be sure, make of milk and eggs an excellent food, more to be recommended than others; but they take away the specific properties of assimilation which characterise them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00725", "bookId": 39863, "start": 289608, "end": 290107, "sha256": "c1f9d586d6b5b297f631bfdb41f0fd8cc36c2b19524819656ab17d21a0648dd5", "text": "_Meat._ All meats are not adapted to children, and even their preparation must differ according to the age of the child. Thus, for example, children from three to five years of age ought to eat only more or less finely-ground meats, whereas at the age of five children are capable of grinding meat completely by mastication; at that time it is well to _teach the child accurately how to masticate_ because he has a tendency to swallow food quickly, which may produce indigestion and diarrhea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00726", "bookId": 39863, "start": 290111, "end": 290368, "sha256": "d4d1bffb8a9d091ad4f7f07ad798e3f6fc682eb7a3a37b205354e6b693fa6987", "text": "This is another reason why school-refection in the \"Children's Houses\" would be a very serviceable as well as convenient institution, as the whole diet of the child could then be rationally cared for in connection with the educative system of the Houses.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00727", "bookId": 39863, "start": 290372, "end": 290533, "sha256": "d42a673c008caa7b06e55ab0aa82ca551b087cbf12823d33775bb12233be10ec", "text": "The meats most adapted to children are so-called white meats, that is, in the first place, chicken, then veal; also the light flesh of fish, (sole, pike, cod).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00728", "bookId": 39863, "start": 290537, "end": 290822, "sha256": "994b7f4c321a90040b956899e0648ae171180be1d08dbf292ec53e5cb78c9d23", "text": "After the age of four, filet of beef may also be introduced into the diet, but never heavy and fat meats like that of the pig, the capon, the eel, the tunny, etc., which are to be _absolutely excluded_ along with mollusks and crustaceans, (oysters, lobsters), from the child's diet.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00729", "bookId": 39863, "start": 290826, "end": 291089, "sha256": "e11c02864db2f070dfa9ec48a53404a54de5532a43a35b941e04d9f1868accf4", "text": "Croquettes made of finely ground meat, grated bread, milk, and beaten eggs, and fried in butter, are the most wholesome preparation. Another excellent preparation is to mould into balls the grated meat, with sweet fruit-preserve, and eggs beaten up with sugar.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00730", "bookId": 39863, "start": 291093, "end": 291205, "sha256": "3d66d8a2e22087206a17c6eb7093725d20f3eddf9eca9a05d4aa57e3eac31de1", "text": "At the age of five, the child may be given breast of roast fowl, and occasionally veal cutlet or filet of beef.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00731", "bookId": 39863, "start": 291209, "end": 291372, "sha256": "04f502117339fd13838872429075efec555fe17866d2bc1db4993698d15b9463", "text": "Boiled meat must never be given to the child, because meat is deprived of many stimulating and even nutritive properties by boiling and rendered less digestible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00732", "bookId": 39863, "start": 291376, "end": 291555, "sha256": "62e1ee6979b79323113dbc4574d569190a9d6ea8bb8167c768b7ef83f2706f5e", "text": "_Nerve Feeding Substances._ Besides meat a child who has reached the age of four may be given fried brains and sweetbreads, to be combined, for example, with chicken croquettes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00733", "bookId": 39863, "start": 291559, "end": 291626, "sha256": "dd2b048b562083c6f8aad6ef49bb8a87ce811cf188efa1d342b1a76e3f368b21", "text": "_Milk Foods._ All cheeses are to be excluded from the child's diet.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00734", "bookId": 39863, "start": 291630, "end": 291721, "sha256": "04bc61b8cbebdd4162335745015f9cea5bc1bc9522d8a245db31a9a4193df71a", "text": "The only milk product suitable to children from three to six years of age is fresh butter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00735", "bookId": 39863, "start": 291725, "end": 292001, "sha256": "90ffd3e6862b45ae5e29c4031ec390323173bdbeb12deddb0e89010ed9f60fb1", "text": "_Custard._ Custard is also to be recommended provided it be _freshly prepared_, that is immediately before being eaten, and _with very fresh_ milk and eggs: if such conditions cannot be rigorously fulfilled, it is preferable to do without custard, which is not a necessity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00736", "bookId": 39863, "start": 292005, "end": 292425, "sha256": "76dd89ed0b499b09c83676763793317e1f0f77504edb78b3feb76758aea35bea", "text": "_Bread._ From what we have said about soups, it may be inferred that bread is an _excellent food_ for the child. It should be well selected; the crumb is not very digestible, but it can be utilised, when it is dry, to make a bread broth; but if one is to give the child simply a piece of bread to eat, it is well to offer him the crust, the end of the loaf. Bread sticks are excellent for those who can afford them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00737", "bookId": 39863, "start": 292429, "end": 292864, "sha256": "cab4a7bef5180ec389570597f1ec9baa821a270d0f61fb64e8f5e0406c556efc", "text": "Bread contains many nitrogenous substances and is very rich in starches, but is lacking in fats; and as the fundamental substances of diet are, as is well known, three in number, namely, proteids, (nitrogenous substances), starches, and fats, bread is not a complete food; it is necessary therefore to offer the child buttered bread, which constitutes a complete food and may be considered as a sufficient and complete breakfast.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00738", "bookId": 39863, "start": 292868, "end": 293135, "sha256": "1d055947b7dedcdf080de0737556e615f300cfdb1d23af5564affe336fa4ceb6", "text": "_Green Vegetables._ Children must never eat raw vegetables, such as salads and greens, but only cooked ones; indeed they are not to be highly recommended either cooked or raw, with the exception of spinach which may enter with moderation into the diet of children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00739", "bookId": 39863, "start": 293139, "end": 293252, "sha256": "9d772fea1f8199c5ec12d89d5d89b3f4ada2382247f403a16502470874707dfd", "text": "Potatoes prepared in a purée with much butter form, however, an excellent complement of nutrition for children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00740", "bookId": 39863, "start": 293256, "end": 293422, "sha256": "12cd9e181195c88cc60998af94536b0bb9de3bbc26ec95d3ba4855db8c9b3fc4", "text": "_Fruits._ Among fruits there are excellent foods for children. They too, like milk and eggs, if freshly gathered, retain a _living_ quality which aids assimilation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00741", "bookId": 39863, "start": 293426, "end": 294051, "sha256": "a37738a51bc3b6b293d3d19119174802321cbdd0cf6c50aa45096b75cb21748a", "text": "As this condition, however, is not easily attainable in cities, it is necessary to consider also the diet of fruits which are not perfectly fresh and which, therefore, should be prepared and cooked in various ways. All fruits are not to be advised for children; the chief properties to be considered are the degree of _ripeness_, the _tenderness_ and _sweetness_ of the pulp, and its _acidity_. Peaches, apricots, grapes, currants, oranges, and mandarins, in their natural state, can be given to little children with great advantage. Other fruits, such as pears, apples, plums, should be cooked or prepared in syrup.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00742", "bookId": 39863, "start": 294055, "end": 294210, "sha256": "2db38c0a3ee2914a63bfd30bc917ca23ef04f9dedbd2e71effab1e45cb3fccd0", "text": "Figs, pineapples, dates, melons, cherries, walnuts, almonds, hazelnuts, and chestnuts, are excluded for various reasons from the diet of early childhood.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00743", "bookId": 39863, "start": 294214, "end": 294418, "sha256": "a91ad5da9cacfc29ea96dd53754560f399870876542e224ee39bf12c80df8478", "text": "The preparation of fruit must consist in removing from it all indigestible parts, such as the peel, and also such parts as the child inadvertently may absorb to his detriment, as, for example, the seed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00744", "bookId": 39863, "start": 294422, "end": 294686, "sha256": "cc8b9edb8f76a369dee4a9b194e0ec71f532e2b0fd6932cd64e2df382d3fc826", "text": "Children of four or five should be taught early how carefully the seeds must be thrown away and how the fruits are peeled. Afterwards, the child so educated may be promoted to the honour of receiving a fine fruit intact, and he will know how to eat it properly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00745", "bookId": 39863, "start": 294690, "end": 294799, "sha256": "8625dc82e94b1229f30ab32d0e87437b5d371dca801141b9ed8cb1a9a3d82881", "text": "The culinary preparation of fruits consists essentially in two processes: cooking, and seasoning with sugar.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00746", "bookId": 39863, "start": 294803, "end": 295128, "sha256": "a1a49de0518fcde401ca7eda1f44eaf56374455428cf5706179ac5e5f92603e7", "text": "Besides simple cooking, fruits may be prepared as marmalades and jellies, which are excellent but are naturally within the reach of the wealthier classes only. While jellies and marmalades may be allowed, candied fruits,--on the other hand,--_marrons glacés_, and the like, are absolutely excluded from the child's diet.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00747", "bookId": 39863, "start": 295132, "end": 295416, "sha256": "c55df65cd1cdd2587de4f81429c943b65ff299ec31cda4a0a1787585d0fea19e", "text": "_Seasonings._ An important phase of the hygiene of child diet concerns seasonings--with a view to their rigorous limitation. As I have already indicated, sugar and some fat substances along with kitchen salt (sodium chloride) should constitute the principal part of the seasonings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00748", "bookId": 39863, "start": 295420, "end": 295600, "sha256": "c65b6c4804a5b78cd2541586828fe51b40c13d42694474688ad5fe04c442250b", "text": "To these may be added _organic acids_ (acetic acid, citric acid) that is, vinegar and lemon juice; this latter can be advantageously used on fish, on croquettes, on spinach, etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00749", "bookId": 39863, "start": 295604, "end": 295790, "sha256": "12610c18a7ddfe9fba38fb4741f6e4fc492a40e052d36d42634db8e17bb0e062", "text": "Other condiments suitable to little children are some aromatic vegetables like garlic and rue which disinfect the intestines and the lungs, and also have a direct anthelminthic action.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00750", "bookId": 39863, "start": 295794, "end": 295918, "sha256": "821b66332126c0a069c678b877b39b7a3040828e32e2c3b2d12c58673175634d", "text": "Spices, on the other hand, such as pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon, clove, and especially mustard, are to be absolutely abolished.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00751", "bookId": 39863, "start": 295922, "end": 296353, "sha256": "6ffe05f98c3899d43a5aff6c6e92805bbb33f68ea8094f9a4819a06d03117446", "text": "_Drinks._ The growing organism of the child is very rich in water, and, hence, needs a constant supply of moisture. Among the beverages, the best, and indeed the only one, to be unreservedly advised is pure fresh spring water. To rich children might be allowed the so-called table waters which are slightly alkaline, such as those of San Gemini, Acqua Claudia, etc., mixed with syrups, as, for example, syrup of black cherry.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00752", "bookId": 39863, "start": 296357, "end": 296721, "sha256": "439100cfa0f0cde83a8584d289f22c88704df46ffeee012b4e1e76ef7dc00156", "text": "It is now a matter of general knowledge that all fermented beverages, and those exciting to the nervous system, are injurious to children; hence, all alcoholic and caffeic beverages are absolutely eliminated from child diet. Not only liquors, but wine and beer, ought to be unknown to the child's taste, and coffee and tea should be inaccessible to childhood.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00753", "bookId": 39863, "start": 296725, "end": 297228, "sha256": "a72c994098829a6ced526bc990601627c278838123826a799c1bc61f82be7011", "text": "The deleterious action of alcohol on the child organism needs no illustration, but in a matter of such vital importance insistent repetition is never superfluous. Alcohol is a poison especially fatal to organisms in the process of formation. Not only does it arrest their total development (whence infantilism, idiocy), but also predisposes the child to nervous maladies (epilepsy, meningitis), and to maladies of the digestive organs, and metabolism (cirrhosis of the liver, dyspepsia, anæmia).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00754", "bookId": 39863, "start": 297232, "end": 297399, "sha256": "ae3c14c804d2bfbcd753cb74e6c6542ccd5804c74278a549bba0225812fd49cf", "text": "If the \"Children's Houses\" were to succeed in enlightening the people on such truths, they would be accomplishing a very lofty hygienic work for the new generations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00755", "bookId": 39863, "start": 297403, "end": 297572, "sha256": "68fd83d90c092038d1fcb5c3dff3608e80e200ccb55970168829fda87475c826", "text": "Instead of coffee, children may be given roasted and boiled barley, malt, and especially chocolate which is an excellent child food, particularly when mixed with milk.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00756", "bookId": 39863, "start": 297578, "end": 297603, "sha256": "c6c9ba6638f73862e6cc92136e2c4831a42a87585c9ec94b8ccf1486cbe6ec65", "text": "DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEALS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00757", "bookId": 39863, "start": 297607, "end": 298537, "sha256": "c8db7d12097773c4cd7feab85926f0c3f5ba38e93201569578e43a20df44b944", "text": "Another chapter of child diet concerns the distribution of the meals. Here, one principle must dominate, and must be diffused, among mothers, namely, that the children shall be kept to rigorous meal hours in order that they may enjoy good health and have excellent digestion. It is true that there prevails among the people (and it is one of the forms of maternal ignorance most fatal to children) the prejudice that children in order to grow well must be eating almost continuously, without regularity, nibbling almost habitually a crust of bread. On the contrary, the child, in view of the special delicacy of his digestive system, has more need of regular meals than the adult has. It seems to me that the \"Children's Houses\" with very prolonged programmes are, for this reason, suitable places for child culture, as they can direct the child's diet. _Outside of their regular meal hours, children should not eat._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00758", "bookId": 39863, "start": 298541, "end": 298687, "sha256": "2fcbc249974462764296ec1b34a013b1434186e3712bb6554bf6f80a015e3364", "text": "In a \"Children's House\" with a long programme there ought to be two meals, a hearty one about noon, and a light one about four in the afternoon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00759", "bookId": 39863, "start": 298691, "end": 298842, "sha256": "06e0d67334363824f8f08f3dff04d6fb696022204bc44d9c11c39ef595cd7a52", "text": "At the hearty meal, there should be soup, a meat dish, and bread, and, in the case of rich children, also fruits or custard, and butter on the bread.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00760", "bookId": 39863, "start": 298846, "end": 299540, "sha256": "31af8b3d51042d8b945a2fe33c1db1365cec1fd992e52cc80fd2a599d76b9760", "text": "At the four o'clock meal there should be prepared a light lunch, which from a simple piece of bread can range to buttered bread, and to bread accompanied by a fruit marmalade, chocolate, honey, custard, etc. Crisp crackers, biscuits, and cooked fruits, etc., might also be usefully employed. Very suitably the lunch might consist of bread soaked in milk or an egg _à la coque_ with bread sticks, or else of a simple cup of milk in which is dissolved a spoonful of Mellin's Food. I recommend Mellin's Food very highly, not only in infancy, but also much later on account of its properties of digestibility and nutrition, and on account of its flavour, which is so pleasing to children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00761", "bookId": 39863, "start": 299544, "end": 299866, "sha256": "08bf3e6f84731fe021afb06a6f4aedb3a11a7377a1c63ec3542080f760e3a315", "text": "Mellin's Food is a powder prepared from barley and wheat, and containing in a concentrated and pure state the nutritive substances proper to those cereals; the powder is slowly dissolved in hot water in the bottom of the same cup which is to be used for drinking the mixture, and very fresh milk is then poured on top.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00762", "bookId": 39863, "start": 299870, "end": 300247, "sha256": "a08e303f24b1df6b257598bb03cba41324d3905b40051ba8d3abbd5729327345", "text": "The child would take the other two meals in his own home, that is, the morning breakfast and the supper, which latter must be _very light_ for children so that shortly after they may be ready to go to bed. On these meals it would be well to give advice to mothers, urging them to help complete the hygienic work of the \"Children's Houses,\" to the profit of their children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00763", "bookId": 39863, "start": 300251, "end": 300468, "sha256": "0247f32d3946e87d9b35a7c95b8b4f6ce99c534bb2ddb5762ca7615c478af201", "text": "The morning breakfast for the rich might be milk and chocolate, or milk and extract of malt, with crackers, or, better, with toasted bread spread with butter or honey; for the poor, a cup of fresh milk, with bread.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00764", "bookId": 39863, "start": 300472, "end": 300682, "sha256": "9c6ccc87ab739465847ee4e5e0c89f91fd861ee08316e9e9a2ac731a304743b1", "text": "For the evening meal, a soup is to be advised (children should eat soups twice a day), and an egg _à la coque_ or a cup of milk; or rice soup with a base of milk, and buttered bread, with cooked fruits, etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00765", "bookId": 39863, "start": 300686, "end": 300855, "sha256": "c49a28d7c333182ddbbbe3a9180e896c864f27950644d72282dba463d3da7a6b", "text": "As for the alimentary rations to be calculated, I refer the reader to the special treatises on hygiene: although practically such calculations are of no great utility.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00766", "bookId": 39863, "start": 300861, "end": 301758, "sha256": "143667a1a42365374b003475975cfd499e9c14bbd3c8a592265c52cfc8b15662", "text": "In the \"Children's Houses,\" especially in the case of the poor, I should make extensive use of the vegetable soups and I should have cultivated in the garden plots vegetables which can be used in the diet, in order to have them plucked in their freshness, cooked, and enjoyed. I should try, possibly, to do the same for the fruits, and, by the raising of animals, to have fresh eggs and pure milk. The milking of the goats could be done directly by the larger children, after they had scrupulously washed their hands. Another important educative application which school-refection in the \"Children's Houses\" has to offer, and which concerns \"practical life,\" consists in the preparing of the table, arranging the table linen, learning its nomenclature, etc. Later, I shall show how this exercise can gradually increase in difficulty and constitute a most important didactic instrument.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00767", "bookId": 39863, "start": 301762, "end": 302135, "sha256": "d62901f649fe19a86b3ea29fe460bcf35b08772b94ae91de5eeccd21546e5ae5", "text": "It is sufficient to intimate here that it is very important to teach the children to eat with cleanliness, both with respect to themselves and with respect to their surroundings (not to soil the napkins, etc.), and to use the table implements (which, at least, for the little ones, are limited to the spoon, and for the larger children extended to the fork and knife).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00768", "bookId": 39863, "start": 302145, "end": 302155, "sha256": "fa9b748643e0af211d3ddaf98f27a06cad3b36c4490ae6a75037e488557c3a9f", "text": "CHAPTER IX", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00769", "bookId": 39863, "start": 302159, "end": 302189, "sha256": "4626093c4bb2bd0675b50bde270d36f4126900023754e322b146fca28f6a1aae", "text": "MUSCULAR EDUCATION--GYMNASTICS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00770", "bookId": 39863, "start": 302195, "end": 303879, "sha256": "fc10c2975830ff1e90cfa55cab697ac9f7593f4dc467cdf319ce71272685269b", "text": "The generally accepted idea of gymnastics is, I consider, very inadequate. In the common schools we are accustomed to describe as gymnastics a species of collective muscular discipline which has as its aim that children shall learn to follow definite ordered movements given in the form of commands. The guiding spirit in such gymnastics is coercion, and I feel that such exercises repress spontaneous movements and impose others in their place. I do not know what the psychological authority for the selection of these imposed movements is. Similar movements are used in medical gymnastics in order to restore a normal movement to a torpid muscle or to give back a normal movement to a paralysed muscle. A number of chest movements which are given in the school are advised, for example, in medicine for those who suffer from intestinal torpidity, but truly I do not well understand what office such exercises can fulfil when they are followed by squadrons of normal children. In addition to these formal gymnastics we have those which are carried on in a gymnasium, and which are very like the first steps in the training of an acrobat. However, this is not the place for criticism of the gymnastics used in our common schools. Certainly in our case we are not considering such gymnastics. Indeed, many who hear me speak of gymnastics for infant schools very plainly show disapprobation and they will disapprove more heartily when they hear me speak of a gymnasium for little children. Indeed, if the gymnastic exercises and the gymnasium were those of the common schools, no one would agree more heartily than I in the disapproval expressed by these critics.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00771", "bookId": 39863, "start": 303883, "end": 305290, "sha256": "e0e3cd51d0c6378d9796f393229a8a49e74f9ffc14b376409d7bed7ee0ff3be8", "text": "We must understand by _gymnastics_ and in general by muscular education a series of exercises tending to _aid_ the normal development of physiological movements (such as walking, breathing, speech), to protect this development, when the child shows himself backward or abnormal in any way, and to encourage in the children those movements which are useful in the achievement of the most ordinary acts of life; such as dressing, undressing, buttoning their clothes and lacing their shoes, carrying such objects as balls, cubes, etc. If there exists an age in which it is necessary to protect a child by means of a series of gymnastic exercises, between three and six years is undoubtedly the age. The special gymnastics necessary, or, better still, hygienic, in this period of life, refer chiefly to walking. A child in the general morphological growth of his body is characterised by having a torso greatly developed in comparison with the lower limbs. In the new-born child the length of the torso, from the top of the head to the curve of the groin, is equal to 68 per cent of the total length of the body. The limbs then are barely 32 per cent of the stature. During growth these relative proportions change in a most noticeable way; thus, for example, in the adult the torso is fully half of the entire stature and, according to the individual, corresponds to 51 or 52 per cent of it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00772", "bookId": 39863, "start": 305294, "end": 305649, "sha256": "b999cf6f1c5bd96b9e5310ecd5b97cf5890249f7ef02f5ac037ae1639eecff99", "text": "This morphological difference between the new-born child and the adult is bridged so slowly during growth that in the first years of the child's life the torso still remains tremendously developed as compared with the limbs. In one year the height of the torso corresponds to 65 per cent of the total stature, in two years to 63, in three years to 62.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00773", "bookId": 39863, "start": 305653, "end": 307154, "sha256": "81138113df8a5c71392be1c93c4e8851d769ea94dc7d08711a8c84d8c33bbb2d", "text": "At the age when a child enters the infant school his limbs are still very short as compared with his torso; that is, the length of his limbs barely corresponds to 38 per cent of the stature. Between the years of six and seven the proportion of the torso to the stature is from 57 to 56 per cent In such a period therefore the child not only makes a noticeable growth in height, (he measures indeed at the age of three years about 0.85 metre and at six years 1.05 metres) but, changing so greatly the relative proportions between the torso and the limbs, the latter make a most decided growth. This growth is related to the layers of cartilage which still exist at the extremity of the long bones and is related in general to the still incomplete ossification of the entire skeleton. The tender bones of the limbs must therefore sustain the weight of the torso which is then disproportionately large. We cannot, if we consider all these things, judge the manner of walking in little children by the standard set for our own equilibrium. If a child is not strong, the erect posture and walking are really sources of fatigue for him, and the long bones of the lower limbs, yielding to the weight of the body, easily become deformed and usually bowed. This is particularly the case among the badly nourished children of the poor, or among those in whom the skeleton structure, while not actually showing the presence of rickets, still seems to be slow in attaining normal ossification.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00774", "bookId": 39863, "start": 307158, "end": 308392, "sha256": "5313d208bf37427d337932580d6ec6a4e015c57a96b6492c88420bb01fa9128d", "text": "We are wrong then if we consider little children from this physical point of view as _little men_. They have, instead, characteristics and proportions that are entirely special to their age. The tendency of the child to stretch out on his back and kick his legs in the air is an expression of physical needs related to the proportions of his body. The baby loves to walk on all fours just because, like the quadruped animals, his limbs are short in comparison with his body. Instead of this, we divert these natural manifestations by foolish habits which we impose on the child. We hinder him from throwing himself on the earth, from stretching, etc., and we oblige him to walk with grown people and to keep up with them; and excuse ourselves by saying that we don't want him to become capricious and think he can do as he pleases! It is indeed a fatal error and one which has made bow-legs common among little children. It is well to enlighten the mothers on these important particulars of infant hygiene. Now we, with the gymnastics, can, and, indeed, should, help the child in his development by making our exercises correspond to the movement which he _needs to make_, and in this way save his limbs from fatigue.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00775", "bookId": 39863, "start": 308396, "end": 310510, "sha256": "2e792267266fdb4860f3de589abb010a15dc32339aeded0d4725769083734510", "text": "One very simple means for helping the child in his activity was suggested to me by my observation of the children themselves. The teacher was having the children march, leading them about the courtyard between the walls of the house and the central garden. This garden was protected by a little fence made of strong wires which were stretched in parallel lines, and were supported at intervals by wooden palings driven into the ground. Along the fence, ran a little ledge on which the children were in the habit of sitting down when they were tired of marching. In addition to this, I always brought out little chairs, which I placed against the wall. Every now and then, the little ones of two and one half and three years would drop out from the marching line, evidently being tired; but instead of sitting down on the ground or on the chairs, they would run to the little fence and catching hold of the upper line of wire they would walk along sideways, resting their feet on the wire which was nearest the ground. That this gave them a great deal of pleasure, was evident from the way in which they laughed as, with bright eyes, they watched their larger companions who were marching about. The truth was that these little ones had solved one of my problems in a very practical way. They moved themselves along on the wires, pulling their bodies sideways. In this way, they moved their limbs _without throwing upon them the weight of the body_. Such an apparatus placed in the gymnasium for little children, will enable them to fulfil the need which they feel of throwing themselves on the floor and kicking their legs in the air; for the movements they make on the little fence correspond even more correctly to the same physical needs. Therefore, I advise the manufacture of this little fence for use in children's playrooms. It can be constructed of parallel bars supported by upright poles firmly fixed on to the heavy base. The children, while playing upon this little fence, will be able to look out and see with, great pleasure what the other children are doing in the room.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00776", "bookId": 39863, "start": 310514, "end": 310862, "sha256": "eb103c76d33f82fac6e5d0f6326680e09ea672f5ef2ba06974945df73b4ba8ab", "text": "Other pieces of gymnasium apparatus can be constructed upon the same plan, that is, having as their aim the furnishing of the child with a proper outlet for his individual activities. One of the things invented by Séguin to develop the lower limbs, and especially to strengthen the articulation of the knee in weak children, is the trampolino.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00777", "bookId": 39863, "start": 310866, "end": 312697, "sha256": "549515e5d838c3fbd80c95969e5e43fd9e2af3a27b11e158b23d59ac6c1ea6d0", "text": "This is a kind of swing, having a very wide seat, so wide, indeed, that the limbs of the child stretched out in front of him are entirely supported by this broad seat. This little chair is hung from strong cords and is left swinging. The wall in front of it is reinforced by a strong smooth board against which the children press their feet in pushing themselves back and forth in the swing. The child seated in this swing exercises his limbs, pressing his feet against the board each time that he swings toward the wall. The board against which he swings may be erected at some distance from the wall, and may be so low that the child can see over the top of it. As he swings in this chair, he strengthens his limbs through the species of gymnastics limited to the lower limbs, and this he does without resting the weight of his body upon his legs. Other pieces of gymnastic apparatus, less important from the hygienic standpoint, but very amusing to the children, may be described briefly. \"The Pendulum,\" a game which may be played by one child or by several, consists of rubber balls hung on a cord. The children seated in their little armchairs strike the ball, sending it from one to another. It is an exercise for the arms and for the spinal column, and is at the same time an exercise in which the eye gauges the distance of bodies in motion. Another game, called \"The Cord,\" consists of a line, drawn on the earth with chalk, along which the children walk. This helps to order and to direct their free movements in a given direction. A game like this is very pretty, indeed, after a snowfall, when the little path made by the children shows the regularity of the line they have traced, and encourages a pleasant war among them in which each one tries to make his line in the snow the most regular.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00778", "bookId": 39863, "start": 312701, "end": 313428, "sha256": "c0efebf40a2626f06ebdd8162498f6b891a42495c864f96381e1c72f4e6368f2", "text": "The little round stair is another game, in which a little wooden stairway, built on the plan of the spiral, is used. This little stair is enclosed on one side by a balustrade on which the children can rest their hands. The other side is open and circular. This serves to habituate the children to climbing and descending stairs without holding on to the balustrade, and teaches them to move up and down with movements that are poised and self-controlled. The steps must be very low and very shallow. Going up and down on this little stair, the very smallest children can learn movements which they cannot follow properly in climbing ordinary stairways in their homes, in which the proportions are arranged for adults.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00779", "bookId": 39863, "start": 313432, "end": 313760, "sha256": "a22fc3fd65439a7b1c4fb7ef27a898e8690ca08db9feadc262c632b178ebe4bc", "text": "Another piece of gymnasium apparatus, adapted for the broad-jump, consists of a low wooden platform painted with various lines, by means of which the distance jumped may be gauged. There is a small flight of stairs which may be used in connection with this plane, making it possible to practise and to measure the high-jump.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00780", "bookId": 39863, "start": 313764, "end": 314730, "sha256": "78d56eeda1a1030cfb28298aef211eb9aa746fa90580295ae235d6f1a2150b21", "text": "I also believe that rope-ladders may be so adapted as to be suitable for use in schools for little children. Used in pairs, these would, it seems to me, help to perfect a great variety of movements, such as kneeling, rising, bending forward and backward, etc.; movements which the child, without the help of the ladder, could not make without losing his equilibrium. All of these movements are useful in that they help the child to acquire, first, equilibrium, then that co-ordination of the muscular movements necessary to him. They are, moreover, helpful in that they increase the chest expansion. Besides all this, such movements as I have described, reinforce the _hand_ in its most primitive and essential action, _prehension_;--the movement which necessarily precedes all the finer movements of the hand itself. Such apparatus was successfully used by Séguin to develop the general strength and the movement of prehension in his idiotic children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00781", "bookId": 39863, "start": 314734, "end": 314973, "sha256": "ca719878a390f76668fd644ec3b73892946b2baec3aa3c0f5e51faee6c559971", "text": "The gymnasium, therefore, offers a field for the most varied exercises, tending to establish the co-ordination of the movements common in life, such as walking, throwing objects, going up and down stairs, kneeling, rising, jumping, etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00782", "bookId": 39863, "start": 314979, "end": 314994, "sha256": "8be2663c6f792f5743f9f96c4097b050a6260c69fe4cbaf01fc39dff504386a2", "text": "FREE GYMNASTICS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00783", "bookId": 39863, "start": 314998, "end": 315806, "sha256": "04f6408ef039ab82ed928a3dbdd57c5b07842486aa63510e8768ed5b677f99b1", "text": "By free gymnastics I mean those which are given without any apparatus. Such gymnastics are divided into two classes: directed and required exercises, and free games. In the first class, I recommend the march, the object of which should be not rhythm, but poise only. When the march is introduced, it is well to accompany it with the singing of little songs, because this furnishes a breathing exercise very helpful in strengthening the lungs. Besides the march, many of the games of Froebel which are accompanied by songs, very similar to those which the children constantly play among themselves, may be used. In the free games, we furnish the children with balls, hoops, bean bags and kites. The trees readily offer themselves to the game of \"Pussy wants a corner,\" and many simple games of tag.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00784", "bookId": 39863, "start": 315810, "end": 315882, "sha256": "eea67edd1d8aa543d2a22e252da5eb58ac000598e424b328851f523b144d03c1", "text": "[Illustration: DR. MONTESSORI IN THE GARDEN OF THE SCHOOL AT VIA GIUSTI]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00785", "bookId": 39863, "start": 315886, "end": 316053, "sha256": "637e7824047efbe6fb8105c601dbb7ca26c1bf11302cffc24448baaa50b79727", "text": "[Illustration: (A) CHILDREN THREE AND ONE-HALF AND FOUR YEARS OLD LEARNING TO BUTTON AND LACE. (B) RIBBON AND BUTTON FRAMES. These are among the earliest exercises.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00786", "bookId": 39863, "start": 316059, "end": 316081, "sha256": "010392f6fa73b1806e435a0b72c131f8bc3c47f6714454166fbb484b942507cc", "text": "EDUCATIONAL GYMNASTICS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00787", "bookId": 39863, "start": 316085, "end": 317472, "sha256": "2e8d244901a4a3c5f9898159770aa43de042504002b1dc97db74997d80721dc1", "text": "Under the name of educational gymnastics, we include two series of exercises which really form a part of other school work, as, for instance, the cultivation of the earth, the care of plants and animals (watering and pruning the plants, carrying the grain to the chickens, etc.). These activities call for various co-ordinated movements, as, for example, in hoeing, in getting down to plant things, and in rising; the trips which children make in carrying objects to some definite place, and in making a definite practical use of these objects, offer a field for very valuable gymnastic exercises. The scattering of minute objects, such as corn and oats, is valuable, and also the exercise of opening and closing the gates to the garden and to the chicken yard. All of these exercises are the more valuable in that they are carried on in the open air. Among our educational gymnastics we have exercises to develop co-ordinated movements of the fingers, and these prepare the children for the exercises of practical life, such as dressing and undressing themselves. The didactic material which forms the basis of these last named gymnastics is very simple, consisting of wooden frames, each mounted with two pieces of cloth, or leather, to be fastened and unfastened by means of the buttons and buttonholes, hooks and eyes, eyelets and lacings, or automatic fastenings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00788", "bookId": 39863, "start": 317476, "end": 317628, "sha256": "8761ed00dcf23679f6832dec3d5aab1f70f932233a934254f607c8bfa42f41bf", "text": "In our \"Children's Houses\" we use ten of these frames, so constructed that each one of them illustrates a different process in dressing or undressing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00789", "bookId": 39863, "start": 317632, "end": 317763, "sha256": "93da4a66bc2f754ec5688ba6a2efc3ffa074bf4c0d0edcb13bb7f8b7b4646afe", "text": "One: mounted with heavy pieces of wool which are to be fastened by means of large bone buttons--corresponds to children's dresses.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00790", "bookId": 39863, "start": 317767, "end": 317872, "sha256": "de52aac8c9a35da7c951615fc0d2845f73fbf92e7c1b8509416ee3d05a4b0a78", "text": "Two: mounted with pieces of linen to be fastened with pearl buttons--corresponds to a child's underwear.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00791", "bookId": 39863, "start": 317876, "end": 318034, "sha256": "b18b8250470b392740f25657ca30ee2417d3b53ce8af9e3dc48adc17aa7a2f5f", "text": "Three: leather pieces mounted with shoe buttons--in fastening these leather pieces the children make use of the button-hook--corresponds to a child's shoes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00792", "bookId": 39863, "start": 318038, "end": 318123, "sha256": "d7b8d7e75093f139673a653cf8b800799664021252c34a9b595e004cd854411c", "text": "Four: pieces of leather which are laced together by means of eyelets and shoe laces.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00793", "bookId": 39863, "start": 318127, "end": 318279, "sha256": "2afa4d69a6fce1d2d44a966aee35e06de64fdc9bc6e1bcdabe96573989171dda", "text": "Five: two pieces of cloth to be laced together. (These pieces are boned and therefore correspond to the little bodices worn by the peasants in Italy.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00794", "bookId": 39863, "start": 318283, "end": 318357, "sha256": "ae800600c7659fc658696a042a6dc265e2ee28241e3442f7076cacfacc90351b", "text": "Six: two pieces of stuff to be fastened by means of large hooks and eyes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00795", "bookId": 39863, "start": 318361, "end": 318448, "sha256": "ae5b2567bb124baaf52edf20e6afa6c1b4cd1e54e7db20b0aaea0790b519ba4b", "text": "Seven: two pieces of linen, to be fastened by means of small hooks and worked eyelets.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00796", "bookId": 39863, "start": 318452, "end": 318560, "sha256": "41d9cce9ff58cd5661ca79af763002473899e9c4e5128312e8e87d92c1d106ba", "text": "Eight: two pieces of cloth to be fastened by means of broad coloured ribbon, which is to be tied into bows.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00797", "bookId": 39863, "start": 318564, "end": 318694, "sha256": "54283bc8b5d0f9da75672886729d3746a45f0cf855babec3622b6ab4a21969bd", "text": "Nine: pieces of cloth laced together with round cord, on the same order as the fastenings on many of the children's underclothes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00798", "bookId": 39863, "start": 318698, "end": 318782, "sha256": "f9d169013438071a16a80729d7f01be109915d9031ef7d48073d76e2fc09e759", "text": "Ten: two pieces to be fastened together by means of the modern automatic fasteners.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00799", "bookId": 39863, "start": 318786, "end": 319859, "sha256": "9e52f546cf9c97d05dfe8cf8bc591d77cdae29fc589ff78e00a8bc4b25d2a6f2", "text": "Through the use of such toys, the children can practically analyse the movements necessary in dressing and undressing themselves, and can prepare themselves separately for these movements by means of repeated exercises. We succeed in teaching the child to dress himself without his really being aware of it, that is, without any direct or arbitrary command we have led him to this mastery. As soon as he knows how to do it, he begins to wish to make a practical application of his ability, and very soon he will be proud of being sufficient unto himself, and will take delight in an ability which makes his body free from the hands of others, and which leads him the sooner to that modesty and activity which develops far too late in those children of to-day who are deprived of this most practical form of education. The fastening games are very pleasing to the little ones, and often when ten of them are using the frames at the same time, seated around the little tables, quiet and serious, they give the impression of a workroom filled with tiny workers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00800", "bookId": 39863, "start": 319865, "end": 319887, "sha256": "07f44452d58e765a75748a5bca079160b555b0317cae3566f552ef8ec47fb0e8", "text": "RESPIRATORY GYMNASTICS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00801", "bookId": 39863, "start": 319891, "end": 320409, "sha256": "b64f30d0ce74c3d3b98cb636cce8489278ee92e29f6b8bfd0d68797360a42cef", "text": "The purpose of these gymnastics is to regulate the respiratory movements: in other words, to teach the _art of breathing_. They also help greatly the correct formation of the child's _speech habits_. The exercises which we use were introduced into school literature by Professor Sala. We have chosen the simple exercises described by him in his treatise, \"Cura della Balbuzie.\"[11] These include a number of respiratory gymnastic exercises with which are co-ordinated muscular exercises. I give here an example:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00802", "bookId": 39863, "start": 320415, "end": 320523, "sha256": "4220a6ab76c1677b1df6d34792e9fcb08f57f312643776ff7291424a203d6875", "text": "[11] \"Cura della Balbuzie e del Difetti di Pronunzia.\" Sala. Ulrico Hoepli, publisher, Milan, Italy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00803", "bookId": 39863, "start": 320527, "end": 320576, "sha256": "05d75a4661f72acc7ce91564724261d58abb838f6b193eab0d637e0980bcfb36", "text": "Mouth wide open, tongue held flat, hands on hips.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00804", "bookId": 39863, "start": 320580, "end": 320647, "sha256": "a6a95959a0b9da5044e2f280c96ce4b8c1a69c60bc84a3dec10afa6b1c35dbaf", "text": "Breathe deeply, lift the shoulders rapidly, lowering the diaphragm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00805", "bookId": 39863, "start": 320651, "end": 320729, "sha256": "446a1d191f39ab23971d14c631ec39f1e19f77a421eeb3b481b5fc9df010d101", "text": "Expel breath slowly, lowering shoulders slowly, returning to normal position.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00806", "bookId": 39863, "start": 320733, "end": 320843, "sha256": "1848b2c8ff6cc9e797219bc50cba45bf136ca8cb6abda616d6125c6f57f91c4c", "text": "The directress should select or devise simple breathing exercises, to be accompanied with arm movements, etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00807", "bookId": 39863, "start": 320847, "end": 321165, "sha256": "fa092960024d5cce7f1d41e50133b95cb4c6257eba87ba4206b3252d96d38100", "text": "Exercises for proper use of _lips, tongue, and teeth_. These exercises teach the movements of the lips and tongue in the pronunciation of certain fundamental consonant sounds, reinforcing the muscles, and making them ready for these movements. These gymnastics prepare the organs used in the formation of language.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00808", "bookId": 39863, "start": 321169, "end": 322208, "sha256": "07241da33eda18553be33dfd618094fabf14cd7f1e1fd3380fa9285b8260b0eb", "text": "In presenting such exercises we begin with the entire class, but finish by testing the children individually. We ask the child to pronounce, _aloud_ and with _force_, the first syllable of a word. When all are intent upon putting the greatest possible force into this, we call each child separately, and have him repeat the word. If he pronounces it correctly, we send him to the right, if badly, to the left. Those who have difficulty with the word, are then encouraged to repeat it several times. The teacher takes note of the age of the child, and of the particular defects in the movements of the muscles used in articulating. She may then touch the muscles which should be used, tapping, for example, the curve of the lips, or even taking hold of the child's tongue and placing it against the dental arch, or showing him clearly the movements which she herself makes when pronouncing the syllable. She must seek in every way to aid the normal development of the movements necessary to the exact articulation of the word.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00809", "bookId": 39863, "start": 322212, "end": 322347, "sha256": "d5bfe0893c5593e8fbd4c2f6838f635ac0d59c7e841181cc8227a254be03ee24", "text": "As the basis for these gymnastics we have the children pronounce the words: _pane_--_fame_--_tana_--_zina_--_stella_--_rana_--_gatto_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00810", "bookId": 39863, "start": 322351, "end": 322516, "sha256": "760969fb4979e08573711c4f99a1b2c7e3395c2f7d6d721ee9e809d4f94d7913", "text": "In the pronunciation of _pane_, the child should repeat with much force, _pa_, _pa_, _pa_, thus exercising the muscles producing orbicular contraction of the lips.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00811", "bookId": 39863, "start": 322520, "end": 322640, "sha256": "e97e21d53796f3d40818e98d3da4bb703567cf9b4bb4bd15ada22ffbc9353d4b", "text": "In _fame_ repeating _fa_, _fa_, _fa_, the child exercises the movements of the lower lip against the upper dental arch.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00812", "bookId": 39863, "start": 322644, "end": 322774, "sha256": "cc6643952425db6270bc27661df18820e7a534f11a2223a6cdd5a8aaed2b01f2", "text": "In _tana_, having him repeat _ta_, _ta_, _ta_, we cause him to exercise the movement of the tongue against the upper dental arch.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00813", "bookId": 39863, "start": 322778, "end": 322849, "sha256": "4331fc7b5262e49a5c18cf5c03fe19f0bf8d51a991580f9055a68a8b5e4f484e", "text": "In _zina_, we provoke the contact of the upper and lower dental arches.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00814", "bookId": 39863, "start": 322853, "end": 323021, "sha256": "54d5c4dba9e1d8b5b2837747ae8866c3c1d3248564cb29a245fb5aa62cae2aa2", "text": "With _stella_ we have him repeat the whole word, bringing the teeth together, and holding the tongue (which has a tendency to protrude) close against the upper teeth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00815", "bookId": 39863, "start": 323025, "end": 323177, "sha256": "49c464d3592e5d6c69d23e6b5918bc9a32dbc47ea602f9fe8e00ac27c7753506", "text": "In _rana_ we have him repeat _r_, _r_, _r_, thus exercising the tongue in the vibratory movements. In _gatto_ we hold the voice upon the guttural _g_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00816", "bookId": 39863, "start": 323187, "end": 323196, "sha256": "2aec8f14f9ce6ed01796744ac8095e5050720b6d5754560ecfd3da5a09c0c1b6", "text": "CHAPTER X", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00817", "bookId": 39863, "start": 323200, "end": 323271, "sha256": "5df7b59c0605660b312bfa93c147325fdb4a05844e3a34ba395a2d68c9178827", "text": "NATURE IN EDUCATION--AGRICULTURAL LABOUR: CULTURE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00818", "bookId": 39863, "start": 323277, "end": 323574, "sha256": "bbeeaff069994a90af418c29594c7a32e0a6ec839cb5696a0f827e8be176e3cd", "text": "Itard, in a remarkable pedagogical treatise: \"_Des premiers développements du jeune sauvage de l'Aveyron_,\" expounds in detail the drama of a curious, gigantic education which attempted to overcome the psychical darkness of an idiot and at the same time to snatch a man from primitive nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00819", "bookId": 39863, "start": 323578, "end": 324072, "sha256": "6f1ddc4343ffb58264b071de9529002940ec933a2571429ec739d02d61265e78", "text": "The savage of the Aveyron was a child who had grown up in the natural state: criminally abandoned in a forest where his assassins thought they had killed him, he was cured by natural means, and had survived for many years free and naked in the wilderness, until, captured by hunters, he entered into the civilised life of Paris, showing by the scars with which his miserable body was furrowed the story of the struggles with wild beasts, and of lacerations caused by falling from heights.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00820", "bookId": 39863, "start": 324076, "end": 324229, "sha256": "898e51a32efff275548253d1e37be7cec4c83ce39894d1cf6c9d449ab0145a95", "text": "The child was, and always remained, mute; his mentality, diagnosed by Pinel as idiotic, remained forever almost inaccessible to intellectual education.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00821", "bookId": 39863, "start": 324233, "end": 325036, "sha256": "ce9824020facc758774493dced7f8ab578111279f52e2a6d53c863b0d60ebaec", "text": "To this child are due the first steps of positive pedagogy. Itard, a physician of deaf-mutes and a student of philosophy, undertook his education with methods which he had already partially tried for treating defective hearing--believing at the beginning that the savage showed characteristics of inferiority, not because he was a degraded organism, but for want of education. He was a follower of the principles of Helvetius: \"Man is nothing without the work of man\"; that is, he believed in the omnipotence of education, and was opposed to the pedagogical principle which Rousseau had promulgated before the Revolution: \"_Tout est bien sortant des mains de l'Auteur des choses, tout dégénère dans les mains de l'homme_,\"--that is, the work of education is deleterious and spoils the man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00822", "bookId": 39863, "start": 325040, "end": 325376, "sha256": "3cf9c83e2d0edb0dd808352c29fa6e4b84b07188df694682256489c0f1cbe3b4", "text": "The savage, according to the erroneous first impression of Itard, demonstrated experimentally by his characteristics the truth of the former assertion. When, however, he perceived, with the help of Pinel, that he had to do with an idiot, his philosophical theories gave place to the most admirable, tentative, experimental pedagogy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00823", "bookId": 39863, "start": 325380, "end": 326452, "sha256": "872deaa1b86e9c66b65e3c02c06346b07f717190d83ae2e31a77a86f7f6bb41f", "text": "Itard divides the education of the savage into two parts. In the first, he endeavours to lead the child from natural life to social life; and in the second, he attempts the intellectual education of the idiot. The child in his life of frightful abandonment had found one happiness; he had, so to speak, immersed himself in, and unified himself with, nature, taking delight in it--rains, snow, tempests, boundless space, had been his sources of entertainment, his companions, his love. Civil life is a renunciation of all this: but it is an acquisition beneficent to human progress. In Itard's pages we find vividly described the moral work which led the savage to civilisation, multiplying the needs of the child and surrounding him with loving care. Here is a sample of the admirably patient work of Itard as _observer of the spontaneous expressions_ of his pupil: it can most truly give teachers, who are to prepare for the experimental method, an idea of the patience and the self-abnegation necessary in dealing with a phenomenon which is to be observed:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00824", "bookId": 39863, "start": 326456, "end": 327070, "sha256": "6066c1840672e78ce3a4090fde319f5dfaf73cb0683dacafa61126e9e2f35c83", "text": "\"When, for example, he was observed within his room, he was seen to be lounging with oppressive monotony, continually directing his eyes toward the window, with his gaze wandering in the void. If on such occasions a sudden storm blew up, if the sun, hidden behind the clouds, peeped out of a sudden, lighting the atmosphere brilliantly, there were loud bursts of laughter and almost convulsive joy. Sometimes, instead of these expressions of joy, there was a sort of frenzied rage: he would twist his arms, put his clenched fists upon his eyes, gnashing his teeth and becoming dangerous to those about him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00825", "bookId": 39863, "start": 327074, "end": 327504, "sha256": "e7f53fac3da1d39888d9d6be9745ae5386e493d95c93d35d799bdc7c58ed53ca", "text": "\"One morning, when the snow fell abundantly while he was still in bed, he uttered a cry of joy upon awaking, leaped from his bed, ran to the window and then to the door; went and came impatiently from one to the other; then ran out undressed as he was into the garden. There, giving vent to his joy with the shrillest of cries, he ran, rolled in the snow, gathered it up in handfuls, and swallowed it with incredible avidity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00826", "bookId": 39863, "start": 327508, "end": 327958, "sha256": "89bca04d1a8614dbcebc669e9d30ecc99994287140738a47f6b28d679eee7027", "text": "\"But his sensations at sight of the great spectacles of nature did not always manifest themselves in such a vivid and noisy manner. It is worthy of note that in certain cases they were expressed by a quiet regret and melancholy. Thus, it was when the rigour of the weather drove everybody from the garden that the savage of the Aveyron chose to go there. He would walk around it several times and finally sit down upon the edge of the fountain.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00827", "bookId": 39863, "start": 327962, "end": 328325, "sha256": "4accd4bf67545f6538320c93bd05c8237c4ab6fb524ec035d9e6f96045fa659e", "text": "\"I have often stopped for _whole hours_, and with indescribable pleasure, to watch him as he sat thus--to see how his face, inexpressive or contracted by grimaces, gradually assumed an expression of sadness, and of melancholy reminiscence, while his eyes were fixed upon the surface of the water into which from time to time he would throw a few dead leaves.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00828", "bookId": 39863, "start": 328329, "end": 328841, "sha256": "42fb1f73004374f5c6fdefeda18b263000e28c9f75aeb0b9ba6983d3301df0b8", "text": "\"If when there was a full moon, a sheaf of mild beams penetrated into his room, he rarely failed to wake and to take his place at the window. He would remain there _for a large part of the night_, erect, motionless, with his head thrust forward, his eyes fixed on the countryside lighted by the moon, plunged in a sort of contemplative ecstasy, the immobility and silence of which were only interrupted at long intervals by a breath as deep as a sigh, which died away in a plaintive sound of lamentation.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00829", "bookId": 39863, "start": 328845, "end": 329130, "sha256": "0bd5423387b9e0b99255c9d675469e4b1b670beb0191fd0abe8324dbf6d610b8", "text": "Elsewhere, Itard relates that the boy did not know the _walking gait_ which we use in civilised life, but only the _running gait_, and tells how he, Itard, ran after him at the beginning, when he took him out into the streets of Paris, rather than violently check the boy's running.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00830", "bookId": 39863, "start": 329134, "end": 329616, "sha256": "cb63cfd0fb371fe7a9f6a97fc08a08dbf156607a6a02801ba68a696a743a6cf1", "text": "The gradual and gentle leading of the savage through all the manifestations of social life, the early adaptation of the teacher to the pupil rather than of the pupil to the teacher, the successive attraction to a new life which was to win over the child by its charms, and not be imposed upon him violently so that the pupil should feel it as a burden and a torture, are as many precious educative expressions which may be generalised and applied to the education of children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00831", "bookId": 39863, "start": 329620, "end": 330000, "sha256": "90953e4feb0206db624e34bd70d4372b8f992cca6f68f16a01afebbc990b82a3", "text": "I believe that there exists no document which offers so poignant and so eloquent a contrast between the life of nature and the life of society, and which so graphically shows that society is made up solely of renunciations and restraints. Let it suffice to recall the run, checked to a walk, and the loud-voiced cry, checked to the modulations of the ordinary speaking voice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00832", "bookId": 39863, "start": 330004, "end": 330370, "sha256": "45453e1dc84c713316665416368da1ec6c389c3799028d2895b4e9d848be3e1a", "text": "And, yet, without any violence, leaving to social life the task of charming the child little by little, Itard's education triumphs. It is true that civilised life is made by renunciation of the life of nature; it is almost the snatching of a man from the lap of earth; it is like snatching the new-born child from its mother's breast; but it is also a new life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00833", "bookId": 39863, "start": 330374, "end": 330861, "sha256": "e12249040d1b694dd6aeb1df72b29da34b974c6c6afe44581fe64ba43973d3c2", "text": "In Itard's pages we see the final triumph of the love of man over the love of nature: the savage of the Aveyron ends by _feeling_ and preferring the affection of Itard, the caresses, the tears shed over him, to the joy of immersing himself voluptuously in the snow, and of contemplating the infinite expanse of the sky on a starry night: one day after an attempted escape into the country, he returns of his own accord, humble and repentant, to find his good soup and his warm bed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00834", "bookId": 39863, "start": 330865, "end": 331443, "sha256": "bce221c36fde5e41cdaa95f286ef030a9f782b2f523867c7ebbc05dd09277f95", "text": "It is true that man has created enjoyments in social life and has brought about a vigorous human love in community life. But nevertheless he still belongs to nature, and, especially when he is a child, he must needs draw from it the forces necessary to the development of the body and of the spirit. We have intimate communications with nature which have an influence, even a material influence, on the growth of the body. (For example, a physiologist, isolating young guinea pigs from terrestrial magnetism by means of insulators, found that they grew up with rickets.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00835", "bookId": 39863, "start": 331447, "end": 331748, "sha256": "20af7c7e55caf42df39f003817ebc9a844f19ee828d4189b7c08aec7ee55b1c7", "text": "In the education of little children Itard's educative drama is repeated: we must prepare man, who is one among the living creatures and therefore belongs to nature, for social life, because social life being his own peculiar work, must also correspond to the manifestation of his natural activity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00836", "bookId": 39863, "start": 331752, "end": 331935, "sha256": "a1c8cdea71aea698214bab3eca442356ba2659082c9d362128fc0a1ff368136b", "text": "But the advantages which we prepare for him in this social life, in a great measure escape the little child, who at the beginning of his life is a predominantly vegetative creature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00837", "bookId": 39863, "start": 331939, "end": 332368, "sha256": "138aaceee0ca45da0980421bebe41cb5cd6e9b74c86d0741f2ea399eada1dcbe", "text": "To soften this transition in education, by giving a large part of the educative work to nature itself, is as necessary as it is not to snatch the little child suddenly and violently from its mother and to take him to school; and precisely this is done in the \"Children's Houses,\" which are situated within the tenements where the parents live, where the cry of the child reaches the mother and the mother's voice answers it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00838", "bookId": 39863, "start": 332372, "end": 332775, "sha256": "1892a03df2fb3189213060314de9520669246396e9e671b953e3b995660c3ced", "text": "Nowadays, under the form of child hygiene, this part of education is much cultivated: children are allowed to grow up in the open air, in the public gardens, or are left for many hours half naked on the seashore, exposed to the rays of the sun. It has been understood, through the diffusion of marine and Apennine colonies, that the best means of invigorating the child is to immerse him in nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00839", "bookId": 39863, "start": 332779, "end": 332950, "sha256": "49d52773f9685c43e805c60c81ea20a9e35d434bf8a5d1284dea66d3aaa689f7", "text": "Short and comfortable clothing for children, sandals for the feet, nudity of the lower extremities, are so many liberations from the oppressive shackles of civilisation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00840", "bookId": 39863, "start": 332954, "end": 333182, "sha256": "3ed9ea926e31c8566c5bc0dd02f09ac9ff4ca52dc7b52cb5448debe7a6031768", "text": "It is an obvious principle that we should sacrifice to natural liberties in education only as much as is _necessary_ for the acquisition of the greater pleasures which are offered by civilisation without _useless sacrifices_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00841", "bookId": 39863, "start": 333186, "end": 333802, "sha256": "5ad329b19c41b0b5222799d91d52b5657c9b3310e6e8d60be7dec19138d479ed", "text": "But in all this progress of modern child education, we have not freed ourselves from the prejudice which denies children spiritual expression and spiritual needs, and makes us consider them only as amiable vegetating bodies to be cared for, kissed, and set in motion. The _education_ which a good mother or a good modern teacher gives to-day to the child who, for example, is running about in a flower garden is the counsel _not to touch the flowers_, not to tread on the grass; as if it were sufficient for the child to satisfy the physiological needs of his body by moving his legs and breathing fresh air.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00842", "bookId": 39863, "start": 333806, "end": 334306, "sha256": "4af35df0ea8a25af5cc9d0f5642bd12b9d5d5443a19f75ab1a7b74d8fcc16c4f", "text": "But if for the physical life it is necessary to have the child exposed to the vivifying forces of nature, it is also necessary for his psychical life to place the soul of the child in contact with creation, in order that he may lay up for himself treasure from the directly educating forces of living nature. The method for arriving at this end is to set the child at agricultural labour, guiding him to the cultivation of plants and animals, and so to the intelligent contemplation of nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00843", "bookId": 39863, "start": 334310, "end": 335056, "sha256": "2f526c6b7e4efb5a06207439d9a2f591af904c3c597e6fe25f85b6d6cdddb7de", "text": "Already, in England Mrs. Latter has devised the _basis_ for a method of child education by means of _gardening_ and _horticulture_. She sees in the contemplation of developing life the bases of religion, since the soul of the child may go from the creature to the Creator. She sees in it also the point of departure for intellectual education, which she limits to drawing from life as a step toward art, to the ideas about plants, insects, and seasons, which spring from agriculture, and to the first notions of household life, which spring from the cultivation and the culinary preparation of certain alimentary products that children later serve upon the table, providing afterwards also for the washing of the utensils and tableware.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00844", "bookId": 39863, "start": 335060, "end": 335481, "sha256": "75d261cedfefa7a30085b6b3e5ff5eb38109b019560d7597a42355c9cd8aa4f2", "text": "Mrs. Latter's conception is too one-sided; but her institutions, which continue to spread in England, undoubtedly complete the natural _education_ which, up to this time limited to the physical side, has already been so efficacious in invigorating the bodies of English children. Moreover, her experience offers a positive corroboration of the practicability of agricultural teaching in the case of little children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00845", "bookId": 39863, "start": 335485, "end": 336227, "sha256": "001ba957634aa19c5998b8d88f704645647d89656e535e6c781ec429e6e76c71", "text": "As for deficients, I have seen agriculture applied on a large scale to their education at Paris by the means which the kindly spirit of Baccelli tried to introduce into the elementary schools when he attempted to institute the \"little educative gardens.\" In every _little garden_ are sown different agricultural products, demonstrating practically the proper method and the proper time for seeding and for crop gathering, and the period of development of the various products; the manner of preparing the soil, of enriching it with natural or chemical manures, etc. The same is done for ornamental plants and for gardening, which is the work yielding the best income for deficients, when they are of an age to practise a profession.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00846", "bookId": 39863, "start": 336231, "end": 336997, "sha256": "96bf5deebd5be2dd5ee658345b0397379f0abced92907839cc5d60cb52f0d2a9", "text": "But this side of education, though it contains, in the first place, an objective method of intellectual culture, and, in addition, a professional preparation, is not, in my opinion, to be taken into serious consideration for child education. The educational conception of this age must be solely that of aiding the psycho-physical development of the individual; and, this being the case, agriculture and animal culture contain in themselves precious means of moral education which can be analysed far more than is done by Mrs. Latter, who sees in them essentially a method of conducting the child's soul to religious feeling. Indeed, in this method, which is a progressive ascent, several gradations can be distinguished: I mention here the principal ones:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00847", "bookId": 39863, "start": 337001, "end": 337444, "sha256": "a9d4843b4772abeb2028b0ff7282bf03f2a11e5d9b2bd7af9194a3395a141d48", "text": "_First._ _The child is initiated into observation_ of the phenomena of life. He stands with respect to the plants and animals in relations analogous to those in which the _observing_ teacher stands towards him. Little by little, as interest and observation grow, his zealous care for the living creatures grows also, and in this way, the child can logically be brought to appreciate the care which the mother and the teacher take of him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00848", "bookId": 39863, "start": 337448, "end": 338344, "sha256": "6d8e31a3bb13ff414ca0d5b5b924772b97e213505520a3d44c761fc17f7a2b15", "text": "_Second._ The child is initiated into _foresight_ by way of _auto-education_; when he knows that the life of the plants that have been sown depends upon his care in watering them, and that of the animals, upon his diligence in feeding them, without which the little plant dries up and the animals suffer hunger, the child becomes vigilant, as one who is beginning to feel a mission in life. Moreover, a voice quite different from that of his mother and his teacher calling him to his duties, is speaking here, exhorting him never to forget the task he has undertaken. It is the plaintive voice of the needy life which lives by his care. Between the child and the living creatures which he cultivates there is born a mysterious correspondence which induces the child to fulfil certain determinate acts without the intervention of the teacher, that is, leads him to an _auto-education_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00849", "bookId": 39863, "start": 338348, "end": 338865, "sha256": "907cddb65de4abbf1c99a6b2e7be56181505f7795db2f7c9409931a5323f042a", "text": "The rewards which the child reaps also remain between him and nature: one fine day after long patient care in carrying food and straw to the brooding pigeons, behold the little ones! behold a number of chickens peeping about the setting hen which yesterday sat motionless in her brooding place! behold one day the tender little rabbits in the hutch where formerly dwelt in solitude the pair of big rabbits to which he had not a few times lovingly carried the green vegetables left over in his mother's kitchen!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00850", "bookId": 39863, "start": 338869, "end": 340097, "sha256": "97c3fb620323d6ea6d407a1dbaebe939a205d9cbc63287daf57e67814b5499f1", "text": "I have not yet been able to institute in Rome the breeding of animals, but in the \"Children's Houses\" at Milan there are several animals, among them a pair of pretty little white American fowl that live in a diminutive and elegant _chalet_, similar in construction to a Chinese pagoda: in front of it, a little piece of ground inclosed by a rampart is reserved for the pair. The little door of the _chalet_ is locked at evening, and the children take care of it in turn. With what delight they go in the morning to unlock the door, to fetch water and straw, and with what care they watch during the day, and at evening lock the door after having made sure that the fowl lack nothing! The teacher informs me that among all the educative exercises this is the most welcome, and seems also the most important of all. Many a time when the children are tranquilly occupied in tasks, each at the work he prefers, one, two, or three, get up silently, and go out to cast a glance at the animals to see if they need care. Often it happens that a child absents himself for a long time and the teacher surprises him watching enchantedly the fish gliding ruddy and resplendent in the sunlight in the waters of the fountain.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00851", "bookId": 39863, "start": 340101, "end": 340878, "sha256": "cafb9e108924960c0ddd9ee82912fc62c4cc6af6a7f76703feca90cf813f8234", "text": "One day I received from the teacher in Milan a letter in which she spoke to me with great enthusiasm of a truly wonderful piece of news. The little pigeons were hatched. For the children it was a great festival. They felt themselves to some extent the parents of these little ones, and no artificial reward which had flattered their vanity would ever have provoked such a truly fine emotion. Not less great are the joys which vegetable nature provides. In one of the \"Children's Houses\" at Rome, where there was no soil that could be cultivated, there have been arranged, through the efforts of Signora Talamo, flower-pots all around the large terrace, and climbing plants near the walls. The children never forget to water the plants with their little watering-pots.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00852", "bookId": 39863, "start": 340882, "end": 341061, "sha256": "dcb5267af23d402c729878c3977803e9dbe12e55c9d08f429c4e4a3f00ca3519", "text": "One day I found them seated on the ground, all in a circle, around a splendid red rose which had bloomed in the night; silent and calm, literally immersed in mute contemplation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00853", "bookId": 39863, "start": 341065, "end": 341216, "sha256": "abeba248d443eb84fa3c1a449b2515ecbcc26ef6efc01a3d20bd884d855fe586", "text": "_Third._ The children are initiated into the virtue of _patience and into confident expectation_, which is a form of faith and of philosophy of life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00854", "bookId": 39863, "start": 341220, "end": 341775, "sha256": "040672de309af76fa2c22444dc7fdeb622de49e061823021e3c385396f3e02bc", "text": "When the children put a seed into the ground, and wait until it fructifies, and see the first appearance of the shapeless plant, and wait for the growth and the transformations into flower and fruit, and see how some plants sprout sooner and some later, and how the deciduous plants have a rapid life, and the fruit-trees a slower growth, they end by acquiring a peaceful equilibrium of conscience, and absorb the first germs of that wisdom which so characterised the tillers of the soil in the time when they still kept their primitive simplicity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00855", "bookId": 39863, "start": 341779, "end": 342027, "sha256": "2e7b5fae1bdf016053068448b36f518b0fc53cbfd22dcc882117db87449d6ab4", "text": "_Fourth._ _The children are inspired with a feeling for nature_, which is maintained by the marvels of creation--that creation which _rewards_ with a generosity not measured by the labour of those who help it to evolve the life of its creatures.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00856", "bookId": 39863, "start": 342031, "end": 342625, "sha256": "304193c4ed5d01973ad2dc5cc3b083ecbdbadafdc4862ad8deeaa666763b7ef2", "text": "Even while at the work, a sort of correspondence arises between the child's soul and the lives which are developed under his care. The child loves naturally the manifestations of life: Mrs. Latter tells us how easily little ones are interested even in earthworms and in the movement of the larvæ of insects in manure, without feeling that horror which we, who have grown up isolated from nature, experience towards certain animals. It is well then, to develop this feeling of trust and confidence in living creatures, which is, moreover, a form of love, and of union with the universe.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00857", "bookId": 39863, "start": 342629, "end": 343367, "sha256": "c6cb77776b35757ec719096dcd2c1f256a1be76a51d41de5b184a5a434f8c280", "text": "But what most develops a feeling of nature is the _cultivation_ of the _living_ things, because they by their natural development give back far more than they receive, and show something like infinity in their beauty and variety. When the child has cultivated the iris or the pansy, the rose or the hyacinth, has placed in the soil a seed or a bulb and periodically watered it, or has planted a fruit-bearing shrub, and the blossomed flower and the ripened fruit offer themselves as a _generous gift_ of nature, a rich reward for a small effort; it seems almost as if nature were answering with her gifts to the feeling of desire, to the vigilant love of the cultivator, rather than striking a balance with his material efforts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00858", "bookId": 39863, "start": 343371, "end": 343565, "sha256": "4c549061fbb84f64f977698f13925b6742a52334823ca1b6c14c677977ff2eb5", "text": "It will be quite different when the child has to gather the _material_ fruits of his labour: motionless, uniform objects, which are consumed and dispersed rather than increased and multiplied.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00859", "bookId": 39863, "start": 343569, "end": 343788, "sha256": "21a8d85ddef2443a37c7d3d07b98b48d461b5fe0eaad82ff3c2ae78af8dd6eb5", "text": "The difference between the products of nature and those of industry, between divine products and human products--it is this that must be born spontaneously in the child's conscience, like the determination of a fact.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00860", "bookId": 39863, "start": 343792, "end": 343877, "sha256": "5455ea738a1dbbcd5435197a86ada4eb0abd223d4d50099189ff642f7e08fdc9", "text": "But at the same time, as the plant must give its fruit, so man must give his labour.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00861", "bookId": 39863, "start": 343881, "end": 344247, "sha256": "3ebae4269ab0ae39430c4e866c2b177b7c4e43c144bbb3e238e192a7cea55788", "text": "_Fifth._ _The child follows the natural way of development of the human race._ In short, such education makes the evolution of the individual harmonise with that of humanity. Man passed from the natural to the artificial state through agriculture: when he discovered the secret of intensifying the production of the soil, he obtained the reward of civilisation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00862", "bookId": 39863, "start": 344251, "end": 344339, "sha256": "33d1d7784546f44cbc469675bb4086d8b4ad5a8c70c807cd1797a8cf538f10d4", "text": "The same path must be traversed by the child who is destined to become a civilised man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00863", "bookId": 39863, "start": 344343, "end": 344796, "sha256": "921399c2d98b64301bd5e1726378c7087f21e9e648f09b578a9fe138316faec9", "text": "The action of educative nature so understood is very practically accessible. Because, even if the vast stretch of ground and the large courtyard necessary for physical education are lacking, it will always be possible to find a few square yards of land that may be cultivated, or a little place where pigeons can make their nest, things sufficient for spiritual education. Even a pot of flowers at the window can, if necessary, fulfil the purpose.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00864", "bookId": 39863, "start": 344800, "end": 345218, "sha256": "fd39bbe99f58b102d73826ed69cdd520d77d5156bebd920ac80aa2049d3acada", "text": "In the first \"Children's House\" in Rome we have a vast courtyard, cultivated as a garden, where the children are free to run in the open air--and, besides, a long stretch of ground, which is planted on one side with trees, has a branching path in the middle, and on the opposite side, has broken ground for the cultivation of plants. This last, we have divided into so many portions, reserving one for each child.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00865", "bookId": 39863, "start": 345222, "end": 345855, "sha256": "1e5dd281e045ec9ed487e22e9d9088895365137d5f74cdb6d4525fb11b144cae", "text": "While the smaller children run freely up and down the paths, or rest in the shade of the trees, the _possessors of the earth_ (children from four years of age up), are sowing, or hoeing, watering or examining, the surface of the soil watching for the sprouting of plants. It is interesting to note the following fact: the little reservations of the children are placed along the wall of the tenement, in a spot formerly neglected because it leads to a blind road; the inhabitants of the house, therefore, had the habit of throwing from those windows every kind of offal, and at the beginning our garden was thus contaminated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00866", "bookId": 39863, "start": 345859, "end": 346163, "sha256": "17ec0d80399f1af635a2b015bb719a6745c184276a8f3f2798e9e964c6f2bf8a", "text": "But, little by little, without any exhortation on our part, solely through the respect born in the people's mind for the children's labour, nothing more fell from the windows, except the loving glances and smiles of the mothers upon the soil which was the beloved possession of their little children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00867", "bookId": 39863, "start": 346173, "end": 346183, "sha256": "63866b46a4db041a43a1432e242cf84643306d8556fbcf2fe975b9bc7b0b3e33", "text": "CHAPTER XI", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00868", "bookId": 39863, "start": 346187, "end": 346231, "sha256": "dd322a196290bbc02eeb4f297db93f013851bae6e5380656948a19b89cf8132c", "text": "MANUAL LABOUR--THE POTTER'S ART AND BUILDING", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00869", "bookId": 39863, "start": 346237, "end": 346655, "sha256": "a13630d08a108c056de5f1c4ed882c2234e1682d89234ec0240ea9e9ba8ce7c1", "text": "Manual labour is distinguished from manual gymnastics by the fact that the object of the latter is to exercise the hand, and the former, to _accomplish a determinate work_, being, or simulating, a socially useful object. The one perfects the individual, the other enriches the world; the two things are, however, connected because, in general, only one who has perfected his own hand can produce a useful product.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00870", "bookId": 39863, "start": 346659, "end": 347180, "sha256": "9d5cb484eb743eb5855ccd3c90dbebff98902e3c8fed20582f14b19a4bea37c9", "text": "I have thought wise, after a short trial, to exclude completely Froebel's exercises, because weaving and sewing on cardboard are ill adapted to the physiological state of the child's visual organs where the powers of the accommodation of the eye have not yet reached complete development; hence, these exercises cause an _effort_ of the organ which may have a fatal influence on the development of the sight. The other little exercises of Froebel, such as the folding of paper, are exercises of the hand, not work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00871", "bookId": 39863, "start": 347184, "end": 347349, "sha256": "7f5e3f1aa2eba63f0ca44b266aaf9cd8253084f5dd449a684374d3ab2e17013b", "text": "There is still left plastic work,--the most rational among all the exercises of Froebel,--which consists in making the child reproduce determinate objects in clay.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00872", "bookId": 39863, "start": 347353, "end": 347815, "sha256": "5fe9bde800405d849cfd3c116bc32a04629329c3b3b8b30338c701193cb7a405", "text": "In consideration, however, of the system of liberty which I proposed, I did not like to make the children _copy_ anything, and, in giving them clay to fashion in their own manner, I did not direct the children to _produce useful things_; nor was I accomplishing an educative result, inasmuch as plastic work, as I shall show later, serves for the study of the psychic individuality of the child in his spontaneous manifestations, but not for his education.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00873", "bookId": 39863, "start": 347819, "end": 348541, "sha256": "f230c30e2d69274104c08747d991d1471bd7f5d93c578b05038900392f80dda6", "text": "I decided therefore to try in the \"Children's Houses\" some very interesting exercises which I had seen accomplished by an artist, Professor Randone, in the \"School of Educative Art\" founded by him. This school had its origin along with the society for young people, called _Giovinezza Gentile_, both school and society having the object of educating youth in gentleness towards their surroundings--that is, in respect for objects, buildings, monuments: a really important part of civil education, and one which interested me particularly on account of the \"Children's Houses,\" since that institution has, as its fundamental aim, to teach precisely this respect for the walls, for the house, for the surroundings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00874", "bookId": 39863, "start": 348545, "end": 349834, "sha256": "95b8ae6a458d60a35413fac92693d9239933289d3dcfc9a2727897f6cad8b77e", "text": "Very suitably, Professor Randone had decided that the society of _Giovinezza Gentile_ could not be based upon sterile theoretical preachings of the principles of citizenship, or upon moral pledges taken by the children; but that it must proceed from an artistic education which should lead the youth to appreciate and love, and consequently respect, objects and especially monuments and historic buildings. Thus the \"School of Educative Art\" was inspired by a broad artistic conception including the reproduction of objects which are commonly met in the surroundings; the history and pre-history of their production, and the illustration of the principal civic monuments which, in Rome, are in large measure composed of archæological monuments. In order the more directly to accomplish his object, Professor Randone founded his admirable school in an opening in one of the most artistic parts of the walls of Rome, namely, the wall of Belisarius, overlooking the Villa Umberto Primo--a wall which has been entirely neglected by the authorities and by no means respected by the citizens, and upon which Randone lavished care, decorating it with graceful hanging gardens on the outside, and locating within it the School of Art which was to shape the _Giovinezza Gentile_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00875", "bookId": 39863, "start": 349838, "end": 350024, "sha256": "31405635cc9e3763d3339fc5a62e5d37eb232de9b6cf4d3fbde6411ef31e28c7", "text": "Here Randone has tried, very fittingly, to rebuild and revive a form of art which was once the glory of Italy and of Florence--the potter's art, that is, the art of constructing vases.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00876", "bookId": 39863, "start": 350028, "end": 350394, "sha256": "d9ccf5666f37ef1eba0f943922b51a48ec36f5d5fbb0f90966ac49eba56527dd", "text": "The archæological, historical, and artistic importance of the vase is very great, and may be compared with the numismatic art. In fact the first object of which humanity felt the need was the _vase_, which came into being with the utilisation of fire, and before the discovery of the _production_ of fire. Indeed the first food of mankind was cooked in a vase.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00877", "bookId": 39863, "start": 350398, "end": 350858, "sha256": "a07516d3a5853f515e1b92788640fff158862fb8ccf83abc84c680a054a43842", "text": "One of the things most important, ethnically, in judging the civilisation of a primitive people is the grade of perfection attained in _pottery_; in fact, the _vase_ for domestic life and the axe for social life are the first sacred symbols which we find in the prehistoric epoch, and are the religious symbols connected with the temples of the gods and with the cult of the dead. Even to-day, religious cults have sacred vases in their Sancta Sanctorum.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00878", "bookId": 39863, "start": 350862, "end": 351071, "sha256": "d77076b831ab1a3d3818b0537576af2b3ada21b22ea8bd1572f66f47f66fe456", "text": "People who have progressed in civilisation show their feeling for art and their æsthetic feeling also in _vases_ which are multiplied in almost infinite form, as we see in Egyptian, Etruscan, and Greek art.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00879", "bookId": 39863, "start": 351075, "end": 351554, "sha256": "7f970e20a99c7c3ea341ab90b19e72397b83a0c3a0abdd6b8076a064bf064c94", "text": "The vase then comes into being, attains perfection, and is multiplied in its uses and its forms, in the course of human civilisation; and the history of the vase follows the history of humanity itself. Besides the civil and moral importance of the vase, we have another and practical one, its literal _adaptability_ to every modification of form, and its susceptibility to the most diverse ornamentation; in this, it gives free scope to the individual genius of the artist.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00880", "bookId": 39863, "start": 351558, "end": 352145, "sha256": "de92080cfaa708cc1914f14dbe6e5b6a8d09f6adace8e79da1612af0bd98052d", "text": "Thus, when once the handicraft leading to the construction of vases has been learned (and this is the part of the progress in the work, learned from the direct and graduated instruction of the teacher), anyone can modify it according to the inspiration of his own æsthetic taste and this is the artistic, individual part of the work. Besides this, in Randone's school the use of the potter's wheel is taught, and also the composition of the mixture for the bath of majolica ware, and baking the pieces in the furnace, stages of manual labour which contain an industrial culture.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00881", "bookId": 39863, "start": 352149, "end": 353074, "sha256": "8bdf97f884084f3e2b88b3fab6e3f71a7bd341acbc1418afdc7afb017c00966a", "text": "Another work in the School of Educative Art is the manufacture of diminutive bricks, and their baking in the furnace, and the construction of diminutive _walls_ built by the same processes which the masons use in the construction of houses, the bricks being joined by means of mortar handled with a trowel. After the simple construction of the wall,--which is very amusing for the children who build it, placing brick on brick, superimposing row on row,--the children pass to the construction of real _houses_,--first, resting on the ground, and, then, really constructed with foundations, after a previous excavation of large holes in the ground by means of little hoes and shovels. These little houses have openings corresponding to windows and doors, and are variously ornamented in their façades by little tiles of bright and multi-coloured majolica: the tiles themselves being manufactured by the children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00882", "bookId": 39863, "start": 353078, "end": 353242, "sha256": "70b2d1b7a92cfdd9e543edcea39158d64836271cb21d7dbb49cf5cd09409c2c0", "text": "Thus the children learn to _appreciate_ the objects and constructions which surround them, while a real manual and artistic labour gives them profitable exercise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00883", "bookId": 39863, "start": 353246, "end": 353903, "sha256": "102323acc63be007b5e5b05b0c6e83f7bd04c458a75465654bb6bcfd34ad3bf7", "text": "Such is the manual training which I have adopted in the \"Children's Houses\"; after two or three lessons the little pupils are already enthusiastic about the construction of vases, and they preserve very carefully their own products, in which they take pride. With their plastic art they then model little objects, eggs or fruits, with which they themselves fill the vases. One of the first undertakings is the simple vase of red clay filled with eggs of white clay; then comes the modelling of the vase with one or more spouts, of the narrow-mouthed vase, of the vase with a handle, of that with two or three handles, of the tripod, of the amphora.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00884", "bookId": 39863, "start": 353907, "end": 354501, "sha256": "a3cf778181950b8441281321d27d4da435f47707b55b0ac99b72e1f90975d8cd", "text": "For children of the age of five or six, the work of the potter's wheel begins. But what most delights the children is the work of building a wall with little bricks, and seeing a little house, the fruit of their own hands, rise in the vicinity of the ground in which are growing plants, also cultivated by them. Thus the age of childhood epitomises the principal primitive labours of humanity, when the human race, changing from the nomadic to the stable condition, demanded of the earth its fruit, built itself shelter, and devised vases to cook the foods yielded by the fertile earth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00885", "bookId": 39863, "start": 354511, "end": 354522, "sha256": "aa7a484bbf669f779bac2f634c0df613facb089baac9ff3fe795a9cd62c4cf43", "text": "CHAPTER XII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00886", "bookId": 39863, "start": 354526, "end": 354549, "sha256": "0aa29405f5da91a9253d9c8641204b890d9bf3e6eb55ad6060dbef54a0198fbd", "text": "EDUCATION OF THE SENSES", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00887", "bookId": 39863, "start": 354555, "end": 354764, "sha256": "6bcee3e8fa00f86e3cca6ad26c76b6bc4ada9601899f39dc1639deea6baf4a53", "text": "In a pedagogical method which is experimental the education of the senses must undoubtedly assume the greatest importance. Experimental psychology also takes note of movements by means of sense measurements.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00888", "bookId": 39863, "start": 354768, "end": 355119, "sha256": "751802dbea2f7633c69691fbbcb49038973aedc9d0ea2f8abf05e91dc92e9175", "text": "Pedagogy, however, although it may profit by psychometry is not designed to _measure_ the sensations, but _educate_ the senses. This is a point easily understood, yet one which is often confused. While the proceedings of esthesiometry are not to any great extent applicable to little children, the _education_ of the _senses_ is entirely possible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00889", "bookId": 39863, "start": 355123, "end": 355522, "sha256": "ba909f39be66a53642bbc7a1e52a9ba7cec9a8b8b3b31c12f6c82d760b71fc25", "text": "We do not start from the conclusions of experimental psychology. That is, it is not the knowledge of the average sense conditions according to the age of the child which leads us to determine the educational applications we shall make. We start essentially from a method, and it is probable that psychology will be able to draw its conclusions from pedagogy so understood, and not _vice versa_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00890", "bookId": 39863, "start": 355526, "end": 355743, "sha256": "1c5bbf6d107f9359c330f3a784a384c3e8fc88c981c7b47bd4c6792398312520", "text": "The method used by me is that of making a pedagogical experiment with a didactic object and awaiting the spontaneous reaction of the child. This is a method in every way analogous to that of experimental psychology.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00891", "bookId": 39863, "start": 355747, "end": 356184, "sha256": "fd3a8caa6f032e1d558cb87478784a5e1d8d7eb5aba1cea9b5b3701ce3ef0acf", "text": "I make use of a material which, at first glance, may be confused with psychometric material. Teachers from Milan who had followed the course in the Milan school of experimental psychology, seeing my material exposed, would recognise among it, measures of the perception of colour, hardness, and weight, and would conclude that, in truth, I brought no new contribution to pedagogy since these instruments were already known to them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00892", "bookId": 39863, "start": 356188, "end": 356447, "sha256": "4995d5f24aa7fc49ba8ae3c2a51ebb9a42d49f53d3cdb8cbbd376c7dcdbc8d45", "text": "But the great difference between the two materials lies in this: The esthesiometer carries within itself the possibility of _measuring_; my objects on the contrary, often do not permit a measure, but are adapted to cause the child to _exercise_ the senses.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00893", "bookId": 39863, "start": 356451, "end": 356956, "sha256": "1451f2eadeb29ce607b124da21e0306b656ecc8a98a45092959226179f72d379", "text": "In order that an instrument shall attain such a pedagogical end, it is necessary that it shall not _weary_ but shall _divert_ the child. Here lies the difficulty in the selection of didactic material. It is known that the psychometric instruments are great _consumers of energy_--for this reason, when Pizzoli wished to apply them to the education of the senses, he did not succeed because the child was annoyed by them, and became tired. Instead, _the aim of education is to develop the energies_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00894", "bookId": 39863, "start": 356960, "end": 357165, "sha256": "52f94e2d726843453d7ef426e0c1c72632df763b0960d786eb736a1c2e608a8a", "text": "Psychometric instruments, or better, the instruments of _esthesiometry_, are prepared in their differential gradations upon the laws of Weber, which were in truth drawn from experiments made upon adults.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00895", "bookId": 39863, "start": 357169, "end": 357320, "sha256": "1aa7ae7f99535521f28f7644b68ebe9072512ed41781ca26154b37729860cdf4", "text": "With little children, we must proceed to the making of trials, and must select the didactic materials in which they show themselves to be interested.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00896", "bookId": 39863, "start": 357324, "end": 357498, "sha256": "61ee140593c6e2c1fe689d7b5e33763b92c440e921ce69a6644df07ce29ceec1", "text": "This I did in the first year of the \"Children's Houses\" adopting a great variety of stimuli, with a number of which I had already experimented in the school for deficients.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00897", "bookId": 39863, "start": 357502, "end": 357874, "sha256": "93a2f0f8630ae664fdc6fbe25a0a08be3e13927e1e560f0cb338cf8ade584522", "text": "Much of the material used for deficients is abandoned in the education of the normal child--and much that is used has been greatly modified. I believe, however, that I have arrived at a _selection of objects_ (which I do not here wish to speak of in the technical language of psychology as stimuli) representing the minimum _necessary_ to a practical sense education.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00898", "bookId": 39863, "start": 357878, "end": 358052, "sha256": "23d5f7002614e3243bb9a606920e20b11c503b7b3d78ab95b57e5d76390155b5", "text": "These objects constitute the _didactic system_ (or set of didactic materials) used by me. They are manufactured by the House of Labour of the Humanitarian Society at Milan.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00899", "bookId": 39863, "start": 358056, "end": 358227, "sha256": "2a1c6902c5ea580f1fc8fd8b5c80f1dfde23c5d21f79933ce5153cbfdc832ebd", "text": "A description of the objects will be given as the educational scope of each is explained. Here I shall limit myself to the setting forth of a few general considerations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00900", "bookId": 39863, "start": 358231, "end": 358567, "sha256": "a1b9eae8d00fc91ad76d62f7e0c55f0ed5a0c22caf2a62e468202a2b6ee40980", "text": "_First._ _The difference in the reaction between deficient and normal children, in the presentation of didactic material made up of graded stimuli._ This difference is plainly seen from the fact that the same didactic material used with deficients _makes education possible_, while with normal children it _provokes auto-education_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00901", "bookId": 39863, "start": 358571, "end": 358732, "sha256": "cfce4e2e9b2e5a28252193f9bf894ab7a8674ad013baf0aa2d101af026e644b0", "text": "This fact is one of the most interesting I have met with in all my experience, and it inspired and rendered possible the method of _observation_ and _liberty_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00902", "bookId": 39863, "start": 358736, "end": 359193, "sha256": "441dbf74e335c537fe95c65afae8884a19eb98d75e4687b08a1830d2829e9712", "text": "Let us suppose that we use our first object,--a block in which solid geometric forms are set. Into corresponding holes in the block are set ten little wooden cylinders, the bases diminishing gradually about the millimetres. The game consists in taking the cylinders out of their places, putting them on the table, mixing them, and then putting each one back in its own place. The aim is to educate the eye to the differential perception of dimensions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00903", "bookId": 39863, "start": 359197, "end": 359398, "sha256": "f252d84939b443b328898c4ebb939d0e66bb2e9b35535fe36b1fe15fdc640677", "text": "With the deficient child, it would be necessary to begin with exercises in which the stimuli were much more strongly contrasted, and to arrive at this exercise only after many others had preceded it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00904", "bookId": 39863, "start": 359402, "end": 360125, "sha256": "43c2483187fd243d1f7d888107ea99e3753a9bede51a37bd5411f04d17ff0709", "text": "With normal children, this is, on the other hand, the first object which we may present, and out of all the didactic material this is the game preferred by the very little children of two and a half and three years. Once we arrived at this exercise with a deficient child, it was necessary continually and actively to recall his attention, inviting him to look at the block and showing him the various pieces. And if the child once succeeded in placing all the cylinders properly, he stopped, and the game was finished. Whenever the deficient child committed an error, it was necessary to correct it, or to urge him to correct it himself, and when he was able to correct an error he was usually quite indifferent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00905", "bookId": 39863, "start": 360129, "end": 360318, "sha256": "f186fd9dbe8d80cfa8468aa6618f17b0bf63d4a29c048e9efbef7d37f80d8415", "text": "Now the normal child, instead, takes spontaneously a lively interest in this game. He pushes away all who would interfere, or offer to help him, and wishes to be alone before his problem.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00906", "bookId": 39863, "start": 360322, "end": 360532, "sha256": "0cf48492ac5ac3bccca768a457ed85e618974d02336035439deb38b6a95ab2e3", "text": "It had already been noted that little ones of two or three years take the greatest pleasure in arranging small objects, and this experiment in the \"Children's Houses\" demonstrates the truth of this assertion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00907", "bookId": 39863, "start": 360536, "end": 360828, "sha256": "07b7384f537001ab455ad5f78b03dd01303219270ab41ae0cae2f0c70f651698", "text": "Now, and here is the important point, the normal child attentively observes the relation between the size of the opening and that of the object which he is to place in the mould, and is greatly interested in the game, as is clearly shown by the expression of attention on the little face.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00908", "bookId": 39863, "start": 360832, "end": 361770, "sha256": "9f2472a2b9589306d6e00b458ee067c441585a7f090246e998bce9374726a5ac", "text": "If he mistakes, placing one of the objects in an opening that is small for it, he takes it away, and proceeds to make various trials, seeking the proper opening. If he makes a contrary error, letting the cylinder fall into an opening that is a little too large for it, and then collects all the successive cylinders in openings just a little too large, he will find himself at the last with the big cylinder in his hand while only the smallest opening is empty. The didactic material _controls every error_. The child proceeds to correct himself, doing this in various ways. Most often he feels the cylinders or shakes them, in order to recognise which are the largest. Sometimes, he sees at a glance where his error lies, pulls the cylinders from the places where they should not be, and puts those left out where they belong, then replaces all the others. The normal child always repeats the exercise with growing interest.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00909", "bookId": 39863, "start": 361774, "end": 362040, "sha256": "bb51b37a9eb72f39b6a75ba559ea9a5d171050986a9d791da5448246025af88e", "text": "Indeed, it is precisely in these errors that the educational importance of the didactic material lies, and when the child with evident security places each piece in its proper place, he has outgrown the exercise, and this piece of material becomes useless to him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00910", "bookId": 39863, "start": 362044, "end": 362253, "sha256": "0a793a63d575faa718ac9c128ff5973ef047b3da4196b5bd22fe081246eb397b", "text": "This self-correction leads the child to concentrate his attention upon the differences of dimensions, and to compare the various pieces. It is in just this comparison that the _psycho-sensory_ exercise lies.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00911", "bookId": 39863, "start": 362257, "end": 362537, "sha256": "daf6593b7baccf05e18315a1fbb46296ff809bffd96ad3f4442ae1e0c59bd28f", "text": "There is, therefore, no question here of teaching the child the _knowledge_ of the dimensions, through the medium of these pieces. Neither is it our aim that the child shall know how to use, _without an error_, the material presented to him thus performing the exercises well.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00912", "bookId": 39863, "start": 362541, "end": 362838, "sha256": "574dd4cda5f231a6c0bd3729dfdc9cf5cb9d5a47865e50ac6df3fcb20dd23c79", "text": "That would place our material on the same basis as many others, for example that of Froebel, and would require again the _active_ work of the _teacher_, who busies herself furnishing knowledge, and making haste to correct every error in order that the child may _learn the use of the objects_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00913", "bookId": 39863, "start": 362842, "end": 363237, "sha256": "62e350c94e18b2876eb45583d1481c453da5109ab705034101dd004370f81422", "text": "Here instead it is the work of the child, the auto-correction, the auto-education which acts, for the _teacher must not interfere_ in the _slightest_ way. No teacher can furnish the child with the _agility which he acquires_ through gymnastic _exercises_: it is necessary that the _pupil perfect himself_ through his own efforts. It is very much the same with the _education of the senses_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00914", "bookId": 39863, "start": 363241, "end": 363408, "sha256": "df999c0c968c891a329a1c14d9639bc77749c09fb3c7c16805db383f7f31f931", "text": "It might be said that the same thing is true of every form of education; a man is not what he is because of the teachers he has had, but because of what he has done.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00915", "bookId": 39863, "start": 363412, "end": 364050, "sha256": "9c88a113f379b8960894a63c0630d88a71572a38c8b58f0700ad1b57c3865bac", "text": "One of the difficulties of putting this method into practice with teachers of the old school, lies in the difficulty of preventing them from intervening when the little child remains for some time puzzled before some error, and with his eyebrows drawn together and his lips puckered, makes repeated efforts to correct himself. When they see this, the old-time teachers are seized with pity, and long, with an almost irresistible force, to help the child. When we prevent this intervention, they burst into words of compassion for the little scholar, but he soon shows in his smiling face the joy of having surmounted an obstacle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00916", "bookId": 39863, "start": 364054, "end": 364599, "sha256": "e94094e543087a760e4bc04a9377bf34286e8e7540a60abaf54e6712dbde8822", "text": "Normal children repeat such exercises many times. This repetition varies according to the individual. Some children after having completed the exercise five or six times are tired of it. Others will remove and replace the pieces at least _twenty times_, with an expression of evident interest. Once, after I had watched a little one of four years repeat this exercise sixteen times, I had the other children sing in order to distract her, but she continued unmoved to take out the cylinders, mix them up and put them back in their places.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00917", "bookId": 39863, "start": 364603, "end": 364829, "sha256": "f69e45adc92d27acac792ede898dafe5eb84bbb554b34578d8423ba8eb839bf7", "text": "An intelligent teacher ought to be able to make most interesting individual psychological observations, and, to a certain point, should be able to measure the length of time for which the various stimuli held the attention.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00918", "bookId": 39863, "start": 364833, "end": 365159, "sha256": "797e14aee45137f880cd5d5801b035748eb5b88a9061edf1416d58ceddde1972", "text": "In fact, when the child educates himself, and when the control and correction of errors is yielded to the didactic material, there _remains for the teacher nothing but to observe_. She must then be more of a psychologist than a teacher, and this shows the importance of a scientific preparation on the part of the teacher.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00919", "bookId": 39863, "start": 365163, "end": 365435, "sha256": "45e97c49c0e1a779b233f5edd4a8b55b1814efa1e6795b84cec691ca898bc989", "text": "Indeed, with my methods, the teacher teaches _little_ and observes _much_, and, above all, it is her function to direct the psychic activity of the children and their physiological development. For this reason I have changed the name of teacher into that of directress.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00920", "bookId": 39863, "start": 365439, "end": 365777, "sha256": "b4abb7a2e5efa82be39b10079ff82456ecd8281eb3569927b8ee45e8d6109a74", "text": "At first this name provoked many smiles, for everyone asked whom there was for this teacher to direct, since she had no assistants, and since she must leave her little scholars _in liberty_. But her direction is much more profound and important than that which is commonly understood, for this teacher directs _the life and the soul_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00921", "bookId": 39863, "start": 365781, "end": 365928, "sha256": "f655e859723f8c2d81e588df246d9fcdd61f7a24200d7a2bd64b1fd089e7047f", "text": "_Second._ _The education of the senses has, as its aim, the refinement of the differential perception of stimuli by means of repeated exercises._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00922", "bookId": 39863, "start": 365932, "end": 366055, "sha256": "2b830cdcd201d32aebf00d4b3890171867a118e345d2fd9c4e1c9ed36cb70f46", "text": "There exists a _sensory culture_, which is not generally taken into consideration, but which is a factor in esthesiometry.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00923", "bookId": 39863, "start": 366059, "end": 366617, "sha256": "fe4f8198a4ac48eb9862327ce55551a852f0158537a354f2e2c52a3b31067847", "text": "For example, in the mental _tests_ which are used in France, or in a series of tests which De Sanctis has established for the _diagnosis_ of the intellectual status, I have often seen used _cubes of different sizes placed at varying distances_. The child was to select the _smallest_ and the _largest_, while the chronometer measured the time of reaction between the command and the execution of the act. Account was also taken of the errors. I repeat that in such experiments the factor of _culture_ is forgotten and by this I mean _sensory culture_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00924", "bookId": 39863, "start": 366621, "end": 367192, "sha256": "e783fde27150d8247e13b17c417e2b248f3f43dc4948fe5e94f08879a1e95cf9", "text": "Our children have, for example, among the didactic material for the education of the senses, a series of ten cubes. The first has a base of ten centimetres, and the others decrease, successively, one centimetre as to base, the smallest cube having a base of one centimetre. The exercise consists in throwing the blocks, which are pink in colour, down upon a green carpet, and then building them up into a little tower, placing the largest cube as the base, and then placing the others in order of size until the little cube of one centimetre is placed at the top.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00925", "bookId": 39863, "start": 367196, "end": 367648, "sha256": "71c21b2beab8326333f878e8168199d018b8394de6b2af43af1529b98c07eb1c", "text": "The little one must each time select, from the blocks scattered upon the green carpet, \"the largest\" block. This game is most entertaining to the little ones of two years and a half, who, as soon as they have constructed the little tower, tumble it down with little blows of the hand, admiring the pink cubes as they lie scattered upon the green carpet. Then, they begin again the construction, building and destroying a definite number of times.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00926", "bookId": 39863, "start": 367652, "end": 367974, "sha256": "9448a9864058b0a72453e529d92594147442c712af3ec47e98deb1fe05aecc25", "text": "If we were to place before these tests one of my children from three to four years, and one of the children from the first elementary (six or seven years old), my pupil would undoubtedly manifest a shorter period of reaction, and would not commit errors. The same may be said for the tests of the chromatic sense, etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00927", "bookId": 39863, "start": 367978, "end": 368100, "sha256": "4b2e8f9067068873af01e22492dfeaec2f915855dffb87a20fa66a5bf9fa53f2", "text": "This educational method should therefore prove interesting to students of experimental psychology as well as to teachers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00928", "bookId": 39863, "start": 368104, "end": 368480, "sha256": "8cd72645ad4351588d3795826a1cf389be8f2494ef5ffe299a991b56e3d7de2f", "text": "In conclusion, let me summarize briefly: Our didactic material renders auto-education possible, permits a methodical education of the senses. Not upon the ability of the teacher does such education rest, but upon the didactic system. This presents objects which, first, attract the spontaneous attention of the child, and, second, contain a rational gradation of stimuli.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00929", "bookId": 39863, "start": 368484, "end": 368852, "sha256": "f02ad7e197a93c5d4736ba907fc648f121772547146981d3ea7a13a5096e6d1f", "text": "We must not confuse the _education_ of the senses, with the concrete ideas which may be gathered from our environment by means of the senses. Nor must this education of the senses be identical in our minds with the language through which is given the nomenclature corresponding to the concrete idea, nor with the acquisition of the abstract idea of the exercises.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00930", "bookId": 39863, "start": 368856, "end": 369632, "sha256": "5be8781e952d8bdea2ec6ac1e31712d4a3da1295c6dbd9c96b77cb240627b2d0", "text": "Let us consider what the music master does in giving instruction in piano playing. He teaches the pupil the correct position of the body, gives him the idea of the notes, shows him the correspondence between the written notes and the touch and the position of the fingers, and then he leaves the child to perform the exercise by himself. If a pianist is to be made of this child, there must, between the ideas given by the teacher and the musical exercises, intervene long and patient application to those exercises which serve to give agility to the articulation of the fingers and of the tendons, in order that the co-ordination of special muscular movements shall become automatic, and that the muscles of the hand shall become strong through their repeated use.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00931", "bookId": 39863, "start": 369636, "end": 369915, "sha256": "25e8df76b1e2333c5effd294c71e74642fec867b9b3d23fc2c593be049e4b0f4", "text": "The pianist must, therefore, _act for himself_, and the more his natural tendencies lead him to _persist_ in these exercises the greater will be his success. However, without the direction of the master the exercise will not suffice to develop the scholar into a true pianist.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00932", "bookId": 39863, "start": 369919, "end": 370086, "sha256": "807452cc750a386439502685275e049071a56fb95d2f550bee54589e55408f94", "text": "The directress of the \"Children's House\" must have a clear idea of the two factors which enter into her work--the guidance of the child, and the individual exercise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00933", "bookId": 39863, "start": 370090, "end": 370289, "sha256": "a87f912f3e84d4af161925299c325dfb927ade1cfd321db9e6437f73d7f03f27", "text": "Only after she has this concept clearly fixed in her mind, may she proceed to the application of a _method_ to _guide_ the spontaneous education of the child and to impart necessary notions to him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00934", "bookId": 39863, "start": 370293, "end": 370400, "sha256": "37826abd1de3d7353834b9a2bfd0980a053b8d063fd25892a52010b16eede989", "text": "In the opportune quality and in the manner of this intervention lies the _personal art_ of the _educator_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00935", "bookId": 39863, "start": 370404, "end": 372313, "sha256": "34fd27bc251dec35dd30bd0f109cff341f3d46e8e95c1ba4ceb517556942da39", "text": "For example, in the \"Children's House\" in the Prati di Castello, where the pupils belong to the middle-class, I found, a month after the opening of the school, a child of five years who already knew how to compose any word, as he knew the alphabet perfectly--he had learned it in two weeks. He knew how to write on the blackboard, and in the exercises in free design he showed himself not only to be an observer, but to have some intuitive idea of perspective, drawing a house and chair very cleverly. As for the exercises of the chromatic sense, he could mix together the eight gradations of the eight colours which we use, and from this mass of sixty-four tablets, each wound with silk of a different colour or shade, he could rapidly separate the eight groups. Having done this, he would proceed with ease to arrange each colour series in perfect gradation. In this game the child would almost cover one of the little tables with a carpet of finely-shaded colours. I made the experiment, taking him to the window and showing him in full daylight one of the coloured tablets, telling him to look at it well, so that he might be able to remember it. I then sent him to the table on which all the gradations were spread out, and asked him to find the tablet like the one at which he had looked. He committed only very slight errors, often choosing the exact shade but more often the one next it, rarely a tint two grades removed from the right one. This boy had then a power of discrimination and a colour memory which were almost prodigious. Like all the other children, he was exceedingly fond of the colour exercises. But when I asked the name of the white colour spool, he hesitated for a long time before replying uncertainly \"white.\" Now a child of such intelligence should have been able, even without the special intervention of the teacher, to learn the name of each colour.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00936", "bookId": 39863, "start": 372317, "end": 372949, "sha256": "6142da0487c6add5ed5e59ee36444c7f7f60c66c324c0a83aef29c81e0e36be7", "text": "The directress told me that having noticed that the child had great difficulty in retaining the nomenclature of the colours, she had up until that time left him to exercise himself freely with the games for the colour sense. At the same time he had developed rapidly a power over written language, which in my method as presented through a series of problems to be solved. These problems are presented as sense exercises. This child was, therefore, most intelligent. In him the discriminative sensory perceptions kept pace with great intellectual activities--attention and judgment. But his _memory for names_ was inferior.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00937", "bookId": 39863, "start": 372953, "end": 373400, "sha256": "33e6fb987257bac9a5adacd059b31cbe7080d4c80cb3565b4a3882716f1f9132", "text": "The directress had thought best not to interfere, as yet, in the teaching of the child. Certainly, the education of the child was a little disordered, and the directress had left the spontaneous explanation of his mental activities excessively free. However desirable it may be to furnish a sense education as a basis for intellectual ideas, it is nevertheless advisable at the same time to associate the _language_ with these _perceptions_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00938", "bookId": 39863, "start": 373404, "end": 373546, "sha256": "9050c27d453d7ff45733f678cea4da0b66b037162f63473c37b6a6e189f30ec5", "text": "In this connection I have found excellent for use with normal children _the three periods_ of which the lesson according to Séguin consists:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00939", "bookId": 39863, "start": 373550, "end": 373622, "sha256": "63449cd2caaf051c07e99221b551259304bce075322b5c1e17f25c7b26f82845", "text": "_First Period._ The association of the sensory perception with the name.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00940", "bookId": 39863, "start": 373626, "end": 373852, "sha256": "e3409cd11ace6c81f2fc86b93276599e7455cc7602b2e67bee09714575d60c3d", "text": "For example, we present to the child, two colours, red and blue. Presenting the red, we say simply, \"This is red,\" and presenting the blue, \"This is blue.\" Then, we lay the spools upon the table under the eyes of the child.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00941", "bookId": 39863, "start": 373856, "end": 373996, "sha256": "4e3dd46f22f2869b1c90450102a56b1856d941c493ebbf264053f3358117eae2", "text": "_Second Period._ Recognition of the object corresponding to the name. We Say to the child, \"Give me the red,\" and then, \"Give me the blue.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00942", "bookId": 39863, "start": 374000, "end": 374162, "sha256": "f75c06eb92bc25b60c58930c51f61f1c48726c1dbc2e9029678f681382df50cb", "text": "_Third Period._ The remembering of the name corresponding to the object. We ask the child, showing him the object, \"What is this?\" and he should respond, \"Red.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00943", "bookId": 39863, "start": 374166, "end": 374961, "sha256": "43c83988264df5d380e9f2aecf24fefc266eafb259e8632ec8a57b04ff832346", "text": "Séguin insists strongly upon these three periods, and urges that the colours be left for several instants under the eyes of the child. He also advises us never to present the colour singly, but always two at a time, since the contrast helps the chromatic memory. Indeed, I have proved that there cannot be a better method for teaching colour to the deficients, who, with this method were able to learn the colours much more perfectly than normal children in the ordinary schools who have had a haphazard sense education. For normal children however there exists a _period preceding_ the Three Periods of Séguin--a period which contains the real _sense education_. This is the acquisition of a fineness of differential perception, which can be obtained _only_ through auto-education.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00944", "bookId": 39863, "start": 374965, "end": 375197, "sha256": "4d623b6d324435ba89f47b76d8d62457682a722ba0b562f08ad4eff2ee504544", "text": "This, then, is an example of the great superiority of the normal child, and of the greater effect of education which such pedagogical methods may exercise upon the mental development of normal as compared with deficient children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00945", "bookId": 39863, "start": 375201, "end": 375644, "sha256": "4f7a93176ef1d164968db2f2f68512266bfc94fe90bc5dd556c247b0b8f4ec6b", "text": "The association of the name with the stimulus is a source of great pleasure to the normal child. I remember, one day, I had taught a little girl, who was not yet three years old, and who was a little tardy in the development of language, the names of three colours. I had the children place one of their little tables near a window, and seating myself in one of the little chairs, I seated the little girl in a similar chair at my right.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00946", "bookId": 39863, "start": 375648, "end": 376094, "sha256": "cdc383cbadba346f281af6a04380a5c88687096e07af2632ce54ff1451bc4f2e", "text": "I had, on the table, six of the colour spools in pairs, that is two reds, two blues, two yellows. In the First Period, I placed one of the spools before the child, asking her to find the one like it. This I repeated for all three of the colours, showing her how to arrange them carefully in pairs. After this I passed to the Three Periods of Séguin. The little girl learned to recognise the three colours and to pronounce the name of each.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00947", "bookId": 39863, "start": 376098, "end": 376489, "sha256": "d94e07df902b939f59c5119eabe4ce285090058ad608ecd109e37ba39d516880", "text": "She was so happy that she looked at me for a long time, and then began to jump up and down. I, seeing her pleasure, said to her, laughing, \"Do you know the colours?\" and she replied, still jumping up and down, \"Yes! YES!\" Her delight was inexhaustible; she danced about me, waiting joyously for me to ask her the same question, that she might reply with the same enthusiasm, \"Yes! Yes!\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00948", "bookId": 39863, "start": 376493, "end": 376765, "sha256": "c2eb33af8b01e7d02b6fd64587037254666263ed468ee09a694c85ebbbf1f4b4", "text": "Another important particular in the technique of sense education lies in _isolating the sense_, whenever this is possible. So, for example, the exercises on the sense of hearing can be given more successfully in an environment not only of silence, but even of darkness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00949", "bookId": 39863, "start": 376769, "end": 377306, "sha256": "792110fd14a683da76e61a0df3d975cce3772aa42962f8a7f771a6178e2160f2", "text": "For the education of the senses in general, such as in the tactile, thermic, baric, and stereognostic exercises, we blindfold the child. The reasons for this particular technique have been fully set forth by psychology. Here, it is enough to note that in the case of normal children the blindfold greatly increases their interest, without making the exercises degenerate into noisy fun, and without having the child's attention attracted more to the _bandage_ than to the sense-stimuli upon which we wish to _focus_ the attention.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00950", "bookId": 39863, "start": 377310, "end": 378226, "sha256": "b1312efa14f05a62f449b4399986a241b0172d98afc5ccc26274c414edd29a62", "text": "For example, in order to test the acuteness of the child's sense of hearing (a most important thing for the teacher to know), I use an empiric test which is coming to be used almost universally by physicians in the making of medical examinations. This test is made by modulating the voice, reducing it to a whisper. The child is blindfolded, or the teacher may stand behind him, speaking his name, in _a whisper_ and from varying distances. I establish a _solemn silence_ in the schoolroom, darken the windows, have the children bow their heads upon their hands which they hold in front of their eyes. Then I call the children by name, one by one, in a whisper, lighter for those who are nearer me, and more clearly for those farther away. Each child awaits, in the darkness, the faint voice which calls him, listening intently, ready to run with keenest joy toward the mysterious and much, desired call.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00951", "bookId": 39863, "start": 378230, "end": 378532, "sha256": "5e979a77eff5dc6221db306c5772f78b66c1ffa4b6670e8d478d6680740693de", "text": "The normal child may be blindfolded in the games where, for example, he is to recognise various weights, for this does help him to intensify and concentrate his attention upon the baric stimuli which he is to test. The blindfold adds to his pleasure, since he is proud of having been able to guess.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00952", "bookId": 39863, "start": 378536, "end": 378879, "sha256": "be3ad47e638aa01b7e07e0e130c98d83cb76dfbb44e4c760d9fbfec74bdcc01b", "text": "The effect of these games upon deficient children is very different. When placed in darkness, they often go to sleep, or give themselves up to disordered acts. When the blindfold is used, they fix their attention upon the bandage itself, and change the exercise into a game, which does not fulfil the end we have in view with the exercise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00953", "bookId": 39863, "start": 378883, "end": 379086, "sha256": "9132b21dbffe48313529e428c04b124d11ed946edbea2884bc4f298c453eaa02", "text": "We speak, it is true, of _games_ in education, but it must be made clear that we understand by this term a free activity, ordered to a definite end; not disorderly noise, which distracts the attention.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00954", "bookId": 39863, "start": 379090, "end": 379351, "sha256": "e735bbd7d60a367ce7daead69c0e5068fa5b04c683c47c2dd1e667c0ed26c8ce", "text": "The following pages of Itard give an idea of the patient experiments made by this pioneer in pedagogy. Their lack of success was due largely to errors which successive experiments have made it possible to correct, and in part to the mentality of his subject.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00955", "bookId": 39863, "start": 379355, "end": 380529, "sha256": "13d891eaf6dd9ad9daf1c3cd14540d51efe8a8b0765397a762325ef648c6b9b1", "text": "\"IV: In this last experiment it was not necessary, as in the one preceding, to demand that the pupil repeat the sounds which he perceived. This double work, distributing his attention, was outside the plane of my purpose, which was to educate each organ separately. I, therefore, limited myself to following the simple perception of sounds. To be certain of this result, I placed my pupil in front of me with his eyes blinded, his fists closed, and had him extend a finger every time that I made a sound. He understood this arrangement, and as soon as the sound reached his ear, the finger was raised, with a species of impetuosity, and often, with demonstrations of joy which left no doubt as to the pleasure the pupil took in these bizarre lessons. Indeed, whether it be that he found a real pleasure in the sound of the human voice, or that he had at last conquered the annoyance he at first felt on being deprived of the light for so long a time, the fact remains that more than once, during the intervals of rest, he came to me with his blindfold in his hand, holding it over his eyes, and jumping with joy when he felt my hands tying it about his head.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00956", "bookId": 39863, "start": 380533, "end": 381495, "sha256": "f9338e4ba29edd51aaadd1d0c25ff31bc5ff3692aae949650f93373208a4958c", "text": "\"V: Having thoroughly assured myself, through such experiments as the one described above, that all sounds of the voice, whatever their intensity, were perceived by Vittorio, I proceeded to the attempt of making him compare these sounds. It was no longer a case of simply noting the sounds of the voice, but of perceiving the differences and of appreciating all these modifications and varieties of tone which go to make up the music of the word. Between this task and the preceding there stretched a prodigious difference, especially for a being whose development was dependent upon gradual effort, and who advanced toward civilisation only because I led thitherward so gently that he was unconscious of the progress. Facing the difficulty now presented, I had need to arm myself more strongly than ever with patience and gentleness, encouraged by the hope that once I had surmounted this obstacle all would have been done for the sense of hearing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00957", "bookId": 39863, "start": 381499, "end": 381875, "sha256": "33d13737d72b4ee06fda4318c0dac24343f6960b2ac0d88d5096f61c4b416167", "text": "\"We began with the comparison of the vowel sounds, and here, too, made use of the hand to assure ourselves as to the result of our experiments. Each one of the fingers was made the sign of one of the five vowels. Thus the thumb represented A and was to be raised whenever this vowel was pronounced; the index finger was the sign for E; the middle finger for I; and so on.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00958", "bookId": 39863, "start": 381879, "end": 382604, "sha256": "f5b227453df340274e1bb1f25c12712129ea18dfdee98a665a09c69574190d21", "text": "\"VI: Not without fatigue, and not for a long time, was I able to give a distinct idea of the vowels. The first to be clearly distinguished was O, and then followed A. The three others presented much greater difficulty, and were for a long time confused. At last, however, the ear began to perceive distinctly, and, then, there returned in all their vivacity, those demonstrations of joy of which I have spoken. This continued until the pleasure taken in the lessons began to be boisterous, the sounds became confused, and the finger was raised indiscriminately. The outbursts of laughter became indeed so excessive that I lost patience! As soon as I placed the blindfold over his eyes the shouts of laughter began.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00959", "bookId": 39863, "start": 382608, "end": 383046, "sha256": "756cf6484cefdff3da2549ceaf81ea12bc9cbdcc5d9f86304d273d8835540424", "text": "Itard, finding it impossible to continue his educational work, decided to do away with the blindfold, and, indeed, the shouts ceased, but now the child's attention was distracted by the slightest movement about him. The blindfold was necessary, but the boy had to be made to understand that he must not laugh so much and that he was having a lesson. The corrective means of Itard and their touching results are worth reporting here!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00960", "bookId": 39863, "start": 383050, "end": 384247, "sha256": "1e1f0ce0e620f7c708e0edbb225969e7774eb59d930f89719c0d6eb9096b7275", "text": "\"I wished to intimidate him with my manner, not being able to do so with my glance. I armed myself with a tambourine and struck it lightly whenever he made a mistake. But he mistook this correction for a joke, and his joy became more noisy than ever. I then felt that I must make the correction a little more severe. It was understood, and I saw, with a mixture of pain and pleasure, revealed in the darkened face of this boy the fact that the feeling of injury surpassed the unhappiness of the blow. Tears came from beneath the blindfold, he urged me to take it off, but, whether from embarrassment or fear, or from some inner preoccupation, when freed from the bandage he still kept his eyes tightly closed. I could not laugh at the doleful expression of his face, the closed eyelids from between which trickled an occasional tear! Oh, in this moment, as in many others, ready to renounce my task, and feeling that the time I had consecrated to it was lost, how I regretted ever having known this boy, and bow severely I condemned the barren and inhuman curiosity of the men who in order to make scientific advancement had torn him away from a life, at least innocent and happy!\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00961", "bookId": 39863, "start": 384251, "end": 384353, "sha256": "fb2a64cdaeaa9324a0c7d2cb4393ac04b3734c2bd80ac9667dd9c67191c1dd64", "text": "Here also is demonstrated the great educative superiority of scientific pedagogy for normal children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00962", "bookId": 39863, "start": 384357, "end": 384999, "sha256": "ad326569338b9bfcecfb9f5e6b773880947d831f1488139baea89df77bb3726a", "text": "Finally, one particular of the technique consists in the _distribution of the stimuli_. This will be treated more fully in the description of the didactic system (materials) and of the sense education. Here it is enough to say that one should proceed from _few stimuli strongly contrasting, to many stimuli in gradual differentiation always more fine and imperceptible_. So, for example, we first present, together, red and blue; the shortest rod beside the longest; the thinnest beside the thickest, etc., passing from these to the delicately differing tints, and to the discrimination of very slight differences in length and size.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00963", "bookId": 39863, "start": 385009, "end": 385021, "sha256": "4e34027d4bab63d1583c84f49ae4b06da6c540b4a416155288d5ca7948d8873f", "text": "CHAPTER XIII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00964", "bookId": 39863, "start": 385025, "end": 385169, "sha256": "5352723cb38a356be50673882bb52c7d5dd5dd020d4d76fabb36cc61ed161669", "text": "EDUCATION OF THE SENSES AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE DIDACTIC MATERIAL: GENERAL SENSIBILITY; THE TACTILE, THERMIC, BARIC, AND STEREOGNOSTIC SENSES", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00965", "bookId": 39863, "start": 385175, "end": 385743, "sha256": "3e8c41fa6cdc030123e126d6eb0ce4883407d3619e37a2a79ec298ec5f557bf9", "text": "The education of the tactile and the thermic senses go together, since the warm bath, and heat in general, render the tactile sense more acute. Since to exercise the tactile sense it is necessary to _touch_, bathing the hands in warm water has the additional advantage of teaching the child a principle of cleanliness--that of not touching objects with hands that are not clean. I therefore apply the general notions of practical life, regarding the washing of the hands, care of the nails, to the exercises preparatory to the discrimination of tactile stimuli.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00966", "bookId": 39863, "start": 385747, "end": 386509, "sha256": "ffdb53ac780a5eb17195c814276b4ff1dd10bf2479fb0360770e48267a9bbb57", "text": "The limitation of the exercises of the tactile sense to the cushioned tips of the fingers, is rendered necessary by practical life. It must be made a necessary phase of _education_ because it prepares for a life in which man exercises and uses the tactile sense through the medium of these finger tips. Hence, I have the child wash his hands carefully with soap, in a little basin; and in another basin I have him rinse them in a bath of tepid water. Then I show him how to dry and rub his hands gently, in this way preparing for the regular bath. I next teach the child how to _touch_, that is, the manner in which he should touch surfaces. For this it is necessary to take the finger of the child and to draw _it very, very lightly_ over the surface.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00967", "bookId": 39863, "start": 386513, "end": 387301, "sha256": "1ea30d2ab37f1b758f02f30b9b1559889d1396ee4f8e38feee3d3eec6fa4f53d", "text": "Another particular of the technique is to teach the child to hold his eyes closed while he touches, encouraging him to do this by telling him that he will be able to feel the differences better, and so leading him to distinguish, without the help of sight, the change of contact. He will quickly learn, and will show that he enjoys the exercise. Often after the introduction of such exercises, it is a common thing to have a child come to you, and, closing his eyes, touch with great delicacy the palm of your hand or the cloth of your dress, especially any silken or velvet trimmings. They do verily _exercise_ the tactile sense. They enjoy keenly touching any soft pleasant surface, and become exceedingly keen in discriminating between the differences in the sandpaper cards.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00968", "bookId": 39863, "start": 387305, "end": 387640, "sha256": "0c795695233dc153c977881c62d44b4ca6278514a19802a7c16348a09282fd76", "text": "The Didactic Material consists of; _a_--a rectangular wooden board divided into two equal rectangles, one covered with very smooth paper, or having the wood polished until a smooth surface is obtained; the other covered with sandpaper, _b_--a tablet like the preceding covered with alternating strips of smooth paper and sandpaper.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00969", "bookId": 39863, "start": 387644, "end": 387835, "sha256": "689419a104a3a7074bc869a64c1c3877d359b71bb6f5fa7ac09969f1817cd20b", "text": "I also make use of a collection of paper slips, varying through many grades from smooth, fine cardboard to coarsest sandpaper. The stuffs described elsewhere are also used in these lessons.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00970", "bookId": 39863, "start": 387841, "end": 388078, "sha256": "1a05423ea4cc698ec352e9cc63cd8ac296c1571f7404cc766daf3cef48a944b9", "text": "As to the Thermic Sense, I use a set of little metal bowls, which are filled with water at different degrees of temperature. These I try to measure with a thermometer, so that there may be two containing water of the same temperature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00971", "bookId": 39863, "start": 388082, "end": 388203, "sha256": "e9e6a6da5ff1e3b8feac281e193a5bf0269ee456cafa7a4c5fe517a56a8afd91", "text": "[Illustration: THE CLOISTER SCHOOL OF THE FRANCISCAN NUNS IN ROME Children playing a game with tablets of coloured silk]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00972", "bookId": 39863, "start": 388207, "end": 388285, "sha256": "cfdf790079e9f02083695cd55442378bd3973768e399a4def86366937c0d14ca", "text": "[Illustration: (A) GIRL TOUCHING A LETTER AND BOY TELLING OBJECTS BY WEIGHT.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00973", "bookId": 39863, "start": 388289, "end": 388457, "sha256": "6a833482603c0b5c1c2bcc2f2aadd0263ef61a7901f5ca156a4edfbad26b4d7a", "text": "[Illustration: (B) ARRANGING TABLETS OF SILK IN THEIR CHROMATIC ORDER. There are eight colours, and eight shades of each colour, making sixty-four gradations in all.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00974", "bookId": 39863, "start": 388461, "end": 388692, "sha256": "5aba6fab4617edaa81e6840259333846264cbc7f962c8a981fb39f58af08c5bd", "text": "I have designed a set of utensils which are to be made of very light metal, and filled with water. These have covers, and to each is attached a thermometer. The bowl touched from the outside gives the desired impression of heat.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00975", "bookId": 39863, "start": 388696, "end": 388923, "sha256": "5dd686f51e7fbe9b4d21b4ba15ca6d5797c05e82fe26009270a2d51663f445ad", "text": "I also have the children put their hands into cold, tepid, and warm water, an exercise which they find most diverting. I should like to repeat this exercise with the feet, but I have not bad an opportunity to make the trial.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00976", "bookId": 39863, "start": 388927, "end": 390067, "sha256": "ad69fc75572f67a6233e8ab4bad545fe1f73bd89cc51722006f6ea4b3c108261", "text": "For the education of the baric sense (sense of weight), I use with great success little wooden tablets, six by eight centimetres, having a thickness of 1/2 centimetre. These tablets are in three different qualities of wood, wistaria, walnut, and pine. They weigh respectively, 24, 18, and 12 grammes, making them differ in weight by 6 grammes. These tablets should be very smooth; if possible, varnished in such a way that every roughness shall be eliminated, but so that the natural colour of the wood shall remain. The child, _observing_ the colour, _knows_ that they are of differing weights, and this offers a means of controlling the exercise. He takes two of the tablets in his hands, letting them rest upon the palm at the base of his outstretched fingers. Then he moves his hands up and down in order to gauge the weight. This movement should come to be, little by little, almost insensible. We lead the child to make his distinction purely through the difference in weight, leaving out the guide of the different colours, and closing his eyes. He learns to do this of himself, and takes great interest in \"guessing.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00977", "bookId": 39863, "start": 390071, "end": 390348, "sha256": "aac6b02f522a78a3c9b8e97949bca18448b388fced95f81a7c2d9d762f8bdf30", "text": "The game attracts the attention of those near, who gather in a circle about the one who has the tablets, and who take turns in _guessing_. Sometimes the children spontaneously make use of the blindfold, taking turns, and interspersing the work with peals of joyful laughter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00978", "bookId": 39863, "start": 390354, "end": 390390, "sha256": "cb48beabbe31045425e44b897b0f4806996435f9b70e367f82f873baa877890b", "text": "EDUCATION OF THE STEREOGNOSTIC SENSE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00979", "bookId": 39863, "start": 390394, "end": 390551, "sha256": "ae6f7e91533a95719e2b60cf40f928692a05e87452b8e011a21a74991b2daa26", "text": "The education of this sense leads to the recognition of objects through feeling, that is, through the simultaneous help of the tactile and muscular senses.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00980", "bookId": 39863, "start": 390555, "end": 390747, "sha256": "803958fa51dfaca8b811af2550e9ad2475334cafed743b6894b760a7f637b6ac", "text": "Taking this union as a basis, we have made experiments which have given marvellously successful educational results. I feel that for the help of teachers these exercises should be described.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00981", "bookId": 39863, "start": 390751, "end": 391655, "sha256": "d42b5b079454ce3724ff42ea2c81303f75a1075210af467c7f2da4fb7050d4b6", "text": "The first didactic material used by us is made up of the bricks and cubes of Froebel. We call the attention of the child to the form of the two solids, have him feel them carefully and accurately, with his eyes open, repeating some phrase serving to fix his attention upon the particulars of the forms presented. After this the child is told to place the cubes to the right, the bricks to the left, always feeling them, and without looking at them. Finally the exercise is repeated, by the child blindfolded. Almost all the children succeed in the exercise, and after two or three times, are able to eliminate every error. There are twenty-four of the bricks and cubes in all, so that the attention may be held for some time through this \"game\"--but undoubtedly the child's pleasure is greatly increased by the fact of his being watched by a group of his companions, all interested and eager.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00982", "bookId": 39863, "start": 391659, "end": 392542, "sha256": "9829abf1cfe7b585f40d096b4d0596c0e2c85041387900cb1898f1d79502bae1", "text": "One day a directress called my attention to a little girl of three years, one of our very youngest pupils, who had repeated this exercise perfectly. We seated the little girl comfortably in an armchair, close to the table. Then, placing the twenty-four objects before her upon the table, we mixed them, and calling the child's attention to the difference in form, told her to place the cubes to the right and the bricks to the left. When she was blindfolded she began the exercise as taught by us, taking an object in each hand, feeling each and putting it in its right place. Sometimes she took two cubes, or two bricks, sometimes she found a brick in the right hand, a cube in the left. The child had to recognise the form, and to remember throughout the exercise the proper placing of the different objects. This seemed to me very difficult for a child of three years.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00983", "bookId": 39863, "start": 392546, "end": 393161, "sha256": "0929d9865c46f7344ee18c745e0914e9d5e1479dde593ca12ca17100a3c4f89d", "text": "But observing her I saw that she not only performed the exercise easily, but that the movements with which we had taught her to feel the form were superfluous. Indeed the instant she had taken the two objects in her hands, if it so happened that she had taken a cube with the left hand and a brick in the right, she _exchanged_ them _immediately_, and _then_ began the laborious feeling the form which we had taught and which she perhaps, believed to be obligatory. But the objects had been recognised by her through _the first light touch_, that is, the _recognition_ was _contemporaneous_ to _the taking_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00984", "bookId": 39863, "start": 393165, "end": 393429, "sha256": "c39f983fa760d51bb18d0cbd10df0f204d1419cbde1116ad1eada5298e5f9487", "text": "Continuing my study of the subject, I found that this little girl was possessed of a remarkable _functional ambidexterity_--I should be very glad to make a wider study of this phenomenon having in view the desirability of a simultaneous education of both hands.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00985", "bookId": 39863, "start": 393433, "end": 393838, "sha256": "92eaf1d10d3b52e84bf81f559ff96de4b43dacc3ff025518c6d3547fe6e8e0e2", "text": "I repeated the exercise with other children and found that they _recognise_ the objects before feeling their contours. This was particularly true of the _little ones_. Our educational methods in this respect furnished a remarkable exercise in associative gymnastics, leading to a rapidity of judgment which was truly surprising and had the advantage of being perfectly adapted to very young children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00986", "bookId": 39863, "start": 393842, "end": 394251, "sha256": "7d2088e2377c27bd2373d53361d04e793bbd6b86c3eb6fc635b175693a00f42e", "text": "These exercises of the stereognostic sense may be multiplied in many ways--they amuse the children who find delight in the recognition of a stimulus, as in the thermic exercises; for example--they may raise any small objects, toy soldiers, little balls, and, above all, the various _coins_ in common use. They come to discriminate between small forms varying very slightly, such as corn, wheat, and rice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00987", "bookId": 39863, "start": 394255, "end": 394626, "sha256": "033e789090e915bc531f0cac7690aeeaab6b4f05ca379b46aa97e3683d5b0ee8", "text": "They are very proud of _seeing without eyes_, holding out their hands and crying, \"Here are my eyes!\" \"I can see with my hands!\" Indeed, our little ones walking in the ways we have planned, make us marvel over their unforeseen progress, surprising us daily. Often, while they are wild with delight over some new conquest,--we watch, in deepest wonder and meditation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00988", "bookId": 39863, "start": 394632, "end": 394674, "sha256": "02ed6f520f21135a5113621fef1709b29ebc562ab7f443db01827e3b08c94d1c", "text": "EDUCATION OF THE SENSES OF TASTE AND SMELL", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00989", "bookId": 39863, "start": 394678, "end": 394932, "sha256": "7f7f2974351f88fa2d464824bf502a34663ff571ce088fedfd79aedf66cace53", "text": "This phase of sense education is most difficult, and I have not as yet had any satisfactory results to record. I can only say that the exercises ordinarily used in the tests of psychometry do not seem to me to be practical for use with young children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00990", "bookId": 39863, "start": 394936, "end": 395530, "sha256": "b2fe7b6239a8e3406f47edb3ea88552e6ec4fb0711b6b3068fd8e3bae0c0766e", "text": "The olfactory sense in children is not developed to any great extent, and this makes it difficult to attract their attention by means of this sense. We have made use of one test which has not been repeated often enough to form the basis of a method. We have the child smell fresh violets, and jessamine flowers. We then blindfold him, saying, \"Now we are going to present you with flowers.\" A little friend then holds a bunch of violets under the child's nose, that he may guess the name of the flower. For greater or less intensify we present fewer flowers, or even one single blossom.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00991", "bookId": 39863, "start": 395534, "end": 395809, "sha256": "6a24ef9e28b2d0d350d89e3e12b6ef7f3d9dbd12bf21f01b3f76639c739b713e", "text": "[Illustration: (A) DRAWING TABLE AND INSET. (B) WOODEN TABLETS. These are partly covered with sandpaper to give rough and smooth surfaces. (C) SOLID INSETS. With these the child, working by himself, learns to differentiate objects according to thickness, height, and size.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00992", "bookId": 39863, "start": 395815, "end": 395851, "sha256": "7ddf25e1163e0f33af05cb615010a1f9f45f169a0d47b0b2366c72b0cac1b309", "text": "_Copyright, 1912, by Carl R. Byoir_]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00993", "bookId": 39863, "start": 395855, "end": 395975, "sha256": "d71349051f13ca5a29aec33c5b0015a83205566d3c7b23808916a6e425687811", "text": "[Illustration: (A) BROAD STAIR. (B) LONG STAIR. (C) TOWER. Blocks by which children are taught thickness, length, size.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00994", "bookId": 39863, "start": 395981, "end": 396016, "sha256": "165acf80f06045fe88466b13ebb2ab5f196e03430e3bf51c1d78958b5fb4fb44", "text": "_Copyright, 1912 by Carl R. Byoir_]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00995", "bookId": 39863, "start": 396020, "end": 396185, "sha256": "419a113909f248b2c33b93a8f7c1e9b5b8088a5337fb647e343e4662990cab41", "text": "But this part of education, like that of the sense of taste, can be obtained by the child during the luncheon hour;--when he can learn to recognise various odours.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00996", "bookId": 39863, "start": 396189, "end": 396685, "sha256": "e810437f720c74707f55f6ee5aac25868822f6033741124fc578dc85727589a6", "text": "As to taste, the method of touching the tongue with various solutions, bitter or acid, sweet, salty, is perfectly applicable. Children of four years readily lend themselves to such games, which serve as a reason for showing them how to rinse their mouths perfectly. The children enjoy recognising various flavours, and learn, after each test, to fill a glass with tepid water, and carefully rinse their months. In this way the exercise for the sense of taste is also an exercise in hygiene.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00997", "bookId": 39863, "start": 396691, "end": 396723, "sha256": "a89a3feb0037cba5b6a5eedefb6257a2a2f044f07cf2eb5d6ee8d8f5a1b1afed", "text": "EDUCATION OF THE SENSE OF VISION", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00998", "bookId": 39863, "start": 396727, "end": 396776, "sha256": "c948f2124881d341a14771a2f863585dc91e8bf9ebbd6061f9002f231b6d5bcf", "text": "_I. Differential Visual Perception of Dimensions_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B00999", "bookId": 39863, "start": 396780, "end": 398188, "sha256": "d810c0f5783da289e6f15144bda2ffada84dd90c85c8f79308912a55f3dad177", "text": "_First._ Solid Insets: This material consists of three solid blocks of wood each 55 centimetres long, 6 centimetres high and 8 centimetres wide. Each block contains ten wooden pieces, set into corresponding holes. These pieces are cylindrical in shape and are to be handled by means of a little wooden or brass button which is fixed in the centre of the top. The cases of cylinders are in appearance much like the cases of weights used by chemists. In the first set of the series, the cylinders are all of equal height (55 millimetres) but differ in diameter. The smallest cylinder has a diameter of 1 centimetre, and the others increase in diameter at the rate of 1/2 centimetre. In the second set, the cylinders are all of equal diameter, corresponding to half the diameter of the largest cylinder in the preceding series--(27 millimetres). The cylinders in this set differ in height, the first being merely a little disk only a centimetre high, the others increase 5 millimetres each, the tenth one being 55 millimetres high. In the third set, the cylinders differ both in height and diameter, the first being 1 centimetre high and 1 centimetre in diameter and each succeeding one increasing 1/2 centimetre in height and diameter. With these insets, the child, working by himself, learns to differentiate objects according to _thickness_, according to _height_, and according to _size_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01000", "bookId": 39863, "start": 398192, "end": 398522, "sha256": "fc8823f1aabaa2e414ca82b6cff35457cb17fb1f1dc3f3fab94a8573fb37b6a7", "text": "In the schoolroom, these three sets may be played with by three children gathered about a table, an exchange of games adding variety. The child takes the cylinders out of the moulds, mixes them upon the table, and then puts each back into its corresponding opening. These objects are made of hard pine, polished and varnished.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01001", "bookId": 39863, "start": 398526, "end": 398703, "sha256": "4433925a6f06c807ab714cf4ba8a60073b059b4e3310e7e8e8eec355e45b4560", "text": "_Second._ Large pieces in graded dimensions:--There are three sets of blocks which come under this head, and it is desirable to have two of each of these sets in every school.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01002", "bookId": 39863, "start": 398707, "end": 399890, "sha256": "1f451eb148ab96448c4e5902c0174e2a90752db56e252c3bc0ddbefcb6f59ea2", "text": "(_a_) Thickness: this set consists of objects which vary from _thick_ to _thin_. There are ten quadrilateral prisms, the largest of which has a base of 10 centimetres, the others decreasing by 1 centimetre. The pieces are of equal length, 20 centimetres. These prisms are stained a dark brown. The child mixes them, scattering them over the little carpet, and then puts them in order, placing one against the other according to the graduations of thickness, observing that the length shall correspond exactly. These blocks, taken from the first to the last, form a species of _stair_, the steps of which grow broader toward the top. The child may begin with the thinnest piece or with the thickest, as suits his pleasure. The control of the exercise is not _certain_, as it was in the solid cylindrical insets. There, the large cylinders could not enter the small opening, the taller ones would project beyond the top of the block, etc. In this game of the Big Stair, the _eye_ of the child can easily recognise an error, since if he mistakes, the _stair_ is irregular, that is, there will be a high step, behind which, the step which should have ascended, decreases.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01003", "bookId": 39863, "start": 399894, "end": 400490, "sha256": "08683ccf7f052c7624023ea86afa0a27e661de5c52bd5dfbd0f7fd0fc8607cfe", "text": "(_b_) Length: Long and Short Objects:--This set consists of _ten rods_. These are four-sided, each face being 3 centimetres. The first rod is a metre long, and the last a decimetre. The intervening rods decrease, from first to last, 1 decimetre each. Each space of 1 decimetre is painted alternately _red_ or _blue_. The rods, when placed close to each other, must be so arranged that the colours correspond, forming so many transverse stripes--the whole set when arranged has the appearance of a rectangular triangle made up of organ pipes, which decrease on the side of the hypothenuse.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01004", "bookId": 39863, "start": 400494, "end": 400866, "sha256": "801fe00bffa37fab57c449e39ec94bb764cd90b46b0cedb487f7253b815cbed9", "text": "The child arranges the rods which have first been scattered and mixed. He puts them together according to the graduation of length, and observes the correspondence of colours. This exercise also offers a very evident control of error, for the regularity of the decreasing length of the stairs along the hypothenuse will be altered if the rods are not properly placed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01005", "bookId": 39863, "start": 400870, "end": 401147, "sha256": "2095635aefc0784f85250d62ace1a7bd2cd053892271a162f149b0d77c202a1d", "text": "This most important set of blocks will have its principal application in arithmetic, as we shall see. With it, one may count from one to ten and may construct the addition and other tables, and it may constitute the first steps in the study of the decimal and metric system.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01006", "bookId": 39863, "start": 401151, "end": 402450, "sha256": "7f50060dae0f395def4ad343b976222d5a97fbc63b2576382cbbd8a9c5724a0c", "text": "(_c_) Size: Objects, Larger and Smaller:--This set is made up of ten wooden cubes painted in rose-coloured enamel. The largest cube has a base of 10 centimetres, the smallest, of 1 centimetre, the intervening ones decrease 1 centimetre each. A little green cloth carpet goes with these blocks. This may be of oilcloth or cardboard. The game consists of building the cubes up, one upon another, in the order of their dimensions, constructing a little tower of which the largest cube forms the base and the smallest the apex. The carpet is placed on the floor, and the cubes are scattered upon it. As the tower is built upon the carpet, the child goes through the exercise of kneeling, rising, etc. The control is given by the irregularity of the tower as it decreases toward the apex. A cube misplaced reveals itself, because it breaks the line. The most common error made by the children in playing with these blocks at first, is that of placing the second cube as the base and placing the first cube upon it, thus confusing the two largest blocks. I have noted that the same error was made by deficient children in the repeated trials I made with the tests of De Sanctis. At the question, \"Which is the largest?\" the child would take, not the largest, but that nearest it in size.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01007", "bookId": 39863, "start": 402454, "end": 402840, "sha256": "253e117c87306fd8cc25707cf0f2400a7808615703d36f1d4371178fd441a031", "text": "Any of these three sets of blocks may be used by the children in a slightly different game. The pieces may be mixed upon a carpet or table, and then put in order upon another table at some distance. As he carries each piece, the child must walk without letting his attention wander, since he must remember the dimensions of the piece for which he is to look among the mixed blocks.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01008", "bookId": 39863, "start": 402844, "end": 403263, "sha256": "1aec624334cda246191887fda5dafc8cb88f9bc31cf6bf962f33afaa9b29eec6", "text": "The games played in this way are excellent for children of four or five years; while the simple work of arranging the pieces in order upon the same carpet where they have been mixed is more adapted to the little ones between three and four years of age. The construction of the tower with the pink cubes is very attractive to little ones of less than three years, who knock it down and build it up time after time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01009", "bookId": 39863, "start": 403267, "end": 403344, "sha256": "f3bf23d792664e59be8920e8093131c6d3c54ab4cac778bdbec5be68f2b1e239", "text": "[Illustration: A FEW OF THE MANY GEOMETRIC INSETS OF WOOD USED TO TEACH FORM", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01010", "bookId": 39863, "start": 403350, "end": 403386, "sha256": "7ddf25e1163e0f33af05cb615010a1f9f45f169a0d47b0b2366c72b0cac1b309", "text": "_Copyright, 1912, by Carl R. Byoir_]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01011", "bookId": 39863, "start": 403390, "end": 403563, "sha256": "c68c3d8788dc9f822de1a870a95f32b2f7f0833d9e18598a34dec702d453a721", "text": "[Illustration: (A) GEOMETRIC INSETS OF WOOD, AND FRAME. The frame furnishes the control necessary for exactness of work. (B) CABINET. (For storing geometric inset frames.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01012", "bookId": 39863, "start": 403569, "end": 403605, "sha256": "7ddf25e1163e0f33af05cb615010a1f9f45f169a0d47b0b2366c72b0cac1b309", "text": "_Copyright, 1912, by Carl R. Byoir_]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01013", "bookId": 39863, "start": 403611, "end": 403695, "sha256": "20821e2fbc827cd86f638ed5adc9dd2571ddc9a5cfd15ad7051f0e066e76df99", "text": "_II. Differential Visual Perception of Form and Visual-tactile-muscular Perception_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01014", "bookId": 39863, "start": 403699, "end": 403831, "sha256": "b886b90e7796293583a4e17dd1cea40f285320a60a99cc243a161ec0c9aac522", "text": "_Didactic Material._ Plane geometric _insets of wood_: The idea of these insets goes back to Itard and was also applied by Séguin.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01015", "bookId": 39863, "start": 403835, "end": 404325, "sha256": "069d0de522b2a7658d880e3250d87e7d7bc809885d5ac1d563441bfea1df85a6", "text": "In the school for deficients I had made and applied these insets in the same form used by my illustrious predecessors. In these there were two large tablets of wood placed one above the other and fastened together. The lower board was left solid, while the upper one was perforated by various geometric figures. The game consisted in placing in these openings the corresponding wooden figures which, in order that they might be easily handled, were furnished with a little brass knob.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01016", "bookId": 39863, "start": 404329, "end": 404763, "sha256": "440050c498fe23ac09740ad53d287fb87a96ac1626cfa057493b23f11a7e0ec0", "text": "In my school for deficients, I had multiplied the games calling for these insets, and distinguished between those used to teach colour and those used to teach form. The insets for teaching colour were all circles, those used for teaching form were all painted blue. I had great numbers of these insets made in graduations of colour and in an infinite variety of form. This material was most expensive and exceedingly cumbersome.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01017", "bookId": 39863, "start": 404767, "end": 405041, "sha256": "0319dce77189d344b393fd6ca707d2c02f6c99e2127bad3a59af199593642e0c", "text": "In many later experiments with normal children, I have, after many trials, completely excluded the plane geometric insets as an aid to the teaching of colour, since this material offers no control of errors, the child's task being that of _covering_ the forms before him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01018", "bookId": 39863, "start": 405045, "end": 405626, "sha256": "b9978ab55ee68318e884b415eeeca354e8d6ad23af9833eac451b296e102983d", "text": "I have kept the geometric insets, but have given them a new and original aspect. The form in which they are now made was suggested to me by a visit to the splendid manual training school in the Reformatory of St. Michael in Rome. I saw there wooden models of geometric figures, which could be set into corresponding frames or placed above corresponding forms. The scope of these materials was to lead to exactness in the making of the geometric pieces in regard to control of dimension and form; the _frame_ furnishing the _control_ necessary for the exactness of the work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01019", "bookId": 39863, "start": 405630, "end": 406907, "sha256": "26bb7d3e0f3a82ef871067a0d6a5c1ec98b7288d18606679acf25c806d22ae42", "text": "This led me to think of making modifications in my geometric insets, making use of the frame as well as of the inset I therefore made a rectangular tray, which measured 30 × 20 centimetres. This tray was painted a dark blue and was surrounded by a dark frame. It was furnished with a cover so arranged that it would contain six of the square frames with their insets. The advantage of this tray is that the forms may be changed, thus allowing us to present any combination we choose. I have a number of blank wooden squares which make it possible to present as few as two or three geometric forms at a time, the other spaces being filled in by the blanks. To this material I have added a set of white cards, 10 centimetres square. These cards form a series presenting the geometric forms in other aspects. In the _first_ of the series, the form is cut from blue paper and mounted upon the card. In the _second_ box of cards, the _contour_ of the same figures is mounted in the same blue paper, forming an outline one centimetre in width. On the _third_ set of cards the contour of the geometric form is _outlined by a blank line_. We have then the tray, the collection of small frames with their corresponding insets, and the set of the cards in three series.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01020", "bookId": 39863, "start": 406911, "end": 407003, "sha256": "a8cca3961c37e87c1fc1e7ec69c3c309564646b4c132c44b415e421827de9ddc", "text": "[Illustration: Some of the Card Forms used in the exercises with the three series of cards.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01021", "bookId": 39863, "start": 407009, "end": 407045, "sha256": "7ddf25e1163e0f33af05cb615010a1f9f45f169a0d47b0b2366c72b0cac1b309", "text": "_Copyright, 1912, by Carl R. Byoir_]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01022", "bookId": 39863, "start": 407049, "end": 407836, "sha256": "278a88faeacb9ab987695a79082afca44f650bd8b6c3247b589a9556ca548d35", "text": "I also designed a case containing six trays. The front of this box may be lowered when the top is raised and the trays may be drawn out as one opens the drawers of a desk. Each _drawer_ contains six of the small frames with their respective insets. In the first drawer I keep the four plain wooden squares and two frames, one containing a rhomboid, and the other a trapezoid. In the second, I have a series consisting of a square, and five rectangles of the same length, but varying in width. The third drawer contains six circles which diminish in diameter. In the fourth are six triangles, in the fifth, five polygons from a pentagon to a decagon. The sixth drawer contains six curved figures (an ellipse, an oval, etc., and a flower-like figure formed by four crossed arcs).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01023", "bookId": 39863, "start": 407840, "end": 408493, "sha256": "66208ac6f84e5edeffbb0f1850a18b6a16b7482d4d9a5cb1c8718dae93135162", "text": "_Exercise with the Insets._ This exercise consists in presenting to the child the large frame or tray in which we may arrange the figures as we wish to present them. We proceed to take out the insets, mix them upon the table, and then invite the child to put them back in place. This game may be played by even the younger children and holds the attention for a long period, though not for so long a time as the exercise with the cylinders. Indeed, I have never seen a child repeat this exercise more than five or six times. The child, in fact, expends much energy upon this exercise. He must _recognise_ the form and must look at it carefully.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01024", "bookId": 39863, "start": 408497, "end": 409443, "sha256": "1bee4a965f26355fef77077204104ce17667d2a1141ed100466f1482f8401e01", "text": "At first many of the children only succeed in placing the insets after many attempts, trying for example to place a triangle in a trapezoid, then in a rectangle, etc. Or when they have taken a rectangle, and recognise where it should go, they will still place it with the long side of the inset across the short side of the opening, and will only after many attempts, succeed in placing it. After three or four successive lessons, the child recognises the geometric figures with _extreme_ facility and places the insets with a security which has a tinge of nonchalance, or of _slight contempt for an exercise that is too easy_. This is the moment in which the child may be led to a methodical observation of the forms. We change the forms in the frame and pass from contrasted frames to analogous ones. The exercise is easy for the child, who habituates himself to placing the pieces in their frames without errors or false attempts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01025", "bookId": 39863, "start": 409447, "end": 410858, "sha256": "1edfbed395fb2ed4b13be351f97a95a1053b8658167c0a180d28d2ec1e8065fa", "text": "The first period of these exercises is at the time when the child is obliged to make repeated _trials_ with figures that are strongly contrasted in form. The _recognition_ is greatly helped by associating with the visual sense the muscular-tactile perception of the forms. I have the child touch[12] the contour of the piece with the _index finger_ of _his right hand_, and then have him repeat this with the contour of the frame into which the pieces must fit. We succeed in making this a _habit_ with the child. This is very easily attained, since all children love to _touch_ things. I have already learned, through my work with deficient children, that among the various forms of sense memory that of the muscular sense is the most precocious. Indeed, many children who have not arrived at the point of recognising a _figure by looking at it_, could recognise it by _touching it_, that is, by computing the movements necessary to the following of its contour. The same is true of the greater number of normal children;--confused as to where to place a figure, they turn it about trying in vain to fit it in, yet as soon as they have touched the two contours of the piece and its frame, they succeed in placing it perfectly. Undoubtedly, the association of the _muscular-tactile_ sense with that of _vision_, aids in a most remarkable way the perception of forms and fixes them in memory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01026", "bookId": 39863, "start": 410864, "end": 411084, "sha256": "bf6c7c7ea986ba2ff26a9cd289d4b4e7163963ddeee8150578183a8498aaa3ea", "text": "[12] Here and elsewhere throughout the book the word \"touch\" is used not only to express contact between the fingers and an object, but the moving of fingers or hand over an object or its outline.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01027", "bookId": 39863, "start": 411088, "end": 411359, "sha256": "82ef24df8896151f35a5953fb803b5d805b0c21a2cce36b2281eecab66db09bc", "text": "In such exercises, the control is absolute, as it was in the solid insets. The figure can only enter the corresponding frame. This makes it possible for the child to work by himself, and to accomplish a genuine sensory auto-education, in the visual perception of form.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01028", "bookId": 39863, "start": 411363, "end": 412352, "sha256": "5c4337bdb34071ffa2816e2c2da20c58d9325156dbced6b2872b23c0ecfb0f78", "text": "_Exercise with the three series of cards. First series._ We give the child the wooden forms and the cards upon which the white figure is mounted. Then we mix the cards upon the table; the child must arrange them in a line upon his table (which he loves to do), and then place the corresponding wooden pieces upon the cards. Here the control lies in the eyes. The child must _recognise_ this figure, and place the wooden piece upon it so perfectly that it will cover and hide the paper figure. The eye of the child here corresponds to the frame, which _materially_ led him at first to bring the two pieces together. In addition to covering the figure, the child is to accustom himself to _touching_ the contour of the mounted figures as a part of the exercise (the child always voluntarily follows those movements); and after he has placed the wooden inset he again touches the contour, adjusting with his finger the superimposed piece until it exactly covers the form beneath.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01029", "bookId": 39863, "start": 412356, "end": 413382, "sha256": "791a9bf888e10c74f879d3e0b599da8116bb99c7d99f9cc71f320ddbeea3dd46", "text": "_Second Series._ We give a number of cards to the child together with the corresponding wooden insets. In this second series, the figures are repeated by an outline of blue paper. The child through these exercises is passing gradually from the _concrete_ to the _abstract_. At first, he handled only _solid objects_. He then passed to a _plane figure_, that is, to the plane which in itself does not exist. He is now passing to the _line_, but this line does not represent for him the abstract contour of a plane figure. It is to him the _path which he has so often followed with his index finger_; this line is the _trace_ of a _movement_. Following again the contour of the figure with his finger, the child receives the impression of actually leaving a trace, for the figure is covered by his finger and appears as he moves it. It is the eye now which guides the movement, but it must be remembered that this movement was _already prepared_ for when the child touched the contours of the solid pieces of wood.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01030", "bookId": 39863, "start": 413386, "end": 413676, "sha256": "65ee0a61a9aca00c6807975bd11f51373180a032eebae16d323dcf1685b54758", "text": "_Third Series._ We now present to the child the cards upon which the figures are drawn in black, giving him, as before, the corresponding wooden pieces. Here, he has actually passed to the _line_; that is, to an abstraction, yet here, too, there is the idea of the result of a movement.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01031", "bookId": 39863, "start": 413680, "end": 414115, "sha256": "47d2fdb2378c3422135e0fb3a2ca8bd3f374bc615d98c7af2fe8dd31dcea53b1", "text": "This cannot be, it is true, the trace left by the finger, but, for example, that of a pencil which is guided by the hand in the same movements made before. These geometric figures in simple outline _have grown out_ of a gradual series of representations which were concrete to vision and touch. These representations return to the mind of the child when he performs the exercise of superimposing the corresponding wooden figures.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01032", "bookId": 39863, "start": 414121, "end": 414205, "sha256": "9f4b4422e86a60e601783a7d18cca3d561167d39caebf891244aed1ed94fa857", "text": "_III. Differential Visual Perception of Colours:--Education of the Chromatic Sense_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01033", "bookId": 39863, "start": 414209, "end": 415044, "sha256": "b28ed49acde483802dce0f95d85a06249250aa2d6523832a7df499f4dd2708b8", "text": "In many of our _lessons on the colours_, we make use of pieces of brightly-coloured stuffs, and of balls covered with wool of different colours. The didactic material for the _education of the chromatic_ sense is the following, which I have established after a long series of tests made upon normal children, (in the institute for deficients, I used as I have said above, the geometric insets). The present material consists of small flat tablets, which are wound with coloured wool or silk. These tablets have a little wooden border at each end which prevents the silk-covered card from touching the table. The child is also taught to take hold of the piece by these wooden extremities, so that he need not soil the delicate colours. In this way, we are able to use this material for a long time without having to renew it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01034", "bookId": 39863, "start": 415048, "end": 415221, "sha256": "d139aa5e686bfdf9a508eb83612e8b8caf780091315bb2f8cd2aa68a5e62da97", "text": "[Illustration: (A) LACING. (B) SHOE BUTTONING. (C) BUTTONING OF OTHER GARMENTS. (D) HOOKS AND EYES. Frames illustrating the different processes of dressing and undressing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01035", "bookId": 39863, "start": 415227, "end": 415263, "sha256": "7ddf25e1163e0f33af05cb615010a1f9f45f169a0d47b0b2366c72b0cac1b309", "text": "_Copyright, 1912, by Carl R. Byoir_]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01036", "bookId": 39863, "start": 415267, "end": 415314, "sha256": "37f039570d649e95f624865d2c7040745e8b26cf787747b56dbd850ac0a08ad6", "text": "[Illustration: TABLETS WOUND WITH COLOURED SILK", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01037", "bookId": 39863, "start": 415318, "end": 415417, "sha256": "409a64633d27a0819d39e16aecf0f2fdf2191cea4a3993b3eb4987e9ebd7dd6d", "text": "Used for educating the chromatic sense. The tablets are shown in the boxes in which they are kept.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01038", "bookId": 39863, "start": 415423, "end": 415459, "sha256": "7ddf25e1163e0f33af05cb615010a1f9f45f169a0d47b0b2366c72b0cac1b309", "text": "_Copyright, 1912, by Carl R. Byoir_]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01039", "bookId": 39863, "start": 415463, "end": 416037, "sha256": "98978e7d31f3f7d408b91c77636cf450253ec5081618ec15ddefc6c4c3bbef58", "text": "I have chosen eight tints, and each one has with it eight gradations of different intensity of colour. There are, therefore, sixty-four colour-tablets in all. The eight tints selected are _black_ (_from grey to white_), _red_, _orange_, _yellow_, _green_, _blue_, _violet_ and _brown_. We have duplicate boxes of these sixty-four colours, giving us two of each exercise. The entire set, therefore, consists of one hundred twenty-eight tablets. They are contained in two boxes, each divided into eight equal compartments so that one box may contain sixty-four tablets.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01040", "bookId": 39863, "start": 416041, "end": 416480, "sha256": "dad17e1e818d856afdd863f0d51f113145851697c07765c4262a0e3ec6c0f933", "text": "_Exercises with the Colour-tablets._ For the earliest of these exercises, we select three strong colours: for example, _red_, _blue_, and _yellow_, in pairs. These six tablets we place upon the table before the child. Showing him one of the colours, we ask him to find its duplicate among the mixed tablets upon the table. In this way, we have him arrange the colour-tablets in a column, two by two, pairing them according to colour.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01041", "bookId": 39863, "start": 416484, "end": 416924, "sha256": "499dc7a696be76350483f081a8766b65d3ee36af702242021db27e7fd7ab73f4", "text": "The number of tablets in this game may be increased until the eight colours, or sixteen tablets, are given at once. When the strongest tones have been presented, we may proceed to the presentation of lighter tones, in the same way. Finally, we present two or three tablets of the same colour, but of different tone, showing the child how to arrange these in order of gradation. In this way, the eight gradations are finally presented.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01042", "bookId": 39863, "start": 416928, "end": 417232, "sha256": "c7e02172e986369c4f40d94d67f65147401f92a2aeae5198833dde48d01fa98c", "text": "Following this, we place before the child the eight gradations of two different colours (red and blue); he is shown how to separate the groups and then arrange each group in gradation. As we proceed we offer groups of more nearly related colours; for example, blue and violet, yellow and orange, etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01043", "bookId": 39863, "start": 417236, "end": 417898, "sha256": "4acbe5a4b1eb2f2ca60dd438c5193982faba223b7283a976b30accd5529cf841", "text": "In one of the \"Children's Houses,\" I have seen the following game played with the greatest success and interest, and with surprising _rapidity_. The directress places upon a table, about which the children are seated, as many colour groups as there are children, for example, three. She then calls each child's attention to the colour each is to select, or which she assigns to him. Then, she mixes the three groups of colours upon the table. Each child takes rapidly from the mixed heap of tablets all the gradations of his colour, and proceeds to arrange the tablets, which, when thus placed in a line, give the appearance of a strip of shaded ribbon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01044", "bookId": 39863, "start": 417902, "end": 418357, "sha256": "b3824d25dbf8d71d523d86756a9300640b452b94d55b8900e57b7a32636f1422", "text": "In another \"House,\" I have seen the children take the entire box, empty the sixty-four colour-tablets upon the table and after carefully mixing them, rapidly collect them into groups and arrange them in gradation, constructing a species of little carpet of delicately coloured and intermingling tints. The children very quickly acquire an ability before which we stand amazed. Children of three years are able to put all of the tints into gradation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01045", "bookId": 39863, "start": 418361, "end": 418912, "sha256": "529c865332076c58e67b0962b5a38d61f0ba2895b21a527905b57b323b5f0c05", "text": "_Experiments in Colour-memory._ Experiments in colour-memory may be made by showing the child a tint, allowing him to look at it as long as he will, and then asking him to go to a distant table upon which all of the colours are arranged and to select from among them the tint similar to the one at which he has looked. The children succeed in this game remarkably, committing only slight errors. Children of five years enjoy this immensely, taking great pleasure in comparing the two spools and judging as to whether they have chosen correctly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01046", "bookId": 39863, "start": 418916, "end": 419558, "sha256": "eafab424dce1dde5b3cf354dbae45d6091e000b17210229cf36201f369c74340", "text": "At the beginning of my work, I made use of an instrument invented by Pizzoli. This consisted of a small brown disk having a half-moon shape opening at the top. Various colours were made to pass behind this opening, by means of a rotary disk which was composed of strips of various colours. The teacher called the attention of the child to a certain colour, then turned the disk, asking him to indicate the same disk when it again showed itself in the opening. This exercise rendered the child inactive, preventing him from controlling the material. It is not, therefore, an instrument which can promote the _education_ of the senses.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01047", "bookId": 39863, "start": 419564, "end": 419605, "sha256": "22f003df04032291c8d5cd0886e13db6a1690dd772ca575684aad866aed6ab04", "text": "EXERCISE FOR THE DISCRIMINATION OF SOUNDS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01048", "bookId": 39863, "start": 419609, "end": 419994, "sha256": "8ef7e91089efd5e285bc4cbe72de9c7afd006887cbfafae020711f03e6b7abf6", "text": "It would be desirable to have in this connection the didactic material used for the \"auricular education\" in the principal institutions for deaf mutes in Germany and America. These exercises are an introduction to the acquisition of language, and serve in a very special way to centre the children's discriminative attention upon the \"modulations of the sound of the human voice.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01049", "bookId": 39863, "start": 419998, "end": 420564, "sha256": "f9d894f74553c0995c8d6786ae13101bdca6c213eecea89334d9cd2010f24e89", "text": "With very young children linguistic education must occupy a most important place. Another aim of such exercises is to educate the ear of the child to noises so that he shall accustom himself to distinguish every slight noise and compare it with _sounds_, coming to resent harsh or disordered noises. Such sense education has a value in that it exercises æsthetic taste, and may be applied in a most noteworthy way to practical discipline. We all know how the younger children disturb the order of the room by shouts, and by the noise of over-turned objects.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01050", "bookId": 39863, "start": 420568, "end": 420970, "sha256": "267d155d367437971dd1f1eccfa1082b3cc2a78ca3a6333eeda4ebcaa258db43", "text": "The rigorous scientific education of the sense of hearing is not practically applicable to the didactic method. This is true because the child cannot _exercise himself through his own activity_ as he does for the other senses. Only one child at a time can work with any instrument producing the gradation of sounds. In other words, _absolute silence_ is necessary for the discrimination of sounds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01051", "bookId": 39863, "start": 420974, "end": 420988, "sha256": "a7d04715f7b106d0798812fbf3e6f78563c35d0e503460e8ad87770a7742cba1", "text": "[Illustration]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01052", "bookId": 39863, "start": 420992, "end": 421354, "sha256": "1cd179050fbe6d1b5535732d505a7833c3eef775a5b52d72d6cf4cf011b71cb2", "text": "Signorina Maccheroni, Directress, first of the \"Children's House\" in Milan and later in the one in Franciscan Convent at Rome, has invented and has had manufactured a series of thirteen bells hung upon a wooden frame. These bells are to all appearances, identical, but the vibrations brought about by a blow of a hammer produce the following thirteen notes:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01053", "bookId": 39863, "start": 421358, "end": 421911, "sha256": "2b6a0f60e9c65416920a12d099b4bbc62a309b2aa591e8bff403946a2d7d0436", "text": "The set consists of a double series of thirteen bells and there are four hammers. Having struck one of the bells in the first series, the child must find the corresponding sound in the second. This exercise presents grave difficulty, as the child does not know how to strike each time with the same force, and therefore produces sounds which vary in intensity. Even when the teacher strikes the bells, the children have difficulty in distinguishing between sounds. So we do not feel that this instrument in its present form is entirely practical.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01054", "bookId": 39863, "start": 421915, "end": 422160, "sha256": "bb04d70d921a747ac4a8715f3bed12d5ff73b432ff2f868c0aee02900cafabe0", "text": "For the discrimination of sounds, we use Pizzoli's series of little whistles. For the gradation of noises, we use small boxes filled with different substances, more or less fine (sand or pebbles). The noises are produced by shaking the boxes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01055", "bookId": 39863, "start": 422164, "end": 422568, "sha256": "7e7a25b475ad0abecd5be794d383a4ee78dd15fea932d8a2f1f27e95ac6c77ec", "text": "In the lessons for the sense of hearing I proceed as follows: I have the teachers establish silence in the usual way and then I _continue_ the work, making the silence more profound. I say, \"St! St!\" in a series of modulations, now sharp and short, now prolonged and light as a whisper. The children, little by little, become fascinated by this. Occasionally I say, \"More silent still--more silent.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01056", "bookId": 39863, "start": 422572, "end": 422863, "sha256": "5f1d6a181a4ae73356becdf32caef058171650e4dafd1780d7c2ca481d229347", "text": "I then begin the sibilant St! St! again, making it always lighter and repeating \"More silent still,\" in a barely audible voice. Then I say still in a low whisper, \"Now, I hear the clock, now I can hear the buzzing of a fly's wings, now I can hear the whisper of the trees in the garden.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01057", "bookId": 39863, "start": 422867, "end": 423223, "sha256": "ee702712a95ecedf0ef096b345a2175297ec718a1ba9d8216fefa94b2e01b97c", "text": "The children, ecstatic with joy, sit in such absolute and complete silence that the room seems deserted; then I whisper, \"Let us close our eyes.\" This exercise repeated, so habituates the children to immobility and to absolute silence that, when one of them interrupts, it needs only a syllable, a gesture to call him back immediately to perfect order.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01058", "bookId": 39863, "start": 423227, "end": 424083, "sha256": "81ffb27c8c26e899a7143797e77cd4f2beba744b9c9a75554e00926f42a68288", "text": "In the silence, we proceeded to the production of sounds and noises, making these at first strongly contrasted, then, more nearly alike. Sometimes we present the comparisons between noise and sound. I believe that the best results can be obtained with the primitive means employed by Itard in 1805. He used the drum and the bell. His plan was a graduated series of drums for the noises,--or, better, for the heavy harmonic sounds, since these belong to a musical instrument,--and a series of bells. The diapason, the whistles, the boxes, are not attractive to the child, and do not educate the sense of hearing as do these other instruments. There is an interesting suggestion in the fact that the two great human institutions, that of hate (war), and that of love (religion), have adopted these two opposite instruments, the drum and the bell.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01059", "bookId": 39863, "start": 424087, "end": 424664, "sha256": "2c5cb9264e66d53dad33fae264cd6e65f06b1555cd3195367d52573af5399cd4", "text": "I believe that after establishing silence it would be educational to ring well-toned bells, now calm and sweet, now clear and ringing, sending their vibrations through the child's whole body. And when, besides the education of the ear, we have produced a _vibratory_ education of the whole body, through these wisely selected sounds of the bells, giving a peace that pervades the very fibres of his being, then I believe these young bodies would be sensitive to crude noises, and the children would come to dislike, and to cease from making, disordered and ugly noises.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01060", "bookId": 39863, "start": 424668, "end": 425156, "sha256": "191abf5c5fd667f9e0e683ea59000ea19dfc6e3c3671d696bd6df514ab696513", "text": "In this way one whose ear has been trained by a musical education suffers from strident or discordant notes. I need give no illustration to make clear the importance of such education for the masses in childhood. The new generation would be more calm, turning away from the confusion and the discordant sounds, which strike the ear to-day in one of the vile tenements where the poor live, crowded together, left by us to abandon themselves to the lower, more brutal human instincts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01061", "bookId": 39863, "start": 425162, "end": 425181, "sha256": "a58776edc6c44520ed67f1af21a510e6f590ac0013f9c64d7ab579537c505b67", "text": "_Musical Education_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01062", "bookId": 39863, "start": 425185, "end": 425523, "sha256": "15e104f7446225e3b7b1c6429aa124c8c437f454f6950669e1f552fbad99ec6c", "text": "This must be carefully guided by method. In general, we see little children pass by the playing of some great musicians as an animal would pass. They do not perceive the delicate complexity of sounds. The street children gather about the organ grinder, crying out as if to hail with joy the _noises_ which will come instead of sounds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01063", "bookId": 39863, "start": 425527, "end": 425870, "sha256": "878fea2449532d963539b0acc4e1637623e6b58daa4465106b35f37b36e8d74f", "text": "For the musical education we must _create instruments_ as well as music. The scope of such an instrument in addition to the discrimination of sounds, is to awaken a sense of rhythm, and, so to speak, to give the _impulse_ toward calm and co-ordinate movements to those muscles already vibrating in the peace and tranquillity of immobility.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01064", "bookId": 39863, "start": 425874, "end": 426328, "sha256": "eea061e861e818342dfae976b4d4135141dd17796f8ae33af396813eb8da7527", "text": "I believe that stringed instruments (perhaps some very much simplified harp) would be the most convenient. The stringed instruments together with the drum and the bells form the trio of the classic instruments of humanity. The harp is the instrument of \"the intimate life of the individual.\" Legend places it in the hand of Orpheus, folk-lore puts it into fairy hands, and romance gives it to the princess who conquers the heart of a wicked prince.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01065", "bookId": 39863, "start": 426332, "end": 426466, "sha256": "cfc05e25fe65005a2ccc73f7bf2d49ea043616ce7491193ddf8738975d9c523e", "text": "The teacher who turns her back upon her scholars to play, (far too often badly), will never be the _educator_ of their musical sense.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01066", "bookId": 39863, "start": 426470, "end": 427331, "sha256": "5f925fcaacc681e5f9792d2d5c6fadab64ffc2a531a6d898bb8e98623fcaa49a", "text": "The child needs to be charmed in every way, by the glance as well as by the pose. The teacher who, bending toward them, gathering them about her, and leaving them free to stay or go, touches the chords, in a simple rhythm, puts herself in communication with them, _in relation with their very souls_. So much the better if this touch can be accompanied by her _voice_, and the children left free to follow her, no one being obliged to sing. In this way she can select as \"adapted to education,\" those songs which were followed by all the children. So she may regulate the complexity of rhythm to various ages, for she will see now only the older children following the rhythm, now, also the little ones. At any rate, I believe that simple and primitive instruments are the ones best adapted to the awakening of music in the soul of the little child.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01067", "bookId": 39863, "start": 427335, "end": 428192, "sha256": "80bdeafd8279c93b4917be3c74936997a7ff15bb9b965eae987fcce0d4d65351", "text": "I have tried to have the Directress of the \"Children's House\" in Milan, who is a gifted musician, make a number of trials, and experiments, with a view to finding out more about the muscular capacity of young children. She has made many trials with the pianoforte, observing how the children _are not sensitive_ to the musical _tone_, but only to the _rhythm_. On a basis of rhythm she arranged simple little dances, with the intention of studying the influence of the rhythm itself upon the co-ordination of muscular movements. She was greatly surprised to discover the _educational disciplinary_ effect of such music. Her children, who had been led with great wisdom and art through liberty to a _spontaneous_ ordering of their acts and movements, had nevertheless lived in the streets and courts, and had an almost universal habit of jumping.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01068", "bookId": 39863, "start": 428196, "end": 428330, "sha256": "e421aeb8aebd93c37fbb9ca1fbdb908a177a6392311c6a53f8be28dcec38367b", "text": "Being a faithful follower of the method of liberty, and not considering that _jumping_ was a wrong act, she had never corrected them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01069", "bookId": 39863, "start": 428334, "end": 428716, "sha256": "f81d0e98fcfa0c9046f565c8f2c24239687b5a0ea8ae808dc2d559c2f60dae7e", "text": "She now noticed that as she multiplied and repeated the rhythm exercises, the children little by little left off their ugly jumping, until finally it was a thing of the past. The directress one day asked for an explanation of this change of conduct. Several little ones looked at her without saying anything. The older children gave various replies, whose meaning was the same.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01070", "bookId": 39863, "start": 428720, "end": 428744, "sha256": "c689d03417267eeff36e0162af662c1c179b1b6fb58ba18326522224e060fca5", "text": "\"It isn't nice to jump.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01071", "bookId": 39863, "start": 428748, "end": 428766, "sha256": "b08c6ef433eb4e4115c6db87adcffa1eac3f4e7a2c339f8be74a039a05eee257", "text": "\"Jumping is ugly.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01072", "bookId": 39863, "start": 428770, "end": 428790, "sha256": "7fc9b52eb285380e57aee3aab814edb51b139afa4e81d342e4e167f2a8193c02", "text": "\"It's rude to jump.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01073", "bookId": 39863, "start": 428794, "end": 428848, "sha256": "7fd72b989e5c8b0a8e2b9a67bdb82116df9690ff3b476e1c34aeee98a405059c", "text": "This was certainly a beautiful triumph for our method!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01074", "bookId": 39863, "start": 428852, "end": 429110, "sha256": "18512f17f7b9ce08228daf70aaf5e8fd35b296baf4c564cfd082979e1973c7ba", "text": "This experience shows that it is possible to educate the child's _muscular sense_, and it shows how exquisite the refinement of this sense may be as it develops in relation to the _muscular memory_, and side by side with the other forms of sensory memory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01075", "bookId": 39863, "start": 429116, "end": 429148, "sha256": "20bf41b04bd1cf763923fea613b1f38e7a826572dc2f0d5bfc93bc04ee285809", "text": "_Tests for Acuteness of Hearing_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01076", "bookId": 39863, "start": 429152, "end": 429525, "sha256": "d3cd38becf6135ec4ba40f806ed6241aed0fd27ccfdbff907e2a4f27b24b1099", "text": "The only entirely successful experiments which we have made so far in the \"Children's Houses\" are those of the _clock_, and of the _lowered_ or whispered _voice_. The trial is purely empirical, and does not lend itself to the measuring of the sensation, but it is, however, most useful in that it helps us to an approximate knowledge of the child's auditory acuteness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01077", "bookId": 39863, "start": 429529, "end": 429922, "sha256": "20ea00baa8943e1c4cf9147ffce68cbf65c7da840a61bb0c680f98a22552e10b", "text": "The exercise consists in calling attention, when perfect silence has been established, to the ticking of the clock, and to all the little noises not commonly audible to the ear. Finally we call the little ones, one by one from an adjoining room, pronouncing each name in a low voice. In preparing for such an exercise it is necessary to _teach_ the children the real meaning of _silence_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01078", "bookId": 39863, "start": 429926, "end": 430067, "sha256": "32308e639a853ad09b52e47cda64d2c9eaef67c8323281f1d54fdc2d48dc381b", "text": "Toward this end I have several _games_ of _silence_, which help in a surprising way to strengthen the remarkable discipline of our children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01079", "bookId": 39863, "start": 430071, "end": 430727, "sha256": "f2357ba73ab025124c00c7a0bfcf5170e88da17b7541876e9b8de55308922aee", "text": "I call the children's attention to myself, telling them to see how silent I can be. I assume different positions; standing, sitting, and maintain each pose _silently, without movement_. A finger moving can produce a noise, even though it be imperceptible. We may breathe so that we may be heard. But I maintain _absolute_ silence, which is not an easy thing to do. I call a child, and ask him to do as I am doing. He adjusts his feet to a better position, and this makes a noise! He moves an arm, stretching it out upon the arm of his chair; it is a noise. His breathing is not altogether silent, it is not tranquil, absolutely unheard as mine is.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01080", "bookId": 39863, "start": 430731, "end": 431537, "sha256": "87eee005e4139843b4fda383a107aa30b4246f7805db70f5c769c919264fc0b3", "text": "During these manoeuvres on the part of the child, and while my brief comments are followed by intervals of immobility and silence, the other children are watching and listening. Many of them are interested in the fact, which they have never noticed before; namely, that we make so many noises of which we are not conscious, and that there are _degrees of silence_. There is an absolute silence where nothing, _absolutely nothing_ moves. They watch me in amazement when I stand in the middle of the room, so quietly that it is really as if \"I were not.\" Then they strive to imitate me, and to do even better. I call attention here and there to a foot that moves, almost inadvertently. The attention of the child is called to every part of his body in an anxious eagerness to attain to immobility.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01081", "bookId": 39863, "start": 431541, "end": 431678, "sha256": "3d60493aba9aa8a2f5432c3196e7fa1c398615cba7fe381eb6cebf21347a1665", "text": "When the children are trying in this way, there is established a silence very different from that which we carelessly call by that name.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01082", "bookId": 39863, "start": 431682, "end": 432237, "sha256": "b031493a8df46d0d5e99bbed065c34b3a6df4f02da6cd6c4e756c937879a5551", "text": "It seems as if life gradually vanishes, and that the room becomes, little by little, empty, as if there were no longer anyone in it. Then we begin to hear the tick-tock of the clock, and this sound seems to grow in intensity as the silence becomes absolute. From without, from the court which before seemed silent, there come varied noises, a bird chirps, a child passes. The children sit fascinated by that silence as if by some conquest of their own. \"Here,\" says the directress, \"here there is no longer anyone; the children have all gone away.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01083", "bookId": 39863, "start": 432241, "end": 432453, "sha256": "88cbbf0cc72f885c23d1d4978bb49cb9d05a3da392120b8441798f82db15f407", "text": "Having arrived at that point, we darken the windows, and tell the children to close their eyes, resting their heads upon their hands. They assume this position, and in the darkness the absolute silence returns.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01084", "bookId": 39863, "start": 432457, "end": 433089, "sha256": "05481df3ad7b37e1bc891c0fec8e4764953136a72763b59c5be7da014666f712", "text": "\"Now listen,\" we say. \"A soft voice is going to call your name.\" Then going to a room behind the children, and standing within the open door, I call in a low voice, lingering over the syllables as if I were calling from across the mountains. This voice, almost occult, seems to reach the heart and to call to the soul of the child. Each one as he is called, lifts his head, opens his eyes as if altogether happy, then rises, silently seeking not to move the chair, and walks on the tips of his toes, so quietly that he is scarcely heard. Nevertheless his step resounds in the silence, and amid the immobility which persists.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01085", "bookId": 39863, "start": 433093, "end": 433792, "sha256": "49df58c6fbfdb3ab8f4af285cfefe27b6a343678848db8dffdd7bf9c756ec133", "text": "Having reached the door, with a joyous face, he leaps into the room, choking back soft outbursts of laughter. Another child may come to hide his face against my dress, another, turning, will watch his companions sitting like statues silent and waiting. The one who is called feels that he is privileged, that he has received a gift, a prize. And yet they know that all will be called, \"beginning with the most silent one in all the room.\" So each one tries to merit by his perfect silence the certain call. I once saw a little one of three years try to suffocate a sneeze, and succeed! She held her breath in her little breast, and resisted, coming out victorious. A most surprising effort!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01086", "bookId": 39863, "start": 433796, "end": 434256, "sha256": "49a77c7c062fc7d38d582ac9ec37c89baa406bd907b7f6a103356242fd626a6b", "text": "This game delights the little ones beyond measure. Their intent faces, their patient immobility, reveal the enjoyment of a great pleasure. In the beginning, when the soul of the child was unknown to me, I had thought of showing them sweetmeats and little toys, promising to give them to the ones who were _called_, supposing that the gifts would be necessary to persuade the child to make the necessary effort. But I soon found that this was unnecessary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01087", "bookId": 39863, "start": 434260, "end": 435531, "sha256": "82df33ed516a95b527264dc779afcc59f06d050531319844113b0f0a7b8ca047", "text": "The children, after they had made the effort necessary to maintain silence, enjoyed the sensation, took pleasure in the _silence_ itself. They were like ships safe in a tranquil harbour, happy in having experienced something new, and to have won a victory over themselves. This, indeed, was their recompense. They _forgot_ the promise of sweets, and no longer cared to take the toys, which I had supposed would attract them. I therefore abandoned that useless means, and saw, with surprise, that the game became constantly more perfect, until even children of three years of age remained immovable in the silence throughout the time required to call the entire forty children out of the room! It was then that I learned that the soul of the child has its own reward, and its peculiar spiritual pleasures. After such exercises it seemed to me that the children came closer to me, certainly they became more obedient, more gentle and sweet. We had, indeed, been isolated from the world, and had passed several minutes during which the communion between us was very close, I wishing for them and calling to them, and they receiving in the perfect silence the voice which was directed personally toward each one of them, crowning each in turn with happiness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01088", "bookId": 39863, "start": 435537, "end": 435558, "sha256": "d2e4dd9d548243c23e9da928d2558a3ec0c3a2183928ea8bf2c6266a66bd7a13", "text": "_A Lesson in Silence_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01089", "bookId": 39863, "start": 435562, "end": 436536, "sha256": "ae0cde3202bc17a376791383f3998d46ab392665b0586fefab224bf5b322c27e", "text": "I am about to describe a lesson which _proved_ most successful in teaching the perfect silence to which it is possible to attain. One day as I was about to enter one of the \"Children's Houses,\" I met in the court a mother who held in her arms her little baby of four months. The little one was swaddled, as is still the custom among the people of Rome--an infant thus in the swaddling bands is called by us a _pupa_. This tranquil little one seemed the incarnation of peace. I took her in my arms, where she lay quiet and good. Still holding her I went toward the schoolroom, from which the children now ran to meet me. They always welcomed me thus, throwing their arms about me, clinging to my skirts, and almost tumbling me over in their eagerness. I smiled at them, showing them the \"_pupa_.\" They understood and skipped about me looking at me with eyes brilliant with pleasure, but did not touch me through respect for the little one that I held in my arms.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01090", "bookId": 39863, "start": 436540, "end": 437794, "sha256": "45c8ff139862bfe8b46861b8370437aec91f30e33fbc012aa13afc9666bd7043", "text": "I went into the schoolroom with the children clustered about me. We sat down, I seating myself in a large chair instead of, as usual, in one of their little chairs. In other words, I seated myself solemnly. They looked at my little one with a mixture of tenderness and joy. None of us had yet spoken a word. Finally I said to them, \"I have brought you a little teacher.\" Surprised glances and laughter. \"A little teacher, yes, because none of you know how to be quiet as she does.\" At this all the children changed their positions and became quiet. \"Yet no one holds his limbs and feet as quietly as she.\" Everyone gave closer attention to the position of limbs and feet. I looked at them smiling, \"Yes, but they can never be as quiet as hers. You move a little bit, but she, not at all; none of you can be as quiet as she.\" The children looked serious. The idea of the superiority of the little teacher seemed to have reached them. Some of them smiled, and seemed to say with their eyes that the swaddling bands deserved all the merit. \"Not one of you can be silent, voiceless as she.\" General silence. \"It is not possible to be as silent as she, because,--listen to her breathing--how delicate it is; come near to her on your tiptoes.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01091", "bookId": 39863, "start": 437798, "end": 438583, "sha256": "d82217bfd38f7d7e5fad7678caef06afa8ff43698900ebed42dae30e8899435e", "text": "Several children rose, and came slowly forward on tiptoe, bending toward the baby. Great silence. \"None of you can breathe so silently as she.\" The children looked about amazed, they had never thought that even when sitting quietly they were making noises, and that the silence of a little babe is more profound than the silence of grown people. They almost ceased to breathe. I rose. \"Go out quietly, quietly,\" I said, \"walk on the tips of your toes and make no noise.\" Following them I said, \"And yet I still hear some sounds, but she, the baby, walks with me and makes no sound. She goes out silently!\" The children smiled. They understood the truth and the jest of my words. I went to the open window, and placed the baby in the arms of the mother who stood watching us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01092", "bookId": 39863, "start": 438587, "end": 439176, "sha256": "df565945232e09416abe5899393a5ed0ac24478a316b5e755816d4188ac72b51", "text": "The little one seemed to have left behind her a subtle charm which enveloped the souls of the children. Indeed, there is in nature nothing more sweet than the silent breathing of a new-born babe. There is an indescribable majesty about this human life which in repose and silence gathers strength and newness of life. Compared to this, Wordsworth's description of the silent peace of nature seems to lose its force. \"What calm, what quiet! The one sound the drip of the suspended oar.\" The children, too, felt the poetry and beauty in the peaceful silence of a new-born human life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01093", "bookId": 39863, "start": 439186, "end": 439197, "sha256": "b8833f7bf05f1d2fd78c3effb6303805f3401e88ef3cab5ea7f96590628c6064", "text": "CHAPTER XIV", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01094", "bookId": 39863, "start": 439201, "end": 439245, "sha256": "a554981cbbf34b72591f347e100088ed09be003396e90eff3b61f0c789f95964", "text": "GENERAL NOTES ON THE EDUCATION OF THE SENSES", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01095", "bookId": 39863, "start": 439251, "end": 439471, "sha256": "d03053005a6a63de68ceff806b85bc0d0cb75d5ace62891e68be8ce9472ebd2b", "text": "I do not claim to have brought to perfection the method of sense training as applied to young children. I do believe, however, that it opens a new field for psychological research, promising rich and valuable results.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01096", "bookId": 39863, "start": 439475, "end": 439868, "sha256": "366998abe7b12f3aca8f0095d03f474b081fb6322ca9439ad4b993b4dbd49ee9", "text": "Experimental psychology has so far devoted its attention to _perfecting the instruments by which the sensations are measured_. No one has attempted the _methodical_ preparation _of the individual for the sensations_. It is my belief that the development of psychometry will owe more to the attention given to the preparation of the _individual_ than to the perfecting of the _instrument_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01097", "bookId": 39863, "start": 439872, "end": 440014, "sha256": "43c6127cb6f3985259ec4a70bec9e843cae7acc2aa42a2ef726cf957ac9cd6d5", "text": "But putting aside this purely scientific side of the question, the _education of the senses_ must be of the greatest _pedagogical_ interest.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01098", "bookId": 39863, "start": 440018, "end": 440646, "sha256": "9b30cb53e5f1a5c604647e6b89408691aa1da5dbc74aad0331ccd9d93d606b9a", "text": "Our aim in education in general is two-fold, biological and social. From the biological side we wish to help the natural development of the individual, from the social standpoint it is our aim to prepare the individual for the environment. Under this last head technical education may be considered as having a place, since it teaches the individual to make use of his surroundings. The education of the senses is most important from both these points of view. The development of the senses indeed precedes that of superior intellectual activity and the child between three and seven years is in the period of formation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01099", "bookId": 39863, "start": 440650, "end": 440883, "sha256": "f667f4b16d6e048d619220063e8b9c38a4ac8d0c1f660f7701f38df53a6bfa94", "text": "We can, then, help the development of the senses while they are in this period. We may graduate and adapt the stimuli just as, for example, it is necessary to help the formation of language before it shall be completely developed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01100", "bookId": 39863, "start": 440887, "end": 441027, "sha256": "048fa11b0f16a7d311484bd8b5c5712456621bad849a9f9776dd801e7a525a88", "text": "All education of little children must be governed by this principle--to help the natural _psychic_ and _physical development_ of the child.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01101", "bookId": 39863, "start": 441031, "end": 441200, "sha256": "934ddb7582b67ef55ac7a6bf22dd268d6318c7ad411a8d7389ac528d14cca12a", "text": "The other aim of education (that of adapting the individual to the environment) should be given more attention later on when the period of intense development is past.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01102", "bookId": 39863, "start": 441204, "end": 441665, "sha256": "0506f3978d68f7f2a8727d2d1fb4886b24b081cea4f2e026ff52f6a748da2605", "text": "These two phases of education are always interlaced, but one or the other has prevalence according to the age of the child. Now, the period of life between the ages of three and seven years covers a period of rapid physical development. It is the time for the formation of the sense activities as related to the intellect The child in this age develops his senses. His attention is further attracted to the environment under the form of passive curiosity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01103", "bookId": 39863, "start": 441669, "end": 442025, "sha256": "f2e5d59ed2518de688756583e6ce9c34ba4791cf451ae0dd026bf8f02bd845bb", "text": "The stimuli, and not yet the reasons for things, attract his attention. This is, therefore, the time when we should methodically direct the sense stimuli, in such a way that the sensations which he receives shall develop in a rational way. This sense training will prepare the ordered foundation upon which he may build up a clear and strong mentality.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01104", "bookId": 39863, "start": 442029, "end": 442555, "sha256": "7c30af3eed03bde03fb28ce8206151687d823ba54e1f08450bf19c05592af699", "text": "It is, besides all this, possible with the education of the senses to discover and eventually to correct defects which to-day pass unobserved in the school. Now the time comes when the defect manifests itself in an evident and irreparable inability to make use of the forces of life about him. (Such defects as deafness and near-sightedness.) This education, therefore, is physiological and prepares directly for intellectual education, perfecting the organs of sense, and the nerve-paths of projection and association.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01105", "bookId": 39863, "start": 442559, "end": 442920, "sha256": "83e7744657938adf9cf3236d8e0c00de7bb675834e3730a37e4a450b69e30266", "text": "But the other part of education, the adaptation of the individual to his environment, is indirectly touched. We prepare with our method the infancy of the _humanity of our time_. The men of the present civilisation are preeminently observers of their environment because they must utilise to the greatest possible extent all the riches of this environment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01106", "bookId": 39863, "start": 442924, "end": 443017, "sha256": "66dbe917371d4b4a713ce6faf6311a84f0f1d24387197cf96ebda33550b7915e", "text": "The art of to-day bases itself, as in the days of the Greeks, upon observation of the truth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01107", "bookId": 39863, "start": 443021, "end": 443523, "sha256": "d030241499a2efe829e3cde740a55008a26fff211444d60f4132f7e74f321edb", "text": "The progress of positive science is based upon its observations and all its discoveries and their applications, which in the last century have so transformed our civic environment, were made by following the same line--that is, they have come through observation. We must therefore prepare the new generation for this attitude, which has become necessary in our modern civilised life. It is an indispensable means--man must be so armed if he is to continue efficaciously the work of our progress.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01108", "bookId": 39863, "start": 443527, "end": 444180, "sha256": "5278e09e92d130df319fb017cd5119c3347631360d95caaa24141676b73c013c", "text": "We have seen the discovery of the Roentgen Rays born of observation. To the same methods are due the discovery of Hertzian waves, and vibrations of radium, and we await wonderful things from the Marconi telegraph. While there has been no period in which thought has gained so much from positive study as the present century, and this same century promises new light in the field of speculative philosophy and upon spiritual questions, the theories upon the matter have themselves led to most interesting metaphysical concepts. We may say that in preparing the method of observation, we have also prepared the way leading to spiritual discovery.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01109", "bookId": 39863, "start": 444186, "end": 445547, "sha256": "90d517625ca399461faf3ae4ab1c479a90652628341b14990c9ee0b053cc1f27", "text": "The education of the senses makes men observers, and not only accomplishes the general work of adaptation to the present epoch of civilisation, but also prepares them directly for practical life. We have had up to the present time, I believe, a most imperfect idea of what is necessary in the practical living of life. We have always started from ideas, and have _proceeded thence_ to _motor activities_; thus, for example, the method of education has always been to teach intellectually, and then to have the child follow the principles he has been taught. In general, when we are teaching, we talk about the object which interests us, and then we try to lead the scholar, when he has understood, to perform some kind of work with the object itself; but often the scholar who has understood the idea finds great difficulty in the execution of the work which we give him, because we have left out of his education a factor of the utmost importance, namely, the perfecting of the senses. I may, perhaps, illustrate this statement with a few examples. We ask the cook to buy only 'fresh fish.' She understands the idea, and tries to follow it in her marketing, but, if the cook has not been trained to recognise through sight and smell the signs which indicate freshness in the fish, she will not know how to follow the order we have given her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01110", "bookId": 39863, "start": 445551, "end": 446133, "sha256": "4458757c958fbb580b763f2ce2c34b1cd3f1622b1573729587a64236ddfc2222", "text": "Such a lack will show itself much more plainly in culinary operations. A cook may be trained in book matters, and may know exactly the recipes and the length of time advised in her cook book; she may be able to perform all the manipulations necessary to give the desired appearance to the dishes, but when it is a question of deciding from the odor of the dish the exact moment of its being properly cooked, or with the eye, or the taste, the time at which she must put in some given condiment, then she will make a mistake if her senses have not been sufficiently prepared.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01111", "bookId": 39863, "start": 446137, "end": 446425, "sha256": "46efdc5f7a5d5c2a7a7094a571f428b6a65853d4a0a99d391a7cf56b12ccca88", "text": "She can only gain such ability through long practice, and such practice on the part of the cook is nothing else than a _belated education_ of the senses--an education which often can never be properly attained by the adult. Thia is one reason why it is so difficult to find good cooks.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01112", "bookId": 39863, "start": 446429, "end": 446849, "sha256": "949eff14d1a3413d06b6aa91d96e82b078a6dd2a0f4f2576ebf84e0dbba99055", "text": "Something of the same kind is true of the physician, the student of medicine who studies theoretically the character of the pulse, and sits down by the bed of the patient with the best will in the world to read the pulse, but, if his fingers do not know how to read the sensations his studies will have been in vain. Before he can become a doctor, he must gain a _capacity for discriminating between sense stimuli_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01113", "bookId": 39863, "start": 446853, "end": 447015, "sha256": "305b577aeee7b7e780b6dab72be33dec6807f3d34eb7f4da29c2a4059e378290", "text": "The same may be said for the _pulsations_ of the _heart_, which the student studies in theory, but which the ear can learn to distinguish only through practice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01114", "bookId": 39863, "start": 447019, "end": 447933, "sha256": "534fd702cec9e1ff4c790717313dc198b542a48199d03a1293be367343aadd89", "text": "We may say the same for all the delicate vibrations and movements, in the reading of which the hand of the physician is too often deficient. The thermometer is the more indispensable to the physician the more his sense of touch is unadapted and untrained in the gathering of the thermic stimuli. It is well understood that the physician may be learned, and most intelligent, without being a good practitioner, and that to make a good practitioner long practice is necessary. In reality, this _long practice_ is nothing else than a tardy, and often inefficient, _exercise_ of the senses. After he has assimilated the brilliant theories, the physician sees himself forced to the unpleasant labor of the semiography, that is to making a record of the symptoms revealed by his observation of and experiments with the patients. He must do this if he is to receive from these theories any practical results.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01115", "bookId": 39863, "start": 447937, "end": 448850, "sha256": "b6bd6fe80f48b7823cd809fe12b300027966e1969f03cc557fae2dd8846a795e", "text": "Here, then, we have the beginner proceeding in a stereotyped way to tests of _palpation_, percussion, and auscultation, for the purpose of identifying the throbs, the resonance, the tones, the breathings, and the various sounds which _alone_ can enable him to formulate a diagnosis. Hence the deep and unhappy discouragement of so many young physicians, and, above all, the loss of time; for it is often a question of lost years. Then, there is the immorality of allowing a man to follow a profession of so great responsibility, when, as is often the case, he is so unskilled and inaccurate in the taking of symptoms. The whole art of medicine is based upon an education of the senses; the schools, instead, _prepare_ physicians through a study of the classics. All very well and good, but the splendid intellectual development of the physician falls, impotent, before the insufficiency of his senses.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01116", "bookId": 39863, "start": 448854, "end": 449493, "sha256": "1849d0a2a219297e2f71f20917b04fce01cfdfe79a3bdfd110b79f555e84571b", "text": "One day, I heard a surgeon giving, to a number of poor mothers, a lesson on the recognition of the first deformities noticeable in little children from the disease of rickets. It was his hope to lead these mothers to bring to him their children who were suffering from this disease, while the disease was yet in the earliest stages, and when medical help might still be efficacious. The mothers understood the idea, but they did not know how to recognise these first signs of deformity, because they were lacking in the sensory education through which they might discriminate between signs deviating only slightly from the normal.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01117", "bookId": 39863, "start": 449497, "end": 450472, "sha256": "c82f6606be9cc507f30ba41228f13f7643dd142a882c9bc446ef39ba29615f6d", "text": "Therefore those lessons were useless. If we think of it for a minute, we will see that almost all the forms of adulteration in food stuffs are rendered possible by the torpor of the senses, which exists in the greater number of people. Fraudulent industry feeds upon the lack of sense education in the masses, as any kind of fraud is based upon the ignorance of the victim. We often see the purchaser throwing himself upon the honesty of the merchant, or putting his faith in the company, or the label upon the box. This is because purchasers are lacking in the capacity of judging directly for themselves. They do not know how to distinguish with their senses the different qualities of various substances. In fact, we may say that in many cases intelligence is rendered useless by lack of practice, and this practice is almost always sense education. Everyone knows in practical life the fundamental necessity of judging with exactness between various stimuli.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01118", "bookId": 39863, "start": 450476, "end": 450981, "sha256": "793f6391bb009b7e9bdda43372e951f902a0368a497e04ae9fe68fd9693a86bd", "text": "But very often sense education is most difficult for the adult, just as it is difficult for him to educate his hand when he wishes to become a pianist. It is necessary to begin the education of the senses in the formative period, if we wish to perfect this sense development with the education which is to follow. The education of the senses should be begun methodically in infancy, and should continue during the entire period of instruction which is to prepare the individual for life in society.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01119", "bookId": 39863, "start": 450985, "end": 451221, "sha256": "5abcca593c7b51e5a4e80defbb46459041c7856da92a5f51c6fc605095c9af39", "text": "Æsthetic and moral education are closely related to this sensory education. Multiply the sensations, and develop the capacity of appreciating fine differences in stimuli, and we _refine_ the sensibility and multiply man's pleasures.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01120", "bookId": 39863, "start": 451225, "end": 451737, "sha256": "3cd2059cfa52bb394740a596f193d2f9f1e5fc1affe5d368c88bcc86aedd2c33", "text": "Beauty lies in harmony, not in contrast; and harmony is refinement; therefore, there must be a fineness of the senses if we are to appreciate harmony. The æsthetic harmony of nature is lost upon him who has coarse senses. The world to him is narrow and barren. In life about us, there exist inexhaustible fonts of æsthetic enjoyment, before which men pass as insensible as the brutes seeking their enjoyment in those sensations which are crude and showy, since they are the only ones accessible to them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01121", "bookId": 39863, "start": 451741, "end": 451968, "sha256": "ce75c5a183615a987b79987704260e6d3495dedf21c2fbeb66ceebe4311ac102", "text": "Now, from the enjoyment of gross pleasures, vicious habits very often spring. Strong stimuli, indeed, do not render acute, but blunt the senses, so that they require stimuli more and more accentuated and more and more gross.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01122", "bookId": 39863, "start": 451972, "end": 452325, "sha256": "5d8946794cbb80c4a961921d4e303a9cd7c4175e4b429815e882ba28fae9f8ec", "text": "_Onanism_, so often found among normal children of the lower classes, alcoholism, fondness for watching sensual acts of adults--these things represent the enjoyment of those unfortunate ones whose intellectual pleasures are few, and whose senses are blunted and dulled. Such pleasures kill the man within the individual, and call to life the beast.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01123", "bookId": 39863, "start": 452329, "end": 452387, "sha256": "40c09a97795131ec8b7b9736dd067c11f9bcf4df991dfaff52586c8162daa99d", "text": "[Illustration: _S_--Sense, _C_--Nerve centre, _M_--Motor.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01124", "bookId": 39863, "start": 452391, "end": 453511, "sha256": "5f50d29a679f5c78b7a382ab28fbccd2db6cde9f9380e2d35240289afafa505a", "text": "Indeed from the physiological point of view, the importance of the education of the senses is evident from an observation of the scheme of the diagrammatic arc which represents the functions of the nervous system. The external stimulus acts upon the organ of sense, and the impression is transmitted along the centripetal way to the nerve centre--the corresponding motor impulse is elaborated, and is transmitted along the centrifugal path to the organ of motion, provoking a movement. Although the arc represents diagrammatically the mechanism of reflex spinal actions, it may still be considered as a fundamental key explaining the phenomena of the more complex nervous mechanisms. Man, with the peripheral sensory system, gathers various stimuli from his environment. He puts himself thus in direct communication with his surroundings. The psychic life develops, therefore, in relation to the system of nerve centres; and human activity which is eminently social activity, manifests itself through acts of the individual--manual work, writing, spoken language, etc.--by means of the psychomotor organs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01125", "bookId": 39863, "start": 453515, "end": 453824, "sha256": "58b3c4fa077652f223b0f2f8f9dea6b43e68fb622f0cf9a5dc68869b1bb2176c", "text": "Education should guide and perfect the development of the three periods, the two peripheral and the central; or, better still, since the process fundamentally reduces itself to the nerve centres, education should give to psychosensory exercises the same importance which it gives to psychomotor exercises.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01126", "bookId": 39863, "start": 453828, "end": 454336, "sha256": "c7836810d73fcb391b6cd170f7751105a28af32c8f9706829547b9b9f475d5ec", "text": "Otherwise, we _isolate_ man from his _environment_. Indeed, when with _intellectual culture_ we believe ourselves to have completed education, we have but made thinkers, whose tendency will be to live without the world. We have not made practical men. If, on the other hand, wishing through education to prepare for practical life; we limit ourselves to exercising the psychomotor phase, we lose sight of the chief end of education, which is to put man in direct communication with the external world.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01127", "bookId": 39863, "start": 454340, "end": 454580, "sha256": "9778d13ceb90c654d8ca45e7df84e72b9acc27fc36bd4df98211d64bee0f0dc5", "text": "Since _professional work_ almost always requires man to make _use of his surroundings_, the technical schools are not forced to return to the very beginnings of education, sense exercises, in order to supply the great and universal lack.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01128", "bookId": 39863, "start": 454590, "end": 454600, "sha256": "d3180fee975bf186a367b06aba03d192128fbee2583ece29cc685edd503df1b8", "text": "CHAPTER XV", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01129", "bookId": 39863, "start": 454604, "end": 454626, "sha256": "634f3887c1d55683b6c2b850ffd2434653dd80b6aef05ac1ebaf2fd396f81078", "text": "INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01130", "bookId": 39863, "start": 454633, "end": 454772, "sha256": "ff39ab6a3a5029abfa26b434f76b6e5833cc1d5371ab6795b34a4a3404d117d9", "text": "\"... To lead the child from the education of the senses to ideas.\" _Edward Séguin._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01131", "bookId": 39863, "start": 454778, "end": 455319, "sha256": "df2e1af7b45ae85dd207503bf5c28504b782543b7f22147825c5da6f4a3944d7", "text": "The sense exercises constitute a species of auto-education, which, if these exercises be many times repeated, leads to a perfecting of the child's psychosensory processes. The directress must intervene to lead the child from sensations to ideas--from the concrete to the abstract, and to the association of ideas. For this, she should use a method tending to isolate the inner attention of the child and to fix it upon the perceptions--as in the first lessons his objective attention was fixed, through isolation, upon single stimuli.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01132", "bookId": 39863, "start": 455323, "end": 455568, "sha256": "dc5aee94496caeae202bc800d8bc0c9ff0f4a8024f59d541b74a4b7818d09f9c", "text": "The teacher, in other words, when she gives a lesson must seek to limit the field of the child's consciousness to the object of the lesson, as, for example, during sense education she isolated the sense which she wished the child to exercise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01133", "bookId": 39863, "start": 455572, "end": 455798, "sha256": "a91e2e14bdc8648e201193382d8cfd3aaf4973662c77f297e21939c1dc767a51", "text": "For this, knowledge of a special technique is necessary. The educator must, \"_to the greatest possible extent, limit his intervention; yet he must not allow the child to weary himself in an undue effort of auto-education_.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01134", "bookId": 39863, "start": 455802, "end": 456044, "sha256": "2c774f6251dff67f57f0c99f058a65525a32139439d90d2c6627869e15f7cd3b", "text": "It is here, that the factor of individual limitation and differing degrees of perception are most keenly felt in the teacher. In other words, in the quality of this intervention lies the art which makes up the individuality of the teacher.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01135", "bookId": 39863, "start": 456048, "end": 456143, "sha256": "3c7fa2ced46945a87d1fcae0e9aa2977ce7c31dd6a4b095157344ffc7a2a7f04", "text": "A definite and undoubted part of the teacher's work is that of teaching an exact nomenclature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01136", "bookId": 39863, "start": 456147, "end": 456430, "sha256": "76197995536385b5e0d01a56237841c4ef19e816f5a8c83edea185d31b500ffb", "text": "She should, in most cases, pronounce the necessary names and adjectives without adding anything further. These words she should pronounce distinctly, and in a clear strong voice, so that the _various sounds_ composing the word may be distinctly and plainly perceived by the child.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01137", "bookId": 39863, "start": 456434, "end": 456745, "sha256": "684c8a4432a36e3afa18f5eaa8e58e7821d4bda5b8868fc66ef2bda1d0412119", "text": "So, for example, touching the smooth and rough cards in the first tactile exercise, she should say, \"This is smooth. This is rough,\" repeating the words with varying modulations of the voice, always letting the tones be clear and the enunciation very distinct. \"Smooth, smooth, smooth. Rough, rough, rough.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01138", "bookId": 39863, "start": 456749, "end": 456984, "sha256": "46bd93635780f3d800dfc4964cc0d52c87a00a5a3150f8e7bd6b8844cdbbbf91", "text": "In the same way, when treating of the sensations of heat and cold, she must say, \"This is cold.\" \"This is hot.\" \"This is ice-cold.\" \"This is tepid.\" She may then begin to use the generic terms, \"heat,\" \"more heat,\" \"less heat,\" etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01139", "bookId": 39863, "start": 456988, "end": 457333, "sha256": "14af373fed5b2f15ba50fe1ee08f57d86590fe6281070efb0a070d2f606ee1d8", "text": "_First._ \"The lessons in nomenclature must consist simply in provoking the association of the name with the object, or with the abstract idea which the name represents.\" Thus the _object_ and the _name_ must be united when they are received by the child's mind, and this makes it most necessary that no other word besides the name be spoken.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01140", "bookId": 39863, "start": 457337, "end": 457565, "sha256": "f40c660aa95dfc0e6442c5ec3b3f6dde0b20a7e5003af8c6163f10d41c278e07", "text": "_Second._ The teacher must always _test_ whether or not her lesson has attained the end she had in view, and her tests must be made to come within the restricted field of consciousness, provoked by the lesson on nomenclature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01141", "bookId": 39863, "start": 457569, "end": 457945, "sha256": "b8818066637abb804a15c524799788e6235c413ecd90f5da920cb7d82ab51cd4", "text": "The first test will be to find whether the name is still associated in the child's mind with the object. She must allow the necessary time to elapse, letting a short period of silence intervene between the lesson and the test. Then she may ask the child, pronouncing slowly and very clearly the name or the adjective she has taught: \"Which is _smooth_? Which is _rough_?\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01142", "bookId": 39863, "start": 457949, "end": 458662, "sha256": "d0cbce9e5c3924e3693a6fce267b5dc6f9f5632fdf4d5114c39584a0f52e8e15", "text": "The child will point to the object with his finger, and the teacher will know that he has made the desired association. But if he has not done this, that is, if he makes a mistake, _she must not correct him_, but must suspend her lesson, to take it up again another day. Indeed, why correct him? If the child has not succeeded in associating the name with the object, the only way in which to succeed would be to _repeat_ both the action of the sense stimuli and the _name_; in other words, to repeat the lesson. But when the child has failed, we should know that he was not at that instant ready for the psychic association which we wished to provoke in him, and we must therefore choose another moment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01143", "bookId": 39863, "start": 458666, "end": 459308, "sha256": "43975d6ccfec07e37617f3ffe30ba15acccc5001ed20dab8fc62fe19d5e3fb91", "text": "If we should say, in correcting the child, \"No, you have made a mistake,\" all these words, which, being in the form of a reproof, would strike him more forcibly than others (such as smooth or rough), would remain in the mind of the child, retarding the learning of the names. On the contrary, the _silence_ which follows the error leaves the field of consciousness clear, and the next lesson may successfully follow the first. In fact, by revealing the error we may lead the child to make an undue _effort_ to remember, or we may discourage him, and it is our duty to avoid as much as possible all unnatural effort and all depression.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01144", "bookId": 39863, "start": 459312, "end": 459883, "sha256": "9899d949cd0d1349b3aef23611c653062b98df811c71cb601e0c1d659044f5df", "text": "_Third._ If the child has not committed any error, the teacher may provoke the _motor activity_ corresponding to the idea of the object: that is, to the _pronunciation of the name_. She may ask him, \"What is this?\" and the child should respond, \"Smooth.\" The teacher may then interrupt, teaching him how to pronounce the word correctly and distinctly, first, drawing a deep breath and, then, saying in a rather loud voice, \"Smooth.\" When he does this the teacher may note his particular speech defect, or the special form of baby talk to which he may be addicted.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01145", "bookId": 39863, "start": 459887, "end": 460777, "sha256": "08328e130f2261a609b6aeea5072cd9d4334bb19b4a5bc271849ce93da56c6aa", "text": "In regard to the _generalisation_ of the ideas received, and by that I mean the application of these ideas to his environment, I do not advise any lessons of this sort for a certain length of time, even for a number of months. There will be children who, after having touched a few times the stuffs, or merely the smooth and rough cards, _will quite spontaneously touch the various surfaces about them_, repeating \"Smooth! Rough! It is velvet! etc.\" In dealing with normal children, we must _await_ this spontaneous investigation of the surroundings, or, as I like to call it, this _voluntary explosion_ of the exploring spirit. In such cases, the children experience a joy at each _fresh discovery_. They are conscious of a sense of dignity and satisfaction which encourages them to seek for new sensations from their environment and to make themselves spontaneous _observers_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01146", "bookId": 39863, "start": 460781, "end": 461127, "sha256": "c3f5c428276157ce770826ccdc532cc6dafa379f95199947abd5e5b55e904047", "text": "The teacher should _watch_ with the most solicitous care to see when and how the child arrives at this generalisation of ideas. For example, one of our little four-year-olds while running about in the court one day suddenly stood still and cried out, \"Oh! the sky is blue!\" and stood for some time looking up into the blue expanse of the sky.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01147", "bookId": 39863, "start": 461131, "end": 461806, "sha256": "875019763863ebc03870bebd8910ba8704dcc4877ec34539befb15e560e6b4e5", "text": "One day, when I entered one of the \"Children's Houses,\" five or six little ones gathered quietly about me and began caressing, lightly, my hands, and my clothing, saying, \"It is smooth.\" \"It is velvet.\" \"This is rough.\" A number of others came near and began with serious and intent faces to repeat the same words, touching me as they did so. The directress wished to interfere to release me, but I signed to her to be quiet, and I myself did not move, but remained silent, admiring this spontaneous intellectual activity of my little ones. The greatest triumph of our educational method should always be this: _to bring about the spontaneous progress of the child_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01148", "bookId": 39863, "start": 461810, "end": 463009, "sha256": "4b56a8850ace4262ff02cad746539b9a1b96247aa9c8750041327cfc247c27b3", "text": "One day, a little boy, following one of our exercises in design, had chosen to fill in with coloured pencils the outline of a tree. To colour the trunk he laid hold upon a red crayon. The teacher wished to interfere, saying, \"Do you think trees have red trunks?\" I held her back and allowed the child to colour the tree red. This design was precious to us; it showed that the child was not yet an observer of his surroundings. _My way of treating this was to encourage the child to make use of the games for the chromatic sense._ He went daily into the garden with the other children, and could at any time see the tree trunks. When the sense exercises should have succeeded in attracting the child's spontaneous attention to colours about him, then, in some _happy moment_ he would become aware that the tree trunks were not red, just as the other child during his play had become conscious of the fact that the sky was blue. In fact, the teacher continued to give the child outlines of trees to fill in. He one day chose a brown pencil with which to colour the trunk, and made the branches and leaves green. Later, he made the branches brown, also, using green only for the leaves.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01149", "bookId": 39863, "start": 463013, "end": 463512, "sha256": "6ffe6f3c2edeb00af3956726087f25b2873fbaf2204c6cc5ac41c9f5dff9b3bc", "text": "Thus we have _the test_ of the child's intellectual progress. We can not create observers by saying, \"_observe_,\" but by giving them the power and the means for this observation, and these means are procured through education of the senses. Once we have _aroused_ such activity, auto-education is assured, for refined well-trained senses lead us to a closer observation of the environment, and this, with its infinite variety, attracts the attention and continues the psychosensory education.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01150", "bookId": 39863, "start": 463516, "end": 464500, "sha256": "ee5934cfc5238c10effc7a47f50abaef38b89d59a863dcfc8f71459888238ebb", "text": "If, on the other hand, in this matter of sense education we single out definite concepts of the quality of certain objects, these very objects become associated with, or a part of, the training, which is in this way limited to those concepts taken and recorded. So the sense training remains unfruitful. When, for example, a teacher has given in the old way a lesson on the names of the colours, she has imparted an idea concerning that particular _quality_, but she has not educated the chromatic sense. The child will know these colours in a superficial way, forgetting them from time to time; and at best his appreciation of them will lie within the limits prescribed by the teacher. When, therefore, the teacher of the old methods shall have provoked the generalisation of the idea, saying, for example, \"What is the colour of this flower!\" \"of this ribbon?\" the attention of the child will in all probability remain torpidly fixed upon the examples suggested by her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01151", "bookId": 39863, "start": 464504, "end": 465046, "sha256": "ec0b8d960aa72766344a5a10cbcfa1dc95827418e599a7483a7976c606821e05", "text": "We may liken the child to a clock, and may say that with the old-time way it is very much as if we were to hold the wheels of the clock quiet and move the hands about the clock face with our fingers. The hands will continue to circle the dial just so long as we apply, through our fingers, the necessary motor force. Even so is it with that sort of culture which is limited to the work which the teacher does with the child. The new method, instead, may be compared to the process of winding, which sets the entire mechanism in motion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01152", "bookId": 39863, "start": 465050, "end": 467453, "sha256": "c65082f68e1872bc28351442129e442b8a19e971d6bc53113ea4d54ac1e9a9fe", "text": "This motion is in direct relation with the machine, and not with the work of winding. So the spontaneous psychic development of the child continues indefinitely and is in direct relation to the psychic potentiality of the child himself, and not with the work of the teacher. The movement, or the _spontaneous psychic activity_ starts in our case from the education of the senses and is maintained by the observing intelligence. Thus, for example, the hunting dog receives his ability, not from the education given by his master, but from the _special acuteness_ of his senses; and as soon as this physiological quality is applied to the right environment, the _exercise of hunting_, the increasing refinement of the sense perceptions, gives the dog the pleasure and then the passion for the chase. The same is true of the pianist who, refining at the same time his musical sense and the agility of his hand, comes to love more and more to draw new harmonies from the instrument. Thia double perfection proceeds until at last the pianist is launched upon a course which will be limited only by the personality which lies within him. Now a student of physics may know all the laws of harmony which form a part of his scientific culture, and yet he may not know how to follow a most simple musical composition. His culture, however vast, will be bound by the definite limits of his science. Our educational aim with very young children must be to _aid the spontaneous development of the mental, spiritual, and physical personality_, and not to make of the child a cultured individual in the commonly accepted sense of the term. So, after we have offered to the child such didactic material as is adapted to provoke the development of his senses, we must wait until the activity known as observation develops. And herein lies the _art of the educator_; in knowing how to measure the action by which we help the young child's personality to develop. To one whose attitude is right, little children soon reveal _profound individual differences_ which call for very different kinds of help from the teacher. Some of them require almost no intervention on her part, while others demand actual _teaching_. It is necessary, therefore, that the teaching shall be rigorously guided by the principle of limiting to the greatest possible point the active intervention of the educator.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01153", "bookId": 39863, "start": 467457, "end": 467564, "sha256": "ab35de3a6745ad930fc12c75ebb45de112706768226ab7e65ad0b46304d84ef6", "text": "Here are a number of games and problems which we have used effectively in trying to follow this principle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01154", "bookId": 39863, "start": 467570, "end": 467588, "sha256": "68b6bbf14fa1804d6f15348d53aec91bcf4b3016f23a4a51c5551d02ce9c1432", "text": "GAMES OF THE BLIND", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01155", "bookId": 39863, "start": 467592, "end": 467690, "sha256": "462d62e3da799358045a921451ed1fcf8361c40423f4de0c949fa861e1022e8c", "text": "The Games of the Blind are used for the most part as exercises in general sensibility as follows:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01156", "bookId": 39863, "start": 467694, "end": 468551, "sha256": "2c1580a9471746c174e0ce61df506f0c07e64e762429ba47f04971b083ab5435", "text": "_The Stuffs._ We have in our didactic material a pretty little chest composed of drawers within which are arranged rectangular pieces of stuff in great variety. There are velvet, satin, silk, cotton, linen, etc. We have the child touch each of these pieces, teaching the appropriate nomenclature and adding something regarding the quality, as coarse, fine, soft. Then, we call the child and seat him at one of the tables where he can be seen by his companions, blindfold him, and offer him the stuffs one by one. He touches them, smooths them, crushes them between his fingers and decides, \"It is velvet,--It is fine linen,--It is rough cloth,\" etc. This exercise provokes general interest. When we offer the child some unexpected foreign object, as, for example, a sheet of paper, a veil, the little assembly trembles as it awaits his response.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01157", "bookId": 39863, "start": 468555, "end": 469642, "sha256": "abc52d3da5bd446fad985e7fff19232f912e3fd7a5a7c48e8d38be1ac3d7d638", "text": "_Weight._ We place the child in the same position, call his attention to the tablets used for the education of the sense of weight, have him notice again the already well-known differences of weight, and then tell him to put all the dark tablets, which are the heavier ones, at the right, and all the light ones, which are the lighter, to the left. We then blindfold him and he proceeds to the game, taking each time two tablets. Sometimes he takes two of the same colour, sometimes two of different colours, but in a position opposite to that in which he must arrange them on his desk. These exercises are most exciting; when, for example, the child has in his hands two of the dark tablets and changes them from one hand to the other uncertain, and finally places them together on the right, the children watch in a state of intense eagerness, and a great sigh often expresses their final relief. The shouts of the audience when the entire game is followed without an error, gives the impression that their little friend _sees with his hands_ the colours of the tablets.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01158", "bookId": 39863, "start": 469646, "end": 470063, "sha256": "b11c39382a2ccecc731bde7058deed8163cb359bef5d0f1e364166d3184eac0b", "text": "_Dimension and Form._ We use games similar to the preceding one, having the child distinguish between different coins, the cubes and bricks of Froebel, and dry seeds, such as beans and peas. But such games never awaken the intense interest aroused by the preceding ones. They are, however, useful and serve to associate with the various objects those qualities peculiar to them, and also to fix the nomenclature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01159", "bookId": 39863, "start": 470069, "end": 470156, "sha256": "538dba9119dd0e3eab7d04287b460f9aed11d94de31c2e34492fa5b7b05e656f", "text": "APPLICATION OF THE EDUCATION OF THE VISUAL SENSE TO THE OBSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01160", "bookId": 39863, "start": 470160, "end": 470636, "sha256": "56be17dcd70f9a3314f3eea97e0bc8366d9a9a0687abaf18a81c626d7fb00bd8", "text": "_Nomenclature._ This is one of the most important phases of education. Indeed, nomenclature prepares for an _exactness_ in the use of language which is not always met with in our schools. Many children, for example, use interchangeably the words thick and big, long and high. With the methods already described, the teacher may easily establish, by means of the didactic material, ideas which are very exact and clear, and may associate the proper word with these ideas.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01161", "bookId": 39863, "start": 470642, "end": 470681, "sha256": "4759ca82b382be43c257ddfabb8b57188fa351c644a05a8d77dc30f2aafc1cd9", "text": "_Method of Using the Didactic Material_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01162", "bookId": 39863, "start": 470685, "end": 472460, "sha256": "7e899b7210de58e6af6d9e1ed8a8b74fd20f4c7cc9844175b41c19aea997337b", "text": "_Dimensions._ The directress, after the child has played for a long time with the three sets of solid insets and has acquired a security in the performance of the exercise, takes out all the cylinders of equal height and places them in a horizontal position on the table, one beside the other. Then she selects the two extremes, saying, \"This is the _thickest_--This is the _thinnest_.\" She places them side by side so that the comparison may be more marked, and then taking them by the little button, she compares the bases, calling attention to the great difference. She then places them again beside each other in a vertical position in order to show that they are equal in height, and repeats several times, \"thick--thin.\" Having done this, she should follow it with the test, asking, \"Give me the thickest--Give me the thinnest,\" and finally she should proceed to the test of nomenclature, asking, \"What is this?\" In the lessons which follow this, the directress may take away the two extreme pieces and may repeat the lesson with the two pieces remaining at the extremities, and so on until she has used all the pieces. She may then take these up at random, saying, \"Give me one a little thicker than this one,\" or \"Give me one a little thinner than this one.\" With the second set of solid insets she proceeds in the same way. Here she stands the pieces upright, as each one has a base sufficiently broad to maintain it in this position, saying, \"This is the highest\" and \"This is the lowest.\" Then placing the two extreme pieces side by side she may take them out of the line and compare the bases, showing that they are equal. From the extremes she may proceed as before, selecting each time the two remaining pieces most strongly contrasted.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01163", "bookId": 39863, "start": 472464, "end": 472845, "sha256": "46e5fa984fce85b3583d272bd0bce5cdb677bcb156396f9fe4340e188dd5754f", "text": "With the third solid inset, the directress, when she has arranged the pieces in gradation, calls the child's attention to the first one, saying, \"This is the largest,\" and to the last one, saying, \"This is the smallest.\" Then she places them side by side and observes how they differ both in height and in base. She then proceeds in the same way as in the other two exercises.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01164", "bookId": 39863, "start": 472849, "end": 473122, "sha256": "3140316ce7866ef79a76927ae4038289033de6ff06ff3583c76b53d469ee60a9", "text": "Similar lessons may be given with the series of graduated prisms, of rods, and of cubes. The prisms are _thick_ and _thin_ and of equal _length_. The rods are _long_ and _short_ and of equal _thickness_. The cubes are _big_ and _little_ and differ in size and in height.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01165", "bookId": 39863, "start": 473126, "end": 473862, "sha256": "9018e127d85d5c1413fe265306978d2788c4bfe9d19a3eaa9d1185daf35b3b6f", "text": "The application of these ideas to environment will come most easily when we measure the children with the anthropometer. They will begin among themselves to make comparisons, saying, \"I am taller,--you are thicker.\" These comparisons are also made when the children hold out their little hands to show that they are clean, and the directress stretches hers out also, to show that she, too, has clean hands. Often the contrast between the dimensions of the hands calls forth laughter. The children make a perfect game of measuring themselves. They stand side by side; they look at each other; they decide. Often they place themselves beside grown persons, and observe with curiosity and interest the great difference in height.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01166", "bookId": 39863, "start": 473866, "end": 474986, "sha256": "7523648ae9096eb501540912d2415b024d205de0a75fbf6a6fe640d25c26ef3b", "text": "_Form._ When the child shows that he can with security distinguish between the forms of the plane geometric insets, the directress may begin the lessons in nomenclature. She should begin with two strongly-contrasted forms, as the square and the circle, and should follow the usual method, using the three periods of Séguin. We do not teach all the names relative to the geometric figures, giving only those of the most familiar forms, such as square, circle, rectangle, triangle, oval. We now call attention to the fact that there are _rectangles which are narrow and long_, and others which are _broad and short_, while the _squares_ are equal on all sides and can be only big and little. These things are most easily shown with the insets, for, though we turn the square about, it still enters its frame, while the rectangle, if placed across the opening, will not enter. The child is much interested in this exercise, for which we arrange in the frame a square and a series of rectangles, having the longest side equal to the side of the square, the other side gradually decreasing in the five pieces.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01167", "bookId": 39863, "start": 474990, "end": 475537, "sha256": "4cc6ebc3607493a9ef8a37ce8e67bdd4d21932e5f3702bd684deae9bdae8eca6", "text": "In the same way we proceed to show the difference between the oval, the ellipse, and the circle. The circle enters no matter how it is placed, or turned about; the ellipse does not enter when placed transversely, but if placed lengthwise will enter even if turned upside down. The oval, however, not only cannot enter the frame if placed transversely, but not even when turned upside down; it must be placed with the _large_ curve toward the large part of the opening, and with the _narrow_ curve toward the _narrow_ portion of the opening.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01168", "bookId": 39863, "start": 475541, "end": 476023, "sha256": "4b2003406df1c78c7022e2906cf413f7b2d82077c9126428dd1017e1dfc6aaa8", "text": "The circles, _big_ and _little_, enter their frames no matter how they are turned about. I do not reveal the difference between the oval and the ellipse until a very late stage of the child's education, and then not to all children, but only to those who show a special interest in the forms by choosing the game often, or by asking about the differences. I prefer that such differences should be recognised later by the child, spontaneously, perhaps in the elementary school.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01169", "bookId": 39863, "start": 476027, "end": 476283, "sha256": "a83b796571fbd77c02118fdb086f7e4c0bd096f2dc60d8beed38966061d0a42f", "text": "It seems to many persons that in teaching these forms we are teaching _geometry_, and that this is premature in schools for such young children. Others feel that, if we wish to present geometric forms, we should use the _solids_, as being more concrete.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01170", "bookId": 39863, "start": 476287, "end": 477152, "sha256": "b982d2f380c29fad598e0707e8391740d9409aed1fe7e7298be1cbe2e2b3d726", "text": "I feel that I should say a word here to combat such prejudices. To _observe_ a geometric form is not to _analyse_ it, and in the analysis geometry begins. When, for example, we speak to the child of sides and angles and explain these to him, even though with objective methods, as Froebel advocates (for example, the square has four sides and can be constructed with four sticks of equal length), then indeed we do enter the field of geometry, and I believe that little children are too immature for these steps. But the _observation of the form_ cannot be too advanced for a child at this age. The plane of the table at which the child sits while eating his supper is probably a rectangle; the plate which contains his food is a circle, and we certainly do not consider that the child is too _immature_ to be allowed to look at the table and the plate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01171", "bookId": 39863, "start": 477156, "end": 477762, "sha256": "f3c43838846d871763c8c510c9b2e60abb676e782efb90abc70ad12e7d97a3a0", "text": "The insets which we present simply call the attention to a given _form_. As to the name, it is analogous to other names by which the child learns to call things. Why should we consider it premature to teach the child the words _circle_, _square_, _oval_, when in his home he repeatedly hears the word _round_ used in connection with plates, etc. He will hear his parents speak of the _square_ table, the _oval_ table, etc., and these words in common use will remain for a long time _confused_ in his mind and in his speech, if we do not interpose such help as that we give in the teaching of forms.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01172", "bookId": 39863, "start": 477766, "end": 478328, "sha256": "08ded3dd243522e43f63d4ea132195883324cd3d0ca621c50b1c3eaae4ab0fee", "text": "We should reflect upon the fact that many times a child, left to himself, makes an undue effort to comprehend the language of the adults and the meaning of the things about him. Opportune and rational instruction _prevents_ such an effort, and therefore does not _weary_, but _relieves_, the child and satisfies his desire for knowledge. Indeed, he shows his contentment by various expressions of pleasure. At the same time, his attention is called to the word which, if he is allowed to pronounce badly, develops in him an imperfect use of the language.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01173", "bookId": 39863, "start": 478332, "end": 478589, "sha256": "364d25ec3d9b96ef2f1338ae4bf6af7d30c3bb801945c2d29fd0e3b3389cf704", "text": "This often arises from an effort on his part to imitate the careless speech of persons about him, while the teacher, by pronouncing clearly the word referring to the object which arouses the child's curiosity, prevents such effort and such imperfections.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01174", "bookId": 39863, "start": 478593, "end": 479953, "sha256": "2395bc1468bc9647247ef6351d998ca41f960db3acb201cd0e37b910a7100d64", "text": "Here, also, we face a widespread prejudice; namely, the belief that the child left to himself gives absolute repose to his mind. If this were so he would remain a stranger to the world, and, instead, we see him, little by little, spontaneously conquer various ideas and words. He is a traveller through life, who observes the new things among which he journeys, and who tries to understand the unknown tongue spoken by those about him. Indeed, he makes a great and _voluntary effort_ to understand and to imitate. The instruction given to little children should be so directed as to _lessen this expenditure_ of poorly directed effort, converting it instead into the enjoyment of conquest made easy and infinitely broadened. We are _the guides_ of these travellers just entering the great world of human thought. We should see to it that we are intelligent and cultured guides, not losing ourselves in vain discourse, but illustrating briefly and concisely the work of art in which the traveller shows himself interested, and we should then respectfully allow him to observe it as long as he wishes to. It is our privilege to lead him to observe the most important and the most beautiful things of life in such a way that he does not lose energy and time in useless things, but shall find pleasure and satisfaction throughout his pilgrimage.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01175", "bookId": 39863, "start": 479957, "end": 480430, "sha256": "687ab151a37cd629e74a961485a3b61f4c6fa8c0c9c19136509ea578a44bf89e", "text": "I have already referred to the prejudice that it is more suitable to present the geometric forms to the child in the _solid_ rather than in the _plane_, giving him, for example, the _cube_, the _sphere_, the _prism_. Let us put aside the physiological side of the question showing that the visual recognition of the solid figure is more complex than that of the plane, and let us view the question only from the more purely pedagogical standpoint of _practical life_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01176", "bookId": 39863, "start": 480434, "end": 480809, "sha256": "6c134eec62d8871d133b2b2b6c1209e611a770b328fb09f2d8394048f47facc7", "text": "The greater number of objects which we look upon every day present more nearly the aspect of our plane geometric insets. In fact, doors, window-frames, framed pictures, the wooden or marble top of a table, are indeed _solid_ objects, but with one of the dimensions greatly reduced, and with the two dimensions determining the form of the plane surface made most evident.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01177", "bookId": 39863, "start": 480813, "end": 481123, "sha256": "53302d6544318aff35f335a64f952d84de86a83b97e1cce4df8d100f9c7a875a", "text": "When the plane form prevails, we say that the window is rectangular, the picture frame oval, this table square, etc. _Solids having a determined form prevailing in the plane surface_ are almost the only ones which come to our notice. And such solids are clearly represented by our _plane geometric insets_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01178", "bookId": 39863, "start": 481127, "end": 481283, "sha256": "5b864e1beea9f8d6e3ad4059c435986f538ab2b9ba9699f41550b5cd39ecf223", "text": "The child will _very often_ recognise in his environment forms which he has learned in this way, but he will rarely recognise the _solid geometric forms_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01179", "bookId": 39863, "start": 481287, "end": 481883, "sha256": "ed67254eed6f867ea7878c904a7147a63350bd8c148e568e737371636c07d31a", "text": "That the table leg is a prism, or a truncated cone, or an elongated cylinder, will come to his knowledge long after he has observed that the top of the table upon which he places things is rectangular. We do not, therefore, speak of the fact of recognising that a house is a prism or a cube. Indeed, the pure solid geometric forms _never exist_ in the ordinary objects about us; these present, instead, a _combination of forms_. So, putting aside the difficulty of taking in at a glance the complex form of a house, the child recognises in it, not an _identity_ of form, but an _analogy_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01180", "bookId": 39863, "start": 481887, "end": 482226, "sha256": "3221a7f534bc9eb6373350bedfdf8e154b0eae046b9f977d8396df7b6d753497", "text": "He will, however, see the plane geometric forms perfectly represented in windows and doors, and in the faces of many solid objects in use at home. Thus the knowledge of the forms given him in the plane geometric insets will be for him a species of magic _key_, opening the external world, and making him feel that he knows its secrets.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01181", "bookId": 39863, "start": 482230, "end": 483025, "sha256": "df356b717b1357a988785191687620823904c5234064498ee65c41f65f8183ab", "text": "I was walking one day upon the Pincian Hill with a boy from the elementary school. He had studied geometric design and understood the analysis of plane geometric figures. As we reached the highest terrace from which we could see the Piazza del Popolo with the city stretching away behind it, I stretched out my hand saying, \"Look, all the works of man are a great mass of geometric figures;\" and, indeed, rectangles, ovals, triangles, and semicircles, perforated, or ornamented, in a hundred different ways the grey rectangular façades of the various buildings. Such uniformity in such an expanse of buildings seemed to prove the _limitation_ of human intelligence, while in an adjoining garden plot the shrubs and flowers spoke eloquently of the infinite variety of forms in nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01182", "bookId": 39863, "start": 483029, "end": 483930, "sha256": "2f650f02414642d984f4d10c7a2396e0860003c2e07db772f87859530364a056", "text": "The boy had never made these observations; he had studied the angles, the sides and the construction of outlined geometric figures, but without thinking beyond this, and feeling only annoyance at this arid work. At first he laughed at the idea of man's massing geometric figures together, then he became interested, looked long at the buildings before him, and an expression of lively and thoughtful interest came into his face. To the right of the Ponte Margherita was a factory building in the process of construction, and its steel framework delineated a series of rectangles. \"What tedious work!\" said the boy, alluding to the workmen. And, then, as we drew near the garden, and stood for a moment in silence admiring the grass and the flowers which sprang so freely from the earth, \"It is beautiful!\" he said. But that word \"beautiful\" referred to the inner awakening of his own soul.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01183", "bookId": 39863, "start": 483934, "end": 484413, "sha256": "6429614a2ae0337669b4014ea08133dc6dfea2906e258100ad6da08b9bd8f7b3", "text": "This experience made me think that in the observation of the plane geometric forms, and in that of the plants which they saw growing in their own little gardens, there existed for the children precious sources of spiritual as well as intellectual education. For this reason, I have wished to make my work broad, leading the child, not only to observe the forms about him, but to distinguish the work of man from that of nature, and to appreciate the fruits of human labour.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01184", "bookId": 39863, "start": 484417, "end": 485322, "sha256": "6d6006827ee42c4e78fdaf18d8c3d58c3d5542de6dee0cacf0bf799e74e7b22e", "text": "(_a_) _Free Design._ I give the child a sheet of white paper and a pencil, telling him that he may draw whatever he wishes to. Such drawings have long been of interest to experimental psychologists. Their importance lies in the fact that they reveal the _capacity_ of the child for observing, and also show his individual tendencies. Generally, the first drawings are unformed and confused, and the teacher should ask the child _what he wished to draw_, and should write it underneath the design that it may be a record. Little by little, the drawings become more intelligible, and verily reveal the progress which the child makes in the observation of the forms about him. Often the most minute details of an object have been observed and recorded in the crude sketch. And, since the child draws what he wishes, he reveals to us which are the objects that most strongly attract his attention.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01185", "bookId": 39863, "start": 485326, "end": 486207, "sha256": "97cc8626135b27c30c427dc50c3ef33c2c3dd1396c52a6dc3988abfe20e506e0", "text": "(_b_) _Design Consisting of the Filling in of Outlined Figures._ These designs are most important as they constitute \"the preparation for writing.\" They do for the colour sense what _free design_ does for the sense of _form_. In other words, they reveal the capacity of the child _in the matter of observation of colours_, as the free design showed us the extent to which he was an observer of form in the objects surrounding him. I shall speak more fully of this work in the chapter on _writing_. The exercises consist in filling in with coloured pencil, certain outlines drawn in black. These outlines present the simple geometric figures and various objects with which the child is familiar in the schoolroom, the home, and the garden. The child must _select_ his colour, and in doing so he shows us whether he has observed the colours of the things surrounding him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01186", "bookId": 39863, "start": 486213, "end": 486232, "sha256": "1416a65c99cade160f595b99ae027fde569ec84c89ca7d0413534054d72e5058", "text": "_Free Plastic Work_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01187", "bookId": 39863, "start": 486236, "end": 486924, "sha256": "503f1eb1afbb01982421d7d92f8d8b32393c0f8866179b221d7135c989f4853c", "text": "These exercises are analogous to those in free design and in the filling in of figures with coloured pencils. Here the child makes whatever he wishes with _clay_; that is, he models those objects which he remembers most distinctly and which have impressed him most deeply. We give the child a wooden tray containing a piece of clay, and then we await his work. We possess some very remarkable pieces of clay work done by our little ones. Some of them reproduce, with surprising minuteness of detail, objects which they have seen. And what is most surprising, these models often record not only the form, but even the _dimensions_ of the objects which the child handled in school.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01188", "bookId": 39863, "start": 486928, "end": 488042, "sha256": "50778874df57a7bee1e5d5d6556460de99022087701e444d5845edafd5177143", "text": "Many little ones model the objects which they have seen at home, especially kitchen furniture, water-jugs, pots, and pans. Sometimes, we are shown a simple cradle containing a baby brother or sister. At first it is necessary to place written descriptions upon these objects, as it is necessary to do with the free design. Later on, however, the models are easily recognisable, and the children learn to reproduce the geometric solids. These clay models are undoubtedly very valuable material for the teacher, and make clear many individual differences, thus helping her to understand her children more fully. In our method they are also valuable as psychological manifestations of development according to age. Such designs are precious guides also for the teacher in the matter of her intervention in the child's education. The children who, in this work reveal themselves as observers, will probably become spontaneous observers of all the world about them, and may be led toward such a goal by the indirect help of exercises tending to fix and to make more exact the various sensations and ideas.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01189", "bookId": 39863, "start": 488046, "end": 488348, "sha256": "79467c415d406a66906dec85593627353da9470dd26bd79bb7cf8a296723ee94", "text": "These children will also be those who arrive most quickly at the act of _spontaneous writing_. Those whose clay work remains unformed and indefinite will probably need the direct revelation of the directress, who will need to call their attention in some material manner to the objects around them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01190", "bookId": 39863, "start": 488354, "end": 488414, "sha256": "a060d921cb85a8c411194dd89c28d33d683e6db3c6c85f9d7b6c90e1a345907e", "text": "_Geometric Analysis of Figures; Sides, Angles, Centre, Base_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01191", "bookId": 39863, "start": 488418, "end": 488743, "sha256": "14247fb7ae763e49730f9e9cdf4f10e2cc8142df8bdec5c27f306cd9ed9d7c22", "text": "The geometric analysis of figures is not adapted to very young children. I have tried a means for the _introduction_ of such analysis, limiting this work to the _rectangle_ and making use of a game which includes the analysis without fixing the attention of the child upon it. This game presents the concept most clearly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01192", "bookId": 39863, "start": 488747, "end": 489482, "sha256": "fa315d4cb90572068f7c02fd09494be05c0ef1e77526c382b82e32303bbaedb8", "text": "The _rectangle_ of which I make use is the plane of one of the children's tables, and the game consists in laying the table for a meal. I have in each of the \"Children's Houses\" a collection of toy table-furnishings, such as may be found in any toy-store. Among these are dinner-plates, soup-plates, soup-tureen, saltcellars, glasses, decanters, little knives, forks, spoons, etc. I have them lay the table for six, putting _two places_ on each of the longer sides, and one place on each of the shorter sides. One of the children takes the objects and places them as I indicate. I tell him to place the soup tureen in the _centre_ of the table; this napkin in a _corner_. \"Place this plate in the centre of the short _side_.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01193", "bookId": 39863, "start": 489486, "end": 489791, "sha256": "f563d458455c066736988c7f717810c101cadf1501d53ccdff75893dc057ea99", "text": "Then I have the child look at the table, and I say, \"Something is lacking in this _corner_. We want another glass on this _side_. Now let us see if we have everything properly placed on the two longer sides. Is everything ready on the two shorter sides? Is there anything lacking in the four corners?\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01194", "bookId": 39863, "start": 489795, "end": 490188, "sha256": "bd3a35aaa894a07e72e9f7942374be81aa91c239e0a2ce3a5099975eb33e5ec8", "text": "I do not believe that we may proceed to any more complex analysis than this before the age of six years, for I believe that the child should one day take up one of the plane insets and _spontaneously_ begin to count the sides and the angles. Certainly, if we taught them such ideas they would be able to learn them, but it would be a mere learning of formulæ, and not applied experience.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01195", "bookId": 39863, "start": 490194, "end": 490228, "sha256": "6546574ead90f049f1cee159c900478d29ddeb3cbb495362419701e446de80d0", "text": "_Exercises in the Chromatic Sense_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01196", "bookId": 39863, "start": 490232, "end": 490398, "sha256": "49dfee7a9d59c04d8c9d9ac2c38015599e37c9b18905b0c35f0688e4a9c0b8b0", "text": "I have already indicated what colour exercises we follow. Here I wish to indicate more definitely the succession of these exercises and to describe them more fully.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01197", "bookId": 39863, "start": 490402, "end": 490784, "sha256": "451bbfc9aaf6af5e1779efe2133e0786fbcc51defed33aa5a932b2e55a0803cd", "text": "_Designs and Pictures._ We have prepared a number of outline drawings which the children are to fill in with coloured pencil, and, later on, with a brush, preparing for themselves the water-colour tints which they will use. The first designs are of flowers, butterflies, trees and animals, and we then pass to simple landscapes containing grass, sky, houses, and human figures.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01198", "bookId": 39863, "start": 490788, "end": 491442, "sha256": "9a6eb99d9fecffc0e27f162f789d259f7811c1cd42f5205024360e591f3e36b3", "text": "These designs help us in our study of the natural development of the child as an observer of his surroundings; that is, in regard to colour. The children _select the colours_ and are left entirely free in their work. If, for example, they colour a chicken red, or a cow green, this shows that they have not yet become observers. But I have already spoken of this in the general discussion of the method. These designs also reveal the effect of the education of the chromatic sense. As the child selects delicate and harmonious tints, or strong and contrasting ones, we can judge of the progress he has made in the refinement of his colour sense.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01199", "bookId": 39863, "start": 491446, "end": 492268, "sha256": "4cad527a14a7ab12c4f13d55a9d74cb4c260a2d70c945b88475cb5d18283aeed", "text": "The fact that the child must _remember_ the colour of the objects represented in the design encourages him to observe those things which are about him. And then, too, he wishes to be able to fill in more difficult designs. Only those children who know how to keep the colour _within_ the outline and to reproduce the _right colours_ may proceed to the more ambitious work. These designs are very easy, and often very effective, sometimes displaying real artistic work. The directress of the school in Mexico, who studied for a long time with me, sent me two designs; one representing a cliff in which the stones were coloured most harmoniously in light violet and shades of brown, trees in two shades of green, and the sky a soft blue. The other represented a horse with a chestnut coat and black mane and tail.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01200", "bookId": 39863, "start": 492278, "end": 492289, "sha256": "3e6f21ecffc9f2d47ddc2c325206cc4203b24b86b722361365c4d97a078fbcde", "text": "CHAPTER XVI", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01201", "bookId": 39863, "start": 492293, "end": 492340, "sha256": "f0d71da559bddb2fe91b93698cea5868019490f72a5499c6a597a0a1c1bc483b", "text": "METHODS FOR THE TEACHING OF READING AND WRITING", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01202", "bookId": 39863, "start": 492346, "end": 492610, "sha256": "6f67e12a1a359c76001fd611f8c1381537db84dd40d2c34d01da40775b5f59ea", "text": "_Spontaneous Development of Graphic Language._ While I was directress of the Orthophrenic School at Rome, I had already began to experiment with various didactic means for the teaching of reading and writing. These experiments were practically original with me.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01203", "bookId": 39863, "start": 492614, "end": 492871, "sha256": "817a094f28ab3dccebb80440dea3e061d82c0b4c514a2fe5fe490b5d4daced34", "text": "Itard and Séguin do not present any rational method through which writing may be learned. In the pages above quoted, it may be seen how Itard proceeded in the teaching of the alphabet and I give here what Séguin says concerning the teaching of writing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01204", "bookId": 39863, "start": 492875, "end": 493134, "sha256": "aa61858a5a2a05a8d7600f4e580138ae77d6aca3117d4fbb4f56f6e1003a2740", "text": "\"To have a child pass from design, to writing, which is its most immediate application, the teacher need only call D, a portion of a circle, resting its extremities upon a vertical; A, two obliques reunited at the summit and cut by a horizontal, etc., etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01205", "bookId": 39863, "start": 493138, "end": 493414, "sha256": "64986dfd9e424b61fa1f2711ee312a41c941f00ee4414fadde9f604b8415bb02", "text": "\"We no longer need worry ourselves as to how the child shall learn to write: he designs, _then_ writes. It need not be said that we should have the child draw the letters according to the laws of contrast and analogy. For instance, O beside I; B with P; T opposite L, etc.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01206", "bookId": 39863, "start": 493418, "end": 493894, "sha256": "7d7b976c4f596b6e6c36d456e5315bc6097b4e521baacb895bccf4da7c772299", "text": "According to Séguin, then, we do not need to _teach_ writing. The child who draws, will write. But writing, for this author, means printed capitals! Nor does he, in any other place, explain whether his pupil shall write in any other way. He instead, gives much space to the description of _the design which prepares for_, and which _includes_ writing. This method of design is full of difficulties and was only established by the combined attempts of Itard and Séguin.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01207", "bookId": 39863, "start": 493898, "end": 494126, "sha256": "c84a47a11ccf9ef6d8be4ff689ca5c88aea111b12f7cc66294796055f3d214f8", "text": "\"Chapter XL: DESIGN. In design the first idea to be acquired is that of the plane destined to receive the design. The second is that of the trace or delineation. Within these two concepts lies all design, all linear creation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01208", "bookId": 39863, "start": 494130, "end": 494427, "sha256": "a4078ebed089b6a9f64927f1973561e1a8cb89913f149157a932c1b41a0f11b1", "text": "\"These two concepts are correlative, their relation generates the idea, or the capacity to produce the lines in this sense; that lines may only be called such when they follow a methodical and determined direction: the trace without direction is not a line; produced by chance, it has no name.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01209", "bookId": 39863, "start": 494431, "end": 495076, "sha256": "553cddc026776e164d25cf90b3cd1450d79436ffb4d829272c1d18f04b9f5345", "text": "\"The rational sign, on the contrary, has a name because it has a direction and since all writing or design is nothing other than a composite of the diverse directions followed by a line, we must, before approaching what is commonly called writing, _insist_ upon these notions of plane and line. The ordinary child acquires these by instinct, but an insistence upon them is necessary in order to render the idiot careful and sensitive in their application. Through methodical design he will come into rational contact with all parts of the plane and will, guided by imitation, produce lines at first simple, but growing more complicated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01210", "bookId": 39863, "start": 495080, "end": 495576, "sha256": "a79ff693ec04894e3e08ca22aa2f143955c5a140eb4e9a298cc0a4f74aeb2d63", "text": "\"The pupil may be taught: First, to trace the diverse species of lines. Second, to trace them in various directions and in different positions relative to the plane. Third, to reunite these lines to form figures varying from simple to complex. We must therefore, teach the pupil to distinguish straight lines from curves, vertical from horizontal, and from the various oblique lines; and must finally make clear the principal points of conjunction of two or more lines in forming a figure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01211", "bookId": 39863, "start": 495580, "end": 496866, "sha256": "e2adc51cbba6e294b8150e0dc29e46f48ff6dac244f8739729abed9e2398fe92", "text": "\"This rational analysis of design, _from which writing will spring_, is so essential in all its parts, that a child who, before being confided to my care, already wrote many of the letters, has taken six days to learn to draw a perpendicular or a horizontal line; he spent fifteen days before imitating a curve and an oblique. Indeed the greater number of my pupils, are for a long time incapable of even imitating the movements of my hand upon the paper, before attempting to draw a line in a determined direction. The most imitative, or the least stupid ones, produce a sign diametrically opposite to that which I show them and all of them confound the points of conjunction of two lines no matter how evident this is. It is true that the thorough knowledge I have given them of lines and of configuration helps them to make the connection which must be established between the plane and the various marks with which they must cover the surface, but in the study rendered necessary by the deficiency of my pupils, the progression in the matter of the vertical, the horizontal, the oblique, and the curve must be determined by the consideration of the difficulty of comprehension and of execution which each offers to a torpid intelligence and to a weak unsteady hand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01212", "bookId": 39863, "start": 496870, "end": 497207, "sha256": "0fbb9be96424a2a2e7327f2ffb38fa04d5290dc708200e0277e782842f36ff92", "text": "\"I do not speak here of merely having them perform a difficult thing, since I have them surmount a _series_ of difficulties and for this reason I ask myself if some of these difficulties are not greater and some less, and if they do not grow one from the other, like theorems. Here are the ideas which have guided me in this respect.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01213", "bookId": 39863, "start": 497211, "end": 497532, "sha256": "ba8d29785ad48658dc10b06aa4b3cc586ecad501ae377d8f5704b33171d5c28e", "text": "\"The vertical is a line which the eye and the hand follow directly, going up and down. The horizontal line is not natural to the eye, nor to the hand, which lowers itself and follows a curve (like the horizon from which it has taken its name), starting from the centre and going to the lateral extremity of the plane.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01214", "bookId": 39863, "start": 497536, "end": 497856, "sha256": "295bde2290a9541811c7bec028a1487d03aa2dc8572b7df9c1ced7864493a591", "text": "\"The oblique line presupposes more complex comparative ideas, and the curve demands such firmness and so many differences in its relation to the plane that we would only lose time in taking up the study of these lines. The most simple line then, is the vertical, and this is how I have given my pupils an idea of it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01215", "bookId": 39863, "start": 497860, "end": 497964, "sha256": "3078edc9b72d99eb6b6eeff897df1ee942f53b2af023e35562ec13b8fb1756f9", "text": "\"The first geometric formula is this: only straight lines may be drawn from one given point to another.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01216", "bookId": 39863, "start": 497968, "end": 499402, "sha256": "17d6a81763c7589a213ed00843ef55aaa2a74c5c33660c35a423a1a88dd886fd", "text": "\"Starting from this axiom, which the hand alone can demonstrate, I have fixed two points upon the blackboard and have connected them by means of a vertical. My pupils try to do the same between the dots they have upon their paper, but with some the vertical descends to the right of the point and with others, to the left, to say nothing of those whose hand diverges in all directions. To arrest these various deviations which are often far more defects of the intelligence and of the vision, than of the hand, I have thought it wise to restrict the field of the plane, drawing two vertical lines to left and right of the points which the child is to join by means of a parallel line half way between the two enclosing lines. If these two lines are not enough, I place two rulers vertically upon the paper, which arrest the deviations of the hand absolutely. These material barriers are not, however, useful for very long. We first suppress the rulers and return to the two parallel lines, between which the idiot learns to draw the third line. We then take away one of the guiding lines, and leave, sometimes that on the right, sometimes that on the left, finally taking away this last line and at last, the dots, beginning by erasing the one at the top which indicates the starting point of the line and of the hand. The child thus learns to draw a vertical without material control, without points of comparison.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01217", "bookId": 39863, "start": 499406, "end": 499865, "sha256": "fb6a81447b07806e1ed0da95c84f9f88f3d868d203969e5b541182847105a01c", "text": "\"The same method, the same difficulty, the same means of direction are used for the straight horizontal lines. If, by chance, these lines begin well, we must await until the child curves them, departing from the centre and proceeding to the extremity _as nature commands him_, and because of the reason which I have explained. If the two dots do not suffice to sustain the hand, we keep it from deviating by means of the parallel lines or of the rulers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01218", "bookId": 39863, "start": 499869, "end": 500147, "sha256": "de68174424cc98f719c72b063881e975e5468beac9a55265ad1eae32fd8d6672", "text": "\"Finally, have him trace a horizontal line, and by uniting with it a vertical ruler we form a right angles. The child will begin to understand, in this way, what the vertical and horizontal lines really are, and will see the relation of these two ideas as he traces a figure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01219", "bookId": 39863, "start": 500151, "end": 500626, "sha256": "8d01f0ddb78da5fb170b5fa993082ff7e6542d358db09bad5706b555207e4631", "text": "\"In the sequence of the development of lines, it would seem that the study of the oblique should immediately follow that of the vertical and the horizontal, but this is not so! The oblique which partakes of the vertical in its inclination, and of the horizontal in its direction, and which partakes of both in its nature (since it is a straight line), presents perhaps, because of its relation to other lines, an idea too complex to be appreciated without preparation.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01220", "bookId": 39863, "start": 500630, "end": 501113, "sha256": "59f59da92b42411d4d0c2e3fa2264ca40d321cc71187259134bacc7c50eb0276", "text": "Thus Séguin goes on through many pages, to speak of the oblique in all directions, which he has his pupils trace between two parallels. He then tells of the four curves which he has them draw to right and left of a vertical and above and below a horizontal, and concludes: \"So we find the solution of the problems for which we sought--the vertical line, the horizontal, the oblique, and the four curves, whose union forms the circle, contain all possible lines, _all writing_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01221", "bookId": 39863, "start": 501117, "end": 501501, "sha256": "a0a4abe0ea7b8123b947ec50b16224c80252e6723b902ada904dbab453b1229b", "text": "\"Arrived at this point, Itard and I were for a long time at a standstill. The lines being known, the next step was to have the child trace regular figures, beginning of course, with the simplest. According to the general opinion, Itard had advised me to begin with the square and I had followed this advice _for three months_, without being able to make the child understand me.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01222", "bookId": 39863, "start": 501505, "end": 501671, "sha256": "8d0e2ad2dc6ee0176d408933122c5fb3c2bd7fcc8ba4d3d8b585639904516052", "text": "After a long series of experiments, guided by his ideas of the genesis of geometric figures, Séguin became aware that the triangle is the figure most easily drawn.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01223", "bookId": 39863, "start": 501675, "end": 501872, "sha256": "370e53fb73ac4d033c3ddba98f2d43f7326fb7a43c1f9a7bf9b011878767e20f", "text": "\"When three lines meet thus, they always form a triangle, while four lines may meet in a hundred different directions without remaining parallel and therefore without presenting a perfect square.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01224", "bookId": 39863, "start": 501876, "end": 502067, "sha256": "9e3256e3ccd7b731e1214849657cd092366ff581a3245a336eeea7a0a2ce37eb", "text": "\"From these experiments and many others, I have deduced the first principles of writing and of design for the idiot; principles whose application is _too simple_ for me to discuss further.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01225", "bookId": 39863, "start": 502071, "end": 503064, "sha256": "556a2374abeda7965457b59c00dd23ef76927b6dc306aa2e2cf127092ea348f1", "text": "Such was the proceeding used by my predecessors in the teaching of writing to deficients. As for reading, Itard proceeded thus: he drove nails into the wall and hung upon them, geometric figures of wood, such as triangles, squares, circles. He then drew the exact imprint of these upon the wall, after which he took the figures away and had the \"boy of Aveyron\" replace them upon the proper nails, guided by the design. From this design Itard conceived the idea of the plane geometric insets. He finally had large print letters made of wood and proceeded in the same way as with the geometric figures, that is, using the design upon the wall and arranging the nails in such a way that the child might place the letters upon them and then take them off again. Later, Séguin used the horizontal plane instead of the wall, drawing the letters on the bottom of a box and having the child superimpose solid letters. After twenty years, Séguin had not changed his method of procedure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01226", "bookId": 39863, "start": 503068, "end": 503449, "sha256": "d9ec7d2eea7b02e962133641380f994bb770a8e7962d3c13d1c9c12cced165b4", "text": "A criticism of the method used by Itard and Séguin for reading and writing seems to me superfluous. The method has two fundamental errors which make it inferior to the methods in use for normal children, namely: writing in printed capitals, and the preparation for writing through a study of rational geometry, which we now expect only from students in the secondary schools.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01227", "bookId": 39863, "start": 503453, "end": 503694, "sha256": "8e8ca9349dd5269fa5f488ef6b3e9c7ac798aa50deb914795afc4b9cc0756d79", "text": "Séguin here confuses ideas in a most extraordinary way. He has suddenly jumped from the psychological observation of the child and from his relation to his environment, to the study of the origin of lines and their relation to the plane.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01228", "bookId": 39863, "start": 503698, "end": 503943, "sha256": "347579a8909aa9d6bb0a59a4f5eb78416047506e4a07048bdb098d4cf4fd1555", "text": "He says that the child _will readily design a vertical line_, but that the horizontal will soon become a curve, because \"_nature commands it_\" and this _command of nature_ is represented by the fact that man sees the horizon as a curved line!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01229", "bookId": 39863, "start": 503947, "end": 504106, "sha256": "bde9d82e61dcfe00c8bebbb500899435244c4824fbab47662b9903affc9bb922", "text": "The example of Séguin serves to illustrate the necessity of a _special education_ which shall fit man for _observation_, and shall direct _logical thought_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01230", "bookId": 39863, "start": 504110, "end": 504702, "sha256": "56fee8551b146f29095ba67b73f6bfd7560b593bd1722876393434cd542cb36f", "text": "The observation must be absolutely objective, in other words, stripped of preconceptions. Séguin has in this case the preconception that geometric design must prepare for writing, and that hinders him from discovering the truly natural proceeding necessary to such preparation. He has, besides, the preconception that the deviation of a line, as well as the inexactness with which the child traces it, are due to \"_the mind and the eye, not to the hand_,\" and so he wearies himself _for weeks and months in explaining_ the direction of lines and in guiding _the vision_ of the idiot.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01231", "bookId": 39863, "start": 504706, "end": 504937, "sha256": "d27118f7a61401bf66fd3353fb7bbc099ca0f7b489755e4b7817ed9eb85fa53e", "text": "It seems as if Séguin felt that a good method must start from a superior point, geometry; the intelligence of the child is only considered worthy of attention in its relation to abstract things. And is not this a common defect?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01232", "bookId": 39863, "start": 504941, "end": 505342, "sha256": "5f339eb65309bf9b3bd58f8ae2ad89d24fdb86995c5f1324a0b003733c336ce3", "text": "Let us observe mediocre men; they pompously assume erudition and disdain simple things. Let us study the clear thought of those whom we consider men of genius. Newton is seated tranquilly in the open air; an apple falls from the tree, he observes it and asks, \"Why?\" Phenomena are never insignificant; the fruit which falls and universal gravitation may rest side by side in the mind of a genius.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01233", "bookId": 39863, "start": 505346, "end": 505713, "sha256": "b7b93b62814804995cb957015d56c71ce78cd11a6b9409ca86ba740006f41ba7", "text": "If Newton had been a teacher of children he would have led the child to look upon the worlds on a starry night, but an erudite person might have felt it necessary first to prepare the child to understand the sublime calculus which is the key to astronomy--Galileo Galilei observed the oscillation of a lamp swung on high, and discovered the laws of the pendulum.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01234", "bookId": 39863, "start": 505717, "end": 505956, "sha256": "1173ce50d415005122882155cef56e549058dc9953526dea108e543a51894e22", "text": "In the intellectual life _simplicity_ consists in divesting one's mind of every preconception, and this leads to the discovery of new things, as, in the moral life, humility and material poverty guide us toward high spiritual conquests.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01235", "bookId": 39863, "start": 505960, "end": 506150, "sha256": "aab431304eb76a707a71513ca95eaaa1660beebd4f122e6070014bd3c63efcc3", "text": "If we study the history of discoveries, we will find that they have come from _real objective observation_ and _from logical thought_. These are simple things, but rarely found in one man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01236", "bookId": 39863, "start": 506154, "end": 506739, "sha256": "9227f9da8fc0d9c6cce0fcdf21cfd7091d6eeda7a730b2b1efc9df7ff96fdb59", "text": "Does it not seem strange, for instance, that after the discovery by Laveran of the malarial parasite which invades the red blood-corpuscles, we did not, in spite of the fact that we know the blood system to be a system of closed vessels, even so much as _suspect the possibility_ that a stinging insect might inoculate us with the parasite? Instead, the theory that the evil emanated from low ground, that it was carried by the African winds, or that it was due to dampness, was given credence. Yet these were vague ideas, while the parasite was a definite biological specimen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01237", "bookId": 39863, "start": 506743, "end": 508603, "sha256": "782f3323720f2e8967baa15c03867bc40c9cb26f895561716311cc4335fb9c40", "text": "When the discovery of the malarial mosquito came to complete logically the discovery of Laveran, this seemed marvellous, stupefying. Yet we know in biology that the reproduction of molecular vegetable bodies is by scission with alternate sporation, and that of molecular animals is by scission with alternate conjunction. That is, after a certain period in which the primitive cell has divided and sub-divided into fresh cells, equal among themselves, there comes the formation of two diverse cells, one male and one female, which must unite to form a single cell capable of recommencing the cycle of reproduction by division. All this being known at the time of Laveran, and the malarial parasite being known to be a protozoon, it would have seemed logical to consider its segmentation in the stroma of the red corpuscle as the phase of scission and to await until the parasite gave place to the sexual forms, which must necessarily come in the phase succeeding scission. Instead, the division was looked upon as spore-formation, and neither Laveran, nor the numerous scientists who followed the research, knew how to give an explanation of the appearance of the sexual forms. Laveran expressed an idea, which was immediately received, that these two forms were degenerate forms of the malarial parasite, and therefore incapable of producing the changes determining the disease. Indeed, the malaria was apparently cured at the appearance of the two sexual forms of the parasite, the conjunction of the two cells being impossible in the human blood. The theory--then recent--of Morel upon human degeneration accompanied by deformity and weakness, inspired Laveran in his interpretation, and everybody found the idea of the illustrious pathologist a fortunate one, because it was inspired by the great concepts of the Morellian theory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01238", "bookId": 39863, "start": 508607, "end": 509238, "sha256": "14b29f8c8903dbf949577ac2dcc3e0308d34cdd821cae37e2a3e112c8b991353", "text": "Had anyone, instead, limited himself to reasoning thus: the original form of the malarial insect is a protozoon; it reproduces itself by scission, under our eyes; when the scission is finished, we see two diverse cells, one a half-moon, the other threadlike. These are the feminine and masculine cells which must, by conjunction, alternate the scission,--such a reasoner would have opened the way to the discovery. But _so simple_ a process of reasoning did not come. We might almost ask ourselves how great would be the world's progress if a special form of education prepared men for pure observation and logical thought.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01239", "bookId": 39863, "start": 509242, "end": 509381, "sha256": "760ae1f54af444a7a446dc55dd49df73b0bc98454cc6b41df3a61c9c48a38e09", "text": "A great deal of time and intellectual force are lost in the world, because the false seems great and the truth so small and insignificant.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01240", "bookId": 39863, "start": 509385, "end": 509785, "sha256": "8b2b0ba02063090f5ad54a6ebd585242106b4bdad11f71295a441d8f6a6e8153", "text": "I say all this to defend the necessity, which I feel we face, of preparing the coming generations by means of more rational methods. It is from these generations that the world awaits its progress. We have already learned to make use of our surroundings, but I believe that we have arrived at a time when the necessity presents itself for _utilising_ human force, through a scientific education.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01241", "bookId": 39863, "start": 509789, "end": 510387, "sha256": "32c55ac1cce87657d0ead20842ec28f071a6ee5ddf6372d8f5d81c81a9fceb2c", "text": "To return to Séguin's method of writing, it illustrates another truth, and that is the tortuous path we follow in our teaching. This, too, is allied to an instinct for complicating things, analogous to that which makes us so prone to appreciate complicated things. We have Séguin teaching _geometry_ in order to teach a child to write; and making the child's mind exert itself to follow geometrical abstractions only to come down to the simple effort of drawing a printed D. After all, must the child not have to make another effort in order to _forget_ the print, and _learn_ the script!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01242", "bookId": 39863, "start": 510391, "end": 510708, "sha256": "712b7036448ca96548edd4eff622096b7eb780f41b8ca9f39d2abc1d6d451fe3", "text": "And even we in these days still believe that in order to learn to write the child must first make vertical strokes. This conviction is very general. Yet it does not seem natural that to write the letters of the alphabet, which are all rounded, it should be necessary to begin with straight lines and acute angles.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01243", "bookId": 39863, "start": 510712, "end": 511167, "sha256": "7ac12c93f2723ced7f5bbeedef91a50baec333074e4fd72b26d4dff2708b0c78", "text": "In all good faith, we wonder that it should be difficult to do away with the angularity and stiffness with which the beginner traces the beautiful curve of the O.[13] Yet, through what effort on our part, and on his, was he forced to fill pages and pages with rigid lines and acute angles! To whom is due this time-honoured idea that the first sign to be traced must be a straight line? And why do we so avoid preparing for curves as well as angles?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01244", "bookId": 39863, "start": 511173, "end": 511294, "sha256": "8776659459345fb52e19d682228f78b911385e1e30faf50105abcc8e1a9f28de", "text": "[13] It will, of course, be understood that this is a criticism of the system in use in Italian schools. A. E. G.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01245", "bookId": 39863, "start": 511298, "end": 511492, "sha256": "af0d6f98dc0209075aae2bed73b455d69a62fa3c07ba3bf2c4ba1f4bbe44befe", "text": "Let us, for a moment, divest ourselves of such preconceptions and proceed in a more simple way. We may be able to relieve future generations of _all effort_ in the matter of learning to write.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01246", "bookId": 39863, "start": 511496, "end": 512322, "sha256": "0816fcce6b00fb4ddaf14bedc2fbdffa36452c35ce04703b82566c85e75f11fb", "text": "Is it necessary to begin writing with the making of vertical strokes? A moment of clear and logical thinking is enough to enable us to answer, no. The child makes too painful an effort in following such an exercise. The first steps should be the easiest, and the up and down stroke, is, on the contrary, one of the most difficult of all the pen movements. Only a professional penman could fill a whole page and preserve the regularity of such strokes, but a person who writes only moderately well would be able to complete a page of presentable writing. Indeed, the straight line is unique, expressing the shortest distance between two points, while _any deviation_ from that direction signifies a line which is not straight. These infinite deviations are therefore easier than that _one_ trace which is perfection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01247", "bookId": 39863, "start": 512326, "end": 512949, "sha256": "034bbe14f0aded37563ac28b49fe836b14e099078369446fd23bbfe007726fa6", "text": "If we should give to a number of adults the order to draw a straight line upon the blackboard, each person would draw a long line proceeding in a different direction, some beginning from one side, some from another, and almost all would succeed in making the line straight. Should we then ask that the line be drawn in a _particular direction_, starting from a determined point, the ability shown at first would greatly diminish, and we would see many more irregularities, or errors. Almost all the lines would be long--for the individual _must needs gather impetus_ in order to succeed in making his line straight.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01248", "bookId": 39863, "start": 512953, "end": 513357, "sha256": "085a694fa17c1e2c6dd6565935a0d3243596ac6e29e5023d7790b828730855db", "text": "Should we ask that the lines be made short, and included within precise limits, the errors would increase, for we would thus impede the impetus which helps to conserve the definite direction. In the methods ordinarily used in teaching writing, we add, to such limitations, the further restriction that the instrument of writing must be held in a certain way, not as instinct prompts each individual.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01249", "bookId": 39863, "start": 513361, "end": 513702, "sha256": "acd4924812b74e3d63e5a81410ee55514b97a889197da2edbe2d5ed770a805ac", "text": "Thus we approach in the most conscious and restricted way the first act of writing, which should be voluntary. In this first writing we still demand that the single strokes be kept parallel, making the child's task a difficult and barren one, since it has no purpose for the child, who does not understand the meaning of all this detail.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01250", "bookId": 39863, "start": 513706, "end": 514462, "sha256": "4aa14d718364007f4161b48253ec0776814faebab99a834ab027ba3568bd5028", "text": "I had noticed in the note-books of the deficient children in France (and Voisin also mentions this phenomenon) that the pages of vertical strokes, although they began as such, ended in lines of C's. This goes to show that the deficient child, whose mind is less resistant than that of the normal child, exhausts, little by little, the initial effort of imitation, and the natural movement gradually comes to take the place of that which was forced or stimulated. So the straight lines are transformed into curves, more and more like the letter C. Such a phenomenon does not appear in the copy-books of normal children, for they resist, through effort, until the end of the page is reached, and, thus, as often happens, conceal the didactic error.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01251", "bookId": 39863, "start": 514466, "end": 514699, "sha256": "b9c03fb8db5dc2acc0db129fc034c892341a953089ff0dbfbbeeec7d02577d7d", "text": "But let us observe the spontaneous drawings of normal children. When, for example, picking up a fallen twig, they trace figures in the sandy garden path, we never see short straight lines, but long and variously interlaced curves.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01252", "bookId": 39863, "start": 514703, "end": 514891, "sha256": "f71144aa59ff347c1cd5c0c1031bc28059c8aa6a9ca862e25a1260a44db2a7cd", "text": "Séguin saw the same phenomenon when the horizontal lines he made his pupils draw became curves so quickly instead. And he attributed the phenomenon to the imitation of the horizon line!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01253", "bookId": 39863, "start": 514895, "end": 515091, "sha256": "d7a75751f3df4ab59e77a409650498bedbeb866586b4046af95ccf5932ed358d", "text": "That vertical strokes should prepare for alphabetical writing, seems incredibly illogical. The alphabet is made up of curves, therefore we must prepare for it by learning to make straight lines.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01254", "bookId": 39863, "start": 515095, "end": 515629, "sha256": "0bbbe9fafc4c4273870d8d88f1627cf3150bc33fe56e9c1a4272d65c2441b64c", "text": "\"But,\" says someone, \"in many letters of the alphabet, the straight line does exist,\" True, but there is no reason why as a beginning of writing, we should select one of the details of a complete form. We may analyse the alphabetical signs in this way, discovering straight lines and curves, as by analysing discourse, we find grammatical rules. But we all _speak_ independently of such rules, why then should we not write independently of such analysis, and without the separate execution of the parts constituting the letter?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01255", "bookId": 39863, "start": 515633, "end": 516014, "sha256": "5da557914893ee8846c03b427f7d90823db47adc75724b70dec313399ebccf51", "text": "It would be sad indeed if we could _speak_ only _after_ we had studied grammar! It would be much the same as demanding that before we _looked_ at the stars in the firmament, we must study infinitesimal calculus; it is much the same thing to feel that before teaching an idiot to write, we must make him understand the abstract derivation of lines and the problems of geometry!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01256", "bookId": 39863, "start": 516018, "end": 516337, "sha256": "633921db25de90d1d8b56d3748e2493a1766b8ab55bcf14afa8e429519d20016", "text": "No less are we to be pitied if, in order to write, we must follow analytically the parts constituting the alphabetical signs. In fact the _effort_ which we believe to be a necessary accompaniment to learning to write is a purely artificial effort, allied, not to writing, but to the _methods_ by which it is taught.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01257", "bookId": 39863, "start": 516341, "end": 516795, "sha256": "c2e9b1e1794b5aba3b9d9f82cc4425d0d2675b3a2d5ac891dc71c85670d9f8a0", "text": "Let us for a moment cast aside every dogma in this connection. Let us take no note of culture, or custom. We are not, here, interested in knowing how humanity began to write, nor what may have been the origin of writing itself. Let us put away the conviction, that long usage has given us, of the necessity of beginning writing by making vertical strokes; and let us try to be as clear and unprejudiced in spirit as the truth which, we are seeking.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01258", "bookId": 39863, "start": 516799, "end": 517293, "sha256": "b719256b933ba3eeddd391334a2cbd537ffa97d0f13f45ddaa7f1661693c5bec", "text": "\"_Let us observe an individual who is writing, and let us seek to analyse the acts he performs in writing_,\" that is, the mechanical operations which enter into the execution of writing. This would be undertaking the _philosophical study of writing_, and it goes without saying that we should examine the individual who writes, not the _writing_; the _subject_, not the _object_. Many have begun with the object, examining the writing, and in this way many methods have been constructed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01259", "bookId": 39863, "start": 517297, "end": 517495, "sha256": "9d9bb4277195ea60e5ecaab58d57374ce54578e6f9725c47cff1657ca883bc45", "text": "But a method starting from the individual would be decidedly original--very different from other methods which preceded it. It would indeed signify a new era in writing, _based upon anthropology_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01260", "bookId": 39863, "start": 517499, "end": 517920, "sha256": "281e8fe185e33743fdb2a8a4392c1f4fb39569efc7f3aaf13888fecd846a3c0e", "text": "In fact, when I undertook my experiments with normal children, if I had thought of giving a name to this new method of writing, I should have called it without knowing what the results would be, the _anthropological method_. Certainly, my studies in anthropology inspired the method, but experience has given me, as a surprise, another title which seems to me the natural one, \"the method of _spontaneous_ writing.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01261", "bookId": 39863, "start": 517924, "end": 518286, "sha256": "df9a26373ec37db4c90147d909c0c748df27fb927d0bb2029a4b525b52e30a7d", "text": "While teaching deficient children I happened to observe the following fact: An idiot girl of eleven years, who was possessed of normal strength and motor power in her hands, could not learn to sew, or even to take the first step, darning, which consists in passing the needle first over, then under the woof, now taking up, now leaving, a number of threads.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01262", "bookId": 39863, "start": 518290, "end": 518835, "sha256": "cb476dac3a325fb26be2c5557458b05f7b141e5b2be1c668a8e11ea26edd0f12", "text": "I set the child to weaving with the Froebel mats, in which a strip of paper is threaded transversely in and out among vertical strips of paper held fixed at top and bottom. I thus came to think of the analogy between the two exercises, and became much interested in my observation of the girl. When she had become skilled in the Froebel weaving, I led her back again to the sewing, and saw with pleasure that she was now able to follow the darning. From that time on, our sewing classes began with a regular course in the Froebel weaving.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01263", "bookId": 39863, "start": 518839, "end": 519356, "sha256": "e630690c8526d6d204e227d3370e311428617f33b99656df3fc64b0816094e36", "text": "I saw that the necessary movements of the hand in sewing _had been prepared without having the child sew_, and that we should really find the way to _teach_ the child _how_, before _making him execute_ a task. I saw especially that preparatory movements could be carried on, and reduced to a mechanism, by means of repeated exercises not in the work itself but in that which prepares for it. Pupils could then come to the real work, able to perform it without ever having directly set their hands to it before.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01264", "bookId": 39863, "start": 519360, "end": 519627, "sha256": "2d0b7acb8a2a2342ea100713a5cab9972fe9abb6cd80d32d3c00ad51ead25e1a", "text": "I thought that I might in this way prepare for writing, and the idea interested me tremendously. I marvelled at its simplicity, and was annoyed that _I had not thought before_ of the method which was suggested to me by my observation of the girl who could not sew.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01265", "bookId": 39863, "start": 519631, "end": 519841, "sha256": "a457e36bfda9c4a1f67dcc4503945fb2f06a4bcb895b905340ac1ae4ada16fe3", "text": "In fact, seeing that I had already taught the children to touch the contours of the plane geometric insets, I had now only to teach them to touch with their fingers the _forms of the letters of the alphabet_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01266", "bookId": 39863, "start": 519845, "end": 520524, "sha256": "e634cc749b959392b206c6fa0354f91a4e941cad069f06f432e2304616a3ac88", "text": "I had a beautiful alphabet manufactured, the letters being in flowing script, the low letters 8 centimetres high, and the taller ones in proportion. These letters were in wood, 1/2 centimetre in thickness, and were painted, the consonants in blue enamel, the vowels in red. The under side of these letter-forms, instead of being painted, were covered with bronze that they might be more durable. We had only one copy of this wooden alphabet; but there were a number of cards upon which the letters were painted in the same colours and dimensions as the wooden ones. These painted letters were arranged upon the cards in groups, according to contrast, or analogy of form.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01267", "bookId": 39863, "start": 520528, "end": 521174, "sha256": "366f67db8eacd84540fd3d87ef96d05a04d685eac59440706b27718ee93266ce", "text": "Corresponding to each letter of the alphabet, we had a picture representing some object the name of which began, with the letter. Above this, the letter was painted in large script, and near it, the same letter, much smaller and in its printed form. These pictures served to fix the memory of the sound of the letter, and the small printed letter united to the one in script, was to form the passage to the reading of books. These pictures do not, indeed, represent a new idea, but they completed an arrangement which did not exist before. Such an alphabet was undoubtedly most expensive and when made by hand the cost was fifty dollars.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01268", "bookId": 39863, "start": 521178, "end": 521414, "sha256": "59056454d2c14328d204df073beba60de519a29e25c713e849c8b4962164b82e", "text": "The interesting part of my experiment was, that after I had shown the children how to place the movable wooden letters upon those painted in groups upon the cards, I had them _touch them repeatedly in the fashion of flowing writing_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01269", "bookId": 39863, "start": 521418, "end": 521589, "sha256": "33c6a9a2e60b130db87ba8d582ab61550693bd782419815033995e408e3815ab", "text": "I multiplied these exercises in various ways, and the children thus learned to make _the movements necessary to reproduce the form of the graphic signs without writing_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01270", "bookId": 39863, "start": 521593, "end": 523149, "sha256": "416d6461846ed490df71d6620a5f4b4eb0b13c643c4e45fcfe649e0048cdf456", "text": "I was struck by an idea which had never before entered my mind--that in writing we make _two diverse_ forms of movement, for, besides the movement by which the form is reproduced, there is also that of _manipulating the instrument of writing_. And, indeed, when the deficient children had become expert in touching all the letters according to form, _they did not yet know how to hold a pencil_. To hold and to manipulate a little stick securely, corresponds to the _acquisition of a special muscular mechanism which is independent of the writing movement_; it must in fact go along with the motions necessary to produce all of the various letter forms. It is, then, _a distinct mechanism_, which must exist together with the motor memory of the single graphic signs. When I provoked in the deficients the movements characteristic of writing by having them touch the letters with their fingers, I exercised mechanically the psycho-motor paths, and fixed the muscular memory of each letter. There remained the preparation of the muscular mechanism necessary in holding and managing the instrument of writing, and this I provoked by adding two periods to the one already described. In the second period, the child touched the letter, not only with the index finger of his right hand, but with two, the index and the middle finger. In the third period, he touched the letters with a little wooden stick, held as a pen in writing. In substance I was making him repeat the same movements, now with, and now without, holding the instrument.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01271", "bookId": 39863, "start": 523153, "end": 523748, "sha256": "68019f72a53e0933a91ac609300a9fe93123d42d95df36967a1d51240498ad38", "text": "I have said that the child was to follow the _visual_ image of the outlined letter. It is true that his finger had already been trained through touching the contours of the geometric figures, but this was not always a sufficient preparation. Indeed, even we grown people, when we trace a design through glass or tissue paper, cannot follow perfectly the line which we see and along which we should draw our pencil. The design should furnish some sort of control, some mechanical guide, for the pencil, in order to follow with _exactness_ the trace, _sensible in reality only to the eye_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01272", "bookId": 39863, "start": 523752, "end": 524425, "sha256": "f3443564bc09353531c927cd7d245639333cec0c442a191c8457bd4d9f740654", "text": "The deficients, therefore, did not always follow the design exactly with either the finger or the stick. The didactic material did not offer _any control_ in the work, or rather it offered only the uncertain control of the child's glance, which could, to be sure, see if the finger continued upon the sign, or not. I now thought that in order to have the pupil follow the movements more exactly, and to guide the execution more directly, I should need to prepare letter forms so indented, as to represent a _furrow_ within which the wooden stick might run. I made the designs for this material, but the work being too expensive I was not able to carry out my plan.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01273", "bookId": 39863, "start": 524429, "end": 524855, "sha256": "b2faba0060abc30d7eace6d0ef3891c4d9aacba0ab16218cbe1f7c0c1ceba38e", "text": "After having experimented largely with this method, I spoke of it very fully to the teachers in my classes in didactic methods at the State Orthophrenic School. These lectures were printed, and I give below the words which, though they were placed in the hands of more than 200 elementary teachers, did not draw from them a single helpful idea. Professor Ferreri[14] in an article speaks with amazement of this fact.[15]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01274", "bookId": 39863, "start": 524861, "end": 525160, "sha256": "96d0792877a75a0bcc044cbef94652bfd4d7d5e842047adbffed0767dbc69a16", "text": "[14] G. Ferreri--Per l'insegnamento della scrittura (Sistema della Dott M. Montessori) Bollettino dell' Associazione Romana per la cura medico--pedigogica dei fanciulli anormali e deficienti poveri, anno 1, n. 4, ottobre 1907. Roma Tipografia delle Terme Diocleziane.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01275", "bookId": 39863, "start": 525166, "end": 525348, "sha256": "0c694a19e44f2f8f02cd6e187f2433bc9e1c3281976a06389fa880ad8d9a6a75", "text": "[15] Riassunto delle lezion di didattica, della dott. Montessori anno 1900, Stab. lit. Romano, via Frattina 62, Disp. 6a, pag. 46: \"_Lettura e Scrittura simultanee._\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01276", "bookId": 39863, "start": 525352, "end": 525758, "sha256": "cd4ca1a014ca8529090de17493b7256420641c5d30ce4c6ceeca06a6635d54df", "text": "\"At this point we present the cards bearing the vowels painted in red. The child sees irregular figures painted in red. We give him the vowels in wood, painted red, and have him superimpose these upon the letters painted on the card. We have him touch the wooden vowels in the fashion of writing, and give him the name of each letter. The vowels are arranged on the cards according to analogy of form:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01277", "bookId": 39863, "start": 525764, "end": 525794, "sha256": "60f96e5ee190dc87fc47ebe7d5e641a4bc7ba3b9efcaae0cbc255bdf4b29dd02", "text": "_o_ _e_ _a_ _i_ _u_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01278", "bookId": 39863, "start": 525798, "end": 525997, "sha256": "b9f6d71ac3a3a55714554c9dd550b7b4288eebd3f020dfaa455d9ed0cfdb183d", "text": "\"We then say to the child, for example, 'Find o. Fat it in its place.' Then, 'What letter is this?' We here discover that many children make mistakes in the letters if they only look at the letter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01279", "bookId": 39863, "start": 526001, "end": 526148, "sha256": "8ba43f0bc5057b42cbba5f72edfe22db574158c13e088c16b371b7382f91fd14", "text": "\"They could however tell the letter by touching it. Most interesting observations may be made, revealing various individual types: visual, motor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01280", "bookId": 39863, "start": 526152, "end": 526388, "sha256": "400da3e123224d213da9245cc323eba6e4cb921454071c0b3e586fbf88723688", "text": "\"We have the child touch the letters drawn upon the cards,--using first the index finger only, then the index with the middle finger,--then with a small wooden stick held as a pen. The letter must be traced in the fashion of writing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01281", "bookId": 39863, "start": 526392, "end": 526905, "sha256": "4639b954b565971f68bdb44a16226205db4345262eb476c97550c4ad98453f3b", "text": "\"The consonants are painted in blue, and are arranged upon the cards according to analogy of form. To these cards are annexed a movable alphabet in blue wood, the letters of which are to be placed upon the consonants as they were upon the vowels. In addition to these materials there is another series of cards, where, besides the consonant, are painted one or two figures the names of which begin with that particular letter. Near the script letter, is a smaller printed letter painted in the same colour.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01282", "bookId": 39863, "start": 526909, "end": 527261, "sha256": "8746c4f718ec9155b1a201705aeac74fe54f71d32b145da735e6ba40cb936f50", "text": "\"The teacher, naming the consonant according to the phonetic method, indicates the letter, and then the card, pronouncing the names of the objects painted there, and emphasizing the first letter, as, for example, '_p-pear_: give me the consonant _p_--put it in its place, touch it,' etc. _In all this we study the linguistic defects of the child._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01283", "bookId": 39863, "start": 527265, "end": 527775, "sha256": "bced751c0f21698bba86a1c19c8f7c7227632fedb91ebf50da56b6d9b411e50c", "text": "\"Tracing the letter, in the fashion of writing, begins the muscular education which prepares for writing. One of our little girls taught by this method has reproduced all the letters with the pen, though she does not as yet recognise them all. She has made them about eight centimetres high, and with surprising regularity. This child also does well in hand work. The child who looks, recognises, and touches the letters in the manner of writing, prepares himself simultaneously for reading and writing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01284", "bookId": 39863, "start": 527779, "end": 528078, "sha256": "5e0144d43c367a06bbe77a09950cc13a49dd011da3c8db0cfa031b048d8398b8", "text": "\"Touching the letters and looking at them at the same time, fixes the image more quickly through the co-operation of the senses. Later, the two facts separate; looking becomes reading; touching becomes writing. According to the type of the individual, some learn to read first, others to write.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01285", "bookId": 39863, "start": 528082, "end": 528442, "sha256": "bd48bd50bf14b7aa2f40b072cabd5732816378717a474d05b09bc9fb358091bb", "text": "I had thus, about the year 1899, initiated my method for reading and writing upon the fundamental lines it still follows. It was with great surprise that I noted the _facility_ with which a deficient child, to whom I one day gave a piece of chalk, traced upon the blackboard, in a firm hand, the letters of the entire alphabet, writing for the first time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01286", "bookId": 39863, "start": 528446, "end": 529584, "sha256": "7202422613846c17834b42bb5322b99a1ed478a62cc3d5e16762bdfe8d2c5f3a", "text": "This had arrived much more quickly than I had supposed. As I have said, some of the children wrote the letters _with a pen and yet could not recognise one of them_. I have noticed, also, in normal children, that the muscular sense is most easily developed in infancy, and this makes writing exceedingly easy for children. It is not so with reading, which requires a much longer course of instruction, and which calls for a superior intellectual development, since it treats of the _interpretation of signs_, and of the _modulation of accents of the voice_, in order that the word may be understood. And all this is a purely mental task, while in writing, the child, under dictation, _materially translates_ sounds into signs, and _moves_, a thing which is always easy and pleasant for him. Writing develops in the little child with _facility_ and _spontaneity_, analogous to the development of spoken language--which is a motor translation of audible sounds. Reading, on the contrary, makes part of an abstract intellectual culture, which is the interpretation of ideas from graphic symbols, and is only acquired later on.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01287", "bookId": 39863, "start": 529588, "end": 529691, "sha256": "8fc07a0edbc67e15605e9b959e0e662787ccf606923551018598adb3324835c4", "text": "My first experiments with normal children were begun in the first half of the month of November, 1907.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01288", "bookId": 39863, "start": 529695, "end": 530153, "sha256": "7f9c51b7e3c5c87d4983b0d3ee0d029106a8c030bb31d4200c17dbce2edeee88", "text": "In the two \"Children's Houses\" in San Lorenzo, I had, from the date of their respective inaugurations (January 6 in one and March 7 in the other), used only the games of practical life, and of the education of the senses. I had not presented exercises for writing, because, like everybody else, I held the prejudice that it was necessary to begin as late as possible the teaching of reading and writing, and certainly to avoid it before the age of six.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01289", "bookId": 39863, "start": 530157, "end": 530901, "sha256": "e9363b676576953e9e3b50ab88e6c80311f5f40ca07f2d34558fd0d1385e9ee6", "text": "But the children seemed to demand some _conclusion_ of the exercises, which had already developed them intellectually in a most surprising way. They knew how to dress and undress, and to bathe, themselves; they knew how to sweep the floors, dust the furniture, put the room in order, to open and close boxes, to manage the keys in the various locks; they could replace the objects in the cupboards in perfect order, could care for the plants; they knew how to observe things, and how to see objects with their hands. A number of them came to us and frankly demanded to be taught to read and write. Even in the face of our refusal several children came to school and proudly showed us that they knew how to make an O on the blackboard.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01290", "bookId": 39863, "start": 530905, "end": 531983, "sha256": "eb8e6f6fee51b2ff578b25bc4e825caa34b10f81404ebe170127befcc6a14cd1", "text": "Finally, many of the mothers came to beg us as a favour to teach the children to write, saying, \"Here in the 'Children's Houses' the children are awakened, and learn so many things easily that if you only teach reading and writing they will soon learn, and will then be spared the great fatigue this always means in the elementary school.\" This faith of the mothers, that their little ones would, from us, be _able to learn to read and write without fatigue_, made a great impression upon me. Thinking upon the results I had obtained in the school for deficients, I decided during the August vacation to make a trial upon the reopening of the school in September. Upon second thought I decided that it would be better to take up the interrupted work in September, and not to approach reading and writing until October, when the elementary schools opened. This presented the added advantage of permitting us to compare the progress of the children of the first elementary with that made by ours, who would have begun the same branch of instruction at the same time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01291", "bookId": 39863, "start": 531987, "end": 532395, "sha256": "e54b28de67d70864fc4422adca06f18a8477ded83b72585f7bd132d800df3b39", "text": "In September, therefore, I began a search for someone who could manufacture didactic materials, but found no one willing to undertake it. I wished to have a splendid alphabet made, like the one used with the deficients. Giving this up, I was willing to content myself with the ordinary enamelled letters used upon shop windows, but I could find them in script form nowhere. My disappointments were many.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01292", "bookId": 39863, "start": 532399, "end": 532916, "sha256": "4c8fad9dc1bfc3bc7ba024423d68f5fc67cfebce1015503768e1d9b85bc7ada5", "text": "So passed the whole mouth of October. The children in the first elementary had already filled pages of vertical strokes, and mine were still waiting. I then decided to cut out large paper letters, and to have one of my teachers colour these roughly on one side with a blue tint. As for the touching of the letters, I thought of cutting the letters of the alphabet out of sandpaper, and of gluing them upon smooth cards, thus making objects much like those used in the primitive exercises for the tactile sense.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01293", "bookId": 39863, "start": 532920, "end": 533477, "sha256": "a6966f417cf78fa1d4c0f48570706a44c8684fff4164a6a672c7e0d177ee5534", "text": "Only after I had made these simple things, did I become aware of the superiority of this alphabet to that magnificent one I had used for my deficients, and in the pursuit of which I had wasted two months! If I had been rich, I would have had that beautiful but barren alphabet of the past! We wish the old things because we cannot understand the new, and we are always seeking after that gorgeousness which belongs to things already on the decline, without recognising in the humble simplicity of new ideas the germ which shall develop in the future.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01294", "bookId": 39863, "start": 533481, "end": 533956, "sha256": "94f60b9c0905dcc11d1eb0a474ebe82d35a18396dd3caecde8e7630c88fbe284", "text": "I finally understood that a paper alphabet could easily be multiplied, and could be used by many children at one time, not only for the recognition of letters, but for the composition of words. I saw that in the sandpaper alphabet I had found the looked-for guide for the fingers which touched the letter. This was furnished in such a way that no longer the sight alone, but the touch, lent itself directly to teaching the movement of writing with exactness of control.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01295", "bookId": 39863, "start": 533960, "end": 534353, "sha256": "30d1e9432b1d760499532cbc82fff6e32351cfd8d24922c7b1d0d46c6c722b1e", "text": "In the afternoon after school, the two teachers and I, with great enthusiasm, set about cutting out letters from writing-paper, and others from sandpaper. The first, we painted blue, the second, we mounted on cards, and, while we worked, there unfolded before my mind a clear vision of the method in all its completeness, so simple that it made me smile to think I had not seen it before.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01296", "bookId": 39863, "start": 534357, "end": 535184, "sha256": "0dded5e193829ec62f73c23ce45eb6b05622824311806cbc62fcfeeac8dd1272", "text": "The story of our first attempts is very interesting. One day one of the teachers was ill, and I sent as a substitute a pupil of mine, Signorina Anna Fedeli, a professor of pedagogy in a Normal school. When I went to see her at the close of the day, she showed me two modifications of the alphabet which she had made. One consisted in placing behind each letter, a transverse strip of white paper, so that the child might recognise the direction of the letter, which he often turned about and upside down. The other consisted in the making of a cardboard case where each letter might be put away in its own compartment, instead of being kept in a confused mass as at first. I still keep this rude case made from an old pasteboard box, which Signorina Fedeli had found in the court and roughly sewed with white thread.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01297", "bookId": 39863, "start": 535188, "end": 535577, "sha256": "898ee71b06b5a90d079f53d823091545cc04aafa2b60772d010f9db28a49c394", "text": "She showed it to me laughing, and excusing herself for the miserable work, but I was most enthusiastic about it. I saw at once that the letters in the case were a precious aid to the teaching. Indeed, it offered to the eye of the child the possibility of comparing all of the letters, and of selecting those he needed. In this way the didactic material described below had its origin.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01298", "bookId": 39863, "start": 535581, "end": 536130, "sha256": "f8ed1d745fecd476cf6c3684dec09f82aa5e93a139ecd5c869eb0f061514eb4b", "text": "I need only add that at Christmas time, less than a month and a half later, while the children in the first elementary were laboriously working to forget their wearisome pothooks and to prepare for making the curves of O and the other vowels, two of my little ones of four years old, wrote, each one in the name of his companions, a letter of good wishes and thanks to Signor Edoardo Talamo. These were written upon note paper without blot or erasure and the writing was adjudged equal to that which is obtained in the third elementary grade.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01299", "bookId": 39863, "start": 536140, "end": 536152, "sha256": "ff7f175b27223fc4aa5e287f054e3dc71b4ca19249d0ef5fc93dec83995e60ce", "text": "CHAPTER XVII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01300", "bookId": 39863, "start": 536156, "end": 536208, "sha256": "2547d168a328ef5fd1353e008d76e6d26d63b341221b633b6f782e27cc028e72", "text": "DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD AND DIDACTIC MATERIAL USED", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01301", "bookId": 39863, "start": 536214, "end": 536336, "sha256": "d3241bed06e6512dcbaa0b2d65a8e57d9c6bcb414a522bcc0ea261b63448d834", "text": "FIRST PERIOD: EXERCISE TENDING TO DEVELOP THE MUSCULAR MECHANISM NECESSARY IN HOLDING AND USING THE INSTRUMENT IN WRITING", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01302", "bookId": 39863, "start": 536340, "end": 536948, "sha256": "2ee7fc2504d98d0f48c28c156a040f4dc337296253a904ab04370bf99e4d79e4", "text": "_Design Preparatory to Writing.--Didactic Material._ Small wooden tables; metal insets, outline drawings, coloured pencils. I have among my materials two little wooden tables, the tops of which form an inclined plane sloping toward a narrow cornice, which prevents objects placed upon the table from slipping off. The top of each table is just large enough to hold four of the square frames, into which the metal plane geometric insets are fitted, and is so painted as to represent three of these brown frames, each containing a square centre of the same dark blue as the centres of the metal insets.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01303", "bookId": 39863, "start": 536952, "end": 537077, "sha256": "e55e11107eb89a1601953f18bce12ef77b5b520f4891251055fc11414ac19560", "text": "The metal insets are in dimension and form a reproduction of the series of plane geometric insets in wood already described.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01304", "bookId": 39863, "start": 537081, "end": 537824, "sha256": "00bfb9940c259d08fce99aabca9c1dbc4a41c0ea61377a09ef9ac6685c6249e6", "text": "_Exercises_. Placed side by side upon the teacher's desk, or upon one of the little tables belonging to the children, these two little tables may have the appearance of being one long table containing eight figures. The child may select one or more figures, taking at the same time the frame of the inset. The analogy between these metal insets and the plane geometric insets of wood is complete. But in this case, the child can freely use the pieces, where before, he arranged them in the wooden frame. He first takes the metal frame, places it upon a sheet of white paper, and with a coloured pencil _draws around the contour of the empty centre_. Then, he takes away the frame, and upon the paper there remains a geometric figure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01305", "bookId": 39863, "start": 537828, "end": 538336, "sha256": "e3fdc48ef47a2ebd6b2ba529bca1e810470dab0a6c6328bebb9cc6993febfe97", "text": "This is the first time that the child has reproduced through design, a geometric figure. Until now, he has only placed the geometric insets above the figures delineated on the three series of cards. He now places upon the figure, which he himself has drawn, the metal inset, just as he placed the wooden inset upon the cards. His next act is to follow the contour of this inset with a pencil of a different colour. Lifting the metal piece, he sees the figure reproduced upon the paper, in two colours.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01306", "bookId": 39863, "start": 538340, "end": 538882, "sha256": "351b288f1335d4b37846d7008bfe8ea7af6ce61c6a4c20358f0371b44ff82182", "text": "Here, for the first time is born the abstract concept of the geometric figure, for, from two metal pieces so different in form as the frame and the inset, there has resulted the same design, which is a _line_ expressing a determined figure. This fact strikes the attention of the child. He often marvels to find the same figure reproduced by means of two pieces so different, and looks for a long time with evident pleasure at the duplicate design--almost as if it were _actually produced_ by the objects which serve to guide his hand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01307", "bookId": 39863, "start": 538886, "end": 539081, "sha256": "2defbfc806d2d01879df88b02a7db0c2c7cdef72374d978e710b8f17a29c26a9", "text": "Besides all this, the child learns _to trace lines_ determining figures. There will come a day in which, with still greater surprise and pleasure, he will trace graphic signs determining words.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01308", "bookId": 39863, "start": 539085, "end": 539553, "sha256": "1dd229b69108923117233f8969be66d9c1fbe33625618d49d8cf762ca1237e84", "text": "After this, he begins the work which directly prepares for the formation of the muscular mechanism relative to the holding and manipulation of the instrument of writing. With a coloured pencil of his own selection, held as the pen is held in writing, he _fills in_ the figure which he has outlined. We teach him not to pass outside the contour, and in doing so we attract his attention to this contour, and thus _fix_ the idea that a line may determine a figure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01309", "bookId": 39863, "start": 539557, "end": 540173, "sha256": "c3b2e4fc2e3ac14ac8886c3f7618ae013febb754bbc8ce5e60b0d641fe1f3307", "text": "The exercise of filling in one figure alone, causes the child to perform repeatedly the movement of manipulation which would be necessary to fill ten copy-book pages with vertical strokes. And yet, the child feels no weariness, because, although he makes exactly the muscular co-ordination which is necessary to the work, he does so freely and in any way that he wishes, while his eyes are fixed upon a large and brightly coloured figure. At first, the children fill pages and pages of paper with these big squares, triangles, ovals, trapezoids; colouring them red, orange, green, blue, light blue, and pink.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01310", "bookId": 39863, "start": 540177, "end": 540716, "sha256": "4a8eb3d12c56080fd04af95b7e3ffa410fe20af05ea84daca12224a3ed7daf16", "text": "Gradually they limit themselves to the use of the dark blue and brown, both in drawing the figure and in filling it in, thus reproducing the appearance of the metal piece itself. Many of the children, quite of their own accord, make a little orange-coloured circle in the centre of the figure, in this way representing the little brass button by which the metal piece is to be held. They take great pleasure in feeling that they have reproduced exactly, like true artists, the objects which they see before them on the little shelf.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01311", "bookId": 39863, "start": 540720, "end": 540823, "sha256": "63c8b93447005ff30a0f9211051878b29cb4ede3d6aac7567fc075af832a6341", "text": "Observing the successive drawings of a child, there is revealed to us a duplicate form of progression:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01312", "bookId": 39863, "start": 540827, "end": 541054, "sha256": "3669b543d9c9377c248df968adec712eb1683dc5240eeba4fde9533257312af0", "text": "_First._ Little by little, the lines tend less and less to go outside the enclosing line until, at last, they are perfectly contained within it, and both the centre and the frame are filled in with close and uniform strokes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01313", "bookId": 39863, "start": 541058, "end": 541962, "sha256": "19a749381e3e03303c09ce5ef45d9411e5df1c87e8fc37dfcdfdd1d302eb326f", "text": "_Second._ The strokes with which the child fills in the figures, from being at first short and confused, become gradually _longer, and more nearly parallel_, until in many cases the figures are filled in by means of perfectly regular up and down strokes, extending from one side of the figure to the other. In such a case, it is evident that the child is _master of the pencil_. The muscular mechanism, necessary to the management of the instrument of writing, _is established_. We may, therefore, by examining such designs, arrive at a clear idea of the maturity of the child in the matter of _holding the pencil or pen in hand_. To vary these exercises, we use the _outline drawings_ already described. Through these designs, the manipulation of the pencil is perfected, for they oblige the child to make lines of various lengths, and make him more and more secure in his use of the pencil.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01314", "bookId": 39863, "start": 541966, "end": 542413, "sha256": "7b7d3d56aa6c2578073140c8c9ef65e50b291951ba694a833d16733375a33c07", "text": "If we could count the lines made by a child in the filling in of these figures, and could transform them into the signs used in writing, they would fill many, many copy-books! Indeed, the security which our children attain is likened to that of children in our ordinary third elementary grade. When for the first time they take a pen or a pencil in hand, they know how to manage it almost as well as a person who has written for a long time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01315", "bookId": 39863, "start": 542417, "end": 542755, "sha256": "11e309f505667a31a17f7fe426403730506170842b18c1fc9ddc0bd00ad630e9", "text": "I do not believe that any means can be found which will so successfully and, in so short a space of time, establish this mastery. And with it all, the child is happy and diverted. My old method for the deficients, that of following with a small stick the contours of raised letters, was, when compared with this, barren and miserable!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01316", "bookId": 39863, "start": 542759, "end": 543433, "sha256": "469ba0dbce2d436193b6cca36793b072040b4c3d8e9979516198cd3cef8e67ef", "text": "Even when the children _know how to write_ they continue these exercises, which furnish an unlimited progression, since the designs may be varied and complicated. The children follow in each design essentially the same movements, and acquire a varied collection of pictures which grow more and more perfect, and of which they are very proud. For I not only _provoke_, but perfect, the writing through the exercises which we call preparatory. The control of the pen is rendered more and more secure, not by repeated exercises in the writing, but by means of these filled-in designs. In this way, my children _perfect themselves in writing, without actually writing_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01317", "bookId": 39863, "start": 543439, "end": 543614, "sha256": "0336b32828c0e7edd713a6759d2b7bbd4f0780f610120c2022a74506bd845fb3", "text": "SECOND PERIOD: EXERCISES TENDING TO ESTABLISH THE VISUAL-MUSCULAR IMAGE OF THE ALPHABETICAL SIGNS, AND TO ESTABLISH THE MUSCULAR MEMORY OF THE MOVEMENTS NECESSARY TO WRITING", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01318", "bookId": 39863, "start": 543618, "end": 543770, "sha256": "641294043fa3c45db6463549ac6680b3a62c5167d349d610cda5a343f99c4b1b", "text": "_Didactic Material._ Cards upon which the single letters of the alphabet are mounted in sandpaper; larger cards containing groups of the same letters.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01319", "bookId": 39863, "start": 543774, "end": 544128, "sha256": "87eb1010ea40969591ef2c1eb37b0713c9801f31ee70150bb4b4424604a36ad3", "text": "The cards upon which the sandpaper letters are mounted are adapted in size and shape to each letter. The vowels are in light-coloured sandpaper and are mounted upon dark cards, the consonants and the groups of letters are in black sandpaper mounted upon white cards. The grouping is so arranged as to call attention to contrasted, or analogous forms.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01320", "bookId": 39863, "start": 544132, "end": 544294, "sha256": "378f069e3eecff2fb7435b35f6547c7a042d5f3bb5c18942f2fc0590d9b138ec", "text": "The letters are cut in clear script form, the shaded parts being made broader. We have chosen to reproduce the vertical script in use in the elementary schools.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01321", "bookId": 39863, "start": 544298, "end": 544607, "sha256": "406bcb5286a28a3c2b499cbbfd06b91e3b0dee76da485249145e75f6147e3d89", "text": "_Exercises._ In teaching the letters of the alphabet, we begin with the _vowels_ and proceed to the consonants, pronouncing the _sound_, not the name. In the case of the consonants, we immediately unite the sound with one of the vowel sounds, repeating the syllable according to the usual phonetic method.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01322", "bookId": 39863, "start": 544611, "end": 544685, "sha256": "5c921795589ab449a77fe2732f052792dd6d8cd561ded901c37d2829f163ec3a", "text": "The teaching proceeds according to the three periods already illustrated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01323", "bookId": 39863, "start": 544689, "end": 544778, "sha256": "cca4440d728c246f9adb9598a6b63eaca7c29e016eb2371689f20b9e873e00de", "text": "_First._ Association of the visual and muscular-tactile sensation with the letter sound.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01324", "bookId": 39863, "start": 544782, "end": 545235, "sha256": "b300fa823f820750f355a6f0789a1bfccfbefd4bc6af215cf1e19d923da96403", "text": "The directress presents to the child two of the cards upon which vowels are mounted (or two of the consonants, as the case may be). Let us suppose that we present the letters i and o, saying, \"This is i! This is o!\" As soon as we have given the sound of a letter, we have the child trace it, taking care to show him _how_ to trace it, and if necessary guiding the index finger of his right hand over the sandpaper letter _in the sense of writing_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01325", "bookId": 39863, "start": 545239, "end": 545352, "sha256": "d23298df1e4c1c9e1c427624604764c49f9107ce9a743da917581aa70ed8de38", "text": "\"_Knowing how to trace_\" will consist in _knowing the direction_ in which a given graphic sign must be followed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01326", "bookId": 39863, "start": 545356, "end": 545821, "sha256": "1a149435b1976f9aaaa1d5941ea9139d4baedb4253d5da4b99dff8387d043c88", "text": "The child learns quickly, and his finger, already expert in the tactile exercise, _is led_, by the slight roughness of the fine sandpaper, over the exact track of the letter. _He may then repeat indefinitely_ the movements necessary to produce the letters of the alphabet, without the fear of the mistakes of which a child writing with a pencil for the first time is so conscious. If he deviates, the smoothness of the card immediately warns him of his error.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01327", "bookId": 39863, "start": 545825, "end": 546344, "sha256": "ad066bb8690b3d817ba432660c5bef5fe4f1b68099cb00892d437e7f992fd772", "text": "The children, as soon as they have become at all expert in this tracing of the letters, take great pleasure in repeating it _with closed eyes_, letting the sandpaper lead them in following the form which they do not see. Thus the perception will be established by the direct muscular-tactile sensation of the letter. In other words, it is no longer the visual image of the letter, but the _tactile sensation_, which guides the hand of the child in these movements, which thus become fixed in the muscular memory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01328", "bookId": 39863, "start": 546348, "end": 547051, "sha256": "8ec475f3e9b5046744e4b1aef7ad9b15d79b57235cf8703dd822635a626eda56", "text": "There develop, contemporaneously, three sensations when the directress _shows the letter_ to the child and has him trace it; the visual sensation, the tactile sensation, and the muscular sensation. In this way the _image of the graphic sign_ is fixed _in a much shorter space of time_ than when it was, according to ordinary methods, acquired only through the visual image. It will be found that the _muscular memory_ is in the young child the most tenacious and, at the same time, the most ready. Indeed, he sometimes recognises the letters by touching them, when he cannot do so by looking at them. These images are, besides all this, contemporaneously associated with the alphabetical sound.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01329", "bookId": 39863, "start": 547055, "end": 547194, "sha256": "46c700c8aeee8204c7baae62f32f5be2f8802d4ff2088ab774208089075b0298", "text": "_Second._ Perception. _The child should know how to compare and to recognise the figures, when he hears the sounds corresponding to them._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01330", "bookId": 39863, "start": 547198, "end": 547607, "sha256": "455b7cac7ad3291fd8c46fcd5d6d21002b74a77aafc57a187dff97467eb9ca88", "text": "The directress asks the child, for example, \"Give me o!--Give me i!\" If the child does not recognise the letters by looking at them, she invites him to trace them, but if he still does not recognise them, the lesson is ended, and may be resumed another day. I have already spoken of the necessity of _not revealing_ the error, and of not insisting in the teaching when the child does not respond readily.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01331", "bookId": 39863, "start": 547611, "end": 547771, "sha256": "f20c0a9f4f419984f4e53613aab205557a47c5ecbe1e1f60d6f812d8a61aaf01", "text": "_Third._ Language. _Allowing the letters to lie for some instants upon the table, the directress asks the child, \"What is this?\" and he should respond, o, i._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01332", "bookId": 39863, "start": 547775, "end": 548256, "sha256": "29876afdd837ed917d37f02e0c8c9990f1dee6f1d471b87520fb022ea3e4bbcc", "text": "In teaching the consonants, the directress pronounces only the _sound_, and as soon as she has done so unites with it a vowel, pronouncing the syllable thus formed and alternating this little exercise by the use of different vowels. She must always be careful to emphasize the sound of the consonant, repeating it by itself, as, for example, _m_, _m_, _m_, _ma_, _me_, _mi_, _m_, _m_. When the child _repeats_ the sound he isolates it, and then accompanies it with the vowel.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01333", "bookId": 39863, "start": 548260, "end": 548491, "sha256": "0cbc9e8c90a50a14c98946cde57985201ad1e23cd0ae050cefd0efe31ee0a915", "text": "It is not necessary to teach all the vowels before passing to the consonants, and as soon as the child knows one consonant he may begin to compose words. Questions of this sort, however, are left to the judgment of the educator.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01334", "bookId": 39863, "start": 548495, "end": 548923, "sha256": "d408948451e63cb55cafa3bfc2e1f552cfe8e5ddd81c85c876f252d880023e2c", "text": "I do not find it practical _to follow a special rule_ in the teaching of the consonants. Often the curiosity of the child concerning a letter leads us to teach that desired consonant; a name pronounced may awaken in him a desire to know what consonants are necessary to compose it, and this _will_, or _willingness_, of the pupil is a much more _efficacious_ means than any rule concerning the _progression_ of the letters.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01335", "bookId": 39863, "start": 548927, "end": 550964, "sha256": "a29f637e043aac5b442ac083735a2ba882717c7a3c7ebb4629de7606aefee94d", "text": "When the child pronounces _the sounds_ of the consonants, he experiences an evident pleasure. It is a great novelty for him, this series of sounds, so varied and yet so distinct, _presenting_ such enigmatic signs as the letters of the alphabet. There is mystery about all this, which provokes most decided interest. One day I was on the terrace while the children were having their free games; I had with me a little boy of two years and a half left with me, for a moment, by his mother. Scattered about upon a number of chairs, were the alphabets which we use in the school. These had become mixed, and I was putting the letters back into their respective compartments. Having finished my work, I placed the boxes upon two of the little chairs near me. The little boy watched me. Finally, he drew near to the box, and took one of the letters in his hand. It chanced to be an f. At that moment the children, who were running in single file, passed us, and, seeing the letter, called out in chorus the corresponding sound and passed on. The child paid no attention to them, but put back the f and took up an r. The children running by again, looked at him laughing, and then began to cry out \"r, r, r! r, r, r!\" Little by little the baby understood that, when he took a letter in hand, the children, who were passing, cried out a sound. This amused him so much that I wished to observe how long he would persist in this game without becoming tired. He kept it up for _three-quarters of an hour_! The children had become interested in the child, and grouped themselves about him, pronouncing the sounds in chorus, and laughing at his pleased surprise. At last, after he had several times held up f, and had received from his public the same sound, he took the letter again, showing it to me, and saying, \"f, f, f!\" He had learned this from out the great confusion of sounds which he had heard; the long letter which had first arrested the attention of the running children, had made a great impression upon him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01336", "bookId": 39863, "start": 550968, "end": 551484, "sha256": "f1286208a6b2c9c25f75468bf8b9296ccf86ad52dad90cbd6e302921abd8b386", "text": "It is not necessary to show how the separate pronunciation of the alphabetical sounds _reveals_ the condition of the child's speech. Defects, which are almost all related to the _incomplete_ development of the language itself, manifest themselves, and the directress may take note of them one by one. In this way she will be possessed of a record of the child's progress, which will help her in her individual teaching, and will reveal much concerning the development of the language in this particular child.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01337", "bookId": 39863, "start": 551488, "end": 551871, "sha256": "006e3a07a75b906759c989f30d7683f8bb0ace6fe5a753e8320327108f0c0914", "text": "In the matter of _correcting linguistic defects_, we will find it helpful to follow the physiological rules relating to the child's development, and to modify the difficulties in the presentation of our lesson. When, however, the child's speech is sufficiently developed, and when he _pronounces all the sounds_, it does not matter which of the letters we select in our lessons.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01338", "bookId": 39863, "start": 551875, "end": 552613, "sha256": "9c7487b14b6034fb3399744d88da1e11f3bf5db68f976da9652a12ab7397e9de", "text": "Many of the defects which have become permanent in adults are due to _functional errors in the development_ of the language during the period of infancy. If, for the attention which we pay to the correction of linguistic defects in children in the upper grades, we would substitute _a direction of the development of the language_ while the child is still young, our results would be much more practical and valuable. In fact, many of the defects in pronunciation arise from the use of a _dialect_, and these it is almost impossible to correct after the period of childhood. They may, however, be most easily removed through the use of educational methods especially adapted to the perfecting of the language in little children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01339", "bookId": 39863, "start": 552617, "end": 553307, "sha256": "77bb99aae1c89e0c2f796e5e56b002dc3a89a049b057b6a112e4f4c75c15bb7c", "text": "We do not speak here of actual linguistic _defects_ related to anatomical or physiological weaknesses, or to pathological facts which alter the function of the nervous system. I speak at present only of those irregularities which are due to a repetition of incorrect sounds, or to the imitation of imperfect pronunciation. Such defects may show themselves in the pronunciation of any one of the consonant sounds, and I can conceive of no more practical means for a methodical correction of speech defects than this exercise in pronunciation, which is a necessary part in learning the graphic language through my method. But such important questions deserve a chapter to themselves.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01340", "bookId": 39863, "start": 553311, "end": 553884, "sha256": "5db632be493df2c509ffd349bed52a5112a784211076c7a9d58da9d8d22177bc", "text": "Turning directly to the method used in teaching writing, I may call attention to the fact that it is contained in the two periods already described. Such exercises have made it possible for the child to learn, and to fix, the muscular mechanism necessary to the proper holding of the pen, and to the making of the graphic signs. If he has exercised himself for a sufficiently long time in these exercises, he will be _potentially_ ready to write all the letters of the alphabet and all of the simple syllables, without ever having taken chalk or pencil in his hand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01341", "bookId": 39863, "start": 553888, "end": 554736, "sha256": "6543a3e053bfc2f072824936160ac3ed9d173099ab34f1f6b46b2bd69bf4ca43", "text": "We have, in addition to this, begun the teaching of _reading_ at the same time that we have been teaching _writing_. When we present a letter to the child and enunciate its sound, he fixes the image of this letter by means of the visual sense, and also by means of the muscular-tactile sense. He associates the sound with its relative sign; that is, he relates the sound to the graphic sign. But _when he sees and recognises, he reads; and when he traces, he writes_. Thus his mind receives as one, two acts, which, later on, as he develops, will separate, coming to constitute the two diverse processes of _reading and writing_. By teaching these two acts contemporaneously, or, better, by their _fusion_, we place the child _before a new form of language_ without determining which of the acts constituting it should be most prevalent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01342", "bookId": 39863, "start": 554740, "end": 555353, "sha256": "30ae3207821719cd7ee1aa982dc36c0ef4137312c7a5a85b4d1ab4b010d78eb3", "text": "We do not trouble ourselves as to whether the child in the development of this process, first learns to read or to write, or if the one or the other will be the easier. We must rid ourselves of all preconceptions, and must _await from experience_ the answer to these questions. We may expect that individual differences will show themselves in the prevalence of one or the other act in the development of different children. This makes possible the most interesting psychological study of the individual, and should broaden the work of this method, which is based upon the free expansion of individuality.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01343", "bookId": 39863, "start": 555359, "end": 555411, "sha256": "168212f9d6686cd6c973d37ddd3ad12849b19d651ab2007a80b0fdf905fee4e9", "text": "THIRD PERIOD: EXERCISES FOR THE COMPOSITION OF WORDS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01344", "bookId": 39863, "start": 555415, "end": 556508, "sha256": "61abd3469a2a24a9599a63168e09bb9f6476faaa2722b1a54d51fee3c9f14ed5", "text": "_Didactic Material._ This consists chiefly of alphabets. The letters of the alphabet used here are identical in form and dimension with the sandpaper ones already described, but these are cut out of cardboard and are not mounted. In this way each letter represents an object which can be easily handled by the child and placed wherever he wishes it. There are several examples of each letter, and I have designed cases in which the alphabets may be kept. These cases or boxes are very shallow, and are divided and subdivided into many compartments, in each one of which I have placed a group of four copies of the same letter. The compartments are not equal in size, but are measured according to the dimensions of the letters themselves. At the bottom of each compartment is glued a letter which is not to be taken out. This letter is made of black cardboard and relieves the child of the fatigue of hunting about for the right compartment when he is replacing the letters in the case after he has used them. The vowels are cut from blue cardboard, and the consonants from red.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01345", "bookId": 39863, "start": 556512, "end": 556710, "sha256": "857f3f0d83d127eff9afb86bb38f99c57284f156aae722675f7f36d9eb2efc1e", "text": "In addition to these alphabets we have a set of the capital letters mounted in sandpaper upon cardboard, and another, in which they are cut from cardboard. The numbers are treated in the same way.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01346", "bookId": 39863, "start": 556714, "end": 557170, "sha256": "68d5f8225609e63e3df665a6b84ae47969f904dc6fc657e0d2449409c014f48b", "text": "[Illustration: (A) TRAINING THE SENSE OF TOUCH. Learning the difference between rough and smooth by running fingers alternately over sandpaper and smooth cardboard; distinguishing different shapes by fitting geometric insets into place; distinguishing textures. (B) LEARNING TO WRITE AND READ BY TOUCH. The child at the left is tracing sandpaper letters and learning to know them by touch. The boy and girl are making words out of cardboard letters.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01347", "bookId": 39863, "start": 557174, "end": 557421, "sha256": "6c39482fa03b8087fd8e1c77f9b5cf95a6469a4e0e4f1a11d8da2cd7cdc8f841", "text": "[Illustration: (A) CHILDREN TOUCHING LETTERS. The child on the left has acquired lightness and delicacy of touch by very thorough preparatory exercises. The one on the right has not had so much training. (B) MAKING WORDS WITH CARDBOARD SCRIPT.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01348", "bookId": 39863, "start": 557425, "end": 558621, "sha256": "77c0b3cd350b9fbfe784b7539c64aeaa913df77af73383fc794997232b8796ec", "text": "_Exercises._ As soon as the child knows some of the vowels and the consonants we place before him the big box containing all the vowels and the consonants which he knows. The directress pronounces very clearly a word; for example, \"mama,\" brings out the sound of the m very distinctly, repeating the sounds a number of times. Almost always the little one with an impulsive movement seizes an m and places it upon the table. The directress repeats \"ma--ma.\" The child selects the a and places it near the m. He then composes the other syllable very easily. But the reading of the word which he has composed is not so easy. Indeed, he generally succeeds in reading it only after a _certain effort_. In this case I help the child, urging him to read, and reading the word with him once or twice, always pronouncing very distinctly, _mama, mama_. But once he has understood the mechanism of the game, the child goes forward by himself, and becomes intensely interested. We may pronounce any word, taking care only that the child understands separately the letters of which it is composed. He composes the new word, placing, one after the other, the signs corresponding to the sounds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01349", "bookId": 39863, "start": 558625, "end": 559369, "sha256": "edd5bf45eb82db93fafc6a5a3ce26b2429baff69bb27dfe93767772c8ad91025", "text": "It is most interesting indeed to watch the child at this work. Intensely attentive, he sits watching the box, moving his lips almost imperceptibly, and taking one by one the necessary letters, rarely committing an error in spelling. The movement of the lips reveals the fact that he _repeats to himself an infinite number of times_ the words whose sounds he is translating into signs. Although the child is able to compose any word which is clearly pronounced, we generally dictate to him only those words which are well-known, since we wish his composition to result in an idea. When these familiar words are used, he spontaneously rereads many times the word he has composed, repeating its sounds in a thoughtful, contemplative way.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01350", "bookId": 39863, "start": 559373, "end": 559675, "sha256": "336fdb9c68578e382fbb46975ef4caca22ab180b7b15a61ec875a4186a8822dd", "text": "The importance of these exercises is very complex. The child analyses, perfects, fixes his own spoken language,--placing an object in correspondence to every sound which he utters. The composition of the word furnishes him with substantial proof of the necessity for clear and forceful enunciation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01351", "bookId": 39863, "start": 559679, "end": 559856, "sha256": "5cc4674f60a88c0685d401fdd3f877887020e21eb3508799c93c0751d138d5b2", "text": "The exercise, thus followed, associates the sound which is heard with the graphic sign which represents it, and lays a most solid foundation for accurate and perfect spelling.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01352", "bookId": 39863, "start": 559860, "end": 560351, "sha256": "86120face1b936af1b0c7669b29280e8601fc20f32dc4772a2f51db5ab65ff28", "text": "In addition to this, the composition of the words is in itself an exercise of intelligence. The word which is pronounced presents to the child a problem which he must solve, and he will do so by remembering the signs, selecting them from among others, and arranging them in the proper order. He will have the _proof_ of the exact solution of his problem when he _rereads_ the word--this word which he has composed, and which represents for all those who know how to read it, _an idea_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01353", "bookId": 39863, "start": 560355, "end": 560772, "sha256": "12468acf6a34a71c0404fd5ed25b450f48d45dd7142b0ee6a1a06e22b5fe11fd", "text": "When the child hears others read the word he has composed, he wears an expression of satisfaction and pride, and is possessed by a species of joyous wonder. He is impressed by this correspondence, carried on between himself and others by means of symbols. The written language represents for him the highest attainment reached by his own intelligence, and is at the same time, the reward of a great achievement.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01354", "bookId": 39863, "start": 560776, "end": 563324, "sha256": "0a25993deb6d3624cc08e9dc7e3b47e6cc8b1049c3b41dd5ea993f74cd211dba", "text": "When the pupil has finished the composition and the reading of the word we have him, according to the habits of order which we try to establish in connection with all our work, \"_put away_\" all the letters, each one in its own compartment. In composition, pure and simple, therefore, the child unites the two exercises of comparison and of selection of the graphic signs; the first, when from the entire box of letters before him he takes those necessary; the second, when he seeks the compartment in which each letter must be replaced. There are, then, three exercises united in this one effort, all three uniting to _fix the image of the graphic sign_ corresponding to the sounds of the word. The work of learning is in this case facilitated in three ways, and the ideas are acquired in a third of the time which would have been necessary with the old methods. We shall soon see that the child, on hearing the word, or on thinking of a word which he already knows, _will see_, with his mind's eye, all the letters, necessary to compose the word, arrange themselves. He will reproduce this vision with a facility most surprising to us. One day a little boy four years old, running alone about the terrace, was heard to repeat many times, \"To make Zaira, I must have z-a-i-r-a.\" Another time, Professor Di Donato, in a visit to the \"Children's House,\" pronounced his own name for a four-year-old child. The child was composing the name, using small letters and making it all one word, and had begun, thus--_diton_. The professor at once pronounced the word more distinctly; di _do_ nato, whereupon the child, without scattering the letters, picked up the syllable _to_ and placed it to one side, putting _do_ in the empty space. He then placed an _a_ after the _n_, and, taking up the _to_ which he had put aside, completed the word with it. This made it evident that the child, when the word was pronounced more clearly, understood that the syllable _to_ did not belong at that place in the word, realised that it belonged at the end of the word, and therefore placed it aside until he should need it. This was most surprising in a child of four years, and amazed all of those present. It can be explained by the clear and, at the same time, complex vision of the signs which the child must have, if he is to form a word which he hears spoken. This extraordinary act was largely due to the orderly mentality which the child had acquired through repeated spontaneous exercises tending to develop his intelligence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01355", "bookId": 39863, "start": 563328, "end": 564317, "sha256": "de2b56286e2b187d7e5a39d18b05b6f570d295dcc8c90e315d16db469cc1c607", "text": "These three periods contain the entire method for the acquisition of written language. The significance of such a method is clear. The psycho-physiological acts which unite to establish reading and writing are prepared separately and carefully. The muscular movements peculiar to the making of the signs or letters are prepared apart, and the same is true of the manipulation of the instrument of writing. The composition of the words, also, is reduced to a psychic mechanism of association between images heard and seen. There comes a moment in which the child, without thinking of it, fills in the geometric figures with an up and down stroke, which is free and regular; a moment in which he touches the letters with closed eyes, and in which he reproduces their form, moving his finger through the air; a moment in which the composition of words has become a psychic impulse, which makes the child, even when alone, repeat to himself \"To make Zaira I must have z-a-i-r-a.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01356", "bookId": 39863, "start": 564321, "end": 564766, "sha256": "036070c45a0e1101f4ca16eb3ec701bb875d0776279c866704c816528b32088c", "text": "Now this child, it is true, _has never written_, but he has mastered all the acts necessary to writing. The child who, when taking dictation, not only knows how to compose the word, but instantly embraces in his thought its composition as a whole, will be able to write, since he knows how to make, with his eyes closed, the movements necessary to produce these letters, and since he manages almost unconsciously the instrument of writing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01357", "bookId": 39863, "start": 564770, "end": 565489, "sha256": "8e8680e99f438363bb8110a1e712bfa55610a725d112231c38080928fd8c7197", "text": "More than this, the freedom with which the child has acquired this mechanical dexterity makes it possible for the impulse or spirit to act at any time through the medium of his mechanical ability. He should, sooner or later, come into his full power by way of a spontaneous explosion into writing. This is, indeed, the marvellous reaction which has come from my experiment with normal children. In one of the \"Children's Houses,\" directed by Signorina Bettini, I had been especially careful in the way in which writing was taught, and we have had from this school most beautiful specimens of writing, and for this reason, perhaps I cannot do better than to describe the development of the work in this school.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01358", "bookId": 39863, "start": 565493, "end": 566727, "sha256": "90f754884eec7101f9e5e808f54f73a4f2ffd2497bcd40ba9b48e79e306068a8", "text": "One beautiful December day when the sun shone and the air was like spring, I went up on the roof with the children. They were playing freely about, and a number of them were gathered about me. I was sitting near a chimney, and said to a little five-year-old boy who sat beside me, \"Draw me a picture of this chimney,\" giving him as I spoke a piece of chalk. He got down obediently and made a rough sketch of the chimney on the tiles which formed the floor of this roof terrace. As is my custom with little children, I encouraged him, praising his work. The child looked at me, smiled, remained for a moment as if on the point of bursting into some joyous act, and then cried out, \"I can write! I can write!\" and kneeling down again he wrote on the pavement the word \"hand.\" Then, full of enthusiasm, he wrote also \"chimney,\" \"roof.\" As he wrote, he continued to cry out, \"I can write! I know how to write!\" His cries of joy brought the other children, who formed a circle about him, looking down at his work in stupefied amazement. Two or three of them said to me, trembling with excitement, \"Give me the chalk. I can write too.\" And indeed they began to write various words: _mama_, _hand_, _John_, _chimney_, _Ada_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01359", "bookId": 39863, "start": 566731, "end": 566984, "sha256": "7e49aa108f0f8bf2a7855022b49583e570d8146f83f785e63e6695ca76c5e7ee", "text": "Not one of them had ever taken chalk or any other instrument in hand for the purpose of writing. It was the _first time_ that they had ever written, and they traced an entire word, as a child, when speaking for the first time, speaks the entire word.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01360", "bookId": 39863, "start": 566988, "end": 567529, "sha256": "021909eace0aee72ba5c0046908bc26568584ab01bb4c2bf4f51fa79249ba927", "text": "The first word spoken by a baby causes the mother ineffable joy. The child has chosen perhaps the word \"mother,\" seeming to render thus a tribute to maternity. The first word written by my little ones aroused within themselves an indescribable emotion of joy. Not being able to adjust in their minds the connection between the preparation and the act, they were possessed by the illusion that, having now grown to the proper size, they knew how to write. In other words, writing seemed to them only one among the many gifts of nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01361", "bookId": 39863, "start": 567533, "end": 568148, "sha256": "5d4e6947a41bfc13849331bf5de48fa8188f590bf146472623b9ad547eff90cd", "text": "They believe that, as they grow bigger and stronger, there will come some beautiful day when they _shall know how to write_. And, indeed, this is what it is in reality. The child who speaks, first prepares himself unconsciously, perfecting the psycho-muscular mechanism which leads to the articulation of the word. In the case of writing, the child does almost the same thing, but the direct pedagogical help and the possibility of preparing the movements for writing in an almost material way, causes the ability to write to develop much more rapidly and more perfectly than the ability to speak correctly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01362", "bookId": 39863, "start": 568152, "end": 568664, "sha256": "2b364aac8cc0eb7ae76b545a4328118e4d14e64b3f67eec9cd280515c57810a1", "text": "In spite of the ease with which this is accomplished, the preparation is not partial, but complete. The child possesses _all_ the movements necessary for writing. And written language develops not gradually, but in an explosive way; that is, the child can write _any word_. Such was our first experience in the development of the written language in our children. Those first days we were a prey to deep emotions. It seemed as if we walked in a dream, and as if we assisted at some miraculous achievement.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01363", "bookId": 39863, "start": 568668, "end": 569343, "sha256": "3085cced8016efea5698f4d8b9494a55e2c6963f5e8759aeda0dc8fc7cc55233", "text": "The child who wrote a word for the first time was full of excited joy. He might be compared to the hen who has just laid an egg. Indeed, no one could escape from the noisy manifestations of the little one. He would call everyone to see, and if there were some who did not go, he ran to take hold of their clothes forcing them to come and see. We all had to go and stand about the written word to admire the marvel, and to unite our exclamations of surprise with the joyous cries of the fortunate author. Usually, this first word was written on the floor, and, then, the child knelt down before it in order to be nearer to his work and to contemplate it more closely.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01364", "bookId": 39863, "start": 569347, "end": 570512, "sha256": "2a2908735624ec41282f1c265484a9861fa4cb552e766e2adbe242e1f70ee9f6", "text": "After the first word, the children, with a species of frenzied joy, continued to write everywhere. I saw children crowding about one another at the blackboard, and behind the little ones who were standing on the floor another line would form consisting of children mounted upon chairs, so that they might write above the heads of the little ones. In a fury at being thwarted, other children, in order to find a little place where they might write, overturned the chairs upon which their companions were mounted. Others ran toward the window shutters or the door, covering them with writing. In these first days we walked upon a carpet of written signs. Daily accounts showed us that the same thing was going on at home, and some of the mothers, in order to save their pavements, and even the crust of their loaves upon which they found words written, made their children presents of _paper_ and _pencil_. One of these children brought to me one day a little note-book entirely filled with writing, and the mother told me that the child had written all day long and all evening, and had gone to sleep in his bed with the paper and pencil in his hand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01365", "bookId": 39863, "start": 570516, "end": 571328, "sha256": "416d03eb7b6d60856dafdbce56a03e36b1c664a04fd81073ac9fc8afd54f4377", "text": "This impulsive activity which we could not, in those first days control, made me think upon the wisdom of Nature, who develops the spoken language little by little, letting it go hand in hand with the gradual formation of ideas. Think of what the result would have been had Nature acted imprudently as I had done! Suppose Nature had first allowed the human being to gather, by means of the senses, a rich and varied material, and to acquire a store of ideas, and had then completely prepared in him the means for articulate language, saying finally to the child, mute until that hour, \"Go--Speak!\" The result would have been a species of sudden madness, under the influence of which the child, feeling no restraints, would have burst into an exhausting torrent of the most strange and difficult words.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01366", "bookId": 39863, "start": 571332, "end": 571639, "sha256": "ea7d73b9134b3522a5d594ba846864141182066298e1e883e4308a0e2a991f3c", "text": "I believe, however, that there exists between the two extremes a happy medium which is the true and practical way. We should lead the child more gradually to the conquest of written language, yet we should still have it come as a _spontaneous fact_, and his work should from the first be almost perfect.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01367", "bookId": 39863, "start": 571643, "end": 572496, "sha256": "14043cfdba9360c572840b940c4a4971c3630cf2400a32cbd832de5ec8626d49", "text": "Experience has shown us how to control this phenomenon, and how to lead the child more _calmly_ to this new power. The fact that the children _see_ their companions writing, leads them, through imitation, to write _as soon as_ they can. In this way, when the child writes he does not have the entire alphabet at his disposal, and the number of words which he can write is limited. He is not even capable of making all of the words possible through a combination of the letters which he does know. He still has the great joy of the _first written word_, but this is no longer the source of _an overwhelming surprise_, since he sees just such wonderful things happening each day, and knows that sooner or later the same gift will come to all. This tends to create a calm and ordered environment, still full of beautiful and wonderful surprises.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01368", "bookId": 39863, "start": 572500, "end": 572789, "sha256": "637eea294146a0a72e0eb11b09955d1fda7a1d9daf27c5537ba17ff900b5ebd1", "text": "Making a visit to the \"Children's House,\" even during the opening weeks, one makes fresh discoveries. Here, for instance, are two little children, who, though they fairly radiate pride and joy, are writing tranquilly. Yet, these children, until yesterday, had never thought of writing!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01369", "bookId": 39863, "start": 572793, "end": 573052, "sha256": "94a880f45b488d69399d4914c02898b7d2b057ef36e016fe345947b1d93c3b6b", "text": "The directress tells me that one of them began to write yesterday morning at eleven o'clock, the other, at three in the afternoon. We have come to accept the phenomenon with calmness, and tacitly recognise it as a _natural form of the child's development_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01370", "bookId": 39863, "start": 573056, "end": 573472, "sha256": "7b0159f151326fea259a3d2561bea09c4336525da96cd2498c3ae182a152ff52", "text": "The wisdom of the teacher shall decide when it is necessary to encourage a child to write. This can only be when he is already perfect in the three periods of the preparatory exercise, and yet does not write of his own accord. There is danger that in retarding the act of writing, the child may plunge finally into a tumultuous effort, due to the fact that he knows the entire alphabet and has no natural check.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01371", "bookId": 39863, "start": 573476, "end": 574202, "sha256": "f25467ffe638a7a922d9f2c823ff0d96dbebcb83a2f83131476a830d849894c7", "text": "The signs by which the teacher may almost precisely diagnose the child's maturity in this respect are: the _regularity_ of the _parallel_ lines which fill in the geometric figures; the recognition with closed eyes of the sandpaper letters; the security and readiness shown in the composition of words. Before intervening by means of a direct invitation to write, it is best to wait at least a week in the hope that the child may write spontaneously. When he has begun to write spontaneously the teacher may intervene to _guide_ the progress of the writing. The first help which she may give is that of _ruling_ the blackboard, so that the child may be led to maintain regularity and proper dimensions in his writing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01372", "bookId": 39863, "start": 574206, "end": 574882, "sha256": "5d1b3a606efd8100f882907affc2e4872b7551a85ff0eaa59d662bdd52dae23b", "text": "The second, is that of inducing the child, whose writing is not firm, to _repeat the tracing_ of the sandpaper letters. She should do this instead of _directly_ correcting his actual writing, for the child does not perfect himself by repeating the act of writing, but by repeating the acts preparatory to writing. I remember a little beginner who, wishing to make his blackboard writing perfect, brought all of the sandpaper letters with him, and before writing touched two or three times _all of the letters needed in the words he wished to write_. If a letter did not seem to him to be perfect he erased it and _retouched_ the letter upon the card before rewriting.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01373", "bookId": 39863, "start": 574886, "end": 575505, "sha256": "f2e7ceb76b13eabf944daba26eb726a387cb79230d6d787eb4e612c83bb756ce", "text": "Our children, even after they have been writing for a year, continue to repeat the three preparatory exercises. They thus learn both to write, and to perfect their writing, without really going through the actual act. With our children, actual writing is a test; it springs from an inner impulse, and from the pleasure of explaining a superior activity; it is not an exercise. As the soul of the mystic perfects itself through prayer, even so in our little ones, that highest expression of civilisation, written language, is acquired and improved through exercises which are akin to, but which are not, writing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01374", "bookId": 39863, "start": 575509, "end": 576276, "sha256": "bc4704a28337cc3aaa3583dc0b27aafe616059b94842cbfb4d5115bd55a9ade1", "text": "There is educational value in this idea of preparing oneself before trying, and of perfecting oneself before going on. To go forward correcting his own mistakes, boldly attempting things which he does imperfectly, and of which he is as yet unworthy dulls the sensitiveness of the child's spirit toward his own errors. My method of writing contains an educative concept; teaching the child that prudence which makes him avoid errors, that dignity which makes him look ahead, and which guides him to perfection, and that humility which unites him closely to those sources of good through which alone he can make a spiritual conquest, putting far from him the illusion that the immediate success is ample justification for continuing in the way he has chosen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01375", "bookId": 39863, "start": 576280, "end": 577102, "sha256": "58d1bfeec713247094e6a862278d95c1c1657b47917d195689a7440f70efad01", "text": "The fact that all the children, those who are just beginning the three exercises and those who have been writing for months, daily repeat the same exercise, unites them and makes it easy for them to meet upon an apparently equal plane. Here there are no _distinctions_ of beginners, and experts. All of the children fill in the figures with coloured pencils, touch the sandpaper letters and compose words with the movable alphabets; the little ones beside the big ones who help them. He who prepares himself, and he who perfects himself, both follow the same path. It is the same way in life, for, deeper than any social distinction, there lies an equality, a common meeting point, where all men are brothers, or, as in the spiritual life, aspirants and saints again and again pass through the same experiences.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01376", "bookId": 39863, "start": 577106, "end": 577489, "sha256": "768556f247b84b8d096c5d5745c6a78208802cd8191a5e83954a2e5b882ffd24", "text": "Writing is very quickly learned, because we begin to teach it only to those children who show a desire for it by spontaneous attention to the lesson given by the directress to other children, or by watching the exercises in which the others are occupied. Some individuals _learn_ without ever having received any lessons, solely through listening to the lessons given to others.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01377", "bookId": 39863, "start": 577493, "end": 577726, "sha256": "d8569204d5cce13500793fe38a0082f973bf33a4c406d09fa10fac3d824d279b", "text": "In general, all children of four are intensely interested in writing, and some of our children have begun to write at the age of three and a half. We find the children particularly enthusiastic about tracing the sandpaper letters.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01378", "bookId": 39863, "start": 577730, "end": 578638, "sha256": "c752aa802eeecf98fe8901d817633e2f06f6a159b78898f6b01b6756a3961067", "text": "During the first period of my experiments, when the children were shown the alphabet _for the first time_, I one day asked Signorina Bettini to bring out to the terrace where the children were at play, all of the various letters which she herself had made. As soon as the children saw them they gathered about us, their fingers outstretched in their eagerness to touch the letters. Those who secured cards were unable to touch them properly because of the other children, who crowded about trying to reach the cards in our laps. I remember with what an impulsive movement the possessors of the cards held them on high like banners, and began to march, followed by all the other children who clapped their hands and cried out joyously. The procession passed before us, and all, big and little, laughed merrily, while the mothers, attracted by the noise, leaned from the windows to watch the sight.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01379", "bookId": 39863, "start": 578642, "end": 579431, "sha256": "20877fff68c0d754f44074d747316c904d98f2fee1f3e65710894ee5962298d7", "text": "The average time that elapses between the first trial of the preparatory exercises and the first written word is, for children of four years, from a month to a month and a half. With children of five years, the period is much shorter, being about a month. But one of our pupils learned to use in writing all the letters of the alphabet in twenty days. Children of four years, after they have been in school for two months and a half, can write any word from dictation, and can pass to writing with ink in a note-book. Our little ones are generally experts after three months' time, and those who have written for six months may be compared to the children in the third elementary. Indeed, writing is one of the easiest and most delightful of all the conquests made by the child.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01380", "bookId": 39863, "start": 579435, "end": 580003, "sha256": "e7bd030a94de729a896252c058f0f6210c1297158c0b15c0cbce3c9cd036f3ae", "text": "If adults learned as easily as children under six years of age, it would be an easy matter to do away with illiteracy. We would probably find two grave hinderances to the attainment of such a brilliant success: the torpor of the muscular sense, and those permanent defects of spoken language, which would be sure to translate themselves into the written language. I have not made experiments along this line, but I believe that one school year would be sufficient to lead an illiterate person, not only to write, but to express his thoughts in written language.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01381", "bookId": 39863, "start": 580007, "end": 580748, "sha256": "e0e6952fceaf58cad3180eede49f64814b42de9956ecc8782b29a0b64550ff76", "text": "So much for the time necessary for learning. As to the execution, our children _write well_ from the moment in which they begin. The _form_ of the letters, beautifully rounded and flowing, is surprising in its similarity to the form of the sandpaper models. The beauty of our writing is rarely equalled by any scholars in the elementary schools, _who have not had special exercises in penmanship_. I have made a close study of penmanship, and I know how difficult it would be to teach pupils of twelve or thirteen years to write an entire word without lifting the pen, except for the few letters which require this. The up and down strokes with which they have filled their copy-book make flowing writing almost impossible to them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01382", "bookId": 39863, "start": 580752, "end": 581607, "sha256": "9c22d5a246a70a0f281961f8bb2780a307f6b7230360c2091bda7a5e715573ba", "text": "Our little pupils, on the other hand, spontaneously, and with a marvellous security, write entire words without lifting the pen, maintaining perfectly the slant of the letters, and making the distance between each letter equal. This has caused more than one visitor to exclaim, \"If I had not seen it I should never have believed it.\" Indeed, penmanship is a superior form of teaching and is necessary to correct defects already acquired and fixed. It is a long work, for the child, _seeing_ the model, must follow the _movements_ necessary to reproduce it, while there is no direct correspondence between the visual sensation and the movements which he must make. Too often, penmanship is taught at an age when all the defects have become established, and when the physiological period in which the _muscular memory_ is ready, has been passed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01383", "bookId": 39863, "start": 581611, "end": 581886, "sha256": "98057c1c9108d17a5619c9d49ccd7e9b218d507e416f4365c5efc5ff493bd05b", "text": "We directly prepare the child, not only for writing, but also for _penmanship_, paying great attention to the _beauty of form_ (having the children touch the letters in script form) and to the flowing quality of the letters. (The exercises in filling-in prepare for this.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01384", "bookId": 39863, "start": 581892, "end": 581899, "sha256": "8129b9d407716f44eaecb351228a80621a9c89fba068ba669c4c4eb73a255619", "text": "READING", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01385", "bookId": 39863, "start": 581903, "end": 582137, "sha256": "4e50c5202832d910f0c3b26e6d7b9fbbc6aee54310b9172b60146f47c971d37c", "text": "_Didactic Material._ The Didactic Material for the lessons in reading consists in slips of paper or cards upon which are written in clear, large script, words and phrases. In addition to these cards we have a great variety of toys.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01386", "bookId": 39863, "start": 582141, "end": 583225, "sha256": "b9fe7547412c63049a665ac20378c99faea640cfb6229f86c094215d43cc187d", "text": "Experience has taught me to distinguish clearly between _writing and reading_, and has shown me that the two acts _are not absolutely contemporaneous_. Contrary to the usually accepted idea, writing _precedes reading_. I do not consider as _reading_ the test which the child makes _when he verifies_ the word that he has written. He is translating signs into sounds, as he first translated sounds into signs. In this verification he already knows the word and has repeated it to himself while writing it. What I understand by reading is the _interpretation_ of an idea from the written signs. The child who has not heard the word pronounced, and who recognises it when he sees it composed upon the table with the cardboard letters, and who can tell what it means; this child _reads_. The word which he reads has the same relation to written language that the word which he hears bears to articulate language. Both serve to _receive the language_ transmitted to us _by others_. So, until the child reads a transmission of ideas from the written word, _he does not read_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01387", "bookId": 39863, "start": 583229, "end": 584064, "sha256": "abd1322d9c47f60799a2911cf4c04624b672f148641b6afbab1ff6857819e29e", "text": "We may say, if we like, that writing as described is a fact in which the psycho-motor mechanism prevails, while in reading, there enters a work which is purely intellectual. But it is evident how our method for writing prepares for reading, making the difficulties almost imperceptible. Indeed, writing prepares the child to interpret mechanically the union of the letter sounds of which the written word is composed. When a child in our school knows how to write, _he knows how to read the sounds_ of which the word is composed. It should be noticed, however, that when the child composes the words with the movable alphabet, or when he writes, he has _time to think_ about the signs which he must select to form the word. The writing of a word requires a great deal more time than that necessary for reading the same word.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01388", "bookId": 39863, "start": 584068, "end": 584791, "sha256": "89000be4c89ab65e2d822bded9826787b558d09261adc0344d247fbce9c074f8", "text": "The child who _knows how to write_, when placed before a word which he must interpret by reading, is silent for a long time, and generally reads the component sounds with the same slowness with which he would have written them. But _the sense of the word_ becomes evident only when it is pronounced clearly and with the phonetic accent. Now, in order to place the phonetic accent the child must recognise the word; that is, he must recognise the idea which the word represents. The intervention of a superior work of the intellect is necessary if he is to read. Because of all this, I proceed in the following way with the exercises in reading, and, as will be evident, I do away entirely with the old-time primer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01389", "bookId": 39863, "start": 584795, "end": 585576, "sha256": "c7e7d511539dce596a45e3db47dec0ca2807bf695bda20bb5806d91cf0b115f0", "text": "I prepare a number of little cards made from ordinary writing-paper. On each of these I write in large clear script some well-known word, one which has already been pronounced many times by the children, and which represents an object actually present or well known to them. If the word refers to an object which is before them, I place this object under the eyes of the child, in order to facilitate his interpretation of the word. I will say, in this connection, the objects used in these writing games are for the most part toys of which we have a great many in the \"Children's Houses.\" Among these toys, are the furnishings of a doll's house, balls, dolls, trees, flocks of sheep, or various animals, tin soldiers, railways, and an infinite variety of simple figures.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01390", "bookId": 39863, "start": 585580, "end": 585889, "sha256": "80793ad21ec98d911962a54f529924cc4ea754eba04960c6a4a2b07780248a18", "text": "If writing serves to correct, or better, to direct and perfect the mechanism of the articulate language of the child, reading serves to help the development of ideas, and relates them to the development of the language. Indeed, writing aids the physiological language and reading aids the social language.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01391", "bookId": 39863, "start": 585893, "end": 586032, "sha256": "c676a1c974c189a924d49dca5e492d30b861ddaebd257b288782caa8bcc4f6a1", "text": "We begin, then, as I have indicated, with the nomenclature, that is, with the reading of names of objects which are well known or present.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01392", "bookId": 39863, "start": 586036, "end": 587011, "sha256": "3bedaeea2a02b936cbb678dd4093eda2fa3201d6a9d3046f031e183a0384ef61", "text": "There is no question of beginning with words that are _easy or difficult_, for the _child already knows how to read any word_; that is, he knows how to read _the sounds which compose it_. I allow the little one to translate the written word slowly into sounds, and if the interpretation is exact, I limit myself to saying, \"Faster.\" The child reads more quickly the second time, but still often without understanding. I then repeat, \"Faster, faster.\" He reads faster each time, repeating the same accumulation of sounds, and finally the word bursts upon his consciousness. Then he looks upon it as if he recognised a friend, and assumes that air of satisfaction which so often radiates our little ones. This completes the exercise for reading. It is a lesson which goes very rapidly, since it is only presented to a child who is already prepared through writing. Truly, we have buried the tedious and stupid A B C primer side by side with the useless copy-books!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01393", "bookId": 39863, "start": 587015, "end": 587148, "sha256": "bd42c0a0142bb943ca5c779055705497d54d26047e56a37eec09295012fc3526", "text": "When the child has read the word, he places the explanatory card under the object whose name it bears, and the exercise is finished.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01394", "bookId": 39863, "start": 587152, "end": 588311, "sha256": "cabe7c4ea0cddc077337639bba233972957378e6a72322f34a8929ee930455ce", "text": "One of our most interesting discoveries was made in the effort to devise a game through which the children might, without effort, learn to read words. We spread out upon one of the large tables a great variety of toys. Each one of them had a corresponding card upon which the name of the toy was written. We folded these little cards and mixed them up in a basket, and the children who knew how to read were allowed to take turns in drawing these cards from the basket. Each child had to carry his card back to his desk, unfold it quietly, and read it mentally, not showing it to those about him. He then had to fold it up again, so that the secret which it contained should remain unknown. Taking the folded card in his hand, he went to the table. He had then to pronounce clearly the name of a toy and present the card to the directress in order that she might verify the word he had spoken. The little card thus became current coin with which he might acquire the toy he had named. For, if he pronounced the word clearly and indicated the correct object, the directress allowed him to take the toy, and to play with it as long as he wished.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01395", "bookId": 39863, "start": 588315, "end": 589160, "sha256": "6390a0cbe687fbe764e9ee9a38efa391c9c4959e831d3d47cf06f9c10e5a3043", "text": "When each child had had a turn, the directress called the first child and let him draw a card from another basket. This card he read as soon as he had drawn it. It contained the name of one of his companions who did not yet know how to read, and for that reason could not have a toy. The child who had read the name then offered to his little friend the toy with which he had been playing. We taught the children to present these toys in a gracious and polite way, accompanying the act with a bow. In this way we did away with every idea of class distinction, and inspired the sentiment of kindness toward those who did not possess the same blessings as ourselves. This reading game proceeded in a marvellous way. The contentment of these poor children in possessing even for a little while such beautiful toys can be easily imagined.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01396", "bookId": 39863, "start": 589164, "end": 589455, "sha256": "aec82dd00772dec4b0cd6aa9afaee04766ca46efc1dec62ccaba5dd21292fea1", "text": "But what was my amazement, when the children, having learned to understand the written cards, _refused_ to take the toys! They explained that they did not wish to waste time in playing, and, with a species of insatiable desire, preferred to draw out and read the cards one after another!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01397", "bookId": 39863, "start": 589459, "end": 589771, "sha256": "3d57fe3bfb83b05818f61e06a68c6944fa76092288e7ee47dbbf7c1265ff6dcb", "text": "I watched them, seeking to understand the secret of these souls, of whose greatness I had been so ignorant! As I stood in meditation among the eager children, the discovery that it was knowledge they loved, and not the silly _game_, filled me with wonder and made me think of the greatness of the human soul!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01398", "bookId": 39863, "start": 589775, "end": 590329, "sha256": "c84757e99b1938c2b23f1053329a97107dce0387e91921189747866102783b24", "text": "We therefore put away the toys, and set about making _hundreds_ of written slips, containing names of children, cities, and objects; and also of colours and qualities known through the sense exercises. We placed these slips in open boxes, which we left where the children could make free use of them. I expected that childish inconstancy would at least show itself in a tendency to pass from one box to another; but no, each child finished emptying the box under his hand before passing to another, being verily _insatiable_ in the desire to read.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01399", "bookId": 39863, "start": 590333, "end": 590674, "sha256": "7b42a4f1ccadcc4a1c83233f2bce48d16ccf3738c26205919003d7407e834827", "text": "Coming into the school one day, I found that the directress had allowed the children to take the tables and chairs out upon the terrace, and was having school in the open air. A number of little ones were playing in the sun, while others were seated in a circle about the tables containing the sandpaper letters and the movable alphabet.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01400", "bookId": 39863, "start": 590678, "end": 591145, "sha256": "6a80b8bc4f83f8496e4b51ca01418686819469e90a941af7ce784fc151cee83e", "text": "A little apart sat the directress, holding upon her lap a long narrow box full of written slips, and all along the edge of her box were little hands, fishing for the beloved cards. \"You may not believe me,\" said the directress, \"but it is more than an hour since we began this, and they are not satisfied yet!\" We tried the experiment of bringing balls, and dolls to the children, but without result; such futilities had no power beside the joys of _knowledge_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01401", "bookId": 39863, "start": 591149, "end": 591672, "sha256": "e50147d00b27132fea119babf8d5449149bd570fc912f5c1d4d901f779d95119", "text": "Seeing these surprising results, I had already thought of testing the children with print, and had suggested that the directress _print_ the word under the written word upon a number of slips. But the children forestalled us! There was in the hall a calendar upon which many of the words were printed in clear type, while others were done in Gothic characters. In their mania for reading the children began to look at this calendar, and, to my inexpressible amazement, read not only the print, but the Gothic script.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01402", "bookId": 39863, "start": 591676, "end": 591815, "sha256": "535e67589b5abd91208aa48628b9bb948d0dd6e0d6333a2ccdca9db83c082a39", "text": "There therefore remained nothing but the presentation of a book, and I did not feel that any of those available were suited to our method.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01403", "bookId": 39863, "start": 591819, "end": 592219, "sha256": "99d931f3d70c5e2ca14df915df71402fcdb68cd18c404d6be71f73aca09c6dba", "text": "The mothers soon had proofs of the progress of their children; finding in the pockets of some of them little slips of paper upon which were written rough notes of marketing done; bread, salt, etc. Our children were making lists of the marketing they did for their mothers! Other mothers told us that their children no longer ran through the streets, but stopped to read the signs over the shops.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01404", "bookId": 39863, "start": 592223, "end": 592902, "sha256": "26826a9c20b7e49da91fc54008cdb473ed10df1379fb1de927cb69a487c6e7c2", "text": "A four-year-old boy, educated in a private house by the same method, surprised us in the following way. The child's father was a Deputy, and received many letters. He knew that his son had for two months been taught by means of exercises apt to facilitate the learning of reading and writing, but he had paid slight attention to it, and, indeed, put little faith in the method. One day, as he sat reading, with the boy playing near, a servant entered, and placed upon the table a large number of letters that had just arrived. The little boy turned his attention to these, and holding up each letter read aloud the address. To his father this seemed a veritable miracle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01405", "bookId": 39863, "start": 592906, "end": 593367, "sha256": "686e468c09331ae1f5b02f6e20ee38421da9221838471f0c2109f7d6d140da0b", "text": "As to the average time required for learning to read and write, experience would seem to show that, starting from the moment in which the child writes, the passage from such an inferior stage of the graphic language to the superior state of reading averages a fortnight. _Security_ in reading is, however, arrived at much more slowly than perfection in writing. In the greater majority of cases the child who writes beautifully, still reads rather poorly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01406", "bookId": 39863, "start": 593371, "end": 593782, "sha256": "709f7c3a811b8c7c67e4bde03745668039f3abdb2a3942dc033e18e9917f5a88", "text": "Not all children of the same age are at the same point in this matter of reading and writing. We not only do not force a child, but we do not even _invite_ him, or in any way attempt to coax him to do that which he does not wish to do. So it sometimes happens that certain children, _not having spontaneously presented themselves_ for these lessons, are left in peace, and do not know how to read or write.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01407", "bookId": 39863, "start": 593786, "end": 593998, "sha256": "097d85cff35c3a39065cd35f6d6284cedebf016b19d98b38fe3575ebb9096142", "text": "If the old-time method, which tyrannized over the will of the child and destroyed his spontaneity, does not believe in making a knowledge of written language _obligatory_ before the age of six, much less do we!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01408", "bookId": 39863, "start": 594002, "end": 594202, "sha256": "0a30ea4be469c021ce469639c2567d8a4f3f810137536e0e76eefebd95173e0d", "text": "I am not ready to decide, without a wider experience, whether the period when the spoken language is fully developed is, in every case, the proper time for beginning to develop the written language.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01409", "bookId": 39863, "start": 594206, "end": 594521, "sha256": "2ac218567342d38c1895f7f28f1d3e630255fb8b6de2a7af7a5c1b17c78339db", "text": "In any case, almost all of the normal children treated with our method begin to write at four years, and at five know how to read and write, at least as well as children who have finished the first elementary. They could enter the second elementary a year in advance of the time when they are admitted to first.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01410", "bookId": 39863, "start": 594525, "end": 595048, "sha256": "df60dbf124f784097642518ad6120c974a3ee5256f2d807480dc874fa0fd28e5", "text": "_Games for the Reading of Phrases._ As soon as my friends saw that the children could read print, they made me gifts of beautifully illustrated books. Looking through these books of simple fairy lore, I felt sure that the children would not be able to understand them. The teachers, feeling entirely satisfied as to the ability of their pupils, tried to show me I was wrong, having different children read to me, and saying that they read much more perfectly than the children who had finished the second elementary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01411", "bookId": 39863, "start": 595052, "end": 595551, "sha256": "b92c27ff845b916c31c819f4dc1422b237eacb625056a4d88c68bdb76aec1e16", "text": "I did not, however, allow myself to be deceived, and made two trials. I first had the teacher tell one of the stories to the children while I observed to what extent they were spontaneously interested in it. The attention of the children wandered after a few words. I had _forbidden_ the teacher to recall to order those who did not listen, and thus, little by little, a hum arose in the schoolroom, due to the fact that each child, not caring to listen had returned to his usual _occupation_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01412", "bookId": 39863, "start": 595555, "end": 596019, "sha256": "35eb5cdf204c38fed26f6ca2e0643208cfdb9ab04d1600fa834707b40aa6d5f6", "text": "It was evident that the children, who seemed to read these books with such pleasure, _did not take pleasure in the sense_, but enjoyed the mechanical ability they had acquired, which consisted in translating the graphic signs into the sounds of a word they recognised. And, indeed, the children did not display the same _constancy_ in the reading of books which they showed toward the written slips, since in the books they met with so many unfamiliar words.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01413", "bookId": 39863, "start": 596023, "end": 596446, "sha256": "69eb186f40cc49f4efc834fcdaffe432094b6b6c78e4a9cdcc4626e988cd129f", "text": "My second test, was to have one of the children read the book to me. I did not interrupt with any of those explanatory remarks by means of which a teacher tries to help the child follow the thread of the story he is reading, saying for example: \"Stop a minute. Do you understand? What have you read? You told me how the little boy went to drive in a big carriage, didn't you? Pay attention to what the book says, etc.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01414", "bookId": 39863, "start": 596450, "end": 596986, "sha256": "aa6f04f2d5d6995dd3c7cd4351fd6ede20bb28ada1030611304fa6aac990e9e5", "text": "I gave the book to a little boy, sat down beside him in a friendly fashion, and when he had read I asked him simply and seriously as one would speak to a friend, \"Did you understand what you were reading?\" He replied: \"No.\" But the expression of his face seemed to ask an explanation of my demand. In fact, the idea that _through the reading of a series of words the complex thoughts of others might be communicated to us_, was to be for my children one of the beautiful conquests of the future, a new source of surprise and joy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01415", "bookId": 39863, "start": 596990, "end": 597425, "sha256": "7c4c6b8b72e29d18c649bb376a12b57988e2274c84b81f5b170abfcd26e84239", "text": "The _book_ has recourse to _logical language_, not to the mechanism of the language. Before the child can understand and enjoy a book, the _logical language_ must be established in him. Between knowing how to read the _words_, and how to read the _sense_, of a book there lies the same distance that exists between knowing how to pronounce a word and how to make a speech. I, therefore, stopped the reading from books and waited.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01416", "bookId": 39863, "start": 597429, "end": 597629, "sha256": "39e09d1b96d07fdf8bd3bae3691b7895ad626d49b7e50b3eabc0f1b799a8aa44", "text": "One day, during a free conversation period, _four_ children arose at the same time and with expressions of joy on their faces ran to the blackboard and wrote phrases upon the order of the following:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01417", "bookId": 39863, "start": 597633, "end": 597876, "sha256": "1ddfcf62decdec03cc2a4690f9f48e96bbfcf8684ce7731954b99bd5744df12c", "text": "\"Oh, how glad we are that our garden has begun to bloom.\" It was a great surprise for me, and I was deeply moved. These children had arrived spontaneously at the art of _composition_, just as they had spontaneously written their first word.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01418", "bookId": 39863, "start": 597880, "end": 598077, "sha256": "2cdfdf89d96ca5fc92a675618343bde3902e594d4200da4a1835e3d16fcbbfdf", "text": "The mechanical preparation was the same, and the phenomenon developed logically. Logical articulate language had, when the time was ripe, provoked the corresponding explosion in written language.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01419", "bookId": 39863, "start": 598081, "end": 599027, "sha256": "30a9daef2128824c37095d4e769081bda450c910b26861df5ce348e475f714a3", "text": "I understood that the time had come when we might proceed to _the reading of phrases_. I had recourse to the means used by the children; that is, I wrote upon the blackboard, \"Do you love me?\" The children read it slowly aloud, were silent for a moment as if thinking, then cried out, \"Yes! Yes!\" I continued to write; \"Then make the silence, and watch me.\" They read this aloud, almost shouting, but had barely finished when a solemn silence began to establish itself, interrupted only by the sounds of the chairs as the children took positions in which they could sit quietly. Thus began between me and them a communication by means of written language, a thing which interested the children intensely. Little by little, they _discovered_ the great quality of writing--that it transmits thought. Whenever I began to write, they fairly _trembled_ in their eagerness to understand what was my meaning without hearing me speak a word.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01420", "bookId": 39863, "start": 599031, "end": 599187, "sha256": "20547ed5195f6a7155af7b2fb7dcb43a0e73048992d0ea4400490e112a4f8d96", "text": "Indeed, _graphic_ language does not need spoken words. It can only be understood in all its greatness when it is completely isolated from spoken language.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01421", "bookId": 39863, "start": 599191, "end": 600123, "sha256": "78daf634ea333198b9d47c43da9f5dea4b4bea8fbfa661bdb500b419fc216e0d", "text": "This introduction to reading was followed by the following game, which is greatly enjoyed by the children. Upon a number of cards I wrote long sentences describing certain actions which the children were to carry out; for example, \"Close the window blinds; open the front door; then wait a moment, and arrange things as they were at first.\" \"Very politely ask eight of your companions to leave their chairs, and to form in double file in the centre of the room, then have them march forward and back on tiptoe, making no noise.\" \"Ask three of your oldest companions who sing nicely, if they will please come into the centre of the room. Arrange them in a nice row, and sing with them a song that you have selected,\" etc., etc. As soon as I finished writing, the children seized the cards, and taking them to their seats read them spontaneously with great intensity of attention, and all _amid the most complete silence_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01422", "bookId": 39863, "start": 600127, "end": 600856, "sha256": "88ebc1f36d1757c44ac6c3ab7734e79e8728cd76db0dc56cb4c1de949846d60d", "text": "I asked then, \"Do you understand?\" \"Yes! Yes!\" \"Then do what the card tells you,\" said I, and was delighted to see the children rapidly and accurately follow the chosen action. A great activity, a movement of a new sort, was born in the room. There were those who closed the blinds, and then reopened them; others who made their companions run on tiptoe, or sing; others wrote upon the blackboard, or took certain objects from the cupboards. Surprise and curiosity produced a general silence, and the lesson developed amid the most intense interest. It seemed as if some magic force had gone forth from me stimulating an activity hitherto unknown. This magic was graphic language, the greatest conquest of civilisation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01423", "bookId": 39863, "start": 600860, "end": 601065, "sha256": "6b6ed3afa5d185f0936b16ecb5f57314aa797fefaaab409f8d13c662d91642d1", "text": "And how deeply the children understood the importance of it! When I went out, they gathered about me with expressions of gratitude and affection, saying, \"Thank you! Thank you! Thank you for the lesson!\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01424", "bookId": 39863, "start": 601069, "end": 601926, "sha256": "8bc2e9c530fbb6e8b50ba85cfe13b1eac99520915f3dd8f6cad77bbaf66da0c2", "text": "This has become one of the favourite games: We first establish _profound silence_, then present a basket containing folded slips, upon each one of which is written a long phrase describing an action. All those children who know how to read may draw a slip, and read it _mentally_ once or twice until they are certain they understand it. They then give the slip back to the directress and set about carrying out the action. Since many of these actions call for the help of the other children who do not know how to read, and since many of them call for the handling and use of the materials, a general activity develops amid marvellous order, while the silence is only interrupted by the sound of little feet running lightly, and by the voices of the children who sing. This is an unexpected revelation of the perfection of spontaneous discipline.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01425", "bookId": 39863, "start": 601930, "end": 602170, "sha256": "a6613f1eb3a74373d5c2e6c6f8277c3eab28b2c686634d86d9ba86b0656b5cc3", "text": "Experience has shown us that _composition_ must _precede logical_ reading, as writing preceded the reading of the word. It has also shown that reading, if it is to teach the child to _receive an idea_, should be _mental_ and not _vocal_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01426", "bookId": 39863, "start": 602174, "end": 602946, "sha256": "d335830a363a33eb53626e1b40a4f3af93cb9d2bc44e3ec60b9e77144d9d9015", "text": "Reading aloud implies the exercise of two mechanical forms of the language--articulate and graphic--and is, therefore, a complex task. Who does not know that a grown person who is to read a paper in public prepares for this by making himself master of the content? Reading aloud is one of the most difficult intellectual actions. The child, therefore, who _begins_ to read by interpreting thought _should read mentally_. The written language must isolate itself from the articulate, when it rises to the interpretation of logical thought. Indeed, it represents the language which _transmits thought at a distance_, while the senses and the muscular mechanism are silent. It is a spiritualised language, which puts into communication all men who know how to read.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01427", "bookId": 39863, "start": 602952, "end": 603382, "sha256": "b6cb5a04bf428efd5890a3e1fea1592f97a58cff44e3c0a2cba98c4721af4463", "text": "Education having reached such a point in the \"Children's Houses,\" the entire elementary school must, as a logical consequence, be changed. How to reform the lower grades in the elementary schools, eventually carrying them on according to our methods, is a great question which cannot be discussed here. I can only say that the _first elementary_ would be completely done away with by our infant education, which includes it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01428", "bookId": 39863, "start": 603386, "end": 604008, "sha256": "a277082daf0974e7f079f2755b34b1f89bd54891ef6d9983462061490e4893c3", "text": "The elementary classes in the future should begin with children such as ours who know how to read and write; children who know how to take care of themselves; how to dress and undress, and to wash themselves; children who are familiar with the rules of good conduct and courtesy, and who are thoroughly disciplined in the highest sense of the term, having developed, and become masters of themselves, through liberty; children who possess, besides a perfect mastery of the articulate language, the ability to read written language in an elementary way, and who begin to enter upon the conquest of logical language.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01429", "bookId": 39863, "start": 604012, "end": 604376, "sha256": "d5c062b097f829792484ca0efc9cc6b84e7fe20eface5415e1b96934df58a7ee", "text": "These children pronounce clearly, write in a firm hand, and are full of grace in their movements. They are the earnest of a humanity grown in the cult of beauty--the infancy of an all-conquering humanity, since they are intelligent and patient observers of their environment, and possess in the form of intellectual liberty the power of spontaneous reasoning.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01430", "bookId": 39863, "start": 604380, "end": 604728, "sha256": "6207bf7af319f8f88c9dea2c0ea3fbbf94a8fa3e555e22c4000906ba9c2c78e2", "text": "For such children, we should found an elementary school worthy to receive them and to guide them further along the path of life and of civilisation, a school loyal to the same educational principles of respect for the freedom of the child and for his spontaneous manifestations--principles which shall form the personality of these little men.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01431", "bookId": 39863, "start": 604732, "end": 604826, "sha256": "4133206c4af45832c4eff654fb30335ef68b5e7107705ca7d191b3e829a391c6", "text": "[Illustration: Example of writing done with pen, by a child five years. One-fourth reduction.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01432", "bookId": 39863, "start": 604830, "end": 605054, "sha256": "506a43ed0405fcdfd34e6f82664ba39a3d6904952ab3f2596d62e49e23181b55", "text": "Translation: \"We would like to wish a joyous Easter to the civil engineer Edoardo Talamo and the Princess Maria. We will ask them to bring their pretty children here. Leave it to me: I will write for all. April 7, 1909.\"]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01433", "bookId": 39863, "start": 605064, "end": 605077, "sha256": "441a9865e26e76885d5376d45909d6f6de254709ed20a6d1d143d8c190e94a29", "text": "CHAPTER XVIII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01434", "bookId": 39863, "start": 605081, "end": 605102, "sha256": "57892bfee5972ecf742695cf647d9e0bc9e924db71210aedc9b5524f69e80aa0", "text": "LANGUAGE IN CHILDHOOD", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01435", "bookId": 39863, "start": 605108, "end": 605378, "sha256": "3d151654aaf257bc07c8883a8c67f864e080de95f387e8a2542ec7aba5c814d1", "text": "Graphic language, comprising dictation and reading, contains articulate language in its complete mechanism (auditory channels, central channels, motor channels), and, in the manner of development called forth by my method, is based essentially on articulate language.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01436", "bookId": 39863, "start": 605382, "end": 605453, "sha256": "e6e63fb9bcaa60f4e50ffb72a8acd3306107268d055064501c3c102aa860c224", "text": "Graphic language, therefore, may be considered from two points of view:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01437", "bookId": 39863, "start": 605457, "end": 605903, "sha256": "533f3139f8f82a8c895928d28c5d4d57baf16dc8c3856d884c9e1802077b229f", "text": "(_a_) That of the conquest of a new language of eminent social importance which adds itself to the articulate language of natural man; and this is the cultural significance which is commonly given to graphic language, which is therefore taught in the schools without any consideration of its relation to spoken language, but solely with the intention of offering to the social being a necessary instrument in his relations with his fellows.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01438", "bookId": 39863, "start": 605907, "end": 606197, "sha256": "8edd88d3db42e2676aef7e2f4112efc1f4f4322d8fc6c790f6d07bf66e4c3d61", "text": "(_b_) That of the relation between graphic and articulate language and, in this relation, of an eventual possibility of utilising the written language to perfect the spoken: a new consideration upon which I wish to insist and which gives to graphic language a _physiological importance_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01439", "bookId": 39863, "start": 606201, "end": 606551, "sha256": "fff80e760ae2d3c3cfd70e081f201c3d8d59876e3dbe057e8bb15bd628b7548d", "text": "Moreover, as spoken language is at the same time a _natural function_ of man and an instrument which he utilises for social ends, so written language may be considered in itself, in its _formation_, as an organic _ensemble_ of new mechanisms which are established in the nervous system, and as an instrument which may be utilised for social ends.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01440", "bookId": 39863, "start": 606555, "end": 606758, "sha256": "440163c695d7472f8a64ffec343bc0175b6362cd002f3567819d7cb7f68c057e", "text": "In short, it is a question of giving to written language not only a physiological importance, but also a _period of development_ independent of the high functions which it is destined to perform later.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01441", "bookId": 39863, "start": 606762, "end": 607120, "sha256": "a95b98950d34b40236bd5092cde38276c9e9bed97d273a28cf8a3d50cb069074", "text": "It seems to me that graphic language bristles with difficulties in its beginning, not only because it has heretofore been taught by irrational methods, but because we have tried to make it perform, as soon as it has been acquired, the high function of teaching _the written language_ which has been fixed by centuries of perfecting in a civilised people.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01442", "bookId": 39863, "start": 607124, "end": 607993, "sha256": "732d24a7b253fec51370dcafdb2b768b3700217e8e5bea64ca678124b0cab0f0", "text": "Think how irrational have been the methods we have used! We have analysed the graphic signs rather than the physiological acts necessary to produce the alphabetical signs; and this without considering that _any graphic sign_ is difficult to achieve, because the visual representation of the signs have no hereditary connection with the motor representations necessary for producing them; as, for example, the auditory representations of the word have with the motor mechanism of the articulate language. It is, therefore, always a difficult thing to provoke a stimulative motor action unless we have already established the movement before the visual representation of the sign is made. It is a difficult thing to arouse an activity that shall produce a motion unless that motion shall have been previously established by practice and by the power of habit.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01443", "bookId": 39863, "start": 607997, "end": 608632, "sha256": "209246016251c22bb23b1daab2521224d50748336c718f3ea76401a3bd08e1e0", "text": "Thus, for example, the analysis of writing into _little straight lines and curves_ has brought us to present to the child a sign without significance, which therefore does not interest him, and whose representation is incapable of determining a spontaneous motor impulse. The artificial act constituted, therefore, an _effort_ of the will which resulted for the child in rapid exhaustion exhibited in the form of boredom and suffering. To this effort was added the effort of constituting _synchronously_ the muscular associations co-ordinating the movements necessary to the holding and manipulating the instrument of writing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01444", "bookId": 39863, "start": 608636, "end": 609034, "sha256": "31f5d57f1dd5f31453c6b77e9b05b6f835061568b2d88fa234b9aabbe7b1d554", "text": "All sorts of _depressing_ feelings accompanied such efforts and conduced to the production of imperfect and erroneous signs which the teachers had to correct, discouraging the child still more with the constant criticism of the error and of the imperfection of the signs traced. Thus, while the child was urged to make an effort, the teacher depressed rather than revived his psychical forces.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01445", "bookId": 39863, "start": 609038, "end": 609726, "sha256": "367f454483d9d5ad301a2c828ba9ddb536bfdd07a3c6c742ff74313958023b52", "text": "Although such a mistaken course was followed, the graphic language, so painfully learned, was nevertheless to be _immediately_ utilised for social ends; and, still imperfect and immature, was made to do service in the _syntactical construction of the language_, and in the ideal expression of the superior psychic centres. One must remember that in nature the spoken language is formed gradually; and it is already established in _words_ when the superior psychic centres use these words in what Kussmaul calls _dictorium_, in the syntactical grammatical formation of language which is necessary to the expression of complex ideas; that is, in the language of the _logical mind_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01446", "bookId": 39863, "start": 609730, "end": 609851, "sha256": "d36c0cc88b240f130af843b1ded575f650803aa4da504c9fdfcc9bb709367d30", "text": "In short the mechanism of language is a necessary antecedent of the higher psychic activities which are to _utilise it_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01447", "bookId": 39863, "start": 609855, "end": 610210, "sha256": "9de4363b6f7e6770c3230324c42aea62f895e7ad19b59eddd33467c54f1d334e", "text": "There are, therefore, two periods in the development of language: a lower one which prepares the nervous channel and the central mechanisms which are to put the sensory channels in relation with the motor channels; and a higher one determined by the higher psychic activities which are _exteriorized_ by means of the preformed mechanisms of language.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01448", "bookId": 39863, "start": 610214, "end": 610228, "sha256": "a7d04715f7b106d0798812fbf3e6f78563c35d0e503460e8ad87770a7742cba1", "text": "[Illustration]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01449", "bookId": 39863, "start": 610232, "end": 610838, "sha256": "25cc722150bfe6cbcf28af7796fdc864be3161fbfd38bf3e8e352bca718149dc", "text": "Thus for example in the scheme which Kussmaul gives on the mechanism of articulate language we must first of all distinguish a sort of cerebral diastaltic arc (representing the pure mechanism of the word), which is established in the first formation of the spoken language. Let E be the ear, and T the motor organs of speech, taken as a whole and here represented by the tongue, A the auditory centre of speech, and M the motor centre. The channels EA and MT are peripheral channels, the former centripetal and the latter centrifugal, and the channel AM is the inter-central channel of association.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01450", "bookId": 39863, "start": 610842, "end": 610856, "sha256": "a7d04715f7b106d0798812fbf3e6f78563c35d0e503460e8ad87770a7742cba1", "text": "[Illustration]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01451", "bookId": 39863, "start": 610860, "end": 611032, "sha256": "d3c715b6f1eb216c107bff751f2a1507521f46ccc1684d1ea195c177c5e943fc", "text": "The centre A in which reside the auditive images of words may be again subdivided into three, as in the following scheme, viz.: Sound (So), syllables (Sy), and words (W).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01452", "bookId": 39863, "start": 611036, "end": 611272, "sha256": "7e108bdaccf179c2ac6781e1e53f6c4f64a45c9bb5ea86a665f66bf8aad6de70", "text": "That partial centres for sounds and syllables can really be formed, the pathology of language seems to establish, for in some forms of centro-sensory dysphasia, the patients can pronounce only sounds, or at most sounds and syllables.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01453", "bookId": 39863, "start": 611276, "end": 611596, "sha256": "3334d2e141a1d2c276ad743ed9005582976b42b1f5577e1792cd270560367081", "text": "Small children, too, are, at the beginning, particularly sensitive to simple sounds of language, with which indeed, and especially with _s_, their mothers caress them and attract their attention; while later the child is sensitive to syllables, with which also the mother caresses him, saying: \"_ba, ba, punf, tuf!_\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01454", "bookId": 39863, "start": 611600, "end": 611614, "sha256": "a7d04715f7b106d0798812fbf3e6f78563c35d0e503460e8ad87770a7742cba1", "text": "[Illustration]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01455", "bookId": 39863, "start": 611618, "end": 611714, "sha256": "fef70e09819dc9afaf756969b42c78029379d3ca8954f25ac2efe5e48044dd7a", "text": "Finally it is the simple word, dissyllabic in most cases, which attracts the child's attention.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01456", "bookId": 39863, "start": 611718, "end": 612071, "sha256": "59692c44de5c17579f919f945b7d813500fa9b2ac08b10b3c62ac399fbec7b1f", "text": "But for the motor centres also the same thing may be repeated; the child utters at the beginning simple or double sounds, as for example _bl_, _gl_, _ch_, an expression which the mother greets with joy; then distinctly syllabic sounds begin to manifest themselves in the child: _ga_, _ba_; and, finally, the dissyllabic word, usually labial: _mama_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01457", "bookId": 39863, "start": 612075, "end": 612089, "sha256": "a7d04715f7b106d0798812fbf3e6f78563c35d0e503460e8ad87770a7742cba1", "text": "[Illustration]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01458", "bookId": 39863, "start": 612093, "end": 612348, "sha256": "4ceadee311561a798801ff857ba5b0864a01e29befcbda0f49f4c21c39841762", "text": "We say that the spoken language begins with the child when the word pronounced by him signifies an _idea_; when for example, seeing his mother and recognising her he says \"_mamma_;\" and seeing a dog says, \"_tettè_;\" and wishing to eat says: \"_pappa_.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01459", "bookId": 39863, "start": 612352, "end": 612527, "sha256": "5804c79a6fb77d5f77c47871ce1a071a80b085d1eb7eb0db06aea2068cdd43f1", "text": "Thus we consider _language begun_ when it is established in relation to perception; while the language itself is still, in its psycho-motor mechanism, perfectly rudimentary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01460", "bookId": 39863, "start": 612531, "end": 612803, "sha256": "d342654545e2eedbed68ee2238bb4f893123877fa739c4dbce167b3a2e4902b9", "text": "That is, when above the diastaltic arc where the mechanical formation of the language is still unconscious, the recognition of the word takes place, that is, the word is perceived and associated with the object which it represents, language is considered to have begun.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01461", "bookId": 39863, "start": 612807, "end": 613027, "sha256": "c6fdb98ab2046cf9b3e2f11fe209a35a59876457355057bc0f6a1438b2ef093d", "text": "On this level, _later_, language continues the process of perfecting in proportion as the hearing perceives better the component sounds of the words and the psycho-motor channels become more permeable to articulation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01462", "bookId": 39863, "start": 613031, "end": 613677, "sha256": "50fa36673e085253213b2a12ec90069f38287aeb944262fdf36006ee2922054d", "text": "This is the first stage of spoken language, which has its own beginning and its own development, leading, through the perceptions, to the _perfecting_ of the primordial mechanism of the language itself; and at this stage precisely is established what we call _articulate language_, which will later be the means which the adult will have at his disposal to express his own thoughts, and which the adult will have great difficulty in perfecting or correcting when it has once been established: in fact a high stage of culture sometimes accompanies an imperfect articulate language which prevents the æsthetic expression of one's thought.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01463", "bookId": 39863, "start": 613681, "end": 615026, "sha256": "eff41eb0964d30459e422e26ebe3bdeb41ee55931a6c0be3d707f394f7307970", "text": "The development of articulate language takes place in the period between the age of two and the age of seven: the age of _perceptions_ in which the attention of the child is spontaneously turned towards external objects, and the memory is particularly tenacious. It is the age also of _motility_ in which all the psycho-motor channels are becoming permeable and the muscular mechanisms establish themselves. In this period of life by the mysterious bond between the auditory channel and the motor channel of the spoken language it would seem that the auditory perceptions have the direct power of _provoking_ the complicated movements of articulate speech which develop instinctively after such stimuli as if awaking from the slumber of heredity. It is well known that it is only at this age that it is possible to acquire all the characteristic modulations of a language which it would be vain to attempt to establish later. The mother tongue alone is well pronounced because it was established in the period of childhood; and the adult who learns to speak a new language must bring to it the imperfections characteristic of the foreigner's speech: only children who under the age of seven years learn several languages at the same time can receive and reproduce all the characteristic mannerisms of accent and pronunciation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01464", "bookId": 39863, "start": 615030, "end": 615169, "sha256": "ad2e6bc159bc362fcbd5004b85f8741b58b924efc46957994d29e548a4f1c72b", "text": "Thus also the _defects_ acquired in childhood such as dialectic defects or those established by bad habits, become indelible in the adult.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01465", "bookId": 39863, "start": 615173, "end": 615962, "sha256": "6872c6f425775c3678caf1c17c45ce6218741947433886547edb6bfee7b25d18", "text": "What develops later, the _superior_ language, the _dictorium_, no longer has its origin in the mechanism of language but in the intellectual development which makes use of the mechanical language. As the articulate language develops by the exercise of its mechanism and is enriched by perception, the _dictorium_ develops with syntax and is enriched by _intellectual culture_. Going back to the scheme of language we see that above the arc which defines the lower language, is established the _dictorium_, _D_,--from which now come the motor impulses of speech--which is established as _spoken language_ fit to manifest the ideation of the intelligent man; this language will be enriched little by little by intellectual culture and perfected by the grammatical study of syntax.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01466", "bookId": 39863, "start": 615966, "end": 615980, "sha256": "a7d04715f7b106d0798812fbf3e6f78563c35d0e503460e8ad87770a7742cba1", "text": "[Illustration]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01467", "bookId": 39863, "start": 615984, "end": 616472, "sha256": "e8620117c1685a4db3617bce4a7a68bfef47c54617e732804a3659e150aebee6", "text": "Hitherto, as a result of a preconception, it has been believed that written language should enter only into the development of the _dictorium_, as the suitable means for the acquisition of culture and of permitting grammatical analysis and construction of the language. Since \"spoken words have wings\" it has been admitted that intellectual culture could only proceed by the aid of a language which was stable, objective, and capable of being analysed, such as the graphic language.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01468", "bookId": 39863, "start": 616476, "end": 617061, "sha256": "9d27934bce32cd7f61987d1015b56b27ef145dfcdadfeab7b84cf7667ab1c372", "text": "But why, when we acknowledge the graphic language as a precious, nay indispensable, instrument of intellectual education, for the reason that it _fixes the ideas_ of men and permits of their analysis and of their assimilation in books, where they remain indelibly written as an ineffaceable memory of words which are therefore always present and by which we can analyse the syntactical structure of the language, why shall we not acknowledge that it is _useful_ in the more humble task of _fixing_ the _words_ which represent perception and of analysing their component sounds?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01469", "bookId": 39863, "start": 617065, "end": 617425, "sha256": "5e6d00ec31a5e45d85fede182b6e526eca99126404a1d1ca9d9fe21a3f10c2f1", "text": "Compelled by a pedagogical prejudice we are unable to separate the idea of a graphic language from that of a function which heretofore we have made it exclusively perform; and it seems to us that by teaching such a language to children still in the age of simple perceptions and of motility we are committing a serious psychological and pedagogical error.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01470", "bookId": 39863, "start": 617429, "end": 617710, "sha256": "bd75c236c7a1095eedd1e2d9bddcfb25c030a178fda46b0b35071b7089580bd3", "text": "But let us rid ourselves of this prejudice and consider the graphic language in itself, reconstructing its psycho-physiological mechanism. It is far more simple than the psycho-physiological mechanism of the articulate language, and is far more directly accessible to education.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01471", "bookId": 39863, "start": 617714, "end": 618296, "sha256": "386066fd3fdd736ff48c3e3cb0d7e62bf475d5bb9d895af14663e51a987da331", "text": "_Writing_ especially is surprisingly simple. For let us consider _dictated_ writing: we have a perfect parallel with spoken language since a _motor_ action must correspond with _heard_ speech. Here there does not exist, to be sure, the mysterious hereditary relations between the heard speech and the articulate speech; but the movements of writing are far simpler than those necessary to the spoken word, and are performed by large muscles, all external, _upon which we can directly act_, rendering the motor channels permeable, and establishing psycho-muscular mechanisms.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01472", "bookId": 39863, "start": 618300, "end": 618546, "sha256": "08ffa95df1e6de53b82a781c962e2858434079797084a4c963a16411a5354f9f", "text": "This indeed is what is done by my method, which _prepares the movements directly_; so that the psycho-motor impulse of the heard speech _finds the motor channels already established_, and is manifested in the act of writing, like an explosion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01473", "bookId": 39863, "start": 618550, "end": 619266, "sha256": "b15b1f939108bfed76d6a502fcae69fc477fe0953fbb998d883374e06ed796bb", "text": "The real difficulty is in the _interpretation of the graphic signs_; but we must remember that we are in the _age of perceptions_, where the sensations and the memory as well as the primitive associations are involved precisely in the characteristic progress of natural development. Moreover our children are already prepared by various exercises of the senses, and by methodical construction of ideas and mental associations to perceive the graphic signs; something like a patrimony of perceptive ideas offers material to the language in the process of development. The child who recognises a triangle and calls it a triangle can recognise a letter _s_ and denominate it by the sound _s_. This is obvious.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01474", "bookId": 39863, "start": 619270, "end": 619542, "sha256": "ebe6abf5a4b9a0521f77739976f75137db039b41920ea7369cd3d8b2c6b9e902", "text": "Let us not talk of premature teaching; ridding ourselves of prejudices, let us appeal to experience which shows that in reality children proceed without effort, nay rather with evident manifestations of pleasure to the recognition of graphic signs presented as objects.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01475", "bookId": 39863, "start": 619546, "end": 619560, "sha256": "a7d04715f7b106d0798812fbf3e6f78563c35d0e503460e8ad87770a7742cba1", "text": "[Illustration]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01476", "bookId": 39863, "start": 619564, "end": 619661, "sha256": "962a2d00d4fb58cabd5ee032287679ce6b29458cdec2eb1d1c9f8b7cff3b35cf", "text": "And with this premise let us consider the relations between the mechanisms of the two languages.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01477", "bookId": 39863, "start": 619665, "end": 619989, "sha256": "90fbf60d19871b812cc22c23b26cf761324bc3d2d1c38d62017c6900434aca99", "text": "The child of three or four has already long begun his articulate language according to our scheme. But he finds himself in the period in which the _mechanism of articulate language is being perfected_; a period contemporary with that in which he is acquiring a content of language along with the patrimony of perception.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01478", "bookId": 39863, "start": 619993, "end": 620534, "sha256": "da0c66a09dea844923d3bb32b53f53bfc67208606ba237a3e146d29aa3c3f17e", "text": "The child has perhaps not heard perfectly in all their component parts the words which he pronounces, and, if he has heard them perfectly, they may have been pronounced badly, and consequently have left an erroneous auditory perception. It would be well that the child, by exercising the motor channels of articulate language should establish exactly the movements necessary to a perfect articulation, _before_ the age of easy motor adaptations is passed, and, by the fixation of erroneous mechanisms, the defects become incorrigible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01479", "bookId": 39863, "start": 620538, "end": 621175, "sha256": "db5a2907a1a43a0b57ac946291531edbaa4b46ae60c23110dfb17528267eafa3", "text": "To this end the _analysis of speech_ is necessary. As when we wish to perfect the language we first start children at composition and then pass to grammatical study; and when we wish to perfect the style we first teach to write grammatically and then come to the analysis of style--so when we wish to perfect the _speech_ it is first necessary that the speech _exist_, and then it is proper to proceed to its analysis. When, therefore, the child _speaks_, but before the completion of the development of speech which renders it fixed in mechanisms already established, the speech should be analysed with a view to perfecting it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01480", "bookId": 39863, "start": 621179, "end": 621379, "sha256": "d3454029cc3f783fbf0ca04888cda7b5f3eab082b6d0896deac4fc31ece9eab0", "text": "Now, as grammar and rhetoric are not possible with the spoken language but demand recourse to the written language which keeps ever before the eye the discourse to be analysed, so it is with speech.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01481", "bookId": 39863, "start": 621383, "end": 621427, "sha256": "ce531c1a98a166dc1b937ad87b59a03c99db109ffd3e40263d01aa1c45dfba1e", "text": "The analysis of the transient is impossible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01482", "bookId": 39863, "start": 621431, "end": 621564, "sha256": "071310e65138303b129841a82bc212139a699169d53903832cf5f77d9d569cfb", "text": "The language must be materialised and made stable. Hence the necessity of the written word or the word represented by graphic signs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01483", "bookId": 39863, "start": 621568, "end": 621921, "sha256": "06c94e71928710284f3949c6e5d25d27fc1f02516d8897f1ccafe675bb703d16", "text": "In the third stage of my method for writing, that is, composition of speech, is included the _analysis of the word_ not only into signs, but into the component sounds; the signs representing its translation. The child, that is, _divides_ the heard word which he perceives integrally as a _word_, knowing also its meanings, into sounds and syllables.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01484", "bookId": 39863, "start": 621925, "end": 621939, "sha256": "a7d04715f7b106d0798812fbf3e6f78563c35d0e503460e8ad87770a7742cba1", "text": "[Illustration]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01485", "bookId": 39863, "start": 621943, "end": 622087, "sha256": "4fb25ca73bd7eab4821a062002af1993443ec1e591dde705c8ae5366ac723c34", "text": "Let me call attention to the following diagram which represents the interrelation of the two mechanisms for writing and for articulate speech.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01486", "bookId": 39863, "start": 622091, "end": 622317, "sha256": "1fec0edd10fe5883ceb1d6b7588ceeb4008cf7a8936a3abe7cebae59f3a7c529", "text": "[Illustration: The peripheric channels are indicated by heavy lines; the central channels of association by dotted lines; and those referring to association in relation to the development of the heard speech by light lines.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01487", "bookId": 39863, "start": 622321, "end": 622651, "sha256": "0eb8e1a918d4a34543b76e670534fe3f57bc6e11885def33a3b410e3d38dbfd6", "text": "_E_ ear; _So_ auditory centre of sounds; _Sy_ auditory centre of syllables; _W_ auditory centre of word; _M_ motor centre of the articulate speech; _T_ external organs of articulate speech (tongue); _H_ external organs of writing (hand); _MC_ motor centre of writing; _VC_ visual centre of graphic signs; _V_ organ of vision.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01488", "bookId": 39863, "start": 622655, "end": 623198, "sha256": "06274d0968f467314c0f8e78c808e2d198cd3d6ce9bbfd453fc723113520876e", "text": "Whereas in the development of spoken language the sound composing the word might be imperfectly perceived, here in the teaching of the graphic sign corresponding to the sound (which teaching consists in presenting to the child a sandpaper letter, naming it _distinctly_ and making the child _see_ it and _touch_ it), not only is the perception of the heard sound _clearly_ fixed--separately and clearly--but this perception is associated with two others: the centro-motor perception and the centro-visual perception of the written sign.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01489", "bookId": 39863, "start": 623202, "end": 623320, "sha256": "dac751b77be98b63a1c8d78c2ab79bc8f44be2c25585ad5f30cf097038c5e1b6", "text": "The triangle _VC_, _MC_, _So_ represents the association of three sensations in relation with the analysis of speech.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01490", "bookId": 39863, "start": 623324, "end": 623717, "sha256": "90b278b93b9ec236b97dc10f29b0b1e36f100e162fbd5819eacf82c8d286bd19", "text": "When the letter is presented to the child and he is made to touch and see it, while it is being named, the centripetal channels _ESo_; _H_, _MC_, _So_; _V_, _VC_, _So_ are acting and when the child is made to name the letter, alone or accompanied by a vowel, the external stimulus acts in _V_ and passes through the channels _V_, _VC_, _So_, _M_, _T_; and _V_, _CV_, _So_, _Sy_, _M_, _T_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01491", "bookId": 39863, "start": 623721, "end": 624578, "sha256": "da068ed8fb30114c5cdb8768cfe479291099d6937279029e41cb7d406b3f20b6", "text": "When these channels of association have been established by presenting visual stimuli in the graphic sign, the corresponding movements of articulate language can be provoked and studied one by one in their defects; while, by maintaining the visual stimulus of the graphic sign which provokes articulation and accompanying it by the auditory stimulus of the corresponding _sound_ uttered by the teacher, their articulation can be perfected; this articulation is by innate conditions connected with the __heard speech; that is, in the course of the pronunciation provoked by the visual stimulus, and during the repetition of the relative movements of the organs of language, the auditory stimulus which is introduced into the exercise contributes to the perfecting of the pronunciation of the isolated or syllabic sounds composing the spoken word.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01492", "bookId": 39863, "start": 624582, "end": 624846, "sha256": "1637f2aaa8ace908f58aeb24aa42d3fae34c9861da9dfedf20d817172b838733", "text": "When later the child writes under dictation, translating into signs the sounds of speech, he analyses the heard speech into its sounds, translating them into graphic movements through channels already rendered permeable by the corresponding muscular sensations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01493", "bookId": 39863, "start": 624852, "end": 624896, "sha256": "509540c931e1f995f5f8b20a5315fa66840d1332ba16d5249acf8cef05e1ed08", "text": "DEFECTS OF LANGUAGE DUE TO LACK OF EDUCATION", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01494", "bookId": 39863, "start": 624900, "end": 625655, "sha256": "33b66bdd4b5749bebcc31d8cb8445c5a8a3f0a3a0e9a7a8d4865fb1a60fc4967", "text": "Defects and imperfections of language are in part due to organic causes, consisting in malformations or in pathological alterations of the nervous system; but in part they are connected with functional defects acquired in the period of the formation of language and consist in an erratic pronunciation of the component sounds of the spoken word. Such errors are acquired by the child who hears words imperfectly pronounced, or _hears bad speech_, The dialectic accent enters into this category; but there also enter vicious habits which make the natural defects of the articulate language of childhood persist in the child, or which provoke in him by imitation the defects of language peculiar to the persons who surrounded him in his childhood.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01495", "bookId": 39863, "start": 625659, "end": 626787, "sha256": "3d590d5f2df3f7284be2dea52fd6ed25b5d3e21fd1a987ba8cb0fcfa0dd30e7c", "text": "The normal defects of child language are due to the fact that the complicated muscular agencies of the organs of articulate language do not yet function well and are consequently incapable of reproducing the _sound_ which was the sensory stimulus of a certain innate movement. The association of the movements necessary to the articulation of the spoken words is established little by little. The result is a language made of words with sounds which are imperfect and often lacking (whence incomplete words). Such defects are grouped under the name _blæsitas_ and are especially due to the fact that the child is not yet capable of directing the movements of his tongue. They comprise chiefly: _sigmatism_ or imperfect pronunciation of _s_; _rhotacism_ or imperfect pronunciation of _r_; _lambdacism_ or imperfect pronunciation of _l_; _gammacism_ or imperfect pronunciation, of _g_; _iotacism_, defective pronunciation of the gutturals; _mogilalia_, imperfect pronunciation of the labials, and according to some authors, as Preyer, mogilalia is made to include also the suppression of the first sound of a word.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01496", "bookId": 39863, "start": 626791, "end": 626986, "sha256": "2b0bb4b9a53e66d04253889eccfca1841f0c5c778f3d7bfc899987416a1e8280", "text": "Some defects of pronunciation which concern the utterance of the vowel sound as well as that of the consonant are due to the fact that the child _reproduces perfectly_ sounds imperfectly heard.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01497", "bookId": 39863, "start": 626990, "end": 627265, "sha256": "72bc359ce0739b768bf1f00093414c0f19a0b957c9b4fb816708de480fb177a9", "text": "In the first case, then, it is a matter of functional insufficiencies of the peripheral motor organ and hence of the nervous channels, and the cause lies in the individual; whereas in the second case the error is caused by the auditory stimulus and the cause lies outside.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01498", "bookId": 39863, "start": 627269, "end": 627504, "sha256": "cc09b7197051a25d06a6301d8eb4c6212e4efae301e5a47a5484251cb59d0ad6", "text": "These defects often persist, however attenuated, in the boy and the adult: and produce finally an erroneous language to which will later be added in writing orthographical errors, such for example as dialectic orthographical errors.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01499", "bookId": 39863, "start": 627508, "end": 628027, "sha256": "71d2a116c43e8b4ad19145b90249c8e6bcad258eca48ff9b9a5e52676b976bee", "text": "If one considers the charm of human speech one is bound to acknowledge the inferiority of one who does not possess a correct spoken language; and an æsthetic conception in education cannot be imagined unless special care be devoted to perfecting articulate language. Although the Greeks had transmitted to Rome the art of educating in language, this practice was not resumed by Humanism which cared more for the æsthetics of the environment and the revival of artistic works than for the perfecting of the man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01500", "bookId": 39863, "start": 628031, "end": 628380, "sha256": "10296f2a547d4da9f2bacdebd41ca3739495c48adb2ddc498fd77dc5d575de8d", "text": "To-day we are just beginning to introduce the practice of correcting by pedagogical methods the serious defects of language, such as stammering; but the idea of _linguistic gymnastics_ tending to its perfection has not yet penetrated into our schools as a _universal method_, and as a detail of the great work of the æsthetic perfecting of man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01501", "bookId": 39863, "start": 628384, "end": 629201, "sha256": "9a1130f77427cc892f8a7458f420e243fcd61400f388f170ee1f61aa9b8b0c42", "text": "Some teachers of deaf mutes and intelligent devotees of orthophony are trying nowadays with small practical success to introduce into the elementary schools the correction of the various forms of _blæsitas_, as a result of statistical studies which have demonstrated the wide diffusion of such defects among the pupils. The exercises consist essentially in _silence_ cures which procure calm and repose for the organs of language, and in patient _repetition_ of the _separate_ vowel and consonant _sounds_; to these exercises is added also respiratory gymnastics. This is not the place to describe in detail the methods of these exercises which are long and patient and quite out of harmony with the teachings of the school. But in my methods are to be found all exercises for the corrections of language:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01502", "bookId": 39863, "start": 629205, "end": 629316, "sha256": "b5dce5ad7e4c66b78f93f9f482c66115e88421c5f4f4973707371fe3e34d2e26", "text": "(_a_) _Exercises of Silence_, which prepare the nervous channels of language to receive new stimuli perfectly;", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01503", "bookId": 39863, "start": 629320, "end": 629867, "sha256": "e214c48e80bb57875188b1727447bade4e7ca9292c1a3cbc758ca8eee52abef9", "text": "(_b_) _Lessons_ which consist first of the distinct pronunciation by the teacher of _few words_ (especially of _nouns_ which must be associated with a concrete idea); by this means clear and perfect _auditory stimuli_ of language are started, stimuli which are _repeated_ by the teacher when the child has conceived the idea of the object represented by the word (recognition of the object); finally of the provocation of articulate language on the part of the child who must repeat _that word alone_ aloud, pronouncing its separate sounds;", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01504", "bookId": 39863, "start": 629871, "end": 630199, "sha256": "7e6d13f035678d4e2af23fd4654e74469425acd28da8bfb75d32839a422833bd", "text": "(_c_) _Exercises in Graphic Language_, which analyse the sounds of speech and cause them to be repeated separately in several ways: that is, when the child learns the separate letters of the alphabet and when he composes or writes words, repeating their sounds which he translates separately into composed or written speech;", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01505", "bookId": 39863, "start": 630203, "end": 630323, "sha256": "ecf17d76a77b6987bc98a73566292837d157b918ba454a7a8a0c63a24086fa75", "text": "(_d_) _Gymnastic Exercises_, which comprise, as we have seen, both _respiratory exercises_ and those of _articulation_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01506", "bookId": 39863, "start": 630327, "end": 630713, "sha256": "6ce1134181d93dec617cd0a18aa78d29b9621153ad9e666a6499e7e9fa4f6218", "text": "I believe that in the schools of the future the conception will disappear which is beginning to-day of \"_correcting in the elementary schools_\" the defects of language; and will be replaced by the more rational one of _avoiding them by caring for the development of language_ in the \"Children's Houses\"; that is, in the very age in which language is being established in the child.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01507", "bookId": 39863, "start": 630723, "end": 630734, "sha256": "c33af66c45cd9a3f1ff1e22aeea0b6adac079be3437a10846a8a43074861fecd", "text": "CHAPTER XIX", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01508", "bookId": 39863, "start": 630738, "end": 630788, "sha256": "d1f0f69a536b42185733ff551e11059fcdea8181c26d2348a73b5ecb635cc3bc", "text": "TEACHING OF NUMERATION; INTRODUCTION TO ARITHMETIC", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01509", "bookId": 39863, "start": 630794, "end": 631205, "sha256": "dd5bc897fbf963e9d5e72c339cdfc03a7ea8e5f5c100ae26c604e7d379650dc2", "text": "Children of three years already know how to count as far as two or three when they enter our schools. They therefore _very easily_ learn numeration, which consists _in counting objects_. A dozen different ways may serve toward this end, and daily life presents many opportunities; when the mother says, for instance, \"There are two buttons missing from your apron,\" or \"We need three more plates at table.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01510", "bookId": 39863, "start": 631209, "end": 631442, "sha256": "3537ade7986c4ce50377f79c44ee91c0993671630de4163683282fa71d186c59", "text": "One of the first means used by me, is that of counting with money. I obtain _new_ money, and if it were possible I should have good reproductions made in cardboard. I have seen such money used in a school for deficients in London.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01511", "bookId": 39863, "start": 631446, "end": 631650, "sha256": "a154d61d3e274847c8c8e064bf54edb1fa8719d2f52649828988419b0b83ec2a", "text": "The _making of change_ is a form of numeration so attractive as to hold the attention of the child. I present the one, two, and four centime pieces and the children, in this way learn to count to _ten_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01512", "bookId": 39863, "start": 631654, "end": 631913, "sha256": "c02032df0e352a04f4e60768d979d7cf7432dd0c8416441f708a3a0efbe13367", "text": "No form of instruction is more _practical_ than that tending to make children familiar with the coins in common use, and no exercise is more useful than that of making change. It is so closely related to daily life that it interests all children intensely.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01513", "bookId": 39863, "start": 631917, "end": 632386, "sha256": "53ff63294fb3d731e7145f2d42e25348d74874c5627abdfc8b2bf9d222b5c0d4", "text": "Having taught numeration in this empiric mode, I pass to more methodical exercises, having as didactic material one of the sets of blocks already used in the education of the senses; namely, the series of ten rods heretofore used for the teaching of length. The shortest of these rods corresponds to a decimetre, the longest to a metre, while the intervening rods are divided into sections a decimetre in length. The sections are painted alternately red and blue.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01514", "bookId": 39863, "start": 632390, "end": 632404, "sha256": "a7d04715f7b106d0798812fbf3e6f78563c35d0e503460e8ad87770a7742cba1", "text": "[Illustration]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01515", "bookId": 39863, "start": 632408, "end": 633303, "sha256": "2e3041fc2413ce653c4f2e8298591fd33dd8da65f8e1bd3cd6bde6f9c26ea018", "text": "Some day, when a child has arranged the rods, placing them in order of length, we have him count the red and blue signs, beginning with the smallest piece; that is, _one_; one, two; one, two, three, etc., always going back to one in the counting of each rod, and starting from the side A. We then have him name the single rods from the shortest to the longest, according to the total number of the sections which each contains, touching the rods at the sides B, on which side the stair ascends. This results in the same numeration as when we counted the longest rod--1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Wishing to know the number of rods, we count them from the side A and the same numeration results; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. This correspondence of the three sides of the triangle causes the child to verify his knowledge and as the exercise interests him he repeats it many times.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01516", "bookId": 39863, "start": 633307, "end": 634092, "sha256": "209b537ce0e10eabc2b03d44f55a4cc970f40c4bb7f4472bbeb62f826a01c727", "text": "We now unite to the exercises in _numeration_ the earlier, sensory exercises in which the child recognised the long and short rods. Having mixed the rods upon a carpet, the directress selects one, and showing it to the child, has him count the sections; for example, 5. She then asks him to give her the one next in length. He selects it _by his eye_, and the directress has him _verify_ his choice by _placing the two pieces side by side and by counting their sections_. Such exercises may be repeated in great variety and through them the child learns to assign a _particular name to each one of the pieces in the long stair_. We may now call them piece number one; piece number two, etc., and finally, for brevity, may speak of them in the lessons as one, two, three, etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01517", "bookId": 39863, "start": 634098, "end": 634145, "sha256": "caaae969da7e3584727d369bb69048e88d8471c29cfeff10e822d645d6ed2456", "text": "THE NUMBERS AS REPRESENTED BY THE GRAPHIC SIGNS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01518", "bookId": 39863, "start": 634149, "end": 634503, "sha256": "4e39a7d7f8863e11caf9d08a1415593e4c72f9b4b27bb900930fbb53edba1d0a", "text": "At this point, if the child already knows how to write, we may present the figures cut in sandpaper and mounted upon cards. In presenting these, the method is the same used in teaching the letters. \"This is one.\" \"This is two.\" \"Give me one.\" \"Give me two.\" \"What _number_ is this?\" The child traces the number with his finger as he did the letters.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01519", "bookId": 39863, "start": 634507, "end": 634584, "sha256": "2e8118c525fd839df2cd342270ce6fbba359e179e06eb2048da8acb6b6d8a8ee", "text": "_Exercises with Numbers._ Association of the graphic sign with the quantity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01520", "bookId": 39863, "start": 634588, "end": 634820, "sha256": "76f3010d6a84cf30782aa326987ee98e09b527096bc181e891af35672d9d646b", "text": "I have designed two trays each divided into five little compartments. At the back of each compartment may be placed a card bearing a figure. The figures in the first tray should be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and in the second, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01521", "bookId": 39863, "start": 634824, "end": 635391, "sha256": "6c0a3eef0837965a612b8a3ffd196f68b307734220cece09ff4a2e52686fd502", "text": "The exercise is obvious; it consists in placing within the compartments a number of objects corresponding to the figure indicated upon the card at the back of the compartment. We give the children various objects in order to vary the lesson, but chiefly make use of large wooden pegs so shaped that they will not roll off the desk. We place a number of these before the child whose part is to arrange them in their places, one peg corresponding to the card marked one, etc. When he has finished he takes his tray to the directress that she may verify his work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01522", "bookId": 39863, "start": 635395, "end": 636520, "sha256": "e32c8022b27358fec8d82885f4ea4415531879e38a8b9c41b44c2efe5314f3c4", "text": "_The Lesson on Zero._ We wait until the child, pointing to the compartment containing the card marked zero, asks, \"And what must I put in here?\" We then reply, \"Nothing; zero is nothing.\" But often this is not enough. It is necessary to make the child _feel_ what we mean by _nothing_. To this end we make use of little games which vastly entertain the children. I stand among them, and turning to one of them who has already used this material, I say, \"Come, dear, come to me _zero_ times.\" The child almost always comes to me, and then runs back to his place. \"But, my boy, you came _one_ time, and I told you to come _zero_ times.\" Then he begins to wonder. \"But what must I do, then?\" \"Nothing; zero is nothing.\" \"But how shall I do nothing?\" \"Don't do anything. You must sit still. You must not come at all, not any times. Zero times. No times at all.\" I repeat these exercises until the children understand, and they are then, immensely amused at remaining quiet when I call to them to come to me zero times, or to throw me zero kisses. They themselves often cry out, \"Zero is nothing! Zero is nothing!\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01523", "bookId": 39863, "start": 636526, "end": 636561, "sha256": "a85d8b8e0532cc863d89076aeafa77f70209af6cab69e95947179087a611b0ca", "text": "EXERCISES FOR THE MEMORY OF NUMBERS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01524", "bookId": 39863, "start": 636565, "end": 636710, "sha256": "b4a4a85d441003ec780527582c577f3ebfe9e2d386bd70ba65d17edcae69d16f", "text": "When the children recognise the written figure, and when this figure signifies to them the numerical value, I give them the following exercise:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01525", "bookId": 39863, "start": 636714, "end": 637622, "sha256": "762671ba5a7ac386aa5434f57d72ddacb29859135f0908a8162664edd1b8d564", "text": "I cut the figures from old calendars and mount them upon slips of paper which are then folded and dropped into a box. The children draw out the slips, carry them still folded, to their seats, where they look at them and refold them, _conserving the secret_. Then, one by one, or in groups, these children (who are naturally the oldest ones in the class) go to the large table of the directress where groups of various small objects have been placed. Each one selects _the quantity_ of objects corresponding to the number he has drawn. The number, meanwhile, has been left _at the child's place_, a slip of paper mysteriously folded. The child, therefore, must _remember_ his number not only during the movements which he makes in coming and going, but while he collects his pieces, counting them one by one. The directress may here make interesting individual observations upon the number memory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01526", "bookId": 39863, "start": 637626, "end": 637885, "sha256": "fa02e13abf9f9d951093d4edcc87e2a1231751ae8b17eba1a53cc1c042392046", "text": "When the child has gathered up his objects he arranges them upon his own table, in columns of two, and if the number is uneven, he places the odd piece at the bottom and between the last two objects. The arrangement of the pieces is therefore as follows:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01527", "bookId": 39863, "start": 637891, "end": 638079, "sha256": "3768016003fd71aaa215108820abb877541607919fbe716a2f20c2db17da479b", "text": "o o o o o o o o o o X XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX X XX XX XX XX XX XX XX X XX XX XX XX XX X XX XX XX X XX", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01528", "bookId": 39863, "start": 638083, "end": 638330, "sha256": "ae8baecb0586ae523036d54edfe90da5512110c5fd2b6a88e098041dbd5b8bf6", "text": "The crosses represent the objects, while the circle stands for the folded slip containing the figure. Having arranged his objects, the child awaits the verification. The directress comes, opens the slip, reads the number, and counts the pieces.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01529", "bookId": 39863, "start": 638334, "end": 638882, "sha256": "46ac35d212c60b060d0434e3f12b033469bca3ad90664eabdae6d4a9eef966f5", "text": "When we first played this game it often happened that the children took _more objects_ than were called for upon the card, and this was not always because they did not remember the number, but arose from a mania for the having the greatest number of objects. A little of that instinctive greediness, which is common to primitive and uncultured man. The directress seeks to explain to the children that it is useless to have all those things upon the desk, and that the point of the game lies in taking the exact number of objects called for.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01530", "bookId": 39863, "start": 638886, "end": 639686, "sha256": "6315e2513a5a2c5e2aa1a9515f9effee1d8e165f27951198763cebf30881bf12", "text": "Little by little they enter into this idea, but not so easily as one might suppose. It is a real effort of self-denial which holds the child within the set limit, and makes him take, for example, only two of the objects placed at his disposal, while he sees others taking more. I therefore consider this game more an exercise of will power than of numeration. The child who has the _zero_, should not move from his place when he sees all his companions rising and taking freely of the objects which are inaccessible to him. Many times zero falls to the lot of a child who knows how to count perfectly, and who would experience great pleasure in accumulating and arranging a fine group of objects in the proper order upon his table, and in awaiting with security the teacher's verification.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01531", "bookId": 39863, "start": 639690, "end": 640819, "sha256": "6891457e2b7704767a0a8cba160b4b8e709cc25e11c6b5d310fea6c91eb5e26a", "text": "It is most interesting to study the expressions upon the faces of those who possess zero. The individual differences which result are almost a revelation of the \"character\" of each one. Some remain impassive, assuming a bold front in order to hide the pain of the disappointment; others show this disappointment by involuntary gestures. Still others cannot hide the smile which is called forth by the singular situation in which they find themselves, and which will make their friends curious. There are little ones who follow every movement of their companions with a look of desire, almost of envy, while others show instant acceptance of the situation. No less interesting are the expressions with which they confess to the holding of the zero, when asked during the verification, \"and you, you haven't taken anything?\" \"I have zero.\" \"It is zero.\" These are the usual words, but the expressive face, the tone of the voice, show widely varying sentiments. Rare, indeed, are those who seem to give with pleasure the explanation of an extraordinary fact. The greater number either look unhappy or merely resigned.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01532", "bookId": 39863, "start": 640823, "end": 641196, "sha256": "1b8fd196a87ee70662f631bf133927c11542f6f96e5f672bcaa2fe5c969700a0", "text": "We therefore give lessons upon the meaning of the game, saying, \"It is hard to keep the zero secret. Fold the paper tightly and don't let it slip away. It is the most difficult of all.\" Indeed, after awhile, the very difficulty of remaining quiet appeals to the children, and when they open the slip marked zero it can be seen that they are content to keep the secret.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01533", "bookId": 39863, "start": 641202, "end": 641274, "sha256": "2c3cc1db9c595d044f5ceab3df77d91aa2ffac75ba6a09fa260e19e9b00011e1", "text": "ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION FROM ONE TO TWENTY: MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01534", "bookId": 39863, "start": 641278, "end": 641540, "sha256": "f750a29fff774c8a7456ce727b4b07c4528f47bce29646af8939d47299ec5cd5", "text": "The didactic material which we use for the teaching of the first arithmetical operations is the same already used for numeration; that is, the rods graduated as to length which, arranged on the scale of the metre, contain the first idea of the decimal system.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01535", "bookId": 39863, "start": 641544, "end": 641729, "sha256": "59709b6956dd505cc066a365d93d38e02cb1816d90e0de5e336f91c8bdbe68ef", "text": "The rods, as I have said, have come to be called by the numbers which they represent; one, two, three, etc. They are arranged in order of length, which is also in order of numeration.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01536", "bookId": 39863, "start": 641733, "end": 642401, "sha256": "03c7b1620f70b3895e0d0ee43344ec7152537dbcf2ec9ad062436fa5b5cb8aca", "text": "The first exercise consists in trying to put the shorter pieces together in such a way as to form tens. The most simple way of doing this is to take successively the shortest rods, from one up, and place them at the end of the corresponding long rods from nine down. This may be accompanied by the commands, \"Take one and add it to nine; take two and add it to eight; take three and add it to seven; take four and add it to six.\" In this way we make four rods equal to ten. There remains the five, but, turning this upon its head (in the long sense), it passes from one end of the ten to the other, and thus makes clear the fact that two times five makes ten.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01537", "bookId": 39863, "start": 642405, "end": 642822, "sha256": "8b692e5ed987e33238f249709769e80f7b801aeda51c3f22202940bb4c7b85ef", "text": "These exercises are repeated and little by little the child is taught the more technical language; nine plus one equals ten, eight plus two equals ten, seven plus three equals ten, six plus four equals ten, and for the five, which remains, two times five equals ten. At last, if he can write, we teach the signs _plus_ and _equals_ and _times_. Then this is what we see in the neat note-books of our little ones:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01538", "bookId": 39863, "start": 642828, "end": 642897, "sha256": "aecccd3d5775306869bd97c5e3551870caecf5c1d60f7bf3134052a2d31ce3b2", "text": "9 + 1 = 10 8 + 2 = 10 5 × 2 = 10 7 + 3 = 10 6 + 4 = 10", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01539", "bookId": 39863, "start": 642901, "end": 643504, "sha256": "b0f606380cfbae58ebcba03b1c33575ccc9a66ea9a2a4813d4c7bde137b52898", "text": "When all this is well learned and has been put upon the paper with great pleasure by the children, we call their attention to the work which is done when the pieces grouped together to form tens are taken apart, and put back in their original positions. From the ten last formed we take away four and six remains; from the next we take away three and seven remains; from the next, two and eight remains; from the last, we take away one and nine remains. Speaking of this properly we say, ten less four equals six; ten less three equals seven; ten less two equals eight; ten less one equals nine.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01540", "bookId": 39863, "start": 643508, "end": 643720, "sha256": "ecc9b695c6a1855c2e5a82c72e9483b33c01c6ac578d04c36fc26a77b34b8b67", "text": "In regard to the remaining five, it is the half of ten, and by cutting the long rod in two, that is dividing ten by two, we would have five; ten divided by two equals five. The written record of all this reads:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01541", "bookId": 39863, "start": 643726, "end": 643794, "sha256": "d83c6a91b53db45b5b9012c7af9790ce87729b426021f83046f86660be3328ef", "text": "10 - 4 = 6 10 - 3 = 7 10 ÷ 2 = 5 10 - 2 = 8 10 - 1 = 9", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01542", "bookId": 39863, "start": 643798, "end": 644443, "sha256": "127f4e0430048214f00bcc66543921e8f3c18ec29f333cf465ca1683744ba9a1", "text": "Once the children have mastered this exercise they multiply it spontaneously. Can we make three in two ways? We place the one after the two and then write, in order that we may remember what we have done, 2 + 1 = 3. Can we make two rods equal to number four? 3 + 1 = 4, and 4 - 3 = 1; 4 - 1 = 3. Rod number two in its relation to rod number four is treated as was five in relation to ten; that is, we turn it over and show that it is contained in four exactly two times: 4 ÷ 2 = 2; 2 × 2 = 4. Another problem: let us see with how many rods we can play this same game. We can do it with three and six; and with four and eight; that is,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01543", "bookId": 39863, "start": 644450, "end": 644560, "sha256": "7138bb5e2c4726282a81560572133a3cf92b6ef333a7be156a1cbb8fa22c3fbb", "text": "2 × 2 = 4 3 × 2 = 6 4 × 2 = 8 5 × 2 = 10 10 ÷ 2 = 5 8 ÷ 2 = 4 6 ÷ 2 = 3 4 ÷ 2 = 2", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01544", "bookId": 39863, "start": 644564, "end": 644659, "sha256": "1fc76d948f71d608e9d7fc3d43637506633def6c61e6a4e918bd3a14ddb6db41", "text": "At this point we find that the cubes with which we played the number memory games are of help:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01545", "bookId": 39863, "start": 644668, "end": 644882, "sha256": "5b12ed7d5182e7efcf8d81346e6df4f58bd36985ab50546796dc4626da0ce5ed", "text": "2 4 6 8 10 X X|X XX X|X XX X|X XX X|X XX X|X | X X|X XX X|X XX X|X XX X|X | | X X|X XX X|X XX X|X | | | X X|X XX X|X | | | | X X|X", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01546", "bookId": 39863, "start": 644886, "end": 645438, "sha256": "0d896a1b8932dcd3e9c7580c8d64ce879ce08b86f6c131c7e6f2f83b8924deb2", "text": "From this arrangement, one sees at once which are the numbers which can be divided by two--all those which have not an odd cube at the bottom. These are the even numbers, because they can be arranged in pairs, two by two; and the division by two is easy, all that is necessary being to separate the two lines of twos that stand one under the other. Counting the cubes of each file we have the quotient. To recompose the primitive number we need only reassemble the two files thus 2 × 3 = 6. All this is not difficult for children of five years.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01547", "bookId": 39863, "start": 645442, "end": 645905, "sha256": "e8c4f6830905a53ca39c9e34b0575859c8b0b7fa9fea547e9c1482968d0a7a07", "text": "The repetition soon becomes monotonous, but the exercises may be most easily changed, taking again the set of long rods, and instead of placing rod number one after nine, place it after ten. In the same way, place two after nine, and three after eight. In this way we make rods of a greater length than ten; lengths which we must learn to name eleven, twelve, thirteen, etc., as far as twenty. The little cubes, too, may be used to fix these higher numbers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01548", "bookId": 39863, "start": 645909, "end": 646074, "sha256": "88e0d031dc255bfdea22bf9eb07e389256ed8bd85f7c2cc8142d6b6b39518faf", "text": "Having learned the operations through ten, we proceed with no difficulty to twenty. The one difficulty lies in the _decimal numbers_ which require certain lessons.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01549", "bookId": 39863, "start": 646080, "end": 646137, "sha256": "dcf3ba7c4cdb0128a97bd682b1cf99b9449ebb5eee5a63e466e64ef0dc73656d", "text": "LESSONS ON DECIMALS: ARITHMETICAL CALCULATIONS BEYOND TEN", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01550", "bookId": 39863, "start": 646141, "end": 647311, "sha256": "473e5e2758e705aeb54dafedb8ff80f9a75deb2ec067c7ef900b9105a9e56bce", "text": "The necessary didactic material consists of a number of square cards upon which the figure ten is printed in large type, and of other rectangular cards, half the size of the square, and containing the single numbers from one to nine. We place the numbers in a line; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Then, having no more numbers, we must begin over again and take the 1 again. This 1 is like that section in the set of rods which, in rod number 10, extends beyond nine. Counting along _the stair_ as far as nine, there remains this one section which, as there are no more numbers, we again designate as 1; but this is a higher 1 than the first, and to distinguish it from the first we put near it a zero, a sign which means nothing. Here then is 10. Covering the zero with the separate rectangular number cards in the order of their succession we see formed: 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. These numbers are composed by adding to rod number 10, first rod number 1, then 2, then 3, etc., until we finally add rod number 9 to rod number 10, thus obtaining a very long rod, which, when its alternating red and blue sections are counted, gives us nineteen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01551", "bookId": 39863, "start": 647315, "end": 647723, "sha256": "f7810146bcc1b9cb54e0b25f31e4b5db41e048d8e458091d9d225e653b306269", "text": "The directress may then show to the child the cards, giving the number 16, and he may place rod 6 after rod 10. She then takes away the card bearing 6, and places over the zero the card bearing the figure 8, whereupon the child takes away rod 6 and replaces it with rod 8, thus making 18. Each of these acts may be recorded thus: 10 + 6 = 16; 10 + 8 = 18, etc. We proceed in the same way to subtraction.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01552", "bookId": 39863, "start": 647727, "end": 647962, "sha256": "63e1756220ba70440b6fbf59de7a8aac01c60db652f6e8ddcc460a3fa5cc408c", "text": "When the number itself begins to have a clear meaning to the child, the combinations are made upon one long card, arranging the rectangular cards bearing the nine figures upon the two columns of numbers shown in the figures A and B.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01553", "bookId": 39863, "start": 647971, "end": 648190, "sha256": "d883e58c9604e342cf36c2fe2d2d0f06a8af9fe970ab9b26f624f4afa773665e", "text": "A B +----+ +----+ | 10 | | 10 | | 10 | | 20 | | 10 | | 30 | | 10 | | 40 | | 10 | | 50 | | 10 | | 60 | | 10 | | 70 | | 10 | | 80 | | 10 | | 90 | +----+ +----+", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01554", "bookId": 39863, "start": 648194, "end": 648441, "sha256": "45b73ac8ddbb87c45da0a9d410568ad836809deba39e282bd92f5ffbd4bd9714", "text": "Upon the card A we superimpose upon the zero of the second 10, the rectangular card bearing the 1: and under this the one bearing two, etc. Thus while the one of the ten remains the same the numbers to the right proceed from zero to nine, thus:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01555", "bookId": 39863, "start": 648445, "end": 648551, "sha256": "a14bd8bb821afbcb5cbce02ad00f8e2a74a056cfa4f02906228034879c7cdfd4", "text": "In card B the applications are more complex. The cards are superimposed in numerical progression by tens.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01556", "bookId": 39863, "start": 648557, "end": 648683, "sha256": "8482af6711d1c4a4e2ac87c3ac608d41a431747b2dad1b3476fd4badd99385e7", "text": "+----+ | 10 | | 11 | | 12 | | 13 | | 14 | | 15 | | 16 | | 17 | | 18 | | 19 | | 20 | +----+", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01557", "bookId": 39863, "start": 648687, "end": 648825, "sha256": "be017168f87e3aed609263cf013a4db92bee64cd7a4ee5675890d4a8c28ee012", "text": "Almost all our children count to 100, a number which was given to them in response to the curiosity they showed in regard to learning it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01558", "bookId": 39863, "start": 648829, "end": 649062, "sha256": "ef9251ed460b788b93ed79562d6e1fefb1fb54098bd31886db60fdf62000b405", "text": "I do not believe that this phase of the teaching needs further illustrations. Each teacher may multiply the practical exercises in the arithmetical operations, using simple objects which the children can readily handle and divide.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01559", "bookId": 39863, "start": 649072, "end": 649082, "sha256": "87a7197cfad1e765eddbf2e07a06a173fbd7fb1e93803bc2e27400f0eaeb2236", "text": "CHAPTER XX", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01560", "bookId": 39863, "start": 649086, "end": 649107, "sha256": "a16b599b88de0678fe5c7fcfd5cb452ae8b2a35bb90cca1c85d6d2e20c73abc6", "text": "SEQUENCE OF EXERCISES", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01561", "bookId": 39863, "start": 649113, "end": 649280, "sha256": "8d6a958b0a2e85a2ece369b2a9b292d6fc786ea1f1934c73cb344cbb27fb6994", "text": "In the practical application of the method it is helpful to know the sequence, or the various series, of exercises which must be presented to the child successively.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01562", "bookId": 39863, "start": 649284, "end": 649696, "sha256": "22ee88207d2aab70f7c8514992607506556c9048e08f76c782484e646152c939", "text": "In the first edition of my book there was clearly indicated a progression for each exercise; but in the \"Children's Houses\" we began contemporaneously with the most varied exercises; and it develops that there exist _grades_ in the presentation of the material in its entirety. These grades have, since the first publication of the book, become clearly defined through experience in the \"Children's Houses.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01563", "bookId": 39863, "start": 649702, "end": 649774, "sha256": "8c3969091fb242303ce7c2c929718e10063caddd7934974646479e229ae5d13f", "text": "SEQUENCE AND GRADES IN THE PRESENTATION OF MATERIAL AND IN THE EXERCISES", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01564", "bookId": 39863, "start": 649780, "end": 649793, "sha256": "63e9c33185cc4b8562e9b58396719c8c3c824d59f9c04a07f3c12d07cf74678b", "text": "_First Grade_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01565", "bookId": 39863, "start": 649797, "end": 649879, "sha256": "7652b18cd9708f5ab7cb5a7d39e47959d4c007508c26b0811359eeafac7866b1", "text": "As soon as the child comes to the school he may be given the following exercises:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01566", "bookId": 39863, "start": 649883, "end": 649929, "sha256": "0d70eaef34538a37e00d29a3f9807f2cd8e89721f9ec8798f4ddf183a5d8f951", "text": "Moving the seats, in silence (practical life).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01567", "bookId": 39863, "start": 649933, "end": 649965, "sha256": "c0daa11f06ec8a9683f290ffe3040e47fa37aa324c563d4c047d2383e1f226b1", "text": "Lacing, buttoning, hooking, etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01568", "bookId": 39863, "start": 649969, "end": 650001, "sha256": "176c51a9e364c85a5679fb686cdbdc73c8398af1bc05ce7775c8fd1125eae0d0", "text": "The cylinders (sense exercises).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01569", "bookId": 39863, "start": 650005, "end": 650256, "sha256": "ebcde2d6e25a1dd65c067eb389838ca4b76ce230e6d596ec44967dde509e6beb", "text": "Among these the most useful exercise is that of the cylinders (solid insets). The child here begins to _fix his attention_. He makes his first comparison, his first selection, in which he exercises judgment. Therefore he exercises his intelligence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01570", "bookId": 39863, "start": 650260, "end": 650368, "sha256": "8e63ecdcd9053826ff4b8116324055ab5166697ff69f48433c775dc537b019a1", "text": "Among these exercises with the solid insets, there exists the following progression from easy to difficult:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01571", "bookId": 39863, "start": 650372, "end": 650461, "sha256": "5c9289363cced4c8b8f94287a937c6b9c4b41ad6d1f4324e5a5843894d68df5f", "text": "(a) The cylinders in which the pieces are of the same height and of decreasing diameter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01572", "bookId": 39863, "start": 650465, "end": 650512, "sha256": "09dfd1fc6bae0db268780f81852962c07c7403a47d63b2c09cebe97141022bba", "text": "(b) The cylinders decreasing in all dimensions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01573", "bookId": 39863, "start": 650516, "end": 650552, "sha256": "45948ac0a5858e6410f8302c1e33dbb951085fbec0a5102fb0092506f39d4d34", "text": "(c) Those decreasing only in height.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01574", "bookId": 39863, "start": 650558, "end": 650572, "sha256": "41a1aecee72c954f6438163903dbc6f1d8ac37c54b9a18e56f49c31e0dd881d8", "text": "_Second Grade_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01575", "bookId": 39863, "start": 650576, "end": 650662, "sha256": "cd2867165d28b2f06518d3d4f36900a0b1527a207311a91b83364a4264fe7315", "text": "_Exercises of Practical Life._ To rise and be seated in silence. To walk on the line.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01576", "bookId": 39863, "start": 650666, "end": 651715, "sha256": "eafa87f2c9ac67bd7261bd5fc6499225302580260aa9e7b1c7da5a0885dbcedf", "text": "_Sense Exercises._ Material dealing with dimensions. The Long Stair. The prisms, or Big Stair. The cubes. Here the child makes exercises in the recognition of dimensions as he did in the cylinders but under a very different aspect. The objects are much larger. The differences much more evident than they were in the preceding exercises, but here, _only the eye of the child_ recognises the differences and controls the errors. In the preceding exercises, the errors were mechanically revealed to the child by the didactic material itself. The impossibility of placing the objects in order in the block in any other than their respective spaces gives this control. Finally, while in the preceding exercises the child makes much more simple movements (being seated he places little objects in order with his hands), in these new exercises he accomplishes movements which are decidedly more complex and difficult and makes small muscular efforts. He does this by moving from the table to the carpet, rises, kneels, carries heavy objects.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01577", "bookId": 39863, "start": 651719, "end": 652438, "sha256": "a927982cf473958f80544128184eb3ee15c10a38da80abe749cd2facca995262", "text": "We notice that the child continues to be confused between the two last pieces in the growing scale, being for a long time unconscious of such an error after he has learned to put the other pieces in correct order. Indeed the difference between these pieces being throughout the varying dimensions the same for all, the relative difference diminishes with the increasing size of the pieces themselves. For example, the little cube which has a base of 2 centimetres is double the size, as to base, of the smallest cube which has a base of 1 centimetre, while the largest cube having a base of 10 centimetres, differs by barely 1/10 from the base of the cube next it in the series (the one of 9 centimetres base).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01578", "bookId": 39863, "start": 652442, "end": 652777, "sha256": "e988831d4c2f46291f8a1194ba8f37448adfec775402ca2e89457a0b6de0ebf4", "text": "Thus it would seem that, theoretically, in such exercises we should begin with the smallest piece. We can, indeed, do this with the material through which size and length are taught. But we cannot do so with the cubes, which must be arranged as a little \"tower.\" This column of blocks must always have as its base the largest cube.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01579", "bookId": 39863, "start": 652781, "end": 653278, "sha256": "443a6a63b428e44aed60a65c5a81ab5b6543edb947ef45b82f9fbc0025fe99a3", "text": "The children, attracted above all by the tower, begin very early to play with it. Thus we often see very little children playing with the tower, happy in believing that they have constructed it, when they have inadvertently used the next to the largest cube as the base. But when the child, repeating the exercise, _corrects himself of his own accord_, in a permanent fashion, we may be certain that _his eye_ has become trained to perceive even the slightest differences between the pieces.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01580", "bookId": 39863, "start": 653282, "end": 654012, "sha256": "cd650d0bbf1532bbf2a819429b6f71f5f6d17b5f588a8abd18e8e80bb157f0cd", "text": "In the three systems of blocks through which dimensions are taught that of length has pieces differing from each other by 10 centimetres, while in the other two sets, the pieces differ only 1 centimetre. Theoretically it would seem that the long rods _should be the first to attract the attention_ and to exclude errors. This, however, is not the case. The children are attracted by this set of blocks, but they commit the greatest number of errors in using it, and only after they have for a long time eliminated every error in constructing the other two sets, do they succeed in arranging the Long Stair perfectly. This may then be considered as the most difficult among the series through which dimensions are taught.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01581", "bookId": 39863, "start": 654016, "end": 654155, "sha256": "27bf32972a518df900ed8f399f30312cc1e387265d85cf335d45b0f79b23d5f3", "text": "Arrived at this point in his education, the child is capable of fixing his attention, with interest, upon the thermic and tactile stimuli.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01582", "bookId": 39863, "start": 654159, "end": 654472, "sha256": "e582becd055c9c6718c5278e970455398a913e6c034759136613632157fe56e6", "text": "The progression in the sense development is not, therefore, in actual practice identical with the theoretical progression which psychometry indicates in the study of its subjects. Nor does it follow the progression which physiology and anatomy indicate in the description of the relations of the sense organs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01583", "bookId": 39863, "start": 654476, "end": 654790, "sha256": "f458c5bec42c356467aaa2ce38e524110e386371f3359a6dcb1abf9ea0162edb", "text": "In fact, the tactile sense is the _primitive_ sense; the organ of touch is the most _simple_ and the most widely diffused. But it is easy to explain how the most simple sensations, the least complex organs, are not the first through which to attract the _attention_ in a didactic presentation of sense stimuli.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01584", "bookId": 39863, "start": 654794, "end": 654989, "sha256": "1d9f96960baf4caf8d502634cf20f54c43585f6658d93ba145d84d73544b2572", "text": "Therefore, when the _education of the attention has been begun_, we may present to the child the rough and smooth surfaces (following certain thermic exercises described elsewhere in the book).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01585", "bookId": 39863, "start": 654993, "end": 655310, "sha256": "e620ee5bc145805ce0397bb8f4ec6fbd300a1933caa34871cab37cd43f6ff1b0", "text": "These exercises, if presented at the proper time, _interest_ the children _immensely_. It is to be remembered that these games are of the _greatest importance_ in the method, because upon them, in union with the exercises for the movement of the hand, which we introduce later, we base the acquisition of writing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01586", "bookId": 39863, "start": 655314, "end": 655545, "sha256": "3b4a18ec0f9885c0c0bb047bce354a07acf408a888e2455ef2295a7d0442bbdd", "text": "Together with the two series of sense exercises described above, we may begin what we call the \"pairing of the colours,\" that is, the recognition of the identity of two colours. This is the first exercise of the chromatic sense.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01587", "bookId": 39863, "start": 655549, "end": 655869, "sha256": "000a01e69c4f83f4da5319ab5830c19dbdc380012e0a2699e225644d51f6bba2", "text": "Here, also, it is only the _eye_ of the child that intervenes in the judgment, as it was with the exercises in dimension. This first colour exercise is easy, but the child must already have acquired a certain grade of education of the attention through preceding exercises, if he is to repeat this one with interest.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01588", "bookId": 39863, "start": 655873, "end": 656289, "sha256": "4f0a6d4dc0c91798738209d70fd245b8d6e4389b50d7001f933337479bc4afc3", "text": "Meanwhile, the child has heard music; has walked on the line, while the directress played a rhythmic march. Little by little he has learned to accompany the music spontaneously with certain movements. This of course necessitates the repetition of the same music. (To acquire the sense of rhythm _the repetition of the same exercise is necessary_, as in all forms of education dealing with spontaneous activity.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01589", "bookId": 39863, "start": 656293, "end": 656336, "sha256": "a0104dd34b55cfa971e0439d2c79aa5c57663b81b5d277bacea5840b8639e9b3", "text": "The exercises in silence are also repeated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01590", "bookId": 39863, "start": 656342, "end": 656355, "sha256": "f8a6bba335c7f60f5b4ccc2f1436372bed7cd5cc33f1c279452021b4b29a6245", "text": "_Third Grade_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01591", "bookId": 39863, "start": 656359, "end": 656506, "sha256": "9012c952f050963ea13368fc88748a7f285faaa11ad2d1fc1f4f23779c691d29", "text": "_Exercises of Practical Life._ The children wash themselves, dress and undress themselves, dust the tables, learn to handle various objects, etc.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01592", "bookId": 39863, "start": 656510, "end": 656681, "sha256": "7ce97187b13d4ee2c099d207f2bb0645b373553169e167fe9885c7e03a0605c6", "text": "_Sense Exercises._ We now introduce the child to the recognition of gradations of stimuli (tactile gradations, chromatic, etc.), allowing him to exercise himself freely.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01593", "bookId": 39863, "start": 656685, "end": 656830, "sha256": "00855924a84239aa2999e82923f43c134a45cc7fc83705b76cb1f696c03b03b5", "text": "We begin to present the stimuli for the sense of hearing (sounds, noises), and also the baric stimuli (the little tablets differing in weight).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01594", "bookId": 39863, "start": 656834, "end": 657158, "sha256": "293ddb522c0bceb76a5ef2c914cdbd5d7babf5dfac52f19a4a3f0b65b13f993b", "text": "Contemporaneously with the gradations we may present the _plane geometric insets_. Here begins the education of the movement of the hand in following the contours of the insets, an exercise which, together with the other and contemporaneous one of the recognition of tactile stimuli in gradation, _prepares for writing_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01595", "bookId": 39863, "start": 657162, "end": 657687, "sha256": "7dab259467c9d61ebab83ae9dd2120ad64591428b618426d71323afef0037cd5", "text": "The series of cards bearing the geometric forms, we give after the child recognises perfectly the same forms in the wooden insets. These cards serve to prepare for the _abstract signs_ of which writing consists. The child learns to recognise a delineated form, and after all the preceding exercises have formed within him an ordered and intelligent personality, they may be considered the bridge by which he passes from the sense exercises to writing, from the _preparation_, to the actual _entrance into instruction_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01596", "bookId": 39863, "start": 657693, "end": 657707, "sha256": "4055dc3af8b83a8f4d3d447766f79f52af0d3d005ddbd5c0ca8afa25391bd352", "text": "_Fourth Grade_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01597", "bookId": 39863, "start": 657711, "end": 657972, "sha256": "85d32118db4d1ef5dc87b553a4b0ee835722afa55e1d77d371fd362a39f715bc", "text": "_Exercises of Practical Life._ The children set and clear the table for luncheon. They learn to put a room in order. They are now taught the most minute care of their persons in the making of the toilet. (How to brush their teeth, to clean their nails, etc.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01598", "bookId": 39863, "start": 657976, "end": 658081, "sha256": "0c5d436a6298159b099b3f3f62cfb136a9111379812c633473ef1d369c52a8eb", "text": "They have learned, through the rhythmic exercises on the line, to walk with perfect freedom and balance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01599", "bookId": 39863, "start": 658085, "end": 658260, "sha256": "0470f088d644dbcfb546b4bce0acbd772620ebf2de384c3629f0a3fc111f399a", "text": "They know how to control and direct their own movements (how to make the silence,--how to move various objects without dropping or breaking them and without making a noise).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01600", "bookId": 39863, "start": 658264, "end": 658437, "sha256": "2029c2f2bfe2fd53c0e829617dd9f618fed0c2c27a5258c46e27b0601d4a7e3e", "text": "_Sense Exercises._ In this stage we repeat all the sense exercises. In addition we introduce the recognition of musical notes by the help of the series of duplicate bells.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01601", "bookId": 39863, "start": 658441, "end": 658853, "sha256": "a9e106e4a17f849e79e35923624fe5a016ee9b4a7352433bb98016e11b4616dd", "text": "_Exercises Related to Writing_ / _Design_ / The child passes to the _plane geometric insets in metal_. He has already co-ordinated the movements necessary to follow the contours. Here he no longer _follows them with his finger_, but with a pencil, leaving the double sign upon a sheet of paper. Then he fills in the figures with coloured pencils, holding the pencil as he will later hold the pen in writing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01602", "bookId": 39863, "start": 658857, "end": 658977, "sha256": "06cf31f22711080ba24480e0766f96fcd59173d3e2202c792231d9a201d7c10a", "text": "Contemporaneously the child is taught to _recognise_ and _touch_ some of the letters of the alphabet made in sandpaper.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01603", "bookId": 39863, "start": 658981, "end": 659424, "sha256": "0fe071a281472280c31a900a06b62a93e5c5fa67bc5ad6fb4558dd17e3df2018", "text": "_Exercises in Arithmetic._ At this point, repeating the sense exercises, we present the Long Stair with a different aim from that with which it has been used up to the present time. We have the child _count_ the different pieces, according to the blue and red sections, beginning with the rod consisting of one section and continuing through that composed of ten sections. We continue such exercises and give other more complicated ones.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01604", "bookId": 39863, "start": 659428, "end": 659609, "sha256": "44ce66de0c6a5df5592105c2bb0c7db3c2826fe983f14e5dc59e88c7d7e71af3", "text": "In Design we pass from the outlines of the geometric insets to such outlined figures as the practice of four years has established and which will be published as models in design.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01605", "bookId": 39863, "start": 659613, "end": 659764, "sha256": "9fa830e351b91bf93f590cd3e087fbe6d5cc1a877bd60772e707f103757afcb1", "text": "These have an educational importance, and represent in their content and in their gradations one of the most carefully studied details of the method.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01606", "bookId": 39863, "start": 659768, "end": 660192, "sha256": "25b9434174418284ab60b21ca824d21da9768dd6ead12de7210268f881466b50", "text": "They serve as a means for the continuation of the sense education and help the child to observe his surroundings. They thus add to his intellectual refinement, and, as regards writing, they prepare for the high and low strokes. After such practice it will be _easy for the child to make high or low letters_, and this will do away with the _ruled note-books_ such as are used in Italy in the various elementary classes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01607", "bookId": 39863, "start": 660196, "end": 660357, "sha256": "7edee4ae67efc43d70db1a6ff0035477441668e6276e01b627cf330ab286b059", "text": "In the _acquiring_ of the use of _written language_ we go as far as the knowledge of the letters of the alphabet, and of composition with the movable alphabet.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01608", "bookId": 39863, "start": 660361, "end": 660532, "sha256": "c5ed8bdf9cc3db07bd40924f326518cfbdeb837b04d5576726c9ded916e4c223", "text": "In Arithmetic, as far as a knowledge of the figures. The child places the corresponding figures beside the number of blue and red sections on each rod of the Long Stair.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01609", "bookId": 39863, "start": 660536, "end": 660592, "sha256": "2cfebcf0c12f7fdbb182da43374b99ab6997f4ce4174d6d208f3bdb320621afa", "text": "The children now take the exercise with the wooden pegs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01610", "bookId": 39863, "start": 660596, "end": 660853, "sha256": "7c9b5389a1c37d8ddd293b2ddb049003695e1540255ae4a025d9cf6bc32380fb", "text": "Also the games which consist in placing under the figures, on the table, a corresponding number of coloured counters. These are arranged in columns of twos, thus making the question of odd and even numbers clear. (This arrangement is taken from Séguin.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01611", "bookId": 39863, "start": 660859, "end": 660872, "sha256": "fc991e03c562943e8eb7731ad08903a5e311e7377a28bb18cb5f3a969ff1e513", "text": "_Fifth Grade_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01612", "bookId": 39863, "start": 660876, "end": 660959, "sha256": "faf5922b2482ad7c165d663e6acaee483cd755f1cfb895e56f323059750f0068", "text": "We continue the preceding exercises. We begin more complicated rhythmic exercises.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01613", "bookId": 39863, "start": 660963, "end": 660982, "sha256": "28dc57d75a4564edbb66c221fa95aeed4a21531db3940db0c63293dbf6f1db42", "text": "In design we begin:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01614", "bookId": 39863, "start": 660988, "end": 661019, "sha256": "40053876aca24cf016557d9d53d86771222c482395b3bffd157942830cc434e4", "text": "(_a_) The use of water colours.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01615", "bookId": 39863, "start": 661025, "end": 661072, "sha256": "35962a5ca2fc8a4e8daca189dbd982d4a39661601e834d7361fb120900ae2e3c", "text": "(_b_) Free drawing from nature (flowers, etc.).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01616", "bookId": 39863, "start": 661076, "end": 661135, "sha256": "6e29c60565a6fd93fff789001db53531e44369ce0ffc7bfd534635a47caa8399", "text": "Composition of words and phrases with the movable alphabet.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01617", "bookId": 39863, "start": 661141, "end": 661188, "sha256": "3f801440d8e8e5674f20c3b90c134365723a0a836d37a48b8002394ba354fa40", "text": "(_a_) Spontaneous writing of words and phrases.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01618", "bookId": 39863, "start": 661194, "end": 661246, "sha256": "0f28cfe50bb002355bab766ddc2ef1ed3a20b2096a49c4ebd1b25c3d9500cf1a", "text": "(_b_) Reading from slips prepared by the directress.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01619", "bookId": 39863, "start": 661250, "end": 661326, "sha256": "1ecf0b5a700f96ce6f106eb570a79826288dda2c6d3bcdef48fafe362384ac7a", "text": "We continue the arithmetical operations which we began with the Long Stair.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01620", "bookId": 39863, "start": 661330, "end": 661516, "sha256": "54a5e734d4d8a81e97fe3688107c6a32596cde0ba69e9ae34b67f44971aa4ae0", "text": "The children at this stage present most interesting differences of development. They fairly _run_ toward instruction, and order their _intellectual growth_ in a way that is remarkable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01621", "bookId": 39863, "start": 661520, "end": 661757, "sha256": "f5ccd0ef461e94b11291c51beb3733cea6a1c97c74bf9ec831c788ad0c0aa106", "text": "This joyous growth is what we so rejoice in, as we watch in these children, humanity, growing in the spirit according to its own deep laws. And only he who experiments can say how great may be the harvest from the sowing of such seed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01622", "bookId": 39863, "start": 661767, "end": 661778, "sha256": "d8e20c29cfb99aa8a8a2ed0201e86b836021853696e4982cdaa952c15bf794f2", "text": "CHAPTER XXI", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01623", "bookId": 39863, "start": 661782, "end": 661810, "sha256": "827e8db236520cb485fa20fe6dee3ef93f9d19ffe4b52d43587e9d7cd4773b50", "text": "GENERAL REVIEW OF DISCIPLINE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01624", "bookId": 39863, "start": 661816, "end": 662216, "sha256": "d7a1f31bb7554f2061254e7a5344ccbe46bb9de98ccb7c8a25201235d4af6de1", "text": "The accumulated experience we have had since the publication of the Italian version has repeatedly proved to us that in our classes of little children, numbering forty and even fifty, the discipline is much better than in ordinary schools. For this reason I have thought that an analysis of the discipline obtained by our method--which is based upon liberty,--would interest my American readers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01625", "bookId": 39863, "start": 662220, "end": 663061, "sha256": "b38b3f16b754eaf7f16e014eeea60c300067e27e4f6306ebe2a860a5afa5b584", "text": "Whoever visits a well kept school (such as, for instance, the one in Rome directed by my pupil Anna Maccheroni) is struck by the discipline of the children. There are forty little beings--from three to seven years old, each one intent on his own work; one is going through one of the exercises for the senses, one is doing an arithmetical exercise; one is handling the letters, one is drawing, one is fastening and unfastening the pieces of cloth on one of our little wooden frames, still another is dusting. Some are seated at the tables, some on rugs on the floor. There are muffled sounds of objects lightly moved about, of children tiptoeing. Once in a while comes a cry of joy only partly repressed, \"Teacher! Teacher!\" an eager call, \"Look! see what I've done.\" But as a rule, there is entire absorption in the work in hand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01626", "bookId": 39863, "start": 663065, "end": 663465, "sha256": "e9ada42726ff91a47a99676d43980b31cb2cf4c74826a792cac5d51d575387ca", "text": "The teacher moves quietly about, goes to any child who calls her, supervising operations in such a way that anyone who needs her finds her at his elbow, and whoever does not need her is not reminded of her existence. Sometimes, hours go by without a word. They seem \"little men,\" as they were called by some visitors to the \"Children's House\"; or, as another suggested, \"judges in deliberation.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01627", "bookId": 39863, "start": 663469, "end": 664131, "sha256": "97f1d3a6270c9e9e593af523b0ca9cfd067b497876fde998ae03bba6d1751bc5", "text": "In the midst of such intense interest in work it never happens that quarrels arise over the possession of an object. If one accomplishes something especially fine, his achievement is a source of admiration and joy to others: no heart suffers from another's wealth, but the triumph of one is a delight to all. Very often he finds ready imitators. They all seem happy and satisfied to do what they can, without feeling jealous of the deeds of others. The little fellow of three works peaceably beside the boy of seven, just as he is satisfied with his own height and does not envy the older boy's stature. Everything is growing in the most profound peace.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01628", "bookId": 39863, "start": 664135, "end": 664965, "sha256": "ec0e31ae553754062040b71a2fff1daa6c9160a471854dd018c212a7b914b49d", "text": "If the teacher wishes the whole assembly to do something, for instance, leave the work which interests them so much, all she needs to do is to speak a word in a low tone, or make a gesture, and they are all attention, they look toward her with eagerness, anxious to know how to obey. Many visitors have seen the teacher write orders on the blackboard, which were obeyed joyously by the children. Not only the teachers, but anyone who asks the pupils to do something is astonished to see them obey in the minutest detail and with obliging cheerfulness. Often a visitor wishes to hear how a child, now painting, can sing. The child leaves his painting to be obliging, but the instant his courteous action is completed, he returns to his interrupted work. Sometimes the smaller children finish their work before they obey.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01629", "bookId": 39863, "start": 664969, "end": 665882, "sha256": "8b95bc6f523414f2f66489ab61b4f103aa1a71a50c20731c813786f8585f08e1", "text": "A very surprising result of this discipline came to our notice during the examinations of the teachers who had followed my course of lectures. These examinations were practical, and, accordingly, groups of children were put at the disposition of the teachers being examined, who, according to the subject drawn by lot, took the children through a given exercise. While the children were waiting their turn, they were allowed to do just as they pleased. _They worked incessantly_, and returned to their undertakings as soon as the interruption caused by the examination was over. Every once in a while, one of them came to show us a drawing made during the interval. Miss George of Chicago was present many times when this happened, and Madame Pujols, who founded the first \"Children's House\" in Paris, was astonished at the patience, the perseverance, and the inexhaustible amiability of the children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01630", "bookId": 39863, "start": 665886, "end": 666458, "sha256": "0a4565c33608c43e5cb751ed033caa1e1d0717ab91c98fda01a8976fdaa907cb", "text": "One might think that such children had been severely repressed were it not for their lack of timidity, for their bright eyes, for their happy, free aspect, for the cordiality of their invitations to look at their work, for the way in which they take visitors about and explain matters to them. These things make us feel that we are in the presence of the masters of the house; and the fervour with which they throw their arms around the teacher's knees, with which they pull her down to kiss her face, shows that their little hearts are free to expand as they will.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01631", "bookId": 39863, "start": 666462, "end": 667188, "sha256": "8e976f7ed0ffaa544b16295e63039b6dcd2507b83a47b0861b3bc286f6ac072b", "text": "Anyone who has watched them setting the table must have passed from one surprise to another. Little four-year-old waiters take the knives and forks and spoons and distribute them to the different places; they carry trays holding as many as five water-glasses, and finally they go from table to table, carrying big tureens full of hot soup. Not a mistake is made, not a glass is broken, not a drop of soup is spilled. All during the meal unobtrusive little waiters watch the table assiduously; not a child empties his soup-plate without being offered more; if he is ready for the next course a waiter briskly carries off his soup-plate. Not a child is forced to ask for more soup, or to announce that he has finished.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01632", "bookId": 39863, "start": 667192, "end": 667236, "sha256": "d088c0c2fa4fcf8aadb0a45183292823a6cf07275ded65b4e2e8a50b3f07d869", "text": "[Illustration: MONTESSORI CHILDREN AT DINNER", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01633", "bookId": 39863, "start": 667240, "end": 667322, "sha256": "9d54c68b4fe2d7c43fdf4195a627f1b04214f6b0e6d837f9e072ec49648f2054", "text": "The tables are set in the grounds of the school of the Franciscan Nuns, in Rome.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01634", "bookId": 39863, "start": 667326, "end": 667367, "sha256": "aaf65a3678d02686a7ddcc406c04867a5012b7eaf6796a3493fc000651c75df3", "text": "[Illustration: SCHOOL AT TARRYTOWN, N. Y.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01635", "bookId": 39863, "start": 667371, "end": 667611, "sha256": "5afa1767aaf255a1c7da6b8cb77e3712cec617aed1ea16c0cf9101a96a5230b5", "text": "The two girls at the left are constructing the big stair and the tower. The boy in the center has constructed the long stair, and is placing the figures beside the corresponding rods. The child to the right is tracing sandpaper letters.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01636", "bookId": 39863, "start": 667615, "end": 667983, "sha256": "a98c19f7381dca05c12aa6e01d28608077e6e846d161ea9d2a1d7159f50ab444", "text": "Remembering the usual condition of four-year-old children, who cry, who break whatever they touch, who need to be waited on, everyone is deeply moved by the sight I have just described, which evidently results from the development of energies latent in the depths of the human soul. I have often seen the spectators at this banquet of little ones, moved to tears.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01637", "bookId": 39863, "start": 667987, "end": 668490, "sha256": "046acae202cf49d7f0731635fbd406c7d6dccb2fa6d21a5e92e250a47f9b8a48", "text": "But such discipline could never be obtained by commands, by sermonizings, in short, through any of the disciplinary devices universally known. Not only were the actions of those children set in an orderly condition, but their very lives were deepened and enlarged. In fact, such discipline is on the same plane with school-exercises extraordinary for the age of the children; and it certainly does not depend upon the teacher but upon a sort of miracle, occurring in the inner life of each child.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01638", "bookId": 39863, "start": 668494, "end": 668858, "sha256": "bd9868fb5c3e000584ec113190b236d6d3402f7947e22bccd09c4738c6416a11", "text": "If we try to think of parallels in the life of adults, we are reminded of the phenomenon of conversion, of the superhuman heightening of the strength of martyrs and apostles, of the constancy of missionaries, of the obedience of monks. Nothing else in the world, except such things, is on a spiritual height equal to the discipline of the \"Children's Houses.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01639", "bookId": 39863, "start": 668862, "end": 669194, "sha256": "072ec087b55e1ec3f4e62554a265ccd3a15fdf0374f12bcbb23a3251860834ae", "text": "To obtain such discipline it is quite useless to count on reprimands or spoken exhortations. Such means might perhaps at the beginning have an appearance of efficacy: but very soon, the instant that real discipline appears, all of this falls miserably to the earth, an illusion confronted with reality--\"night gives way to day.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01640", "bookId": 39863, "start": 669198, "end": 669671, "sha256": "85679e046a9f54e959cb85f43817399d457bf1311b0c0d4cb6ce081bc1574014", "text": "The first dawning of real discipline comes through work. At a given moment it happens that a child becomes keenly interested in a piece of work, showing it by the expression of his face, by his intense attention, by his perseverance in the same exercise. That child has set foot upon the road leading to discipline. Whatever be his undertaking--an exercise for the senses, an exercise in buttoning up or lacing together, or washing dishes--it is all one and the same.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01641", "bookId": 39863, "start": 669675, "end": 670184, "sha256": "8c35c8276c49aea7390290e3e0fc77c223667f3622c7e4950a359dee8973edf7", "text": "On our side, we can have some influence upon the permanence of this phenomenon, by means of repeated \"Lessons of Silence.\" The perfect immobility, the attention alert to catch the sound of the names whispered from a distance, then the carefully co-ordinated movements executed so as not to strike against chair or table, so as barely to touch the floor with the feet--all this is a most efficacious preparation for the task of setting in order the whole personality, the motor forces and the psychical.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01642", "bookId": 39863, "start": 670188, "end": 670851, "sha256": "5e6d77f083cd98fa0fdea723e426f102a5e5f1cfea25f2cc6b31347824525d7f", "text": "Once the habit of work is formed, we must supervise it with scrupulous accuracy, graduating the exercises as experience has taught us. In our effort to establish discipline, we must rigorously apply the principles of the method. It is not to be obtained by words; no man learns self-discipline \"through hearing another man speak.\" The phenomenon of discipline needs as preparation a series of complete actions, such as are presupposed in the genuine application of a really educative method. Discipline is reached always by indirect means. The end is obtained, not by attacking the mistake and fighting it, but by developing activity in spontaneous work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01643", "bookId": 39863, "start": 670855, "end": 671133, "sha256": "863de84aef2b369ddab65452d6d4609b74380874366b9b2f8413e294c075d26b", "text": "This work cannot be arbitrarily offered, and it is precisely here that our method enters; it must be work which the human being instinctively desires to do, work towards which the latent tendencies of life naturally turn, or towards which the individual step by step ascends.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01644", "bookId": 39863, "start": 671137, "end": 672725, "sha256": "9f53bcc69454f640f36dd1951d21510f1a72f7b4eb06418d646838751dbec365", "text": "Such is the work which sets the personality in order and opens wide before it infinite possibilities of growth. Take, for instance, the lack of control shown by a baby; it is fundamentally a lack of muscular discipline. The child is in a constant state of disorderly movement: he throws himself down, he makes queer gestures, he cries. What underlies all this is a latent tendency to seek that co-ordination of movement which will be established later. The baby is a man not yet sure of the movements of the various muscles of the body; not yet master of the organs of speech. He will eventually establish these various movements, but for the present he is abandoned to a period of experimentation full of mistakes, and of fatiguing efforts towards a desirable end latent in his instinct, but not clear in his consciousness. To say to the baby, \"Stand still as I do,\" brings no light into his darkness; commands cannot aid in the process of bringing order into the complex psycho-muscular system of an individual in process of evolution. We are confused at this point by the example of the adult who through a wicked impulse _prefers_ disorder, and who may (granted that he can) obey a sharp admonishment which turns his will in another direction, towards that order which he recognises and which it is within his capacity to achieve. In the case of the little child it is a question of aiding the natural evolution of voluntary action. Hence it is necessary to teach all the co-ordinated movements, analysing them as much as possible and developing them bit by bit.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01645", "bookId": 39863, "start": 672729, "end": 674206, "sha256": "60a2b270cf45fc2e8eb24f79c1ec12f8300e4aba055a11774f6b3ea95c570f37", "text": "Thus, for instance, it is necessary to teach the child the various degrees of immobility leading to silence; the movements connected with rising from a chair and sitting down, with walking, with tiptoeing, with following a line drawn on the floor keeping an upright equilibrium. The child is taught to move objects about, to set them down more or less carefully, and finally the complex movements connected with dressing and undressing himself (analysed on the lacing and buttoning frames at school), and for even each of these exercises, the different parts of the movement must be analysed. Perfect immobility and the successive perfectioning of action, is what takes the place of the customary command, \"Be quiet! Be still!\" It is not astonishing but very natural that the child by means of such exercises should acquire self-discipline, so far as regards the lack of muscular discipline natural to his age. In short, he responds to nature because he is in action; but these actions being directed towards an end, have no longer the appearance of disorder but of work. This is discipline which represents an end to be attained by means of a number of conquests. The child disciplined in this way, is no longer the child he was at first, who knows how to _be_ good passively; but he is an individual who has made himself better, who has overcome the usual limits of his age, who has made a great step forward, who has conquered his future in his present.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01646", "bookId": 39863, "start": 674210, "end": 674663, "sha256": "c4fa4568eec8b84eec85fef581a25eacf4e0e105b76af8bdc960012acfbb8d91", "text": "He has therefore enlarged his dominion. He will not need to have someone always at hand, to tell him vainly (confusing two opposing conceptions), \"Be quiet! Be good!\" The goodness he has conquered cannot be summed up by inertia: his goodness is now all made up of action. As a matter of fact, good people are those who advance towards the good--that good which is made up of their own self-development and of external acts of order and usefulness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01647", "bookId": 39863, "start": 674667, "end": 675219, "sha256": "990a8bad745b6b220595b675b96830543b34dbb92a6bc7ff9be9a50ed218d23d", "text": "In our efforts with the child, external acts are the means which stimulate internal development, and they again appear as its manifestation, the two elements being inextricably intertwined. Work develops the child spiritually; but the child with a fuller spiritual development works better, and his improved work delights him,--hence he continues to develop spiritually. Discipline is, therefore, not a fact but a path, a path in following which the child grasps the abstract conception of goodness with an exactitude which is fairly scientific.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01648", "bookId": 39863, "start": 675223, "end": 675646, "sha256": "bab275c7622716ad064a3d55c912e527a9290b0338441db96cf8cccdba7721fa", "text": "But beyond everything else he savours the supreme delights of that spiritual _order_ which is attained indirectly through conquests directed towards determinate ends. In that long preparation, the child experiences joys, spiritual awakenings and pleasures which form his inner treasure-house--the treasure-house in which he is steadily storing up the sweetness and strength which will be the sources of righteousness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01649", "bookId": 39863, "start": 675650, "end": 676109, "sha256": "0c7038d965c3591e3399133ef7d983f823674732ff101efd6e924e165573c207", "text": "In short, the child has not only learned to move about and to perform useful acts; he has acquired a special grace of action which makes his gestures more correct and attractive, and which beautifies his hands and indeed his entire body now so balanced and so sure of itself; a grace which refines the expression of his face and of his serenely brilliant eyes, and which shows us that the flame of spiritual life has been lighted in another human being.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01650", "bookId": 39863, "start": 676115, "end": 676828, "sha256": "5b7d84983b9270639e8372bc6086d84180f16e5a9ea8de3335d66842e05fa057", "text": "It is obviously true that co-ordinated actions, developed spontaneously little by little (that is, chosen and carried out in the exercises by the child himself), must call for less effort than the disorderly actions performed by the child who is left to his own devices. True rest for muscles, intended by nature for action, is in orderly action; just as true rest for the lungs is the normal rhythm of respiration taken in pure air. To take action away from the muscles is to force them away from their natural motor impulse, and hence, besides tiring them, means forcing them into a state of degeneration; just as the lungs forced into immobility, would die instantly and the whole organism with them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01651", "bookId": 39863, "start": 676832, "end": 676999, "sha256": "17e351df80d5ae88a9f77a97018b59e5c3ea96a1756be0c9b45a7479cc8d2838", "text": "It is therefore necessary to keep clearly in mind the fact that rest for whatever naturally acts, lies in some specified form of action, corresponding to its nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01652", "bookId": 39863, "start": 677003, "end": 677705, "sha256": "4f4b630d2d962da8d9e169c38d17e3267537898f23b2d0a2e5a5ffd5da702247", "text": "To act in obedience to the hidden precepts of nature--that is rest; and in this special case, since man is meant to be an intelligent creature, the more intelligent his acts are the more he finds repose in them. When a child acts only in a disorderly, disconnected manner, his nervous force is under a great strain; while on the other hand his nervous energy is positively increased and multiplied by intelligent actions which give him real satisfaction, and a feeling of pride that he has overcome himself, that he finds himself in a world beyond the frontiers formerly set up as insurmountable, surrounded by the silent respect of the one who has guided him without making his presence felt.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01653", "bookId": 39863, "start": 677709, "end": 678263, "sha256": "065c6ebc37e73dc754855c6acfe7edc5bbf47d8808f2568dda3f9af94d6c0dc0", "text": "This \"multiplication of nervous energy\" represents a process which can be physiologically analysed, and which comes from the development of the organs by rational exercise, from better circulation of the blood, from the quickened activity of all the tissues--all factors favourable to the development of the body and guaranteeing physical health. The spirit aids the body in its growth; the heart, the nerves and the muscles are helpful in their evolution by the activity of the spirit, since the upward path for soul and body is one and the same.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01654", "bookId": 39863, "start": 678267, "end": 679316, "sha256": "f14a1e23fd16dd130faddc592472f6e21319e8d6e8953985fad5732264b1d194", "text": "By analogy, it can be said of the intellectual development of the child, that the mind of infancy, although characteristically disorderly, is also \"a means searching for its end,\" which goes through exhausting experiments, left, as it frequently is, to its own resources, and too often really persecuted. Once in our public park in Rome, the Pincian Gardens, I saw a baby of about a year and a half, a beautiful smiling child, who was working away trying to fill a little pail by shoveling gravel into it. Beside him was a smartly dressed nurse evidently very fond of him, the sort of nurse who would consider that she gave the child the most affectionate and intelligent care. It was time to go home and the nurse was patiently exhorting the baby to leave his work and let her put him into the baby-carriage. Seeing that her exhortations made no impression on the little fellow's firmness, she herself filled the pail with gravel and set pail and baby into the carriage with the fixed conviction that she had given him what he wanted.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01655", "bookId": 39863, "start": 679320, "end": 680328, "sha256": "20b3f025c30f3e6efee5133fd905721c6b1c9fc60af567e85067e6ddb6f5513a", "text": "I was struck by the loud cries of the child and by the expression of protest against violence and injustice which wrote itself on his little face. What an accumulation of wrongs weighed down that nascent intelligence! The little boy did not wish to have the pail full of gravel; he wished to go through the motions necessary to fill it, thus satisfying a need of his vigorous organism. The child's unconscious aim was his own self-development; not the external fact of a pail full of little stones. The vivid attractions of the external world were only empty apparitions; the need of his life was a reality. As a matter of fact, if he had filled his pail he would probably have emptied it out again in order to keep on filling it up until his inner self was satisfied. It was the feeling of working towards this satisfaction which, a few moments before, had made his face so rosy and smiling; spiritual joy, exercise, and sunshine, were the three rays of light ministering to his splendid life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01656", "bookId": 39863, "start": 680332, "end": 681407, "sha256": "e1ef121000e4b53e1af5dfe855429cc59fd36fad50a7f76af111d75bbadc057f", "text": "This commonplace episode in the life of that child, is a detail of what happens to all children, even the best and most cherished. They are not understood, because the adult judges them by his own measure: he thinks that the child's wish is to obtain some tangible object, and lovingly helps him to do this: whereas the child as a rule has for his unconscious desire, his own self-development. Hence he despises everything already attained, and yearns for that which is still to be sought for. For instance, he prefers the action of dressing himself to the state of being dressed, even finely dressed. He prefers the act of washing himself to the satisfaction of being clean: he prefers to make a little house for himself, rather than merely to own it. His own self-development is his true and almost his only pleasure. The self-development of the little baby up to the end of his first year consists to a large degree in taking in nutrition; but afterwards it consists in aiding the orderly establishment of the psycho-physiological functions of his organism.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01657", "bookId": 39863, "start": 681411, "end": 681838, "sha256": "7b258b560024b0aa33eeef7febf2b460ee172dc385f044aa96d04cdac3e6e692", "text": "That beautiful baby in the Pincian Gardens is the symbol of this: he wished to co-ordinate his voluntary actions; to exercise his muscles by lifting; to train his eye to estimate distances; to exercise his intelligence in the reasoning connected with his undertaking; to stimulate his will-power by deciding his own actions; whilst she who loved him, believing that his aim was to possess some pebbles, made him wretched.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01658", "bookId": 39863, "start": 681842, "end": 682391, "sha256": "f2090cd0e7fb52ccc295e7ca0535534702df0a72810743ef00c8fbeeab36caa6", "text": "A similar error is that which we repeat so frequently when we fancy that the desire of the student is to possess a piece of information. We aid him to grasp intellectually this detached piece of knowledge, and, preventing by this means his self-development, we make him wretched. It is generally believed in schools that the way to attain, satisfaction is \"to learn something.\" But by leaving the children in our schools in liberty we have been able with great clearness to follow them in their natural method of spontaneous self-development.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01659", "bookId": 39863, "start": 682395, "end": 682734, "sha256": "3058b804a6a2c58a156b6edbb62ae45c2b3a2538ff3556cbe2feda6e802a33c6", "text": "To have learned something is for the child only a point of departure. When he has learned the meaning of an exercise, then he begins to enjoy repeating it, and he does repeat it an infinite number of times, with the most evident satisfaction. He enjoys executing that act because by means of it he is developing his psychic activities.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01660", "bookId": 39863, "start": 682738, "end": 683241, "sha256": "89c25310c825e197d7c41a6270140a186f58b4cf72dd31f2882b6f2575e51a38", "text": "There results from the observation of this fact a criticism of what is done to-day in many schools. Often, for instance when the pupils are questioned, the teacher says to someone who is eager to answer, \"No, not you, because you know it\" and puts her question specially to the pupils who she thinks are uncertain of the answer. Those who do not know are made to speak, those who do know to be silent. This happens because of the general habit of considering the act of knowing something as final.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01661", "bookId": 39863, "start": 683245, "end": 683902, "sha256": "df24ac1b405c6619fe18fcfa4ed7db6c8f6981ed476724435c5d3ee9e2c581bd", "text": "And yet how many times it happens to us in ordinary life to _repeat_ the very thing we know best, the thing we care most for, the thing to which some living force in us responds. We love to sing musical phrases very familiar, hence enjoyed and become a part of the fabric of our lives. We love to repeat stories of things which please us, which we know very well, even though we are quite aware that we are saying nothing new. No matter how many times we repeat the Lord's Prayer, it is always new. No two persons could be more convinced of mutual love than sweethearts and yet they are the very ones who repeat endlessly that they love each other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01662", "bookId": 39863, "start": 683906, "end": 684342, "sha256": "a7e49e2a643b95cc76107c545eab5d8d815caa8bdc02fc869d85d6c0dc0c6619", "text": "But in order to repeat in this manner, there must first exist the idea to be repeated. A mental grasp of the idea, is indispensable to the beginning of _repetition_. The exercise which develops life, consists _in the repetition, not in the mere grasp of the idea_. When a child has attained this stage, of repeating an exercise, he is on the way to self-development, and the external sign of this condition is his self-discipline.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01663", "bookId": 39863, "start": 684346, "end": 684887, "sha256": "8d2be92d9dddfe82fd6dade6a1f45eddc42e33d998785f5004712ed02f9564d5", "text": "This phenomenon does not always occur. The same exercises are not repeated by children of all ages. In fact, repetition corresponds to a _need_. Here steps in the experimental method of education. It is necessary to offer those exercises which correspond to the need of development felt by an organism, and if the child's age has carried him past a certain need, it is never possible to obtain, in its fulness, a development which missed its proper moment. Hence children grow up, often fatally and irrevocably, imperfectly developed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01664", "bookId": 39863, "start": 684891, "end": 686566, "sha256": "d77132422afd77758c83e798b8d18e13308a665e4027881f4e5903933b9e43e1", "text": "Another very interesting observation is that which relates to the length of time needed for the execution of actions. Children, who are undertaking something for the first time are extremely slow. Their life is governed in this respect by laws especially different from ours. Little children accomplish slowly and perseveringly, various complicated operations agreeable to them, such as dressing, undressing, cleaning the room, washing themselves, setting the table, eating, etc. In all this they are extremely patient, overcoming all the difficulties presented by an organism still in process of formation. But we, on the other hand, noticing that they are \"tiring themselves out\" or \"wasting time\" in accomplishing something which we would do in a moment and without the least effort, put ourselves in the child's place and do it ourselves. Always with the same erroneous idea, that the end to be obtained is the completion of the action, we dress and wash the child, we snatch out of his hands objects which he loves to handle, we pour the soup into his bowl, we feed him, we set the table for him. And after such services, we consider him with that injustice always practised by those who domineer over others even with benevolent intentions, to be incapable and inept. We often speak of him as \"impatient\" simply because we are not patient enough to allow his actions to follow laws of time differing from our own; we call him \"tyrannical\" exactly because we employ tyranny towards him. This stain, this false imputation, this calumny on childhood has become an integral part of the theories concerning childhood, in reality so patient and gentle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01665", "bookId": 39863, "start": 686570, "end": 687288, "sha256": "0219b09d2fca15c250d298404a85ff1ca665bef0b14d762985c8a82e44269bc0", "text": "The child, like every strong creature fighting for the right to live, rebels against whatever offends that occult impulse within him which is the voice of nature, and which he ought to obey; and he shows by violent actions, by screaming and weeping that he has been overborne and forced away from his mission in life. He shows himself to be a rebel, a revolutionist, an iconoclast, against those who do not understand him and who, fancying that they are helping him, are really pushing him backward in the highway of life. Thus even the adult who loves him, rivets about his neck another calumny, confusing his defence of his molested life with a form of innate naughtiness characteristic of little children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01666", "bookId": 39863, "start": 687292, "end": 688444, "sha256": "84131b56c9eff34b706725fdff659fb289822e832b33fc3119869a749ced63b3", "text": "What would become of us if we fell into the midst of a population of jugglers, or of lightning-change impersonators of the variety-hall? What should we do if, as we continued to act in our usual way, we saw ourselves assailed by these sleight-of-hand performers, hustled into our clothes, fed so rapidly that we could scarcely swallow, if everything we tried to do was snatched from our hands and completed in a twinkling and we ourselves reduced to impotence and to a humiliating inertia? Not knowing how else to express our confusion we would defend ourselves with blows and yells from these madmen, and they having only the best will in the world to serve us, would call us haughty, rebellious, and incapable of doing anything. We, who know our own _milieu_, would say to those people, \"Come into our countries and you will see the splendid civilisation we have established, you will see our wonderful achievements.\" These jugglers would admire us infinitely, hardly able to believe their eyes, as they observed our world, so full of beauty and activity, so well regulated, so peaceful, so kindly, but all so much slower than theirs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01667", "bookId": 39863, "start": 688448, "end": 688506, "sha256": "011c3cc23414391ca431c4b3135ce5782d79b1781df36d7632c8e63209372ff1", "text": "Something of this sort occurs between children and adults.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01668", "bookId": 39863, "start": 688512, "end": 690036, "sha256": "97283bf9fa9f297ccb34211af6f6d68a40d60c0a7ca89b7f18c2cc2b368e10dc", "text": "It is exactly in the repetition of the exercises that the education of the senses consists; their aim is not that the child shall _know_ colours, forms and the different qualities of objects, but that he refine his senses through an exercise of attention, of comparison, of judgment. These exercises are true intellectual gymnastics. Such gymnastics, reasonably directed by means of various devices, aid in the formation of the intellect, just as physical exercises fortify the general health and quicken the growth of the body. The child who trains his various senses separately, by means of external stimuli, concentrates his attention and develops, piece by piece, his mental activities, just as with separately prepared movements he trains his muscular activities. These mental gymnastics are not merely psycho-sensory, but they prepare the way for spontaneous association of ideas, for ratiocination developing out of definite knowledge, for a harmoniously balanced intellect. They are the powder-trains that bring about those mental explosions which delight the child so intensely when he makes discoveries in the world about him, when he, at the same time, ponders over and glories in the new things which are revealed to him in the outside world, and in the exquisite emotions of his own growing consciousness; and finally when there spring up within him, almost by a process of spontaneous ripening, like the internal phenomena of growth, the external products of learning--writing and reading.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01669", "bookId": 39863, "start": 690040, "end": 691147, "sha256": "23fc58cbdc21700543c4b35055904756d5aa457ba2046ffbc3b339b6af7b64ff", "text": "I happened once to see a two-year-old child, son of a medical colleague of mine, who, fairly fleeing away from his mother who had brought him to me, threw himself on the litter of things covering his father's desk, the rectangular writing-pad, the round cover of the ink-well. I was touched to see the intelligent little creature trying his best to go through the exercises which our children repeat with such endless pleasure till they have fully committed them to memory. The father and the mother pulled the child away, reproving him, and explaining that there was no use trying to keep that child from handling his father's desk-furniture, \"The child is restless and naughty.\" How often we see all children reproved because, though they are told not to, they will \"take hold of everything.\" Now, it is precisely by means of guiding and developing this natural instinct \"to take hold of everything,\" and to recognise the relations of geometrical figures, that we prepare our little four-year-old men for the joy and triumph they experience later over the phenomenon of spontaneous writing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01670", "bookId": 39863, "start": 691151, "end": 692047, "sha256": "26d2d3893f64cd8ae1e94577d4799efacdc9bef9b8725d7d876304a2dd993197", "text": "The child who throws himself on the writing-pad, the cover to the ink-well, and such objects, always struggling in vain to attain his desire, always hindered and thwarted by people stronger than he, always excited and weeping over the failure of his desperate efforts, _is wasting_ nervous force. His parents are mistaken if they think that such a child ever gets any real rest, just as they are mistaken when they call \"naughty\" the little man longing for the foundations of his intellectual edifice. The children in our schools are the ones who are really at rest, ardently and blessedly free to take out and put back in their right places or grooves, the geometric figures offered to their instinct for higher self-development; and they, rejoicing in the most entire spiritual calm, have no notion that their eyes and hands are initiating them into the mysteries of a new language.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01671", "bookId": 39863, "start": 692051, "end": 692309, "sha256": "3086d0d58fa55ef71b5d5e7c97150c8c4b9c9d227d77974cfa607626e4fe8941", "text": "The majority of our children become calm as they go through such exercises, because their nervous system is at rest. Then we say that such children are quiet and good; external discipline, so eagerly sought after in ordinary schools is more than achieved.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01672", "bookId": 39863, "start": 692313, "end": 692598, "sha256": "e4bab92132aceefa39a5298989430a220e006050285c6fa4e60719975f263e99", "text": "However, as a calm man and a self-disciplined man are not one and the same, so here the fact which manifests itself externally by the calm of the children is in reality a phenomenon merely physical and partial compared to the real _self-discipline_ which is being developed in them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01673", "bookId": 39863, "start": 692602, "end": 693461, "sha256": "554156b5f8db21c1b6adbcf4fb8260c0b4361d8f509fa0324d1889c60c63cb48", "text": "Often (and this is another misconception) we think all we need to do, to obtain a voluntary action from a child, is to order him to do it. We pretend that this phenomenon of a forced voluntary action exists, and we call this pretext, \"the obedience of the child.\" We find little children specially disobedient, or rather their resistance, by the time they are four or five years old, has become so great that we are in despair and are almost tempted to give up trying to make them obey. We force ourselves to praise to little children \"the virtue of obedience\" a virtue which, according to our accepted prejudices, should belong specially to infancy, should be the \"infantile virtue\" yet we fail to learn anything from the fact that we are led to emphasize it so strongly because we can only with the greatest difficulty make children practise it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01674", "bookId": 39863, "start": 693465, "end": 693718, "sha256": "4088978008cf04390a14dffa978ed3e18431269e722f1fcface563b9b1f75369", "text": "It is a very common mistake, this of trying to obtain by means of prayers, or orders, or violence, what is difficult, or impossible to get. Thus, for instance, we ask little children to be obedient, and little children in their turn ask for the moon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01675", "bookId": 39863, "start": 693722, "end": 694259, "sha256": "00d5f142186346bbb5cc50aafa7b58308cc68c0248cc93527483af9663831b79", "text": "We need only reflect that this \"obedience\" which we treat so lightly, occurs later, as a natural tendency in older children, and then as an instinct in the adult to realise that it springs spontaneously into being, and that it is one of the strongest instincts of humanity. We find that society rests on a foundation of marvellous obedience, and that civilisation goes forward on a road made by obedience. Human organisations are often founded on an abuse of obedience, associations of criminals have obedience as their key-stone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01676", "bookId": 39863, "start": 694263, "end": 694415, "sha256": "e76e8f8b7881967a22f376f4108d566d0fb1e861e0ff66516642c6612f24d0c1", "text": "How many times social problems centre about the necessity of rousing man from a state of \"obedience\" which has led him to be exploited and brutalised!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01677", "bookId": 39863, "start": 694419, "end": 695112, "sha256": "bdf03b095e7fecbb42f1b793477b99cd6e8cea7e619ba81d71bc2e3e338a0657", "text": "Obedience naturally is _sacrifice_. We are so accustomed to an infinity of obedience in the world, to a condition of self-sacrifice, to a readiness for renunciation, that we call matrimony the \"blessed condition,\" although it is made up of obedience and self-sacrifice. The soldier, whose lot in life is to obey if it kills him is envied by the common people, while we consider anyone who tries to escape from obedience as a malefactor or a madman. Besides, how many people have had the deeply spiritual experience of an ardent desire to obey something or some person leading them along the path of life--more than this, a desire to sacrifice something for the sake of this obedience.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01678", "bookId": 39863, "start": 695116, "end": 696716, "sha256": "8a2a65bc958b2e00ce72aba2809f865c1b79c16faa807f59a76c7988a2d0f292", "text": "It is therefore entirely natural that, loving the child, we should point out to him that obedience is the law of life, and there is nothing surprising in the anxiety felt by nearly everyone who is confronted with the characteristic disobedience of little children. But obedience can only be reached through a complex formation of the psychic personality. To obey, it is necessary not only to wish to obey, but also to know how to. Since, when a command to do a certain thing is given, we presuppose a corresponding active or inhibitive power of the child, it is plain that obedience must follow the formation of the will and of the mind. To prepare, in detail, this formation by means of detached exercises is therefore indirectly, to urge the child towards obedience. The method which is the subject of this book contains in every part an exercise for the will-power, when the child completes co-ordinated actions directed towards a given end, when he achieves something he set out to do, when he repeats patiently his exercises, he is training his positive will-power. Similarly, in a very complicated series of exercises he is establishing through activity his powers of inhibition; for instance in the \"lesson of silence,\" which calls for a long continued inhibition of many actions, while the child is waiting to be called and later for a rigorous self-control when he is called and would like to answer joyously and run to his teacher, but instead is perfectly silent, moves very carefully, taking the greatest pains not to knock against chair or table or to make a noise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01679", "bookId": 39863, "start": 696720, "end": 698188, "sha256": "fe3b1391bf81e65e02c8dfa63250a35da0495870365258f2a77e3e3f249a1c67", "text": "Other inhibitive exercises are the arithmetical ones, when the child having drawn a number by lot, must take from the great mass of objects before him, apparently entirely at his disposition, only the quantity corresponding to the number in his hand, whereas (as experience has proved) he would _like_ to take the greatest number possible. Furthermore if he chances to draw the zero he sits patiently with empty hands. Still another training for the inhibitive will-power is in \"the lesson of zero\" when the child, called upon to come up zero times and give zero kisses, stands quiet, conquering with a visible effort the instinct which would lead him to \"obey\" the call. The child at our school dinners who carries the big tureen full of hot soup, isolates himself from every external stimulant which might disturb him, resists his childish impulse to run and jump, does not yield to the temptation to brush away the fly on his face, and is entirely concentrated on the great responsibility of not dropping or tipping the tureen. A little thing of four and a half, every time he set the tureen down on a table so that the little guests might help themselves, gave a hop and a skip, then took up the tureen again to carry it to another table, repressing himself to a sober walk. In spite of his desire to play he never left his task before he had passed soup to the twenty tables, and he never forgot the vigilance necessary to control his actions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01680", "bookId": 39863, "start": 698192, "end": 698628, "sha256": "8cc6f856e9275886cd8037378a3c562160234ca5040b2a7092bb4162585ff70e", "text": "Will-power, like all other activities is invigorated and developed through methodical exercises, and all our exercises for will-power are also mental and practical. To the casual onlooker the child seems to be learning exactitude and grace of action, to be refining his senses, to be learning how to read and write; but much more profoundly he is learning how to become his own master, how to be a man of prompt and resolute will.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01681", "bookId": 39863, "start": 698632, "end": 699382, "sha256": "83cdb8bbd9312d5b2c88c4c3fa8a47a4e8dc6594490e41cf0ee228fb25a2bdf3", "text": "We often hear it said that a child's will should be \"broken\" that the best education for the will of the child is to learn to give it up to the will of adults. Leaving out of the question the injustice which is at the root of every act of tyranny, this idea is irrational because the child cannot give up what he does not possess. We prevent him in this way from forming his own will-power, and we commit the greatest and most blameworthy mistake. He never has time or opportunity to test himself, to estimate his own force and his own limitations because he is always interrupted and subjected to our tyranny, and languishes in injustice because he is always being bitterly reproached for not having what adults are perpetually destroying.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01682", "bookId": 39863, "start": 699386, "end": 700437, "sha256": "d045aac3971c633fce94b84b42c83e8d567e6a38d9a35d3a3291de6c4de90966", "text": "There springs up as a consequence of this, childish timidity, which is a moral malady acquired by a will which could not develop; and which with the usual calumny with which the tyrant consciously or not, covers up his own mistakes, we consider as an inherent trait of childhood. The children in our schools are never timid. One of their most fascinating qualities is the frankness with which they treat people, with which they go on working in the presence of others, and showing their work frankly, calling for sympathy. That moral monstrosity, a repressed and timid child, who is at his ease nowhere except alone with his playmates, or with street urchins, because his will-power was allowed to grow only in the shade, disappears in our schools. He presents an example of thoughtless barbarism, which resembles the artificial compression of the bodies of those children intended for \"court dwarfs,\" museum monstrosities or buffoons. Yet this is the treatment under which nearly all the children of our time are growing up spiritually.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01683", "bookId": 39863, "start": 700441, "end": 700863, "sha256": "5124b7ef744f4bc16ffcfdeeb94d37c7e173526c2f77cb617096a72cd70fb52f", "text": "As a matter of fact in all the pedagogical congresses one hears that the great peril of our time is the lack of individual character in the scholars; yet these alarmists do not point out that this condition is due to the way in which education is managed, to scholastic slavery, which has for its specialty the repression of will-power and of force of character. The remedy is simply to enfranchise human development.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01684", "bookId": 39863, "start": 700867, "end": 702178, "sha256": "fe88308f0289da188ada0ab624c6fd0390392d7dc4328abc25166f74cd7404a0", "text": "Besides the exercises it offers for developing will-power, the other factor in obedience is the capacity to perform the act it becomes necessary to obey. One of the most interesting observations made by my pupil Anna Maccheroni (at first in the school in Milan and then in that in the Via Guisti in Rome), relates to the connection between obedience in a child and his \"knowing how.\" Obedience appears in the child as a latent instinct as soon as his personality begins to take form. For instance, a child begins to try a certain exercise and suddenly some time he goes through it perfectly; he is delighted, stares at it, and wishes to do it over again, but for some time the exercise is not a success. Then comes a time when he can do it nearly every time he tries voluntarily but makes mistakes if someone else asks him to do it. The external command does not as yet produce the voluntary act. When, however, the exercise always succeeds, with absolute certainty, then an order from someone else brings about on the child's part, orderly adequate action; that is, the child _is able_ each time to execute the command received. That these facts (with variations in individual cases) are laws of psychical development is apparent from everyone's experience with children in school or at home.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01685", "bookId": 39863, "start": 702182, "end": 702389, "sha256": "92ba50e39b88dd5b734a89c838a61337ef70b485914e10bd7aa457b404099bc9", "text": "One often hears a child say, \"I did do such and such a thing but now I can't!\" and a teacher disappointed by the incompetence of a pupil will say, \"Yet that child was doing it all right--and now he can't!\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01686", "bookId": 39863, "start": 702393, "end": 703125, "sha256": "0673a5750dfd998c392d65ac80006bf9e9aec664dc1224c96f28807ebb83e74f", "text": "Finally there is the period of complete development in which the capacity to perform some operation is permanently acquired. There are, therefore, three periods: a first, subconscious one, when in the confused mind of the child, order produces itself by a mysterious inner impulse from out the midst of disorder, producing as an external result a completed act, which, however, being outside the field of consciousness, cannot be reproduced at will; a second, conscious period, when there is some action on the part of the will which is present during the process of the development and establishing of the acts; and a third period when the will can direct and cause the acts, thus answering the command from someone else.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01687", "bookId": 39863, "start": 703129, "end": 703980, "sha256": "31b1e8c34580c3a0029273eb7678ace94de8eca03c98a960c53f4ff5c06e27c6", "text": "Now, obedience follows a similar sequence. When in the first period of spiritual disorder, the child does not obey it is exactly as if he were psychically deaf, and out of hearing of commands. In the second period he would like to obey, he looks as though he understood the command and would like to respond to it, but cannot,--or at least does not always succeed in doing it, is not \"quick to mind\" and shows no pleasure when he does. In the third period he obeys at once, with enthusiasm, and as he becomes more and more perfect in the exercises he is proud that he knows how to obey. This is the period in which he runs joyously to obey, and leaves at the most imperceptible request whatever is interesting him so that he may quit the solitude of his own life and enter, with the act of obedience into the spiritual existence of another.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01688", "bookId": 39863, "start": 703984, "end": 704715, "sha256": "0c2f4c8a9076c1ea714caae14f3e7b0fbf2715966f9e1c9cc9e761db644f2cd3", "text": "To this order, established in a consciousness formerly chaotic, are due all the phenomena of discipline and of mental development, which open out like a new Creation. From minds thus set in order, when \"night is separated from day\" come sudden emotions and mental feats which recall the Biblical story of Creation. The child has in his mind not only what he has laboriously acquired, but the free gifts which flow from spiritual life, the first flowers of affection, of gentleness, of spontaneous love for righteousness which perfume the souls of such children and give promise of the \"fruits of the spirit\" of St. Paul--\"The fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, long-suffering gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01689", "bookId": 39863, "start": 704719, "end": 705412, "sha256": "6744b69f5804548e730ed4df8ddc261526c75ad21cb0b1426f61559cc5147388", "text": "They are virtuous because they exercise patience in repeating their exercises, long-suffering in yielding to the commands and desires of others, good in rejoicing in the well-being of others without jealousy or rivalry; they live, doing good in joyousness of heart and in peace, and they are eminently, marvellously industrious. But they are not proud of such righteousness because they were not conscious of acquiring it as a moral superiority. They have set their feet in the path leading to righteousness, simply because it was the only way to attain true self-development and learning; and they enjoy with simple hearts the fruits of peace that are to be gathered along that path.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01690", "bookId": 39863, "start": 705416, "end": 705896, "sha256": "d115bc0fa20a3774328a132e2cf4d4c2433c1a071c3076b3ddcfcf06ca96fa6a", "text": "These are the first outlines of an experiment which shows a form of indirect discipline in which there is substituted for the critical and sermonizing teacher a rational organisation of work and of liberty for the child. It involves a conception of life more usual in religious fields than in those of academic pedagogy, inasmuch as it has recourse to the spiritual energies of mankind, but it is founded on work and on liberty which are the two paths to all civic progress.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01691", "bookId": 39863, "start": 705906, "end": 705918, "sha256": "74afff6070b081ab16e299505cc87c7dbb0fb04b01c397af6a8e5b51afdf741d", "text": "CHAPTER XXII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01692", "bookId": 39863, "start": 705922, "end": 705949, "sha256": "2a8f21a98cf1bf9befa50114ce28e693748d285d0c56616915dada9066f27bab", "text": "CONCLUSIONS AND IMPRESSIONS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01693", "bookId": 39863, "start": 705955, "end": 706141, "sha256": "9c190f6725d8a34eb96334f3eba6933d05626816f7cbde379c6de5d3a993c96e", "text": "In the \"Children's Houses,\" the old-time teacher, who wore herself out maintaining discipline of immobility, and who wasted her breath in loud and continual discourse, has disappeared.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01694", "bookId": 39863, "start": 706145, "end": 706449, "sha256": "7db0e9728a909e47d940a99cfdf6dedc4ff9f0df278bdf5b12af0dd9850ea094", "text": "For this teacher we have substituted the _didactic material_, which contains within itself the control of errors and which makes auto-education possible to each child. The teacher has thus become a _director_ of the spontaneous work of the children. She is not a _passive_ force, a _silent_ presence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01695", "bookId": 39863, "start": 706453, "end": 706976, "sha256": "b6dc46a7e77154b61dbf24f097815603e1f09e2830d07a5ae6cab2113b8b906f", "text": "The children are occupied each one in a different way, and the directress, watching them, can make psychological observations which, if collected in an orderly way and according to scientific standards, should do much toward the reconstruction of child psychology and the development of experimental psychology. I believe that I have by my method established the conditions necessary to the development of scientific pedagogy; and whoever adopts this method opens, in doing so, a laboratory of experimental pedagogy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01696", "bookId": 39863, "start": 706980, "end": 707387, "sha256": "84c51236908cb5c91923bce650baa6b62c86fa8c37077e79593e0b3384063078", "text": "From such work, we must await the positive solution of all those pedagogical problems of which we talk to-day. For through such work there has already come the solution of some of these very questions: that of the liberty of the pupils; auto-education; the establishment of harmony between the work and activities of home life and school tasks, making both work together for the education of the child.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01697", "bookId": 39863, "start": 707391, "end": 708263, "sha256": "207e513aa4b9ce394e66b2617cf316e001f7742eedbbc95a9392e1d425b3ebd6", "text": "The problem of religious education, the importance of which we do not fully realise, should also be solved by positive pedagogy. If religion is born with civilisation, its roots must lie deep in human nature. We have had most beautiful proof of an instinctive love of knowledge in the child, who has too often been misjudged in that he has been considered addicted to meaningless play, and games void of thought. The child who left the game in his eagerness for knowledge, has revealed himself as a true son of that humanity which has been throughout centuries the creator of scientific and civil progress. We have belittled the son of man by giving him foolish and degrading toys, a world of idleness where he is suffocated by a badly conceived discipline. Now, in his liberty, the child should show us, as well, whether man is by nature a religious creature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01698", "bookId": 39863, "start": 708267, "end": 708657, "sha256": "3ce12187c09a1a1d985d1f58cef42fcbef40fc00341a95a0bbfa19bec9cfb9c8", "text": "To deny, _a priori_, the religions sentiment in man, and to deprive humanity of the education of this sentiment, is to commit a pedagogical error similar to that of denying, _a priori_, to the child, the love of learning for learning's sake. This ignorant assumption led us to dominate the scholar, to subject him to a species of slavery, in order to render him apparently disciplined.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01699", "bookId": 39863, "start": 708661, "end": 709561, "sha256": "5a24e6166e1c76cb113a96dada7a7de5f92ebc9eed62a113554dd258e6b04ba7", "text": "The fact that we assume that religions education is only adapted to the adult, may be akin to another profound error existing in education to-day, namely, that of overlooking the education of the senses at the very period when this education is possible. The life of the adult is practically an application of the senses to the gathering of sensations from the environment. A lack of preparation for this, often results in inadequacy in practical life, in that lack of poise which causes so many individuals to waste their energies in purposeless effort. Not to form a parallel between the education of the senses as a guide to practical life, and religious education as a guide to the moral life, but for the sake of illustration, let me call attention to how often we find inefficiency, instability, among irreligious persons, and how much precious individual power is miserably wasted.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01700", "bookId": 39863, "start": 709565, "end": 710859, "sha256": "a316440ef063f047492c6bfa57531a2b08b9d69f6451a20b9e384bc3e69663d4", "text": "How many men have had this experience! And when that spiritual awakening comes late, as it sometimes does, through the softening power of sorrow, the mind is unable to establish an equilibrium, because it has grown too much accustomed to a life deprived of spirituality. We see equally piteous cases of religious fanaticism, or we look upon intimate dramatic struggles between the heart, ever seeking its own safe and quiet port, and the mind that constantly draws it back to the sea of conflicting ideas and emotions, where peace is unknown. These are all psychological phenomena of the highest importance; they present, perhaps, the gravest of all our human problems. We Europeans are still filled with prejudices and hedged about with preconceptions in regard to these matters. We are very slaves of thought. We believe that liberty of conscience and of thought consists in denying certain sentimental beliefs, while liberty never can exist where one struggles to stifle some other thing, but only where unlimited expansion is granted; where life is left free and untrammelled. He who really does not believe, does not fear that which he does not believe, and does not combat that which for him does not exist. If he believes and fights, he then becomes an enemy to liberty.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01701", "bookId": 39863, "start": 710863, "end": 711417, "sha256": "be45d881e4174d46fc13618cd4ceba5b63cf55e3a35b9a4c8990e099346ae230", "text": "In America, the great positive scientist, William James, who expounds the physiological theory of emotions, is also the man who illustrates the psychological importance of religious \"conscience.\" We cannot know the future of the progress of thought: here, for example, in the \"Children's Houses\" the triumph of _discipline_ through the conquest of liberty and independence marks the foundation of the progress which the future will see in the matter of pedagogical methods. To me it offers the greatest hope for human redemption through education.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01702", "bookId": 39863, "start": 711421, "end": 711719, "sha256": "1e6c878f3c1f3b739a2f7f2a90aa4d7d9167efb6faf4086725473947f702937d", "text": "Perhaps, in the same way, through the conquest of liberty of thought and of conscience, we are making our way toward a great religious triumph. Experience will show, and the psychological observations made along this line in the \"Children's Houses\" will undoubtedly be of the greatest interest.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01703", "bookId": 39863, "start": 711723, "end": 712033, "sha256": "56d7b79c0d53fe9062ff61c10c2aa2b8318e7e0e4dee912937e4d66ca8d6dfc4", "text": "This book of methods compiled by one person alone, must be followed by many others. It is my hope that, starting from the _individual study of the child_ educated with our method, other educators will set forth the results of their experiments. These are the pedagogical books which await us in the future.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01704", "bookId": 39863, "start": 712037, "end": 712586, "sha256": "619c9f7c704164ebc38bf17bdb3b1c1cfb1d90629689551c13c50cc5142e8f68", "text": "From the practical side of the school, we have with our methods the advantage of being able to teach in one room, children of very different ages. In our \"Children's Houses\" we have little ones of two years and a half, who cannot as yet make use of the most simple of the sense exercises, and children of five and a half who because of their development might easily pass into the third elementary. Each one of them perfects himself through his own powers, and goes forward guided by that inner force which distinguishes him as an individual.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01705", "bookId": 39863, "start": 712590, "end": 713240, "sha256": "3859bff897491dc3858c61fd22aa3e816471b3ddf9f09850c6dba2d84f9925ee", "text": "One great advantage of such a method is that it will make instruction in the rural schools easier, and will be of great advantage in the schools in the small provincial towns where there are few children, yet where all the various grades are represented. Such schools are not able to employ more than one teacher. Our experience shows that one directress may guide a group of children varying in development from little ones of three years old to the third elementary. Another great advantage lies in the extreme facility with which written language may be taught, making it possible to combat illiteracy and to cultivate the national tongue.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01706", "bookId": 39863, "start": 713244, "end": 713444, "sha256": "9c1113da2cfd608b51b777a43a158ccdeb1dd9dff7398e442962e0c777e116b9", "text": "As to the teacher, she may remain for a whole day among children in the most varying stages of development, just as the mother remains in the house with children of all ages, without becoming tired.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01707", "bookId": 39863, "start": 713448, "end": 714005, "sha256": "623a21585fba602cab3e63a93095509f4fda210c4e7ee5a480be6df348d61608", "text": "The children work by themselves, and, in doing so, make a conquest of active discipline, and independence in all the acts of daily life, just as through daily conquests they progress in intellectual development. Directed by an intelligent teacher, who watches over their physical development as well as over their intellectual and moral progress, children are able with our methods to arrive at a splendid physical development, and, in addition to this, there unfolds within them, in all its perfection, the soul, which distinguishes the human being.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01708", "bookId": 39863, "start": 714009, "end": 714428, "sha256": "a979bb6169f2bb05db0666d437b4365bf6b1d53107b1d19156fc017299e8eb00", "text": "We have been mistaken in thinking that the natural education of children should be purely physical; the soul, too, has its nature, which it was intended to perfect in the spiritual life,--the dominating power of human existence throughout all time. Our methods take into consideration the spontaneous psychic development of the child, and help this in ways that observation and experience have shown us to be wise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01709", "bookId": 39863, "start": 714432, "end": 714751, "sha256": "7ecbf80027a96327837d5b32c68731448a556e08fb71ee23ffb7871ab66a75d7", "text": "If physical care leads the child to take pleasure in bodily health, intellectual and moral care make possible for him the highest spiritual joy, and send him forward into a world where continual surprises and discoveries await him; not only in the external environment, but in the intimate recesses of his own soul.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01710", "bookId": 39863, "start": 714755, "end": 714911, "sha256": "7e6aba31df57fb6553c119427710a740e38adb2d4be7bfcbcc0ebd6f4de135d0", "text": "It is through such pleasures as these that the ideal man grows, and only such pleasures are worthy of a place in the education of the infancy of humanity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01711", "bookId": 39863, "start": 714915, "end": 715934, "sha256": "d39b15b58a8aa942746a709bc9c6e5f49b1f938d36427b08eb62c98b4c59fab9", "text": "Our children are noticeably different from those others who have grown up within the grey walls of the common schools. Our little pupils have the serene and happy aspect and the frank and open friendliness of the person who feels himself to be master of his own actions. When they run to gather about our visitors, speaking to them with sweet frankness, extending their little hands with gentle gravity and well-bred cordiality, when they thank these visitors for the courtesy they have paid us in coming, the bright eyes and the happy voices make us feel that they are, indeed, unusual little men. When they display their work and their ability, in a confidential and simple way, it is almost as if they called for a maternal approbation from all those who watch them. Often, a little one will seat himself on the floor beside some visitor silently writing his name, and adding a gentle word of thanks. It is as if they wished to make the visitor feel the affectionate gratitude which is in their hearts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01712", "bookId": 39863, "start": 715938, "end": 716267, "sha256": "936048ee26e18b927df4af35e95c0491a5452728779b4c8226f44a5174e2359b", "text": "When we see all these things and when, above all, we pass with these children from the busy activity of the schoolroom at work, into the absolute and profound silence which they have learned to enjoy so deeply, we are moved in spite of ourselves and feel that we have come in touch with the very souls of these little pupils.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01713", "bookId": 39863, "start": 716271, "end": 717353, "sha256": "98dd577e2c73f8c0323e5f7eedd2495d4b6931d37972056c5c45928e418b3664", "text": "The \"Children's House\" seems to exert a spiritual influence upon everyone. I have seen here, men of affairs, great politicians preoccupied with problems of trade and of state, cast off like an uncomfortable garment the burden of the world, and fall into a simple forgetfulness of self. They are affected by this vision of the human soul growing in its true nature, and I believe that this is what they mean when they call our little ones, wonderful children, happy children--the infancy of humanity in a higher stage of evolution than our own. I understand how the great English poet Wordsworth, enamoured as he was of nature, demanded the secret of all her peace and beauty. It was at last revealed to him--the secret of all nature lies in the soul of a little child. He holds there the true meaning of that life which exists throughout humanity. But this beauty which \"lies about us in our infancy\" becomes obscured; \"shades of the prison house, begin to close about the growing boy ... at last the man perceives it die away, and fade into the light of common day.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01714", "bookId": 39863, "start": 717357, "end": 717735, "sha256": "5a37a74a1c04a6b6273cd6ab69f230a483ef641628eba3b5d3d04c3ed2773799", "text": "Truly our social life is too often only the darkening and the death of the natural life that is in us. These methods tend to guard that spiritual fire within man, to keep his real nature unspoiled and to set it free from the oppressive and degrading yoke of society. It is a pedagogical method informed by the high concept of Immanuel Kant: \"Perfect art returns to nature.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01715", "bookId": 39863, "start": 717741, "end": 717748, "sha256": "34a70d32ee976ccf59d2ef10404e3d8fb34a17f5bc2d459e9a8651e90cd5fa74", "text": "THE END", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG39863.B01716", "bookId": 39863, "start": 717762, "end": 717831, "sha256": "502db5cef87e7dfdb018e97e0f9e032e0c89f81b5f5a24e524b5940fe466b605", "text": "End of Project Gutenberg's The Montessori Method, by Maria Montessori", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00001", "bookId": 145, "start": 53, "end": 64, "sha256": "48020a629ef74272ca9e97f2854f146c3cf1311e36a3301b17cdd960daf7a296", "text": "Middlemarch", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00002", "bookId": 145, "start": 66, "end": 78, "sha256": "15d6aa10cb780056c018f8c61d81f158ca36b76405d80b4e1d081fc672fa47ba", "text": "George Eliot", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00003", "bookId": 145, "start": 80, "end": 133, "sha256": "6b188121b57400c073ee819ef52a87846dc4b0049c66f0a08a6caf80c79347ba", "text": "New York and Boston H. M. Caldwell Company Publishers", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00004", "bookId": 145, "start": 135, "end": 220, "sha256": "5857019249dae682b3897b37a4cc61e6737f4a41ace40bc14831062a5ffef4d9", "text": "To my dear Husband, George Henry Lewes, in this nineteenth year of our blessed union.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00005", "bookId": 145, "start": 223, "end": 231, "sha256": "437aea62a5bd6ad4762e494c81b88532809a231477c82bdecf6fd6636908b7ab", "text": "Contents", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00006", "bookId": 145, "start": 234, "end": 242, "sha256": "261e6c145c95bce9e54c9d977cd2c73d065cf77d15d7bd106e78fd639823df09", "text": "PRELUDE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00007", "bookId": 145, "start": 245, "end": 423, "sha256": "0308168e8af68662ac3603151de478a0703efb647d10971725af9e1036c6d3cf", "text": "BOOK I. MISS BROOKE. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTER X. CHAPTER XI. CHAPTER XII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00008", "bookId": 145, "start": 426, "end": 592, "sha256": "aecb5c463b2aa9751f578d7b9d06bd3e263b8534b443b542393782ab258fa204", "text": "BOOK II. OLD AND YOUNG. CHAPTER XIII. CHAPTER XIV. CHAPTER XV. CHAPTER XVI. CHAPTER XVII. CHAPTER XVIII. CHAPTER XIX. CHAPTER XX. CHAPTER XXI. CHAPTER XXII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00009", "bookId": 145, "start": 595, "end": 793, "sha256": "092c281c9738870fe2ef74310e2f10f8dc7ffe63244527c4a2216c359885f5e4", "text": "BOOK III. WAITING FOR DEATH. CHAPTER XXIII. CHAPTER XXIV. CHAPTER XXV. CHAPTER XXVI. CHAPTER XXVII. CHAPTER XXVIII. CHAPTER XXIX. CHAPTER XXX. CHAPTER XXXI. CHAPTER XXXII. CHAPTER XXXIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00010", "bookId": 145, "start": 796, "end": 965, "sha256": "1bcf98feed61fac1eac3f0f9eaa0518c7714d32bec8966603799fed5b6fbb21f", "text": "BOOK IV. THREE LOVE PROBLEMS. CHAPTER XXXIV. CHAPTER XXXV. CHAPTER XXXVI. CHAPTER XXXVII. CHAPTER XXXVIII. CHAPTER XXXIX. CHAPTER XL. CHAPTER XLI. CHAPTER XLII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00011", "bookId": 145, "start": 968, "end": 1152, "sha256": "7b4ca1d7ea2b55533dc47ced9fef1b3049f3276293ba3a70553f658c4c640367", "text": "BOOK V. THE DEAD HAND. CHAPTER XLIII. CHAPTER XLIV. CHAPTER XLV. CHAPTER XLVI. CHAPTER XLVII. CHAPTER XLVIII. CHAPTER XLIX. CHAPTER L. CHAPTER LI. CHAPTER LII. CHAPTER LIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00012", "bookId": 145, "start": 1155, "end": 1315, "sha256": "bc33e14551901a82c222ad05c72c276d388fd617f68e8c4a8a967f1a2d46f0db", "text": "BOOK VI. THE WIDOW AND THE WIFE. CHAPTER LIV. CHAPTER LV. CHAPTER LVI. CHAPTER LVII. CHAPTER LVIII. CHAPTER LIX. CHAPTER LX. CHAPTER LXI. CHAPTER LXII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00013", "bookId": 145, "start": 1318, "end": 1481, "sha256": "911f74b72d431664050188f2e2a04feadd4fa0384eab9ba22b50ec989bc2a08c", "text": "BOOK VII. TWO TEMPTATIONS. CHAPTER LXIII. CHAPTER LXIV. CHAPTER LXV. CHAPTER LXVI. CHAPTER LXVII. CHAPTER LXVIII. CHAPTER LXIX. CHAPTER LXX. CHAPTER LXXI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00014", "bookId": 145, "start": 1484, "end": 1761, "sha256": "ba4f8a649fe86ba5a1e2e5424836399c5794fc0d4ef4597bc0ebaa09938761f4", "text": "BOOK VIII. SUNSET AND SUNRISE. CHAPTER LXXII. CHAPTER LXXIII. CHAPTER LXXIV. CHAPTER LXXV. CHAPTER LXXVI. CHAPTER LXXVII. CHAPTER LXXVIII. CHAPTER LXXIX. CHAPTER LXXX. CHAPTER LXXXI. CHAPTER LXXXII. CHAPTER LXXXIII. CHAPTER LXXXIV. CHAPTER LXXXV. CHAPTER LXXXVI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00015", "bookId": 145, "start": 1764, "end": 1771, "sha256": "c71834c2f8c9d19eb633405221deeede28152ad103bb76b5d142443fee8c18de", "text": "FINALE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00016", "bookId": 145, "start": 1776, "end": 1784, "sha256": "261e6c145c95bce9e54c9d977cd2c73d065cf77d15d7bd106e78fd639823df09", "text": "PRELUDE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00017", "bookId": 145, "start": 1787, "end": 2917, "sha256": "83dc42fb95f4bc31c6584129c23007b459bbe530fafcd00de5f9c241273feeaa", "text": "Who that cares much to know the history of man, and how the mysterious mixture behaves under the varying experiments of Time, has not dwelt, at least briefly, on the life of Saint Theresa, has not smiled with some gentleness at the thought of the little girl walking forth one morning hand-in-hand with her still smaller brother, to go and seek martyrdom in the country of the Moors? Out they toddled from rugged Avila, wide-eyed and helpless-looking as two fawns, but with human hearts, already beating to a national idea; until domestic reality met them in the shape of uncles, and turned them back from their great resolve. That child-pilgrimage was a fit beginning. Theresa’s passionate, ideal nature demanded an epic life: what were many-volumed romances of chivalry and the social conquests of a brilliant girl to her? Her flame quickly burned up that light fuel; and, fed from within, soared after some illimitable satisfaction, some object which would never justify weariness, which would reconcile self-despair with the rapturous consciousness of life beyond self. She found her epos in the reform of a religious order.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00018", "bookId": 145, "start": 2919, "end": 3869, "sha256": "d147b69511078e72a994a91a0c202c29a624f32c751f1667f96bdcc0ba340324", "text": "That Spanish woman who lived three hundred years ago, was certainly not the last of her kind. Many Theresas have been born who found for themselves no epic life wherein there was a constant unfolding of far-resonant action; perhaps only a life of mistakes, the offspring of a certain spiritual grandeur ill-matched with the meanness of opportunity; perhaps a tragic failure which found no sacred poet and sank unwept into oblivion. With dim lights and tangled circumstance they tried to shape their thought and deed in noble agreement; but after all, to common eyes their struggles seemed mere inconsistency and formlessness; for these later-born Theresas were helped by no coherent social faith and order which could perform the function of knowledge for the ardently willing soul. Their ardor alternated between a vague ideal and the common yearning of womanhood; so that the one was disapproved as extravagance, and the other condemned as a lapse.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00019", "bookId": 145, "start": 3871, "end": 4782, "sha256": "a3a4e30f220483908c5075d1f67b70db51b5ab3eb295d1a3f58d4502b93409fa", "text": "Some have felt that these blundering lives are due to the inconvenient indefiniteness with which the Supreme Power has fashioned the natures of women: if there were one level of feminine incompetence as strict as the ability to count three and no more, the social lot of women might be treated with scientific certitude. Meanwhile the indefiniteness remains, and the limits of variation are really much wider than any one would imagine from the sameness of women’s coiffure and the favorite love-stories in prose and verse. Here and there a cygnet is reared uneasily among the ducklings in the brown pond, and never finds the living stream in fellowship with its own oary-footed kind. Here and there is born a Saint Theresa, foundress of nothing, whose loving heart-beats and sobs after an unattained goodness tremble off and are dispersed among hindrances, instead of centring in some long-recognizable deed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00020", "bookId": 145, "start": 4787, "end": 4807, "sha256": "b62b3bb223752437019e45161e42cacceafb544ac8bfbef89dcee9bcb4aca0f4", "text": "BOOK I. MISS BROOKE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00021", "bookId": 145, "start": 4812, "end": 4822, "sha256": "d0ed1fd816333f29aabbca20f2a33087bb8f87c3785f4215402429274a4c314e", "text": "CHAPTER I.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00022", "bookId": 145, "start": 4824, "end": 4980, "sha256": "9216dcae37a7e9eee57a64c6c07152f6c14997072c31fdf5bbb3612f2a086e3a", "text": "Since I can do no good because a woman, Reach constantly at something that is near it. —_The Maid’s Tragedy:_ BEAUMONT AND FLETCHER.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00023", "bookId": 145, "start": 4983, "end": 8564, "sha256": "a1cb24e95a3eea47016b5ee29541698e0c40249d48225f9568390a702aae4274", "text": "Miss Brooke had that kind of beauty which seems to be thrown into relief by poor dress. Her hand and wrist were so finely formed that she could wear sleeves not less bare of style than those in which the Blessed Virgin appeared to Italian painters; and her profile as well as her stature and bearing seemed to gain the more dignity from her plain garments, which by the side of provincial fashion gave her the impressiveness of a fine quotation from the Bible,—or from one of our elder poets,—in a paragraph of to-day’s newspaper. She was usually spoken of as being remarkably clever, but with the addition that her sister Celia had more common-sense. Nevertheless, Celia wore scarcely more trimmings; and it was only to close observers that her dress differed from her sister’s, and had a shade of coquetry in its arrangements; for Miss Brooke’s plain dressing was due to mixed conditions, in most of which her sister shared. The pride of being ladies had something to do with it: the Brooke connections, though not exactly aristocratic, were unquestionably “good:” if you inquired backward for a generation or two, you would not find any yard-measuring or parcel-tying forefathers—anything lower than an admiral or a clergyman; and there was even an ancestor discernible as a Puritan gentleman who served under Cromwell, but afterwards conformed, and managed to come out of all political troubles as the proprietor of a respectable family estate. Young women of such birth, living in a quiet country-house, and attending a village church hardly larger than a parlor, naturally regarded frippery as the ambition of a huckster’s daughter. Then there was well-bred economy, which in those days made show in dress the first item to be deducted from, when any margin was required for expenses more distinctive of rank. Such reasons would have been enough to account for plain dress, quite apart from religious feeling; but in Miss Brooke’s case, religion alone would have determined it; and Celia mildly acquiesced in all her sister’s sentiments, only infusing them with that common-sense which is able to accept momentous doctrines without any eccentric agitation. Dorothea knew many passages of Pascal’s Pensees and of Jeremy Taylor by heart; and to her the destinies of mankind, seen by the light of Christianity, made the solicitudes of feminine fashion appear an occupation for Bedlam. She could not reconcile the anxieties of a spiritual life involving eternal consequences, with a keen interest in gimp and artificial protrusions of drapery. Her mind was theoretic, and yearned by its nature after some lofty conception of the world which might frankly include the parish of Tipton and her own rule of conduct there; she was enamoured of intensity and greatness, and rash in embracing whatever seemed to her to have those aspects; likely to seek martyrdom, to make retractations, and then to incur martyrdom after all in a quarter where she had not sought it. Certainly such elements in the character of a marriageable girl tended to interfere with her lot, and hinder it from being decided according to custom, by good looks, vanity, and merely canine affection. With all this, she, the elder of the sisters, was not yet twenty, and they had both been educated, since they were about twelve years old and had lost their parents, on plans at once narrow and promiscuous, first in an English family and afterwards in a Swiss family at Lausanne, their bachelor uncle and guardian trying in this way to remedy the disadvantages of their orphaned condition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00024", "bookId": 145, "start": 8566, "end": 9320, "sha256": "18a32e9475b5882c4b2a0ed67d5d7237b19d319f959c080f330ea72adec063b7", "text": "It was hardly a year since they had come to live at Tipton Grange with their uncle, a man nearly sixty, of acquiescent temper, miscellaneous opinions, and uncertain vote. He had travelled in his younger years, and was held in this part of the county to have contracted a too rambling habit of mind. Mr. Brooke’s conclusions were as difficult to predict as the weather: it was only safe to say that he would act with benevolent intentions, and that he would spend as little money as possible in carrying them out. For the most glutinously indefinite minds enclose some hard grains of habit; and a man has been seen lax about all his own interests except the retention of his snuff-box, concerning which he was watchful, suspicious, and greedy of clutch.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00025", "bookId": 145, "start": 9322, "end": 10188, "sha256": "72de52d196736ac8c08985638fd40cba559897d95dea222d9d3ab3f179dbd1fb", "text": "In Mr. Brooke the hereditary strain of Puritan energy was clearly in abeyance; but in his niece Dorothea it glowed alike through faults and virtues, turning sometimes into impatience of her uncle’s talk or his way of “letting things be” on his estate, and making her long all the more for the time when she would be of age and have some command of money for generous schemes. She was regarded as an heiress; for not only had the sisters seven hundred a-year each from their parents, but if Dorothea married and had a son, that son would inherit Mr. Brooke’s estate, presumably worth about three thousand a-year—a rental which seemed wealth to provincial families, still discussing Mr. Peel’s late conduct on the Catholic question, innocent of future gold-fields, and of that gorgeous plutocracy which has so nobly exalted the necessities of genteel life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00026", "bookId": 145, "start": 10190, "end": 11308, "sha256": "62cca290ac2c57cfdb2ecd448979e77ad504a4d67e92d74014517cf4c3e16955", "text": "And how should Dorothea not marry?—a girl so handsome and with such prospects? Nothing could hinder it but her love of extremes, and her insistence on regulating life according to notions which might cause a wary man to hesitate before he made her an offer, or even might lead her at last to refuse all offers. A young lady of some birth and fortune, who knelt suddenly down on a brick floor by the side of a sick laborer and prayed fervidly as if she thought herself living in the time of the Apostles—who had strange whims of fasting like a Papist, and of sitting up at night to read old theological books! Such a wife might awaken you some fine morning with a new scheme for the application of her income which would interfere with political economy and the keeping of saddle-horses: a man would naturally think twice before he risked himself in such fellowship. Women were expected to have weak opinions; but the great safeguard of society and of domestic life was, that opinions were not acted on. Sane people did what their neighbors did, so that if any lunatics were at large, one might know and avoid them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00027", "bookId": 145, "start": 11310, "end": 11742, "sha256": "8867a9e7b3a5700ddcf42a1c85be766732705acabf41ba048fa4fc127f962c11", "text": "The rural opinion about the new young ladies, even among the cottagers, was generally in favor of Celia, as being so amiable and innocent-looking, while Miss Brooke’s large eyes seemed, like her religion, too unusual and striking. Poor Dorothea! compared with her, the innocent-looking Celia was knowing and worldly-wise; so much subtler is a human mind than the outside tissues which make a sort of blazonry or clock-face for it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00028", "bookId": 145, "start": 11744, "end": 12300, "sha256": "d34f39c398371d4dacefa3556eb395a189af1a02e7e0a0ae061471698594d389", "text": "Yet those who approached Dorothea, though prejudiced against her by this alarming hearsay, found that she had a charm unaccountably reconcilable with it. Most men thought her bewitching when she was on horseback. She loved the fresh air and the various aspects of the country, and when her eyes and cheeks glowed with mingled pleasure she looked very little like a devotee. Riding was an indulgence which she allowed herself in spite of conscientious qualms; she felt that she enjoyed it in a pagan sensuous way, and always looked forward to renouncing it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00029", "bookId": 145, "start": 12302, "end": 13584, "sha256": "328ccce959c2cc8f4adfaa25b5004cea16a904d14afbd2111a5c9162d15b26f3", "text": "She was open, ardent, and not in the least self-admiring; indeed, it was pretty to see how her imagination adorned her sister Celia with attractions altogether superior to her own, and if any gentleman appeared to come to the Grange from some other motive than that of seeing Mr. Brooke, she concluded that he must be in love with Celia: Sir James Chettam, for example, whom she constantly considered from Celia’s point of view, inwardly debating whether it would be good for Celia to accept him. That he should be regarded as a suitor to herself would have seemed to her a ridiculous irrelevance. Dorothea, with all her eagerness to know the truths of life, retained very childlike ideas about marriage. She felt sure that she would have accepted the judicious Hooker, if she had been born in time to save him from that wretched mistake he made in matrimony; or John Milton when his blindness had come on; or any of the other great men whose odd habits it would have been glorious piety to endure; but an amiable handsome baronet, who said “Exactly” to her remarks even when she expressed uncertainty,—how could he affect her as a lover? The really delightful marriage must be that where your husband was a sort of father, and could teach you even Hebrew, if you wished it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00030", "bookId": 145, "start": 13586, "end": 14278, "sha256": "95fb52aeeae73837b40b41ab1a1bbfb6a3e9dbc960cebdeea23922e10a57294a", "text": "These peculiarities of Dorothea’s character caused Mr. Brooke to be all the more blamed in neighboring families for not securing some middle-aged lady as guide and companion to his nieces. But he himself dreaded so much the sort of superior woman likely to be available for such a position, that he allowed himself to be dissuaded by Dorothea’s objections, and was in this case brave enough to defy the world—that is to say, Mrs. Cadwallader the Rector’s wife, and the small group of gentry with whom he visited in the northeast corner of Loamshire. So Miss Brooke presided in her uncle’s household, and did not at all dislike her new authority, with the homage that belonged to it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00031", "bookId": 145, "start": 14280, "end": 14893, "sha256": "c96971f5a3a50fa95034ac255894ced256cfab180d8300074d214040e0fdcef7", "text": "Sir James Chettam was going to dine at the Grange to-day with another gentleman whom the girls had never seen, and about whom Dorothea felt some venerating expectation. This was the Reverend Edward Casaubon, noted in the county as a man of profound learning, understood for many years to be engaged on a great work concerning religious history; also as a man of wealth enough to give lustre to his piety, and having views of his own which were to be more clearly ascertained on the publication of his book. His very name carried an impressiveness hardly to be measured without a precise chronology of scholarship.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00032", "bookId": 145, "start": 14895, "end": 15275, "sha256": "686a152e5fa4d9a8e09ffe528c44b50fcf8ab45562b3aae6219b9c529ffb8e22", "text": "Early in the day Dorothea had returned from the infant school which she had set going in the village, and was taking her usual place in the pretty sitting-room which divided the bedrooms of the sisters, bent on finishing a plan for some buildings (a kind of work which she delighted in), when Celia, who had been watching her with a hesitating desire to propose something, said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00033", "bookId": 145, "start": 15277, "end": 15510, "sha256": "5a3c04f07e9f8940ef28a9a3c87369107f99ab48af2f0652b0c484ef5aaa9467", "text": "“Dorothea, dear, if you don’t mind—if you are not very busy—suppose we looked at mamma’s jewels to-day, and divided them? It is exactly six months to-day since uncle gave them to you, and you have not looked at them yet.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00034", "bookId": 145, "start": 15512, "end": 15834, "sha256": "adba8c72c53e52480023328f78239ea55af92f6e1f43f55a84b9d021041c153c", "text": "Celia’s face had the shadow of a pouting expression in it, the full presence of the pout being kept back by an habitual awe of Dorothea and principle; two associated facts which might show a mysterious electricity if you touched them incautiously. To her relief, Dorothea’s eyes were full of laughter as she looked up.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00035", "bookId": 145, "start": 15836, "end": 15929, "sha256": "0064d4beab4360399fbf8124cc8ed209d0c3524445d562c37b5778e4ec6b3a95", "text": "“What a wonderful little almanac you are, Celia! Is it six calendar or six lunar months?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00036", "bookId": 145, "start": 15931, "end": 16175, "sha256": "ba89790447649bdf29ab05a93078ee54217b4dc09999ccd47c98b6ea48224f81", "text": "“It is the last day of September now, and it was the first of April when uncle gave them to you. You know, he said that he had forgotten them till then. I believe you have never thought of them since you locked them up in the cabinet here.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00037", "bookId": 145, "start": 16177, "end": 16380, "sha256": "6ee9fcfb07ffa010c49a7607ccaa5307c731d09ed755d70bdb40e8a3d9c2bb03", "text": "“Well, dear, we should never wear them, you know.” Dorothea spoke in a full cordial tone, half caressing, half explanatory. She had her pencil in her hand, and was making tiny side-plans on a margin.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00038", "bookId": 145, "start": 16382, "end": 16911, "sha256": "1d7aa88cfe592d7dbed17cca283f3cd79b5fb14387ee1ff399d892c9b7d82ca9", "text": "Celia colored, and looked very grave. “I think, dear, we are wanting in respect to mamma’s memory, to put them by and take no notice of them. And,” she added, after hesitating a little, with a rising sob of mortification, “necklaces are quite usual now; and Madame Poincon, who was stricter in some things even than you are, used to wear ornaments. And Christians generally—surely there are women in heaven now who wore jewels.” Celia was conscious of some mental strength when she really applied herself to argument.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00039", "bookId": 145, "start": 16913, "end": 17313, "sha256": "f86433506118bd0fab961ce5bbacfb188fa858d09b648bc67c3c70dda5ea39e7", "text": "“You would like to wear them?” exclaimed Dorothea, an air of astonished discovery animating her whole person with a dramatic action which she had caught from that very Madame Poincon who wore the ornaments. “Of course, then, let us have them out. Why did you not tell me before? But the keys, the keys!” She pressed her hands against the sides of her head and seemed to despair of her memory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00040", "bookId": 145, "start": 17315, "end": 17415, "sha256": "3c710ce3c23d93e31a261a57379f9ceb0555a75f3f2efc9283c979b211a67eb5", "text": "“They are here,” said Celia, with whom this explanation had been long meditated and prearranged.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00041", "bookId": 145, "start": 17417, "end": 17491, "sha256": "59054123c33e6abd2a56b3810b30ac4ec3497a9e6cbc6d34ad7abc66f6d1286d", "text": "“Pray open the large drawer of the cabinet and get out the jewel-box.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00042", "bookId": 145, "start": 17493, "end": 18110, "sha256": "54c33c64724c366ead2b4879e5aa876df79b78b280a0980a77bcb2ad99c05043", "text": "The casket was soon open before them, and the various jewels spread out, making a bright parterre on the table. It was no great collection, but a few of the ornaments were really of remarkable beauty, the finest that was obvious at first being a necklace of purple amethysts set in exquisite gold work, and a pearl cross with five brilliants in it. Dorothea immediately took up the necklace and fastened it round her sister’s neck, where it fitted almost as closely as a bracelet; but the circle suited the Henrietta-Maria style of Celia’s head and neck, and she could see that it did, in the pier-glass opposite.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00043", "bookId": 145, "start": 18112, "end": 18227, "sha256": "84c76e09e46289e1472daa6ab3fd55d1804d573734c294f5b697d052bbef12c0", "text": "“There, Celia! you can wear that with your Indian muslin. But this cross you must wear with your dark dresses.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00044", "bookId": 145, "start": 18229, "end": 18321, "sha256": "2e2b550f37775a1f70f3185d1f5b0ad177225e3827a42b89227a8afc923d2481", "text": "Celia was trying not to smile with pleasure. “O Dodo, you must keep the cross yourself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00045", "bookId": 145, "start": 18323, "end": 18408, "sha256": "27c98fe72ff1ed319af3f98788468aa89115cb52a370d3aa9255b771ef578364", "text": "“No, no, dear, no,” said Dorothea, putting up her hand with careless deprecation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00046", "bookId": 145, "start": 18410, "end": 18537, "sha256": "2c0f3d90d82b46fec68c438c44a61e5f558296fe4ef4beff3a449d71cf47969f", "text": "“Yes, indeed you must; it would suit you—in your black dress, now,” said Celia, insistingly. “You _might_ wear that.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00047", "bookId": 145, "start": 18539, "end": 18664, "sha256": "89d394ebb43e87293cc487466990c515821ca3477152a7691c30ddc602a5eb0a", "text": "“Not for the world, not for the world. A cross is the last thing I would wear as a trinket.” Dorothea shuddered slightly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00048", "bookId": 145, "start": 18666, "end": 18741, "sha256": "313758f7fea45019da91eedcd96a946142e2933bff0f4af3cf82bfedc5456944", "text": "“Then you will think it wicked in me to wear it,” said Celia, uneasily.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00049", "bookId": 145, "start": 18743, "end": 18884, "sha256": "c9027afe1db81aa13d9f451873f8ba85964bd76f854f62921f7a0e4aa099ff4d", "text": "“No, dear, no,” said Dorothea, stroking her sister’s cheek. “Souls have complexions too: what will suit one will not suit another.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00050", "bookId": 145, "start": 18886, "end": 18941, "sha256": "d48b216835563b7a8789834d6d8c423b1e76e541162dd31db80371888e81f674", "text": "“But you might like to keep it for mamma’s sake.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00051", "bookId": 145, "start": 18943, "end": 19149, "sha256": "099c242d4d109ede8a989f7fc20b827b5c160e2750380d8fae4e15e6fb5cf9eb", "text": "“No, I have other things of mamma’s—her sandal-wood box which I am so fond of—plenty of things. In fact, they are all yours, dear. We need discuss them no longer. There—take away your property.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00052", "bookId": 145, "start": 19151, "end": 19347, "sha256": "79b78d25e467f14ef1dac9cfd342e5c9643b3f64bedd6b8a2e23ba0735e9378d", "text": "Celia felt a little hurt. There was a strong assumption of superiority in this Puritanic toleration, hardly less trying to the blond flesh of an unenthusiastic sister than a Puritanic persecution.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00053", "bookId": 145, "start": 19349, "end": 19439, "sha256": "3d6105d8e63545fb4916ffec922033853ac4eb03a7c2221057db29e899b64738", "text": "“But how can I wear ornaments if you, who are the elder sister, will never wear them?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00054", "bookId": 145, "start": 19441, "end": 19697, "sha256": "cc39fb8636213884fa4156b3d847c7bfc597e316454efcec6c60deb410a62310", "text": "“Nay, Celia, that is too much to ask, that I should wear trinkets to keep you in countenance. If I were to put on such a necklace as that, I should feel as if I had been pirouetting. The world would go round with me, and I should not know how to walk.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00055", "bookId": 145, "start": 19699, "end": 20155, "sha256": "782141c6af506f14d2184696af7aa1c47f005b2b5dac0708ed25088fe86361e9", "text": "Celia had unclasped the necklace and drawn it off. “It would be a little tight for your neck; something to lie down and hang would suit you better,” she said, with some satisfaction. The complete unfitness of the necklace from all points of view for Dorothea, made Celia happier in taking it. She was opening some ring-boxes, which disclosed a fine emerald with diamonds, and just then the sun passing beyond a cloud sent a bright gleam over the table.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00056", "bookId": 145, "start": 20157, "end": 20533, "sha256": "17c90d8103a49f9cf2d2f908cb631f2cabad8fc0cbd0d734cca8d25c11c59db1", "text": "“How very beautiful these gems are!” said Dorothea, under a new current of feeling, as sudden as the gleam. “It is strange how deeply colors seem to penetrate one, like scent. I suppose that is the reason why gems are used as spiritual emblems in the Revelation of St. John. They look like fragments of heaven. I think that emerald is more beautiful than any of them.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00057", "bookId": 145, "start": 20535, "end": 20628, "sha256": "ddeb5770443650eff5fbcb5061c6075625e7bd0112a28078878345e531dd5418", "text": "“And there is a bracelet to match it,” said Celia. “We did not notice this at first.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00058", "bookId": 145, "start": 20630, "end": 20918, "sha256": "fe51efc3771f45bec9be4357d47c1879cde1f5f3e7a9a68abba1c6ca6cfe4567", "text": "“They are lovely,” said Dorothea, slipping the ring and bracelet on her finely turned finger and wrist, and holding them towards the window on a level with her eyes. All the while her thought was trying to justify her delight in the colors by merging them in her mystic religious joy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00059", "bookId": 145, "start": 20920, "end": 21259, "sha256": "cd6cbc4b228caf136dda5375ff58adf8d2d573f8d07126edc81a1f7179570773", "text": "“You _would_ like those, Dorothea,” said Celia, rather falteringly, beginning to think with wonder that her sister showed some weakness, and also that emeralds would suit her own complexion even better than purple amethysts. “You must keep that ring and bracelet—if nothing else. But see, these agates are very pretty and quiet.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00060", "bookId": 145, "start": 21261, "end": 21603, "sha256": "d2a1d1843c524856acde521a0d8dc224492d5a10dd428271f03a936d93825c34", "text": "“Yes! I will keep these—this ring and bracelet,” said Dorothea. Then, letting her hand fall on the table, she said in another tone—“Yet what miserable men find such things, and work at them, and sell them!” She paused again, and Celia thought that her sister was going to renounce the ornaments, as in consistency she ought to do.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00061", "bookId": 145, "start": 21605, "end": 21716, "sha256": "93e4dbb73bbde99f051f16218a249a2793c8444005a5db367b08b75a671a7261", "text": "“Yes, dear, I will keep these,” said Dorothea, decidedly. “But take all the rest away, and the casket.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00062", "bookId": 145, "start": 21718, "end": 21894, "sha256": "de14e3b55bf478a7c309c9e0778776c4bab104ae6e8c98df2a9c30899cf5275a", "text": "She took up her pencil without removing the jewels, and still looking at them. She thought of often having them by her, to feed her eye at these little fountains of pure color.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00063", "bookId": 145, "start": 21896, "end": 22011, "sha256": "b2994ef9ada832ca520b64c62ef4c7098687a006aed08e2ab8693fa6d6a05108", "text": "“Shall you wear them in company?” said Celia, who was watching her with real curiosity as to what she would do.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00064", "bookId": 145, "start": 22013, "end": 22291, "sha256": "192173358d8b8beedc867dc85e400f0b39ef8834a87dbe0b0d14bc310a3f8e96", "text": "Dorothea glanced quickly at her sister. Across all her imaginative adornment of those whom she loved, there darted now and then a keen discernment, which was not without a scorching quality. If Miss Brooke ever attained perfect meekness, it would not be for lack of inward fire.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00065", "bookId": 145, "start": 22293, "end": 22381, "sha256": "2e1e49e97f0cb79fbb7bac401e1c6f85b79d49003e27a8d2bb93746d687a2ba4", "text": "“Perhaps,” she said, rather haughtily. “I cannot tell to what level I may sink.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00066", "bookId": 145, "start": 22383, "end": 22751, "sha256": "630783883d2a6dec90a341a6689e7a40f63bfcf1bce227ce73fc0e7cc2a6fc0e", "text": "Celia blushed, and was unhappy: she saw that she had offended her sister, and dared not say even anything pretty about the gift of the ornaments which she put back into the box and carried away. Dorothea too was unhappy, as she went on with her plan-drawing, questioning the purity of her own feeling and speech in the scene which had ended with that little explosion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00067", "bookId": 145, "start": 22753, "end": 23098, "sha256": "9da49a27580f94403badab23687890a989ae8aa0b0351ad24dd5af90ec5899c3", "text": "Celia’s consciousness told her that she had not been at all in the wrong: it was quite natural and justifiable that she should have asked that question, and she repeated to herself that Dorothea was inconsistent: either she should have taken her full share of the jewels, or, after what she had said, she should have renounced them altogether.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00068", "bookId": 145, "start": 23100, "end": 23415, "sha256": "b788a0eebe93a90a474f67df9325557dc99ee9fc5f02b646469b645adb75c2aa", "text": "“I am sure—at least, I trust,” thought Celia, “that the wearing of a necklace will not interfere with my prayers. And I do not see that I should be bound by Dorothea’s opinions now we are going into society, though of course she herself ought to be bound by them. But Dorothea is not always consistent.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00069", "bookId": 145, "start": 23417, "end": 23502, "sha256": "7b6b6f4894bd60e9fc6afc8864a7bfcbd5a0ff98363e41f2d2aaa715e0a0d5f6", "text": "Thus Celia, mutely bending over her tapestry, until she heard her sister calling her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00070", "bookId": 145, "start": 23504, "end": 23640, "sha256": "609ffaa7bb91d32419c47ab59aee0b21e001669d6648602a4c4dde899aa7698f", "text": "“Here, Kitty, come and look at my plan; I shall think I am a great architect, if I have not got incompatible stairs and fireplaces.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00071", "bookId": 145, "start": 23642, "end": 24063, "sha256": "95a7dd97fdf090d3382908051fe300e1b716909adb6e8a5aace3a45c556d59b4", "text": "As Celia bent over the paper, Dorothea put her cheek against her sister’s arm caressingly. Celia understood the action. Dorothea saw that she had been in the wrong, and Celia pardoned her. Since they could remember, there had been a mixture of criticism and awe in the attitude of Celia’s mind towards her elder sister. The younger had always worn a yoke; but is there any yoked creature without its private opinions?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00072", "bookId": 145, "start": 24068, "end": 24079, "sha256": "adeb063bf61cbdfa95d193e3e2e3c1d192dd0e7463667cb2d7b30a3b60e72b1a", "text": "CHAPTER II.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00073", "bookId": 145, "start": 24081, "end": 24449, "sha256": "87b551521f16f65d5e5b2b20d045bfc8bd2386450f5f73fc2a9462557ca82899", "text": "“‘Dime; no ves aquel caballero que hacia nosotros viene sobre un caballo rucio rodado que trae puesto en la cabeza un yelmo de oro?’ ‘Lo que veo y columbro,’ respondio Sancho, ‘no es sino un hombre sobre un as no pardo como el mio, que trae sobre la cabeza una cosa que relumbra.’ ‘Pues ese es el yelmo de Mambrino,’ dijo Don Quijote.”—CERVANTES.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00074", "bookId": 145, "start": 24452, "end": 24793, "sha256": "bedf510bf0cd4242791e60ab5c23acd6c811f3c15f30db42a415509232637532", "text": "“‘Seest thou not yon cavalier who cometh toward us on a dapple-gray steed, and weareth a golden helmet?’ ‘What I see,’ answered Sancho, ‘is nothing but a man on a gray ass like my own, who carries something shiny on his head.’ ‘Just so,’ answered Don Quixote: ‘and that resplendent object is the helmet of Mambrino.’”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00075", "bookId": 145, "start": 24796, "end": 25459, "sha256": "ce51e8f7945d63dd759cdf810b0c4afceba8afec941235d1e004ecd4593d65ec", "text": "“Sir Humphry Davy?” said Mr. Brooke, over the soup, in his easy smiling way, taking up Sir James Chettam’s remark that he was studying Davy’s Agricultural Chemistry. “Well, now, Sir Humphry Davy; I dined with him years ago at Cartwright’s, and Wordsworth was there too—the poet Wordsworth, you know. Now there was something singular. I was at Cambridge when Wordsworth was there, and I never met him—and I dined with him twenty years afterwards at Cartwright’s. There’s an oddity in things, now. But Davy was there: he was a poet too. Or, as I may say, Wordsworth was poet one, and Davy was poet two. That was true in every sense, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00076", "bookId": 145, "start": 25461, "end": 26048, "sha256": "8160f88d7ae40db04740fcd5b993c64712df0b945dc85f11e9d072f4425542bf", "text": "Dorothea felt a little more uneasy than usual. In the beginning of dinner, the party being small and the room still, these motes from the mass of a magistrate’s mind fell too noticeably. She wondered how a man like Mr. Casaubon would support such triviality. His manners, she thought, were very dignified; the set of his iron-gray hair and his deep eye-sockets made him resemble the portrait of Locke. He had the spare form and the pale complexion which became a student; as different as possible from the blooming Englishman of the red-whiskered type represented by Sir James Chettam.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00077", "bookId": 145, "start": 26050, "end": 26322, "sha256": "15adadaf0bf4cb6d410f92377d87ab704a44ad2dc810878659ab31d550f31287", "text": "“I am reading the Agricultural Chemistry,” said this excellent baronet, “because I am going to take one of the farms into my own hands, and see if something cannot be done in setting a good pattern of farming among my tenants. Do you approve of that, Miss Brooke?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00078", "bookId": 145, "start": 26324, "end": 26872, "sha256": "3aaff7d5516563bfe8c3058bafad4cdbfb5b3c74621b3e251ef08fc75d37ab4c", "text": "“A great mistake, Chettam,” interposed Mr. Brooke, “going into electrifying your land and that kind of thing, and making a parlor of your cow-house. It won’t do. I went into science a great deal myself at one time; but I saw it would not do. It leads to everything; you can let nothing alone. No, no—see that your tenants don’t sell their straw, and that kind of thing; and give them draining-tiles, you know. But your fancy farming will not do—the most expensive sort of whistle you can buy: you may as well keep a pack of hounds.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00079", "bookId": 145, "start": 26874, "end": 27155, "sha256": "500dfb7e546b41925bb9d928b9ca837ae9277e7aee3d856aebde5abcf7684ee2", "text": "“Surely,” said Dorothea, “it is better to spend money in finding out how men can make the most of the land which supports them all, than in keeping dogs and horses only to gallop over it. It is not a sin to make yourself poor in performing experiments for the good of all.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00080", "bookId": 145, "start": 27157, "end": 27386, "sha256": "c4e73849e2491325faa6450041d729b4cb371da7908570fcd6bd15573f8e948d", "text": "She spoke with more energy than is expected of so young a lady, but Sir James had appealed to her. He was accustomed to do so, and she had often thought that she could urge him to many good actions when he was her brother-in-law.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00081", "bookId": 145, "start": 27388, "end": 27499, "sha256": "86f65d0c685f9461b89996193192a059e61fa6e7c08d8279adbb3ffcf510e549", "text": "Mr. Casaubon turned his eyes very markedly on Dorothea while she was speaking, and seemed to observe her newly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00082", "bookId": 145, "start": 27501, "end": 28293, "sha256": "4cca6963b730b0aef8b8725fbf3261a1b9d960c69bdae25e396084ec81849cb0", "text": "“Young ladies don’t understand political economy, you know,” said Mr. Brooke, smiling towards Mr. Casaubon. “I remember when we were all reading Adam Smith. _There_ is a book, now. I took in all the new ideas at one time—human perfectibility, now. But some say, history moves in circles; and that may be very well argued; I have argued it myself. The fact is, human reason may carry you a little too far—over the hedge, in fact. It carried me a good way at one time; but I saw it would not do. I pulled up; I pulled up in time. But not too hard. I have always been in favor of a little theory: we must have Thought; else we shall be landed back in the dark ages. But talking of books, there is Southey’s ‘Peninsular War.’ I am reading that of a morning. You know Southey?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00083", "bookId": 145, "start": 28295, "end": 29003, "sha256": "89cf1b1900c9821285a6536d6e84505a1e12fc552cb45d6df7f2aa5a1d0a3269", "text": "“No,” said Mr. Casaubon, not keeping pace with Mr. Brooke’s impetuous reason, and thinking of the book only. “I have little leisure for such literature just now. I have been using up my eyesight on old characters lately; the fact is, I want a reader for my evenings; but I am fastidious in voices, and I cannot endure listening to an imperfect reader. It is a misfortune, in some senses: I feed too much on the inward sources; I live too much with the dead. My mind is something like the ghost of an ancient, wandering about the world and trying mentally to construct it as it used to be, in spite of ruin and confusing changes. But I find it necessary to use the utmost caution about my eyesight.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00084", "bookId": 145, "start": 29005, "end": 29940, "sha256": "056cfa59e2716e28afbd8e83078a36c3f7bcd41847952c04c5e0fc23487d2860", "text": "This was the first time that Mr. Casaubon had spoken at any length. He delivered himself with precision, as if he had been called upon to make a public statement; and the balanced sing-song neatness of his speech, occasionally corresponded to by a movement of his head, was the more conspicuous from its contrast with good Mr. Brooke’s scrappy slovenliness. Dorothea said to herself that Mr. Casaubon was the most interesting man she had ever seen, not excepting even Monsieur Liret, the Vaudois clergyman who had given conferences on the history of the Waldenses. To reconstruct a past world, doubtless with a view to the highest purposes of truth—what a work to be in any way present at, to assist in, though only as a lamp-holder! This elevating thought lifted her above her annoyance at being twitted with her ignorance of political economy, that never-explained science which was thrust as an extinguisher over all her lights.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00085", "bookId": 145, "start": 29942, "end": 30379, "sha256": "02b983b66ac67f62803c92eb308bfcad1c4e10be2f501a2573b2a408904bc544", "text": "“But you are fond of riding, Miss Brooke,” Sir James presently took an opportunity of saying. “I should have thought you would enter a little into the pleasures of hunting. I wish you would let me send over a chestnut horse for you to try. It has been trained for a lady. I saw you on Saturday cantering over the hill on a nag not worthy of you. My groom shall bring Corydon for you every day, if you will only mention the time.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00086", "bookId": 145, "start": 30381, "end": 30636, "sha256": "a7f520d506aa771af998c5eb147bc2867d606886a71b0a0c2c7b25416ab70d58", "text": "“Thank you, you are very good. I mean to give up riding. I shall not ride any more,” said Dorothea, urged to this brusque resolution by a little annoyance that Sir James would be soliciting her attention when she wanted to give it all to Mr. Casaubon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00087", "bookId": 145, "start": 30638, "end": 30853, "sha256": "a4f54b86041cd7fe099709339178777e4b4dcf3a5b1b2c4abb5554d9427071d8", "text": "“No, that is too hard,” said Sir James, in a tone of reproach that showed strong interest. “Your sister is given to self-mortification, is she not?” he continued, turning to Celia, who sat at his right hand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00088", "bookId": 145, "start": 30855, "end": 31051, "sha256": "af8737fa8c96d52d758250d529c466cea1eb10398d2005fa39d35de0d59a18ee", "text": "“I think she is,” said Celia, feeling afraid lest she should say something that would not please her sister, and blushing as prettily as possible above her necklace. “She likes giving up.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00089", "bookId": 145, "start": 31053, "end": 31239, "sha256": "8a0492a742821c504a3174b9bd1540cd0e5bcf722c9210338c3a03efcaffc22e", "text": "“If that were true, Celia, my giving-up would be self-indulgence, not self-mortification. But there may be good reasons for choosing not to do what is very agreeable,” said Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00090", "bookId": 145, "start": 31241, "end": 31368, "sha256": "d33de5b93a0444e7477dfd2111b92675a214e7138b7df081637c8312ddf2d70a", "text": "Mr. Brooke was speaking at the same time, but it was evident that Mr. Casaubon was observing Dorothea, and she was aware of it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00091", "bookId": 145, "start": 31370, "end": 31451, "sha256": "6d8308b5c7471a66adf0c4b4e85bf0e6601cf9bbd6697eaed9dd07752adbe431", "text": "“Exactly,” said Sir James. “You give up from some high, generous motive.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00092", "bookId": 145, "start": 31453, "end": 32181, "sha256": "c1c4f551a4ef325df08a9363873c8dbfaca6ac4ce89359a79eeb9aa0dab90cad", "text": "“No, indeed, not exactly. I did not say that of myself,” answered Dorothea, reddening. Unlike Celia, she rarely blushed, and only from high delight or anger. At this moment she felt angry with the perverse Sir James. Why did he not pay attention to Celia, and leave her to listen to Mr. Casaubon?—if that learned man would only talk, instead of allowing himself to be talked to by Mr. Brooke, who was just then informing him that the Reformation either meant something or it did not, that he himself was a Protestant to the core, but that Catholicism was a fact; and as to refusing an acre of your ground for a Romanist chapel, all men needed the bridle of religion, which, properly speaking, was the dread of a Hereafter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00093", "bookId": 145, "start": 32183, "end": 32398, "sha256": "b9facb6969b8bdb73eb58072f96eef9ef8f20eb273f93b74493e330f4dc2f2eb", "text": "“I made a great study of theology at one time,” said Mr. Brooke, as if to explain the insight just manifested. “I know something of all schools. I knew Wilberforce in his best days. Do you know Wilberforce?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00094", "bookId": 145, "start": 32400, "end": 32428, "sha256": "21f1701bbb6fd1d9a23c12f546afb5bd256f93adeb9f98524600764ca25f2008", "text": "Mr. Casaubon said, “No.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00095", "bookId": 145, "start": 32430, "end": 32634, "sha256": "fbe01faf66c9738dcb9ad915f5e2fbe02c776217b1910a597209a3f21350e6f9", "text": "“Well, Wilberforce was perhaps not enough of a thinker; but if I went into Parliament, as I have been asked to do, I should sit on the independent bench, as Wilberforce did, and work at philanthropy.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00096", "bookId": 145, "start": 32636, "end": 32694, "sha256": "744cee22ec57690d47c6aa0a0f615bf8b48775ed357d83c33b0906ed59fc18ae", "text": "Mr. Casaubon bowed, and observed that it was a wide field.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00097", "bookId": 145, "start": 32696, "end": 32993, "sha256": "9b64e3f08e67d58c24be67a05c5c58b87b34fc39c2f10f02cb1a2a2cb7c87398", "text": "“Yes,” said Mr. Brooke, with an easy smile, “but I have documents. I began a long while ago to collect documents. They want arranging, but when a question has struck me, I have written to somebody and got an answer. I have documents at my back. But now, how do you arrange your documents?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00098", "bookId": 145, "start": 32995, "end": 33081, "sha256": "36d9dcd3dc612d012231b203f148907c8616070a2e51a8d7374352485ced4dc1", "text": "“In pigeon-holes partly,” said Mr. Casaubon, with rather a startled air of effort.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00099", "bookId": 145, "start": 33083, "end": 33231, "sha256": "f93cd428c98781c9a9f1a6cf26c81cb13b13792fbad400c63944e15f816d68ea", "text": "“Ah, pigeon-holes will not do. I have tried pigeon-holes, but everything gets mixed in pigeon-holes: I never know whether a paper is in A or Z.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00100", "bookId": 145, "start": 33233, "end": 33393, "sha256": "afd19760c068a4a7b33fdb4e63f3a5c80d4141aeb0af92449c341bf6bcf3105f", "text": "“I wish you would let me sort your papers for you, uncle,” said Dorothea. “I would letter them all, and then make a list of subjects under each letter.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00101", "bookId": 145, "start": 33395, "end": 33517, "sha256": "ed3b6dc77673c836bb3c4fd45ee9a913f6c12fb5d542c80f4ffee6be395211fe", "text": "Mr. Casaubon gravely smiled approval, and said to Mr. Brooke, “You have an excellent secretary at hand, you perceive.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00102", "bookId": 145, "start": 33519, "end": 33655, "sha256": "c91df4b8088f8bbeb34ecf5282230c2f0b1f8f73e2d2682cb292af0354980629", "text": "“No, no,” said Mr. Brooke, shaking his head; “I cannot let young ladies meddle with my documents. Young ladies are too flighty.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00103", "bookId": 145, "start": 33657, "end": 33937, "sha256": "dbc61b8319f790b86ba3566d2ccaab75150d69dfbfe6f171c8c47652237fa722", "text": "Dorothea felt hurt. Mr. Casaubon would think that her uncle had some special reason for delivering this opinion, whereas the remark lay in his mind as lightly as the broken wing of an insect among all the other fragments there, and a chance current had sent it alighting on _her_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00104", "bookId": 145, "start": 33939, "end": 34003, "sha256": "e239b6bb5995efc730e5f22c079b56013bc8de5db91e481f9546fcc1dbd56828", "text": "When the two girls were in the drawing-room alone, Celia said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00105", "bookId": 145, "start": 34005, "end": 34041, "sha256": "5e397c396ce24c638ed20011500efc93db5b75d9edaca53061dfec3632f10ecd", "text": "“How very ugly Mr. Casaubon is!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00106", "bookId": 145, "start": 34043, "end": 34194, "sha256": "60af970d3195934696531957c8b4108206c436ab9bb64022a885e22e19dfd6b2", "text": "“Celia! He is one of the most distinguished-looking men I ever saw. He is remarkably like the portrait of Locke. He has the same deep eye-sockets.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00107", "bookId": 145, "start": 34196, "end": 34253, "sha256": "d4992fca09990a0dcd879ff508e23d99acde41c1471c27a6351dc3ae36b706b0", "text": "“Had Locke those two white moles with hairs on them?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00108", "bookId": 145, "start": 34255, "end": 34359, "sha256": "bf1cfd23776a93925b9da1947c7347f325bc0b7ea19b47a89ea20c40c60065a5", "text": "“Oh, I dare say! when people of a certain sort looked at him,” said Dorothea, walking away a little.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00109", "bookId": 145, "start": 34361, "end": 34393, "sha256": "a7f045a291e4755640c7e8160d0b9c2182273549ad14d17c81e9af9c0c14d4ee", "text": "“Mr. Casaubon is so sallow.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00110", "bookId": 145, "start": 34395, "end": 34486, "sha256": "59f4b1ce7d8a37d0e652ae19f2f3109976f960f9af027ae8460f76eba8d4c6bc", "text": "“All the better. I suppose you admire a man with the complexion of a _cochon de lait_.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00111", "bookId": 145, "start": 34488, "end": 34602, "sha256": "5cd2c5e94efbae354ec715808b543f45a3026e3f0f02c2f44dd008f1f893161a", "text": "“Dodo!” exclaimed Celia, looking after her in surprise. “I never heard you make such a comparison before.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00112", "bookId": 145, "start": 34604, "end": 34703, "sha256": "2c9214de0c59dc72978aae81be3b196123b28ed81d55885699dcd06ad19cc649", "text": "“Why should I make it before the occasion came? It is a good comparison: the match is perfect.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00113", "bookId": 145, "start": 34705, "end": 34770, "sha256": "6e2c95ba3aaaaf142cdf92bb5268230631f3137588341b016ca1d4f89b32eb9c", "text": "Miss Brooke was clearly forgetting herself, and Celia thought so.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00114", "bookId": 145, "start": 34772, "end": 34813, "sha256": "9f02498032aa2e49d4957148caa51363c3e20a2da0f315c1f0321c1a64cc8b1a", "text": "“I wonder you show temper, Dorothea.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00115", "bookId": 145, "start": 34815, "end": 34981, "sha256": "62b76e4636461dae314e2f41e70f5aebb73b0657ed9f12f98b49396986cf2620", "text": "“It is so painful in you, Celia, that you will look at human beings as if they were merely animals with a toilet, and never see the great soul in a man’s face.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00116", "bookId": 145, "start": 34983, "end": 35066, "sha256": "173474b0d1a6b7f697655c4a0c162086a7a591079685ff4e585643f22dec974d", "text": "“Has Mr. Casaubon a great soul?” Celia was not without a touch of naive malice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00117", "bookId": 145, "start": 35068, "end": 35225, "sha256": "c77b828a3fb792d280986245e487184ec2676cb1349c2b95ccf35530db6a22ef", "text": "“Yes, I believe he has,” said Dorothea, with the full voice of decision. “Everything I see in him corresponds to his pamphlet on Biblical Cosmology.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00118", "bookId": 145, "start": 35227, "end": 35265, "sha256": "39fec75ac73291e7ca3ab1df5be8813c1d76e1a8b22cad4ed990c6e626382ed5", "text": "“He talks very little,” said Celia", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00119", "bookId": 145, "start": 35267, "end": 35308, "sha256": "2030878fccdc3195ee1fc281fd5d49f8bba2b2a548ff1c096de39dbeff5c557d", "text": "“There is no one for him to talk to.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00120", "bookId": 145, "start": 35310, "end": 35873, "sha256": "ae80ae290f47c6937e079c2eb8135eebf9509232fd111d111a108c39703e7342", "text": "Celia thought privately, “Dorothea quite despises Sir James Chettam; I believe she would not accept him.” Celia felt that this was a pity. She had never been deceived as to the object of the baronet’s interest. Sometimes, indeed, she had reflected that Dodo would perhaps not make a husband happy who had not her way of looking at things; and stifled in the depths of her heart was the feeling that her sister was too religious for family comfort. Notions and scruples were like spilt needles, making one afraid of treading, or sitting down, or even eating.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00121", "bookId": 145, "start": 35875, "end": 37528, "sha256": "7bf36e91b4d29417d1a049f36d7bcff05d329d725b81ee32a765b2275bc69692", "text": "When Miss Brooke was at the tea-table, Sir James came to sit down by her, not having felt her mode of answering him at all offensive. Why should he? He thought it probable that Miss Brooke liked him, and manners must be very marked indeed before they cease to be interpreted by preconceptions either confident or distrustful. She was thoroughly charming to him, but of course he theorized a little about his attachment. He was made of excellent human dough, and had the rare merit of knowing that his talents, even if let loose, would not set the smallest stream in the county on fire: hence he liked the prospect of a wife to whom he could say, “What shall we do?” about this or that; who could help her husband out with reasons, and would also have the property qualification for doing so. As to the excessive religiousness alleged against Miss Brooke, he had a very indefinite notion of what it consisted in, and thought that it would die out with marriage. In short, he felt himself to be in love in the right place, and was ready to endure a great deal of predominance, which, after all, a man could always put down when he liked. Sir James had no idea that he should ever like to put down the predominance of this handsome girl, in whose cleverness he delighted. Why not? A man’s mind—what there is of it—has always the advantage of being masculine,—as the smallest birch-tree is of a higher kind than the most soaring palm,—and even his ignorance is of a sounder quality. Sir James might not have originated this estimate; but a kind Providence furnishes the limpest personality with a little gum or starch in the form of tradition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00122", "bookId": 145, "start": 37530, "end": 37706, "sha256": "0785fec372b8712de0331a8fc0e5b7ef74892d212b6019ed838379cd9b9f1f0d", "text": "“Let me hope that you will rescind that resolution about the horse, Miss Brooke,” said the persevering admirer. “I assure you, riding is the most healthy of exercises.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00123", "bookId": 145, "start": 37708, "end": 37818, "sha256": "6b4882139eea9d01dc7d5610476811a54d730306f1922e431c08ec1abaab4a0f", "text": "“I am aware of it,” said Dorothea, coldly. “I think it would do Celia good—if she would take to it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00124", "bookId": 145, "start": 37820, "end": 37864, "sha256": "8a79557dee158c69c88e596f6892c092526681f66f7de142ea2b0fa7b24d926c", "text": "“But you are such a perfect horsewoman.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00125", "bookId": 145, "start": 37866, "end": 37946, "sha256": "ec5cb5bde03d216a56902610216958c1f8c67a212ffcf8ef84edc2a3302e8716", "text": "“Excuse me; I have had very little practice, and I should be easily thrown.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00126", "bookId": 145, "start": 37948, "end": 38075, "sha256": "7d63a8d2d81f0636448d966fd60c77d45d6e40a916641d78d3ac260102683ff6", "text": "“Then that is a reason for more practice. Every lady ought to be a perfect horsewoman, that she may accompany her husband.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00127", "bookId": 145, "start": 38077, "end": 38429, "sha256": "a701a74947dc9c0b228b193d40e7744e18b0db782925cf5f25ec091b0099a56f", "text": "“You see how widely we differ, Sir James. I have made up my mind that I ought not to be a perfect horsewoman, and so I should never correspond to your pattern of a lady.” Dorothea looked straight before her, and spoke with cold brusquerie, very much with the air of a handsome boy, in amusing contrast with the solicitous amiability of her admirer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00128", "bookId": 145, "start": 38431, "end": 38559, "sha256": "037e4d49f32da849d5204ceb6433f6766dfa1af4548f6daa75154bf0b7652407", "text": "“I should like to know your reasons for this cruel resolution. It is not possible that you should think horsemanship wrong.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00129", "bookId": 145, "start": 38561, "end": 38624, "sha256": "32b03bea1ccd700c04585517e8e1eab8439df7372180ca7828e55d3577e2dcef", "text": "“It is quite possible that I should think it wrong for me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00130", "bookId": 145, "start": 38626, "end": 38690, "sha256": "880fbe5f3a21a3f6dd8633518c0cf60a9c33970fe24fc8002b576178f7f37b3a", "text": "“Oh, why?” said Sir James, in a tender tone of remonstrance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00131", "bookId": 145, "start": 38692, "end": 38765, "sha256": "684fac0b648c7f2fdaae77b3c735bcf9451d0bac231cc6cd6546abf44f0005d9", "text": "Mr. Casaubon had come up to the table, teacup in hand, and was listening.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00132", "bookId": 145, "start": 38767, "end": 39030, "sha256": "a49ef825227be8c03859553902085a0a80d70272baad37b9eef419ee5dc78d41", "text": "“We must not inquire too curiously into motives,” he interposed, in his measured way. “Miss Brooke knows that they are apt to become feeble in the utterance: the aroma is mixed with the grosser air. We must keep the germinating grain away from the light.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00133", "bookId": 145, "start": 39032, "end": 39355, "sha256": "bdaa925cbd91086b1af00c61ffd2136399221da8477f8c3ca018eb5ab286b31e", "text": "Dorothea colored with pleasure, and looked up gratefully to the speaker. Here was a man who could understand the higher inward life, and with whom there could be some spiritual communion; nay, who could illuminate principle with the widest knowledge: a man whose learning almost amounted to a proof of whatever he believed!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00134", "bookId": 145, "start": 39357, "end": 39670, "sha256": "199b21660a3369404146d1d184b0586c3637f572e041be5b3d28e80ddb952d99", "text": "Dorothea’s inferences may seem large; but really life could never have gone on at any period but for this liberal allowance of conclusions, which has facilitated marriage under the difficulties of civilization. Has any one ever pinched into its pilulous smallness the cobweb of pre-matrimonial acquaintanceship?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00135", "bookId": 145, "start": 39672, "end": 39837, "sha256": "4767a5a535b9a10d2f773eb140a6cdb478ea9eaecbe970e3ca7fabdb6e34b20e", "text": "“Certainly,” said good Sir James. “Miss Brooke shall not be urged to tell reasons she would rather be silent upon. I am sure her reasons would do her honor.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00136", "bookId": 145, "start": 39839, "end": 40152, "sha256": "5c50faa6633b9ba86427573b8efb3479c7346e28b2d89a262bb78918d7e60c63", "text": "He was not in the least jealous of the interest with which Dorothea had looked up at Mr. Casaubon: it never occurred to him that a girl to whom he was meditating an offer of marriage could care for a dried bookworm towards fifty, except, indeed, in a religious sort of way, as for a clergyman of some distinction.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00137", "bookId": 145, "start": 40154, "end": 40855, "sha256": "9f6482bb23f6b7e53aa0afc23568fbd5faea5269053f52f8b873443d204ac39f", "text": "However, since Miss Brooke had become engaged in a conversation with Mr. Casaubon about the Vaudois clergy, Sir James betook himself to Celia, and talked to her about her sister; spoke of a house in town, and asked whether Miss Brooke disliked London. Away from her sister, Celia talked quite easily, and Sir James said to himself that the second Miss Brooke was certainly very agreeable as well as pretty, though not, as some people pretended, more clever and sensible than the elder sister. He felt that he had chosen the one who was in all respects the superior; and a man naturally likes to look forward to having the best. He would be the very Mawworm of bachelors who pretended not to expect it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00138", "bookId": 145, "start": 40860, "end": 40872, "sha256": "d3df84af596edc11e1a38f5bc43e79309a2cf2046b4ea9a136982d1df2cc932f", "text": "CHAPTER III.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00139", "bookId": 145, "start": 40874, "end": 41113, "sha256": "d85fd9e5905730565ba2c95f6aeb2aeb2b611ae9b022cbf4a66abbe5eb9f7033", "text": "“Say, goddess, what ensued, when Raphael, The affable archangel . . . Eve The story heard attentive, and was filled With admiration, and deep muse, to hear Of things so high and strange.” —_Paradise Lost_, B. vii.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00140", "bookId": 145, "start": 41116, "end": 41584, "sha256": "877c793913655e42dcba5ee02d2cde9583768563f7f7a1d6ddeccc48f07228c2", "text": "If it had really occurred to Mr. Casaubon to think of Miss Brooke as a suitable wife for him, the reasons that might induce her to accept him were already planted in her mind, and by the evening of the next day the reasons had budded and bloomed. For they had had a long conversation in the morning, while Celia, who did not like the company of Mr. Casaubon’s moles and sallowness, had escaped to the vicarage to play with the curate’s ill-shod but merry children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00141", "bookId": 145, "start": 41586, "end": 43325, "sha256": "1a8e6fa26c36c1a30732079735576e464309a2c92dc3d079cdfd38103e5d8984", "text": "Dorothea by this time had looked deep into the ungauged reservoir of Mr. Casaubon’s mind, seeing reflected there in vague labyrinthine extension every quality she herself brought; had opened much of her own experience to him, and had understood from him the scope of his great work, also of attractively labyrinthine extent. For he had been as instructive as Milton’s “affable archangel;” and with something of the archangelic manner he told her how he had undertaken to show (what indeed had been attempted before, but not with that thoroughness, justice of comparison, and effectiveness of arrangement at which Mr. Casaubon aimed) that all the mythical systems or erratic mythical fragments in the world were corruptions of a tradition originally revealed. Having once mastered the true position and taken a firm footing there, the vast field of mythical constructions became intelligible, nay, luminous with the reflected light of correspondences. But to gather in this great harvest of truth was no light or speedy work. His notes already made a formidable range of volumes, but the crowning task would be to condense these voluminous still-accumulating results and bring them, like the earlier vintage of Hippocratic books, to fit a little shelf. In explaining this to Dorothea, Mr. Casaubon expressed himself nearly as he would have done to a fellow-student, for he had not two styles of talking at command: it is true that when he used a Greek or Latin phrase he always gave the English with scrupulous care, but he would probably have done this in any case. A learned provincial clergyman is accustomed to think of his acquaintances as of “lords, knyghtes, and other noble and worthi men, that conne Latyn but lytille.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00142", "bookId": 145, "start": 43327, "end": 43637, "sha256": "247a0ba55ff96276beb2275a6683f786f0553934cd936edcd7c2eabeb40fe5c5", "text": "Dorothea was altogether captivated by the wide embrace of this conception. Here was something beyond the shallows of ladies’ school literature: here was a living Bossuet, whose work would reconcile complete knowledge with devoted piety; here was a modern Augustine who united the glories of doctor and saint.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00143", "bookId": 145, "start": 43639, "end": 44335, "sha256": "14968fa1b3ca59f010fbbd034f1afb18c7bb927fb87e60c67cc46eeec8730690", "text": "The sanctity seemed no less clearly marked than the learning, for when Dorothea was impelled to open her mind on certain themes which she could speak of to no one whom she had before seen at Tipton, especially on the secondary importance of ecclesiastical forms and articles of belief compared with that spiritual religion, that submergence of self in communion with Divine perfection which seemed to her to be expressed in the best Christian books of widely distant ages, she found in Mr. Casaubon a listener who understood her at once, who could assure her of his own agreement with that view when duly tempered with wise conformity, and could mention historical examples before unknown to her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00144", "bookId": 145, "start": 44337, "end": 44566, "sha256": "69d0f19d7b8e2aa0c2b62ab748287a632546ad1a273876f2a9b3458f9774ec82", "text": "“He thinks with me,” said Dorothea to herself, “or rather, he thinks a whole world of which my thought is but a poor twopenny mirror. And his feelings too, his whole experience—what a lake compared with my little pool!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00145", "bookId": 145, "start": 44568, "end": 45346, "sha256": "37e137d7862cac7ff06f8512a17c27ac19649109638e33971514306064be4459", "text": "Miss Brooke argued from words and dispositions not less unhesitatingly than other young ladies of her age. Signs are small measurable things, but interpretations are illimitable, and in girls of sweet, ardent nature, every sign is apt to conjure up wonder, hope, belief, vast as a sky, and colored by a diffused thimbleful of matter in the shape of knowledge. They are not always too grossly deceived; for Sinbad himself may have fallen by good-luck on a true description, and wrong reasoning sometimes lands poor mortals in right conclusions: starting a long way off the true point, and proceeding by loops and zigzags, we now and then arrive just where we ought to be. Because Miss Brooke was hasty in her trust, it is not therefore clear that Mr. Casaubon was unworthy of it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00146", "bookId": 145, "start": 45348, "end": 45877, "sha256": "57745cbb6405df4ea95643823b6d53f132754120bd7d5b7e6a600d1e04ff50e5", "text": "He stayed a little longer than he had intended, on a slight pressure of invitation from Mr. Brooke, who offered no bait except his own documents on machine-breaking and rick-burning. Mr. Casaubon was called into the library to look at these in a heap, while his host picked up first one and then the other to read aloud from in a skipping and uncertain way, passing from one unfinished passage to another with a “Yes, now, but here!” and finally pushing them all aside to open the journal of his youthful Continental travels.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00147", "bookId": 145, "start": 45879, "end": 46363, "sha256": "0cb9f30aa9aaa5d1a286eec863e532bfc52f673935db3d852a75e5be834fb9df", "text": "“Look here—here is all about Greece. Rhamnus, the ruins of Rhamnus—you are a great Grecian, now. I don’t know whether you have given much study to the topography. I spent no end of time in making out these things—Helicon, now. Here, now!—‘We started the next morning for Parnassus, the double-peaked Parnassus.’ All this volume is about Greece, you know,” Mr. Brooke wound up, rubbing his thumb transversely along the edges of the leaves as he held the book forward.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00148", "bookId": 145, "start": 46365, "end": 46859, "sha256": "29f21fdf6922b776c9097dd851563c185f3adc2719a4a645836de16328863b40", "text": "Mr. Casaubon made a dignified though somewhat sad audience; bowed in the right place, and avoided looking at anything documentary as far as possible, without showing disregard or impatience; mindful that this desultoriness was associated with the institutions of the country, and that the man who took him on this severe mental scamper was not only an amiable host, but a landholder and custos rotulorum. Was his endurance aided also by the reflection that Mr. Brooke was the uncle of Dorothea?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00149", "bookId": 145, "start": 46861, "end": 48201, "sha256": "0844ee6720bc52b8427992a7289aea329e0fadb550251279f8d6c113232c5d6f", "text": "Certainly he seemed more and more bent on making her talk to him, on drawing her out, as Celia remarked to herself; and in looking at her his face was often lit up by a smile like pale wintry sunshine. Before he left the next morning, while taking a pleasant walk with Miss Brooke along the gravelled terrace, he had mentioned to her that he felt the disadvantage of loneliness, the need of that cheerful companionship with which the presence of youth can lighten or vary the serious toils of maturity. And he delivered this statement with as much careful precision as if he had been a diplomatic envoy whose words would be attended with results. Indeed, Mr. Casaubon was not used to expect that he should have to repeat or revise his communications of a practical or personal kind. The inclinations which he had deliberately stated on the 2d of October he would think it enough to refer to by the mention of that date; judging by the standard of his own memory, which was a volume where a vide supra could serve instead of repetitions, and not the ordinary long-used blotting-book which only tells of forgotten writing. But in this case Mr. Casaubon’s confidence was not likely to be falsified, for Dorothea heard and retained what he said with the eager interest of a fresh young nature to which every variety in experience is an epoch.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00150", "bookId": 145, "start": 48203, "end": 49770, "sha256": "1b65269b1441f3f27577e3d24d8fed99d1f69479599dc2b7a34bcbb1ccafd926", "text": "It was three o’clock in the beautiful breezy autumn day when Mr. Casaubon drove off to his Rectory at Lowick, only five miles from Tipton; and Dorothea, who had on her bonnet and shawl, hurried along the shrubbery and across the park that she might wander through the bordering wood with no other visible companionship than that of Monk, the Great St. Bernard dog, who always took care of the young ladies in their walks. There had risen before her the girl’s vision of a possible future for herself to which she looked forward with trembling hope, and she wanted to wander on in that visionary future without interruption. She walked briskly in the brisk air, the color rose in her cheeks, and her straw bonnet (which our contemporaries might look at with conjectural curiosity as at an obsolete form of basket) fell a little backward. She would perhaps be hardly characterized enough if it were omitted that she wore her brown hair flatly braided and coiled behind so as to expose the outline of her head in a daring manner at a time when public feeling required the meagreness of nature to be dissimulated by tall barricades of frizzed curls and bows, never surpassed by any great race except the Feejeean. This was a trait of Miss Brooke’s asceticism. But there was nothing of an ascetic’s expression in her bright full eyes, as she looked before her, not consciously seeing, but absorbing into the intensity of her mood, the solemn glory of the afternoon with its long swathes of light between the far-off rows of limes, whose shadows touched each other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00151", "bookId": 145, "start": 49772, "end": 51097, "sha256": "76a92c768abc59b838282a61451eda30fe4ea950e1bc942b9d4c14634d645b3b", "text": "All people, young or old (that is, all people in those ante-reform times), would have thought her an interesting object if they had referred the glow in her eyes and cheeks to the newly awakened ordinary images of young love: the illusions of Chloe about Strephon have been sufficiently consecrated in poetry, as the pathetic loveliness of all spontaneous trust ought to be. Miss Pippin adoring young Pumpkin, and dreaming along endless vistas of unwearying companionship, was a little drama which never tired our fathers and mothers, and had been put into all costumes. Let but Pumpkin have a figure which would sustain the disadvantages of the shortwaisted swallow-tail, and everybody felt it not only natural but necessary to the perfection of womanhood, that a sweet girl should be at once convinced of his virtue, his exceptional ability, and above all, his perfect sincerity. But perhaps no persons then living—certainly none in the neighborhood of Tipton—would have had a sympathetic understanding for the dreams of a girl whose notions about marriage took their color entirely from an exalted enthusiasm about the ends of life, an enthusiasm which was lit chiefly by its own fire, and included neither the niceties of the trousseau, the pattern of plate, nor even the honors and sweet joys of the blooming matron.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00152", "bookId": 145, "start": 51099, "end": 53371, "sha256": "dff0790268557d384f1363e2d1dcb9c162cfc4b8823bcb805687ee8e98def84f", "text": "It had now entered Dorothea’s mind that Mr. Casaubon might wish to make her his wife, and the idea that he would do so touched her with a sort of reverential gratitude. How good of him—nay, it would be almost as if a winged messenger had suddenly stood beside her path and held out his hand towards her! For a long while she had been oppressed by the indefiniteness which hung in her mind, like a thick summer haze, over all her desire to make her life greatly effective. What could she do, what ought she to do?—she, hardly more than a budding woman, but yet with an active conscience and a great mental need, not to be satisfied by a girlish instruction comparable to the nibblings and judgments of a discursive mouse. With some endowment of stupidity and conceit, she might have thought that a Christian young lady of fortune should find her ideal of life in village charities, patronage of the humbler clergy, the perusal of “Female Scripture Characters,” unfolding the private experience of Sara under the Old Dispensation, and Dorcas under the New, and the care of her soul over her embroidery in her own boudoir—with a background of prospective marriage to a man who, if less strict than herself, as being involved in affairs religiously inexplicable, might be prayed for and seasonably exhorted. From such contentment poor Dorothea was shut out. The intensity of her religious disposition, the coercion it exercised over her life, was but one aspect of a nature altogether ardent, theoretic, and intellectually consequent: and with such a nature struggling in the bands of a narrow teaching, hemmed in by a social life which seemed nothing but a labyrinth of petty courses, a walled-in maze of small paths that led no whither, the outcome was sure to strike others as at once exaggeration and inconsistency. The thing which seemed to her best, she wanted to justify by the completest knowledge; and not to live in a pretended admission of rules which were never acted on. Into this soul-hunger as yet all her youthful passion was poured; the union which attracted her was one that would deliver her from her girlish subjection to her own ignorance, and give her the freedom of voluntary submission to a guide who would take her along the grandest path.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00153", "bookId": 145, "start": 53373, "end": 54261, "sha256": "43423bc9433eaa7403fad6c1ab913032c2d46d25dea7cc5097b8c546fb5202ab", "text": "“I should learn everything then,” she said to herself, still walking quickly along the bridle road through the wood. “It would be my duty to study that I might help him the better in his great works. There would be nothing trivial about our lives. Every-day things with us would mean the greatest things. It would be like marrying Pascal. I should learn to see the truth by the same light as great men have seen it by. And then I should know what to do, when I got older: I should see how it was possible to lead a grand life here—now—in England. I don’t feel sure about doing good in any way now: everything seems like going on a mission to a people whose language I don’t know;—unless it were building good cottages—there can be no doubt about that. Oh, I hope I should be able to get the people well housed in Lowick! I will draw plenty of plans while I have time.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00154", "bookId": 145, "start": 54263, "end": 54857, "sha256": "e8aad242da34259d5d68a5ae03b3694aa116f37c45fa9accf0ffc4e76e834d47", "text": "Dorothea checked herself suddenly with self-rebuke for the presumptuous way in which she was reckoning on uncertain events, but she was spared any inward effort to change the direction of her thoughts by the appearance of a cantering horseman round a turning of the road. The well-groomed chestnut horse and two beautiful setters could leave no doubt that the rider was Sir James Chettam. He discerned Dorothea, jumped off his horse at once, and, having delivered it to his groom, advanced towards her with something white on his arm, at which the two setters were barking in an excited manner.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00155", "bookId": 145, "start": 54859, "end": 55034, "sha256": "04c27f419e66ea64a9ac0ecb9be5907d1cfd4286b22a5cad3b23ee60e4248803", "text": "“How delightful to meet you, Miss Brooke,” he said, raising his hat and showing his sleekly waving blond hair. “It has hastened the pleasure I was looking forward to.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00156", "bookId": 145, "start": 55036, "end": 55745, "sha256": "313bf4f27f132035da33168c91993dfeea2507f8feb3ffdd85368c5c7725f22e", "text": "Miss Brooke was annoyed at the interruption. This amiable baronet, really a suitable husband for Celia, exaggerated the necessity of making himself agreeable to the elder sister. Even a prospective brother-in-law may be an oppression if he will always be presupposing too good an understanding with you, and agreeing with you even when you contradict him. The thought that he had made the mistake of paying his addresses to herself could not take shape: all her mental activity was used up in persuasions of another kind. But he was positively obtrusive at this moment, and his dimpled hands were quite disagreeable. Her roused temper made her color deeply, as she returned his greeting with some haughtiness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00157", "bookId": 145, "start": 55747, "end": 55886, "sha256": "0d248bc92671420986bfc917e55a83fcbda35a79c248680fdaf0f5342c5d0a75", "text": "Sir James interpreted the heightened color in the way most gratifying to himself, and thought he never saw Miss Brooke looking so handsome.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00158", "bookId": 145, "start": 55888, "end": 56145, "sha256": "a8727ec69d96e30ba8c34c44aa474c083931ff6201c08c3fab5833a9a6c40407", "text": "“I have brought a little petitioner,” he said, “or rather, I have brought him to see if he will be approved before his petition is offered.” He showed the white object under his arm, which was a tiny Maltese puppy, one of nature’s most naive toys.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00159", "bookId": 145, "start": 56147, "end": 56339, "sha256": "44e1e878599ba02b92feda83606f6fc1ed1253cba1aa5591df3a3e7b0a675a38", "text": "“It is painful to me to see these creatures that are bred merely as pets,” said Dorothea, whose opinion was forming itself that very moment (as opinions will) under the heat of irritation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00160", "bookId": 145, "start": 56341, "end": 56395, "sha256": "3f4f934d2e790b42e7cc3cfe2628967fff0890c5dfd65fa1ee0af58570030d3f", "text": "“Oh, why?” said Sir James, as they walked forward.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00161", "bookId": 145, "start": 56397, "end": 56786, "sha256": "4f0b7c92a4fe6391ce685a893ef5d65266e90b2abd3cf831b4ff2a1e8d1d2503", "text": "“I believe all the petting that is given them does not make them happy. They are too helpless: their lives are too frail. A weasel or a mouse that gets its own living is more interesting. I like to think that the animals about us have souls something like our own, and either carry on their own little affairs or can be companions to us, like Monk here. Those creatures are parasitic.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00162", "bookId": 145, "start": 56788, "end": 56992, "sha256": "8ad4adb4266fa1271d2ea9849c2e6f37990f68fabba0f49a22450c38e41bf733", "text": "“I am so glad I know that you do not like them,” said good Sir James. “I should never keep them for myself, but ladies usually are fond of these Maltese dogs. Here, John, take this dog, will you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00163", "bookId": 145, "start": 56994, "end": 57197, "sha256": "00fff67b030530cc158cf105b6b9fd297670956e7f4f5a26e0f03bbc662925aa", "text": "The objectionable puppy, whose nose and eyes were equally black and expressive, was thus got rid of, since Miss Brooke decided that it had better not have been born. But she felt it necessary to explain.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00164", "bookId": 145, "start": 57199, "end": 57435, "sha256": "e393ac30c021f486c8652396d7931107cb9623f004eae3de392ffea70331fca2", "text": "“You must not judge of Celia’s feeling from mine. I think she likes these small pets. She had a tiny terrier once, which she was very fond of. It made me unhappy, because I was afraid of treading on it. I am rather short-sighted.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00165", "bookId": 145, "start": 57437, "end": 57532, "sha256": "c0bb26bb2c0ef3d992b44dbc61e05a81c73b45a6904efa8270737aa029938c79", "text": "“You have your own opinion about everything, Miss Brooke, and it is always a good opinion.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00166", "bookId": 145, "start": 57534, "end": 57588, "sha256": "e6b35aa363d41f1a754fcdf82f52d26126b7dab401985c052af3f278b47a7634", "text": "What answer was possible to such stupid complimenting?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00167", "bookId": 145, "start": 57590, "end": 57709, "sha256": "9901e4aadac99bbd1a68892537fd63f2301b6aafde3d77d468d06c97617e2be1", "text": "“Do you know, I envy you that,” Sir James said, as they continued walking at the rather brisk pace set by Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00168", "bookId": 145, "start": 57711, "end": 57758, "sha256": "30dd562a9c595a846e3237357f8b4c72878a3ad1fe6936b21bd19cff32be7cb5", "text": "“I don’t quite understand what you mean.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00169", "bookId": 145, "start": 57760, "end": 57992, "sha256": "e7f0e70989439805af6e8b7b9516e445bfb6616380f3295fccefe3bef56a0bb4", "text": "“Your power of forming an opinion. I can form an opinion of persons. I know when I like people. But about other matters, do you know, I have often a difficulty in deciding. One hears very sensible things said on opposite sides.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00170", "bookId": 145, "start": 57994, "end": 58089, "sha256": "60ae396679e8a53d0fa057565263a7ac01913257bb1da1546c38e552ee4654c5", "text": "“Or that seem sensible. Perhaps we don’t always discriminate between sense and nonsense.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00171", "bookId": 145, "start": 58091, "end": 58130, "sha256": "ead8a1034cb54e8f5c7ed9494726b1a2bc12faf02c552e33c48b3e266afc6ae6", "text": "Dorothea felt that she was rather rude.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00172", "bookId": 145, "start": 58132, "end": 58218, "sha256": "41c79ff613b9f1b1e83aad65a3096045bc87f35a8650b15faba4109b41318a5c", "text": "“Exactly,” said Sir James. “But you seem to have the power of discrimination.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00173", "bookId": 145, "start": 58220, "end": 58373, "sha256": "f3a34a4d686931b5e8ac67c5523dbbd11988121d9a7dad9546011645f3230342", "text": "“On the contrary, I am often unable to decide. But that is from ignorance. The right conclusion is there all the same, though I am unable to see it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00174", "bookId": 145, "start": 58375, "end": 59083, "sha256": "a743c2484ea60da8afd2a86051192c9eb8fa9f84a6fa4b163120a52078d034d0", "text": "“I think there are few who would see it more readily. Do you know, Lovegood was telling me yesterday that you had the best notion in the world of a plan for cottages—quite wonderful for a young lady, he thought. You had a real _genus_, to use his expression. He said you wanted Mr. Brooke to build a new set of cottages, but he seemed to think it hardly probable that your uncle would consent. Do you know, that is one of the things I wish to do—I mean, on my own estate. I should be so glad to carry out that plan of yours, if you would let me see it. Of course, it is sinking money; that is why people object to it. Laborers can never pay rent to make it answer. But, after all, it is worth doing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00175", "bookId": 145, "start": 59085, "end": 59484, "sha256": "7c8420122a5ccf649839a611072c2421861b63b0af446670e6e7e6fe68ab1ef4", "text": "“Worth doing! yes, indeed,” said Dorothea, energetically, forgetting her previous small vexations. “I think we deserve to be beaten out of our beautiful houses with a scourge of small cords—all of us who let tenants live in such sties as we see round us. Life in cottages might be happier than ours, if they were real houses fit for human beings from whom we expect duties and affections.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00176", "bookId": 145, "start": 59486, "end": 59519, "sha256": "e25114297731a42605365037fd50f7a3b4e0b206851b26cfacc4fbf640a6472d", "text": "“Will you show me your plan?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00177", "bookId": 145, "start": 59521, "end": 59847, "sha256": "393d3013470b510133d6852d9e859f15ccea5e328cf43912e6cfa20680f6b5f7", "text": "“Yes, certainly. I dare say it is very faulty. But I have been examining all the plans for cottages in Loudon’s book, and picked out what seem the best things. Oh what a happiness it would be to set the pattern about here! I think instead of Lazarus at the gate, we should put the pigsty cottages outside the park-gate.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00178", "bookId": 145, "start": 59849, "end": 60154, "sha256": "cc8dcb2caa559d8d34cbde0f77a69a0fdf1e6aa750ffc00d77a6ca23199cc5cf", "text": "Dorothea was in the best temper now. Sir James, as brother in-law, building model cottages on his estate, and then, perhaps, others being built at Lowick, and more and more elsewhere in imitation—it would be as if the spirit of Oberlin had passed over the parishes to make the life of poverty beautiful!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00179", "bookId": 145, "start": 60156, "end": 60577, "sha256": "8c4e4336eb7207c24d3d83b697463dccafc6059d9d5419a28afbf657d0f96c45", "text": "Sir James saw all the plans, and took one away to consult upon with Lovegood. He also took away a complacent sense that he was making great progress in Miss Brooke’s good opinion. The Maltese puppy was not offered to Celia; an omission which Dorothea afterwards thought of with surprise; but she blamed herself for it. She had been engrossing Sir James. After all, it was a relief that there was no puppy to tread upon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00180", "bookId": 145, "start": 60579, "end": 60947, "sha256": "2b612a673863234f2c92b32fcf1b81c7bc02b1033cfe9a9d3239f7672bed3a4c", "text": "Celia was present while the plans were being examined, and observed Sir James’s illusion. “He thinks that Dodo cares about him, and she only cares about her plans. Yet I am not certain that she would refuse him if she thought he would let her manage everything and carry out all her notions. And how very uncomfortable Sir James would be! I cannot bear notions.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00181", "bookId": 145, "start": 60949, "end": 61749, "sha256": "11b5118a53839f3028cd6e781e220e819ba7ca8cf6446ba7c4aa00f277b8916f", "text": "It was Celia’s private luxury to indulge in this dislike. She dared not confess it to her sister in any direct statement, for that would be laying herself open to a demonstration that she was somehow or other at war with all goodness. But on safe opportunities, she had an indirect mode of making her negative wisdom tell upon Dorothea, and calling her down from her rhapsodic mood by reminding her that people were staring, not listening. Celia was not impulsive: what she had to say could wait, and came from her always with the same quiet staccato evenness. When people talked with energy and emphasis she watched their faces and features merely. She never could understand how well-bred persons consented to sing and open their mouths in the ridiculous manner requisite for that vocal exercise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00182", "bookId": 145, "start": 61751, "end": 64625, "sha256": "f379286d6f9850aa6d7fe8dce7b585a20de5a887c2c248b068a2bf95fc0f41c1", "text": "It was not many days before Mr. Casaubon paid a morning visit, on which he was invited again for the following week to dine and stay the night. Thus Dorothea had three more conversations with him, and was convinced that her first impressions had been just. He was all she had at first imagined him to be: almost everything he had said seemed like a specimen from a mine, or the inscription on the door of a museum which might open on the treasures of past ages; and this trust in his mental wealth was all the deeper and more effective on her inclination because it was now obvious that his visits were made for her sake. This accomplished man condescended to think of a young girl, and take the pains to talk to her, not with absurd compliment, but with an appeal to her understanding, and sometimes with instructive correction. What delightful companionship! Mr. Casaubon seemed even unconscious that trivialities existed, and never handed round that small-talk of heavy men which is as acceptable as stale bride-cake brought forth with an odor of cupboard. He talked of what he was interested in, or else he was silent and bowed with sad civility. To Dorothea this was adorable genuineness, and religious abstinence from that artificiality which uses up the soul in the efforts of pretence. For she looked as reverently at Mr. Casaubon’s religious elevation above herself as she did at his intellect and learning. He assented to her expressions of devout feeling, and usually with an appropriate quotation; he allowed himself to say that he had gone through some spiritual conflicts in his youth; in short, Dorothea saw that here she might reckon on understanding, sympathy, and guidance. On one—only one—of her favorite themes she was disappointed. Mr. Casaubon apparently did not care about building cottages, and diverted the talk to the extremely narrow accommodation which was to be had in the dwellings of the ancient Egyptians, as if to check a too high standard. After he was gone, Dorothea dwelt with some agitation on this indifference of his; and her mind was much exercised with arguments drawn from the varying conditions of climate which modify human needs, and from the admitted wickedness of pagan despots. Should she not urge these arguments on Mr. Casaubon when he came again? But further reflection told her that she was presumptuous in demanding his attention to such a subject; he would not disapprove of her occupying herself with it in leisure moments, as other women expected to occupy themselves with their dress and embroidery—would not forbid it when—Dorothea felt rather ashamed as she detected herself in these speculations. But her uncle had been invited to go to Lowick to stay a couple of days: was it reasonable to suppose that Mr. Casaubon delighted in Mr. Brooke’s society for its own sake, either with or without documents?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00183", "bookId": 145, "start": 64627, "end": 65254, "sha256": "5b43a6e1da48e034ee23b56911318b6dda4e35405b3a76bdc49a686d80fc35ef", "text": "Meanwhile that little disappointment made her delight the more in Sir James Chettam’s readiness to set on foot the desired improvements. He came much oftener than Mr. Casaubon, and Dorothea ceased to find him disagreeable since he showed himself so entirely in earnest; for he had already entered with much practical ability into Lovegood’s estimates, and was charmingly docile. She proposed to build a couple of cottages, and transfer two families from their old cabins, which could then be pulled down, so that new ones could be built on the old sites. Sir James said “Exactly,” and she bore the word remarkably well.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00184", "bookId": 145, "start": 65256, "end": 66078, "sha256": "d2ba62dfc8b2b1f27f084b8e249a4d2b107a22bc27e006d9f0f02b8ae0aa1fa5", "text": "Certainly these men who had so few spontaneous ideas might be very useful members of society under good feminine direction, if they were fortunate in choosing their sisters-in-law! It is difficult to say whether there was or was not a little wilfulness in her continuing blind to the possibility that another sort of choice was in question in relation to her. But her life was just now full of hope and action: she was not only thinking of her plans, but getting down learned books from the library and reading many things hastily (that she might be a little less ignorant in talking to Mr. Casaubon), all the while being visited with conscientious questionings whether she were not exalting these poor doings above measure and contemplating them with that self-satisfaction which was the last doom of ignorance and folly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00185", "bookId": 145, "start": 66083, "end": 66094, "sha256": "c28f6383985bb603a3dd5cf26aec69b3ca42692038c66e7fbd27bd1aa351e8c6", "text": "CHAPTER IV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00186", "bookId": 145, "start": 66096, "end": 66154, "sha256": "81bc69f7d8de6bad5d59072b25d922ac8e704bb47a069227101c413f34208850", "text": "1_st Gent_. Our deeds are fetters that we forge ourselves.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00187", "bookId": 145, "start": 66156, "end": 66227, "sha256": "3135c6d5c4d54c1c56b7b84f70f90db372f07240a144dba0e34b19e69b69b499", "text": "2_d Gent._ Ay, truly: but I think it is the world That brings the iron.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00188", "bookId": 145, "start": 66230, "end": 66372, "sha256": "37c22157607ac02e20e5f5238353d9c0951027ac27bc252fdc9cb01f0bd1881c", "text": "“Sir James seems determined to do everything you wish,” said Celia, as they were driving home from an inspection of the new building-site.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00189", "bookId": 145, "start": 66374, "end": 66480, "sha256": "f54d64966d3b14a088bda0242fe234e4911cc049dbcac226e84959fa4f1e6625", "text": "“He is a good creature, and more sensible than any one would imagine,” said Dorothea, inconsiderately.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00190", "bookId": 145, "start": 66482, "end": 66519, "sha256": "e6fcca177085805e201143f1f8ad3dfe856dd29f94a0e516ed10121bf70180f9", "text": "“You mean that he appears silly.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00191", "bookId": 145, "start": 66521, "end": 66676, "sha256": "27ab5c2af77f630f4cd3ead5e9cc74210a5ef287715b0fef39d17c8a7b4b3488", "text": "“No, no,” said Dorothea, recollecting herself, and laying her hand on her sister’s a moment, “but he does not talk equally well on all subjects.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00192", "bookId": 145, "start": 66678, "end": 66854, "sha256": "e2d34afa6ec502ad3c6e561e8e0a4ddcb9c78bbe126336aeabdd229b09388dca", "text": "“I should think none but disagreeable people do,” said Celia, in her usual purring way. “They must be very dreadful to live with. Only think! at breakfast, and always.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00193", "bookId": 145, "start": 66856, "end": 67270, "sha256": "a29af396931ec716354b52dbc0de32c0f159551298a9092037197fc41cce6735", "text": "Dorothea laughed. “O Kitty, you are a wonderful creature!” She pinched Celia’s chin, being in the mood now to think her very winning and lovely—fit hereafter to be an eternal cherub, and if it were not doctrinally wrong to say so, hardly more in need of salvation than a squirrel. “Of course people need not be always talking well. Only one tells the quality of their minds when they try to talk well.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00194", "bookId": 145, "start": 67272, "end": 67318, "sha256": "a30f64e1b10ea47164bd8544eeb17529a0e56c7d2c067a3ea305bd090f8f048f", "text": "“You mean that Sir James tries and fails.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00195", "bookId": 145, "start": 67320, "end": 67439, "sha256": "09fee2b71b3da250291f9459df547e89a4b77380bc9c899e460bdd8617f4e2e7", "text": "“I was speaking generally. Why do you catechise me about Sir James? It is not the object of his life to please me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00196", "bookId": 145, "start": 67441, "end": 67486, "sha256": "eec38aa39d23b4132917d5a7b7b3bd6f3aa4b9af83efe186c9ea949d9e24c073", "text": "“Now, Dodo, can you really believe that?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00197", "bookId": 145, "start": 67488, "end": 67769, "sha256": "dd132429f96bdc4d6205483a05fab80ab9a29614c69d4c1879c4c6a3abbc58a8", "text": "“Certainly. He thinks of me as a future sister—that is all.” Dorothea had never hinted this before, waiting, from a certain shyness on such subjects which was mutual between the sisters, until it should be introduced by some decisive event. Celia blushed, but said at once—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00198", "bookId": 145, "start": 67771, "end": 67994, "sha256": "f3f747dc81f3bb159f367044bb68b9c3e7f95b06283dda8d913eff70e1a3f1c7", "text": "“Pray do not make that mistake any longer, Dodo. When Tantripp was brushing my hair the other day, she said that Sir James’s man knew from Mrs. Cadwallader’s maid that Sir James was to marry the eldest Miss Brooke.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00199", "bookId": 145, "start": 67996, "end": 68255, "sha256": "7180cb7ff01e46808c205a5aec6242623a9ea057457d12227beaeb8a74a61613", "text": "“How can you let Tantripp talk such gossip to you, Celia?” said Dorothea, indignantly, not the less angry because details asleep in her memory were now awakened to confirm the unwelcome revelation. “You must have asked her questions. It is degrading.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00200", "bookId": 145, "start": 68257, "end": 68676, "sha256": "321fcfb91e6584b9172608c66a3be108419b92a162154ff2d06c8784fdf92ac0", "text": "“I see no harm at all in Tantripp’s talking to me. It is better to hear what people say. You see what mistakes you make by taking up notions. I am quite sure that Sir James means to make you an offer; and he believes that you will accept him, especially since you have been so pleased with him about the plans. And uncle too—I know he expects it. Every one can see that Sir James is very much in love with you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00201", "bookId": 145, "start": 68678, "end": 68961, "sha256": "d50ba0cc883d2e4e052e1481358cbbdd25bbdbb70e86029b45ce557a350b5935", "text": "The revulsion was so strong and painful in Dorothea’s mind that the tears welled up and flowed abundantly. All her dear plans were embittered, and she thought with disgust of Sir James’s conceiving that she recognized him as her lover. There was vexation too on account of Celia.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00202", "bookId": 145, "start": 68963, "end": 69141, "sha256": "e82f3ca8b9640449a3a4230009895874fbd963a71547d7c7bdeb112b1f03d80f", "text": "“How could he expect it?” she burst forth in her most impetuous manner. “I have never agreed with him about anything but the cottages: I was barely polite to him before.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00203", "bookId": 145, "start": 69143, "end": 69256, "sha256": "a21b776e79d4edc94a3fd7f449dfea04045ff703e40a2d14608ba500f76e2e0e", "text": "“But you have been so pleased with him since then; he has begun to feel quite sure that you are fond of him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00204", "bookId": 145, "start": 69258, "end": 69356, "sha256": "fc8557d6c4a0d3a124cfdee377b7e3e7e818652d2054d3d720268cc4ec98245d", "text": "“Fond of him, Celia! How can you choose such odious expressions?” said Dorothea, passionately.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00205", "bookId": 145, "start": 69358, "end": 69471, "sha256": "ced1ea834e48bfb5834248e9f5c8999e9bf58a8361763fe60625c1d03807b3d7", "text": "“Dear me, Dorothea, I suppose it would be right for you to be fond of a man whom you accepted for a husband.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00206", "bookId": 145, "start": 69473, "end": 69660, "sha256": "2e1b958f0fe8877752d2088148ee9e6992bb9a91162cf1fd89ffcd70d60a01c2", "text": "“It is offensive to me to say that Sir James could think I was fond of him. Besides, it is not the right word for the feeling I must have towards the man I would accept as a husband.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00207", "bookId": 145, "start": 69662, "end": 70188, "sha256": "d116b34973a31b9a6ef1679d12d852cc360a68b7327b5f2f5f33bcc1d4e1263d", "text": "“Well, I am sorry for Sir James. I thought it right to tell you, because you went on as you always do, never looking just where you are, and treading in the wrong place. You always see what nobody else sees; it is impossible to satisfy you; yet you never see what is quite plain. That’s your way, Dodo.” Something certainly gave Celia unusual courage; and she was not sparing the sister of whom she was occasionally in awe. Who can tell what just criticisms Murr the Cat may be passing on us beings of wider speculation?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00208", "bookId": 145, "start": 70190, "end": 70431, "sha256": "22f52d2c49355904ec5dfda7442eb472d3a68aabf50155624d2f6d561d2cf4b7", "text": "“It is very painful,” said Dorothea, feeling scourged. “I can have no more to do with the cottages. I must be uncivil to him. I must tell him I will have nothing to do with them. It is very painful.” Her eyes filled again with tears.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00209", "bookId": 145, "start": 70433, "end": 70720, "sha256": "f83230e2a2075afa21027cd0aacbb8497e61b6c7ba53b3fec30ac429817a7809", "text": "“Wait a little. Think about it. You know he is going away for a day or two to see his sister. There will be nobody besides Lovegood.” Celia could not help relenting. “Poor Dodo,” she went on, in an amiable staccato. “It is very hard: it is your favorite _fad_ to draw plans.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00210", "bookId": 145, "start": 70722, "end": 70949, "sha256": "a30b1f894dc079237679994c7d90aba7fe8136f8dfa3f09ad165629341e85ec3", "text": "“_Fad_ to draw plans! Do you think I only care about my fellow-creatures’ houses in that childish way? I may well make mistakes. How can one ever do anything nobly Christian, living among people with such petty thoughts?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00211", "bookId": 145, "start": 70951, "end": 72006, "sha256": "0a5b9452a06c58aae836981e736328c0c8d967c48ffea14c2a4be1756d361a08", "text": "No more was said; Dorothea was too much jarred to recover her temper and behave so as to show that she admitted any error in herself. She was disposed rather to accuse the intolerable narrowness and the purblind conscience of the society around her: and Celia was no longer the eternal cherub, but a thorn in her spirit, a pink-and-white nullifidian, worse than any discouraging presence in the “Pilgrim’s Progress.” The _fad_ of drawing plans! What was life worth—what great faith was possible when the whole effect of one’s actions could be withered up into such parched rubbish as that? When she got out of the carriage, her cheeks were pale and her eyelids red. She was an image of sorrow, and her uncle who met her in the hall would have been alarmed, if Celia had not been close to her looking so pretty and composed, that he at once concluded Dorothea’s tears to have their origin in her excessive religiousness. He had returned, during their absence, from a journey to the county town, about a petition for the pardon of some criminal.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00212", "bookId": 145, "start": 72008, "end": 72146, "sha256": "0203ba255ee469105642aa8af4cd49f300178178cce18cafb8766ab6c116076e", "text": "“Well, my dears,” he said, kindly, as they went up to kiss him, “I hope nothing disagreeable has happened while I have been away.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00213", "bookId": 145, "start": 72148, "end": 72281, "sha256": "2d72c2ec5e38d282f3daf5285bc37d85c4ea33fcd21fbe7866911d1434a0ebf4", "text": "“No, uncle,” said Celia, “we have been to Freshitt to look at the cottages. We thought you would have been at home to lunch.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00214", "bookId": 145, "start": 72283, "end": 72477, "sha256": "9dd521ef8519e29a055a1b572f6070bd89de2d154193d0358052a4189037790a", "text": "“I came by Lowick to lunch—you didn’t know I came by Lowick. And I have brought a couple of pamphlets for you, Dorothea—in the library, you know; they lie on the table in the library.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00215", "bookId": 145, "start": 72479, "end": 73061, "sha256": "9b58cc993f1b919ce62501aef3105997cb7c3697b5c8fab4784609a959150f7a", "text": "It seemed as if an electric stream went through Dorothea, thrilling her from despair into expectation. They were pamphlets about the early Church. The oppression of Celia, Tantripp, and Sir James was shaken off, and she walked straight to the library. Celia went up-stairs. Mr. Brooke was detained by a message, but when he re-entered the library, he found Dorothea seated and already deep in one of the pamphlets which had some marginal manuscript of Mr. Casaubon’s,—taking it in as eagerly as she might have taken in the scent of a fresh bouquet after a dry, hot, dreary walk.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00216", "bookId": 145, "start": 73063, "end": 73197, "sha256": "117faf39badeedc39e38936c90ae8345588bf36254db3a9e338f19ba613d6e58", "text": "She was getting away from Tipton and Freshitt, and her own sad liability to tread in the wrong places on her way to the New Jerusalem.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00217", "bookId": 145, "start": 73199, "end": 73748, "sha256": "f356cf8708a401c02eab7a9a2829aad1214672749e64b63498bf0add25dffcb6", "text": "Mr. Brooke sat down in his arm-chair, stretched his legs towards the wood-fire, which had fallen into a wondrous mass of glowing dice between the dogs, and rubbed his hands gently, looking very mildly towards Dorothea, but with a neutral leisurely air, as if he had nothing particular to say. Dorothea closed her pamphlet, as soon as she was aware of her uncle’s presence, and rose as if to go. Usually she would have been interested about her uncle’s merciful errand on behalf of the criminal, but her late agitation had made her absent-minded.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00218", "bookId": 145, "start": 73750, "end": 74165, "sha256": "7912777c28125edc756cb22777c04b36d84c266b9e8d9fefce419ca2fb1af519", "text": "“I came back by Lowick, you know,” said Mr. Brooke, not as if with any intention to arrest her departure, but apparently from his usual tendency to say what he had said before. This fundamental principle of human speech was markedly exhibited in Mr. Brooke. “I lunched there and saw Casaubon’s library, and that kind of thing. There’s a sharp air, driving. Won’t you sit down, my dear? You look cold.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00219", "bookId": 145, "start": 74167, "end": 74744, "sha256": "1057fb68f223d61f83e9d7d5c0335be42cadfd3acecac1230b9aae59470b59fe", "text": "Dorothea felt quite inclined to accept the invitation. Some times, when her uncle’s easy way of taking things did not happen to be exasperating, it was rather soothing. She threw off her mantle and bonnet, and sat down opposite to him, enjoying the glow, but lifting up her beautiful hands for a screen. They were not thin hands, or small hands; but powerful, feminine, maternal hands. She seemed to be holding them up in propitiation for her passionate desire to know and to think, which in the unfriendly mediums of Tipton and Freshitt had issued in crying and red eyelids.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00220", "bookId": 145, "start": 74746, "end": 74863, "sha256": "3a1684f9143f62a5abcb4664937fed2dedeb1836aa8fee819b27019dc6c33aa9", "text": "She bethought herself now of the condemned criminal. “What news have you brought about the sheep-stealer, uncle?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00221", "bookId": 145, "start": 74865, "end": 74950, "sha256": "15d67ff97fe7bcd9dce0294aab60f8901e090a99ba3710e983b3b82180994a63", "text": "“What, poor Bunch?—well, it seems we can’t get him off—he is to be hanged.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00222", "bookId": 145, "start": 74952, "end": 75013, "sha256": "35e11f721e2a8e00e7c772b810a68e1a54b779f4c65aa7db7ed3829d9d044671", "text": "Dorothea’s brow took an expression of reprobation and pity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00223", "bookId": 145, "start": 75015, "end": 75221, "sha256": "df278caee234b94446fd8f96e41efc04def96e5fa50dcf7aec4f7dcc84e80cf6", "text": "“Hanged, you know,” said Mr. Brooke, with a quiet nod. “Poor Romilly! he would have helped us. I knew Romilly. Casaubon didn’t know Romilly. He is a little buried in books, you know, Casaubon is.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00224", "bookId": 145, "start": 75223, "end": 75380, "sha256": "227ca93787de33bd4e1f13983a339c05162bd09901b65bd37d03a13aa11258b0", "text": "“When a man has great studies and is writing a great work, he must of course give up seeing much of the world. How can he go about making acquaintances?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00225", "bookId": 145, "start": 75382, "end": 75686, "sha256": "3557fc98b841b0dddf1124fbe363d4aaf0260f85b88d87b1e7ba128b7f38715b", "text": "“That’s true. But a man mopes, you know. I have always been a bachelor too, but I have that sort of disposition that I never moped; it was my way to go about everywhere and take in everything. I never moped: but I can see that Casaubon does, you know. He wants a companion—a companion, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00226", "bookId": 145, "start": 75688, "end": 75781, "sha256": "af5452ff170a0446d94c2f2465257321163aae3b8dbbe0ee0590e4d52164bcc6", "text": "“It would be a great honor to any one to be his companion,” said Dorothea, energetically.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00227", "bookId": 145, "start": 75783, "end": 76156, "sha256": "11b8749194bf7a734b256be4ec5603b36bfcfc26a6d4d833174c4b72feee15b9", "text": "“You like him, eh?” said Mr. Brooke, without showing any surprise, or other emotion. “Well, now, I’ve known Casaubon ten years, ever since he came to Lowick. But I never got anything out of him—any ideas, you know. However, he is a tiptop man and may be a bishop—that kind of thing, you know, if Peel stays in. And he has a very high opinion of you, my dear.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00228", "bookId": 145, "start": 76158, "end": 76183, "sha256": "4fd5ad8a0fb68c22a782c280afaf4f8e9e9b247865666b1f7c6bb7ea0e915718", "text": "Dorothea could not speak.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00229", "bookId": 145, "start": 76185, "end": 76801, "sha256": "e502096489ef5d0f687fa326acbca0e35dd08a00b1ff53e3f1f33c71323d2a42", "text": "“The fact is, he has a very high opinion indeed of you. And he speaks uncommonly well—does Casaubon. He has deferred to me, you not being of age. In short, I have promised to speak to you, though I told him I thought there was not much chance. I was bound to tell him that. I said, my niece is very young, and that kind of thing. But I didn’t think it necessary to go into everything. However, the long and the short of it is, that he has asked my permission to make you an offer of marriage—of marriage, you know,” said Mr. Brooke, with his explanatory nod. “I thought it better to tell you, my dear.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00230", "bookId": 145, "start": 76803, "end": 77207, "sha256": "4bb67af8e5218a43ccc1cc8133f600dee8b77d234f6399ed50429bd12d3b23e2", "text": "No one could have detected any anxiety in Mr. Brooke’s manner, but he did really wish to know something of his niece’s mind, that, if there were any need for advice, he might give it in time. What feeling he, as a magistrate who had taken in so many ideas, could make room for, was unmixedly kind. Since Dorothea did not speak immediately, he repeated, “I thought it better to tell you, my dear.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00231", "bookId": 145, "start": 77209, "end": 77415, "sha256": "bdb286ec0e7fb4d7e9fa48276441c2b83d04b1334343520c14190fde968509cf", "text": "“Thank you, uncle,” said Dorothea, in a clear unwavering tone. “I am very grateful to Mr. Casaubon. If he makes me an offer, I shall accept him. I admire and honor him more than any man I ever saw.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00232", "bookId": 145, "start": 77417, "end": 77926, "sha256": "cb24a3475045e2a6e22467ec74894b88daf6b69cda2de1d16d13c8d60e18009d", "text": "Mr. Brooke paused a little, and then said in a lingering low tone, “Ah? … Well! He is a good match in some respects. But now, Chettam is a good match. And our land lies together. I shall never interfere against your wishes, my dear. People should have their own way in marriage, and that sort of thing—up to a certain point, you know. I have always said that, up to a certain point. I wish you to marry well; and I have good reason to believe that Chettam wishes to marry you. I mention it, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00233", "bookId": 145, "start": 77928, "end": 78073, "sha256": "8d7a4abbce3b3b69edbd96cb81c5071d0f26fe611175c818a836808d845e4e5d", "text": "“It is impossible that I should ever marry Sir James Chettam,” said Dorothea. “If he thinks of marrying me, he has made a great mistake.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00234", "bookId": 145, "start": 78075, "end": 78198, "sha256": "05d0495e3951c8328d27703148641f73a278e713a0508f01ec10889c912ed12f", "text": "“That is it, you see. One never knows. I should have thought Chettam was just the sort of man a woman would like, now.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00235", "bookId": 145, "start": 78200, "end": 78316, "sha256": "f2a4828250f508e1a552fa727c7e339b9c2358b2deb7363143aae802a7531ba7", "text": "“Pray do not mention him in that light again, uncle,” said Dorothea, feeling some of her late irritation revive.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00236", "bookId": 145, "start": 78318, "end": 78541, "sha256": "1234a77c28af214b5cee1a5c4d0fd9ef45baf5d360fd2cd94c5ad8c03f3a2cb7", "text": "Mr. Brooke wondered, and felt that women were an inexhaustible subject of study, since even he at his age was not in a perfect state of scientific prediction about them. Here was a fellow like Chettam with no chance at all.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00237", "bookId": 145, "start": 78543, "end": 79092, "sha256": "be5b5379b66631a4f4a644f9e98bc1ef655cc7b804a6c3f8b4e020606af93d45", "text": "“Well, but Casaubon, now. There is no hurry—I mean for you. It’s true, every year will tell upon him. He is over five-and-forty, you know. I should say a good seven-and-twenty years older than you. To be sure,—if you like learning and standing, and that sort of thing, we can’t have everything. And his income is good—he has a handsome property independent of the Church—his income is good. Still he is not young, and I must not conceal from you, my dear, that I think his health is not over-strong. I know nothing else against him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00238", "bookId": 145, "start": 79094, "end": 79282, "sha256": "8350b850551a4fffe95b8e010efc7f22d331b65f1df98d44f5f6498f138dc69c", "text": "“I should not wish to have a husband very near my own age,” said Dorothea, with grave decision. “I should wish to have a husband who was above me in judgment and in all knowledge.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00239", "bookId": 145, "start": 79284, "end": 79447, "sha256": "1725311ae1ce077753227ed4e088c40144e0dc7fbbb37292d1e7a7bcb3bb61c0", "text": "Mr. Brooke repeated his subdued, “Ah?—I thought you had more of your own opinion than most girls. I thought you liked your own opinion—liked it, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00240", "bookId": 145, "start": 79449, "end": 79678, "sha256": "8bcc9ffe6a8d532996385444bb6d2d5b957bd5d209b6b590608aa31e06b7b833", "text": "“I cannot imagine myself living without some opinions, but I should wish to have good reasons for them, and a wise man could help me to see which opinions had the best foundation, and would help me to live according to them.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00241", "bookId": 145, "start": 79680, "end": 80264, "sha256": "5c5f415b4af87906bf2d20958081d464a7178ed2423344843f27083122e8a333", "text": "“Very true. You couldn’t put the thing better—couldn’t put it better, beforehand, you know. But there are oddities in things,” continued Mr. Brooke, whose conscience was really roused to do the best he could for his niece on this occasion. “Life isn’t cast in a mould—not cut out by rule and line, and that sort of thing. I never married myself, and it will be the better for you and yours. The fact is, I never loved any one well enough to put myself into a noose for them. It _is_ a noose, you know. Temper, now. There is temper. And a husband likes to be master.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00242", "bookId": 145, "start": 80266, "end": 80415, "sha256": "87a9c48a0186d5036fb2f7ab3c8a58e9581b081dd8fdab004cc5037fb7d29896", "text": "“I know that I must expect trials, uncle. Marriage is a state of higher duties. I never thought of it as mere personal ease,” said poor Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00243", "bookId": 145, "start": 80417, "end": 81095, "sha256": "d9f64d1c5364e554d1d8c5c842a74b763011afaf4d935e80a5e225e7f435c759", "text": "“Well, you are not fond of show, a great establishment, balls, dinners, that kind of thing. I can see that Casaubon’s ways might suit you better than Chettam’s. And you shall do as you like, my dear. I would not hinder Casaubon; I said so at once; for there is no knowing how anything may turn out. You have not the same tastes as every young lady; and a clergyman and scholar—who may be a bishop—that kind of thing—may suit you better than Chettam. Chettam is a good fellow, a good sound-hearted fellow, you know; but he doesn’t go much into ideas. I did, when I was his age. But Casaubon’s eyes, now. I think he has hurt them a little with too much reading.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00244", "bookId": 145, "start": 81097, "end": 81207, "sha256": "2b427a514d0f57e8accf3711b887176e0db1392fa384212c0ef043a84f7b2752", "text": "“I should be all the happier, uncle, the more room there was for me to help him,” said Dorothea, ardently.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00245", "bookId": 145, "start": 81209, "end": 81471, "sha256": "60222ab669ebb3b6762bee58701743e438b3fc165fab8ba1d2eabd93f1a14bb5", "text": "“You have quite made up your mind, I see. Well, my dear, the fact is, I have a letter for you in my pocket.” Mr. Brooke handed the letter to Dorothea, but as she rose to go away, he added, “There is not too much hurry, my dear. Think about it, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00246", "bookId": 145, "start": 81473, "end": 82094, "sha256": "ec7adca33c762d6d200c42ea10dc94eeb4cf433fb46fcafb486876f41a4f7181", "text": "When Dorothea had left him, he reflected that he had certainly spoken strongly: he had put the risks of marriage before her in a striking manner. It was his duty to do so. But as to pretending to be wise for young people,—no uncle, however much he had travelled in his youth, absorbed the new ideas, and dined with celebrities now deceased, could pretend to judge what sort of marriage would turn out well for a young girl who preferred Casaubon to Chettam. In short, woman was a problem which, since Mr. Brooke’s mind felt blank before it, could be hardly less complicated than the revolutions of an irregular solid.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00247", "bookId": 145, "start": 82099, "end": 82109, "sha256": "e3daf2d4156a0b23cfc3a5f2ca9503220e1314d703750b217a5dda58a3597ed8", "text": "CHAPTER V.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00248", "bookId": 145, "start": 82111, "end": 82636, "sha256": "8d974ee6c9124e111d6af8ab2e5f89863332da0bf3a3d84002e51c5f922e0daa", "text": "“Hard students are commonly troubled with gowts, catarrhs, rheums, cachexia, bradypepsia, bad eyes, stone, and collick, crudities, oppilations, vertigo, winds, consumptions, and all such diseases as come by over-much sitting: they are most part lean, dry, ill-colored … and all through immoderate pains and extraordinary studies. If you will not believe the truth of this, look upon great Tostatus and Thomas Aquinas’ works; and tell me whether those men took pains.”—BURTON’S _Anatomy of Melancholy_, P. I, s. 2.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00249", "bookId": 145, "start": 82639, "end": 82672, "sha256": "a0c6a3e7293f4265d94e3250489a88250ecfa931798acb3ffd0789aaabde33f9", "text": "This was Mr. Casaubon’s letter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00250", "bookId": 145, "start": 82674, "end": 85669, "sha256": "c1f88bc6f4508aa6b83312451491d58e987e56691a77188ac9e15a0caa17428d", "text": "MY DEAR MISS BROOKE,—I have your guardian’s permission to address you on a subject than which I have none more at heart. I am not, I trust, mistaken in the recognition of some deeper correspondence than that of date in the fact that a consciousness of need in my own life had arisen contemporaneously with the possibility of my becoming acquainted with you. For in the first hour of meeting you, I had an impression of your eminent and perhaps exclusive fitness to supply that need (connected, I may say, with such activity of the affections as even the preoccupations of a work too special to be abdicated could not uninterruptedly dissimulate); and each succeeding opportunity for observation has given the impression an added depth by convincing me more emphatically of that fitness which I had preconceived, and thus evoking more decisively those affections to which I have but now referred. Our conversations have, I think, made sufficiently clear to you the tenor of my life and purposes: a tenor unsuited, I am aware, to the commoner order of minds. But I have discerned in you an elevation of thought and a capability of devotedness, which I had hitherto not conceived to be compatible either with the early bloom of youth or with those graces of sex that may be said at once to win and to confer distinction when combined, as they notably are in you, with the mental qualities above indicated. It was, I confess, beyond my hope to meet with this rare combination of elements both solid and attractive, adapted to supply aid in graver labors and to cast a charm over vacant hours; and but for the event of my introduction to you (which, let me again say, I trust not to be superficially coincident with foreshadowing needs, but providentially related thereto as stages towards the completion of a life’s plan), I should presumably have gone on to the last without any attempt to lighten my solitariness by a matrimonial union. Such, my dear Miss Brooke, is the accurate statement of my feelings; and I rely on your kind indulgence in venturing now to ask you how far your own are of a nature to confirm my happy presentiment. To be accepted by you as your husband and the earthly guardian of your welfare, I should regard as the highest of providential gifts. In return I can at least offer you an affection hitherto unwasted, and the faithful consecration of a life which, however short in the sequel, has no backward pages whereon, if you choose to turn them, you will find records such as might justly cause you either bitterness or shame. I await the expression of your sentiments with an anxiety which it would be the part of wisdom (were it possible) to divert by a more arduous labor than usual. But in this order of experience I am still young, and in looking forward to an unfavorable possibility I cannot but feel that resignation to solitude will be more difficult after the temporary illumination of hope.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00251", "bookId": 145, "start": 85672, "end": 85758, "sha256": "4b8f8ffd2c7f5f82dd7009558de95f2ffa4ded4232cb202c56127aa262c0c10d", "text": "In any case, I shall remain, Yours with sincere devotion, EDWARD CASAUBON.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00252", "bookId": 145, "start": 85761, "end": 86174, "sha256": "122ba007f50ff3c1381843ef47d435f55f8b17fe910191a065894d03d403f9e8", "text": "Dorothea trembled while she read this letter; then she fell on her knees, buried her face, and sobbed. She could not pray: under the rush of solemn emotion in which thoughts became vague and images floated uncertainly, she could but cast herself, with a childlike sense of reclining, in the lap of a divine consciousness which sustained her own. She remained in that attitude till it was time to dress for dinner.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00253", "bookId": 145, "start": 86176, "end": 86598, "sha256": "0532e3b31c873785949e21e0fdb2ba41efeccce6b0ac5a91451367c4b540bc21", "text": "How could it occur to her to examine the letter, to look at it critically as a profession of love? Her whole soul was possessed by the fact that a fuller life was opening before her: she was a neophyte about to enter on a higher grade of initiation. She was going to have room for the energies which stirred uneasily under the dimness and pressure of her own ignorance and the petty peremptoriness of the world’s habits.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00254", "bookId": 145, "start": 86600, "end": 87270, "sha256": "0ce7758cfad92a4cc98abbe18540b5dcce2da42d30068184155d672873ed877a", "text": "Now she would be able to devote herself to large yet definite duties; now she would be allowed to live continually in the light of a mind that she could reverence. This hope was not unmixed with the glow of proud delight—the joyous maiden surprise that she was chosen by the man whom her admiration had chosen. All Dorothea’s passion was transfused through a mind struggling towards an ideal life; the radiance of her transfigured girlhood fell on the first object that came within its level. The impetus with which inclination became resolution was heightened by those little events of the day which had roused her discontent with the actual conditions of her life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00255", "bookId": 145, "start": 87272, "end": 87969, "sha256": "96ae9b00680194f77b527d4d9a091ff3323f01bbc09be240f3110441e1a2c667", "text": "After dinner, when Celia was playing an “air, with variations,” a small kind of tinkling which symbolized the aesthetic part of the young ladies’ education, Dorothea went up to her room to answer Mr. Casaubon’s letter. Why should she defer the answer? She wrote it over three times, not because she wished to change the wording, but because her hand was unusually uncertain, and she could not bear that Mr. Casaubon should think her handwriting bad and illegible. She piqued herself on writing a hand in which each letter was distinguishable without any large range of conjecture, and she meant to make much use of this accomplishment, to save Mr. Casaubon’s eyes. Three times she wrote.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00256", "bookId": 145, "start": 87971, "end": 88313, "sha256": "378218df396a9bbda80299fdd5525c5362958f4a769741d7dac7e91bff637992", "text": "MY DEAR MR. CASAUBON,—I am very grateful to you for loving me, and thinking me worthy to be your wife. I can look forward to no better happiness than that which would be one with yours. If I said more, it would only be the same thing written out at greater length, for I cannot now dwell on any other thought than that I may be through life", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00257", "bookId": 145, "start": 88316, "end": 88353, "sha256": "f6b4f3f9b8a9cad6547a791545a214658b84d632b19640cd979b1ce75d19986f", "text": "Yours devotedly, DOROTHEA BROOKE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00258", "bookId": 145, "start": 88356, "end": 88738, "sha256": "f7c7eddf2569917eb69f83b341664bce7ca51de6dedaae3599361416a3460932", "text": "Later in the evening she followed her uncle into the library to give him the letter, that he might send it in the morning. He was surprised, but his surprise only issued in a few moments’ silence, during which he pushed about various objects on his writing-table, and finally stood with his back to the fire, his glasses on his nose, looking at the address of Dorothea’s letter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00259", "bookId": 145, "start": 88740, "end": 88807, "sha256": "8ec18adc30324674d271db29791bf8407df6212ef226647441a9aa695e0ae959", "text": "“Have you thought enough about this, my dear?” he said at last.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00260", "bookId": 145, "start": 88809, "end": 88982, "sha256": "85baec532dfc2c40ade7b6ac33e9c966be9f513e3305cf2f7b0d88aa9e35b789", "text": "“There was no need to think long, uncle. I know of nothing to make me vacillate. If I changed my mind, it must be because of something important and entirely new to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00261", "bookId": 145, "start": 88984, "end": 89142, "sha256": "879d9b9e35c40984fb4896f951e40b249534253cce12d8235a6b540a087297a6", "text": "“Ah!—then you have accepted him? Then Chettam has no chance? Has Chettam offended you—offended you, you know? What is it you don’t like in Chettam?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00262", "bookId": 145, "start": 89144, "end": 89221, "sha256": "d53afb2749e6a68a2d478bba6c9413e7a67870d4c9fe4a623431b3ef5e62678b", "text": "“There is nothing that I like in him,” said Dorothea, rather impetuously.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00263", "bookId": 145, "start": 89223, "end": 89377, "sha256": "8cbf92a63a552b539b7cb348c54ce7bb362f71f7a754bfdd5d87ed336d981123", "text": "Mr. Brooke threw his head and shoulders backward as if some one had thrown a light missile at him. Dorothea immediately felt some self-rebuke, and said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00264", "bookId": 145, "start": 89379, "end": 89502, "sha256": "6005be341b78a5597831fa595f72f112e6f8ed237cbafa4ed6f2f4d0140e2b1e", "text": "“I mean in the light of a husband. He is very kind, I think—really very good about the cottages. A well-meaning man.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00265", "bookId": 145, "start": 89504, "end": 90236, "sha256": "362ed30d962db44bfdc05e8ab6dee0dc6f20aaa500a4070c6bba67df57b228b7", "text": "“But you must have a scholar, and that sort of thing? Well, it lies a little in our family. I had it myself—that love of knowledge, and going into everything—a little too much—it took me too far; though that sort of thing doesn’t often run in the female-line; or it runs underground like the rivers in Greece, you know—it comes out in the sons. Clever sons, clever mothers. I went a good deal into that, at one time. However, my dear, I have always said that people should do as they like in these things, up to a certain point. I couldn’t, as your guardian, have consented to a bad match. But Casaubon stands well: his position is good. I am afraid Chettam will be hurt, though, and Mrs. Cadwallader will blame me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00266", "bookId": 145, "start": 90238, "end": 91605, "sha256": "f24305c73fadbeab9cc8ea37e27913e7ba863375a9ceaae2a75e7745d7f3b063", "text": "That evening, of course, Celia knew nothing of what had happened. She attributed Dorothea’s abstracted manner, and the evidence of further crying since they had got home, to the temper she had been in about Sir James Chettam and the buildings, and was careful not to give further offence: having once said what she wanted to say, Celia had no disposition to recur to disagreeable subjects. It had been her nature when a child never to quarrel with any one—only to observe with wonder that they quarrelled with her, and looked like turkey-cocks; whereupon she was ready to play at cat’s cradle with them whenever they recovered themselves. And as to Dorothea, it had always been her way to find something wrong in her sister’s words, though Celia inwardly protested that she always said just how things were, and nothing else: she never did and never could put words together out of her own head. But the best of Dodo was, that she did not keep angry for long together. Now, though they had hardly spoken to each other all the evening, yet when Celia put by her work, intending to go to bed, a proceeding in which she was always much the earlier, Dorothea, who was seated on a low stool, unable to occupy herself except in meditation, said, with the musical intonation which in moments of deep but quiet feeling made her speech like a fine bit of recitative—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00267", "bookId": 145, "start": 91607, "end": 91679, "sha256": "6f2f0f899a106f613c677fa4e8c25dc83e45b5cebac1f72b9dd5d60324217c9c", "text": "“Celia, dear, come and kiss me,” holding her arms open as she spoke.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00268", "bookId": 145, "start": 91681, "end": 91854, "sha256": "294e3bfdf6d2db3c0e570d834a458e8919e8a6ad5eea9ce0217125e320108b88", "text": "Celia knelt down to get the right level and gave her little butterfly kiss, while Dorothea encircled her with gentle arms and pressed her lips gravely on each cheek in turn.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00269", "bookId": 145, "start": 91856, "end": 91988, "sha256": "55bad0a56ae372ecf6c05fe4ae299fb44d4bdaec0c4d45fe2e9921262e9981fa", "text": "“Don’t sit up, Dodo, you are so pale to-night: go to bed soon,” said Celia, in a comfortable way, without any touch of pathos.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00270", "bookId": 145, "start": 91990, "end": 92054, "sha256": "494297ab73e25c7d5aba02af6092bce59b5092bbba50ceee9b11c35ff3914d37", "text": "“No, dear, I am very, very happy,” said Dorothea, fervently.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00271", "bookId": 145, "start": 92056, "end": 92161, "sha256": "a96d9680d73569c131f61ee4b33a3c1180735b1d120d779440241365bb350253", "text": "“So much the better,” thought Celia. “But how strangely Dodo goes from one extreme to the other.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00272", "bookId": 145, "start": 92163, "end": 92300, "sha256": "0426be3906204e4374a81e2fac60a478390c5d67b14cedfada0f7557448129ff", "text": "The next day, at luncheon, the butler, handing something to Mr. Brooke, said, “Jonas is come back, sir, and has brought this letter.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00273", "bookId": 145, "start": 92302, "end": 92480, "sha256": "2226b3eec2739a4819893b5a0f92c31df8b1250f99348b1f4deb35a1109fdc93", "text": "Mr. Brooke read the letter, and then, nodding toward Dorothea, said, “Casaubon, my dear: he will be here to dinner; he didn’t wait to write more—didn’t wait, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00274", "bookId": 145, "start": 92482, "end": 93596, "sha256": "617d760ece2715493893063fb365840c9686be0b8e9cebe675ad767fe4a6a2e3", "text": "It could not seem remarkable to Celia that a dinner guest should be announced to her sister beforehand, but, her eyes following the same direction as her uncle’s, she was struck with the peculiar effect of the announcement on Dorothea. It seemed as if something like the reflection of a white sunlit wing had passed across her features, ending in one of her rare blushes. For the first time it entered into Celia’s mind that there might be something more between Mr. Casaubon and her sister than his delight in bookish talk and her delight in listening. Hitherto she had classed the admiration for this “ugly” and learned acquaintance with the admiration for Monsieur Liret at Lausanne, also ugly and learned. Dorothea had never been tired of listening to old Monsieur Liret when Celia’s feet were as cold as possible, and when it had really become dreadful to see the skin of his bald head moving about. Why then should her enthusiasm not extend to Mr. Casaubon simply in the same way as to Monsieur Liret? And it seemed probable that all learned men had a sort of schoolmaster’s view of young people.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00275", "bookId": 145, "start": 93598, "end": 94914, "sha256": "78bafd58fe55e44634fbaccd560b9c43442b7229aab0a08d5d37efe0511f5543", "text": "But now Celia was really startled at the suspicion which had darted into her mind. She was seldom taken by surprise in this way, her marvellous quickness in observing a certain order of signs generally preparing her to expect such outward events as she had an interest in. Not that she now imagined Mr. Casaubon to be already an accepted lover: she had only begun to feel disgust at the possibility that anything in Dorothea’s mind could tend towards such an issue. Here was something really to vex her about Dodo: it was all very well not to accept Sir James Chettam, but the idea of marrying Mr. Casaubon! Celia felt a sort of shame mingled with a sense of the ludicrous. But perhaps Dodo, if she were really bordering on such an extravagance, might be turned away from it: experience had often shown that her impressibility might be calculated on. The day was damp, and they were not going to walk out, so they both went up to their sitting-room; and there Celia observed that Dorothea, instead of settling down with her usual diligent interest to some occupation, simply leaned her elbow on an open book and looked out of the window at the great cedar silvered with the damp. She herself had taken up the making of a toy for the curate’s children, and was not going to enter on any subject too precipitately.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00276", "bookId": 145, "start": 94916, "end": 95707, "sha256": "2a1e3afeec74002e403cf6b61d4a0bf0f81792c6900317daff194611df67fc25", "text": "Dorothea was in fact thinking that it was desirable for Celia to know of the momentous change in Mr. Casaubon’s position since he had last been in the house: it did not seem fair to leave her in ignorance of what would necessarily affect her attitude towards him; but it was impossible not to shrink from telling her. Dorothea accused herself of some meanness in this timidity: it was always odious to her to have any small fears or contrivances about her actions, but at this moment she was seeking the highest aid possible that she might not dread the corrosiveness of Celia’s pretty carnally minded prose. Her reverie was broken, and the difficulty of decision banished, by Celia’s small and rather guttural voice speaking in its usual tone, of a remark aside or a “by the bye.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00277", "bookId": 145, "start": 95709, "end": 95767, "sha256": "a28ee5d3161c8d2ac200df1b576221cc683237e3d9e97c5e68acda759ae8d740", "text": "“Is any one else coming to dine besides Mr. Casaubon?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00278", "bookId": 145, "start": 95769, "end": 95794, "sha256": "8f4b389c2878f50b768c9be46d3529a69e002fb7bf38c59ff72cbfc2e302e04d", "text": "“Not that I know of.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00279", "bookId": 145, "start": 95796, "end": 95875, "sha256": "46177c6c422aac7ff41d920a3bd3d9c876d0efb2a1d02aeeb41d3b7c3c0f0ab0", "text": "“I hope there is some one else. Then I shall not hear him eat his soup so.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00280", "bookId": 145, "start": 95877, "end": 95930, "sha256": "108ed6a87548994d4ac854716919fa38c98b70bb7246fd7b2853c0ccaa442012", "text": "“What is there remarkable about his soup-eating?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00281", "bookId": 145, "start": 95932, "end": 96142, "sha256": "1e3b004725d3573232ac5895ca846fd60c4d4f4fe7a1d558d091035e65a90e4f", "text": "“Really, Dodo, can’t you hear how he scrapes his spoon? And he always blinks before he speaks. I don’t know whether Locke blinked, but I’m sure I am sorry for those who sat opposite to him if he did.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00282", "bookId": 145, "start": 96144, "end": 96254, "sha256": "3f23561a2e28048677777998a84060681d8ae13ef3b4bf5f87357b054c6957b5", "text": "“Celia,” said Dorothea, with emphatic gravity, “pray don’t make any more observations of that kind.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00283", "bookId": 145, "start": 96256, "end": 96392, "sha256": "3d715aad161d7693535a55b9945981494664c28632e749e0e53968eb1894300a", "text": "“Why not? They are quite true,” returned Celia, who had her reasons for persevering, though she was beginning to be a little afraid.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00284", "bookId": 145, "start": 96394, "end": 96460, "sha256": "29296278f45b29f0b0a6e7cc8951b12ebc360e41dda592cf87c89e362a2a8f97", "text": "“Many things are true which only the commonest minds observe.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00285", "bookId": 145, "start": 96462, "end": 96720, "sha256": "417a4f8b72a45816fdcbb5406cf9d6024315c70a1b16b685fc43fa047152b804", "text": "“Then I think the commonest minds must be rather useful. I think it is a pity Mr. Casaubon’s mother had not a commoner mind: she might have taught him better.” Celia was inwardly frightened, and ready to run away, now she had hurled this light javelin.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00286", "bookId": 145, "start": 96722, "end": 96816, "sha256": "455e23cde613d48b49e4e366c62d559743237619eddbcaee2fd347eb5bec2163", "text": "Dorothea’s feelings had gathered to an avalanche, and there could be no further preparation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00287", "bookId": 145, "start": 96818, "end": 96896, "sha256": "e3ff001303b9082655343ed8a475c81bf27f487eda0c4ee5700e81bc55bf37b9", "text": "“It is right to tell you, Celia, that I am engaged to marry Mr. Casaubon.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00288", "bookId": 145, "start": 96898, "end": 97194, "sha256": "6423de17dd7702b8e4894b573c26a82850b0c24137578a22f6fa6cb4189a0738", "text": "Perhaps Celia had never turned so pale before. The paper man she was making would have had his leg injured, but for her habitual care of whatever she held in her hands. She laid the fragile figure down at once, and sat perfectly still for a few moments. When she spoke there was a tear gathering.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00289", "bookId": 145, "start": 97196, "end": 97358, "sha256": "e65536ffe01cff04a3c7e1e3e73c3a55dd7118028e58dd734a8047cfa4f6c3a3", "text": "“Oh, Dodo, I hope you will be happy.” Her sisterly tenderness could not but surmount other feelings at this moment, and her fears were the fears of affection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00290", "bookId": 145, "start": 97360, "end": 97397, "sha256": "66a93ae12d9d5c11d6616ee5759568d7b85471183dce7e5db2f5c4f6c2382917", "text": "Dorothea was still hurt and agitated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00291", "bookId": 145, "start": 97399, "end": 97489, "sha256": "5e2b23eece57c1b349e260c9fc1af6ecacbbdea5ca8642828a958eac96efeb48", "text": "“It is quite decided, then?” said Celia, in an awed under tone. “And uncle knows?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00292", "bookId": 145, "start": 97491, "end": 97615, "sha256": "26c73e6d3be855aa49ef680e737e693d3b1494ca6e70c1748c4d482108bdc4b8", "text": "“I have accepted Mr. Casaubon’s offer. My uncle brought me the letter that contained it; he knew about it beforehand.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00293", "bookId": 145, "start": 97617, "end": 97933, "sha256": "cfffbada1313cd7c57de25118bb286d8d89c5c87507983e87d5312b8947ddcee", "text": "“I beg your pardon, if I have said anything to hurt you, Dodo,” said Celia, with a slight sob. She never could have thought that she should feel as she did. There was something funereal in the whole affair, and Mr. Casaubon seemed to be the officiating clergyman, about whom it would be indecent to make remarks.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00294", "bookId": 145, "start": 97935, "end": 98122, "sha256": "f045492a0719eaae4fda94477d2cb4ac8ebebe66ace99df170d2a4f410bea242", "text": "“Never mind, Kitty, do not grieve. We should never admire the same people. I often offend in something of the same way; I am apt to speak too strongly of those who don’t please me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00295", "bookId": 145, "start": 98124, "end": 98425, "sha256": "db04b993b9444b7572cf583b58f2ce3696e956ac4bbf9c555fa28c29c8dea45c", "text": "In spite of this magnanimity Dorothea was still smarting: perhaps as much from Celia’s subdued astonishment as from her small criticisms. Of course all the world round Tipton would be out of sympathy with this marriage. Dorothea knew of no one who thought as she did about life and its best objects.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00296", "bookId": 145, "start": 98427, "end": 98956, "sha256": "706f46c3200a7d154db1884e14c38ed0ced0149167603ae8b5b64a1ea0b7587e", "text": "Nevertheless before the evening was at an end she was very happy. In an hour’s _tête-à-tête_ with Mr. Casaubon she talked to him with more freedom than she had ever felt before, even pouring out her joy at the thought of devoting herself to him, and of learning how she might best share and further all his great ends. Mr. Casaubon was touched with an unknown delight (what man would not have been?) at this childlike unrestrained ardor: he was not surprised (what lover would have been?) that he should be the object of it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00297", "bookId": 145, "start": 98958, "end": 99849, "sha256": "b090586bfd18b35134719f8677b8ad4f43f4f7d19ed22e2002b83352561ec708", "text": "“My dear young lady—Miss Brooke—Dorothea!” he said, pressing her hand between his hands, “this is a happiness greater than I had ever imagined to be in reserve for me. That I should ever meet with a mind and person so rich in the mingled graces which could render marriage desirable, was far indeed from my conception. You have all—nay, more than all—those qualities which I have ever regarded as the characteristic excellences of womanhood. The great charm of your sex is its capability of an ardent self-sacrificing affection, and herein we see its fitness to round and complete the existence of our own. Hitherto I have known few pleasures save of the severer kind: my satisfactions have been those of the solitary student. I have been little disposed to gather flowers that would wither in my hand, but now I shall pluck them with eagerness, to place them in your bosom.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00298", "bookId": 145, "start": 99851, "end": 100157, "sha256": "b59956315ee7e4594192a7dcb9958308c03dd21694d175d2beebd7e01ef32a2e", "text": "No speech could have been more thoroughly honest in its intention: the frigid rhetoric at the end was as sincere as the bark of a dog, or the cawing of an amorous rook. Would it not be rash to conclude that there was no passion behind those sonnets to Delia which strike us as the thin music of a mandolin?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00299", "bookId": 145, "start": 100159, "end": 100417, "sha256": "a5ffc33409ef2364d5dac583398bc25e8045a0923d842f0e0f1c873ac91d8f99", "text": "Dorothea’s faith supplied all that Mr. Casaubon’s words seemed to leave unsaid: what believer sees a disturbing omission or infelicity? The text, whether of prophet or of poet, expands for whatever we can put into it, and even his bad grammar is sublime.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00300", "bookId": 145, "start": 100419, "end": 100918, "sha256": "f63abd9ebeec089b7b57b338d6e854bb62b4b72c12b9b11d4f50b082ee04db0b", "text": "“I am very ignorant—you will quite wonder at my ignorance,” said Dorothea. “I have so many thoughts that may be quite mistaken; and now I shall be able to tell them all to you, and ask you about them. But,” she added, with rapid imagination of Mr. Casaubon’s probable feeling, “I will not trouble you too much; only when you are inclined to listen to me. You must often be weary with the pursuit of subjects in your own track. I shall gain enough if you will take me with you there.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00301", "bookId": 145, "start": 100920, "end": 102108, "sha256": "d5565af18722509836c809e758cabfd3bc5e2319727fc060fb28f5a89a130646", "text": "“How should I be able now to persevere in any path without your companionship?” said Mr. Casaubon, kissing her candid brow, and feeling that heaven had vouchsafed him a blessing in every way suited to his peculiar wants. He was being unconsciously wrought upon by the charms of a nature which was entirely without hidden calculations either for immediate effects or for remoter ends. It was this which made Dorothea so childlike, and, according to some judges, so stupid, with all her reputed cleverness; as, for example, in the present case of throwing herself, metaphorically speaking, at Mr. Casaubon’s feet, and kissing his unfashionable shoe-ties as if he were a Protestant Pope. She was not in the least teaching Mr. Casaubon to ask if he were good enough for her, but merely asking herself anxiously how she could be good enough for Mr. Casaubon. Before he left the next day it had been decided that the marriage should take place within six weeks. Why not? Mr. Casaubon’s house was ready. It was not a parsonage, but a considerable mansion, with much land attached to it. The parsonage was inhabited by the curate, who did all the duty except preaching the morning sermon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00302", "bookId": 145, "start": 102113, "end": 102124, "sha256": "21b2684012bd9e7216d99aa81e3891b6fe162134bfe0e7fd50752e8c4e4dc93c", "text": "CHAPTER VI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00303", "bookId": 145, "start": 102126, "end": 102323, "sha256": "ee6504f372c9cd8805c82e6fef754f0cc50282777d429de0d05bf30957d37bad", "text": "My lady’s tongue is like the meadow blades, That cut you stroking them with idle hand. Nice cutting is her function: she divides With spiritual edge the millet-seed, And makes intangible savings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00304", "bookId": 145, "start": 102326, "end": 102884, "sha256": "87e72fe77fb36465f52cffe4179650075ea054dee35b7d54dfaab6a36178b113", "text": "As Mr. Casaubon’s carriage was passing out of the gateway, it arrested the entrance of a pony phaeton driven by a lady with a servant seated behind. It was doubtful whether the recognition had been mutual, for Mr. Casaubon was looking absently before him; but the lady was quick-eyed, and threw a nod and a “How do you do?” in the nick of time. In spite of her shabby bonnet and very old Indian shawl, it was plain that the lodge-keeper regarded her as an important personage, from the low curtsy which was dropped on the entrance of the small phaeton.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00305", "bookId": 145, "start": 102886, "end": 103021, "sha256": "e7218256c758ebd511fc46ea4bfec1befe7b8b086e2dc06f15f24d90b5a7f78d", "text": "“Well, Mrs. Fitchett, how are your fowls laying now?” said the high-colored, dark-eyed lady, with the clearest chiselled utterance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00306", "bookId": 145, "start": 103023, "end": 103148, "sha256": "14e3f73e196b2899754c01e9b8a87732b91978adb57a26fd6cae34d4ab33600f", "text": "“Pretty well for laying, madam, but they’ve ta’en to eating their eggs: I’ve no peace o’ mind with ’em at all.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00307", "bookId": 145, "start": 103150, "end": 103298, "sha256": "bd67667f242bf9be86a2d4b5fdfc6db5c476b018028433c8dee13f6da525f5dc", "text": "“Oh, the cannibals! Better sell them cheap at once. What will you sell them a couple? One can’t eat fowls of a bad character at a high price.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00308", "bookId": 145, "start": 103300, "end": 103370, "sha256": "91b950eda8a3efd05e5492ead4e2199a03d0227c421f7809f0096389e716b471", "text": "“Well, madam, half-a-crown: I couldn’t let ’em go, not under.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00309", "bookId": 145, "start": 103372, "end": 103697, "sha256": "479f4c9b7f9276563cd5a16c53b37cf84ff260af70083e87085288cc5289f574", "text": "“Half-a-crown, these times! Come now—for the Rector’s chicken-broth on a Sunday. He has consumed all ours that I can spare. You are half paid with the sermon, Mrs. Fitchett, remember that. Take a pair of tumbler-pigeons for them—little beauties. You must come and see them. You have no tumblers among your pigeons.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00310", "bookId": 145, "start": 103699, "end": 103813, "sha256": "a3b70be08c2618926f783a2ea5dcf9e92f81e4bf01cff9465e4ae9aaf97dccc6", "text": "“Well, madam, Master Fitchett shall go and see ’em after work. He’s very hot on new sorts; to oblige you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00311", "bookId": 145, "start": 103815, "end": 104014, "sha256": "a93bab9206427d51f64874e4c337d923018baf03376e518c0484a29ba5c7aa45", "text": "“Oblige me! It will be the best bargain he ever made. A pair of church pigeons for a couple of wicked Spanish fowls that eat their own eggs! Don’t you and Fitchett boast too much, that is all!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00312", "bookId": 145, "start": 104016, "end": 105080, "sha256": "73ae629a42782c0aea09130f86f57d79ca2207e5780bfaed6df4166848aa504f", "text": "The phaeton was driven onwards with the last words, leaving Mrs. Fitchett laughing and shaking her head slowly, with an interjectional “Sure_ly_, sure_ly_!”—from which it might be inferred that she would have found the country-side somewhat duller if the Rector’s lady had been less free-spoken and less of a skinflint. Indeed, both the farmers and laborers in the parishes of Freshitt and Tipton would have felt a sad lack of conversation but for the stories about what Mrs. Cadwallader said and did: a lady of immeasurably high birth, descended, as it were, from unknown earls, dim as the crowd of heroic shades—who pleaded poverty, pared down prices, and cut jokes in the most companionable manner, though with a turn of tongue that let you know who she was. Such a lady gave a neighborliness to both rank and religion, and mitigated the bitterness of uncommuted tithe. A much more exemplary character with an infusion of sour dignity would not have furthered their comprehension of the Thirty-nine Articles, and would have been less socially uniting.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00313", "bookId": 145, "start": 105082, "end": 105248, "sha256": "0177fa113f6671a70a0b23422ceba16d0c7230cea742fe936e449cc556fbee88", "text": "Mr. Brooke, seeing Mrs. Cadwallader’s merits from a different point of view, winced a little when her name was announced in the library, where he was sitting alone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00314", "bookId": 145, "start": 105250, "end": 105930, "sha256": "fbf61d092ffeaaffba744eb0fef3b1e3341110c95405e52a3f859057df874cec", "text": "“I see you have had our Lowick Cicero here,” she said, seating herself comfortably, throwing back her wraps, and showing a thin but well-built figure. “I suspect you and he are brewing some bad polities, else you would not be seeing so much of the lively man. I shall inform against you: remember you are both suspicious characters since you took Peel’s side about the Catholic Bill. I shall tell everybody that you are going to put up for Middlemarch on the Whig side when old Pinkerton resigns, and that Casaubon is going to help you in an underhand manner: going to bribe the voters with pamphlets, and throw open the public-houses to distribute them. Come, confess!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00315", "bookId": 145, "start": 105932, "end": 106289, "sha256": "3d2e0876eb05874acb4341ec6394574571309c5c0fac31afac98302620aeb813", "text": "“Nothing of the sort,” said Mr. Brooke, smiling and rubbing his eye-glasses, but really blushing a little at the impeachment. “Casaubon and I don’t talk politics much. He doesn’t care much about the philanthropic side of things; punishments, and that kind of thing. He only cares about Church questions. That is not my line of action, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00316", "bookId": 145, "start": 106291, "end": 106620, "sha256": "2d3341171d78fdcef6fa96a3e5fd3d1b3ec7ba901b0f6106179d79086415dfad", "text": "“Ra-a-ther too much, my friend. I have heard of your doings. Who was it that sold his bit of land to the Papists at Middlemarch? I believe you bought it on purpose. You are a perfect Guy Faux. See if you are not burnt in effigy this 5th of November coming. Humphrey would not come to quarrel with you about it, so I am come.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00317", "bookId": 145, "start": 106622, "end": 106719, "sha256": "53a4fb04b4ed2c73d2b6f9556ba77505280f6c370361fa06f5b41e04f0416018", "text": "“Very good. I was prepared to be persecuted for not persecuting—not persecuting, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00318", "bookId": 145, "start": 106721, "end": 107160, "sha256": "a381c9b4978db1d978fce69fcf6f079328c93e1b631be2b6d0b0c7752c075101", "text": "“There you go! That is a piece of clap-trap you have got ready for the hustings. Now, _do not_ let them lure you to the hustings, my dear Mr. Brooke. A man always makes a fool of himself, speechifying: there’s no excuse but being on the right side, so that you can ask a blessing on your humming and hawing. You will lose yourself, I forewarn you. You will make a Saturday pie of all parties’ opinions, and be pelted by everybody.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00319", "bookId": 145, "start": 107162, "end": 107545, "sha256": "ef83175a906fa9a55558765b2a2dad337a7b6f0d762d639eb94089e53a1d1dbf", "text": "“That is what I expect, you know,” said Mr. Brooke, not wishing to betray how little he enjoyed this prophetic sketch—“what I expect as an independent man. As to the Whigs, a man who goes with the thinkers is not likely to be hooked on by any party. He may go with them up to a certain point—up to a certain point, you know. But that is what you ladies never understand.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00320", "bookId": 145, "start": 107547, "end": 108023, "sha256": "23428b4514b72e29a4e0a7f8b2d64d40ecba09679aa6b2b32f604e209d0c8265", "text": "“Where your certain point is? No. I should like to be told how a man can have any certain point when he belongs to no party—leading a roving life, and never letting his friends know his address. ‘Nobody knows where Brooke will be—there’s no counting on Brooke’—that is what people say of you, to be quite frank. Now, do turn respectable. How will you like going to Sessions with everybody looking shy on you, and you with a bad conscience and an empty pocket?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00321", "bookId": 145, "start": 108025, "end": 108930, "sha256": "3151ea22fce4ea7da3fd450cd5be664da76d6b9008bab271f9b208278c7ed396", "text": "“I don’t pretend to argue with a lady on politics,” said Mr. Brooke, with an air of smiling indifference, but feeling rather unpleasantly conscious that this attack of Mrs. Cadwallader’s had opened the defensive campaign to which certain rash steps had exposed him. “Your sex are not thinkers, you know—_varium et mutabile semper_—that kind of thing. You don’t know Virgil. I knew”—Mr. Brooke reflected in time that he had not had the personal acquaintance of the Augustan poet—“I was going to say, poor Stoddart, you know. That was what _he_ said. You ladies are always against an independent attitude—a man’s caring for nothing but truth, and that sort of thing. And there is no part of the county where opinion is narrower than it is here—I don’t mean to throw stones, you know, but somebody is wanted to take the independent line; and if I don’t take it, who will?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00322", "bookId": 145, "start": 108932, "end": 109304, "sha256": "29e03c83e4e4c3b6ebdf243f5ddb6d649d25a6823c393e88c4f7127285e3d458", "text": "“Who? Why, any upstart who has got neither blood nor position. People of standing should consume their independent nonsense at home, not hawk it about. And you! who are going to marry your niece, as good as your daughter, to one of our best men. Sir James would be cruelly annoyed: it will be too hard on him if you turn round now and make yourself a Whig sign-board.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00323", "bookId": 145, "start": 109306, "end": 109805, "sha256": "677bb1e95ff57bae1112699814b1858b958d50300fb74fc3bf7f913614950d48", "text": "Mr. Brooke again winced inwardly, for Dorothea’s engagement had no sooner been decided, than he had thought of Mrs. Cadwallader’s prospective taunts. It might have been easy for ignorant observers to say, “Quarrel with Mrs. Cadwallader;” but where is a country gentleman to go who quarrels with his oldest neighbors? Who could taste the fine flavor in the name of Brooke if it were delivered casually, like wine without a seal? Certainly a man can only be cosmopolitan up to a certain point.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00324", "bookId": 145, "start": 109807, "end": 110015, "sha256": "2c8691bdef74b5a82e71bc4e5bf643550cac2baf69620362cc26989a1dfeb166", "text": "“I hope Chettam and I shall always be good friends; but I am sorry to say there is no prospect of his marrying my niece,” said Mr. Brooke, much relieved to see through the window that Celia was coming in.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00325", "bookId": 145, "start": 110017, "end": 110155, "sha256": "71cbae1dc01976745f8cafba8ef7383959b95df5c957b730c53b4f3acd4f5392", "text": "“Why not?” said Mrs. Cadwallader, with a sharp note of surprise. “It is hardly a fortnight since you and I were talking about it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00326", "bookId": 145, "start": 110157, "end": 110442, "sha256": "5cb755c31baa3a186d05823d7786949c960f37defe4cc6768299b5442c7b7258", "text": "“My niece has chosen another suitor—has chosen him, you know. I have had nothing to do with it. I should have preferred Chettam; and I should have said Chettam was the man any girl would have chosen. But there is no accounting for these things. Your sex is capricious, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00327", "bookId": 145, "start": 110444, "end": 110605, "sha256": "2e25051653b6ff2f17f43a84dcaa8671defd47bab6ad24478145e604b26459f9", "text": "“Why, whom do you mean to say that you are going to let her marry?” Mrs. Cadwallader’s mind was rapidly surveying the possibilities of choice for Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00328", "bookId": 145, "start": 110607, "end": 110882, "sha256": "2ef4cc0e72f20f880a0020463fce6e61650f687bf932c04d4efcc4d12ccebcc7", "text": "But here Celia entered, blooming from a walk in the garden, and the greeting with her delivered Mr. Brooke from the necessity of answering immediately. He got up hastily, and saying, “By the way, I must speak to Wright about the horses,” shuffled quickly out of the room.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00329", "bookId": 145, "start": 110884, "end": 110982, "sha256": "684fce1c3f04fd9ec3b3fd5bbd420de3393527718a4b5871830c73a9ff1a607c", "text": "“My dear child, what is this?—this about your sister’s engagement?” said Mrs. Cadwallader.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00330", "bookId": 145, "start": 110984, "end": 111167, "sha256": "3b09f8e5b48a5b17a99cef5dc03a91eeb6b563076a05fe5478569ed8d483850b", "text": "“She is engaged to marry Mr. Casaubon,” said Celia, resorting, as usual, to the simplest statement of fact, and enjoying this opportunity of speaking to the Rector’s wife alone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00331", "bookId": 145, "start": 111169, "end": 111224, "sha256": "0a05a0d5f944b7df9bc0412a9c13140f54c5ba72bee1fc62a8f7e3fa7126af35", "text": "“This is frightful. How long has it been going on?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00332", "bookId": 145, "start": 111226, "end": 111297, "sha256": "8a522575d2263d17e20ecd37b29b9989962bae891f59eff1819670a817a267f1", "text": "“I only knew of it yesterday. They are to be married in six weeks.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00333", "bookId": 145, "start": 111299, "end": 111358, "sha256": "bdf363f80f04ba53a0b33da3f301d598f7e44f703de2a4715dc2f0da75dd5e91", "text": "“Well, my dear, I wish you joy of your brother-in-law.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00334", "bookId": 145, "start": 111360, "end": 111393, "sha256": "e2eef9ad554014293bbb9ab06893db22e073691c296e8bd989ff67b7f357b109", "text": "“I am so sorry for Dorothea.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00335", "bookId": 145, "start": 111395, "end": 111435, "sha256": "42a6d17faea1b496c0f4c85c0a02c691a63d9d532b55a4d04a93446fe8960cbe", "text": "“Sorry! It is her doing, I suppose.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00336", "bookId": 145, "start": 111437, "end": 111487, "sha256": "4f26362d1fe4cf61468710f0cb46555800789cb9eb14a36f535efb2fcacae73f", "text": "“Yes; she says Mr. Casaubon has a great soul.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00337", "bookId": 145, "start": 111489, "end": 111513, "sha256": "3a07f8ed5ece2eca8625357df9f39f6843c3a8497749bc2fb4ce9093655787d3", "text": "“With all my heart.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00338", "bookId": 145, "start": 111515, "end": 111607, "sha256": "ea5b79ff9894df65af7d6d2a1dbc7b8081b1f4372d14dce27099e786246f20df", "text": "“Oh, Mrs. Cadwallader, I don’t think it can be nice to marry a man with a great soul.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00339", "bookId": 145, "start": 111609, "end": 111741, "sha256": "eb66e18867cbec76f2f51dadec0458d4eb144ab5a41fac9c84b073047a58a091", "text": "“Well, my dear, take warning. You know the look of one now; when the next comes and wants to marry you, don’t you accept him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00340", "bookId": 145, "start": 111743, "end": 111775, "sha256": "6c9ec1d159c993c213796de839c4660cca470714ae738c24a952bf4af2658aba", "text": "“I’m sure I never should.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00341", "bookId": 145, "start": 111777, "end": 111926, "sha256": "8b983be9f78687d19094b787619544255107ef2646ab6abac78605d2564befd6", "text": "“No; one such in a family is enough. So your sister never cared about Sir James Chettam? What would you have said to _him_ for a brother-in-law?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00342", "bookId": 145, "start": 111928, "end": 112155, "sha256": "79fa0459a22f4276127164d1c7befdc5a0de30a93609181b173059a1c830d006", "text": "“I should have liked that very much. I am sure he would have been a good husband. Only,” Celia added, with a slight blush (she sometimes seemed to blush as she breathed), “I don’t think he would have suited Dorothea.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00343", "bookId": 145, "start": 112157, "end": 112185, "sha256": "61b6c9f819ac121faad67c47de3b57371124acdebac7b6dd7ab301ea17cf6ae2", "text": "“Not high-flown enough?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00344", "bookId": 145, "start": 112187, "end": 112330, "sha256": "4144e1304dadf8081f21e78400bf1ed2fd0403674672ed770cfc41de160a0a7f", "text": "“Dodo is very strict. She thinks so much about everything, and is so particular about what one says. Sir James never seemed to please her.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00345", "bookId": 145, "start": 112332, "end": 112407, "sha256": "c6a5a53cc799cbff174416862217d2d92c53045f0869044964c9a8cc16347ae9", "text": "“She must have encouraged him, I am sure. That is not very creditable.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00346", "bookId": 145, "start": 112409, "end": 112595, "sha256": "48bf0b592bc23d85f0d4fa02ab9b8140d492a69f53c275c657f3022145c653df", "text": "“Please don’t be angry with Dodo; she does not see things. She thought so much about the cottages, and she was rude to Sir James sometimes; but he is so kind, he never noticed it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00347", "bookId": 145, "start": 112597, "end": 113580, "sha256": "ffd320137d494cae5d9b88bc2757bbb498287d5c46f06a6d8b376c0028ab5420", "text": "“Well,” said Mrs. Cadwallader, putting on her shawl, and rising, as if in haste, “I must go straight to Sir James and break this to him. He will have brought his mother back by this time, and I must call. Your uncle will never tell him. We are all disappointed, my dear. Young people should think of their families in marrying. I set a bad example—married a poor clergyman, and made myself a pitiable object among the De Bracys—obliged to get my coals by stratagem, and pray to heaven for my salad oil. However, Casaubon has money enough; I must do him that justice. As to his blood, I suppose the family quarterings are three cuttle-fish sable, and a commentator rampant. By the bye, before I go, my dear, I must speak to your Mrs. Carter about pastry. I want to send my young cook to learn of her. Poor people with four children, like us, you know, can’t afford to keep a good cook. I have no doubt Mrs. Carter will oblige me. Sir James’s cook is a perfect dragon.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00348", "bookId": 145, "start": 113582, "end": 113791, "sha256": "b8ba2f6e79dcd5835c58ae37fa0f803573910fc1a0ff2672d72c8c1bea489259", "text": "In less than an hour, Mrs. Cadwallader had circumvented Mrs. Carter and driven to Freshitt Hall, which was not far from her own parsonage, her husband being resident in Freshitt and keeping a curate in Tipton.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00349", "bookId": 145, "start": 113793, "end": 114340, "sha256": "d364091565f633300ffa6cfe0b4714b34c97b3712e0927f0c95059ccc0350fb6", "text": "Sir James Chettam had returned from the short journey which had kept him absent for a couple of days, and had changed his dress, intending to ride over to Tipton Grange. His horse was standing at the door when Mrs. Cadwallader drove up, and he immediately appeared there himself, whip in hand. Lady Chettam had not yet returned, but Mrs. Cadwallader’s errand could not be despatched in the presence of grooms, so she asked to be taken into the conservatory close by, to look at the new plants; and on coming to a contemplative stand, she said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00350", "bookId": 145, "start": 114342, "end": 114440, "sha256": "af98521556031a6b3d86abb4cc4a0cfd186500854be3d2268839870475f86c24", "text": "“I have a great shock for you; I hope you are not so far gone in love as you pretended to be.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00351", "bookId": 145, "start": 114442, "end": 114592, "sha256": "90db95dbc73cf1078a405755e4a369a5a93fb831dd9cf4609c8d99ca15bf2eeb", "text": "It was of no use protesting against Mrs. Cadwallader’s way of putting things. But Sir James’s countenance changed a little. He felt a vague alarm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00352", "bookId": 145, "start": 114594, "end": 114829, "sha256": "2b72d9ff086b24cd67d1f21870fbcf2ec4b1cd56fa86ebe8e115bca7ba213bc7", "text": "“I do believe Brooke is going to expose himself after all. I accused him of meaning to stand for Middlemarch on the Liberal side, and he looked silly and never denied it—talked about the independent line, and the usual nonsense.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00353", "bookId": 145, "start": 114831, "end": 114880, "sha256": "c22838cd4c032f0495ae3c08e5440cbb41881fc92a35cf5666f9e2afc0edb710", "text": "“Is that all?” said Sir James, much relieved.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00354", "bookId": 145, "start": 114882, "end": 115077, "sha256": "0201be3d0ba8157066fee4524e204bc53d37b5bac2ed72afcad32a66428404b8", "text": "“Why,” rejoined Mrs. Cadwallader, with a sharper note, “you don’t mean to say that you would like him to turn public man in that way—making a sort of political Cheap Jack of himself?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00355", "bookId": 145, "start": 115079, "end": 115154, "sha256": "f099f925988ec71737311a3759baec831e3a4d081c13ecbd85952b914b3e54ff", "text": "“He might be dissuaded, I should think. He would not like the expense.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00356", "bookId": 145, "start": 115156, "end": 115480, "sha256": "13a19091de57798ec4e500902e500b283dde62db8fa15a18d9b08d45124fced7", "text": "“That is what I told him. He is vulnerable to reason there—always a few grains of common-sense in an ounce of miserliness. Miserliness is a capital quality to run in families; it’s the safe side for madness to dip on. And there must be a little crack in the Brooke family, else we should not see what we are to see.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00357", "bookId": 145, "start": 115482, "end": 115526, "sha256": "7ead629df1a68cc49c317752572ce0e68e731ebfb567131307eb7d4f18f2e33d", "text": "“What? Brooke standing for Middlemarch?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00358", "bookId": 145, "start": 115528, "end": 115812, "sha256": "7040089813958c04e418baa22ccff14d50ca6534e8268635ea55fbf2bcb5d4fb", "text": "“Worse than that. I really feel a little responsible. I always told you Miss Brooke would be such a fine match. I knew there was a great deal of nonsense in her—a flighty sort of Methodistical stuff. But these things wear out of girls. However, I am taken by surprise for once.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00359", "bookId": 145, "start": 115814, "end": 116149, "sha256": "9539c907bc8885c4c96874e2beb6f03358e4f8ed1a9e23bb1f38b73d35700a72", "text": "“What do you mean, Mrs. Cadwallader?” said Sir James. His fear lest Miss Brooke should have run away to join the Moravian Brethren, or some preposterous sect unknown to good society, was a little allayed by the knowledge that Mrs. Cadwallader always made the worst of things. “What has happened to Miss Brooke? Pray speak out.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00360", "bookId": 145, "start": 116151, "end": 116422, "sha256": "b9bdce713d66e1c7e8f2dffee824f1731a8359058988b4b0df822beded9e6e1b", "text": "“Very well. She is engaged to be married.” Mrs. Cadwallader paused a few moments, observing the deeply hurt expression in her friend’s face, which he was trying to conceal by a nervous smile, while he whipped his boot; but she soon added, “Engaged to Casaubon.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00361", "bookId": 145, "start": 116424, "end": 116618, "sha256": "6b9d2c4626c137a3e90ac0ea2d6a8f10f0a35daed8bda7facb8a37d87d8cd3c6", "text": "Sir James let his whip fall and stooped to pick it up. Perhaps his face had never before gathered so much concentrated disgust as when he turned to Mrs. Cadwallader and repeated, “Casaubon?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00362", "bookId": 145, "start": 116620, "end": 116658, "sha256": "d39efa26bac3ccc915fbee08f5d9f67656bf671f9c09287086d0cd3feb81392c", "text": "“Even so. You know my errand now.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00363", "bookId": 145, "start": 116660, "end": 116810, "sha256": "968a8e2c62cbcb510d67796c10cc21b23cdabc082abafcbe3efb3f1ebdecc712", "text": "“Good God! It is horrible! He is no better than a mummy!” (The point of view has to be allowed for, as that of a blooming and disappointed rival.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00364", "bookId": 145, "start": 116812, "end": 116917, "sha256": "0fef14c6e44a7182db8b3e3bea7ef3b09d4dcef6f5262b5e5246f11ef4ebde65", "text": "“She says, he is a great soul.—A great bladder for dried peas to rattle in!” said Mrs. Cadwallader.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00365", "bookId": 145, "start": 116919, "end": 117030, "sha256": "205932403168aa9627f10ca5dafbab586d5b704e31969b2b49553b3bdb6bb24a", "text": "“What business has an old bachelor like that to marry?” said Sir James. “He has one foot in the grave.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00366", "bookId": 145, "start": 117032, "end": 117079, "sha256": "94aa6fc6f8ba9b08c812792def5ce253c9ca7d7c71eb8c6ee9fe9e15301da208", "text": "“He means to draw it out again, I suppose.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00367", "bookId": 145, "start": 117081, "end": 117233, "sha256": "170d0df16fefd80077309988cf22628dcf81dd056ae783e59ca8f1b4a18fb8da", "text": "“Brooke ought not to allow it: he should insist on its being put off till she is of age. She would think better of it then. What is a guardian for?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00368", "bookId": 145, "start": 117235, "end": 117297, "sha256": "148eff70a06949bbc778f81db85d05a99aeca26aac46acafae0ccacf45342119", "text": "“As if you could ever squeeze a resolution out of Brooke!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00369", "bookId": 145, "start": 117299, "end": 117335, "sha256": "d78e91e8f99a98f4d93cf6b18333d82cc2bdc6f495fc0d0adb5ecae53c90ec35", "text": "“Cadwallader might talk to him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00370", "bookId": 145, "start": 117337, "end": 117938, "sha256": "1d4cafe77d6a1b046e141905c5b3a8828d906c9285307abe19ebef8f1f0c1f85", "text": "“Not he! Humphrey finds everybody charming. I never can get him to abuse Casaubon. He will even speak well of the bishop, though I tell him it is unnatural in a beneficed clergyman; what can one do with a husband who attends so little to the decencies? I hide it as well as I can by abusing everybody myself. Come, come, cheer up! you are well rid of Miss Brooke, a girl who would have been requiring you to see the stars by daylight. Between ourselves, little Celia is worth two of her, and likely after all to be the better match. For this marriage to Casaubon is as good as going to a nunnery.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00371", "bookId": 145, "start": 117940, "end": 118055, "sha256": "c3570664f36c7a12b39938d417bcc2be6d6cba0d42754ae64a3d3f08f7026074", "text": "“Oh, on my own account—it is for Miss Brooke’s sake I think her friends should try to use their influence.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00372", "bookId": 145, "start": 118057, "end": 118628, "sha256": "d250e26329843d440a0a1b0ee72db48b1d8bda5eb6c6162663e79d41abf58ae3", "text": "“Well, Humphrey doesn’t know yet. But when I tell him, you may depend on it he will say, ‘Why not? Casaubon is a good fellow—and young—young enough.’ These charitable people never know vinegar from wine till they have swallowed it and got the colic. However, if I were a man I should prefer Celia, especially when Dorothea was gone. The truth is, you have been courting one and have won the other. I can see that she admires you almost as much as a man expects to be admired. If it were any one but me who said so, you might think it exaggeration. Good-by!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00373", "bookId": 145, "start": 118630, "end": 118867, "sha256": "ca153dee98713e9f74121f938be9c6f7027f161acf76a9339e22275e6c043ec6", "text": "Sir James handed Mrs. Cadwallader to the phaeton, and then jumped on his horse. He was not going to renounce his ride because of his friend’s unpleasant news—only to ride the faster in some other direction than that of Tipton Grange.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00374", "bookId": 145, "start": 118869, "end": 122290, "sha256": "50e09d23ff1a9c8520557dbb200643a816b93dfb8eb8266f7e57c4dbed77abb0", "text": "Now, why on earth should Mrs. Cadwallader have been at all busy about Miss Brooke’s marriage; and why, when one match that she liked to think she had a hand in was frustrated, should she have straightway contrived the preliminaries of another? Was there any ingenious plot, any hide-and-seek course of action, which might be detected by a careful telescopic watch? Not at all: a telescope might have swept the parishes of Tipton and Freshitt, the whole area visited by Mrs. Cadwallader in her phaeton, without witnessing any interview that could excite suspicion, or any scene from which she did not return with the same unperturbed keenness of eye and the same high natural color. In fact, if that convenient vehicle had existed in the days of the Seven Sages, one of them would doubtless have remarked, that you can know little of women by following them about in their pony-phaetons. Even with a microscope directed on a water-drop we find ourselves making interpretations which turn out to be rather coarse; for whereas under a weak lens you may seem to see a creature exhibiting an active voracity into which other smaller creatures actively play as if they were so many animated tax-pennies, a stronger lens reveals to you certain tiniest hairlets which make vortices for these victims while the swallower waits passively at his receipt of custom. In this way, metaphorically speaking, a strong lens applied to Mrs. Cadwallader’s match-making will show a play of minute causes producing what may be called thought and speech vortices to bring her the sort of food she needed. Her life was rurally simple, quite free from secrets either foul, dangerous, or otherwise important, and not consciously affected by the great affairs of the world. All the more did the affairs of the great world interest her, when communicated in the letters of high-born relations: the way in which fascinating younger sons had gone to the dogs by marrying their mistresses; the fine old-blooded idiocy of young Lord Tapir, and the furious gouty humors of old Lord Megatherium; the exact crossing of genealogies which had brought a coronet into a new branch and widened the relations of scandal,—these were topics of which she retained details with the utmost accuracy, and reproduced them in an excellent pickle of epigrams, which she herself enjoyed the more because she believed as unquestionably in birth and no-birth as she did in game and vermin. She would never have disowned any one on the ground of poverty: a De Bracy reduced to take his dinner in a basin would have seemed to her an example of pathos worth exaggerating, and I fear his aristocratic vices would not have horrified her. But her feeling towards the vulgar rich was a sort of religious hatred: they had probably made all their money out of high retail prices, and Mrs. Cadwallader detested high prices for everything that was not paid in kind at the Rectory: such people were no part of God’s design in making the world; and their accent was an affliction to the ears. A town where such monsters abounded was hardly more than a sort of low comedy, which could not be taken account of in a well-bred scheme of the universe. Let any lady who is inclined to be hard on Mrs. Cadwallader inquire into the comprehensiveness of her own beautiful views, and be quite sure that they afford accommodation for all the lives which have the honor to coexist with hers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00375", "bookId": 145, "start": 122292, "end": 123493, "sha256": "b7fad3a5e55d8354ef826dfc47f552cb31f439e625a4217c3dfb505e827df3c4", "text": "With such a mind, active as phosphorus, biting everything that came near into the form that suited it, how could Mrs. Cadwallader feel that the Miss Brookes and their matrimonial prospects were alien to her? especially as it had been the habit of years for her to scold Mr. Brooke with the friendliest frankness, and let him know in confidence that she thought him a poor creature. From the first arrival of the young ladies in Tipton she had prearranged Dorothea’s marriage with Sir James, and if it had taken place would have been quite sure that it was her doing: that it should not take place after she had preconceived it, caused her an irritation which every thinker will sympathize with. She was the diplomatist of Tipton and Freshitt, and for anything to happen in spite of her was an offensive irregularity. As to freaks like this of Miss Brooke’s, Mrs. Cadwallader had no patience with them, and now saw that her opinion of this girl had been infected with some of her husband’s weak charitableness: those Methodistical whims, that air of being more religious than the rector and curate together, came from a deeper and more constitutional disease than she had been willing to believe.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00376", "bookId": 145, "start": 123495, "end": 123864, "sha256": "33b19d056efa64dc56dc2e30b9a264609cd1abb27c762c9c10064ad5baa01da0", "text": "“However,” said Mrs. Cadwallader, first to herself and afterwards to her husband, “I throw her over: there was a chance, if she had married Sir James, of her becoming a sane, sensible woman. He would never have contradicted her, and when a woman is not contradicted, she has no motive for obstinacy in her absurdities. But now I wish her joy of her hair shirt.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00377", "bookId": 145, "start": 123866, "end": 124317, "sha256": "7ef9c9ac8ba0646c3614ca27026b49c0978f9d0cba60005a7f37ca2bc2b54749", "text": "It followed that Mrs. Cadwallader must decide on another match for Sir James, and having made up her mind that it was to be the younger Miss Brooke, there could not have been a more skilful move towards the success of her plan than her hint to the baronet that he had made an impression on Celia’s heart. For he was not one of those gentlemen who languish after the unattainable Sappho’s apple that laughs from the topmost bough—the charms which", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00378", "bookId": 145, "start": 124319, "end": 124409, "sha256": "47e08c1f1e9b2c8a7b9185f91a52d5ea1d16cd5f0da4fa8ad6657586a8ab7966", "text": "“Smile like the knot of cowslips on the cliff, Not to be come at by the willing hand.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00379", "bookId": 145, "start": 124412, "end": 125373, "sha256": "ad7a2b2221eea0c485982f6c057ba75bcffb97cc3d4305a0a5d434e883385603", "text": "He had no sonnets to write, and it could not strike him agreeably that he was not an object of preference to the woman whom he had preferred. Already the knowledge that Dorothea had chosen Mr. Casaubon had bruised his attachment and relaxed its hold. Although Sir James was a sportsman, he had some other feelings towards women than towards grouse and foxes, and did not regard his future wife in the light of prey, valuable chiefly for the excitements of the chase. Neither was he so well acquainted with the habits of primitive races as to feel that an ideal combat for her, tomahawk in hand, so to speak, was necessary to the historical continuity of the marriage-tie. On the contrary, having the amiable vanity which knits us to those who are fond of us, and disinclines us to those who are indifferent, and also a good grateful nature, the mere idea that a woman had a kindness towards him spun little threads of tenderness from out his heart towards hers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00380", "bookId": 145, "start": 125375, "end": 126429, "sha256": "5ae7d6f9755b7c356aa27928ca1f6ce1e8803fe62de65e5a89364a9869455530", "text": "Thus it happened, that after Sir James had ridden rather fast for half an hour in a direction away from Tipton Grange, he slackened his pace, and at last turned into a road which would lead him back by a shorter cut. Various feelings wrought in him the determination after all to go to the Grange to-day as if nothing new had happened. He could not help rejoicing that he had never made the offer and been rejected; mere friendly politeness required that he should call to see Dorothea about the cottages, and now happily Mrs. Cadwallader had prepared him to offer his congratulations, if necessary, without showing too much awkwardness. He really did not like it: giving up Dorothea was very painful to him; but there was something in the resolve to make this visit forthwith and conquer all show of feeling, which was a sort of file-biting and counter-irritant. And without his distinctly recognizing the impulse, there certainly was present in him the sense that Celia would be there, and that he should pay her more attention than he had done before.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00381", "bookId": 145, "start": 126431, "end": 126742, "sha256": "ebce3fc0d1c65be92f2aca0270165bdef2bc4342098c62a70c6dea4be01c068e", "text": "We mortals, men and women, devour many a disappointment between breakfast and dinner-time; keep back the tears and look a little pale about the lips, and in answer to inquiries say, “Oh, nothing!” Pride helps us; and pride is not a bad thing when it only urges us to hide our own hurts—not to hurt others.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00382", "bookId": 145, "start": 126747, "end": 126759, "sha256": "9630c85d4bbcdbc0f40a403fa5d32dcf428c5c8f279f637edae140a42f951d65", "text": "CHAPTER VII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00383", "bookId": 145, "start": 126761, "end": 126826, "sha256": "cc0b1267ad0af28c9cce467b248662b2f9a5b18bc0fb2a8ae03084bb93783a9d", "text": "“Piacer e popone Vuol la sua stagione.” —_Italian Proverb_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00384", "bookId": 145, "start": 126829, "end": 128427, "sha256": "bc3f38dc53c628b8743f109dcc23922248ba47263bce42d61e98a4f5879fa345", "text": "Mr. Casaubon, as might be expected, spent a great deal of his time at the Grange in these weeks, and the hindrance which courtship occasioned to the progress of his great work—the Key to all Mythologies—naturally made him look forward the more eagerly to the happy termination of courtship. But he had deliberately incurred the hindrance, having made up his mind that it was now time for him to adorn his life with the graces of female companionship, to irradiate the gloom which fatigue was apt to hang over the intervals of studious labor with the play of female fancy, and to secure in this, his culminating age, the solace of female tendance for his declining years. Hence he determined to abandon himself to the stream of feeling, and perhaps was surprised to find what an exceedingly shallow rill it was. As in droughty regions baptism by immersion could only be performed symbolically, Mr. Casaubon found that sprinkling was the utmost approach to a plunge which his stream would afford him; and he concluded that the poets had much exaggerated the force of masculine passion. Nevertheless, he observed with pleasure that Miss Brooke showed an ardent submissive affection which promised to fulfil his most agreeable previsions of marriage. It had once or twice crossed his mind that possibly there was some deficiency in Dorothea to account for the moderation of his abandonment; but he was unable to discern the deficiency, or to figure to himself a woman who would have pleased him better; so that there was clearly no reason to fall back upon but the exaggerations of human tradition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00385", "bookId": 145, "start": 128429, "end": 128701, "sha256": "56e98f0170c8671fe7ac0d3f1472ba966ea7cb4d4a1adb9f94bd26c3b41a32bc", "text": "“Could I not be preparing myself now to be more useful?” said Dorothea to him, one morning, early in the time of courtship; “could I not learn to read Latin and Greek aloud to you, as Milton’s daughters did to their father, without understanding what they read?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00386", "bookId": 145, "start": 128703, "end": 128938, "sha256": "c40820cd7591fbc678d28a8a2ee72e76b2a825ff02d6cc56155aab9c7c34f3a9", "text": "“I fear that would be wearisome to you,” said Mr. Casaubon, smiling; “and, indeed, if I remember rightly, the young women you have mentioned regarded that exercise in unknown tongues as a ground for rebellion against the poet.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00387", "bookId": 145, "start": 128940, "end": 129271, "sha256": "79521415a9957f5fb9e869201a06953f5e1e31d08f92e133566c29cd93732df9", "text": "“Yes; but in the first place they were very naughty girls, else they would have been proud to minister to such a father; and in the second place they might have studied privately and taught themselves to understand what they read, and then it would have been interesting. I hope you don’t expect me to be naughty and stupid?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00388", "bookId": 145, "start": 129273, "end": 129520, "sha256": "b1c1bddd6e9c0f50b7a5f602cd41c2a398b962ec48e60d9d2b6e4794cb414ae0", "text": "“I expect you to be all that an exquisite young lady can be in every possible relation of life. Certainly it might be a great advantage if you were able to copy the Greek character, and to that end it were well to begin with a little reading.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00389", "bookId": 145, "start": 129522, "end": 130861, "sha256": "4c10765cf1075e83eec46da64b390b91f427c80f5ca6cecbfcf7181ff02d4d38", "text": "Dorothea seized this as a precious permission. She would not have asked Mr. Casaubon at once to teach her the languages, dreading of all things to be tiresome instead of helpful; but it was not entirely out of devotion to her future husband that she wished to know Latin and Greek. Those provinces of masculine knowledge seemed to her a standing-ground from which all truth could be seen more truly. As it was, she constantly doubted her own conclusions, because she felt her own ignorance: how could she be confident that one-roomed cottages were not for the glory of God, when men who knew the classics appeared to conciliate indifference to the cottages with zeal for the glory? Perhaps even Hebrew might be necessary—at least the alphabet and a few roots—in order to arrive at the core of things, and judge soundly on the social duties of the Christian. And she had not reached that point of renunciation at which she would have been satisfied with having a wise husband: she wished, poor child, to be wise herself. Miss Brooke was certainly very naive with all her alleged cleverness. Celia, whose mind had never been thought too powerful, saw the emptiness of other people’s pretensions much more readily. To have in general but little feeling, seems to be the only security against feeling too much on any particular occasion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00390", "bookId": 145, "start": 130863, "end": 131447, "sha256": "b5f7e6ec05be7d0826d471efc26e17ac91317608fad635033ec3992e8548308e", "text": "However, Mr. Casaubon consented to listen and teach for an hour together, like a schoolmaster of little boys, or rather like a lover, to whom a mistress’s elementary ignorance and difficulties have a touching fitness. Few scholars would have disliked teaching the alphabet under such circumstances. But Dorothea herself was a little shocked and discouraged at her own stupidity, and the answers she got to some timid questions about the value of the Greek accents gave her a painful suspicion that here indeed there might be secrets not capable of explanation to a woman’s reason.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00391", "bookId": 145, "start": 131449, "end": 131616, "sha256": "c79686eadce56b6594aee24b513a9923ca2cc452288ace50e7cd40281fcaa03f", "text": "Mr. Brooke had no doubt on that point, and expressed himself with his usual strength upon it one day that he came into the library while the reading was going forward.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00392", "bookId": 145, "start": 131618, "end": 131761, "sha256": "d626833523b00c79dbe6a1c3032bb0feca6cdee89c99db735515e48ecd2b9e8f", "text": "“Well, but now, Casaubon, such deep studies, classics, mathematics, that kind of thing, are too taxing for a woman—too taxing, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00393", "bookId": 145, "start": 131763, "end": 131923, "sha256": "4622752eeb2e59cf5af697a8da6e9c4f1c125bd93f7dfa405273100aad7c95e9", "text": "“Dorothea is learning to read the characters simply,” said Mr. Casaubon, evading the question. “She had the very considerate thought of saving my eyes.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00394", "bookId": 145, "start": 131925, "end": 132509, "sha256": "5a71fecaee7d5be8cffe60e7470251f9d5ae0fa4f7c66b18e2e3eadd85551786", "text": "“Ah, well, without understanding, you know—that may not be so bad. But there is a lightness about the feminine mind—a touch and go—music, the fine arts, that kind of thing—they should study those up to a certain point, women should; but in a light way, you know. A woman should be able to sit down and play you or sing you a good old English tune. That is what I like; though I have heard most things—been at the opera in Vienna: Gluck, Mozart, everything of that sort. But I’m a conservative in music—it’s not like ideas, you know. I stick to the good old tunes.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00395", "bookId": 145, "start": 132511, "end": 133044, "sha256": "07c51cbdda86572facab4b9953a8e0774b408ddd34e1387b8cc56b4ab1a54b0b", "text": "“Mr. Casaubon is not fond of the piano, and I am very glad he is not,” said Dorothea, whose slight regard for domestic music and feminine fine art must be forgiven her, considering the small tinkling and smearing in which they chiefly consisted at that dark period. She smiled and looked up at her betrothed with grateful eyes. If he had always been asking her to play the “Last Rose of Summer,” she would have required much resignation. “He says there is only an old harpsichord at Lowick, and it is covered with books.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00396", "bookId": 145, "start": 133046, "end": 133364, "sha256": "8dec50830c9d1d2608bc745882a1c8e042361314cd4eb27e12f53e29a02c5b36", "text": "“Ah, there you are behind Celia, my dear. Celia, now, plays very prettily, and is always ready to play. However, since Casaubon does not like it, you are all right. But it’s a pity you should not have little recreations of that sort, Casaubon: the bow always strung—that kind of thing, you know—will not do.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00397", "bookId": 145, "start": 133366, "end": 133887, "sha256": "fa794b1ce3fff8d1fab3ab22f7b0e239e2be6f425dc15b350e44d1f77df9e463", "text": "“I never could look on it in the light of a recreation to have my ears teased with measured noises,” said Mr. Casaubon. “A tune much iterated has the ridiculous effect of making the words in my mind perform a sort of minuet to keep time—an effect hardly tolerable, I imagine, after boyhood. As to the grander forms of music, worthy to accompany solemn celebrations, and even to serve as an educating influence according to the ancient conception, I say nothing, for with these we are not immediately concerned.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00398", "bookId": 145, "start": 133889, "end": 134071, "sha256": "19ff94ac31f3661b07f4d84743652b28ca299c76ec0d32377760c3866e0589a6", "text": "“No; but music of that sort I should enjoy,” said Dorothea. “When we were coming home from Lausanne my uncle took us to hear the great organ at Freiberg, and it made me sob.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00399", "bookId": 145, "start": 134073, "end": 134253, "sha256": "1b7550a722ddcca1378d48fd1d77fc26a7e38e565b08efe3499b8336716b07b4", "text": "“That kind of thing is not healthy, my dear,” said Mr. Brooke. “Casaubon, she will be in your hands now: you must teach my niece to take things more quietly, eh, Dorothea?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00400", "bookId": 145, "start": 134255, "end": 134454, "sha256": "d9bb37de023be8c7b87f67a187288b5b3667cc7b03f8280e72f0b675423747fa", "text": "He ended with a smile, not wishing to hurt his niece, but really thinking that it was perhaps better for her to be early married to so sober a fellow as Casaubon, since she would not hear of Chettam.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00401", "bookId": 145, "start": 134456, "end": 134892, "sha256": "2f51bd4ee29b2170914268425e220bfa8e648aa217600a9d3a8b32e1e04c480d", "text": "“It is wonderful, though,” he said to himself as he shuffled out of the room—“it is wonderful that she should have liked him. However, the match is good. I should have been travelling out of my brief to have hindered it, let Mrs. Cadwallader say what she will. He is pretty certain to be a bishop, is Casaubon. That was a very seasonable pamphlet of his on the Catholic Question:—a deanery at least. They owe him a deanery.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00402", "bookId": 145, "start": 134894, "end": 135645, "sha256": "ab8687bb5873fa5b56d450f7afebbdc741420e92eaa6bce529c65f7db499f860", "text": "And here I must vindicate a claim to philosophical reflectiveness, by remarking that Mr. Brooke on this occasion little thought of the Radical speech which, at a later period, he was led to make on the incomes of the bishops. What elegant historian would neglect a striking opportunity for pointing out that his heroes did not foresee the history of the world, or even their own actions?—For example, that Henry of Navarre, when a Protestant baby, little thought of being a Catholic monarch; or that Alfred the Great, when he measured his laborious nights with burning candles, had no idea of future gentlemen measuring their idle days with watches. Here is a mine of truth, which, however vigorously it may be worked, is likely to outlast our coal.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00403", "bookId": 145, "start": 135647, "end": 136045, "sha256": "df5f99df6dfd1d49e8ce3ebac2dd303b6c415a0cb2f282f4dae74546914f4085", "text": "But of Mr. Brooke I make a further remark perhaps less warranted by precedent—namely, that if he had foreknown his speech, it might not have made any great difference. To think with pleasure of his niece’s husband having a large ecclesiastical income was one thing—to make a Liberal speech was another thing; and it is a narrow mind which cannot look at a subject from various points of view.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00404", "bookId": 145, "start": 136050, "end": 136063, "sha256": "adc2a41f3c4ddaf57228cb5f825dd04f8e558bde14c7fead5eeb4e2b9e53f242", "text": "CHAPTER VIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00405", "bookId": 145, "start": 136065, "end": 136188, "sha256": "0fb91d0a80559a0c2e8a6b0f553dc937b1077a24a9f37098ce1022b021bfe60d", "text": "“Oh, rescue her! I am her brother now, And you her father. Every gentle maid Should have a guardian in each gentleman.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00406", "bookId": 145, "start": 136191, "end": 136932, "sha256": "1717f3a124911f19a611431b1acc05a7cfc6c9c24582550f1a5088a240664455", "text": "It was wonderful to Sir James Chettam how well he continued to like going to the Grange after he had once encountered the difficulty of seeing Dorothea for the first time in the light of a woman who was engaged to another man. Of course the forked lightning seemed to pass through him when he first approached her, and he remained conscious throughout the interview of hiding uneasiness; but, good as he was, it must be owned that his uneasiness was less than it would have been if he had thought his rival a brilliant and desirable match. He had no sense of being eclipsed by Mr. Casaubon; he was only shocked that Dorothea was under a melancholy illusion, and his mortification lost some of its bitterness by being mingled with compassion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00407", "bookId": 145, "start": 136934, "end": 138021, "sha256": "a1c8c243a51372693686cee4712da446999e207c22ba5a54f4faa963ba98f8fe", "text": "Nevertheless, while Sir James said to himself that he had completely resigned her, since with the perversity of a Desdemona she had not affected a proposed match that was clearly suitable and according to nature; he could not yet be quite passive under the idea of her engagement to Mr. Casaubon. On the day when he first saw them together in the light of his present knowledge, it seemed to him that he had not taken the affair seriously enough. Brooke was really culpable; he ought to have hindered it. Who could speak to him? Something might be done perhaps even now, at least to defer the marriage. On his way home he turned into the Rectory and asked for Mr. Cadwallader. Happily, the Rector was at home, and his visitor was shown into the study, where all the fishing tackle hung. But he himself was in a little room adjoining, at work with his turning apparatus, and he called to the baronet to join him there. The two were better friends than any other landholder and clergyman in the county—a significant fact which was in agreement with the amiable expression of their faces.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00408", "bookId": 145, "start": 138023, "end": 138476, "sha256": "3c0fda869aa6d227940fdae20e2d6d61a4f8fd65f9dddbc6f7ce84d34f75552a", "text": "Mr. Cadwallader was a large man, with full lips and a sweet smile; very plain and rough in his exterior, but with that solid imperturbable ease and good-humor which is infectious, and like great grassy hills in the sunshine, quiets even an irritated egoism, and makes it rather ashamed of itself. “Well, how are you?” he said, showing a hand not quite fit to be grasped. “Sorry I missed you before. Is there anything particular? You look vexed.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00409", "bookId": 145, "start": 138478, "end": 138615, "sha256": "771e5e97ef2c3c516e2fb9ab52793fcd38ad5a9b09057da5fde53801da25c5d3", "text": "Sir James’s brow had a little crease in it, a little depression of the eyebrow, which he seemed purposely to exaggerate as he answered.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00410", "bookId": 145, "start": 138617, "end": 138706, "sha256": "6a8dc19818e59a0dad05c80687414558c1b3eff7c60f6d5f57e2a3a9d509e8ea", "text": "“It is only this conduct of Brooke’s. I really think somebody should speak to him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00411", "bookId": 145, "start": 138708, "end": 139099, "sha256": "6ca60095053f7a8c663868fabd5b229440c58ab5812e7f358c20e6b0aad142da", "text": "“What? meaning to stand?” said Mr. Cadwallader, going on with the arrangement of the reels which he had just been turning. “I hardly think he means it. But where’s the harm, if he likes it? Any one who objects to Whiggery should be glad when the Whigs don’t put up the strongest fellow. They won’t overturn the Constitution with our friend Brooke’s head for a battering ram.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00412", "bookId": 145, "start": 139101, "end": 139384, "sha256": "30e78ec547405c7c05edb1a82a98a7737f8d197aaa1fd0318dd9be5101b7106c", "text": "“Oh, I don’t mean that,” said Sir James, who, after putting down his hat and throwing himself into a chair, had begun to nurse his leg and examine the sole of his boot with much bitterness. “I mean this marriage. I mean his letting that blooming young girl marry Casaubon.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00413", "bookId": 145, "start": 139386, "end": 139471, "sha256": "f9e1cd824de870c56e188105498ad95314e3a1da3702aa688940a82c81eef081", "text": "“What is the matter with Casaubon? I see no harm in him—if the girl likes him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00414", "bookId": 145, "start": 139473, "end": 139784, "sha256": "17ab2ad1cdf8210ab03645cef7d5a182821f599ebaa2e437a23f27de4dd46bcd", "text": "“She is too young to know what she likes. Her guardian ought to interfere. He ought not to allow the thing to be done in this headlong manner. I wonder a man like you, Cadwallader—a man with daughters, can look at the affair with indifference: and with such a heart as yours! Do think seriously about it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00415", "bookId": 145, "start": 139786, "end": 140082, "sha256": "f82808807801442bd45019aad1b9848ca8db39b4d363a5ea070465b44aab3365", "text": "“I am not joking; I am as serious as possible,” said the Rector, with a provoking little inward laugh. “You are as bad as Elinor. She has been wanting me to go and lecture Brooke; and I have reminded her that her friends had a very poor opinion of the match she made when she married me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00416", "bookId": 145, "start": 140084, "end": 140264, "sha256": "358a129bed9b3fd251897c6b1d75a65ebef13a4c745a32dcf035b7a9c93465fc", "text": "“But look at Casaubon,” said Sir James, indignantly. “He must be fifty, and I don’t believe he could ever have been much more than the shadow of a man. Look at his legs!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00417", "bookId": 145, "start": 140266, "end": 140597, "sha256": "07924033b3f41dcd30e676e73dcb8c1c1d36e47221f30c21bdf05693287a1ba6", "text": "“Confound you handsome young fellows! you think of having it all your own way in the world. You don’t understand women. They don’t admire you half so much as you admire yourselves. Elinor used to tell her sisters that she married me for my ugliness—it was so various and amusing that it had quite conquered her prudence.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00418", "bookId": 145, "start": 140599, "end": 140808, "sha256": "53eb35174a133b3581c19b9ebd46140f92b444539246f306c7ee023887219592", "text": "“You! it was easy enough for a woman to love you. But this is no question of beauty. I don’t _like_ Casaubon.” This was Sir James’s strongest way of implying that he thought ill of a man’s character.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00419", "bookId": 145, "start": 140810, "end": 140956, "sha256": "5f66dca296454bcd0cd97a25fa939843e494c2fc1be59da69644330fabd24b93", "text": "“Why? what do you know against him?” said the Rector laying down his reels, and putting his thumbs into his armholes with an air of attention.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00420", "bookId": 145, "start": 140958, "end": 141165, "sha256": "4dc1c2f7d422b8f94187d9c0d3c187c2f415b37e478838ea1daf48fee3e47eda", "text": "Sir James paused. He did not usually find it easy to give his reasons: it seemed to him strange that people should not know them without being told, since he only felt what was reasonable. At last he said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00421", "bookId": 145, "start": 141167, "end": 141212, "sha256": "67a77083b31d63ab9abcc735bdec0ca9f02754c1498a3c651035732d2df28b9f", "text": "“Now, Cadwallader, has he got any heart?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00422", "bookId": 145, "start": 141214, "end": 141871, "sha256": "47d039a644a86f27d6d026d7f1d9e72cb17f079e291000cef7ddb7eaa1cad01d", "text": "“Well, yes. I don’t mean of the melting sort, but a sound kernel, _that_ you may be sure of. He is very good to his poor relations: pensions several of the women, and is educating a young fellow at a good deal of expense. Casaubon acts up to his sense of justice. His mother’s sister made a bad match—a Pole, I think—lost herself—at any rate was disowned by her family. If it had not been for that, Casaubon would not have had so much money by half. I believe he went himself to find out his cousins, and see what he could do for them. Every man would not ring so well as that, if you tried his metal. _You_ would, Chettam; but not every man.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00423", "bookId": 145, "start": 141873, "end": 142464, "sha256": "41979aaebbd9a5ad152e3326ae2a648312d16754e97e5a7311604a175928a79f", "text": "“I don’t know,” said Sir James, coloring. “I am not so sure of myself.” He paused a moment, and then added, “That was a right thing for Casaubon to do. But a man may wish to do what is right, and yet be a sort of parchment code. A woman may not be happy with him. And I think when a girl is so young as Miss Brooke is, her friends ought to interfere a little to hinder her from doing anything foolish. You laugh, because you fancy I have some feeling on my own account. But upon my honor, it is not that. I should feel just the same if I were Miss Brooke’s brother or uncle.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00424", "bookId": 145, "start": 142466, "end": 142501, "sha256": "31d8f518b45816c57bcb27e3f603c56b67527a62183e427ec11fe672339ac372", "text": "“Well, but what should you do?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00425", "bookId": 145, "start": 142503, "end": 142713, "sha256": "cda84f83f36aab3efee37eb017025535b651160cd3dc40db54e7fc530499060e", "text": "“I should say that the marriage must not be decided on until she was of age. And depend upon it, in that case, it would never come off. I wish you saw it as I do—I wish you would talk to Brooke about it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00426", "bookId": 145, "start": 142715, "end": 142945, "sha256": "cfca09ed02568b9d6080b460f0fb278cf594c90c4c857b50d3065d475864fca8", "text": "Sir James rose as he was finishing his sentence, for he saw Mrs. Cadwallader entering from the study. She held by the hand her youngest girl, about five years old, who immediately ran to papa, and was made comfortable on his knee.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00427", "bookId": 145, "start": 142947, "end": 143248, "sha256": "e33f3fbf899c1c320a363d3af67b60a2485a2c3c0036896ca035ff028e879254", "text": "“I hear what you are talking about,” said the wife. “But you will make no impression on Humphrey. As long as the fish rise to his bait, everybody is what he ought to be. Bless you, Casaubon has got a trout-stream, and does not care about fishing in it himself: could there be a better fellow?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00428", "bookId": 145, "start": 143250, "end": 143401, "sha256": "0d45334df3e7e8a4f09df435628ecc8e73c80c7031a2391aa0a13ec30599204a", "text": "“Well, there is something in that,” said the Rector, with his quiet, inward laugh. “It is a very good quality in a man to have a trout-stream.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00429", "bookId": 145, "start": 143403, "end": 143547, "sha256": "813b43530f4515cc88d0fed732c8177511bf7b9f6783effcc39cb2a3744f3ed7", "text": "“But seriously,” said Sir James, whose vexation had not yet spent itself, “don’t you think the Rector might do some good by speaking?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00430", "bookId": 145, "start": 143549, "end": 143716, "sha256": "97e58a40ccec016e7fe2818ce20e01bf805892e204100888fbd10baadf395116", "text": "“Oh, I told you beforehand what he would say,” answered Mrs. Cadwallader, lifting up her eyebrows. “I have done what I could: I wash my hands of the marriage.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00431", "bookId": 145, "start": 143718, "end": 143978, "sha256": "1d480a956dadfb40d4fcf046121a3f01fd969043047b8c11dc61d74a1a1651f4", "text": "“In the first place,” said the Rector, looking rather grave, “it would be nonsensical to expect that I could convince Brooke, and make him act accordingly. Brooke is a very good fellow, but pulpy; he will run into any mould, but he won’t keep shape.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00432", "bookId": 145, "start": 143980, "end": 144056, "sha256": "9e5356312c33931fb1ff8f182860a1ff33d14b4fbfb086d05291bb96822af7d9", "text": "“He might keep shape long enough to defer the marriage,” said Sir James.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00433", "bookId": 145, "start": 144058, "end": 144635, "sha256": "c8ecff84fa5b4609545ec6c759b5fa472df606bdcc1179c5c1da66078eb0755d", "text": "“But, my dear Chettam, why should I use my influence to Casaubon’s disadvantage, unless I were much surer than I am that I should be acting for the advantage of Miss Brooke? I know no harm of Casaubon. I don’t care about his Xisuthrus and Fee-fo-fum and the rest; but then he doesn’t care about my fishing-tackle. As to the line he took on the Catholic Question, that was unexpected; but he has always been civil to me, and I don’t see why I should spoil his sport. For anything I can tell, Miss Brooke may be happier with him than she would be with any other man.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00434", "bookId": 145, "start": 144637, "end": 144793, "sha256": "e991b340a6989c4ac010fb7b4179440ef954216ef50088f942e728b362ff52e7", "text": "“Humphrey! I have no patience with you. You know you would rather dine under the hedge than with Casaubon alone. You have nothing to say to each other.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00435", "bookId": 145, "start": 144795, "end": 144892, "sha256": "aabacaa9e61e71e54d5141d71861e07f1cd04874bd4fe55019168652974cc41f", "text": "“What has that to do with Miss Brooke’s marrying him? She does not do it for my amusement.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00436", "bookId": 145, "start": 144894, "end": 144957, "sha256": "6814cd02bead2294536a5169c2dec112ff62571d7ab16930976d530e7ca282b7", "text": "“He has got no good red blood in his body,” said Sir James.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00437", "bookId": 145, "start": 144959, "end": 145079, "sha256": "aaec266658b0e3adc45c08be2d60ffb2ed296ea04712959773633b460a518c91", "text": "“No. Somebody put a drop under a magnifying-glass and it was all semicolons and parentheses,” said Mrs. Cadwallader.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00438", "bookId": 145, "start": 145081, "end": 145241, "sha256": "80720802ac7e05f82dab6bcec8d347799930c062dfece96480e7b49f489e6bb8", "text": "“Why does he not bring out his book, instead of marrying,” said Sir James, with a disgust which he held warranted by the sound feeling of an English layman.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00439", "bookId": 145, "start": 145243, "end": 145522, "sha256": "2aee97d31db41f3db74c7b6444fd1981ea748fe05c026e6a924a32d8a48e6c20", "text": "“Oh, he dreams footnotes, and they run away with all his brains. They say, when he was a little boy, he made an abstract of ‘Hop o’ my Thumb,’ and he has been making abstracts ever since. Ugh! And that is the man Humphrey goes on saying that a woman may be happy with.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00440", "bookId": 145, "start": 145524, "end": 145648, "sha256": "b281f269ed4688e2614ba08452ab9cbdf8f9cfbacbb319b1702d74dcb3a90032", "text": "“Well, he is what Miss Brooke likes,” said the Rector. “I don’t profess to understand every young lady’s taste.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00441", "bookId": 145, "start": 145650, "end": 145706, "sha256": "ac4a57ca115d332feea89530b6b76b0d27f354594b881ed1686a3b244dd2d303", "text": "“But if she were your own daughter?” said Sir James.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00442", "bookId": 145, "start": 145708, "end": 146371, "sha256": "bb6a4677df913218b480c7347236c0e42ec6bec408409ee384ccb36ebb30070f", "text": "“That would be a different affair. She is _not_ my daughter, and I don’t feel called upon to interfere. Casaubon is as good as most of us. He is a scholarly clergyman, and creditable to the cloth. Some Radical fellow speechifying at Middlemarch said Casaubon was the learned straw-chopping incumbent, and Freke was the brick-and-mortar incumbent, and I was the angling incumbent. And upon my word, I don’t see that one is worse or better than the other.” The Rector ended with his silent laugh. He always saw the joke of any satire against himself. His conscience was large and easy, like the rest of him: it did only what it could do without any trouble.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00443", "bookId": 145, "start": 146373, "end": 147835, "sha256": "83b09cdd1b21301494781f0ad7d1ce0f3ceee62b9da591bf985ec30bd4066993", "text": "Clearly, there would be no interference with Miss Brooke’s marriage through Mr. Cadwallader; and Sir James felt with some sadness that she was to have perfect liberty of misjudgment. It was a sign of his good disposition that he did not slacken at all in his intention of carrying out Dorothea’s design of the cottages. Doubtless this persistence was the best course for his own dignity: but pride only helps us to be generous; it never makes us so, any more than vanity makes us witty. She was now enough aware of Sir James’s position with regard to her, to appreciate the rectitude of his perseverance in a landlord’s duty, to which he had at first been urged by a lover’s complaisance, and her pleasure in it was great enough to count for something even in her present happiness. Perhaps she gave to Sir James Chettam’s cottages all the interest she could spare from Mr. Casaubon, or rather from the symphony of hopeful dreams, admiring trust, and passionate self devotion which that learned gentleman had set playing in her soul. Hence it happened that in the good baronet’s succeeding visits, while he was beginning to pay small attentions to Celia, he found himself talking with more and more pleasure to Dorothea. She was perfectly unconstrained and without irritation towards him now, and he was gradually discovering the delight there is in frank kindness and companionship between a man and a woman who have no passion to hide or confess.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00444", "bookId": 145, "start": 147840, "end": 147851, "sha256": "dc69c38aa136a468d0c239d5294cb4471429df104d4deb839e8994b881397cc3", "text": "CHAPTER IX.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00445", "bookId": 145, "start": 147853, "end": 148037, "sha256": "325b895f751b7f458957e3d0186ac816d6284a3489d5377b6880d35cd91bf847", "text": "1_st Gent_. An ancient land in ancient oracles Is called “law-thirsty”: all the struggle there Was after order and a perfect rule. Pray, where lie such lands now? . . .", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00446", "bookId": 145, "start": 148039, "end": 148094, "sha256": "448a095bcb973cbf44e143f2e83a7f517eebae1445e9bdc86d3bd0f11ec634e5", "text": "2_d Gent_. Why, where they lay of old—in human souls.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00447", "bookId": 145, "start": 148097, "end": 148628, "sha256": "946f987cf7f94563e3c51816c5771486e8e9c80758c35778fa24412dad334cc7", "text": "Mr. Casaubon’s behavior about settlements was highly satisfactory to Mr. Brooke, and the preliminaries of marriage rolled smoothly along, shortening the weeks of courtship. The betrothed bride must see her future home, and dictate any changes that she would like to have made there. A woman dictates before marriage in order that she may have an appetite for submission afterwards. And certainly, the mistakes that we male and female mortals make when we have our own way might fairly raise some wonder that we are so fond of it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00448", "bookId": 145, "start": 148630, "end": 150256, "sha256": "5fdc0d33640954592efd2ed760b4e29dcf47fc0f6f149a4a78a82481f4b369bb", "text": "On a gray but dry November morning Dorothea drove to Lowick in company with her uncle and Celia. Mr. Casaubon’s home was the manor-house. Close by, visible from some parts of the garden, was the little church, with the old parsonage opposite. In the beginning of his career, Mr. Casaubon had only held the living, but the death of his brother had put him in possession of the manor also. It had a small park, with a fine old oak here and there, and an avenue of limes towards the southwest front, with a sunk fence between park and pleasure-ground, so that from the drawing-room windows the glance swept uninterruptedly along a slope of greensward till the limes ended in a level of corn and pastures, which often seemed to melt into a lake under the setting sun. This was the happy side of the house, for the south and east looked rather melancholy even under the brightest morning. The grounds here were more confined, the flower-beds showed no very careful tendance, and large clumps of trees, chiefly of sombre yews, had risen high, not ten yards from the windows. The building, of greenish stone, was in the old English style, not ugly, but small-windowed and melancholy-looking: the sort of house that must have children, many flowers, open windows, and little vistas of bright things, to make it seem a joyous home. In this latter end of autumn, with a sparse remnant of yellow leaves falling slowly athwart the dark evergreens in a stillness without sunshine, the house too had an air of autumnal decline, and Mr. Casaubon, when he presented himself, had no bloom that could be thrown into relief by that background.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00449", "bookId": 145, "start": 150258, "end": 150946, "sha256": "435dfecef6810e56570e9b382a36960a6bc2f2c1e3ecef89b9847785262d8788", "text": "“Oh dear!” Celia said to herself, “I am sure Freshitt Hall would have been pleasanter than this.” She thought of the white freestone, the pillared portico, and the terrace full of flowers, Sir James smiling above them like a prince issuing from his enchantment in a rose-bush, with a handkerchief swiftly metamorphosed from the most delicately odorous petals—Sir James, who talked so agreeably, always about things which had common-sense in them, and not about learning! Celia had those light young feminine tastes which grave and weatherworn gentlemen sometimes prefer in a wife; but happily Mr. Casaubon’s bias had been different, for he would have had no chance with Celia.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00450", "bookId": 145, "start": 150948, "end": 151868, "sha256": "f8b4b26b0b5c37ff89597e6639c2a929f3fdd534176431c7a501e09a18a64394", "text": "Dorothea, on the contrary, found the house and grounds all that she could wish: the dark book-shelves in the long library, the carpets and curtains with colors subdued by time, the curious old maps and bird’s-eye views on the walls of the corridor, with here and there an old vase below, had no oppression for her, and seemed more cheerful than the casts and pictures at the Grange, which her uncle had long ago brought home from his travels—they being probably among the ideas he had taken in at one time. To poor Dorothea these severe classical nudities and smirking Renaissance-Correggiosities were painfully inexplicable, staring into the midst of her Puritanic conceptions: she had never been taught how she could bring them into any sort of relevance with her life. But the owners of Lowick apparently had not been travellers, and Mr. Casaubon’s studies of the past were not carried on by means of such aids.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00451", "bookId": 145, "start": 151870, "end": 152626, "sha256": "9b14a7517e3d44d64bf5fc82fb50ee295b1c2dad5f2958ec78f7014184e0de3f", "text": "Dorothea walked about the house with delightful emotion. Everything seemed hallowed to her: this was to be the home of her wifehood, and she looked up with eyes full of confidence to Mr. Casaubon when he drew her attention specially to some actual arrangement and asked her if she would like an alteration. All appeals to her taste she met gratefully, but saw nothing to alter. His efforts at exact courtesy and formal tenderness had no defect for her. She filled up all blanks with unmanifested perfections, interpreting him as she interpreted the works of Providence, and accounting for seeming discords by her own deafness to the higher harmonies. And there are many blanks left in the weeks of courtship which a loving faith fills with happy assurance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00452", "bookId": 145, "start": 152628, "end": 152863, "sha256": "839b950792db1001fd7464506349eed9da11a0631a11677d0b0a17575193e088", "text": "“Now, my dear Dorothea, I wish you to favor me by pointing out which room you would like to have as your boudoir,” said Mr. Casaubon, showing that his views of the womanly nature were sufficiently large to include that requirement.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00453", "bookId": 145, "start": 152865, "end": 153181, "sha256": "ac47b9cde5e45f099de04d6ba2cab226e6907bbc571f76df86a26a06b4e144fb", "text": "“It is very kind of you to think of that,” said Dorothea, “but I assure you I would rather have all those matters decided for me. I shall be much happier to take everything as it is—just as you have been used to have it, or as you will yourself choose it to be. I have no motive for wishing anything else.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00454", "bookId": 145, "start": 153183, "end": 153267, "sha256": "51317eef834766cfe20e1b9508fbf9d0fce0ce77b6b9fc257ca71917d86b1211", "text": "“Oh, Dodo,” said Celia, “will you not have the bow-windowed room up-stairs?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00455", "bookId": 145, "start": 153269, "end": 153832, "sha256": "5e90e9820151f4f36477fb3af5b5abc1fbb5cd555cfdd6e92088d0336aa8d0fb", "text": "Mr. Casaubon led the way thither. The bow-window looked down the avenue of limes; the furniture was all of a faded blue, and there were miniatures of ladies and gentlemen with powdered hair hanging in a group. A piece of tapestry over a door also showed a blue-green world with a pale stag in it. The chairs and tables were thin-legged and easy to upset. It was a room where one might fancy the ghost of a tight-laced lady revisiting the scene of her embroidery. A light bookcase contained duodecimo volumes of polite literature in calf, completing the furniture.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00456", "bookId": 145, "start": 153834, "end": 153969, "sha256": "10ec4caf13ce9abbe9f890b961ce46a7bd78c5b7a4ea0a511ac6754a88b6a6b5", "text": "“Yes,” said Mr. Brooke, “this would be a pretty room with some new hangings, sofas, and that sort of thing. A little bare now.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00457", "bookId": 145, "start": 153971, "end": 154307, "sha256": "218cd0c3369225b4ccbfb7f4a8fc48ba042618ff0772468ee0d03bff6cb6b8a8", "text": "“No, uncle,” said Dorothea, eagerly. “Pray do not speak of altering anything. There are so many other things in the world that want altering—I like to take these things as they are. And you like them as they are, don’t you?” she added, looking at Mr. Casaubon. “Perhaps this was your mother’s room when she was young.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00458", "bookId": 145, "start": 154309, "end": 154363, "sha256": "40151a7964e8fb0783b9e4f84495b3ce8567ec85b9dbd20b77d3b16228a8e5d0", "text": "“It was,” he said, with his slow bend of the head.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00459", "bookId": 145, "start": 154365, "end": 154580, "sha256": "20c399c788e0aa30a64cd88395c2e5e03dad0939d9c0da235abf074d67efa503", "text": "“This is your mother,” said Dorothea, who had turned to examine the group of miniatures. “It is like the tiny one you brought me; only, I should think, a better portrait. And this one opposite, who is this?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00460", "bookId": 145, "start": 154582, "end": 154712, "sha256": "022990668cf7bbf013988de8b1eaf72f17a741fb9b7790a5427e50b4380ce0b0", "text": "“Her elder sister. They were, like you and your sister, the only two children of their parents, who hang above them, you see.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00461", "bookId": 145, "start": 154714, "end": 154963, "sha256": "6c053c6bd42c9e24b132499bb7961aef21cd6429079a826dfe7fabae44da2727", "text": "“The sister is pretty,” said Celia, implying that she thought less favorably of Mr. Casaubon’s mother. It was a new opening to Celia’s imagination, that he came of a family who had all been young in their time—the ladies wearing necklaces.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00462", "bookId": 145, "start": 154965, "end": 155302, "sha256": "0a0e80c28b6360cb3a9dfc08be751e9883065580940ced0aaf0deda8a4825265", "text": "“It is a peculiar face,” said Dorothea, looking closely. “Those deep gray eyes rather near together—and the delicate irregular nose with a sort of ripple in it—and all the powdered curls hanging backward. Altogether it seems to me peculiar rather than pretty. There is not even a family likeness between her and your mother.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00463", "bookId": 145, "start": 155304, "end": 155351, "sha256": "f2147119534348d375103b22b1bb3a0f1b079fbb1303e7eddc23ee0278d8be8e", "text": "“No. And they were not alike in their lot.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00464", "bookId": 145, "start": 155353, "end": 155404, "sha256": "3f3ba524c35b7bb57cdb592ce79913f143b0d140152c1b037c3bf8300399a345", "text": "“You did not mention her to me,” said Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00465", "bookId": 145, "start": 155406, "end": 155466, "sha256": "7c40ef0fae6cea6b311dd231172641549c20e8dd6be0b792e1cdd35149c56906", "text": "“My aunt made an unfortunate marriage. I never saw her.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00466", "bookId": 145, "start": 155468, "end": 155729, "sha256": "2e16c6bedfa11a7d1232178122b13d73b405e43cc93bfb353ebb77ccba448baa", "text": "Dorothea wondered a little, but felt that it would be indelicate just then to ask for any information which Mr. Casaubon did not proffer, and she turned to the window to admire the view. The sun had lately pierced the gray, and the avenue of limes cast shadows.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00467", "bookId": 145, "start": 155731, "end": 155788, "sha256": "961657a43dbdcbe316a7410ba5a06319c5b262e534cd82e4c7ee5c6bf1eedfbb", "text": "“Shall we not walk in the garden now?” said Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00468", "bookId": 145, "start": 155790, "end": 156080, "sha256": "8149bf5ae65250836fe844b5ab6a1e47c2f232f0c9def49649464722346deba3", "text": "“And you would like to see the church, you know,” said Mr. Brooke. “It is a droll little church. And the village. It all lies in a nut-shell. By the way, it will suit you, Dorothea; for the cottages are like a row of alms-houses—little gardens, gilly-flowers, that sort of thing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00469", "bookId": 145, "start": 156082, "end": 156280, "sha256": "de01bee45a77e7daf06ef702d10fec32d6fffae25011789222049b591fef9263", "text": "“Yes, please,” said Dorothea, looking at Mr. Casaubon, “I should like to see all that.” She had got nothing from him more graphic about the Lowick cottages than that they were “not bad.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00470", "bookId": 145, "start": 156282, "end": 156788, "sha256": "cccf33b2215d14e2f28d269ecb3c9c3b86827cd8db923e660c7bd45f7598c585", "text": "They were soon on a gravel walk which led chiefly between grassy borders and clumps of trees, this being the nearest way to the church, Mr. Casaubon said. At the little gate leading into the churchyard there was a pause while Mr. Casaubon went to the parsonage close by to fetch a key. Celia, who had been hanging a little in the rear, came up presently, when she saw that Mr. Casaubon was gone away, and said in her easy staccato, which always seemed to contradict the suspicion of any malicious intent—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00471", "bookId": 145, "start": 156790, "end": 156873, "sha256": "e6445b4822072055dccc6759bb4264157c2d04f0c26abe1638b54a71a610941a", "text": "“Do you know, Dorothea, I saw some one quite young coming up one of the walks.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00472", "bookId": 145, "start": 156875, "end": 156908, "sha256": "fd9cc7a6617b5cb3f946d7f85d25e6707a85d4bd00ea326f51ec35f0ffae1d47", "text": "“Is that astonishing, Celia?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00473", "bookId": 145, "start": 156910, "end": 157036, "sha256": "c1a08a03ef409e03e5e7b1efa7123a3b83ce3052a3fc34c73ac8f440475d4ac4", "text": "“There may be a young gardener, you know—why not?” said Mr. Brooke. “I told Casaubon he should change his gardener.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00474", "bookId": 145, "start": 157038, "end": 157184, "sha256": "c1985eccc9e2821f6a29bfdb11be2524749770f248898606f7ad58433fdeda46", "text": "“No, not a gardener,” said Celia; “a gentleman with a sketch-book. He had light-brown curls. I only saw his back. But he was quite young.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00475", "bookId": 145, "start": 157186, "end": 157355, "sha256": "f1969a903040337d1fb32e96026de6cc37f4b852e2561da3e3c669b6412b1d6f", "text": "“The curate’s son, perhaps,” said Mr. Brooke. “Ah, there is Casaubon again, and Tucker with him. He is going to introduce Tucker. You don’t know Tucker yet.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00476", "bookId": 145, "start": 157357, "end": 158199, "sha256": "1266b8c0b74fce38003fd6a84dff29c81d0b15381873e165089fbe1bd70d1c51", "text": "Mr. Tucker was the middle-aged curate, one of the “inferior clergy,” who are usually not wanting in sons. But after the introduction, the conversation did not lead to any question about his family, and the startling apparition of youthfulness was forgotten by every one but Celia. She inwardly declined to believe that the light-brown curls and slim figure could have any relationship to Mr. Tucker, who was just as old and musty-looking as she would have expected Mr. Casaubon’s curate to be; doubtless an excellent man who would go to heaven (for Celia wished not to be unprincipled), but the corners of his mouth were so unpleasant. Celia thought with some dismalness of the time she should have to spend as bridesmaid at Lowick, while the curate had probably no pretty little children whom she could like, irrespective of principle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00477", "bookId": 145, "start": 158201, "end": 159157, "sha256": "fc03a293d63ad072e214fdadec41a79d8bed5f68321525e298608e56e73fec59", "text": "Mr. Tucker was invaluable in their walk; and perhaps Mr. Casaubon had not been without foresight on this head, the curate being able to answer all Dorothea’s questions about the villagers and the other parishioners. Everybody, he assured her, was well off in Lowick: not a cottager in those double cottages at a low rent but kept a pig, and the strips of garden at the back were well tended. The small boys wore excellent corduroy, the girls went out as tidy servants, or did a little straw-plaiting at home: no looms here, no Dissent; and though the public disposition was rather towards laying by money than towards spirituality, there was not much vice. The speckled fowls were so numerous that Mr. Brooke observed, “Your farmers leave some barley for the women to glean, I see. The poor folks here might have a fowl in their pot, as the good French king used to wish for all his people. The French eat a good many fowls—skinny fowls, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00478", "bookId": 145, "start": 159159, "end": 159318, "sha256": "9744513b4d289c92da0ca66691552d8b888ba1823d560c5a5c2c92548b402e5e", "text": "“I think it was a very cheap wish of his,” said Dorothea, indignantly. “Are kings such monsters that a wish like that must be reckoned a royal virtue?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00479", "bookId": 145, "start": 159320, "end": 159450, "sha256": "b00adc0ee90ffdc467c742ecddc556bb975233b439ee50da8373d443b290c4eb", "text": "“And if he wished them a skinny fowl,” said Celia, “that would not be nice. But perhaps he wished them to have fat fowls.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00480", "bookId": 145, "start": 159452, "end": 159750, "sha256": "bf0a8f9c54fc83f47727440f04e70f7a8ab0a4201dde84e183aa8d65c23d48ac", "text": "“Yes, but the word has dropped out of the text, or perhaps was subauditum; that is, present in the king’s mind, but not uttered,” said Mr. Casaubon, smiling and bending his head towards Celia, who immediately dropped backward a little, because she could not bear Mr. Casaubon to blink at her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00481", "bookId": 145, "start": 159752, "end": 160421, "sha256": "b3c4ba5550e63f73e12a5141716a25d3fc910e7ab6e311172db1564d0aad44fa", "text": "Dorothea sank into silence on the way back to the house. She felt some disappointment, of which she was yet ashamed, that there was nothing for her to do in Lowick; and in the next few minutes her mind had glanced over the possibility, which she would have preferred, of finding that her home would be in a parish which had a larger share of the world’s misery, so that she might have had more active duties in it. Then, recurring to the future actually before her, she made a picture of more complete devotion to Mr. Casaubon’s aims in which she would await new duties. Many such might reveal themselves to the higher knowledge gained by her in that companionship.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00482", "bookId": 145, "start": 160423, "end": 160609, "sha256": "60d449fd8a63d8f5c5e6f59d3b547e406e0496e7837a544008175b78ec3c48d7", "text": "Mr. Tucker soon left them, having some clerical work which would not allow him to lunch at the Hall; and as they were re-entering the garden through the little gate, Mr. Casaubon said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00483", "bookId": 145, "start": 160611, "end": 160698, "sha256": "14ab8c47b997167e651841b4344e3cff9bf311b97bd30ebaeda924c363f60692", "text": "“You seem a little sad, Dorothea. I trust you are pleased with what you have seen.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00484", "bookId": 145, "start": 160700, "end": 161039, "sha256": "8672cb295c50ee6f3202823e08374ed390214830bb4893ffa111da8bd8adda07", "text": "“I am feeling something which is perhaps foolish and wrong,” answered Dorothea, with her usual openness—“almost wishing that the people wanted more to be done for them here. I have known so few ways of making my life good for anything. Of course, my notions of usefulness must be narrow. I must learn new ways of helping people.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00485", "bookId": 145, "start": 161041, "end": 161210, "sha256": "fb41698a8d00bbdf787601448e27fa6c477b0f5fee3decd4ac1613668c4d61e2", "text": "“Doubtless,” said Mr. Casaubon. “Each position has its corresponding duties. Yours, I trust, as the mistress of Lowick, will not leave any yearning unfulfilled.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00486", "bookId": 145, "start": 161212, "end": 161303, "sha256": "9156e1450bf0c073ef41340b782edf33e8814190517bbad1def740035371e92f", "text": "“Indeed, I believe that,” said Dorothea, earnestly. “Do not suppose that I am sad.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00487", "bookId": 145, "start": 161305, "end": 161417, "sha256": "6b6bbc11baeb957506edaeb13700ab1a005da2f88bfb7dc97d58aa651a7f384b", "text": "“That is well. But, if you are not tired, we will take another way to the house than that by which we came.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00488", "bookId": 145, "start": 161419, "end": 161779, "sha256": "6a2998ad9147ef3bdcac00859790355483b013263aaa2a1b75a9c47d1bfdc9c9", "text": "Dorothea was not at all tired, and a little circuit was made towards a fine yew-tree, the chief hereditary glory of the grounds on this side of the house. As they approached it, a figure, conspicuous on a dark background of evergreens, was seated on a bench, sketching the old tree. Mr. Brooke, who was walking in front with Celia, turned his head, and said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00489", "bookId": 145, "start": 161781, "end": 161819, "sha256": "454a842adba02ee0a743c99c2f6ce8f4f38517949cf088c4082f95938977c0a2", "text": "“Who is that youngster, Casaubon?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00490", "bookId": 145, "start": 161821, "end": 161874, "sha256": "81e06b62ef0230bc1d704091b9dfa9cdc0b2229274b5b0451a6654cd9f165423", "text": "They had come very near when Mr. Casaubon answered—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00491", "bookId": 145, "start": 161876, "end": 162058, "sha256": "ded7de3af182de159eac7070b08e9d662a5d8eae895e90181a590cc673515565", "text": "“That is a young relative of mine, a second cousin: the grandson, in fact,” he added, looking at Dorothea, “of the lady whose portrait you have been noticing, my aunt Julia.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00492", "bookId": 145, "start": 162060, "end": 162222, "sha256": "95b4738a28495287b51591a4a977dbe587d207249657789d25e7f3913e21a6fb", "text": "The young man had laid down his sketch-book and risen. His bushy light-brown curls, as well as his youthfulness, identified him at once with Celia’s apparition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00493", "bookId": 145, "start": 162224, "end": 162315, "sha256": "0698bf1fde1d37de8528265a3893076e3078693e5baa42825345bd714a60e6cf", "text": "“Dorothea, let me introduce to you my cousin, Mr. Ladislaw. Will, this is Miss Brooke.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00494", "bookId": 145, "start": 162317, "end": 162836, "sha256": "d6155553ec3f8cb2114d5550ec60f1b2a37f430c9d24143eb1291ef8d69b7584", "text": "The cousin was so close now, that, when he lifted his hat, Dorothea could see a pair of gray eyes rather near together, a delicate irregular nose with a little ripple in it, and hair falling backward; but there was a mouth and chin of a more prominent, threatening aspect than belonged to the type of the grandmother’s miniature. Young Ladislaw did not feel it necessary to smile, as if he were charmed with this introduction to his future second cousin and her relatives; but wore rather a pouting air of discontent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00495", "bookId": 145, "start": 162838, "end": 162962, "sha256": "dbf828ab5c64541558a5b1b526d6814e34f60533f0bbd1ef7105d10d35868fe7", "text": "“You are an artist, I see,” said Mr. Brooke, taking up the sketch-book and turning it over in his unceremonious fashion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00496", "bookId": 145, "start": 162964, "end": 163108, "sha256": "6afca27c1756a50d323ef1027166398477159051b99583075eccba0d31e0aad4", "text": "“No, I only sketch a little. There is nothing fit to be seen there,” said young Ladislaw, coloring, perhaps with temper rather than modesty.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00497", "bookId": 145, "start": 163110, "end": 163401, "sha256": "8e2b361a669be3454b25b378bfc3b7d0cfe32596fa3137ba7e3680790434bfdb", "text": "“Oh, come, this is a nice bit, now. I did a little in this way myself at one time, you know. Look here, now; this is what I call a nice thing, done with what we used to call _brio_.” Mr. Brooke held out towards the two girls a large colored sketch of stony ground and trees, with a pool.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00498", "bookId": 145, "start": 163403, "end": 163944, "sha256": "8526ad769bbf4c70fdb2846ec2a954ad6ad00075dea37e5b9072a21be5efac71", "text": "“I am no judge of these things,” said Dorothea, not coldly, but with an eager deprecation of the appeal to her. “You know, uncle, I never see the beauty of those pictures which you say are so much praised. They are a language I do not understand. I suppose there is some relation between pictures and nature which I am too ignorant to feel—just as you see what a Greek sentence stands for which means nothing to me.” Dorothea looked up at Mr. Casaubon, who bowed his head towards her, while Mr. Brooke said, smiling nonchalantly—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00499", "bookId": 145, "start": 163946, "end": 165097, "sha256": "f5b1fcb66c78fb5a512c612b548b7a7ed988ae8dceef1cd852d2aa8ce87a3053", "text": "“Bless me, now, how different people are! But you had a bad style of teaching, you know—else this is just the thing for girls—sketching, fine art and so on. But you took to drawing plans; you don’t understand _morbidezza_, and that kind of thing. You will come to my house, I hope, and I will show you what I did in this way,” he continued, turning to young Ladislaw, who had to be recalled from his preoccupation in observing Dorothea. Ladislaw had made up his mind that she must be an unpleasant girl, since she was going to marry Casaubon, and what she said of her stupidity about pictures would have confirmed that opinion even if he had believed her. As it was, he took her words for a covert judgment, and was certain that she thought his sketch detestable. There was too much cleverness in her apology: she was laughing both at her uncle and himself. But what a voice! It was like the voice of a soul that had once lived in an Aeolian harp. This must be one of Nature’s inconsistencies. There could be no sort of passion in a girl who would marry Casaubon. But he turned from her, and bowed his thanks for Mr. Brooke’s invitation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00500", "bookId": 145, "start": 165099, "end": 165537, "sha256": "115490ae1f39af4c4694201a1b518ba9befdbc41d63ddbdf3dbfaca873f67cff", "text": "“We will turn over my Italian engravings together,” continued that good-natured man. “I have no end of those things, that I have laid by for years. One gets rusty in this part of the country, you know. Not you, Casaubon; you stick to your studies; but my best ideas get undermost—out of use, you know. You clever young men must guard against indolence. I was too indolent, you know: else I might have been anywhere at one time.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00501", "bookId": 145, "start": 165539, "end": 165691, "sha256": "b8ea56f673831823aa32882ac3ba6f36077c2dab9d894b0a32c4ef17b0188a76", "text": "“That is a seasonable admonition,” said Mr. Casaubon; “but now we will pass on to the house, lest the young ladies should be tired of standing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00502", "bookId": 145, "start": 165693, "end": 166355, "sha256": "86e04a8a0b7ec2f33750aa8fdccf7cf542cf375a161e6da7aaae40e5aad2d22f", "text": "When their backs were turned, young Ladislaw sat down to go on with his sketching, and as he did so his face broke into an expression of amusement which increased as he went on drawing, till at last he threw back his head and laughed aloud. Partly it was the reception of his own artistic production that tickled him; partly the notion of his grave cousin as the lover of that girl; and partly Mr. Brooke’s definition of the place he might have held but for the impediment of indolence. Mr. Will Ladislaw’s sense of the ludicrous lit up his features very agreeably: it was the pure enjoyment of comicality, and had no mixture of sneering and self-exaltation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00503", "bookId": 145, "start": 166357, "end": 166452, "sha256": "4b6e55a581015b2e80b80efe5000867c5e4d693d96bd17c3752da0c0719f0601", "text": "“What is your nephew going to do with himself, Casaubon?” said Mr. Brooke, as they went on.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00504", "bookId": 145, "start": 166454, "end": 166496, "sha256": "7a0de687def89423f1be3ea064d6ec80341162a6bd56d0ffa57f23c5fa33e3ef", "text": "“My cousin, you mean—not my nephew.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00505", "bookId": 145, "start": 166498, "end": 166559, "sha256": "61421a143a43567471030b8ec57ab5a552e38f07bb6e537fb14643c94926e802", "text": "“Yes, yes, cousin. But in the way of a career, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00506", "bookId": 145, "start": 166561, "end": 166980, "sha256": "df87c168c651144d09733ec13df752f36155a0401a0ae06e98ab84086da8ac80", "text": "“The answer to that question is painfully doubtful. On leaving Rugby he declined to go to an English university, where I would gladly have placed him, and chose what I must consider the anomalous course of studying at Heidelberg. And now he wants to go abroad again, without any special object, save the vague purpose of what he calls culture, preparation for he knows not what. He declines to choose a profession.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00507", "bookId": 145, "start": 166982, "end": 167036, "sha256": "2233eecbd9d359f1f4dfa3203f10653e3e3311c8d74c8652070dcf7e29690c19", "text": "“He has no means but what you furnish, I suppose.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00508", "bookId": 145, "start": 167038, "end": 167424, "sha256": "584c4cf3b510a11fffe14b97df3cdb5dc7fe2eff1c8e932caeaee96fa5d9a7cb", "text": "“I have always given him and his friends reason to understand that I would furnish in moderation what was necessary for providing him with a scholarly education, and launching him respectably. I am therefore bound to fulfil the expectation so raised,” said Mr. Casaubon, putting his conduct in the light of mere rectitude: a trait of delicacy which Dorothea noticed with admiration.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00509", "bookId": 145, "start": 167426, "end": 167578, "sha256": "c4b77082378a83391dbbc447af908ce30c33aa3cd8eef986017db87a66458271", "text": "“He has a thirst for travelling; perhaps he may turn out a Bruce or a Mungo Park,” said Mr. Brooke. “I had a notion of that myself at one time.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00510", "bookId": 145, "start": 167580, "end": 168103, "sha256": "f278a57887a330eae74d2ff64038f0661c8d9e9f6c21d1fe898a3581c3ce8dfc", "text": "“No, he has no bent towards exploration, or the enlargement of our geognosis: that would be a special purpose which I could recognize with some approbation, though without felicitating him on a career which so often ends in premature and violent death. But so far is he from having any desire for a more accurate knowledge of the earth’s surface, that he said he should prefer not to know the sources of the Nile, and that there should be some unknown regions preserved as hunting grounds for the poetic imagination.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00511", "bookId": 145, "start": 168105, "end": 168208, "sha256": "f36f97dd3a4d8a3df36fb281ba3596cb1f2ef305844ed2a54ec0b6f79717d6c1", "text": "“Well, there is something in that, you know,” said Mr. Brooke, who had certainly an impartial mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00512", "bookId": 145, "start": 168210, "end": 168467, "sha256": "32eea5453f3f8ba624ddb8ae82257d7df1bdbf3b210aeafc7df3d5499d40e4ea", "text": "“It is, I fear, nothing more than a part of his general inaccuracy and indisposition to thoroughness of all kinds, which would be a bad augury for him in any profession, civil or sacred, even were he so far submissive to ordinary rule as to choose one.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00513", "bookId": 145, "start": 168469, "end": 168768, "sha256": "83cd29f1627f3e98389ea4a1d43ce3ada4e2f5f6b3e59cf6aaf923c9f63be7f5", "text": "“Perhaps he has conscientious scruples founded on his own unfitness,” said Dorothea, who was interesting herself in finding a favorable explanation. “Because the law and medicine should be very serious professions to undertake, should they not? People’s lives and fortunes depend on them.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00514", "bookId": 145, "start": 168770, "end": 169563, "sha256": "b1ab5f117ffae6a6e2f60db2d5c16fdded333fa00dc5c13ae9677e9424a85921", "text": "“Doubtless; but I fear that my young relative Will Ladislaw is chiefly determined in his aversion to these callings by a dislike to steady application, and to that kind of acquirement which is needful instrumentally, but is not charming or immediately inviting to self-indulgent taste. I have insisted to him on what Aristotle has stated with admirable brevity, that for the achievement of any work regarded as an end there must be a prior exercise of many energies or acquired facilities of a secondary order, demanding patience. I have pointed to my own manuscript volumes, which represent the toil of years preparatory to a work not yet accomplished. But in vain. To careful reasoning of this kind he replies by calling himself Pegasus, and every form of prescribed work ‘harness.’”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00515", "bookId": 145, "start": 169565, "end": 169658, "sha256": "59282a7ffcda7781cff02b157a60e918614415d91e32eddae6e593a08c322b07", "text": "Celia laughed. She was surprised to find that Mr. Casaubon could say something quite amusing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00516", "bookId": 145, "start": 169660, "end": 169864, "sha256": "85db3c4e501b8aa88b2e7d2d12b2a287757de3762332bc9486fb10b09170da4e", "text": "“Well, you know, he may turn out a Byron, a Chatterton, a Churchill—that sort of thing—there’s no telling,” said Mr. Brooke. “Shall you let him go to Italy, or wherever else he wants to go?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00517", "bookId": 145, "start": 169866, "end": 170012, "sha256": "e8912806b73f6ece1e53d83a74da0688ad908b74f08b736bff9467c8aa2dd88c", "text": "“Yes; I have agreed to furnish him with moderate supplies for a year or so; he asks no more. I shall let him be tried by the test of freedom.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00518", "bookId": 145, "start": 170014, "end": 170336, "sha256": "0312fbe54f51b4f55a3ed81b10ce0770a2bcec63c02c0ddf780aa8964de16acb", "text": "“That is very kind of you,” said Dorothea, looking up at Mr. Casaubon with delight. “It is noble. After all, people may really have in them some vocation which is not quite plain to themselves, may they not? They may seem idle and weak because they are growing. We should be very patient with each other, I think.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00519", "bookId": 145, "start": 170338, "end": 170515, "sha256": "6b01b156b1fc09c0b8affef596e7cf86dcf04ec4e53f5a576b699a05002030e0", "text": "“I suppose it is being engaged to be married that has made you think patience good,” said Celia, as soon as she and Dorothea were alone together, taking off their wrappings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00520", "bookId": 145, "start": 170517, "end": 170564, "sha256": "e79867dab3ac38fdef2961b1cd293c9109ef2ac051fd6b102177636ab51ef355", "text": "“You mean that I am very impatient, Celia.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00521", "bookId": 145, "start": 170566, "end": 170764, "sha256": "7d69b8e51019ca14cfe99aa3e7c84da5387e7eaa1321f64788eba3c10df46618", "text": "“Yes; when people don’t do and say just what you like.” Celia had become less afraid of “saying things” to Dorothea since this engagement: cleverness seemed to her more pitiable than ever.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00522", "bookId": 145, "start": 170769, "end": 170779, "sha256": "8c52f6debe0cca02e2c12381e4500dbf2be373eae450e962357c879c15c7138b", "text": "CHAPTER X.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00523", "bookId": 145, "start": 170781, "end": 170901, "sha256": "743d0c823c9a14539aa0ef6563907f0f7cac9b4e067d0bb63725c87435178b38", "text": "“He had catched a great cold, had he had no other clothes to wear than the skin of a bear not yet killed.”—FULLER.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00524", "bookId": 145, "start": 170904, "end": 173203, "sha256": "98200326d2967518a6fe18a72501784f73897511e76def2a65912c679cb89ef8", "text": "Young Ladislaw did not pay that visit to which Mr. Brooke had invited him, and only six days afterwards Mr. Casaubon mentioned that his young relative had started for the Continent, seeming by this cold vagueness to waive inquiry. Indeed, Will had declined to fix on any more precise destination than the entire area of Europe. Genius, he held, is necessarily intolerant of fetters: on the one hand it must have the utmost play for its spontaneity; on the other, it may confidently await those messages from the universe which summon it to its peculiar work, only placing itself in an attitude of receptivity towards all sublime chances. The attitudes of receptivity are various, and Will had sincerely tried many of them. He was not excessively fond of wine, but he had several times taken too much, simply as an experiment in that form of ecstasy; he had fasted till he was faint, and then supped on lobster; he had made himself ill with doses of opium. Nothing greatly original had resulted from these measures; and the effects of the opium had convinced him that there was an entire dissimilarity between his constitution and De Quincey’s. The superadded circumstance which would evolve the genius had not yet come; the universe had not yet beckoned. Even Caesar’s fortune at one time was but a grand presentiment. We know what a masquerade all development is, and what effective shapes may be disguised in helpless embryos. In fact, the world is full of hopeful analogies and handsome dubious eggs called possibilities. Will saw clearly enough the pitiable instances of long incubation producing no chick, and but for gratitude would have laughed at Casaubon, whose plodding application, rows of note-books, and small taper of learned theory exploring the tossed ruins of the world, seemed to enforce a moral entirely encouraging to Will’s generous reliance on the intentions of the universe with regard to himself. He held that reliance to be a mark of genius; and certainly it is no mark to the contrary; genius consisting neither in self-conceit nor in humility, but in a power to make or do, not anything in general, but something in particular. Let him start for the Continent, then, without our pronouncing on his future. Among all forms of mistake, prophecy is the most gratuitous.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00525", "bookId": 145, "start": 173205, "end": 175742, "sha256": "32fc158963a76aac5b88e82341b85546cd6482fc34ca38a7ffcce4851343b830", "text": "But at present this caution against a too hasty judgment interests me more in relation to Mr. Casaubon than to his young cousin. If to Dorothea Mr. Casaubon had been the mere occasion which had set alight the fine inflammable material of her youthful illusions, does it follow that he was fairly represented in the minds of those less impassioned personages who have hitherto delivered their judgments concerning him? I protest against any absolute conclusion, any prejudice derived from Mrs. Cadwallader’s contempt for a neighboring clergyman’s alleged greatness of soul, or Sir James Chettam’s poor opinion of his rival’s legs,—from Mr. Brooke’s failure to elicit a companion’s ideas, or from Celia’s criticism of a middle-aged scholar’s personal appearance. I am not sure that the greatest man of his age, if ever that solitary superlative existed, could escape these unfavorable reflections of himself in various small mirrors; and even Milton, looking for his portrait in a spoon, must submit to have the facial angle of a bumpkin. Moreover, if Mr. Casaubon, speaking for himself, has rather a chilling rhetoric, it is not therefore certain that there is no good work or fine feeling in him. Did not an immortal physicist and interpreter of hieroglyphs write detestable verses? Has the theory of the solar system been advanced by graceful manners and conversational tact? Suppose we turn from outside estimates of a man, to wonder, with keener interest, what is the report of his own consciousness about his doings or capacity: with what hindrances he is carrying on his daily labors; what fading of hopes, or what deeper fixity of self-delusion the years are marking off within him; and with what spirit he wrestles against universal pressure, which will one day be too heavy for him, and bring his heart to its final pause. Doubtless his lot is important in his own eyes; and the chief reason that we think he asks too large a place in our consideration must be our want of room for him, since we refer him to the Divine regard with perfect confidence; nay, it is even held sublime for our neighbor to expect the utmost there, however little he may have got from us. Mr. Casaubon, too, was the centre of his own world; if he was liable to think that others were providentially made for him, and especially to consider them in the light of their fitness for the author of a “Key to all Mythologies,” this trait is not quite alien to us, and, like the other mendicant hopes of mortals, claims some of our pity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00526", "bookId": 145, "start": 175744, "end": 176850, "sha256": "e28d83c88503b53afa3a60325b1e3bbab145c98d9268dcb180835e20cee3e853", "text": "Certainly this affair of his marriage with Miss Brooke touched him more nearly than it did any one of the persons who have hitherto shown their disapproval of it, and in the present stage of things I feel more tenderly towards his experience of success than towards the disappointment of the amiable Sir James. For in truth, as the day fixed for his marriage came nearer, Mr. Casaubon did not find his spirits rising; nor did the contemplation of that matrimonial garden scene, where, as all experience showed, the path was to be bordered with flowers, prove persistently more enchanting to him than the accustomed vaults where he walked taper in hand. He did not confess to himself, still less could he have breathed to another, his surprise that though he had won a lovely and noble-hearted girl he had not won delight,—which he had also regarded as an object to be found by search. It is true that he knew all the classical passages implying the contrary; but knowing classical passages, we find, is a mode of motion, which explains why they leave so little extra force for their personal application.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00527", "bookId": 145, "start": 176852, "end": 178385, "sha256": "4a84c62843f46c3629bf4bacec2cf5011b96d609e27dc79a75784fa32fd61b23", "text": "Poor Mr. Casaubon had imagined that his long studious bachelorhood had stored up for him a compound interest of enjoyment, and that large drafts on his affections would not fail to be honored; for we all of us, grave or light, get our thoughts entangled in metaphors, and act fatally on the strength of them. And now he was in danger of being saddened by the very conviction that his circumstances were unusually happy: there was nothing external by which he could account for a certain blankness of sensibility which came over him just when his expectant gladness should have been most lively, just when he exchanged the accustomed dulness of his Lowick library for his visits to the Grange. Here was a weary experience in which he was as utterly condemned to loneliness as in the despair which sometimes threatened him while toiling in the morass of authorship without seeming nearer to the goal. And his was that worst loneliness which would shrink from sympathy. He could not but wish that Dorothea should think him not less happy than the world would expect her successful suitor to be; and in relation to his authorship he leaned on her young trust and veneration, he liked to draw forth her fresh interest in listening, as a means of encouragement to himself: in talking to her he presented all his performance and intention with the reflected confidence of the pedagogue, and rid himself for the time of that chilling ideal audience which crowded his laborious uncreative hours with the vaporous pressure of Tartarean shades.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00528", "bookId": 145, "start": 178387, "end": 180322, "sha256": "fcc778b883fb0363bc219b075e7e9902047bb830777190555699e0268c96be0a", "text": "For to Dorothea, after that toy-box history of the world adapted to young ladies which had made the chief part of her education, Mr. Casaubon’s talk about his great book was full of new vistas; and this sense of revelation, this surprise of a nearer introduction to Stoics and Alexandrians, as people who had ideas not totally unlike her own, kept in abeyance for the time her usual eagerness for a binding theory which could bring her own life and doctrine into strict connection with that amazing past, and give the remotest sources of knowledge some bearing on her actions. That more complete teaching would come—Mr. Casaubon would tell her all that: she was looking forward to higher initiation in ideas, as she was looking forward to marriage, and blending her dim conceptions of both. It would be a great mistake to suppose that Dorothea would have cared about any share in Mr. Casaubon’s learning as mere accomplishment; for though opinion in the neighborhood of Freshitt and Tipton had pronounced her clever, that epithet would not have described her to circles in whose more precise vocabulary cleverness implies mere aptitude for knowing and doing, apart from character. All her eagerness for acquirement lay within that full current of sympathetic motive in which her ideas and impulses were habitually swept along. She did not want to deck herself with knowledge—to wear it loose from the nerves and blood that fed her action; and if she had written a book she must have done it as Saint Theresa did, under the command of an authority that constrained her conscience. But something she yearned for by which her life might be filled with action at once rational and ardent; and since the time was gone by for guiding visions and spiritual directors, since prayer heightened yearning but not instruction, what lamp was there but knowledge? Surely learned men kept the only oil; and who more learned than Mr. Casaubon?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00529", "bookId": 145, "start": 180324, "end": 180543, "sha256": "cedb1ef0fd90f1a5c5fd3d3ccd491c8b8ff9a250131d339a7e4364c99e06ba37", "text": "Thus in these brief weeks Dorothea’s joyous grateful expectation was unbroken, and however her lover might occasionally be conscious of flatness, he could never refer it to any slackening of her affectionate interest.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00530", "bookId": 145, "start": 180545, "end": 180745, "sha256": "42af531059f50e8312525d6d297373ffa6669dd918f116e009ea02ba0d8eb540", "text": "The season was mild enough to encourage the project of extending the wedding journey as far as Rome, and Mr. Casaubon was anxious for this because he wished to inspect some manuscripts in the Vatican.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00531", "bookId": 145, "start": 180747, "end": 181143, "sha256": "185e26cecdd66ac3ca659447e3e4a010e161ccf0a537bacb722f97654470f006", "text": "“I still regret that your sister is not to accompany us,” he said one morning, some time after it had been ascertained that Celia objected to go, and that Dorothea did not wish for her companionship. “You will have many lonely hours, Dorothea, for I shall be constrained to make the utmost use of my time during our stay in Rome, and I should feel more at liberty if you had a companion.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00532", "bookId": 145, "start": 181145, "end": 181285, "sha256": "b337d4b5e4dfd1c12e370bcbf8293aa9805222478e1480698dd7df5b419abeae", "text": "The words “I should feel more at liberty” grated on Dorothea. For the first time in speaking to Mr. Casaubon she colored from annoyance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00533", "bookId": 145, "start": 181287, "end": 181521, "sha256": "9db132923b7984419f566f5116b87b8085e961b5bcf25466c65d20e064d3a86b", "text": "“You must have misunderstood me very much,” she said, “if you think I should not enter into the value of your time—if you think that I should not willingly give up whatever interfered with your using it to the best purpose.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00534", "bookId": 145, "start": 181523, "end": 181803, "sha256": "e859a9917df048e7633920db2fe06e9510c52ce1b38f2b45042b02ab6ed169c9", "text": "“That is very amiable in you, my dear Dorothea,” said Mr. Casaubon, not in the least noticing that she was hurt; “but if you had a lady as your companion, I could put you both under the care of a cicerone, and we could thus achieve two purposes in the same space of time.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00535", "bookId": 145, "start": 181805, "end": 182223, "sha256": "87c2b3e78a9dce95790eca4bd8452a1a92a8031633b1e349d4eee7ed7d1b3144", "text": "“I beg you will not refer to this again,” said Dorothea, rather haughtily. But immediately she feared that she was wrong, and turning towards him she laid her hand on his, adding in a different tone, “Pray do not be anxious about me. I shall have so much to think of when I am alone. And Tantripp will be a sufficient companion, just to take care of me. I could not bear to have Celia: she would be miserable.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00536", "bookId": 145, "start": 182225, "end": 182841, "sha256": "91c7a9db4852698d8546b902ecb1501767bf0f1cc39538f13348f83f87563f48", "text": "It was time to dress. There was to be a dinner-party that day, the last of the parties which were held at the Grange as proper preliminaries to the wedding, and Dorothea was glad of a reason for moving away at once on the sound of the bell, as if she needed more than her usual amount of preparation. She was ashamed of being irritated from some cause she could not define even to herself; for though she had no intention to be untruthful, her reply had not touched the real hurt within her. Mr. Casaubon’s words had been quite reasonable, yet they had brought a vague instantaneous sense of aloofness on his part.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00537", "bookId": 145, "start": 182843, "end": 183034, "sha256": "34b4e18ee0a460c5498a4b7c65d7069bc6f5f17c5561a774cfcf16e2fd6e47dc", "text": "“Surely I am in a strangely selfish weak state of mind,” she said to herself. “How can I have a husband who is so much above me without knowing that he needs me less than I need him?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00538", "bookId": 145, "start": 183036, "end": 183752, "sha256": "08f0ee992dd50f534624866f5c12533d5031088db90bc77222dbe5eec55ff6b5", "text": "Having convinced herself that Mr. Casaubon was altogether right, she recovered her equanimity, and was an agreeable image of serene dignity when she came into the drawing-room in her silver-gray dress—the simple lines of her dark-brown hair parted over her brow and coiled massively behind, in keeping with the entire absence from her manner and expression of all search after mere effect. Sometimes when Dorothea was in company, there seemed to be as complete an air of repose about her as if she had been a picture of Santa Barbara looking out from her tower into the clear air; but these intervals of quietude made the energy of her speech and emotion the more remarked when some outward appeal had touched her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00539", "bookId": 145, "start": 183754, "end": 184988, "sha256": "baf7857e5035228a50d94c7281e60a9ef52724f21a56ea1a01d8467638c2a48b", "text": "She was naturally the subject of many observations this evening, for the dinner-party was large and rather more miscellaneous as to the male portion than any which had been held at the Grange since Mr. Brooke’s nieces had resided with him, so that the talking was done in duos and trios more or less inharmonious. There was the newly elected mayor of Middlemarch, who happened to be a manufacturer; the philanthropic banker his brother-in-law, who predominated so much in the town that some called him a Methodist, others a hypocrite, according to the resources of their vocabulary; and there were various professional men. In fact, Mrs. Cadwallader said that Brooke was beginning to treat the Middlemarchers, and that she preferred the farmers at the tithe-dinner, who drank her health unpretentiously, and were not ashamed of their grandfathers’ furniture. For in that part of the country, before reform had done its notable part in developing the political consciousness, there was a clearer distinction of ranks and a dimmer distinction of parties; so that Mr. Brooke’s miscellaneous invitations seemed to belong to that general laxity which came from his inordinate travel and habit of taking too much in the form of ideas.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00540", "bookId": 145, "start": 184990, "end": 185104, "sha256": "164b7c433607a282f6f5c37744b4476ef897cef953a2b41c528afac6953c1808", "text": "Already, as Miss Brooke passed out of the dining-room, opportunity was found for some interjectional “asides.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00541", "bookId": 145, "start": 185106, "end": 185427, "sha256": "9d6373260fa8dde46d348b0f2c4014bf7647798756d237395461f3493cfe5b13", "text": "“A fine woman, Miss Brooke! an uncommonly fine woman, by God!” said Mr. Standish, the old lawyer, who had been so long concerned with the landed gentry that he had become landed himself, and used that oath in a deep-mouthed manner as a sort of armorial bearings, stamping the speech of a man who held a good position.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00542", "bookId": 145, "start": 185429, "end": 185795, "sha256": "98a32763c9faa3e632ce9b46975fee00bfbbb7dd30cabbac1bc9fb042859fab6", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode, the banker, seemed to be addressed, but that gentleman disliked coarseness and profanity, and merely bowed. The remark was taken up by Mr. Chichely, a middle-aged bachelor and coursing celebrity, who had a complexion something like an Easter egg, a few hairs carefully arranged, and a carriage implying the consciousness of a distinguished appearance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00543", "bookId": 145, "start": 185797, "end": 186060, "sha256": "bc511faada355c310068fc707829f29b5fde85f8b09563ae0f77db8d9f6736b4", "text": "“Yes, but not my style of woman: I like a woman who lays herself out a little more to please us. There should be a little filigree about a woman—something of the coquette. A man likes a sort of challenge. The more of a dead set she makes at you the better.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00544", "bookId": 145, "start": 186062, "end": 186269, "sha256": "12e9b5040c4692101119399d7c81584e69bc87bf06756190361d07ab06cb0cfd", "text": "“There’s some truth in that,” said Mr. Standish, disposed to be genial. “And, by God, it’s usually the way with them. I suppose it answers some wise ends: Providence made them so, eh, Bulstrode?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00545", "bookId": 145, "start": 186271, "end": 186399, "sha256": "2b794efb32cefe7bd6e69ada62ab8a870d1024acac1311c5b23a5de7de1a21b1", "text": "“I should be disposed to refer coquetry to another source,” said Mr. Bulstrode. “I should rather refer it to the devil.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00546", "bookId": 145, "start": 186401, "end": 186804, "sha256": "200598df126085b0421c347bba77e9de8db755b96fe962a0e6263ad8c6fc1e78", "text": "“Ay, to be sure, there should be a little devil in a woman,” said Mr. Chichely, whose study of the fair sex seemed to have been detrimental to his theology. “And I like them blond, with a certain gait, and a swan neck. Between ourselves, the mayor’s daughter is more to my taste than Miss Brooke or Miss Celia either. If I were a marrying man I should choose Miss Vincy before either of them.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00547", "bookId": 145, "start": 186806, "end": 186917, "sha256": "0e205727365821246cddd79607dc27aa11f3e8f1f1fedfce8eb92b600679075c", "text": "“Well, make up, make up,” said Mr. Standish, jocosely; “you see the middle-aged fellows carry the day.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00548", "bookId": 145, "start": 186919, "end": 187053, "sha256": "84a6a941fdb7354bf0e154d80643bf872bec55bfaa3c862ca6d37b72e413ef33", "text": "Mr. Chichely shook his head with much meaning: he was not going to incur the certainty of being accepted by the woman he would choose.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00549", "bookId": 145, "start": 187055, "end": 187990, "sha256": "ac1073a2114231b73b902c95a954ccc608dd1bac107f039851bb524210ec6c29", "text": "The Miss Vincy who had the honor of being Mr. Chichely’s ideal was of course not present; for Mr. Brooke, always objecting to go too far, would not have chosen that his nieces should meet the daughter of a Middlemarch manufacturer, unless it were on a public occasion. The feminine part of the company included none whom Lady Chettam or Mrs. Cadwallader could object to; for Mrs. Renfrew, the colonel’s widow, was not only unexceptionable in point of breeding, but also interesting on the ground of her complaint, which puzzled the doctors, and seemed clearly a case wherein the fulness of professional knowledge might need the supplement of quackery. Lady Chettam, who attributed her own remarkable health to home-made bitters united with constant medical attendance, entered with much exercise of the imagination into Mrs. Renfrew’s account of symptoms, and into the amazing futility in her case of all strengthening medicines.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00550", "bookId": 145, "start": 187992, "end": 188182, "sha256": "2d6474a21538965b61da331a8f94132f5de502e119499aefa2f1ab11255a0cd0", "text": "“Where can all the strength of those medicines go, my dear?” said the mild but stately dowager, turning to Mrs. Cadwallader reflectively, when Mrs. Renfrew’s attention was called away.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00551", "bookId": 145, "start": 188184, "end": 188479, "sha256": "26f3cd8e9a77bd1c8c337224409046b2f18af7f52232b287753eb8903a1dae3d", "text": "“It strengthens the disease,” said the Rector’s wife, much too well-born not to be an amateur in medicine. “Everything depends on the constitution: some people make fat, some blood, and some bile—that’s my view of the matter; and whatever they take is a sort of grist to the mill.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00552", "bookId": 145, "start": 188481, "end": 188636, "sha256": "0d97da2a1a77831e2f7653f75138d0575a66943917cffe64ac89507141ff0c9a", "text": "“Then she ought to take medicines that would reduce—reduce the disease, you know, if you are right, my dear. And I think what you say is reasonable.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00553", "bookId": 145, "start": 188638, "end": 188767, "sha256": "205b4e26f250e8c5c503f0c1aeba8d1b4e640a83564245f4f86463987354a7b4", "text": "“Certainly it is reasonable. You have two sorts of potatoes, fed on the same soil. One of them grows more and more watery—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00554", "bookId": 145, "start": 188769, "end": 189018, "sha256": "799bb9596bd769215284a2f4ae331f7f5e8a1e62e563614f8f79600c3c4a6d93", "text": "“Ah! like this poor Mrs. Renfrew—that is what I think. Dropsy! There is no swelling yet—it is inward. I should say she ought to take drying medicines, shouldn’t you?—or a dry hot-air bath. Many things might be tried, of a drying nature.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00555", "bookId": 145, "start": 189020, "end": 189167, "sha256": "5c56d03e993509616b444c04713508c1278711820707b3448e898d0218eec6de", "text": "“Let her try a certain person’s pamphlets,” said Mrs. Cadwallader in an undertone, seeing the gentlemen enter. “He does not want drying.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00556", "bookId": 145, "start": 189169, "end": 189281, "sha256": "49fe818d9329cde96fa0da1db24834c3d3e952db36c2f1ed93d2bacda7eff39f", "text": "“Who, my dear?” said Lady Chettam, a charming woman, not so quick as to nullify the pleasure of explanation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00557", "bookId": 145, "start": 189283, "end": 189409, "sha256": "abb8ca0de679fa2f18bfec395e03af8cc702601ff786509fda24bcf97f1c6ca9", "text": "“The bridegroom—Casaubon. He has certainly been drying up faster since the engagement: the flame of passion, I suppose.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00558", "bookId": 145, "start": 189411, "end": 189578, "sha256": "5c0dee3a060aa9bb1ee92174757c6c3c4b8db943453064890f79dafcdb58b390", "text": "“I should think he is far from having a good constitution,” said Lady Chettam, with a still deeper undertone. “And then his studies—so very dry, as you say.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00559", "bookId": 145, "start": 189580, "end": 189849, "sha256": "2e277d984655eb2659893e107ada56901e623d7e9d617542682ab5ebe4df8db2", "text": "“Really, by the side of Sir James, he looks like a death’s head skinned over for the occasion. Mark my words: in a year from this time that girl will hate him. She looks up to him as an oracle now, and by-and-by she will be at the other extreme. All flightiness!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00560", "bookId": 145, "start": 189851, "end": 189987, "sha256": "5f887ed099476c5605350670eab618e32ffd30e8e4dd0724665573837f1a1aa9", "text": "“How very shocking! I fear she is headstrong. But tell me—you know all about him—is there anything very bad? What is the truth?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00561", "bookId": 145, "start": 189989, "end": 190077, "sha256": "a2b22444c6beaebc3139af440c6004a3061ee716c99aa54782f22b3972bb6da0", "text": "“The truth? he is as bad as the wrong physic—nasty to take, and sure to disagree.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00562", "bookId": 145, "start": 190079, "end": 190377, "sha256": "2481c75762d830e9617be986d5dc866654660d07a1c4a610e959ebe171b91344", "text": "“There could not be anything worse than that,” said Lady Chettam, with so vivid a conception of the physic that she seemed to have learned something exact about Mr. Casaubon’s disadvantages. “However, James will hear nothing against Miss Brooke. He says she is the mirror of women still.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00563", "bookId": 145, "start": 190379, "end": 190528, "sha256": "2cbac98b6db4407ec21437ddb820c999e68cd6fd3c308681361060963fa30aff", "text": "“That is a generous make-believe of his. Depend upon it, he likes little Celia better, and she appreciates him. I hope you like my little Celia?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00564", "bookId": 145, "start": 190530, "end": 190788, "sha256": "e8fe4fa6fbebf836ea08c8f141b899f7765d379d38cdba02543011a9c26d3e93", "text": "“Certainly; she is fonder of geraniums, and seems more docile, though not so fine a figure. But we were talking of physic. Tell me about this new young surgeon, Mr. Lydgate. I am told he is wonderfully clever: he certainly looks it—a fine brow indeed.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00565", "bookId": 145, "start": 190790, "end": 190862, "sha256": "6bc7d6e3ef0c7bc1dfa13a94605fbce751d71d6457faccdd600fdb7880b66b53", "text": "“He is a gentleman. I heard him talking to Humphrey. He talks well.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00566", "bookId": 145, "start": 190864, "end": 191406, "sha256": "c65afede61ad2fc516686783f62d0f4d6a6ff713445dba85804d8282112688e9", "text": "“Yes. Mr. Brooke says he is one of the Lydgates of Northumberland, really well connected. One does not expect it in a practitioner of that kind. For my own part, I like a medical man more on a footing with the servants; they are often all the cleverer. I assure you I found poor Hicks’s judgment unfailing; I never knew him wrong. He was coarse and butcher-like, but he knew my constitution. It was a loss to me his going off so suddenly. Dear me, what a very animated conversation Miss Brooke seems to be having with this Mr. Lydgate!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00567", "bookId": 145, "start": 191408, "end": 191617, "sha256": "c6eeb70445a213cc389ffb58032f43b115aedb299762918a7e5d083f79d1da90", "text": "“She is talking cottages and hospitals with him,” said Mrs. Cadwallader, whose ears and power of interpretation were quick. “I believe he is a sort of philanthropist, so Brooke is sure to take him up.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00568", "bookId": 145, "start": 191619, "end": 191742, "sha256": "06b78379d4ddc7906a6c8ee865824499dc1881b13e2499eb8de4129431d49b8b", "text": "“James,” said Lady Chettam when her son came near, “bring Mr. Lydgate and introduce him to me. I want to test him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00569", "bookId": 145, "start": 191744, "end": 191913, "sha256": "fcb02a8e643382303258ada90ff4555e26ff77e1e21e267103bf5ed8f8f2497f", "text": "The affable dowager declared herself delighted with this opportunity of making Mr. Lydgate’s acquaintance, having heard of his success in treating fever on a new plan.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00570", "bookId": 145, "start": 191915, "end": 192742, "sha256": "9a630abb57d851581296c11cda2fcdcc99ac0394c8b7413258b5dfdb3df415bb", "text": "Mr. Lydgate had the medical accomplishment of looking perfectly grave whatever nonsense was talked to him, and his dark steady eyes gave him impressiveness as a listener. He was as little as possible like the lamented Hicks, especially in a certain careless refinement about his toilet and utterance. Yet Lady Chettam gathered much confidence in him. He confirmed her view of her own constitution as being peculiar, by admitting that all constitutions might be called peculiar, and he did not deny that hers might be more peculiar than others. He did not approve of a too lowering system, including reckless cupping, nor, on the other hand, of incessant port wine and bark. He said “I think so” with an air of so much deference accompanying the insight of agreement, that she formed the most cordial opinion of his talents.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00571", "bookId": 145, "start": 192744, "end": 192829, "sha256": "a233ff0259f33bef0c3565934e92712177fb7aeb07dc7833a18622d9b29bceff", "text": "“I am quite pleased with your protege,” she said to Mr. Brooke before going away.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00572", "bookId": 145, "start": 192831, "end": 192891, "sha256": "db0a8e83c948f0105b75813b21ce9ef37fe55f019058b210fa2ba69c8714fe15", "text": "“My protege?—dear me!—who is that?” said Mr. Brooke.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00573", "bookId": 145, "start": 192893, "end": 192989, "sha256": "625f4664d36cab0212605ae3346e2bff192f33668c10d95709ce5c774a31aae9", "text": "“This young Lydgate, the new doctor. He seems to me to understand his profession admirably.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00574", "bookId": 145, "start": 192991, "end": 193241, "sha256": "585d0069d9808f65fd9777a5e4eb7c6d4ce43a79e26461584a886772fe8ee1b3", "text": "“Oh, Lydgate! he is not my protege, you know; only I knew an uncle of his who sent me a letter about him. However, I think he is likely to be first-rate—has studied in Paris, knew Broussais; has ideas, you know—wants to raise the profession.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00575", "bookId": 145, "start": 193243, "end": 193451, "sha256": "a1db78dd5e65302ff9456ecb176d4ac9ec917d6f217d207aa724c7087fc42455", "text": "“Lydgate has lots of ideas, quite new, about ventilation and diet, that sort of thing,” resumed Mr. Brooke, after he had handed out Lady Chettam, and had returned to be civil to a group of Middlemarchers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00576", "bookId": 145, "start": 193453, "end": 193592, "sha256": "2e6378f8d86f40b9f1d2921a29a57eb5d0eb5e60a05f155cd2f482c8104b250b", "text": "“Hang it, do you think that is quite sound?—upsetting the old treatment, which has made Englishmen what they are?” said Mr. Standish.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00577", "bookId": 145, "start": 193594, "end": 193852, "sha256": "1e0fa8adb0b7a39e21b8e09b7b9c94a90f646a0e336bd3a1f5447106ca9e06c6", "text": "“Medical knowledge is at a low ebb among us,” said Mr. Bulstrode, who spoke in a subdued tone, and had rather a sickly air. “I, for my part, hail the advent of Mr. Lydgate. I hope to find good reason for confiding the new hospital to his management.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00578", "bookId": 145, "start": 193854, "end": 194192, "sha256": "7711344aaaae5e9d0cd4aa4bd77bda70ade52463170ebd801d9a28c23ee927b5", "text": "“That is all very fine,” replied Mr. Standish, who was not fond of Mr. Bulstrode; “if you like him to try experiments on your hospital patients, and kill a few people for charity I have no objection. But I am not going to hand money out of my purse to have experiments tried on me. I like treatment that has been tested a little.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00579", "bookId": 145, "start": 194194, "end": 194332, "sha256": "66c2b2b9322d5410dcc33387ff62015401634d8f3292fe8766fe1cda3d791d54", "text": "“Well, you know, Standish, every dose you take is an experiment-an experiment, you know,” said Mr. Brooke, nodding towards the lawyer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00580", "bookId": 145, "start": 194334, "end": 194490, "sha256": "09bd25a6eea929cfcd9cb09d0bdfd2dc31e3a4a589b15ccfa6f9555d4eb0a9e5", "text": "“Oh, if you talk in that sense!” said Mr. Standish, with as much disgust at such non-legal quibbling as a man can well betray towards a valuable client.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00581", "bookId": 145, "start": 194492, "end": 194925, "sha256": "ea12ff139c8157ad52a9f378537804d6626184975c59222e685ff7e1152cbb86", "text": "“I should be glad of any treatment that would cure me without reducing me to a skeleton, like poor Grainger,” said Mr. Vincy, the mayor, a florid man, who would have served for a study of flesh in striking contrast with the Franciscan tints of Mr. Bulstrode. “It’s an uncommonly dangerous thing to be left without any padding against the shafts of disease, as somebody said,—and I think it a very good expression myself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00582", "bookId": 145, "start": 194927, "end": 195306, "sha256": "a54617235c1e67e84070045ac47e653f4827b8d0c1283edd51d60d0b72d17d81", "text": "Mr. Lydgate, of course, was out of hearing. He had quitted the party early, and would have thought it altogether tedious but for the novelty of certain introductions, especially the introduction to Miss Brooke, whose youthful bloom, with her approaching marriage to that faded scholar, and her interest in matters socially useful, gave her the piquancy of an unusual combination.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00583", "bookId": 145, "start": 195308, "end": 195624, "sha256": "158dee0ce7eb3f171102c50e89039ae5522b4eac412371aa649c4657f0c53e3b", "text": "“She is a good creature—that fine girl—but a little too earnest,” he thought. “It is troublesome to talk to such women. They are always wanting reasons, yet they are too ignorant to understand the merits of any question, and usually fall back on their moral sense to settle things after their own taste.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00584", "bookId": 145, "start": 195626, "end": 196087, "sha256": "9704990c34ebabafa35a108f2405fb2a8fa9a9cd22aa3202f10d521773292f1c", "text": "Evidently Miss Brooke was not Mr. Lydgate’s style of woman any more than Mr. Chichely’s. Considered, indeed, in relation to the latter, whose mind was matured, she was altogether a mistake, and calculated to shock his trust in final causes, including the adaptation of fine young women to purplefaced bachelors. But Lydgate was less ripe, and might possibly have experience before him which would modify his opinion as to the most excellent things in woman.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00585", "bookId": 145, "start": 196089, "end": 196272, "sha256": "b2a58b39357a123693740e1f230671a099883d790037bae03a82f639214fcd15", "text": "Miss Brooke, however, was not again seen by either of these gentlemen under her maiden name. Not long after that dinner-party she had become Mrs. Casaubon, and was on her way to Rome.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00586", "bookId": 145, "start": 196277, "end": 196288, "sha256": "6ac74a9aa727a47d86b62091b586215add97729b5f577457cb8b2ff2000d71ee", "text": "CHAPTER XI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00587", "bookId": 145, "start": 196290, "end": 196478, "sha256": "1d9178de786442006d8e1b677e47f887948ca44089abc1c66bd2508e42141d7b", "text": "But deeds and language such as men do use, And persons such as comedy would choose, When she would show an image of the times, And sport with human follies, not with crimes. —BEN JONSON.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00588", "bookId": 145, "start": 196481, "end": 198728, "sha256": "5bcae93b4b91ae7b05bfd4d99e737ca4d45d36106af4ad3f99bcb95f4ea6a093", "text": "Lydgate, in fact, was already conscious of being fascinated by a woman strikingly different from Miss Brooke: he did not in the least suppose that he had lost his balance and fallen in love, but he had said of that particular woman, “She is grace itself; she is perfectly lovely and accomplished. That is what a woman ought to be: she ought to produce the effect of exquisite music.” Plain women he regarded as he did the other severe facts of life, to be faced with philosophy and investigated by science. But Rosamond Vincy seemed to have the true melodic charm; and when a man has seen the woman whom he would have chosen if he had intended to marry speedily, his remaining a bachelor will usually depend on her resolution rather than on his. Lydgate believed that he should not marry for several years: not marry until he had trodden out a good clear path for himself away from the broad road which was quite ready made. He had seen Miss Vincy above his horizon almost as long as it had taken Mr. Casaubon to become engaged and married: but this learned gentleman was possessed of a fortune; he had assembled his voluminous notes, and had made that sort of reputation which precedes performance,—often the larger part of a man’s fame. He took a wife, as we have seen, to adorn the remaining quadrant of his course, and be a little moon that would cause hardly a calculable perturbation. But Lydgate was young, poor, ambitious. He had his half-century before him instead of behind him, and he had come to Middlemarch bent on doing many things that were not directly fitted to make his fortune or even secure him a good income. To a man under such circumstances, taking a wife is something more than a question of adornment, however highly he may rate this; and Lydgate was disposed to give it the first place among wifely functions. To his taste, guided by a single conversation, here was the point on which Miss Brooke would be found wanting, notwithstanding her undeniable beauty. She did not look at things from the proper feminine angle. The society of such women was about as relaxing as going from your work to teach the second form, instead of reclining in a paradise with sweet laughs for bird-notes, and blue eyes for a heaven.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00589", "bookId": 145, "start": 198730, "end": 199256, "sha256": "9969ba2949560441c09cf6c7d2bd3240e2504b611c28587380fa3008cad8bd10", "text": "Certainly nothing at present could seem much less important to Lydgate than the turn of Miss Brooke’s mind, or to Miss Brooke than the qualities of the woman who had attracted this young surgeon. But any one watching keenly the stealthy convergence of human lots, sees a slow preparation of effects from one life on another, which tells like a calculated irony on the indifference or the frozen stare with which we look at our unintroduced neighbor. Destiny stands by sarcastic with our dramatis personae folded in her hand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00590", "bookId": 145, "start": 199258, "end": 201913, "sha256": "c4e3125ec07d0a6e190dea896af1df36667217686120ff5ed93fab76c696d0a8", "text": "Old provincial society had its share of this subtle movement: had not only its striking downfalls, its brilliant young professional dandies who ended by living up an entry with a drab and six children for their establishment, but also those less marked vicissitudes which are constantly shifting the boundaries of social intercourse, and begetting new consciousness of interdependence. Some slipped a little downward, some got higher footing: people denied aspirates, gained wealth, and fastidious gentlemen stood for boroughs; some were caught in political currents, some in ecclesiastical, and perhaps found themselves surprisingly grouped in consequence; while a few personages or families that stood with rocky firmness amid all this fluctuation, were slowly presenting new aspects in spite of solidity, and altering with the double change of self and beholder. Municipal town and rural parish gradually made fresh threads of connection—gradually, as the old stocking gave way to the savings-bank, and the worship of the solar guinea became extinct; while squires and baronets, and even lords who had once lived blamelessly afar from the civic mind, gathered the faultiness of closer acquaintanceship. Settlers, too, came from distant counties, some with an alarming novelty of skill, others with an offensive advantage in cunning. In fact, much the same sort of movement and mixture went on in old England as we find in older Herodotus, who also, in telling what had been, thought it well to take a woman’s lot for his starting-point; though Io, as a maiden apparently beguiled by attractive merchandise, was the reverse of Miss Brooke, and in this respect perhaps bore more resemblance to Rosamond Vincy, who had excellent taste in costume, with that nymph-like figure and pure blondness which give the largest range to choice in the flow and color of drapery. But these things made only part of her charm. She was admitted to be the flower of Mrs. Lemon’s school, the chief school in the county, where the teaching included all that was demanded in the accomplished female—even to extras, such as the getting in and out of a carriage. Mrs. Lemon herself had always held up Miss Vincy as an example: no pupil, she said, exceeded that young lady for mental acquisition and propriety of speech, while her musical execution was quite exceptional. We cannot help the way in which people speak of us, and probably if Mrs. Lemon had undertaken to describe Juliet or Imogen, these heroines would not have seemed poetical. The first vision of Rosamond would have been enough with most judges to dispel any prejudice excited by Mrs. Lemon’s praise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00591", "bookId": 145, "start": 201915, "end": 204506, "sha256": "560154b33616f5bd018cab9cd2be706418d6a5f66fb7afc07fab8b363d52debe", "text": "Lydgate could not be long in Middlemarch without having that agreeable vision, or even without making the acquaintance of the Vincy family; for though Mr. Peacock, whose practice he had paid something to enter on, had not been their doctor (Mrs. Vincy not liking the lowering system adopted by him), he had many patients among their connections and acquaintances. For who of any consequence in Middlemarch was not connected or at least acquainted with the Vincys? They were old manufacturers, and had kept a good house for three generations, in which there had naturally been much intermarrying with neighbors more or less decidedly genteel. Mr. Vincy’s sister had made a wealthy match in accepting Mr. Bulstrode, who, however, as a man not born in the town, and altogether of dimly known origin, was considered to have done well in uniting himself with a real Middlemarch family; on the other hand, Mr. Vincy had descended a little, having taken an innkeeper’s daughter. But on this side too there was a cheering sense of money; for Mrs. Vincy’s sister had been second wife to rich old Mr. Featherstone, and had died childless years ago, so that her nephews and nieces might be supposed to touch the affections of the widower. And it happened that Mr. Bulstrode and Mr. Featherstone, two of Peacock’s most important patients, had, from different causes, given an especially good reception to his successor, who had raised some partisanship as well as discussion. Mr. Wrench, medical attendant to the Vincy family, very early had grounds for thinking lightly of Lydgate’s professional discretion, and there was no report about him which was not retailed at the Vincys’, where visitors were frequent. Mr. Vincy was more inclined to general good-fellowship than to taking sides, but there was no need for him to be hasty in making any new man acquaintance. Rosamond silently wished that her father would invite Mr. Lydgate. She was tired of the faces and figures she had always been used to—the various irregular profiles and gaits and turns of phrase distinguishing those Middlemarch young men whom she had known as boys. She had been at school with girls of higher position, whose brothers, she felt sure, it would have been possible for her to be more interested in, than in these inevitable Middlemarch companions. But she would not have chosen to mention her wish to her father; and he, for his part, was in no hurry on the subject. An alderman about to be mayor must by-and-by enlarge his dinner-parties, but at present there were plenty of guests at his well-spread table.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00592", "bookId": 145, "start": 204508, "end": 205622, "sha256": "338ae73753887f1210e904b5dbfd04f9bccfaf2919f309a53c5be73d26859db7", "text": "That table often remained covered with the relics of the family breakfast long after Mr. Vincy had gone with his second son to the warehouse, and when Miss Morgan was already far on in morning lessons with the younger girls in the schoolroom. It awaited the family laggard, who found any sort of inconvenience (to others) less disagreeable than getting up when he was called. This was the case one morning of the October in which we have lately seen Mr. Casaubon visiting the Grange; and though the room was a little overheated with the fire, which had sent the spaniel panting to a remote corner, Rosamond, for some reason, continued to sit at her embroidery longer than usual, now and then giving herself a little shake, and laying her work on her knee to contemplate it with an air of hesitating weariness. Her mamma, who had returned from an excursion to the kitchen, sat on the other side of the small work-table with an air of more entire placidity, until, the clock again giving notice that it was going to strike, she looked up from the lace-mending which was occupying her plump fingers and rang the bell.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00593", "bookId": 145, "start": 205624, "end": 205716, "sha256": "00dc4cf6aeeddb4021238533ccbc7e06c9c58592907d9e8868f02cd27aeeaa66", "text": "“Knock at Mr. Fred’s door again, Pritchard, and tell him it has struck half-past ten.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00594", "bookId": 145, "start": 205718, "end": 205984, "sha256": "b85b5bf9cc63b04027671575caef40b7b74d9a0b466b707a8e9912ac9f002e69", "text": "This was said without any change in the radiant good-humor of Mrs. Vincy’s face, in which forty-five years had delved neither angles nor parallels; and pushing back her pink capstrings, she let her work rest on her lap, while she looked admiringly at her daughter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00595", "bookId": 145, "start": 205986, "end": 206168, "sha256": "25992b17b582e8751a45a1bac484df1a75d42c93c4f6b359d367f9a37ead45a9", "text": "“Mamma,” said Rosamond, “when Fred comes down I wish you would not let him have red herrings. I cannot bear the smell of them all over the house at this hour of the morning.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00596", "bookId": 145, "start": 206170, "end": 206352, "sha256": "9d9f547ab77197d5f9be2a38a318e41fcdd61bc9167286c205d29cb64adf6bb8", "text": "“Oh, my dear, you are so hard on your brothers! It is the only fault I have to find with you. You are the sweetest temper in the world, but you are so tetchy with your brothers.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00597", "bookId": 145, "start": 206354, "end": 206424, "sha256": "077551f0e042e278a47c3345f46c41f07813c1482784b68d64cfe3300bf08bc3", "text": "“Not tetchy, mamma: you never hear me speak in an unladylike way.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00598", "bookId": 145, "start": 206426, "end": 206471, "sha256": "745a94870c2fd31cb1917ddbe84be2743b3ba3e289aa8c4055a5c20718b8f1f7", "text": "“Well, but you want to deny them things.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00599", "bookId": 145, "start": 206473, "end": 206506, "sha256": "c83c37484476773cfc974f99b80d048dcdc3931e1602fc49bfac2b7d4cf443ed", "text": "“Brothers are so unpleasant.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00600", "bookId": 145, "start": 206508, "end": 206673, "sha256": "e7777d153a896da2c075720778d803e6b538c2758d4e956fed3081616d307f16", "text": "“Oh, my dear, you must allow for young men. Be thankful if they have good hearts. A woman must learn to put up with little things. You will be married some day.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00601", "bookId": 145, "start": 206675, "end": 206713, "sha256": "2a0da13ba8cf88bee44d1a8926963c3eda8ef17bbea6588a8c40c699d3129d03", "text": "“Not to any one who is like Fred.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00602", "bookId": 145, "start": 206715, "end": 207159, "sha256": "303b018eed646ce5ccdb072101781cdcadf04be178606c5832b7c7f1e5ef5c46", "text": "“Don’t decry your own brother, my dear. Few young men have less against them, although he couldn’t take his degree—I’m sure I can’t understand why, for he seems to me most clever. And you know yourself he was thought equal to the best society at college. So particular as you are, my dear, I wonder you are not glad to have such a gentlemanly young man for a brother. You are always finding fault with Bob because he is not Fred.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00603", "bookId": 145, "start": 207161, "end": 207204, "sha256": "72501820523a39f81eeffd8f1af67bfe3838d5b3e92f054329d6b209ba73e4c8", "text": "“Oh no, mamma, only because he is Bob.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00604", "bookId": 145, "start": 207206, "end": 207305, "sha256": "16702c15eca7fd04569c80e4093f8e6953cc310d6fded4547cde8c423bf31a5b", "text": "“Well, my dear, you will not find any Middlemarch young man who has not something against him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00605", "bookId": 145, "start": 207307, "end": 207539, "sha256": "1f4ea15d501673f9b02920e85bc462dab0cf8cbbce8eebf8dc71b6acf2e5180e", "text": "“But”—here Rosamond’s face broke into a smile which suddenly revealed two dimples. She herself thought unfavorably of these dimples and smiled little in general society. “But I shall not marry any Middlemarch young man.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00606", "bookId": 145, "start": 207541, "end": 207702, "sha256": "c6619081acb7e188eaa4a32d9efce7dceae7a6c77fb3a9e2f3c5064ed5e597cf", "text": "“So it seems, my love, for you have as good as refused the pick of them; and if there’s better to be had, I’m sure there’s no girl better deserves it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00607", "bookId": 145, "start": 207704, "end": 207778, "sha256": "74d95ee22f808640400c229904f3243a1458b930aa345e7ad141818197cc1a90", "text": "“Excuse me, mamma—I wish you would not say, ‘the pick of them.’”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00608", "bookId": 145, "start": 207780, "end": 207810, "sha256": "2e263e84f3f630b8f5d73a3a47812191b489b6895e6072f64b09bb9357d50765", "text": "“Why, what else are they?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00609", "bookId": 145, "start": 207812, "end": 207866, "sha256": "ab2e2be2dcb6d8038e8dbc0ef824e1b706ba233d256599a402685a3ea9a1d1c1", "text": "“I mean, mamma, it is rather a vulgar expression.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00610", "bookId": 145, "start": 207868, "end": 207942, "sha256": "b985fc4d6e8a9001bdd42dbf8fdf67474de2d4f0aa438eee0b6dd2b557a56363", "text": "“Very likely, my dear; I never was a good speaker. What should I say?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00611", "bookId": 145, "start": 207944, "end": 207967, "sha256": "8e84fd1c9f7be1980cb3d38b71ef914dc0e5f5fb35f89dc5afc50fe7f738fec8", "text": "“The best of them.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00612", "bookId": 145, "start": 207969, "end": 208138, "sha256": "faa9ff276e03e11a32581d7e3f3d117da500483554541014776e0e82c9485acc", "text": "“Why, that seems just as plain and common. If I had had time to think, I should have said, ‘the most superior young men.’ But with your education you must know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00613", "bookId": 145, "start": 208140, "end": 208386, "sha256": "fb2e77c6b738ee0ed85fa08549f26e7943f77465d92cf4c6c394f90fd2ae845b", "text": "“What must Rosy know, mother?” said Mr. Fred, who had slid in unobserved through the half-open door while the ladies were bending over their work, and now going up to the fire stood with his back towards it, warming the soles of his slippers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00614", "bookId": 145, "start": 208388, "end": 208482, "sha256": "9a4a8e2505e44a49e0d0f906cfc65990148b21c8a2784c87776a30d2c1eeea74", "text": "“Whether it’s right to say ‘superior young men,’” said Mrs. Vincy, ringing the bell.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00615", "bookId": 145, "start": 208484, "end": 208589, "sha256": "2ce1f6732d623382c6bd65f76b0bb917597c894d1ade18936faafd353fa6c63e", "text": "“Oh, there are so many superior teas and sugars now. Superior is getting to be shopkeepers’ slang.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00616", "bookId": 145, "start": 208591, "end": 208672, "sha256": "460ba5a0b9ee4255e4771b5a499c477675ee131bfbd5e082d171822a0e1f356a", "text": "“Are you beginning to dislike slang, then?” said Rosamond, with mild gravity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00617", "bookId": 145, "start": 208674, "end": 208748, "sha256": "b4d6c650a770ae0138c7d201032dca5c201730b8856d7bae556136e1079607d3", "text": "“Only the wrong sort. All choice of words is slang. It marks a class.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00618", "bookId": 145, "start": 208750, "end": 208800, "sha256": "3ec1e0455005a4796ffec1b612ba0d5b27d6f1e5c36a2f70b9c68b5e15ed494e", "text": "“There is correct English: that is not slang.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00619", "bookId": 145, "start": 208802, "end": 208948, "sha256": "50cbb27380911b8cb42961e499c77c70ea64fbff148f5233b20f95e6892cff16", "text": "“I beg your pardon: correct English is the slang of prigs who write history and essays. And the strongest slang of all is the slang of poets.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00620", "bookId": 145, "start": 208950, "end": 209004, "sha256": "e2052ec8b08bd099763017cdd324373020e80c42e4ef67683171987e8c47007b", "text": "“You will say anything, Fred, to gain your point.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00621", "bookId": 145, "start": 209006, "end": 209086, "sha256": "f88102e2fa301d906a4415960cc10e6139df9c457b9df6dca988614061eba3d9", "text": "“Well, tell me whether it is slang or poetry to call an ox a _leg-plaiter_.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00622", "bookId": 145, "start": 209088, "end": 209139, "sha256": "cba62520194ae41fc8727816451624d54de6c3a325c780cc96675cc8bfdc7eda", "text": "“Of course you can call it poetry if you like.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00623", "bookId": 145, "start": 209141, "end": 209307, "sha256": "40f6b77da4b19aeb6b69516b1160a3a910e9509ffe7773785aeeb759a62c0f95", "text": "“Aha, Miss Rosy, you don’t know Homer from slang. I shall invent a new game; I shall write bits of slang and poetry on slips, and give them to you to separate.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00624", "bookId": 145, "start": 209309, "end": 209411, "sha256": "2fb0ed0cbd26cc891cfd06decda2c8bde40300215c81bc6ae7f93e26f921ae71", "text": "“Dear me, how amusing it is to hear young people talk!” said Mrs. Vincy, with cheerful admiration.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00625", "bookId": 145, "start": 209413, "end": 209709, "sha256": "6bde724c9d99f4f9a0541725661f0b793169f0b3d4be2c901075d2ea492111b7", "text": "“Have you got nothing else for my breakfast, Pritchard?” said Fred, to the servant who brought in coffee and buttered toast; while he walked round the table surveying the ham, potted beef, and other cold remnants, with an air of silent rejection, and polite forbearance from signs of disgust.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00626", "bookId": 145, "start": 209711, "end": 209743, "sha256": "5b760db30e71e797ab5104466d279be41d59c32ed67c2908e7682325f40f34e6", "text": "“Should you like eggs, sir?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00627", "bookId": 145, "start": 209745, "end": 209785, "sha256": "dcb60640ba7d2603a2177d8643efd4773707ca2994f3c44762453f7bd99baf56", "text": "“Eggs, no! Bring me a grilled bone.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00628", "bookId": 145, "start": 209787, "end": 210071, "sha256": "2332f7e7743a7470c779467366390f91873701b0397c2156505e2ddd4fb5f5b0", "text": "“Really, Fred,” said Rosamond, when the servant had left the room, “if you must have hot things for breakfast, I wish you would come down earlier. You can get up at six o’clock to go out hunting; I cannot understand why you find it so difficult to get up on other mornings.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00629", "bookId": 145, "start": 210073, "end": 210166, "sha256": "d224d35e40ff925723f21414c5beeeab32d0a5a7e450511d460cd9adbc1ed118", "text": "“That is your want of understanding, Rosy. I can get up to go hunting because I like it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00630", "bookId": 145, "start": 210168, "end": 210272, "sha256": "7ced642ad14b2260e8dc93aed7ad77d57837b7b5dccb837ef26b48c79230a775", "text": "“What would you think of me if I came down two hours after every one else and ordered grilled bone?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00631", "bookId": 145, "start": 210274, "end": 210389, "sha256": "37d4010e0e990b5ac49a8d47f12fdbba8103c0cb32d46da28bd9525b1e99ebd8", "text": "“I should think you were an uncommonly fast young lady,” said Fred, eating his toast with the utmost composure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00632", "bookId": 145, "start": 210391, "end": 210482, "sha256": "2b8f68b495de7f4e1d4e4937bb02884bd46ceb472a9ed051db7c007b70740aa6", "text": "“I cannot see why brothers are to make themselves disagreeable, any more than sisters.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00633", "bookId": 145, "start": 210484, "end": 210623, "sha256": "38f1ff8bed9dc024b624436368a4c7fe923232ee54da968eca4fbea097ece4fa", "text": "“I don’t make myself disagreeable; it is you who find me so. Disagreeable is a word that describes your feelings and not my actions.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00634", "bookId": 145, "start": 210625, "end": 210678, "sha256": "ecdb8ee12e490d47f70131cd4399f093089b72e84ce6212062fe464eabee13f9", "text": "“I think it describes the smell of grilled bone.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00635", "bookId": 145, "start": 210680, "end": 210964, "sha256": "614a4590bf0f8146320da1ab724696de7e917cf1e5d293061a870cf399413770", "text": "“Not at all. It describes a sensation in your little nose associated with certain finicking notions which are the classics of Mrs. Lemon’s school. Look at my mother; you don’t see her objecting to everything except what she does herself. She is my notion of a pleasant woman.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00636", "bookId": 145, "start": 210966, "end": 211149, "sha256": "25e75eec0f09c047a21da6874792c9f498c742fb7123e7b22916cc1f5986a27c", "text": "“Bless you both, my dears, and don’t quarrel,” said Mrs. Vincy, with motherly cordiality. “Come, Fred, tell us all about the new doctor. How is your uncle pleased with him?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00637", "bookId": 145, "start": 211151, "end": 211358, "sha256": "2fc192224d9bf66ab1e50da7d245291466c56ebcef1bb43b012d20d712cd7c03", "text": "“Pretty well, I think. He asks Lydgate all sorts of questions and then screws up his face while he hears the answers, as if they were pinching his toes. That’s his way. Ah, here comes my grilled bone.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00638", "bookId": 145, "start": 211360, "end": 211460, "sha256": "8d69d76a363a2f351ccb08d395f4365c555d22fda7acc012dc87827f6d8e3f94", "text": "“But how came you to stay out so late, my dear? You only said you were going to your uncle’s.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00639", "bookId": 145, "start": 211462, "end": 211533, "sha256": "08deb4bf05b2e6360a8b08befc05ca65585d88bb3755c5c170ba9cda808e6d3b", "text": "“Oh, I dined at Plymdale’s. We had whist. Lydgate was there too.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00640", "bookId": 145, "start": 211535, "end": 211677, "sha256": "1d45a6359cab812ae358bcecb5bd5afe3daafc06d05c6dc1d48616074f2b03fb", "text": "“And what do you think of him? He is very gentlemanly, I suppose. They say he is of excellent family—his relations quite county people.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00641", "bookId": 145, "start": 211679, "end": 211867, "sha256": "06db34a0164d848c6bb4016521255a8ff9d180472b74322583faf9aee45ae773", "text": "“Yes,” said Fred. “There was a Lydgate at John’s who spent no end of money. I find this man is a second cousin of his. But rich men may have very poor devils for second cousins.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00642", "bookId": 145, "start": 211869, "end": 212402, "sha256": "d43180513b748f05fa161b9f084329ee502c34432e278e43009080a35ceeb177", "text": "“It always makes a difference, though, to be of good family,” said Rosamond, with a tone of decision which showed that she had thought on this subject. Rosamond felt that she might have been happier if she had not been the daughter of a Middlemarch manufacturer. She disliked anything which reminded her that her mother’s father had been an innkeeper. Certainly any one remembering the fact might think that Mrs. Vincy had the air of a very handsome good-humored landlady, accustomed to the most capricious orders of gentlemen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00643", "bookId": 145, "start": 212404, "end": 212580, "sha256": "250c4aad720c84b914041c46385447e92703c7d959457494b94e6e99cb1966bb", "text": "“I thought it was odd his name was Tertius,” said the bright-faced matron, “but of course it’s a name in the family. But now, tell us exactly what sort of man he is.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00644", "bookId": 145, "start": 212582, "end": 212652, "sha256": "86d1e2af6d2b0cc9f0e1c19c40bcde5a0dc0a7c3b88b46bf4b2006baa0473956", "text": "“Oh, tallish, dark, clever—talks well—rather a prig, I think.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00645", "bookId": 145, "start": 212654, "end": 212720, "sha256": "17c78f450d8cb19b2f74b6263f4554e511471e2e8247180ff8fbc6162e8da38a", "text": "“I never can make out what you mean by a prig,” said Rosamond.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00646", "bookId": 145, "start": 212722, "end": 212776, "sha256": "fb9358393fce3bed2e7458ffbd2409eb277d6fcedf57efe4689c32592ba1d6ea", "text": "“A fellow who wants to show that he has opinions.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00647", "bookId": 145, "start": 212778, "end": 212878, "sha256": "f425f2638fcc6c356473dadbb5756780f03420fb3f310265ce1dfc7d769f8332", "text": "“Why, my dear, doctors must have opinions,” said Mrs. Vincy. “What are they there for else?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00648", "bookId": 145, "start": 212880, "end": 213005, "sha256": "99d2a94c861ce32437642a2412bb0f08412a24f7b5ff07f6d41752f9d62db051", "text": "“Yes, mother, the opinions they are paid for. But a prig is a fellow who is always making you a present of his opinions.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00649", "bookId": 145, "start": 213007, "end": 213102, "sha256": "4554160753a44228e4f0f556afba5c782c732b19e2dc76a3053d912726031b58", "text": "“I suppose Mary Garth admires Mr. Lydgate,” said Rosamond, not without a touch of innuendo.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00650", "bookId": 145, "start": 213104, "end": 213356, "sha256": "2a7e5e9312d491647c26ba5dcc244a448e884da76f3352656f0e4beec628b81b", "text": "“Really, I can’t say.” said Fred, rather glumly, as he left the table, and taking up a novel which he had brought down with him, threw himself into an arm-chair. “If you are jealous of her, go oftener to Stone Court yourself and eclipse her.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00651", "bookId": 145, "start": 213358, "end": 213446, "sha256": "a72cbbb5a8f580120365219afb086536e8f90ab35d8d2923b112882967f18cf2", "text": "“I wish you would not be so vulgar, Fred. If you have finished, pray ring the bell.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00652", "bookId": 145, "start": 213448, "end": 213975, "sha256": "4b67c07931a4d0ffb96da1142c851b884e709c287efb2f8352e78c57ee7596b9", "text": "“It is true, though—what your brother says, Rosamond,” Mrs. Vincy began, when the servant had cleared the table. “It is a thousand pities you haven’t patience to go and see your uncle more, so proud of you as he is, and wanted you to live with him. There’s no knowing what he might have done for you as well as for Fred. God knows, I’m fond of having you at home with me, but I can part with my children for their good. And now it stands to reason that your uncle Featherstone will do something for Mary Garth.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00653", "bookId": 145, "start": 213977, "end": 214245, "sha256": "19b7a41ea5c068e30726a550eeb1eab34a385eefec907223ea34f04299f36d8e", "text": "“Mary Garth can bear being at Stone Court, because she likes that better than being a governess,” said Rosamond, folding up her work. “I would rather not have anything left to me if I must earn it by enduring much of my uncle’s cough and his ugly relations.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00654", "bookId": 145, "start": 214247, "end": 214742, "sha256": "2f5d6e369e1f25f9b6bd6a3d3cc24dda86a7d8a22e1a2cb6470a9f4f8bf3aa4e", "text": "“He can’t be long for this world, my dear; I wouldn’t hasten his end, but what with asthma and that inward complaint, let us hope there is something better for him in another. And I have no ill-will towards Mary Garth, but there’s justice to be thought of. And Mr. Featherstone’s first wife brought him no money, as my sister did. Her nieces and nephews can’t have so much claim as my sister’s. And I must say I think Mary Garth a dreadful plain girl—more fit for a governess.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00655", "bookId": 145, "start": 214744, "end": 214856, "sha256": "0878e73a292ab4c60d6ef033302f5560849d4373d9c665f12315445a9e11a810", "text": "“Every one would not agree with you there, mother,” said Fred, who seemed to be able to read and listen too.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00656", "bookId": 145, "start": 214858, "end": 215139, "sha256": "6948afb68d93bc8d99c0a361648cb2ad89f02c68a3f020540a5b997426afe243", "text": "“Well, my dear,” said Mrs. Vincy, wheeling skilfully, “if she _had_ some fortune left her,—a man marries his wife’s relations, and the Garths are so poor, and live in such a small way. But I shall leave you to your studies, my dear; for I must go and do some shopping.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00657", "bookId": 145, "start": 215141, "end": 215254, "sha256": "06735c2af4e36e4ff0b6ac2d7cba9f041ac95de4cefa66b157df842788c84067", "text": "“Fred’s studies are not very deep,” said Rosamond, rising with her mamma, “he is only reading a novel.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00658", "bookId": 145, "start": 215256, "end": 215571, "sha256": "0769a901d78de4a5db95523f844b28c258e39a852fca5b6977459e3e87a44a56", "text": "“Well, well, by-and-by he’ll go to his Latin and things,” said Mrs. Vincy, soothingly, stroking her son’s head. “There’s a fire in the smoking-room on purpose. It’s your father’s wish, you know—Fred, my dear—and I always tell him you will be good, and go to college again to take your degree.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00659", "bookId": 145, "start": 215573, "end": 215638, "sha256": "a8c08b5af7c5351f20e3dbccfa007943de7fd7a7d87401989fc05038d3b393a8", "text": "Fred drew his mother’s hand down to his lips, but said nothing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00660", "bookId": 145, "start": 215640, "end": 215752, "sha256": "09091503604f0580b569d8e83d18cb00f1a4a9fad26c43eccc77fc8d9ef047e3", "text": "“I suppose you are not going out riding to-day?” said Rosamond, lingering a little after her mamma was gone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00661", "bookId": 145, "start": 215754, "end": 215768, "sha256": "8b28a32ebf9d946ce6b16cbd2ffe5ba284e13cfbcaf5168785f366ed64e2fa2d", "text": "“No; why?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00662", "bookId": 145, "start": 215770, "end": 215822, "sha256": "755ab21227d4d1c9743751916c2c6436dcf73d407dfa376a039b4cbc3fea98c1", "text": "“Papa says I may have the chestnut to ride now.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00663", "bookId": 145, "start": 215824, "end": 215914, "sha256": "b0564af5f816360aedc99049f18323884604bbe9a82d7dbc09f5f5661618d598", "text": "“You can go with me to-morrow, if you like. Only I am going to Stone Court, remember.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00664", "bookId": 145, "start": 215916, "end": 216048, "sha256": "e4252fba4c06c09ed3952560382e5ff2022ea65494ff02342291b82b31c32310", "text": "“I want to ride so much, it is indifferent to me where we go.” Rosamond really wished to go to Stone Court, of all other places.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00665", "bookId": 145, "start": 216050, "end": 216197, "sha256": "6d324048bb698d8874735603c02de2bd91cccf256181b23ea84e6b76f47a1f49", "text": "“Oh, I say, Rosy,” said Fred, as she was passing out of the room, “if you are going to the piano, let me come and play some airs with you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00666", "bookId": 145, "start": 216199, "end": 216237, "sha256": "5be63a81c734247eca14242aa3ae916d187b9d7ca3ae9f5dcadd1653f028e5d2", "text": "“Pray do not ask me this morning.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00667", "bookId": 145, "start": 216239, "end": 216266, "sha256": "b4b5ab998cac8f1bf4db89740b1e5aa30957d1a2e2d8bc754579b9c840ad7dc9", "text": "“Why not this morning?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00668", "bookId": 145, "start": 216268, "end": 216404, "sha256": "52d1d157d25034d88d8de6c37a692a0030289401cb87785e893dbe4be0b402d8", "text": "“Really, Fred, I wish you would leave off playing the flute. A man looks very silly playing the flute. And you play so out of tune.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00669", "bookId": 145, "start": 216406, "end": 216501, "sha256": "9601ed74d445ccc3f9aeabb82db39efc46d94734b91a4365c3a20aa3fe0327ed", "text": "“When next any one makes love to you, Miss Rosamond, I will tell him how obliging you are.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00670", "bookId": 145, "start": 216503, "end": 216644, "sha256": "aa2b6848d161a8efdd89b63d693ef0d06c490de16670b08297796814397aef11", "text": "“Why should you expect me to oblige you by hearing you play the flute, any more than I should expect you to oblige me by not playing it?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00671", "bookId": 145, "start": 216646, "end": 216704, "sha256": "612153c082ab8eccd2467c41d013826545615f708814e717a221b913741ced21", "text": "“And why should you expect me to take you out riding?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00672", "bookId": 145, "start": 216706, "end": 216796, "sha256": "dbadcb0afc4477f1716db2754323833b2e70d2634b3bffdbeeb8e5062825c921", "text": "This question led to an adjustment, for Rosamond had set her mind on that particular ride.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00673", "bookId": 145, "start": 216798, "end": 217055, "sha256": "c51db67897644e911071288bb92b8aa32664520de5ebd3ed6abb44caef4ba32b", "text": "So Fred was gratified with nearly an hour’s practice of “Ar hyd y nos,” “Ye banks and braes,” and other favorite airs from his “Instructor on the Flute;” a wheezy performance, into which he threw much ambition and an irrepressible hopefulness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00674", "bookId": 145, "start": 217060, "end": 217072, "sha256": "40db9062cfb1a5ea4fae34bc52ef0ddc0f72e9eedb2b3e49115fe666417a407d", "text": "CHAPTER XII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00675", "bookId": 145, "start": 217074, "end": 217136, "sha256": "a12f032deb54b2ac672a033c32194bb322d2d289d62b8026669df6ab28eab33b", "text": "He had more tow on his distaffe Than Gerveis knew. —CHAUCER.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00676", "bookId": 145, "start": 217139, "end": 218318, "sha256": "af689b3c5d1d11897bdd02a030534f5e1bb467d1d64b2c1b69ae951fe1ddd9c4", "text": "The ride to Stone Court, which Fred and Rosamond took the next morning, lay through a pretty bit of midland landscape, almost all meadows and pastures, with hedgerows still allowed to grow in bushy beauty and to spread out coral fruit for the birds. Little details gave each field a particular physiognomy, dear to the eyes that have looked on them from childhood: the pool in the corner where the grasses were dank and trees leaned whisperingly; the great oak shadowing a bare place in mid-pasture; the high bank where the ash-trees grew; the sudden slope of the old marl-pit making a red background for the burdock; the huddled roofs and ricks of the homestead without a traceable way of approach; the gray gate and fences against the depths of the bordering wood; and the stray hovel, its old, old thatch full of mossy hills and valleys with wondrous modulations of light and shadow such as we travel far to see in later life, and see larger, but not more beautiful. These are the things that make the gamut of joy in landscape to midland-bred souls—the things they toddled among, or perhaps learned by heart standing between their father’s knees while he drove leisurely.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00677", "bookId": 145, "start": 218320, "end": 219037, "sha256": "3b9c117c312cd910f5d70dfc3797697a7a3cc9b8859f19a811aa6408ad0b4ffa", "text": "But the road, even the byroad, was excellent; for Lowick, as we have seen, was not a parish of muddy lanes and poor tenants; and it was into Lowick parish that Fred and Rosamond entered after a couple of miles’ riding. Another mile would bring them to Stone Court, and at the end of the first half, the house was already visible, looking as if it had been arrested in its growth toward a stone mansion by an unexpected budding of farm-buildings on its left flank, which had hindered it from becoming anything more than the substantial dwelling of a gentleman farmer. It was not the less agreeable an object in the distance for the cluster of pinnacled corn-ricks which balanced the fine row of walnuts on the right.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00678", "bookId": 145, "start": 219039, "end": 219150, "sha256": "fa36960ef6761721f45359af3cf0ae49b9cafaef15506816908c4846f1498001", "text": "Presently it was possible to discern something that might be a gig on the circular drive before the front door.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00679", "bookId": 145, "start": 219152, "end": 219245, "sha256": "7d47b4e11a4e815afeb0ef459803d9a97d644a2c67910fa1f2dbe8e62f0ccc44", "text": "“Dear me,” said Rosamond, “I hope none of my uncle’s horrible relations are there.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00680", "bookId": 145, "start": 219247, "end": 219591, "sha256": "fafb209694fe120f82e60325ed50f7a34b6ddd9c553d3653a66c13e89b397979", "text": "“They are, though. That is Mrs. Waule’s gig—the last yellow gig left, I should think. When I see Mrs. Waule in it, I understand how yellow can have been worn for mourning. That gig seems to me more funereal than a hearse. But then Mrs. Waule always has black crape on. How does she manage it, Rosy? Her friends can’t always be dying.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00681", "bookId": 145, "start": 219593, "end": 219832, "sha256": "35ba3dfa946bc78639f277d77f2d60e6adf7f3029bb0e02c1ec148989a684ea6", "text": "“I don’t know at all. And she is not in the least evangelical,” said Rosamond, reflectively, as if that religious point of view would have fully accounted for perpetual crape. “And, not poor,” she added, after a moment’s pause.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00682", "bookId": 145, "start": 219834, "end": 220130, "sha256": "7eb056f803b018eaf9cf2aa3f18532213d95b0e41885837f944b1b73ff81cf95", "text": "“No, by George! They are as rich as Jews, those Waules and Featherstones; I mean, for people like them, who don’t want to spend anything. And yet they hang about my uncle like vultures, and are afraid of a farthing going away from their side of the family. But I believe he hates them all.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00683", "bookId": 145, "start": 220132, "end": 220693, "sha256": "e140d5436b3eab7917673004159d7d32584b48d8bd6c4a08a786df76fbd92528", "text": "The Mrs. Waule who was so far from being admirable in the eyes of these distant connections, had happened to say this very morning (not at all with a defiant air, but in a low, muffled, neutral tone, as of a voice heard through cotton wool) that she did not wish “to enjoy their good opinion.” She was seated, as she observed, on her own brother’s hearth, and had been Jane Featherstone five-and-twenty years before she had been Jane Waule, which entitled her to speak when her own brother’s name had been made free with by those who had no right to it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00684", "bookId": 145, "start": 220695, "end": 220934, "sha256": "b557c6f9981a9eeb44c68ac9681b807ef93dd249591b99cd921103b91764fafc", "text": "“What are you driving at there?” said Mr. Featherstone, holding his stick between his knees and settling his wig, while he gave her a momentary sharp glance, which seemed to react on him like a draught of cold air and set him coughing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00685", "bookId": 145, "start": 220936, "end": 221339, "sha256": "9683932c18d7cc129e824fa555a1d10dc55590b71ce98b602398929b84f903e0", "text": "Mrs. Waule had to defer her answer till he was quiet again, till Mary Garth had supplied him with fresh syrup, and he had begun to rub the gold knob of his stick, looking bitterly at the fire. It was a bright fire, but it made no difference to the chill-looking purplish tint of Mrs. Waule’s face, which was as neutral as her voice; having mere chinks for eyes, and lips that hardly moved in speaking.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00686", "bookId": 145, "start": 221341, "end": 221567, "sha256": "c08fe397cd7688232d2a3b4b13011b405fad945737feed62013db4f10e224d53", "text": "“The doctors can’t master that cough, brother. It’s just like what I have; for I’m your own sister, constitution and everything. But, as I was saying, it’s a pity Mrs. Vincy’s family can’t be better conducted.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00687", "bookId": 145, "start": 221569, "end": 221659, "sha256": "630eee0840746dd9352fcc88fedc6af440eeec4977375fe944a6e9f32a2253c2", "text": "“Tchah! you said nothing o’ the sort. You said somebody had made free with my name.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00688", "bookId": 145, "start": 221661, "end": 221893, "sha256": "5a93e673c42341b92cae8292282926607b42e9bcc6fb32e6d658853b32a6b1bd", "text": "“And no more than can be proved, if what everybody says is true. My brother Solomon tells me it’s the talk up and down in Middlemarch how unsteady young Vincy is, and has been forever gambling at billiards since home he came.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00689", "bookId": 145, "start": 221895, "end": 222081, "sha256": "1ee9d934d5486640b45d35574fc3e0faf915d0c49c8166a73dae7335811600f4", "text": "“Nonsense! What’s a game at billiards? It’s a good gentlemanly game; and young Vincy is not a clodhopper. If your son John took to billiards, now, he’d make a fool of himself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00690", "bookId": 145, "start": 222083, "end": 222572, "sha256": "a0674ccd9783199ae91e963fe565518982aec32aee906affe7fcf02930b9ad7a", "text": "“Your nephew John never took to billiards or any other game, brother, and is far from losing hundreds of pounds, which, if what everybody says is true, must be found somewhere else than out of Mr. Vincy the father’s pocket. For they say he’s been losing money for years, though nobody would think so, to see him go coursing and keeping open house as they do. And I’ve heard say Mr. Bulstrode condemns Mrs. Vincy beyond anything for her flightiness, and spoiling her children so.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00691", "bookId": 145, "start": 222574, "end": 222630, "sha256": "835ece6122e509cd8924f29d300bd12f19269c420426742e8fa28dec204f23d3", "text": "“What’s Bulstrode to me? I don’t bank with him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00692", "bookId": 145, "start": 222632, "end": 223200, "sha256": "d7693ebdaed1817609a9b1650fc28e6702517e542c9a92f885f19d5f91359538", "text": "“Well, Mrs. Bulstrode is Mr. Vincy’s own sister, and they do say that Mr. Vincy mostly trades on the Bank money; and you may see yourself, brother, when a woman past forty has pink strings always flying, and that light way of laughing at everything, it’s very unbecoming. But indulging your children is one thing, and finding money to pay their debts is another. And it’s openly said that young Vincy has raised money on his expectations. I don’t say what expectations. Miss Garth hears me, and is welcome to tell again. I know young people hang together.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00693", "bookId": 145, "start": 223202, "end": 223314, "sha256": "cd9d09ed51a869779c3d7fa7d47613efa2b1df4178f71aefb48295c930afcb4a", "text": "“No, thank you, Mrs. Waule,” said Mary Garth. “I dislike hearing scandal too much to wish to repeat it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00694", "bookId": 145, "start": 223316, "end": 223533, "sha256": "fa1ca4c21ed7690ca27f475fc4d9e1db0644a809c605d60d8971586dc9192709", "text": "Mr. Featherstone rubbed the knob of his stick and made a brief convulsive show of laughter, which had much the same genuineness as an old whist-player’s chuckle over a bad hand. Still looking at the fire, he said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00695", "bookId": 145, "start": 223535, "end": 223661, "sha256": "7b0b721dab121673c01d857b0eed303c99366b47fadd992b46827a43e7f5124e", "text": "“And who pretends to say Fred Vincy hasn’t got expectations? Such a fine, spirited fellow is like enough to have ’em.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00696", "bookId": 145, "start": 223663, "end": 223820, "sha256": "d4a41f616a70034fae8d499a56955105089c7788cdbfca590629a447e192893d", "text": "There was a slight pause before Mrs. Waule replied, and when she did so, her voice seemed to be slightly moistened with tears, though her face was still dry.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00697", "bookId": 145, "start": 223822, "end": 224313, "sha256": "b7ef0d796160837ed0033950f3092553178dca0d769ce5f7305787c220d1db27", "text": "“Whether or no, brother, it is naturally painful to me and my brother Solomon to hear your name made free with, and your complaint being such as may carry you off sudden, and people who are no more Featherstones than the Merry-Andrew at the fair, openly reckoning on your property coming to _them_. And me your own sister, and Solomon your own brother! And if that’s to be it, what has it pleased the Almighty to make families for?” Here Mrs. Waule’s tears fell, but with moderation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00698", "bookId": 145, "start": 224315, "end": 224509, "sha256": "858855f0d408c291449b78e89651edc5b4919a5828d0651bf2164d7a48c74b58", "text": "“Come, out with it, Jane!” said Mr. Featherstone, looking at her. “You mean to say, Fred Vincy has been getting somebody to advance him money on what he says he knows about my will, eh?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00699", "bookId": 145, "start": 224511, "end": 224883, "sha256": "5c3be73077c2b0aee3f064f047337a07bce2b0d145af1761a278a90adab328e9", "text": "“I never said so, brother” (Mrs. Waule’s voice had again become dry and unshaken). “It was told me by my brother Solomon last night when he called coming from market to give me advice about the old wheat, me being a widow, and my son John only three-and-twenty, though steady beyond anything. And he had it from most undeniable authority, and not one, but many.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00700", "bookId": 145, "start": 224885, "end": 225051, "sha256": "59b8154bbd551522043abbc766fa8a57bffd7fc943e34af067e2172da900a46c", "text": "“Stuff and nonsense! I don’t believe a word of it. It’s all a got-up story. Go to the window, missy; I thought I heard a horse. See if the doctor’s coming.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00701", "bookId": 145, "start": 225053, "end": 225408, "sha256": "bae7905f748a7364b0e2eb0cfc5a3e6e8a26aadd4d84a1db8ba6ecadf8068f35", "text": "“Not got up by me, brother, nor yet by Solomon, who, whatever else he may be—and I don’t deny he has oddities—has made his will and parted his property equal between such kin as he’s friends with; though, for my part, I think there are times when some should be considered more than others. But Solomon makes it no secret what he means to do.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00702", "bookId": 145, "start": 225410, "end": 225676, "sha256": "25c043100a1e7a27140cc8a3d674f74869e10893d2a4c36405b0caf5ec59f490", "text": "“The more fool he!” said Mr. Featherstone, with some difficulty; breaking into a severe fit of coughing that required Mary Garth to stand near him, so that she did not find out whose horses they were which presently paused stamping on the gravel before the door.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00703", "bookId": 145, "start": 225678, "end": 225994, "sha256": "e2fce33b45a4bc9e8c56bd73d220063087931fe293987b954a793903a7f5fd2e", "text": "Before Mr. Featherstone’s cough was quiet, Rosamond entered, bearing up her riding-habit with much grace. She bowed ceremoniously to Mrs. Waule, who said stiffly, “How do you do, miss?” smiled and nodded silently to Mary, and remained standing till the coughing should cease, and allow her uncle to notice her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00704", "bookId": 145, "start": 225996, "end": 226077, "sha256": "55b7ca6801a59d8ac33f2e42dd5ba250912ce10aa02b496aa0e6435d0aa606e4", "text": "“Heyday, miss!” he said at last, “you have a fine color. Where’s Fred?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00705", "bookId": 145, "start": 226079, "end": 226134, "sha256": "a0cc7e1cb0f26979fe1bb344e9b4631626ddca004869a1ee727576c922a0720c", "text": "“Seeing about the horses. He will be in presently.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00706", "bookId": 145, "start": 226136, "end": 226192, "sha256": "7677e14b060de39757d5c07837ea12974e91f2fe1e8de12262ca7a03739325b4", "text": "“Sit down, sit down. Mrs. Waule, you’d better go.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00707", "bookId": 145, "start": 226194, "end": 227031, "sha256": "ce51df1db0930c98540485bf882b6d0f01b7afc3026b95c16321f286ba3dd3bc", "text": "Even those neighbors who had called Peter Featherstone an old fox, had never accused him of being insincerely polite, and his sister was quite used to the peculiar absence of ceremony with which he marked his sense of blood-relationship. Indeed, she herself was accustomed to think that entire freedom from the necessity of behaving agreeably was included in the Almighty’s intentions about families. She rose slowly without any sign of resentment, and said in her usual muffled monotone, “Brother, I hope the new doctor will be able to do something for you. Solomon says there’s great talk of his cleverness. I’m sure it’s my wish you should be spared. And there’s none more ready to nurse you than your own sister and your own nieces, if you’d only say the word. There’s Rebecca, and Joanna, and Elizabeth, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00708", "bookId": 145, "start": 227033, "end": 228461, "sha256": "b099b5711c0e76cf9ab1d179c7191d7e741fe96636cb2acaac75131a50068d66", "text": "“Ay, ay, I remember—you’ll see I’ve remembered ’em all—all dark and ugly. They’d need have some money, eh? There never was any beauty in the women of our family; but the Featherstones have always had some money, and the Waules too. Waule had money too. A warm man was Waule. Ay, ay; money’s a good egg; and if you’ve got money to leave behind you, lay it in a warm nest. Good-by, Mrs. Waule.” Here Mr. Featherstone pulled at both sides of his wig as if he wanted to deafen himself, and his sister went away ruminating on this oracular speech of his. Notwithstanding her jealousy of the Vincys and of Mary Garth, there remained as the nethermost sediment in her mental shallows a persuasion that her brother Peter Featherstone could never leave his chief property away from his blood-relations:—else, why had the Almighty carried off his two wives both childless, after he had gained so much by manganese and things, turning up when nobody expected it?—and why was there a Lowick parish church, and the Waules and Powderells all sitting in the same pew for generations, and the Featherstone pew next to them, if, the Sunday after her brother Peter’s death, everybody was to know that the property was gone out of the family? The human mind has at no period accepted a moral chaos; and so preposterous a result was not strictly conceivable. But we are frightened at much that is not strictly conceivable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00709", "bookId": 145, "start": 228463, "end": 228634, "sha256": "4bca03f40b73463ca9608d0ce3439a3cd8ab4a32f9974493e1ebfd5ca4dfcca0", "text": "When Fred came in the old man eyed him with a peculiar twinkle, which the younger had often had reason to interpret as pride in the satisfactory details of his appearance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00710", "bookId": 145, "start": 228636, "end": 228719, "sha256": "9d1c7476ca7588be9009cc35da1b2a05aa16c37d5cb3f1ab84c30b9ce3528183", "text": "“You two misses go away,” said Mr. Featherstone. “I want to speak to Fred.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00711", "bookId": 145, "start": 228721, "end": 229122, "sha256": "65f094756adda64d45e29aae1decd38455b1dbd421bab951fb02c1d36e26ffae", "text": "“Come into my room, Rosamond, you will not mind the cold for a little while,” said Mary. The two girls had not only known each other in childhood, but had been at the same provincial school together (Mary as an articled pupil), so that they had many memories in common, and liked very well to talk in private. Indeed, this _tête-à-tête_ was one of Rosamond’s objects in coming to Stone Court.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00712", "bookId": 145, "start": 229124, "end": 229711, "sha256": "17fe0eecc0aa6e4fb017e9d5be46724251da9da7c52a261805ad65b90a509d54", "text": "Old Featherstone would not begin the dialogue till the door had been closed. He continued to look at Fred with the same twinkle and with one of his habitual grimaces, alternately screwing and widening his mouth; and when he spoke, it was in a low tone, which might be taken for that of an informer ready to be bought off, rather than for the tone of an offended senior. He was not a man to feel any strong moral indignation even on account of trespasses against himself. It was natural that others should want to get an advantage over him, but then, he was a little too cunning for them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00713", "bookId": 145, "start": 229713, "end": 229926, "sha256": "3dc75fdfcd14a9ba19b045726b7c0b436814024ed49228326bff29ce6dea5b7e", "text": "“So, sir, you’ve been paying ten per cent for money which you’ve promised to pay off by mortgaging my land when I’m dead and gone, eh? You put my life at a twelvemonth, say. But I can alter my will yet.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00714", "bookId": 145, "start": 229928, "end": 230204, "sha256": "b955f321be20f95a893822ac00a780d5b8f2b980363a19c7303cac62fcbcb44c", "text": "Fred blushed. He had not borrowed money in that way, for excellent reasons. But he was conscious of having spoken with some confidence (perhaps with more than he exactly remembered) about his prospect of getting Featherstone’s land as a future means of paying present debts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00715", "bookId": 145, "start": 230206, "end": 230334, "sha256": "b29a83785162d9c484b5a837da0d802bc6e3842dce6db850da17063fe9207361", "text": "“I don’t know what you refer to, sir. I have certainly never borrowed any money on such an insecurity. Please do explain.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00716", "bookId": 145, "start": 230336, "end": 230625, "sha256": "9424c1d7a59f12748af017836d12b16569731d4bf7614672bfa357ed7d6b712b", "text": "“No, sir, it’s you must explain. I can alter my will yet, let me tell you. I’m of sound mind—can reckon compound interest in my head, and remember every fool’s name as well as I could twenty years ago. What the deuce? I’m under eighty. I say, you must contradict this story.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00717", "bookId": 145, "start": 230627, "end": 231009, "sha256": "b162aebea5b8ed45e5305fdd3a15e1b5313f331917d8983df80715e90438a865", "text": "“I have contradicted it, sir,” Fred answered, with a touch of impatience, not remembering that his uncle did not verbally discriminate contradicting from disproving, though no one was further from confounding the two ideas than old Featherstone, who often wondered that so many fools took his own assertions for proofs. “But I contradict it again. The story is a silly lie.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00718", "bookId": 145, "start": 231011, "end": 231078, "sha256": "0c24d480de9b20cfb5dffe14d86886b7e78cc9d081b9a030f1a6310e3b1f3b38", "text": "“Nonsense! you must bring dockiments. It comes from authority.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00719", "bookId": 145, "start": 231080, "end": 231196, "sha256": "76a32da9142fd4bf3139de6be69ad95323234ec16e76b5449c5385e0c8abc815", "text": "“Name the authority, and make him name the man of whom I borrowed the money, and then I can disprove the story.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00720", "bookId": 145, "start": 231198, "end": 231443, "sha256": "ed6a7ff5f20b153e12725c984eea678902fa95cbf17595497bbfe9d2e81036a1", "text": "“It’s pretty good authority, I think—a man who knows most of what goes on in Middlemarch. It’s that fine, religious, charitable uncle o’ yours. Come now!” Here Mr. Featherstone had his peculiar inward shake which signified merriment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00721", "bookId": 145, "start": 231445, "end": 231465, "sha256": "9e4da45680d0086944b95b5e5dc42049155e0da91ab01e89caab41dbe8ab8f5e", "text": "“Mr. Bulstrode?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00722", "bookId": 145, "start": 231467, "end": 231486, "sha256": "d257cd1255d27ca5b39d1b3f960c91ed037d44e0935597fbd3715a8f3ec56b84", "text": "“Who else, eh?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00723", "bookId": 145, "start": 231488, "end": 231654, "sha256": "dd922f5906e8647246f344aa6d524679493db01ee51c1a4acd3f90b8404ca03d", "text": "“Then the story has grown into this lie out of some sermonizing words he may have let fall about me. Do they pretend that he named the man who lent me the money?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00724", "bookId": 145, "start": 231656, "end": 231962, "sha256": "dcf8281a160cd7f8ebfe8a6d8d8a6c55b8eed9f68853d9f2f015c9ebdd6cc92f", "text": "“If there is such a man, depend upon it Bulstrode knows him. But, supposing you only tried to get the money lent, and didn’t get it—Bulstrode ’ud know that too. You bring me a writing from Bulstrode to say he doesn’t believe you’ve ever promised to pay your debts out o’ my land. Come now!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00725", "bookId": 145, "start": 231964, "end": 232104, "sha256": "51edc8265cc61140ab2e54e4b54244e849eedcf45f123823b4f79124c17b3bd2", "text": "Mr. Featherstone’s face required its whole scale of grimaces as a muscular outlet to his silent triumph in the soundness of his faculties.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00726", "bookId": 145, "start": 232106, "end": 232154, "sha256": "103e4050846f6bee77cc1a4d4fc937c07806325ac48f32b93a5909b1edeb3e27", "text": "Fred felt himself to be in a disgusting dilemma.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00727", "bookId": 145, "start": 232156, "end": 232691, "sha256": "1444ed02d259523fd9f0fe41cd3d1b12fb1a7a13d458bffe9646bede091fcd7c", "text": "“You must be joking, sir. Mr. Bulstrode, like other men, believes scores of things that are not true, and he has a prejudice against me. I could easily get him to write that he knew no facts in proof of the report you speak of, though it might lead to unpleasantness. But I could hardly ask him to write down what he believes or does not believe about me.” Fred paused an instant, and then added, in politic appeal to his uncle’s vanity, “That is hardly a thing for a gentleman to ask.” But he was disappointed in the result.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00728", "bookId": 145, "start": 232693, "end": 233330, "sha256": "4a7bccfc9436380d2b87ad1984f5f5cf376f0eacd69a1232a07d78780b234acf", "text": "“Ay, I know what you mean. You’d sooner offend me than Bulstrode. And what’s he?—he’s got no land hereabout that ever I heard tell of. A speckilating fellow! He may come down any day, when the devil leaves off backing him. And that’s what his religion means: he wants God A’mighty to come in. That’s nonsense! There’s one thing I made out pretty clear when I used to go to church—and it’s this: God A’mighty sticks to the land. He promises land, and He gives land, and He makes chaps rich with corn and cattle. But you take the other side. You like Bulstrode and speckilation better than Featherstone and land.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00729", "bookId": 145, "start": 233332, "end": 233552, "sha256": "079c7073d358b65fd3bd3afe868a1cdf293c8ffa0672fc49acf7ddcae9a0e204", "text": "“I beg your pardon, sir,” said Fred, rising, standing with his back to the fire and beating his boot with his whip. “I like neither Bulstrode nor speculation.” He spoke rather sulkily, feeling himself stalemated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00730", "bookId": 145, "start": 233554, "end": 233984, "sha256": "800d62b1dff305614212dddd0d0f7c2179171a53fdea201bc76068174376669c", "text": "“Well, well, you can do without me, that’s pretty clear,” said old Featherstone, secretly disliking the possibility that Fred would show himself at all independent. “You neither want a bit of land to make a squire of you instead of a starving parson, nor a lift of a hundred pound by the way. It’s all one to me. I can make five codicils if I like, and I shall keep my bank-notes for a nest-egg. It’s all one to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00731", "bookId": 145, "start": 233986, "end": 234200, "sha256": "69bf80d10b87175364eb6fde1da7f3ec9b2989b6f3998bc333e92ccf2b199c32", "text": "Fred colored again. Featherstone had rarely given him presents of money, and at this moment it seemed almost harder to part with the immediate prospect of bank-notes than with the more distant prospect of the land.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00732", "bookId": 145, "start": 234202, "end": 234333, "sha256": "74da46522364b6d76ae1036cd8e8666cdd1b097ccddb18959064879cca956db8", "text": "“I am not ungrateful, sir. I never meant to show disregard for any kind intentions you might have towards me. On the contrary.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00733", "bookId": 145, "start": 234335, "end": 234688, "sha256": "1395b5bce45088cf98b921e51ebb943bc008065898975b1c9c003449bcae3f19", "text": "“Very good. Then prove it. You bring me a letter from Bulstrode saying he doesn’t believe you’ve been cracking and promising to pay your debts out o’ my land, and then, if there’s any scrape you’ve got into, we’ll see if I can’t back you a bit. Come now! That’s a bargain. Here, give me your arm. I’ll try and walk round the room.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00734", "bookId": 145, "start": 234690, "end": 235323, "sha256": "5ca8b8ae58b43c2bb70c77ae863b20494d6385d2d6c130aa95aed60285271af0", "text": "Fred, in spite of his irritation, had kindness enough in him to be a little sorry for the unloved, unvenerated old man, who with his dropsical legs looked more than usually pitiable in walking. While giving his arm, he thought that he should not himself like to be an old fellow with his constitution breaking up; and he waited good-temperedly, first before the window to hear the wonted remarks about the guinea-fowls and the weather-cock, and then before the scanty book-shelves, of which the chief glories in dark calf were Josephus, Culpepper, Klopstock’s “Messiah,” and several volumes of the “Gentleman’s Magazine.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00735", "bookId": 145, "start": 235325, "end": 235398, "sha256": "d149fc3ada70ab7fb7a0f29d5dc7fb105f1aea9b0ce1f8bf2be53a1cbdb80c71", "text": "“Read me the names o’ the books. Come now! you’re a college man.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00736", "bookId": 145, "start": 235400, "end": 235425, "sha256": "d2c5ba06a7c4447f7d883edd302eb04f840082d5b62e712489e83ebc53593792", "text": "Fred gave him the titles.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00737", "bookId": 145, "start": 235427, "end": 235515, "sha256": "8b5a7c7b5576578a3d577e424ea992c8500f3d726dac2d09144662f70cbd8c05", "text": "“What did missy want with more books? What must you be bringing her more books for?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00738", "bookId": 145, "start": 235517, "end": 235572, "sha256": "9657a1891f9a4365f34414c835920fd1369ea1490141a41b9e69e22b450957bd", "text": "“They amuse her, sir. She is very fond of reading.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00739", "bookId": 145, "start": 235574, "end": 235899, "sha256": "b542bb63e42e9f836d5f117bfdec3cf47ac72912df95b7ab452455d14132e71a", "text": "“A little too fond,” said Mr. Featherstone, captiously. “She was for reading when she sat with me. But I put a stop to that. She’s got the newspaper to read out loud. That’s enough for one day, I should think. I can’t abide to see her reading to herself. You mind and not bring her any more books, do you hear?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00740", "bookId": 145, "start": 235901, "end": 236025, "sha256": "dc12f72e57acb51cfeb264cc39e1ce04c1e1644117a4df83e2977f47e2eab40e", "text": "“Yes, sir, I hear.” Fred had received this order before, and had secretly disobeyed it. He intended to disobey it again.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00741", "bookId": 145, "start": 236027, "end": 236103, "sha256": "5c37e464f9116ff10410cb2a6c3a85f69018d6121b35c89b0e5edba20b913529", "text": "“Ring the bell,” said Mr. Featherstone; “I want missy to come down.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00742", "bookId": 145, "start": 236105, "end": 238837, "sha256": "e7efa77e6d17b627af18d5a0da533474da2c3e3c46655b6e0b38b5ff46c8c086", "text": "Rosamond and Mary had been talking faster than their male friends. They did not think of sitting down, but stood at the toilet-table near the window while Rosamond took off her hat, adjusted her veil, and applied little touches of her finger-tips to her hair—hair of infantine fairness, neither flaxen nor yellow. Mary Garth seemed all the plainer standing at an angle between the two nymphs—the one in the glass, and the one out of it, who looked at each other with eyes of heavenly blue, deep enough to hold the most exquisite meanings an ingenious beholder could put into them, and deep enough to hide the meanings of the owner if these should happen to be less exquisite. Only a few children in Middlemarch looked blond by the side of Rosamond, and the slim figure displayed by her riding-habit had delicate undulations. In fact, most men in Middlemarch, except her brothers, held that Miss Vincy was the best girl in the world, and some called her an angel. Mary Garth, on the contrary, had the aspect of an ordinary sinner: she was brown; her curly dark hair was rough and stubborn; her stature was low; and it would not be true to declare, in satisfactory antithesis, that she had all the virtues. Plainness has its peculiar temptations and vices quite as much as beauty; it is apt either to feign amiability, or, not feigning it, to show all the repulsiveness of discontent: at any rate, to be called an ugly thing in contrast with that lovely creature your companion, is apt to produce some effect beyond a sense of fine veracity and fitness in the phrase. At the age of two-and-twenty Mary had certainly not attained that perfect good sense and good principle which are usually recommended to the less fortunate girl, as if they were to be obtained in quantities ready mixed, with a flavor of resignation as required. Her shrewdness had a streak of satiric bitterness continually renewed and never carried utterly out of sight, except by a strong current of gratitude towards those who, instead of telling her that she ought to be contented, did something to make her so. Advancing womanhood had tempered her plainness, which was of a good human sort, such as the mothers of our race have very commonly worn in all latitudes under a more or less becoming headgear. Rembrandt would have painted her with pleasure, and would have made her broad features look out of the canvas with intelligent honesty. For honesty, truth-telling fairness, was Mary’s reigning virtue: she neither tried to create illusions, nor indulged in them for her own behoof, and when she was in a good mood she had humor enough in her to laugh at herself. When she and Rosamond happened both to be reflected in the glass, she said, laughingly—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00743", "bookId": 145, "start": 238839, "end": 238933, "sha256": "73078ae36a0c3a6b89d71489f27258edd49aad9a1a54b52d5e40854b200b81a5", "text": "“What a brown patch I am by the side of you, Rosy! You are the most unbecoming companion.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00744", "bookId": 145, "start": 238935, "end": 239184, "sha256": "9013302afc7526108d8a20369e8e4917dd22acfd5da659afefc6c17df41b60b6", "text": "“Oh no! No one thinks of your appearance, you are so sensible and useful, Mary. Beauty is of very little consequence in reality,” said Rosamond, turning her head towards Mary, but with eyes swerving towards the new view of her neck in the glass.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00745", "bookId": 145, "start": 239186, "end": 239245, "sha256": "03c7e3ee5fc0183435d24d852645d2c3074769156fd4867ce77d347bd0053251", "text": "“You mean _my_ beauty,” said Mary, rather sardonically.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00746", "bookId": 145, "start": 239247, "end": 239370, "sha256": "6ef98f4c361b79d43687467f32de562f337294b3e2d6f405b312c06798a3f929", "text": "Rosamond thought, “Poor Mary, she takes the kindest things ill.” Aloud she said, “What have you been doing lately?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00747", "bookId": 145, "start": 239372, "end": 239510, "sha256": "b0a061c85e5ad8dddb0b9e0cbead64c53901ccb8b29d21f69a149ebbf962524c", "text": "“I? Oh, minding the house—pouring out syrup—pretending to be amiable and contented—learning to have a bad opinion of everybody.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00748", "bookId": 145, "start": 239512, "end": 239548, "sha256": "7d9326cc1b69db5541ec42628964c897e8eb62c7f30b6187ca11cf3db2570621", "text": "“It is a wretched life for you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00749", "bookId": 145, "start": 239550, "end": 239673, "sha256": "95f4bcc5b51438b5f9281a2aad3f11f8e5f02ae610d457d7a36ca9ddf2aabd2b", "text": "“No,” said Mary, curtly, with a little toss of her head. “I think my life is pleasanter than your Miss Morgan’s.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00750", "bookId": 145, "start": 239675, "end": 239737, "sha256": "d5badfa65717c512cb5c8e70f52fe32d967be65b3353f2e9a9fb579682919ff6", "text": "“Yes; but Miss Morgan is so uninteresting, and not young.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00751", "bookId": 145, "start": 239739, "end": 239858, "sha256": "2055e9a4bb4cef6c331c1bfbf827addca8f6f2b4378351e9ae1cc2f1e7d3bcd7", "text": "“She is interesting to herself, I suppose; and I am not at all sure that everything gets easier as one gets older.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00752", "bookId": 145, "start": 239860, "end": 240095, "sha256": "79aedb0647c6beb2caeface6b21fea652049525b298b9398c1490704df22fec8", "text": "“No,” said Rosamond, reflectively; “one wonders what such people do, without any prospect. To be sure, there is religion as a support. But,” she added, dimpling, “it is very different with you, Mary. You may have an offer.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00753", "bookId": 145, "start": 240097, "end": 240148, "sha256": "3a3357b175857f44e8424822615eb2240c8caa7aef6101613e53772bc21645ba", "text": "“Has any one told you he means to make me one?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00754", "bookId": 145, "start": 240150, "end": 240259, "sha256": "54b9c14562676c3c0d3ae833360a7089833f8dbe1843a264b8ef3f0add0c4276", "text": "“Of course not. I mean, there is a gentleman who may fall in love with you, seeing you almost every day.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00755", "bookId": 145, "start": 240261, "end": 240356, "sha256": "2a573c2a8aacec1dcc45cec747ce82e4239f46b3928253191c585e84be9c420b", "text": "A certain change in Mary’s face was chiefly determined by the resolve not to show any change.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00756", "bookId": 145, "start": 240358, "end": 240503, "sha256": "67143bdfd81084f4b24375806def66a8242ef7c438cc48e435ef94bde7c8f6ca", "text": "“Does that always make people fall in love?” she answered, carelessly; “it seems to me quite as often a reason for detesting each other.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00757", "bookId": 145, "start": 240505, "end": 240588, "sha256": "be0bb76145242080e570ed46b5561c1feae24c3e1d7f81daa840402eaeb61c72", "text": "“Not when they are interesting and agreeable. I hear that Mr. Lydgate is both.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00758", "bookId": 145, "start": 240590, "end": 240775, "sha256": "bd3a790a5b648d7fb37e0a1fca5f180263584db491c40ba88535834ca274f9bc", "text": "“Oh, Mr. Lydgate!” said Mary, with an unmistakable lapse into indifference. “You want to know something about him,” she added, not choosing to indulge Rosamond’s indirectness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00759", "bookId": 145, "start": 240777, "end": 240808, "sha256": "6c5a7bdad97ba3c16f478480db0fcd78d73ad90d3947b23342f8cd3d2a1f6613", "text": "“Merely, how you like him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00760", "bookId": 145, "start": 240810, "end": 241002, "sha256": "9eb10db89963e2ef03d89f09c9f8e4eef0d5d3f9007571e84d0584ea00b2a9a2", "text": "“There is no question of liking at present. My liking always wants some little kindness to kindle it. I am not magnanimous enough to like people who speak to me without seeming to see me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00761", "bookId": 145, "start": 241004, "end": 241114, "sha256": "4cf77e57621f1eb3144fc0b2f47fe6f43c9ddc7e0a3041463df80b216d2984bb", "text": "“Is he so haughty?” said Rosamond, with heightened satisfaction. “You know that he is of good family?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00762", "bookId": 145, "start": 241116, "end": 241159, "sha256": "35129281c9baa98ebfaa82229eac6189e1e904d7209c3941b8fb72afa76ff301", "text": "“No; he did not give that as a reason.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00763", "bookId": 145, "start": 241161, "end": 241253, "sha256": "b128e170864a3185f5976b7fdc89c95b6693953c96ee0475a86c369289bfe271", "text": "“Mary! you are the oddest girl. But what sort of looking man is he? Describe him to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00764", "bookId": 145, "start": 241255, "end": 241538, "sha256": "475d8535cea47abe853dface65766df6d3fe129cfff2f4cfb56bab9dd5dc8fbb", "text": "“How can one describe a man? I can give you an inventory: heavy eyebrows, dark eyes, a straight nose, thick dark hair, large solid white hands—and—let me see—oh, an exquisite cambric pocket-handkerchief. But you will see him. You know this is about the time of his visits.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00765", "bookId": 145, "start": 241540, "end": 241666, "sha256": "22741a84eeff23f54fd898523426d6eb79198db9437e1052761c0e468219cd8c", "text": "Rosamond blushed a little, but said, meditatively, “I rather like a haughty manner. I cannot endure a rattling young man.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00766", "bookId": 145, "start": 241668, "end": 241898, "sha256": "7472f66cdbe003e3b37e1582545d295c0fdb698872e3755c59fca3627783ef7c", "text": "“I did not tell you that Mr. Lydgate was haughty; but _il y en a pour tous les goûts_, as little Mamselle used to say, and if any girl can choose the particular sort of conceit she would like, I should think it is you, Rosy.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00767", "bookId": 145, "start": 241900, "end": 241956, "sha256": "e2ad71a7045575a1fc50abf517fe5877b9b94020f7e1b20515a54654492877d2", "text": "“Haughtiness is not conceit; I call Fred conceited.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00768", "bookId": 145, "start": 241958, "end": 242374, "sha256": "a596b2a6cca86cd6de9bc3638c35e8b623cc4cfd53a075dd26909ded2eb7f2a1", "text": "“I wish no one said any worse of him. He should be more careful. Mrs. Waule has been telling uncle that Fred is very unsteady.” Mary spoke from a girlish impulse which got the better of her judgment. There was a vague uneasiness associated with the word “unsteady” which she hoped Rosamond might say something to dissipate. But she purposely abstained from mentioning Mrs. Waule’s more special insinuation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00769", "bookId": 145, "start": 242376, "end": 242493, "sha256": "32050149f84eb902cbc543e3bbfdf873f0c2ae70f6e388a931127a812c2a55d7", "text": "“Oh, Fred is horrid!” said Rosamond. She would not have allowed herself so unsuitable a word to any one but Mary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00770", "bookId": 145, "start": 242495, "end": 242528, "sha256": "cf0bca8b3174994638bc34d95e885f8e1b0b9af3b818c116e28972b847cc656b", "text": "“What do you mean by horrid?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00771", "bookId": 145, "start": 242530, "end": 242609, "sha256": "4be995190e3f529c41b58e7b329a9f8dcbe8b3a387650d8ac98bd5e1440f6fec", "text": "“He is so idle, and makes papa so angry, and says he will not take orders.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00772", "bookId": 145, "start": 242611, "end": 242645, "sha256": "6aeaccf5eaa1b4db8591cdb108bcbf0207e313322e9b24d3564a8b2a7bc36d4f", "text": "“I think Fred is quite right.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00773", "bookId": 145, "start": 242647, "end": 242735, "sha256": "1d7d7ae7326523870708c37ccc820750b3c2d9b961cb99cdefc3e3a621beb5bb", "text": "“How can you say he is quite right, Mary? I thought you had more sense of religion.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00774", "bookId": 145, "start": 242737, "end": 242775, "sha256": "75c8cf982dfaf503ffa2cb7322f80e7f646d0b815e6f16f7004989cf2fbbca6a", "text": "“He is not fit to be a clergyman.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00775", "bookId": 145, "start": 242777, "end": 242908, "sha256": "3b67f05a24c9a6704f364cb1e700ef066fae75d4b501a3f56c85c160a40c45ef", "text": "“But he ought to be fit.”—“Well, then, he is not what he ought to be. I know some other people who are in the same case.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00776", "bookId": 145, "start": 242910, "end": 243013, "sha256": "9902dae00f2db1dde701805486c32532b7957c0d524de570e8f3136abcba3771", "text": "“But no one approves of them. I should not like to marry a clergyman; but there must be clergymen.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00777", "bookId": 145, "start": 243015, "end": 243062, "sha256": "99ff023c8051723b6e451495da3bf8fe49aa9775c47da52f4966f19f835a9827", "text": "“It does not follow that Fred must be one.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00778", "bookId": 145, "start": 243064, "end": 243189, "sha256": "ec9b2b9aab5a1cb17991cbc6663b7c81d076fff45d3a517cbb775c2b06e9324a", "text": "“But when papa has been at the expense of educating him for it! And only suppose, if he should have no fortune left him?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00779", "bookId": 145, "start": 243191, "end": 243244, "sha256": "cc5a876a0c90ff58b34ab057e5e69a7e08c15e3f722a1778664075e65e27de23", "text": "“I can suppose that very well,” said Mary, dryly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00780", "bookId": 145, "start": 243246, "end": 243330, "sha256": "742879a86dab4a0e7bbf1f9879a2d5644759f3e37dd679f16a79a349d9ec8b87", "text": "“Then I wonder you can defend Fred,” said Rosamond, inclined to push this point.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00781", "bookId": 145, "start": 243332, "end": 243445, "sha256": "52eafa433b9d7760428b84c2c51c2e859f4ebe642128b802ad297cf5dc419efd", "text": "“I don’t defend him,” said Mary, laughing; “I would defend any parish from having him for a clergyman.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00782", "bookId": 145, "start": 243447, "end": 243512, "sha256": "5fda4ceeddc7a0da1580e78dd089367f1f19f053890ea8d9184b5e48cb02c103", "text": "“But of course if he were a clergyman, he must be different.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00783", "bookId": 145, "start": 243514, "end": 243579, "sha256": "33426e52c6f56e1921c28cdc9820176ead16f1f1048cdf77860c97914136aa8a", "text": "“Yes, he would be a great hypocrite; and he is not that yet.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00784", "bookId": 145, "start": 243581, "end": 243663, "sha256": "4f1cf6b6169909a71f0f8815b997d61cb18f1adef68e0a8b7be007efc8b376c1", "text": "“It is of no use saying anything to you, Mary. You always take Fred’s part.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00785", "bookId": 145, "start": 243665, "end": 243816, "sha256": "29aa3fb5aeed26686f6f1552ca2b64912d9ba22ee8b38f29ea18ab47891d3288", "text": "“Why should I not take his part?” said Mary, lighting up. “He would take mine. He is the only person who takes the least trouble to oblige me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00786", "bookId": 145, "start": 243818, "end": 243952, "sha256": "5f13bf1c4929c5a20d1e900ac4b5a1bcd4ca2af4046fd306470d1db1f09eb240", "text": "“You make me feel very uncomfortable, Mary,” said Rosamond, with her gravest mildness; “I would not tell mamma for the world.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00787", "bookId": 145, "start": 243954, "end": 244008, "sha256": "ada245e40e65e31735aef3cdc2884111a62ae6d86405f5b10cb3cf57da9d2d25", "text": "“What would you not tell her?” said Mary, angrily.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00788", "bookId": 145, "start": 244010, "end": 244080, "sha256": "811ac691fa88d49bbb86f604583e40dd11d7689e25aec4eb39af85c7a5f452ef", "text": "“Pray do not go into a rage, Mary,” said Rosamond, mildly as ever.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00789", "bookId": 145, "start": 244082, "end": 244276, "sha256": "078797b51905ca5a5cc4ad3b098f1b0a5e04ee77c28f5aa81403e464aa5dd425", "text": "“If your mamma is afraid that Fred will make me an offer, tell her that I would not marry him if he asked me. But he is not going to do so, that I am aware. He certainly never has asked me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00790", "bookId": 145, "start": 244278, "end": 244316, "sha256": "a1cce669fcf5871b5c9ab46f77c53d35ebd5b80c154280b41918c9d51fa6c431", "text": "“Mary, you are always so violent.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00791", "bookId": 145, "start": 244318, "end": 244359, "sha256": "72acbf1d9efc166184201889f7e327e0a7ceb9dd67ec5383fd6704b935eb42a8", "text": "“And you are always so exasperating.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00792", "bookId": 145, "start": 244361, "end": 244396, "sha256": "b4a2e302afa0b032560c97e096264bab8a784ce5b000e7377d078b024e032e32", "text": "“I? What can you blame me for?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00793", "bookId": 145, "start": 244398, "end": 244503, "sha256": "a06fc1b6ba51dd6a1f75cfc3aff3543bec35663a470829ae59d25ac7b8d361bf", "text": "“Oh, blameless people are always the most exasperating. There is the bell—I think we must go down.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00794", "bookId": 145, "start": 244505, "end": 244572, "sha256": "7ef9dacb89d3c208e17d880234b302ba3a7a54817334a482c0ec4e32434eb9dc", "text": "“I did not mean to quarrel,” said Rosamond, putting on her hat.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00795", "bookId": 145, "start": 244574, "end": 244701, "sha256": "3c73594bdc8c991ff9b5e214aa763527fcccf833f4823b955e9631abdf842584", "text": "“Quarrel? Nonsense; we have not quarrelled. If one is not to get into a rage sometimes, what is the good of being friends?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00796", "bookId": 145, "start": 244703, "end": 244743, "sha256": "c2caf00cf6319636c4326672ef3c20a65aed7101025859ece120d83fc31b000e", "text": "“Am I to repeat what you have said?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00797", "bookId": 145, "start": 244745, "end": 244839, "sha256": "b4a56be03951dcb90762825248960b12fba49faf8c59ca6c9597ccfe744b4400", "text": "“Just as you please. I never say what I am afraid of having repeated. But let us go down.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00798", "bookId": 145, "start": 244841, "end": 245332, "sha256": "454494dfadee37875bda0f9c5c0accb9d6486132ade9ed9306733f0229d2fdc2", "text": "Mr. Lydgate was rather late this morning, but the visitors stayed long enough to see him; for Mr. Featherstone asked Rosamond to sing to him, and she herself was so kind as to propose a second favorite song of his—“Flow on, thou shining river”—after she had sung “Home, sweet home” (which she detested). This hard-headed old Overreach approved of the sentimental song, as the suitable garnish for girls, and also as fundamentally fine, sentiment being the right thing for a song.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00799", "bookId": 145, "start": 245334, "end": 245506, "sha256": "008667c9dbb71c87da32a3d838eef595ba57729ba0fe0f519e3d542782809900", "text": "Mr. Featherstone was still applauding the last performance, and assuring missy that her voice was as clear as a blackbird’s, when Mr. Lydgate’s horse passed the window.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00800", "bookId": 145, "start": 245508, "end": 246476, "sha256": "f4ede022dd79ed3d231ee2be5a074fd9f8a8431659fd23a8820573a36313b6e8", "text": "His dull expectation of the usual disagreeable routine with an aged patient—who can hardly believe that medicine would not “set him up” if the doctor were only clever enough—added to his general disbelief in Middlemarch charms, made a doubly effective background to this vision of Rosamond, whom old Featherstone made haste ostentatiously to introduce as his niece, though he had never thought it worth while to speak of Mary Garth in that light. Nothing escaped Lydgate in Rosamond’s graceful behavior: how delicately she waived the notice which the old man’s want of taste had thrust upon her by a quiet gravity, not showing her dimples on the wrong occasion, but showing them afterwards in speaking to Mary, to whom she addressed herself with so much good-natured interest, that Lydgate, after quickly examining Mary more fully than he had done before, saw an adorable kindness in Rosamond’s eyes. But Mary from some cause looked rather out of temper.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00801", "bookId": 145, "start": 246478, "end": 246636, "sha256": "fe4273a2ef9a7983b88a548be9b19f493c140e5b20d813566bcf1c3864fdc30f", "text": "“Miss Rosy has been singing me a song—you’ve nothing to say against that, eh, doctor?” said Mr. Featherstone. “I like it better than your physic.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00802", "bookId": 145, "start": 246638, "end": 246897, "sha256": "d7002ccf57eedc238e1531ea26f8704bcd0c6c827fdd7be5723e6ad970e6300e", "text": "“That has made me forget how the time was going,” said Rosamond, rising to reach her hat, which she had laid aside before singing, so that her flower-like head on its white stem was seen in perfection above her riding-habit. “Fred, we must really go.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00803", "bookId": 145, "start": 246899, "end": 247009, "sha256": "12c06b4d0eaa1090e133759eda8398df9079c041b3d71c8b35fc854ebc561236", "text": "“Very good,” said Fred, who had his own reasons for not being in the best spirits, and wanted to get away.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00804", "bookId": 145, "start": 247011, "end": 247355, "sha256": "88fe1087b0814aa180b45ddc8ef0db4f2a430732647f4b75d2ad74d2a97698d4", "text": "“Miss Vincy is a musician?” said Lydgate, following her with his eyes. (Every nerve and muscle in Rosamond was adjusted to the consciousness that she was being looked at. She was by nature an actress of parts that entered into her _physique:_ she even acted her own character, and so well, that she did not know it to be precisely her own.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00805", "bookId": 145, "start": 247357, "end": 247499, "sha256": "81cec04d6370188651aef5c8794b343c82a74e80e1bcbdc871acfbfc3f1e0749", "text": "“The best in Middlemarch, I’ll be bound,” said Mr. Featherstone, “let the next be who she will. Eh, Fred? Speak up for your sister.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00806", "bookId": 145, "start": 247501, "end": 247583, "sha256": "fb7a5e8c5830f5d59c9c66eab97ca01ac5d0e8b95608b12ef269d2667c85f2c9", "text": "“I’m afraid I’m out of court, sir. My evidence would be good for nothing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00807", "bookId": 145, "start": 247585, "end": 247728, "sha256": "93c1a6f7b7c33726dd07d775fdc395811a3bc7e5f3f8ad3c8a87e0cece0da763", "text": "“Middlemarch has not a very high standard, uncle,” said Rosamond, with a pretty lightness, going towards her whip, which lay at a distance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00808", "bookId": 145, "start": 247730, "end": 248289, "sha256": "dd64e881cc658bd463a24afe74ad0abffb14fb551b32ab24f4f24c912058ad94", "text": "Lydgate was quick in anticipating her. He reached the whip before she did, and turned to present it to her. She bowed and looked at him: he of course was looking at her, and their eyes met with that peculiar meeting which is never arrived at by effort, but seems like a sudden divine clearance of haze. I think Lydgate turned a little paler than usual, but Rosamond blushed deeply and felt a certain astonishment. After that, she was really anxious to go, and did not know what sort of stupidity her uncle was talking of when she went to shake hands with him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00809", "bookId": 145, "start": 248291, "end": 250270, "sha256": "3ffeb735d37a323c46f40c1b95142c6c221d03a967c21f6a1010161045554a4c", "text": "Yet this result, which she took to be a mutual impression, called falling in love, was just what Rosamond had contemplated beforehand. Ever since that important new arrival in Middlemarch she had woven a little future, of which something like this scene was the necessary beginning. Strangers, whether wrecked and clinging to a raft, or duly escorted and accompanied by portmanteaus, have always had a circumstantial fascination for the virgin mind, against which native merit has urged itself in vain. And a stranger was absolutely necessary to Rosamond’s social romance, which had always turned on a lover and bridegroom who was not a Middlemarcher, and who had no connections at all like her own: of late, indeed, the construction seemed to demand that he should somehow be related to a baronet. Now that she and the stranger had met, reality proved much more moving than anticipation, and Rosamond could not doubt that this was the great epoch of her life. She judged of her own symptoms as those of awakening love, and she held it still more natural that Mr. Lydgate should have fallen in love at first sight of her. These things happened so often at balls, and why not by the morning light, when the complexion showed all the better for it? Rosamond, though no older than Mary, was rather used to being fallen in love with; but she, for her part, had remained indifferent and fastidiously critical towards both fresh sprig and faded bachelor. And here was Mr. Lydgate suddenly corresponding to her ideal, being altogether foreign to Middlemarch, carrying a certain air of distinction congruous with good family, and possessing connections which offered vistas of that middle-class heaven, rank; a man of talent, also, whom it would be especially delightful to enslave: in fact, a man who had touched her nature quite newly, and brought a vivid interest into her life which was better than any fancied “might-be” such as she was in the habit of opposing to the actual.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00810", "bookId": 145, "start": 250272, "end": 251125, "sha256": "627c87740622ed76ef1a970496c32ffa7c1588671163fdb5056b2a8e5cad4463", "text": "Thus, in riding home, both the brother and the sister were preoccupied and inclined to be silent. Rosamond, whose basis for her structure had the usual airy slightness, was of remarkably detailed and realistic imagination when the foundation had been once presupposed; and before they had ridden a mile she was far on in the costume and introductions of her wedded life, having determined on her house in Middlemarch, and foreseen the visits she would pay to her husband’s high-bred relatives at a distance, whose finished manners she could appropriate as thoroughly as she had done her school accomplishments, preparing herself thus for vaguer elevations which might ultimately come. There was nothing financial, still less sordid, in her previsions: she cared about what were considered refinements, and not about the money that was to pay for them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00811", "bookId": 145, "start": 251127, "end": 252729, "sha256": "c724c830f1facbdbc84375646cb35feee5f98ceade6e8082ef13bab17b187346", "text": "Fred’s mind, on the other hand, was busy with an anxiety which even his ready hopefulness could not immediately quell. He saw no way of eluding Featherstone’s stupid demand without incurring consequences which he liked less even than the task of fulfilling it. His father was already out of humor with him, and would be still more so if he were the occasion of any additional coolness between his own family and the Bulstrodes. Then, he himself hated having to go and speak to his uncle Bulstrode, and perhaps after drinking wine he had said many foolish things about Featherstone’s property, and these had been magnified by report. Fred felt that he made a wretched figure as a fellow who bragged about expectations from a queer old miser like Featherstone, and went to beg for certificates at his bidding. But—those expectations! He really had them, and he saw no agreeable alternative if he gave them up; besides, he had lately made a debt which galled him extremely, and old Featherstone had almost bargained to pay it off. The whole affair was miserably small: his debts were small, even his expectations were not anything so very magnificent. Fred had known men to whom he would have been ashamed of confessing the smallness of his scrapes. Such ruminations naturally produced a streak of misanthropic bitterness. To be born the son of a Middlemarch manufacturer, and inevitable heir to nothing in particular, while such men as Mainwaring and Vyan—certainly life was a poor business, when a spirited young fellow, with a good appetite for the best of everything, had so poor an outlook.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00812", "bookId": 145, "start": 252731, "end": 253404, "sha256": "dfbba324da9ef3d0b1b8d8004700fd54a91678ad5f0b8c28dd26d8687e7082a6", "text": "It had not occurred to Fred that the introduction of Bulstrode’s name in the matter was a fiction of old Featherstone’s; nor could this have made any difference to his position. He saw plainly enough that the old man wanted to exercise his power by tormenting him a little, and also probably to get some satisfaction out of seeing him on unpleasant terms with Bulstrode. Fred fancied that he saw to the bottom of his uncle Featherstone’s soul, though in reality half what he saw there was no more than the reflex of his own inclinations. The difficult task of knowing another soul is not for young gentlemen whose consciousness is chiefly made up of their own wishes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00813", "bookId": 145, "start": 253406, "end": 253814, "sha256": "9228dc8c9c6290a82edfa39cb8d98b1c0e3c7ec02a655646bfc3b9321b82c1b9", "text": "Fred’s main point of debate with himself was, whether he should tell his father, or try to get through the affair without his father’s knowledge. It was probably Mrs. Waule who had been talking about him; and if Mary Garth had repeated Mrs. Waule’s report to Rosamond, it would be sure to reach his father, who would as surely question him about it. He said to Rosamond, as they slackened their pace—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00814", "bookId": 145, "start": 253816, "end": 253889, "sha256": "28e4d0a92a495d7b1e9b3e284c8a09faa3a1cc0f7e658c5f55b15332740c740f", "text": "“Rosy, did Mary tell you that Mrs. Waule had said anything about me?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00815", "bookId": 145, "start": 253891, "end": 253918, "sha256": "cb5681e8e81e101dabbb503ea071caf55a7ec6a952c12edbfd4a953f3b91343d", "text": "“Yes, indeed, she did.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00816", "bookId": 145, "start": 253920, "end": 253931, "sha256": "bf9ee250242dc9be6ae8a64cb636db6ea70186d990757358b8947787279f47cc", "text": "“What?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00817", "bookId": 145, "start": 253933, "end": 253967, "sha256": "0530c990edcddb07f0275c89bcac3a3b2c039e34d2400c776aae52b1d835b84f", "text": "“That you were very unsteady.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00818", "bookId": 145, "start": 253969, "end": 253988, "sha256": "dc786cb3b920fd82a5ae77edb4f09d4c862ac0f543cbe80ae2b3c703e5bbde1c", "text": "“Was that all?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00819", "bookId": 145, "start": 253990, "end": 254033, "sha256": "4018e917d51aff46721b09c9af5baf6edc9b579488a961934e94cdbc8b4e0099", "text": "“I should think that was enough, Fred.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00820", "bookId": 145, "start": 254035, "end": 254071, "sha256": "c48c7aea721afb172cb75bff723f7bcf825e7f267b6c0917ff40d503f36e6850", "text": "“You are sure she said no more?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00821", "bookId": 145, "start": 254073, "end": 254158, "sha256": "bbe16b634a233a57d5056430d5838e7ba7913499d22316b1784f60d74e51bc59", "text": "“Mary mentioned nothing else. But really, Fred, I think you ought to be ashamed.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00822", "bookId": 145, "start": 254160, "end": 254224, "sha256": "96a9a8bbbcd67dbd3c315454b0ded49682dc80dec7382c7a56987ebcaba52b12", "text": "“Oh, fudge! Don’t lecture me. What did Mary say about it?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00823", "bookId": 145, "start": 254226, "end": 254342, "sha256": "371adc40fa9241a8dcab49ec8c616d9cbcb7929f0f4a7eb91f7369c869949fb5", "text": "“I am not obliged to tell you. You care so very much what Mary says, and you are too rude to allow me to speak.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00824", "bookId": 145, "start": 254344, "end": 254411, "sha256": "f1a37ee954ad714e0d597863535a9e816bc2a2f569cc28714c07f73dec323c4f", "text": "“Of course I care what Mary says. She is the best girl I know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00825", "bookId": 145, "start": 254413, "end": 254483, "sha256": "20169f8e573c19dab6c2290a0a06dc21bb5dc2b786a927b1975c98aac2de26e5", "text": "“I should never have thought she was a girl to fall in love with.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00826", "bookId": 145, "start": 254485, "end": 254558, "sha256": "ced628f40e34f0e5aa030ce80cd40b7c2e32b3ff97888349d766776d41efc4a6", "text": "“How do you know what men would fall in love with? Girls never know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00827", "bookId": 145, "start": 254560, "end": 254686, "sha256": "6bf754e8c8bc9beb38a9e89453d661bdb095348969bf4c1be4a3227d9af05d3d", "text": "“At least, Fred, let me advise _you_ not to fall in love with her, for she says she would not marry you if you asked her.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00828", "bookId": 145, "start": 254688, "end": 254735, "sha256": "0d0fc90cbae83f0cc721cb742f2164dbe77d47d31e6e2865ef35988db735b4ae", "text": "“She might have waited till I did ask her.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00829", "bookId": 145, "start": 254737, "end": 254776, "sha256": "f0fe31e7f120a3312c502e50387c461d7188b361778531c5c3be11fdcc142af8", "text": "“I knew it would nettle you, Fred.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00830", "bookId": 145, "start": 254778, "end": 255045, "sha256": "cfd83f21d34c215cf14c79155def944f57e91b993505cedf7c462e63f6668c26", "text": "“Not at all. She would not have said so if you had not provoked her.” Before reaching home, Fred concluded that he would tell the whole affair as simply as possible to his father, who might perhaps take on himself the unpleasant business of speaking to Bulstrode.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00831", "bookId": 145, "start": 255050, "end": 255073, "sha256": "8bc34b1b21c5327ec097e75bf8da15351b400a5cc53e376243f5e5c257ca0668", "text": "BOOK II. OLD AND YOUNG.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00832", "bookId": 145, "start": 255078, "end": 255091, "sha256": "78fabf164d0b06ded25234862ecdc157365dcec61b978b4d6f014d529dc52349", "text": "CHAPTER XIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00833", "bookId": 145, "start": 255093, "end": 255246, "sha256": "1b0d5b2a52f0595c1325f74f32f195a7851e5b1bb765efdab956e53e3eea80cc", "text": "1_st Gent_. How class your man?—as better than the most, Or, seeming better, worse beneath that cloak? As saint or knave, pilgrim or hypocrite?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00834", "bookId": 145, "start": 255248, "end": 255551, "sha256": "643d503a4621c27544ff9cc62a7f2ff9b6a9b1b338012cd857ba22de34e8d58c", "text": "2_d Gent_. Nay, tell me how you class your wealth of books The drifted relics of all time. As well sort them at once by size and livery: Vellum, tall copies, and the common calf Will hardly cover more diversity Than all your labels cunningly devised To class your unread authors.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00835", "bookId": 145, "start": 255554, "end": 257693, "sha256": "71196133ae7befddd5e4b0c5d88da2343e3568e6bf18c06063d7de741ea61128", "text": "In consequence of what he had heard from Fred, Mr. Vincy determined to speak with Mr. Bulstrode in his private room at the Bank at half-past one, when he was usually free from other callers. But a visitor had come in at one o’clock, and Mr. Bulstrode had so much to say to him, that there was little chance of the interview being over in half an hour. The banker’s speech was fluent, but it was also copious, and he used up an appreciable amount of time in brief meditative pauses. Do not imagine his sickly aspect to have been of the yellow, black-haired sort: he had a pale blond skin, thin gray-besprinkled brown hair, light-gray eyes, and a large forehead. Loud men called his subdued tone an undertone, and sometimes implied that it was inconsistent with openness; though there seems to be no reason why a loud man should not be given to concealment of anything except his own voice, unless it can be shown that Holy Writ has placed the seat of candor in the lungs. Mr. Bulstrode had also a deferential bending attitude in listening, and an apparently fixed attentiveness in his eyes which made those persons who thought themselves worth hearing infer that he was seeking the utmost improvement from their discourse. Others, who expected to make no great figure, disliked this kind of moral lantern turned on them. If you are not proud of your cellar, there is no thrill of satisfaction in seeing your guest hold up his wine-glass to the light and look judicial. Such joys are reserved for conscious merit. Hence Mr. Bulstrode’s close attention was not agreeable to the publicans and sinners in Middlemarch; it was attributed by some to his being a Pharisee, and by others to his being Evangelical. Less superficial reasoners among them wished to know who his father and grandfather were, observing that five-and-twenty years ago nobody had ever heard of a Bulstrode in Middlemarch. To his present visitor, Lydgate, the scrutinizing look was a matter of indifference: he simply formed an unfavorable opinion of the banker’s constitution, and concluded that he had an eager inward life with little enjoyment of tangible things.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00836", "bookId": 145, "start": 257695, "end": 258356, "sha256": "390e54ff1df6122fbaa7e85836a52a1b9ace74d460909918104a43a75287084f", "text": "“I shall be exceedingly obliged if you will look in on me here occasionally, Mr. Lydgate,” the banker observed, after a brief pause. “If, as I dare to hope, I have the privilege of finding you a valuable coadjutor in the interesting matter of hospital management, there will be many questions which we shall need to discuss in private. As to the new hospital, which is nearly finished, I shall consider what you have said about the advantages of the special destination for fevers. The decision will rest with me, for though Lord Medlicote has given the land and timber for the building, he is not disposed to give his personal attention to the object.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00837", "bookId": 145, "start": 258358, "end": 258973, "sha256": "02151dc2f3ba35dc6a5b46665facaf8f6d369282f9a0cc9b04e5e308bb49bb8f", "text": "“There are few things better worth the pains in a provincial town like this,” said Lydgate. “A fine fever hospital in addition to the old infirmary might be the nucleus of a medical school here, when once we get our medical reforms; and what would do more for medical education than the spread of such schools over the country? A born provincial man who has a grain of public spirit as well as a few ideas, should do what he can to resist the rush of everything that is a little better than common towards London. Any valid professional aims may often find a freer, if not a richer field, in the provinces.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00838", "bookId": 145, "start": 258975, "end": 259686, "sha256": "c83a78045a95621bcbae38e0a8aca633398b414ee292e3448a8fa2a92e6cff3c", "text": "One of Lydgate’s gifts was a voice habitually deep and sonorous, yet capable of becoming very low and gentle at the right moment. About his ordinary bearing there was a certain fling, a fearless expectation of success, a confidence in his own powers and integrity much fortified by contempt for petty obstacles or seductions of which he had had no experience. But this proud openness was made lovable by an expression of unaffected good-will. Mr. Bulstrode perhaps liked him the better for the difference between them in pitch and manners; he certainly liked him the better, as Rosamond did, for being a stranger in Middlemarch. One can begin so many things with a new person!—even begin to be a better man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00839", "bookId": 145, "start": 259688, "end": 260434, "sha256": "c5674b7e1fbdfe11c0de3762bb4ae4958313a62a4373576cce5747e331e2832c", "text": "“I shall rejoice to furnish your zeal with fuller opportunities,” Mr. Bulstrode answered; “I mean, by confiding to you the superintendence of my new hospital, should a maturer knowledge favor that issue, for I am determined that so great an object shall not be shackled by our two physicians. Indeed, I am encouraged to consider your advent to this town as a gracious indication that a more manifest blessing is now to be awarded to my efforts, which have hitherto been much withstood. With regard to the old infirmary, we have gained the initial point—I mean your election. And now I hope you will not shrink from incurring a certain amount of jealousy and dislike from your professional brethren by presenting yourself as a reformer.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00840", "bookId": 145, "start": 260436, "end": 260699, "sha256": "538feb059794cca3ca7d9cb1ade94f11f857713d465e9403550c4c1e747dd8df", "text": "“I will not profess bravery,” said Lydgate, smiling, “but I acknowledge a good deal of pleasure in fighting, and I should not care for my profession, if I did not believe that better methods were to be found and enforced there as well as everywhere else.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00841", "bookId": 145, "start": 260701, "end": 261235, "sha256": "9f407d3e0d009ba1424ec0784ac285cba08337885a0b7779c0b831f668a7b412", "text": "“The standard of that profession is low in Middlemarch, my dear sir,” said the banker. “I mean in knowledge and skill; not in social status, for our medical men are most of them connected with respectable townspeople here. My own imperfect health has induced me to give some attention to those palliative resources which the divine mercy has placed within our reach. I have consulted eminent men in the metropolis, and I am painfully aware of the backwardness under which medical treatment labors in our provincial districts.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00842", "bookId": 145, "start": 261237, "end": 261639, "sha256": "e4a9fb73ae1b1d7f88f5a2fd147ce32e97fdf3fc7d9eb6c90e886527291a6c72", "text": "“Yes;—with our present medical rules and education, one must be satisfied now and then to meet with a fair practitioner. As to all the higher questions which determine the starting-point of a diagnosis—as to the philosophy of medical evidence—any glimmering of these can only come from a scientific culture of which country practitioners have usually no more notion than the man in the moon.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00843", "bookId": 145, "start": 261641, "end": 261900, "sha256": "e4c454f8b6045c5b0cce60e16b7119c87c44d92b4cf5ea9d547767059710dfee", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode, bending and looking intently, found the form which Lydgate had given to his agreement not quite suited to his comprehension. Under such circumstances a judicious man changes the topic and enters on ground where his own gifts may be more useful.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00844", "bookId": 145, "start": 261902, "end": 262279, "sha256": "68f752789c93e7c4f3e498c6184106a10028a33f2a7903f142195f32114138e0", "text": "“I am aware,” he said, “that the peculiar bias of medical ability is towards material means. Nevertheless, Mr. Lydgate, I hope we shall not vary in sentiment as to a measure in which you are not likely to be actively concerned, but in which your sympathetic concurrence may be an aid to me. You recognize, I hope; the existence of spiritual interests in your patients?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00845", "bookId": 145, "start": 262281, "end": 262374, "sha256": "2ee33a9cb869d47d7552eeef0bce7a30263ec6ce753f8ce5d35c6c5abd7025c1", "text": "“Certainly I do. But those words are apt to cover different meanings to different minds.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00846", "bookId": 145, "start": 262376, "end": 262650, "sha256": "b235d2f67ba66a9d1b5f58be91802d2c6482b06062134e6f12724f1c24d0820c", "text": "“Precisely. And on such subjects wrong teaching is as fatal as no teaching. Now a point which I have much at heart to secure is a new regulation as to clerical attendance at the old infirmary. The building stands in Mr. Farebrother’s parish. You know Mr. Farebrother?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00847", "bookId": 145, "start": 262652, "end": 262805, "sha256": "d0699f8d48bde685ed656e56bf472e90e8bcdab24d763af22d1502eb907ed798", "text": "“I have seen him. He gave me his vote. I must call to thank him. He seems a very bright pleasant little fellow. And I understand he is a naturalist.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00848", "bookId": 145, "start": 262807, "end": 263002, "sha256": "7809f1052828da1e3e318cb06ab8675fa4f06ed64b97461882254f033a9511a8", "text": "“Mr. Farebrother, my dear sir, is a man deeply painful to contemplate. I suppose there is not a clergyman in this country who has greater talents.” Mr. Bulstrode paused and looked meditative.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00849", "bookId": 145, "start": 263004, "end": 263107, "sha256": "ade5130a62a937350ccfa752d5c297a93b3ee9477c79e703c35f3723954c6c55", "text": "“I have not yet been pained by finding any excessive talent in Middlemarch,” said Lydgate, bluntly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00850", "bookId": 145, "start": 263109, "end": 263375, "sha256": "ab0b0b4e8e2308810b5b253bc5e9aa39ecdfdf857ee990e805f9643288da086c", "text": "“What I desire,” Mr. Bulstrode continued, looking still more serious, “is that Mr. Farebrother’s attendance at the hospital should be superseded by the appointment of a chaplain—of Mr. Tyke, in fact—and that no other spiritual aid should be called in.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00851", "bookId": 145, "start": 263377, "end": 263591, "sha256": "09426e51f54effc87d8e11d46b4b5b32282b2502c90c4cc854d92cd504edaa50", "text": "“As a medical man I could have no opinion on such a point unless I knew Mr. Tyke, and even then I should require to know the cases in which he was applied.” Lydgate smiled, but he was bent on being circumspect.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00852", "bookId": 145, "start": 263593, "end": 264031, "sha256": "2e170f5597738a51d5d8fd732736f5869908fbf323b4170cef3eb0a72116b896", "text": "“Of course you cannot enter fully into the merits of this measure at present. But”—here Mr. Bulstrode began to speak with a more chiselled emphasis—“the subject is likely to be referred to the medical board of the infirmary, and what I trust I may ask of you is, that in virtue of the cooperation between us which I now look forward to, you will not, so far as you are concerned, be influenced by my opponents in this matter.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00853", "bookId": 145, "start": 264033, "end": 264177, "sha256": "71fd7a2c0cdfc182f7f4ca2f50819ddc38267fd0f3bc443fc3be43a39c6a4115", "text": "“I hope I shall have nothing to do with clerical disputes,” said Lydgate. “The path I have chosen is to work well in my own profession.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00854", "bookId": 145, "start": 264179, "end": 264889, "sha256": "2765d476bd67c562ee846ff9f20e61c4627e2d2eff5f7b3741f1fb2185a628bd", "text": "“My responsibility, Mr. Lydgate, is of a broader kind. With me, indeed, this question is one of sacred accountableness; whereas with my opponents, I have good reason to say that it is an occasion for gratifying a spirit of worldly opposition. But I shall not therefore drop one iota of my convictions, or cease to identify myself with that truth which an evil generation hates. I have devoted myself to this object of hospital-improvement, but I will boldly confess to you, Mr. Lydgate, that I should have no interest in hospitals if I believed that nothing more was concerned therein than the cure of mortal diseases. I have another ground of action, and in the face of persecution I will not conceal it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00855", "bookId": 145, "start": 264891, "end": 264980, "sha256": "e12733c4682f2756e76f2b1a099ad89b7d7247e6b5bbe3d72870bff3327d0d1b", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode’s voice had become a loud and agitated whisper as he said the last words.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00856", "bookId": 145, "start": 264982, "end": 265622, "sha256": "d25d3a854c7a9ff7ae97d355ccffd38016d0947b753e1be04cb4fcd83ea98e45", "text": "“There we certainly differ,” said Lydgate. But he was not sorry that the door was now opened, and Mr. Vincy was announced. That florid sociable personage was become more interesting to him since he had seen Rosamond. Not that, like her, he had been weaving any future in which their lots were united; but a man naturally remembers a charming girl with pleasure, and is willing to dine where he may see her again. Before he took leave, Mr. Vincy had given that invitation which he had been “in no hurry about,” for Rosamond at breakfast had mentioned that she thought her uncle Featherstone had taken the new doctor into great favor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00857", "bookId": 145, "start": 265624, "end": 265733, "sha256": "61c53e8c6fc69f2462cfb9935756304f7f7f5f22ef69e9b8aaf4cb2615db5cf0", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode, alone with his brother-in-law, poured himself out a glass of water, and opened a sandwich-box.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00858", "bookId": 145, "start": 265735, "end": 265790, "sha256": "60719d9b49f5b069d78c31ad06e3a7b807be18216b9b93eaa61cc5db6dec8666", "text": "“I cannot persuade you to adopt my regimen, Vincy?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00859", "bookId": 145, "start": 265792, "end": 266083, "sha256": "ea87f66d907411a3796ce156c998d7f0a39a1ee7279b7c7fc5af58e1f2b6556a", "text": "“No, no; I’ve no opinion of that system. Life wants padding,” said Mr. Vincy, unable to omit his portable theory. “However,” he went on, accenting the word, as if to dismiss all irrelevance, “what I came here to talk about was a little affair of my young scapegrace, Fred’s.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00860", "bookId": 145, "start": 266085, "end": 266190, "sha256": "d5043a87ea5ede5a494bcb4d406842099041b33582196adda76a679b057f2012", "text": "“That is a subject on which you and I are likely to take quite as different views as on diet, Vincy.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00861", "bookId": 145, "start": 266192, "end": 266625, "sha256": "f68bfb7a8cc2682fac79a27eee78eec3ef4f9c3a1683c80cb2966555964c4ba8", "text": "“I hope not this time.” (Mr. Vincy was resolved to be good-humored.) “The fact is, it’s about a whim of old Featherstone’s. Somebody has been cooking up a story out of spite, and telling it to the old man, to try to set him against Fred. He’s very fond of Fred, and is likely to do something handsome for him; indeed he has as good as told Fred that he means to leave him his land, and that makes other people jealous.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00862", "bookId": 145, "start": 266627, "end": 267057, "sha256": "c1a935d8447dc71b54b3698b79c0bcd5d7db2c3a9ae83b8cbe4a093d8ad8cd04", "text": "“Vincy, I must repeat, that you will not get any concurrence from me as to the course you have pursued with your eldest son. It was entirely from worldly vanity that you destined him for the Church: with a family of three sons and four daughters, you were not warranted in devoting money to an expensive education which has succeeded in nothing but in giving him extravagant idle habits. You are now reaping the consequences.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00863", "bookId": 145, "start": 267059, "end": 267766, "sha256": "7cb3be1fa6daf577c1c1eea486957606778a205b202d046af01c572a50aec3b1", "text": "To point out other people’s errors was a duty that Mr. Bulstrode rarely shrank from, but Mr. Vincy was not equally prepared to be patient. When a man has the immediate prospect of being mayor, and is ready, in the interests of commerce, to take up a firm attitude on politics generally, he has naturally a sense of his importance to the framework of things which seems to throw questions of private conduct into the background. And this particular reproof irritated him more than any other. It was eminently superfluous to him to be told that he was reaping the consequences. But he felt his neck under Bulstrode’s yoke; and though he usually enjoyed kicking, he was anxious to refrain from that relief.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00864", "bookId": 145, "start": 267768, "end": 268549, "sha256": "8579c5fd0e7a6e76f91bff795b2d000369309bb38d7074e5a51e494fc22225b4", "text": "“As to that, Bulstrode, it’s no use going back. I’m not one of your pattern men, and I don’t pretend to be. I couldn’t foresee everything in the trade; there wasn’t a finer business in Middlemarch than ours, and the lad was clever. My poor brother was in the Church, and would have done well—had got preferment already, but that stomach fever took him off: else he might have been a dean by this time. I think I was justified in what I tried to do for Fred. If you come to religion, it seems to me a man shouldn’t want to carve out his meat to an ounce beforehand:—one must trust a little to Providence and be generous. It’s a good British feeling to try and raise your family a little: in my opinion, it’s a father’s duty to give his sons a fine chance.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00865", "bookId": 145, "start": 268551, "end": 268725, "sha256": "6ff262e78f865a32fe955fff2f4ed7773ef9aaf7ae2465c2af5b0b70befb6f9a", "text": "“I don’t wish to act otherwise than as your best friend, Vincy, when I say that what you have been uttering just now is one mass of worldliness and inconsistent folly.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00866", "bookId": 145, "start": 268727, "end": 269078, "sha256": "765dbe8d6c23157396125694af4b8cf0e3e531d1fadccd7de3be9dfb29d6d9bb", "text": "“Very well,” said Mr. Vincy, kicking in spite of resolutions, “I never professed to be anything but worldly; and, what’s more, I don’t see anybody else who is not worldly. I suppose you don’t conduct business on what you call unworldly principles. The only difference I see is that one worldliness is a little bit honester than another.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00867", "bookId": 145, "start": 269080, "end": 269296, "sha256": "0fc396a382325b7b7569457c2a6990d5764d021769c1a376c12ec12a9ea4c897", "text": "“This kind of discussion is unfruitful, Vincy,” said Mr. Bulstrode, who, finishing his sandwich, had thrown himself back in his chair, and shaded his eyes as if weary. “You had some more particular business.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00868", "bookId": 145, "start": 269298, "end": 269829, "sha256": "9d33714bddc8dc3a56a8f541fec139911f4cd1a642af4f715e6f449893ecb78b", "text": "“Yes, yes. The long and short of it is, somebody has told old Featherstone, giving you as the authority, that Fred has been borrowing or trying to borrow money on the prospect of his land. Of course you never said any such nonsense. But the old fellow will insist on it that Fred should bring him a denial in your handwriting; that is, just a bit of a note saying you don’t believe a word of such stuff, either of his having borrowed or tried to borrow in such a fool’s way. I suppose you can have no objection to do that.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00869", "bookId": 145, "start": 269831, "end": 270206, "sha256": "ceac8cc7c770623fdd141276bbfcd0c1b0bee752548b1c3c253fe2a420d181fd", "text": "“Pardon me. I have an objection. I am by no means sure that your son, in his recklessness and ignorance—I will use no severer word—has not tried to raise money by holding out his future prospects, or even that some one may not have been foolish enough to supply him on so vague a presumption: there is plenty of such lax money-lending as of other folly in the world.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00870", "bookId": 145, "start": 270208, "end": 270831, "sha256": "e7fa11ee91b32dfc7f2d09bc8badbb71a20d083349a678a6f691f5cf3e8ccc55", "text": "“But Fred gives me his honor that he has never borrowed money on the pretence of any understanding about his uncle’s land. He is not a liar. I don’t want to make him better than he is. I have blown him up well—nobody can say I wink at what he does. But he is not a liar. And I should have thought—but I may be wrong—that there was no religion to hinder a man from believing the best of a young fellow, when you don’t know worse. It seems to me it would be a poor sort of religion to put a spoke in his wheel by refusing to say you don’t believe such harm of him as you’ve got no good reason to believe.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00871", "bookId": 145, "start": 270833, "end": 271512, "sha256": "ee0a90d4a661d610741a3cac9da461f91293a632f0a012a1024f18bb7d687c63", "text": "“I am not at all sure that I should be befriending your son by smoothing his way to the future possession of Featherstone’s property. I cannot regard wealth as a blessing to those who use it simply as a harvest for this world. You do not like to hear these things, Vincy, but on this occasion I feel called upon to tell you that I have no motive for furthering such a disposition of property as that which you refer to. I do not shrink from saying that it will not tend to your son’s eternal welfare or to the glory of God. Why then should you expect me to pen this kind of affidavit, which has no object but to keep up a foolish partiality and secure a foolish bequest?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00872", "bookId": 145, "start": 271514, "end": 272122, "sha256": "7ec02a47b2521dcb1e6973d38b9b0efde4380777e38ad7d579fe32c9b038d7ab", "text": "“If you mean to hinder everybody from having money but saints and evangelists, you must give up some profitable partnerships, that’s all I can say,” Mr. Vincy burst out very bluntly. “It may be for the glory of God, but it is not for the glory of the Middlemarch trade, that Plymdale’s house uses those blue and green dyes it gets from the Brassing manufactory; they rot the silk, that’s all I know about it. Perhaps if other people knew so much of the profit went to the glory of God, they might like it better. But I don’t mind so much about that—I could get up a pretty row, if I chose.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00873", "bookId": 145, "start": 272124, "end": 272794, "sha256": "10d93f454e38aca1e0f79a199a8ab66e7d17ce8bb41a650158ba40ea7b8a94d0", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode paused a little before he answered. “You pain me very much by speaking in this way, Vincy. I do not expect you to understand my grounds of action—it is not an easy thing even to thread a path for principles in the intricacies of the world—still less to make the thread clear for the careless and the scoffing. You must remember, if you please, that I stretch my tolerance towards you as my wife’s brother, and that it little becomes you to complain of me as withholding material help towards the worldly position of your family. I must remind you that it is not your own prudence or judgment that has enabled you to keep your place in the trade.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00874", "bookId": 145, "start": 272796, "end": 273487, "sha256": "820731124ce12507a08161f0ff7c318c4fcc645eae07157bdd3cc3f2ef6e34da", "text": "“Very likely not; but you have been no loser by my trade yet,” said Mr. Vincy, thoroughly nettled (a result which was seldom much retarded by previous resolutions). “And when you married Harriet, I don’t see how you could expect that our families should not hang by the same nail. If you’ve changed your mind, and want my family to come down in the world, you’d better say so. I’ve never changed; I’m a plain Churchman now, just as I used to be before doctrines came up. I take the world as I find it, in trade and everything else. I’m contented to be no worse than my neighbors. But if you want us to come down in the world, say so. I shall know better what to do then.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00875", "bookId": 145, "start": 273489, "end": 273590, "sha256": "881653b54387fd19e712d300b9eff0d04aa87df66bf832629e13886ae161ca76", "text": "“You talk unreasonably. Shall you come down in the world for want of this letter about your son?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00876", "bookId": 145, "start": 273592, "end": 274034, "sha256": "a912832a1535092d9743fb3987c2ee0ea57cf4d6ec39c81c87d80fd749a97eb6", "text": "“Well, whether or not, I consider it very unhandsome of you to refuse it. Such doings may be lined with religion, but outside they have a nasty, dog-in-the-manger look. You might as well slander Fred: it comes pretty near to it when you refuse to say you didn’t set a slander going. It’s this sort of thing—this tyrannical spirit, wanting to play bishop and banker everywhere—it’s this sort of thing makes a man’s name stink.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00877", "bookId": 145, "start": 274036, "end": 274221, "sha256": "5ae5c96972943abdaf0f44fd986a007dec666575992f0183d4e152b79dd4a5c1", "text": "“Vincy, if you insist on quarrelling with me, it will be exceedingly painful to Harriet as well as myself,” said Mr. Bulstrode, with a trifle more eagerness and paleness than usual.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00878", "bookId": 145, "start": 274223, "end": 275048, "sha256": "d3a93e5d1f59a08b5bd34d9b7a80ac12a746186d0004fd9891d12978c17bf7ff", "text": "“I don’t want to quarrel. It’s for my interest—and perhaps for yours too—that we should be friends. I bear you no grudge; I think no worse of you than I do of other people. A man who half starves himself, and goes the length in family prayers, and so on, that you do, believes in his religion whatever it may be: you could turn over your capital just as fast with cursing and swearing:—plenty of fellows do. You like to be master, there’s no denying that; you must be first chop in heaven, else you won’t like it much. But you’re my sister’s husband, and we ought to stick together; and if I know Harriet, she’ll consider it your fault if we quarrel because you strain at a gnat in this way, and refuse to do Fred a good turn. And I don’t mean to say I shall bear it well. I consider it unhandsome.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00879", "bookId": 145, "start": 275050, "end": 275189, "sha256": "c3d3f1b7611e0a07d70372130fb7799c131fb58bb4b0ff5e6b06f4f9b8ce3539", "text": "Mr. Vincy rose, began to button his great-coat, and looked steadily at his brother-in-law, meaning to imply a demand for a decisive answer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00880", "bookId": 145, "start": 275191, "end": 275724, "sha256": "301c347cd39c61b668dc9d5afa71e5ce6512737a2156a7009dae8d8105711438", "text": "This was not the first time that Mr. Bulstrode had begun by admonishing Mr. Vincy, and had ended by seeing a very unsatisfactory reflection of himself in the coarse unflattering mirror which that manufacturer’s mind presented to the subtler lights and shadows of his fellow-men; and perhaps his experience ought to have warned him how the scene would end. But a full-fed fountain will be generous with its waters even in the rain, when they are worse than useless; and a fine fount of admonition is apt to be equally irrepressible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00881", "bookId": 145, "start": 275726, "end": 275973, "sha256": "34897d08beba5d7b0b61568d8401f4cbdce5af00dacb5f55b1259e229e9391cc", "text": "It was not in Mr. Bulstrode’s nature to comply directly in consequence of uncomfortable suggestions. Before changing his course, he always needed to shape his motives and bring them into accordance with his habitual standard. He said, at last—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00882", "bookId": 145, "start": 275975, "end": 276087, "sha256": "10659e700f35b43d8750f82503439c7a9ba74e3a15030033584ccba173d39744", "text": "“I will reflect a little, Vincy. I will mention the subject to Harriet. I shall probably send you a letter.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00883", "bookId": 145, "start": 276089, "end": 276191, "sha256": "b63a6c868ecca637a16b3433f305e281bec3df7b62fa7efe4d6ba93c5e84c31c", "text": "“Very well. As soon as you can, please. I hope it will all be settled before I see you to-morrow.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00884", "bookId": 145, "start": 276196, "end": 276208, "sha256": "c64a594972e6dcc1ab51eedc7ac1f7db39e815c91403c949425001e10027e086", "text": "CHAPTER XIV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00885", "bookId": 145, "start": 276210, "end": 276574, "sha256": "1ab3ad7f9e08da1551c1fa85d0cb52974ccd132d118bc2d38a7a06bfe136961c", "text": "“Follows here the strict receipt For that sauce to dainty meat, Named Idleness, which many eat By preference, and call it sweet: _First watch for morsels, like a hound Mix well with buffets, stir them round With good thick oil of flatteries, And froth with mean self-lauding lies. Serve warm: the vessels you must choose To keep it in are dead men’s shoes._”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00886", "bookId": 145, "start": 276577, "end": 276781, "sha256": "11c0eabe8fb346ca4a59a76ae088f379945b56d1d3dbf1d56aa544f3d0efbfd1", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode’s consultation of Harriet seemed to have had the effect desired by Mr. Vincy, for early the next morning a letter came which Fred could carry to Mr. Featherstone as the required testimony.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00887", "bookId": 145, "start": 276783, "end": 277226, "sha256": "2bf6a35b926d23adf54cce7906b190a6f4cf6c59ead9253869f127ba90494294", "text": "The old gentleman was staying in bed on account of the cold weather, and as Mary Garth was not to be seen in the sitting-room, Fred went up-stairs immediately and presented the letter to his uncle, who, propped up comfortably on a bed-rest, was not less able than usual to enjoy his consciousness of wisdom in distrusting and frustrating mankind. He put on his spectacles to read the letter, pursing up his lips and drawing down their corners.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00888", "bookId": 145, "start": 277228, "end": 278415, "sha256": "c2a229ed44ed61a6d251d996859ffc690178002a00262f3257e44ee7d563cf9a", "text": "“_Under the circumstances I will not decline to state my conviction_—tchah! what fine words the fellow puts! He’s as fine as an auctioneer—_that your son Frederic has not obtained any advance of money on bequests promised by Mr. Featherstone_—promised? who said I had ever promised? I promise nothing—I shall make codicils as long as I like—_and that considering the nature of such a proceeding, it is unreasonable to presume that a young man of sense and character would attempt it_—ah, but the gentleman doesn’t say you are a young man of sense and character, mark you that, sir!—_As to my own concern with any report of such a nature, I distinctly affirm that I never made any statement to the effect that your son had borrowed money on any property that might accrue to him on Mr. Featherstone’s demise_—bless my heart! ‘property’—accrue—demise! Lawyer Standish is nothing to him. He couldn’t speak finer if he wanted to borrow. Well,” Mr. Featherstone here looked over his spectacles at Fred, while he handed back the letter to him with a contemptuous gesture, “you don’t suppose I believe a thing because Bulstrode writes it out fine, eh?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00889", "bookId": 145, "start": 278417, "end": 278591, "sha256": "5dd2bb3d920a0e4a4f1aada5409f1495394e2ee3b3df479878ae5a57a9557727", "text": "Fred colored. “You wished to have the letter, sir. I should think it very likely that Mr. Bulstrode’s denial is as good as the authority which told you what he denies.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00890", "bookId": 145, "start": 278593, "end": 278789, "sha256": "0235e3eb4a511f32c56baa63f3c47bd6121e6038eb6e50655ac1af7e8a117827", "text": "“Every bit. I never said I believed either one or the other. And now what d’ you expect?” said Mr. Featherstone, curtly, keeping on his spectacles, but withdrawing his hands under his wraps.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00891", "bookId": 145, "start": 278791, "end": 278967, "sha256": "27258b9e0097243f9c803bbbf63ba89750aea4b6478ee2ec1c4b64cf54f72146", "text": "“I expect nothing, sir.” Fred with difficulty restrained himself from venting his irritation. “I came to bring you the letter. If you like I will bid you good morning.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00892", "bookId": 145, "start": 278969, "end": 279029, "sha256": "e9c2d4c62f2d86dabc1fa4f5909dfab44f9057dfacdc1ef5b949cff368683c1e", "text": "“Not yet, not yet. Ring the bell; I want missy to come.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00893", "bookId": 145, "start": 279031, "end": 279079, "sha256": "b629cb3431bed7e017e7dff40900481214e5ce57b87f984804f3ba070f3dd09e", "text": "It was a servant who came in answer to the bell.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00894", "bookId": 145, "start": 279081, "end": 279224, "sha256": "d2a3a3ced95e845779ab374df7f16518d5fb8645bca870c12ead501024bbf49e", "text": "“Tell missy to come!” said Mr. Featherstone, impatiently. “What business had she to go away?” He spoke in the same tone when Mary came.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00895", "bookId": 145, "start": 279226, "end": 279353, "sha256": "d6f530d37265b8abc0918ab87e62a8d12afa3fb13f06294d9923f63cc165eff4", "text": "“Why couldn’t you sit still here till I told you to go? I want my waistcoat now. I told you always to put it on the bed.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00896", "bookId": 145, "start": 279355, "end": 280041, "sha256": "20a1aa2eb61074b5af63e7564581fbd3f797938195fab97fd40d63966f463157", "text": "Mary’s eyes looked rather red, as if she had been crying. It was clear that Mr. Featherstone was in one of his most snappish humors this morning, and though Fred had now the prospect of receiving the much-needed present of money, he would have preferred being free to turn round on the old tyrant and tell him that Mary Garth was too good to be at his beck. Though Fred had risen as she entered the room, she had barely noticed him, and looked as if her nerves were quivering with the expectation that something would be thrown at her. But she never had anything worse than words to dread. When she went to reach the waistcoat from a peg, Fred went up to her and said, “Allow me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00897", "bookId": 145, "start": 280043, "end": 280581, "sha256": "f06a13fdaa7ad24c1cab5c41394960df1e2ef649d09b8d82cc64655e8062719d", "text": "“Let it alone! You bring it, missy, and lay it down here,” said Mr. Featherstone. “Now you go away again till I call you,” he added, when the waistcoat was laid down by him. It was usual with him to season his pleasure in showing favor to one person by being especially disagreeable to another, and Mary was always at hand to furnish the condiment. When his own relatives came she was treated better. Slowly he took out a bunch of keys from the waistcoat pocket, and slowly he drew forth a tin box which was under the bed-clothes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00898", "bookId": 145, "start": 280583, "end": 280725, "sha256": "cfe9107e27b051f495ef58be4128e566270a2fa50fc150c2261a7630788928d7", "text": "“You expect I am going to give you a little fortune, eh?” he said, looking above his spectacles and pausing in the act of opening the lid.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00899", "bookId": 145, "start": 280727, "end": 281456, "sha256": "d0aa20fed6827bc4cfa487f860b5af723de9d45de4b2bdc9e4b25b1c23d1f244", "text": "“Not at all, sir. You were good enough to speak of making me a present the other day, else, of course, I should not have thought of the matter.” But Fred was of a hopeful disposition, and a vision had presented itself of a sum just large enough to deliver him from a certain anxiety. When Fred got into debt, it always seemed to him highly probable that something or other—he did not necessarily conceive what—would come to pass enabling him to pay in due time. And now that the providential occurrence was apparently close at hand, it would have been sheer absurdity to think that the supply would be short of the need: as absurd as a faith that believed in half a miracle for want of strength to believe in a whole one.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00900", "bookId": 145, "start": 281458, "end": 281988, "sha256": "e10428b2d869a0b127e8503d1289bd5e40835102663ee848a218ca0c90a887b9", "text": "The deep-veined hands fingered many bank-notes one after the other, laying them down flat again, while Fred leaned back in his chair, scorning to look eager. He held himself to be a gentleman at heart, and did not like courting an old fellow for his money. At last, Mr. Featherstone eyed him again over his spectacles and presented him with a little sheaf of notes: Fred could see distinctly that there were but five, as the less significant edges gaped towards him. But then, each might mean fifty pounds. He took them, saying—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00901", "bookId": 145, "start": 281990, "end": 282170, "sha256": "440f9a3a82fd2207856e44d07b95eb36cfa1fccf5887d32ab8268a3d1772642b", "text": "“I am very much obliged to you, sir,” and was going to roll them up without seeming to think of their value. But this did not suit Mr. Featherstone, who was eying him intently.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00902", "bookId": 145, "start": 282172, "end": 282297, "sha256": "4b1adbe2c3b48d6328f37678a170601f992723f216b69fcb0a97dfab635febf8", "text": "“Come, don’t you think it worth your while to count ’em? You take money like a lord; I suppose you lose it like one.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00903", "bookId": 145, "start": 282299, "end": 282405, "sha256": "478b4872ace2a7ec16d7c8829f99f21fc407a6398be87ca3f8e03360b78d4d08", "text": "“I thought I was not to look a gift-horse in the mouth, sir. But I shall be very happy to count them.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00904", "bookId": 145, "start": 282407, "end": 282946, "sha256": "1cba7c8a76f0f0f7bdba63874dbd1f4385d51285e35946693962c16c2ad48b79", "text": "Fred was not so happy, however, after he had counted them. For they actually presented the absurdity of being less than his hopefulness had decided that they must be. What can the fitness of things mean, if not their fitness to a man’s expectations? Failing this, absurdity and atheism gape behind him. The collapse for Fred was severe when he found that he held no more than five twenties, and his share in the higher education of this country did not seem to help him. Nevertheless he said, with rapid changes in his fair complexion—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00905", "bookId": 145, "start": 282948, "end": 282986, "sha256": "e965fefc8fa54a10559b0666d8381385cde795dd59cb06e2f5de07acef9cd66c", "text": "“It is very handsome of you, sir.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00906", "bookId": 145, "start": 282988, "end": 283236, "sha256": "31b8cf625a5d40fe4bf933a14ed49c44b4b98fba404cba98ee79869b90666316", "text": "“I should think it is,” said Mr. Featherstone, locking his box and replacing it, then taking off his spectacles deliberately, and at length, as if his inward meditation had more deeply convinced him, repeating, “I should think it handsome.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00907", "bookId": 145, "start": 283238, "end": 283339, "sha256": "bca9d19c59b81157568f6b0455b4a173ec4f3504dba0811c8944ee00c4a07d62", "text": "“I assure you, sir, I am very grateful,” said Fred, who had had time to recover his cheerful air.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00908", "bookId": 145, "start": 283341, "end": 283682, "sha256": "fcff8f89ece62913caa0ed02c9227007d59e7a9c7cfcb2adb8ee9c95b4afee4d", "text": "“So you ought to be. You want to cut a figure in the world, and I reckon Peter Featherstone is the only one you’ve got to trust to.” Here the old man’s eyes gleamed with a curiously mingled satisfaction in the consciousness that this smart young fellow relied upon him, and that the smart young fellow was rather a fool for doing so.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00909", "bookId": 145, "start": 283684, "end": 284095, "sha256": "e5cc42f103e36146a5b9399e34f34ad072dcfba5e7cc7a851dd99e720afcf0c9", "text": "“Yes, indeed: I was not born to very splendid chances. Few men have been more cramped than I have been,” said Fred, with some sense of surprise at his own virtue, considering how hardly he was dealt with. “It really seems a little too bad to have to ride a broken-winded hunter, and see men, who, are not half such good judges as yourself, able to throw away any amount of money on buying bad bargains.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00910", "bookId": 145, "start": 284097, "end": 284313, "sha256": "707ac5a939e2084f639a5f8773d4848bb5ae1b23321ee40e73539961d6e9d467", "text": "“Well, you can buy yourself a fine hunter now. Eighty pound is enough for that, I reckon—and you’ll have twenty pound over to get yourself out of any little scrape,” said Mr. Featherstone, chuckling slightly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00911", "bookId": 145, "start": 284315, "end": 284420, "sha256": "46ab2f271540eef84e9ac47bf2acb67944a735690665ba3dacdbebb9febd16f5", "text": "“You are very good, sir,” said Fred, with a fine sense of contrast between the words and his feeling.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00912", "bookId": 145, "start": 284422, "end": 284621, "sha256": "f0015512bd1e88c1c01f9f5cab10c0b1edad8bb2ff302eb96cf8d6d5c16bd056", "text": "“Ay, rather a better uncle than your fine uncle Bulstrode. You won’t get much out of his spekilations, I think. He’s got a pretty strong string round your father’s leg, by what I hear, eh?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00913", "bookId": 145, "start": 284623, "end": 284686, "sha256": "a99078ec8330156d9ec9f0c93a9d61296137466edf8a2b3d5fb1ca2f4966063f", "text": "“My father never tells me anything about his affairs, sir.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00914", "bookId": 145, "start": 284688, "end": 285041, "sha256": "2527b003c0da5a539ba363bb3af49cefce63bdfa335289eff4cdf46c3a742b14", "text": "“Well, he shows some sense there. But other people find ’em out without his telling. _He’ll_ never have much to leave you: he’ll most-like die without a will—he’s the sort of man to do it—let ’em make him mayor of Middlemarch as much as they like. But you won’t get much by his dying without a will, though you _are_ the eldest son.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00915", "bookId": 145, "start": 285043, "end": 285181, "sha256": "22c8fc2ae854d56780bf2dbecc5f6aa2d64481b0917113ce6c2b121a589f4839", "text": "Fred thought that Mr. Featherstone had never been so disagreeable before. True, he had never before given him quite so much money at once.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00916", "bookId": 145, "start": 285183, "end": 285312, "sha256": "bbd11bd957325216fabd44c98be9e1a3282a34f2c44db6cea19f9a5734765301", "text": "“Shall I destroy this letter of Mr. Bulstrode’s, sir?” said Fred, rising with the letter as if he would put it in the fire.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00917", "bookId": 145, "start": 285314, "end": 285375, "sha256": "c0059128c9b6d649eaf4965d18be8ec330edb12feb1778bbadc2331c2e60fddb", "text": "“Ay, ay, I don’t want it. It’s worth no money to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00918", "bookId": 145, "start": 285377, "end": 285782, "sha256": "91c535dedfcb0713ac5a0e8b0499241cffdb518373260995946a84c8281d727f", "text": "Fred carried the letter to the fire, and thrust the poker through it with much zest. He longed to get out of the room, but he was a little ashamed before his inner self, as well as before his uncle, to run away immediately after pocketing the money. Presently, the farm-bailiff came up to give his master a report, and Fred, to his unspeakable relief, was dismissed with the injunction to come again soon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00919", "bookId": 145, "start": 285784, "end": 286075, "sha256": "274176892b8b269ee4f23cfd49a131346b6cdfb9786b4fdc502f689507bc80c1", "text": "He had longed not only to be set free from his uncle, but also to find Mary Garth. She was now in her usual place by the fire, with sewing in her hands and a book open on the little table by her side. Her eyelids had lost some of their redness now, and she had her usual air of self-command.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00920", "bookId": 145, "start": 286077, "end": 286144, "sha256": "97179fbf4f6235c3f38fa782932ee6d94cefb66a1a7a7d3b85db73d28398ce1d", "text": "“Am I wanted up-stairs?” she said, half rising as Fred entered.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00921", "bookId": 145, "start": 286146, "end": 286204, "sha256": "a4a497d722658a5faa4dbe75e72da5c850848c43a7017de407fb4352f4e8720d", "text": "“No; I am only dismissed, because Simmons is gone up.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00922", "bookId": 145, "start": 286206, "end": 286397, "sha256": "2702a4837195a7bac4a8801c0ffc140aafc7d72c599dc9fc28e48a56277c31d7", "text": "Mary sat down again, and resumed her work. She was certainly treating him with more indifference than usual: she did not know how affectionately indignant he had felt on her behalf up-stairs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00923", "bookId": 145, "start": 286399, "end": 286457, "sha256": "843036cda045b9221a869886c1e5f0ce20f4f6ccfeadc086ef4164799accac87", "text": "“May I stay here a little, Mary, or shall I bore you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00924", "bookId": 145, "start": 286459, "end": 286612, "sha256": "1ac62989bfc87496b662cced5bf56ec18cbb2c3f471ec7a22a4984f5a0bb9065", "text": "“Pray sit down,” said Mary; “you will not be so heavy a bore as Mr. John Waule, who was here yesterday, and he sat down without asking my leave.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00925", "bookId": 145, "start": 286614, "end": 286664, "sha256": "8e41d14372afb71b375b3423eac10ee876d51e9ab466c9826b6b6a6d612c471c", "text": "“Poor fellow! I think he is in love with you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00926", "bookId": 145, "start": 286666, "end": 287081, "sha256": "bf47c9d898579e35a0e26f93b52ed4455697cc78c20cb01c80357a44b084b6fa", "text": "“I am not aware of it. And to me it is one of the most odious things in a girl’s life, that there must always be some supposition of falling in love coming between her and any man who is kind to her, and to whom she is grateful. I should have thought that I, at least, might have been safe from all that. I have no ground for the nonsensical vanity of fancying everybody who comes near me is in love with me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00927", "bookId": 145, "start": 287083, "end": 287190, "sha256": "97dd7256dca64e70f2c46e5123ad27f9b842ccc82d8d7f003aee21361d181edd", "text": "Mary did not mean to betray any feeling, but in spite of herself she ended in a tremulous tone of vexation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00928", "bookId": 145, "start": 287192, "end": 287505, "sha256": "d552ee073052cbc3fd0f2ad84e4b6fee0ed0620eb39aa43ad44bdfe6d18898bc", "text": "“Confound John Waule! I did not mean to make you angry. I didn’t know you had any reason for being grateful to me. I forgot what a great service you think it if any one snuffs a candle for you.” Fred also had his pride, and was not going to show that he knew what had called forth this outburst of Mary’s.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00929", "bookId": 145, "start": 287507, "end": 287852, "sha256": "9fb02ee12eaf0ae22a752d626623f9c7f1379e1026ed7b30f0bbab2f3c504296", "text": "“Oh, I am not angry, except with the ways of the world. I do like to be spoken to as if I had common-sense. I really often feel as if I could understand a little more than I ever hear even from young gentlemen who have been to college.” Mary had recovered, and she spoke with a suppressed rippling under-current of laughter pleasant to hear.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00930", "bookId": 145, "start": 287854, "end": 288052, "sha256": "b76071faaa4eb89941bea34d1451a02357bf6a242ae4568a4489ead8152e8151", "text": "“I don’t care how merry you are at my expense this morning,” said Fred, “I thought you looked so sad when you came up-stairs. It is a shame you should stay here to be bullied in that way.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00931", "bookId": 145, "start": 288054, "end": 288506, "sha256": "95c4376d4266d16c1bce615fcf4760e902b3f8bc6af02f51f3b21f4309891879", "text": "“Oh, I have an easy life—by comparison. I have tried being a teacher, and I am not fit for that: my mind is too fond of wandering on its own way. I think any hardship is better than pretending to do what one is paid for, and never really doing it. Everything here I can do as well as any one else could; perhaps better than some—Rosy, for example. Though she is just the sort of beautiful creature that is imprisoned with ogres in fairy tales.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00932", "bookId": 145, "start": 288508, "end": 288577, "sha256": "2242caf6037920a66fc92444b74a80b2ae07e3401fbb8b231d35afadddc0ad71", "text": "“_Rosy!_” cried Fred, in a tone of profound brotherly scepticism.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00933", "bookId": 145, "start": 288579, "end": 288664, "sha256": "83abd3e485d9274284a441819963dca9928f31d547e31a530354726205329c9b", "text": "“Come, Fred!” said Mary, emphatically; “you have no right to be so critical.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00934", "bookId": 145, "start": 288666, "end": 288715, "sha256": "646f5adf2dc2ff138b382862d1e6a932e92847f1322aef618a8c9f8f31b9f901", "text": "“Do you mean anything particular—just now?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00935", "bookId": 145, "start": 288717, "end": 288761, "sha256": "547bbbb694c529f013e770e52d3bfd17c38f94a2c0944e74a55b6a14feaf0107", "text": "“No, I mean something general—always.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00936", "bookId": 145, "start": 288763, "end": 288897, "sha256": "41d8ab98d7007bfb67cbe3185d8c21227f3342e084035284e069906197e329a0", "text": "“Oh, that I am idle and extravagant. Well, I am not fit to be a poor man. I should not have made a bad fellow if I had been rich.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00937", "bookId": 145, "start": 288899, "end": 289022, "sha256": "b8d8dfa5cfda61f1b5804a68eca1d4a91eb9371479e53e272875029b7419841e", "text": "“You would have done your duty in that state of life to which it has not pleased God to call you,” said Mary, laughing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00938", "bookId": 145, "start": 289024, "end": 289179, "sha256": "a61be407942ada3f7bfcab52bd18059ed5a14aed03ee2b0f4760d455f485d8a7", "text": "“Well, I couldn’t do my duty as a clergyman, any more than you could do yours as a governess. You ought to have a little fellow-feeling there, Mary.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00939", "bookId": 145, "start": 289181, "end": 289340, "sha256": "56d626ffa20999ad4284f16f60f14d7d1a0b2c8e4f92cffd4f506623e2cfbf64", "text": "“I never said you ought to be a clergyman. There are other sorts of work. It seems to me very miserable not to resolve on some course and act accordingly.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00940", "bookId": 145, "start": 289342, "end": 289429, "sha256": "d3e7881cc90b475185e85d4c2d5b870e12ea72885b0ae5d59e7a9310cfb94d5d", "text": "“So I could, if—” Fred broke off, and stood up, leaning against the mantel-piece.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00941", "bookId": 145, "start": 289431, "end": 289484, "sha256": "d197b68597d494d2f2d272d9bf3ba98c004c80d08720e8b8f996bd695bd143be", "text": "“If you were sure you should not have a fortune?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00942", "bookId": 145, "start": 289486, "end": 289609, "sha256": "02c870739567e1cbbb062f227f96f5b7fc9f9a0cb4f5b5bb5ea76e10af4d35cf", "text": "“I did not say that. You want to quarrel with me. It is too bad of you to be guided by what other people say about me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00943", "bookId": 145, "start": 289611, "end": 289813, "sha256": "3997f2f17cee8cf5bedd6e55a3837fd1025a0ce63195dc6e1571e06ed6b59ec2", "text": "“How can I want to quarrel with you? I should be quarrelling with all my new books,” said Mary, lifting the volume on the table. “However naughty you may be to other people, you are good to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00944", "bookId": 145, "start": 289815, "end": 289892, "sha256": "a2c54b6f75d11b58f818b9b25d84e0c3724fb95850b943b36940532c55e634b0", "text": "“Because I like you better than any one else. But I know you despise me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00945", "bookId": 145, "start": 289894, "end": 289955, "sha256": "0efba402354d3fc5348c0fab9e94ae7a8a9471c1dd47bd00f96dc05b8aff8fff", "text": "“Yes, I do—a little,” said Mary, nodding, with a smile.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00946", "bookId": 145, "start": 289957, "end": 290047, "sha256": "9cf0132ac383b93fb098a93b5fdce1c5d6b088fabd3baa9829c76f44abcf1104", "text": "“You would admire a stupendous fellow, who would have wise opinions about everything.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00947", "bookId": 145, "start": 290049, "end": 290289, "sha256": "f59e1774eba73564bce99f1ea7a53f892212d0ca625089679c49b230c6984cbd", "text": "“Yes, I should.” Mary was sewing swiftly, and seemed provokingly mistress of the situation. When a conversation has taken a wrong turn for us, we only get farther and farther into the swamp of awkwardness. This was what Fred Vincy felt.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00948", "bookId": 145, "start": 290291, "end": 290464, "sha256": "76781a41ef3c40a3715caf8fc0abefc51a1f520337d5d589f1131b75d8cbfcfd", "text": "“I suppose a woman is never in love with any one she has always known—ever since she can remember; as a man often is. It is always some new fellow who strikes a girl.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00949", "bookId": 145, "start": 290466, "end": 291130, "sha256": "8131cf7f5eec30694c78ee1b0861ddf6356bc3c01e95447c10fb622c2a97daf8", "text": "“Let me see,” said Mary, the corners of her mouth curling archly; “I must go back on my experience. There is Juliet—she seems an example of what you say. But then Ophelia had probably known Hamlet a long while; and Brenda Troil—she had known Mordaunt Merton ever since they were children; but then he seems to have been an estimable young man; and Minna was still more deeply in love with Cleveland, who was a stranger. Waverley was new to Flora MacIvor; but then she did not fall in love with him. And there are Olivia and Sophia Primrose, and Corinne—they may be said to have fallen in love with new men. Altogether, my experience is rather mixed.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00950", "bookId": 145, "start": 291132, "end": 291544, "sha256": "5afc49ea1b71bb8ff7e367253e742ecec0372022615b3121f4e334ce2b1dcf6e", "text": "Mary looked up with some roguishness at Fred, and that look of hers was very dear to him, though the eyes were nothing more than clear windows where observation sat laughingly. He was certainly an affectionate fellow, and as he had grown from boy to man, he had grown in love with his old playmate, notwithstanding that share in the higher education of the country which had exalted his views of rank and income.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00951", "bookId": 145, "start": 291546, "end": 291709, "sha256": "c663680d87cc91e2778053b311eec3eba5b70889d6509f15c2814411432673cc", "text": "“When a man is not loved, it is no use for him to say that he could be a better fellow—could do anything—I mean, if he were sure of being loved in return.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00952", "bookId": 145, "start": 291711, "end": 291844, "sha256": "04bd98df999068cb6ab3e785a06393eb7cacb4ec1acf3e459475afa38e431588", "text": "“Not of the least use in the world for him to say he _could_ be better. Might, could, would—they are contemptible auxiliaries.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00953", "bookId": 145, "start": 291846, "end": 291947, "sha256": "708b02b0b33f1b47133b3e018135bfe4aa3ac862b6e9f517f153139b38a38505", "text": "“I don’t see how a man is to be good for much unless he has some one woman to love him dearly.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00954", "bookId": 145, "start": 291949, "end": 292011, "sha256": "14d2397457d4e09657eddd5b65594c5fb8c3ee845d09bbc04cc56e9ba3d52acb", "text": "“I think the goodness should come before he expects that.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00955", "bookId": 145, "start": 292013, "end": 292084, "sha256": "39f8cd048d0cec5fb53b5683dc53d9966541df9625ec640134a3351276ab802a", "text": "“You know better, Mary. Women don’t love men for their goodness.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00956", "bookId": 145, "start": 292086, "end": 292154, "sha256": "a0302a02476329c156c4208f0a434e85950d5ed3181599ce29d999009fdcebf3", "text": "“Perhaps not. But if they love them, they never think them bad.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00957", "bookId": 145, "start": 292156, "end": 292196, "sha256": "23c775ec04d1e8fbc5a36d7bd6aa14a616f62f597b99402f945ace57dce0550b", "text": "“It is hardly fair to say I am bad.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00958", "bookId": 145, "start": 292198, "end": 292236, "sha256": "fada398dd8c8683e8875c68ce265dc97d4b8c08eeb5d8560f32ce35141243237", "text": "“I said nothing at all about you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00959", "bookId": 145, "start": 292238, "end": 292395, "sha256": "660177ee84ba03d4722325c48610d483e22dfca6d02f0080e09c9040d5983b2a", "text": "“I never shall be good for anything, Mary, if you will not say that you love me—if you will not promise to marry me—I mean, when I am able to marry.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00960", "bookId": 145, "start": 292397, "end": 292493, "sha256": "f7a8807d3627201fe4ea62a9b6e9c83eb50e8d444f96abc953741ef8ee44a1a8", "text": "“If I did love you, I would not marry you: I would certainly not promise ever to marry you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00961", "bookId": 145, "start": 292495, "end": 292586, "sha256": "bec589f3a210ae2aa6ea7240c90bf690a46d87ecec8c2a9ca67bbc4597aec8a0", "text": "“I think that is quite wicked, Mary. If you love me, you ought to promise to marry me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00962", "bookId": 145, "start": 292588, "end": 292680, "sha256": "c4f777cbb8cd040462613f927294e9ec73dcb698451359078123d9ac12890904", "text": "“On the contrary, I think it would be wicked in me to marry you even if I did love you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00963", "bookId": 145, "start": 292682, "end": 292790, "sha256": "8e9262bdd7656ab7c0033fc6c9c6946ab63c133659dacb423e0e50b4548104a4", "text": "“You mean, just as I am, without any means of maintaining a wife. Of course: I am but three-and-twenty.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00964", "bookId": 145, "start": 292792, "end": 292948, "sha256": "884dd9d800abbf6c4aa2db84c5e1796bc0209486bcf0ef2c9a9f35257a684720", "text": "“In that last point you will alter. But I am not so sure of any other alteration. My father says an idle man ought not to exist, much less, be married.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00965", "bookId": 145, "start": 292950, "end": 292988, "sha256": "e29959e5e637d41025f502b433b35225778220924f56da463ba99061b2e75224", "text": "“Then I am to blow my brains out?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00966", "bookId": 145, "start": 292990, "end": 293132, "sha256": "a568298c5f40017e55ecd852fc2489ddc731cd87ecfbe184d07b383e112f1f39", "text": "“No; on the whole I should think you would do better to pass your examination. I have heard Mr. Farebrother say it is disgracefully easy.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00967", "bookId": 145, "start": 293134, "end": 293283, "sha256": "c2b0b1409bdebe3474c3a6c8cb16edd713836e38d8b11d3eed3620ab612b233c", "text": "“That is all very fine. Anything is easy to him. Not that cleverness has anything to do with it. I am ten times cleverer than many men who pass.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00968", "bookId": 145, "start": 293285, "end": 293546, "sha256": "87c9bfe411b7f250a03dff4659e501282a4d07c48b45424fd3fbfba4b387739d", "text": "“Dear me!” said Mary, unable to repress her sarcasm; “that accounts for the curates like Mr. Crowse. Divide your cleverness by ten, and the quotient—dear me!—is able to take a degree. But that only shows you are ten times more idle than the others.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00969", "bookId": 145, "start": 293548, "end": 293619, "sha256": "b6d80caca3690f22f7fc9c41aae488c85d1c64b4b3cf56781f5d613f31b6c434", "text": "“Well, if I did pass, you would not want me to go into the Church?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00970", "bookId": 145, "start": 293621, "end": 293780, "sha256": "6025e3621434f95a0dcf42f09e8541efbd177c79966c67d49787266898fdae57", "text": "“That is not the question—what I want you to do. You have a conscience of your own, I suppose. There! there is Mr. Lydgate. I must go and tell my uncle.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00971", "bookId": 145, "start": 293782, "end": 293921, "sha256": "2d80602b3f53e508b976b31077882ddb5f3f5df8faaaa20080130d7d022c9477", "text": "“Mary,” said Fred, seizing her hand as she rose; “if you will not give me some encouragement, I shall get worse instead of better.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00972", "bookId": 145, "start": 293923, "end": 294146, "sha256": "9695fdbcd67e7f63c43de7d0673202f23f8c1a7bc37c7298c120f1beb8b97f64", "text": "“I will not give you any encouragement,” said Mary, reddening. “Your friends would dislike it, and so would mine. My father would think it a disgrace to me if I accepted a man who got into debt, and would not work!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00973", "bookId": 145, "start": 294148, "end": 294364, "sha256": "4705d6d3a55d1c627aa9fcf0c68276c532f09824068392e400f472610308a434", "text": "Fred was stung, and released her hand. She walked to the door, but there she turned and said: “Fred, you have always been so good, so generous to me. I am not ungrateful. But never speak to me in that way again.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00974", "bookId": 145, "start": 294366, "end": 294769, "sha256": "4d398802bf7224cf8105577de33119dd58cc1d15b359e4594dcef58dde118876", "text": "“Very well,” said Fred, sulkily, taking up his hat and whip. His complexion showed patches of pale pink and dead white. Like many a plucked idle young gentleman, he was thoroughly in love, and with a plain girl, who had no money! But having Mr. Featherstone’s land in the background, and a persuasion that, let Mary say what she would, she really did care for him, Fred was not utterly in despair.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00975", "bookId": 145, "start": 294771, "end": 294983, "sha256": "b8f0b1e3789963246c91c00d8906d58f56f1307c1d5d560edd48351e0678181e", "text": "When he got home, he gave four of the twenties to his mother, asking her to keep them for him. “I don’t want to spend that money, mother. I want it to pay a debt with. So keep it safe away from my fingers.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00976", "bookId": 145, "start": 294985, "end": 295616, "sha256": "3ae755fb7762e914a29f808dfcff4e4acf478d75504b2b86ded288db240c94b0", "text": "“Bless you, my dear,” said Mrs. Vincy. She doted on her eldest son and her youngest girl (a child of six), whom others thought her two naughtiest children. The mother’s eyes are not always deceived in their partiality: she at least can best judge who is the tender, filial-hearted child. And Fred was certainly very fond of his mother. Perhaps it was his fondness for another person also that made him particularly anxious to take some security against his own liability to spend the hundred pounds. For the creditor to whom he owed a hundred and sixty held a firmer security in the shape of a bill signed by Mary’s father.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00977", "bookId": 145, "start": 295621, "end": 295632, "sha256": "8bea40b58cbadb6e8df2408f47194396299b5c284af6fada34292d2fe577046e", "text": "CHAPTER XV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00978", "bookId": 145, "start": 295634, "end": 295762, "sha256": "7b0cde9f278d9f8120c9f4975efbe398a0fd0fcd25f20b18a4c041ad687494b3", "text": "“Black eyes you have left, you say, Blue eyes fail to draw you; Yet you seem more rapt to-day, Than of old we saw you.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00979", "bookId": 145, "start": 295764, "end": 295893, "sha256": "f443766cee499b7250b1321f925e0ab3763feef3e48e4b5f34bfd777587990b7", "text": "“Oh, I track the fairest fair Through new haunts of pleasure; Footprints here and echoes there Guide me to my treasure:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00980", "bookId": 145, "start": 295895, "end": 296023, "sha256": "9033f38e2972b7e6452d34a7710c43065b7d9a9b18f5640dc043937ca2cf1343", "text": "“Lo! she turns—immortal youth Wrought to mortal stature, Fresh as starlight’s aged truth— Many-namèd Nature!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00981", "bookId": 145, "start": 296026, "end": 297168, "sha256": "a506b8bff9316077cf1242d8b3c130d514a11f410b356ffdeccbbbd51f42cf0b", "text": "A great historian, as he insisted on calling himself, who had the happiness to be dead a hundred and twenty years ago, and so to take his place among the colossi whose huge legs our living pettiness is observed to walk under, glories in his copious remarks and digressions as the least imitable part of his work, and especially in those initial chapters to the successive books of his history, where he seems to bring his armchair to the proscenium and chat with us in all the lusty ease of his fine English. But Fielding lived when the days were longer (for time, like money, is measured by our needs), when summer afternoons were spacious, and the clock ticked slowly in the winter evenings. We belated historians must not linger after his example; and if we did so, it is probable that our chat would be thin and eager, as if delivered from a campstool in a parrot-house. I at least have so much to do in unraveling certain human lots, and seeing how they were woven and interwoven, that all the light I can command must be concentrated on this particular web, and not dispersed over that tempting range of relevancies called the universe.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00982", "bookId": 145, "start": 297170, "end": 299641, "sha256": "8e3ee702a8ba0b2d87a72dbd03986d015d29363fe26053d5cad0e04e520d1f90", "text": "At present I have to make the new settler Lydgate better known to any one interested in him than he could possibly be even to those who had seen the most of him since his arrival in Middlemarch. For surely all must admit that a man may be puffed and belauded, envied, ridiculed, counted upon as a tool and fallen in love with, or at least selected as a future husband, and yet remain virtually unknown—known merely as a cluster of signs for his neighbors’ false suppositions. There was a general impression, however, that Lydgate was not altogether a common country doctor, and in Middlemarch at that time such an impression was significant of great things being expected from him. For everybody’s family doctor was remarkably clever, and was understood to have immeasurable skill in the management and training of the most skittish or vicious diseases. The evidence of his cleverness was of the higher intuitive order, lying in his lady-patients’ immovable conviction, and was unassailable by any objection except that their intuitions were opposed by others equally strong; each lady who saw medical truth in Wrench and “the strengthening treatment” regarding Toller and “the lowering system” as medical perdition. For the heroic times of copious bleeding and blistering had not yet departed, still less the times of thorough-going theory, when disease in general was called by some bad name, and treated accordingly without shilly-shally—as if, for example, it were to be called insurrection, which must not be fired on with blank-cartridge, but have its blood drawn at once. The strengtheners and the lowerers were all “clever” men in somebody’s opinion, which is really as much as can be said for any living talents. Nobody’s imagination had gone so far as to conjecture that Mr. Lydgate could know as much as Dr. Sprague and Dr. Minchin, the two physicians, who alone could offer any hope when danger was extreme, and when the smallest hope was worth a guinea. Still, I repeat, there was a general impression that Lydgate was something rather more uncommon than any general practitioner in Middlemarch. And this was true. He was but seven-and-twenty, an age at which many men are not quite common—at which they are hopeful of achievement, resolute in avoidance, thinking that Mammon shall never put a bit in their mouths and get astride their backs, but rather that Mammon, if they have anything to do with him, shall draw their chariot.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00983", "bookId": 145, "start": 299643, "end": 303661, "sha256": "48fd995f67d5bfff8f238656386443ba1bc87235ef9ac87a0e65004720ba04bb", "text": "He had been left an orphan when he was fresh from a public school. His father, a military man, had made but little provision for three children, and when the boy Tertius asked to have a medical education, it seemed easier to his guardians to grant his request by apprenticing him to a country practitioner than to make any objections on the score of family dignity. He was one of the rarer lads who early get a decided bent and make up their minds that there is something particular in life which they would like to do for its own sake, and not because their fathers did it. Most of us who turn to any subject with love remember some morning or evening hour when we got on a high stool to reach down an untried volume, or sat with parted lips listening to a new talker, or for very lack of books began to listen to the voices within, as the first traceable beginning of our love. Something of that sort happened to Lydgate. He was a quick fellow, and when hot from play, would toss himself in a corner, and in five minutes be deep in any sort of book that he could lay his hands on: if it were Rasselas or Gulliver, so much the better, but Bailey’s Dictionary would do, or the Bible with the Apocrypha in it. Something he must read, when he was not riding the pony, or running and hunting, or listening to the talk of men. All this was true of him at ten years of age; he had then read through “Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea,” which was neither milk for babes, nor any chalky mixture meant to pass for milk, and it had already occurred to him that books were stuff, and that life was stupid. His school studies had not much modified that opinion, for though he “did” his classics and mathematics, he was not pre-eminent in them. It was said of him, that Lydgate could do anything he liked, but he had certainly not yet liked to do anything remarkable. He was a vigorous animal with a ready understanding, but no spark had yet kindled in him an intellectual passion; knowledge seemed to him a very superficial affair, easily mastered: judging from the conversation of his elders, he had apparently got already more than was necessary for mature life. Probably this was not an exceptional result of expensive teaching at that period of short-waisted coats, and other fashions which have not yet recurred. But, one vacation, a wet day sent him to the small home library to hunt once more for a book which might have some freshness for him: in vain! unless, indeed, he took down a dusty row of volumes with gray-paper backs and dingy labels—the volumes of an old Cyclopaedia which he had never disturbed. It would at least be a novelty to disturb them. They were on the highest shelf, and he stood on a chair to get them down. But he opened the volume which he first took from the shelf: somehow, one is apt to read in a makeshift attitude, just where it might seem inconvenient to do so. The page he opened on was under the head of Anatomy, and the first passage that drew his eyes was on the valves of the heart. He was not much acquainted with valves of any sort, but he knew that valvae were folding-doors, and through this crevice came a sudden light startling him with his first vivid notion of finely adjusted mechanism in the human frame. A liberal education had of course left him free to read the indecent passages in the school classics, but beyond a general sense of secrecy and obscenity in connection with his internal structure, had left his imagination quite unbiassed, so that for anything he knew his brains lay in small bags at his temples, and he had no more thought of representing to himself how his blood circulated than how paper served instead of gold. But the moment of vocation had come, and before he got down from his chair, the world was made new to him by a presentiment of endless processes filling the vast spaces planked out of his sight by that wordy ignorance which he had supposed to be knowledge. From that hour Lydgate felt the growth of an intellectual passion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00984", "bookId": 145, "start": 303663, "end": 305376, "sha256": "56946045813b93a6d12aa1e0999238a3ac6b22346778f8d323f534b1fab41738", "text": "We are not afraid of telling over and over again how a man comes to fall in love with a woman and be wedded to her, or else be fatally parted from her. Is it due to excess of poetry or of stupidity that we are never weary of describing what King James called a woman’s “makdom and her fairnesse,” never weary of listening to the twanging of the old Troubadour strings, and are comparatively uninterested in that other kind of “makdom and fairnesse” which must be wooed with industrious thought and patient renunciation of small desires? In the story of this passion, too, the development varies: sometimes it is the glorious marriage, sometimes frustration and final parting. And not seldom the catastrophe is bound up with the other passion, sung by the Troubadours. For in the multitude of middle-aged men who go about their vocations in a daily course determined for them much in the same way as the tie of their cravats, there is always a good number who once meant to shape their own deeds and alter the world a little. The story of their coming to be shapen after the average and fit to be packed by the gross, is hardly ever told even in their consciousness; for perhaps their ardor in generous unpaid toil cooled as imperceptibly as the ardor of other youthful loves, till one day their earlier self walked like a ghost in its old home and made the new furniture ghastly. Nothing in the world more subtle than the process of their gradual change! In the beginning they inhaled it unknowingly: you and I may have sent some of our breath towards infecting them, when we uttered our conforming falsities or drew our silly conclusions: or perhaps it came with the vibrations from a woman’s glance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00985", "bookId": 145, "start": 305378, "end": 306235, "sha256": "b7f19db88c5a466488cac0cd3c5c391b8be3a9a216df0a6ef3637211916de1fd", "text": "Lydgate did not mean to be one of those failures, and there was the better hope of him because his scientific interest soon took the form of a professional enthusiasm: he had a youthful belief in his bread-winning work, not to be stifled by that initiation in makeshift called his ’prentice days; and he carried to his studies in London, Edinburgh, and Paris, the conviction that the medical profession as it might be was the finest in the world; presenting the most perfect interchange between science and art; offering the most direct alliance between intellectual conquest and the social good. Lydgate’s nature demanded this combination: he was an emotional creature, with a flesh-and-blood sense of fellowship which withstood all the abstractions of special study. He cared not only for “cases,” but for John and Elizabeth, especially Elizabeth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00986", "bookId": 145, "start": 306237, "end": 308725, "sha256": "d3328fc1989983ee474aeb52be0ff40b7636e3a2160ef648c1b89c539e1cbe49", "text": "There was another attraction in his profession: it wanted reform, and gave a man an opportunity for some indignant resolve to reject its venal decorations and other humbug, and to be the possessor of genuine though undemanded qualifications. He went to study in Paris with the determination that when he came home again he would settle in some provincial town as a general practitioner, and resist the irrational severance between medical and surgical knowledge in the interest of his own scientific pursuits, as well as of the general advance: he would keep away from the range of London intrigues, jealousies, and social truckling, and win celebrity, however slowly, as Jenner had done, by the independent value of his work. For it must be remembered that this was a dark period; and in spite of venerable colleges which used great efforts to secure purity of knowledge by making it scarce, and to exclude error by a rigid exclusiveness in relation to fees and appointments, it happened that very ignorant young gentlemen were promoted in town, and many more got a legal right to practise over large areas in the country. Also, the high standard held up to the public mind by the College of Physicians, which gave its peculiar sanction to the expensive and highly rarefied medical instruction obtained by graduates of Oxford and Cambridge, did not hinder quackery from having an excellent time of it; for since professional practice chiefly consisted in giving a great many drugs, the public inferred that it might be better off with more drugs still, if they could only be got cheaply, and hence swallowed large cubic measures of physic prescribed by unscrupulous ignorance which had taken no degrees. Considering that statistics had not yet embraced a calculation as to the number of ignorant or canting doctors which absolutely must exist in the teeth of all changes, it seemed to Lydgate that a change in the units was the most direct mode of changing the numbers. He meant to be a unit who would make a certain amount of difference towards that spreading change which would one day tell appreciably upon the averages, and in the mean time have the pleasure of making an advantageous difference to the viscera of his own patients. But he did not simply aim at a more genuine kind of practice than was common. He was ambitious of a wider effect: he was fired with the possibility that he might work out the proof of an anatomical conception and make a link in the chain of discovery.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00987", "bookId": 145, "start": 308727, "end": 311535, "sha256": "bafebb4c7f8807fd1d4161e6c66fe038bdb42df2b69a8a32ae5d57519ca92c38", "text": "Does it seem incongruous to you that a Middlemarch surgeon should dream of himself as a discoverer? Most of us, indeed, know little of the great originators until they have been lifted up among the constellations and already rule our fates. But that Herschel, for example, who “broke the barriers of the heavens”—did he not once play a provincial church-organ, and give music-lessons to stumbling pianists? Each of those Shining Ones had to walk on the earth among neighbors who perhaps thought much more of his gait and his garments than of anything which was to give him a title to everlasting fame: each of them had his little local personal history sprinkled with small temptations and sordid cares, which made the retarding friction of his course towards final companionship with the immortals. Lydgate was not blind to the dangers of such friction, but he had plenty of confidence in his resolution to avoid it as far as possible: being seven-and-twenty, he felt himself experienced. And he was not going to have his vanities provoked by contact with the showy worldly successes of the capital, but to live among people who could hold no rivalry with that pursuit of a great idea which was to be a twin object with the assiduous practice of his profession. There was fascination in the hope that the two purposes would illuminate each other: the careful observation and inference which was his daily work, the use of the lens to further his judgment in special cases, would further his thought as an instrument of larger inquiry. Was not this the typical pre-eminence of his profession? He would be a good Middlemarch doctor, and by that very means keep himself in the track of far-reaching investigation. On one point he may fairly claim approval at this particular stage of his career: he did not mean to imitate those philanthropic models who make a profit out of poisonous pickles to support themselves while they are exposing adulteration, or hold shares in a gambling-hell that they may have leisure to represent the cause of public morality. He intended to begin in his own case some particular reforms which were quite certainly within his reach, and much less of a problem than the demonstrating of an anatomical conception. One of these reforms was to act stoutly on the strength of a recent legal decision, and simply prescribe, without dispensing drugs or taking percentage from druggists. This was an innovation for one who had chosen to adopt the style of general practitioner in a country town, and would be felt as offensive criticism by his professional brethren. But Lydgate meant to innovate in his treatment also, and he was wise enough to see that the best security for his practising honestly according to his belief was to get rid of systematic temptations to the contrary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00988", "bookId": 145, "start": 311537, "end": 315177, "sha256": "e48a2230e603a58e945c9e3dc9bd7ca8cdd74bcd9932d552a85df7a7b028a25c", "text": "Perhaps that was a more cheerful time for observers and theorizers than the present; we are apt to think it the finest era of the world when America was beginning to be discovered, when a bold sailor, even if he were wrecked, might alight on a new kingdom; and about 1829 the dark territories of Pathology were a fine America for a spirited young adventurer. Lydgate was ambitious above all to contribute towards enlarging the scientific, rational basis of his profession. The more he became interested in special questions of disease, such as the nature of fever or fevers, the more keenly he felt the need for that fundamental knowledge of structure which just at the beginning of the century had been illuminated by the brief and glorious career of Bichat, who died when he was only one-and-thirty, but, like another Alexander, left a realm large enough for many heirs. That great Frenchman first carried out the conception that living bodies, fundamentally considered, are not associations of organs which can be understood by studying them first apart, and then as it were federally; but must be regarded as consisting of certain primary webs or tissues, out of which the various organs—brain, heart, lungs, and so on—are compacted, as the various accommodations of a house are built up in various proportions of wood, iron, stone, brick, zinc, and the rest, each material having its peculiar composition and proportions. No man, one sees, can understand and estimate the entire structure or its parts—what are its frailties and what its repairs, without knowing the nature of the materials. And the conception wrought out by Bichat, with his detailed study of the different tissues, acted necessarily on medical questions as the turning of gas-light would act on a dim, oil-lit street, showing new connections and hitherto hidden facts of structure which must be taken into account in considering the symptoms of maladies and the action of medicaments. But results which depend on human conscience and intelligence work slowly, and now at the end of 1829, most medical practice was still strutting or shambling along the old paths, and there was still scientific work to be done which might have seemed to be a direct sequence of Bichat’s. This great seer did not go beyond the consideration of the tissues as ultimate facts in the living organism, marking the limit of anatomical analysis; but it was open to another mind to say, have not these structures some common basis from which they have all started, as your sarsnet, gauze, net, satin, and velvet from the raw cocoon? Here would be another light, as of oxy-hydrogen, showing the very grain of things, and revising all former explanations. Of this sequence to Bichat’s work, already vibrating along many currents of the European mind, Lydgate was enamoured; he longed to demonstrate the more intimate relations of living structure, and help to define men’s thought more accurately after the true order. The work had not yet been done, but only prepared for those who knew how to use the preparation. What was the primitive tissue? In that way Lydgate put the question—not quite in the way required by the awaiting answer; but such missing of the right word befalls many seekers. And he counted on quiet intervals to be watchfully seized, for taking up the threads of investigation—on many hints to be won from diligent application, not only of the scalpel, but of the microscope, which research had begun to use again with new enthusiasm of reliance. Such was Lydgate’s plan of his future: to do good small work for Middlemarch, and great work for the world.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00989", "bookId": 145, "start": 315179, "end": 319119, "sha256": "5a0d465046b79cc99a24c21bf99dc4b4874d510c196b3854a4d475a9c435bf0e", "text": "He was certainly a happy fellow at this time: to be seven-and-twenty, without any fixed vices, with a generous resolution that his action should be beneficent, and with ideas in his brain that made life interesting quite apart from the cultus of horseflesh and other mystic rites of costly observance, which the eight hundred pounds left him after buying his practice would certainly not have gone far in paying for. He was at a starting-point which makes many a man’s career a fine subject for betting, if there were any gentlemen given to that amusement who could appreciate the complicated probabilities of an arduous purpose, with all the possible thwartings and furtherings of circumstance, all the niceties of inward balance, by which a man swims and makes his point or else is carried headlong. The risk would remain even with close knowledge of Lydgate’s character; for character too is a process and an unfolding. The man was still in the making, as much as the Middlemarch doctor and immortal discoverer, and there were both virtues and faults capable of shrinking or expanding. The faults will not, I hope, be a reason for the withdrawal of your interest in him. Among our valued friends is there not some one or other who is a little too self-confident and disdainful; whose distinguished mind is a little spotted with commonness; who is a little pinched here and protuberant there with native prejudices; or whose better energies are liable to lapse down the wrong channel under the influence of transient solicitations? All these things might be alleged against Lydgate, but then, they are the periphrases of a polite preacher, who talks of Adam, and would not like to mention anything painful to the pew-renters. The particular faults from which these delicate generalities are distilled have distinguishable physiognomies, diction, accent, and grimaces; filling up parts in very various dramas. Our vanities differ as our noses do: all conceit is not the same conceit, but varies in correspondence with the minutiae of mental make in which one of us differs from another. Lydgate’s conceit was of the arrogant sort, never simpering, never impertinent, but massive in its claims and benevolently contemptuous. He would do a great deal for noodles, being sorry for them, and feeling quite sure that they could have no power over him: he had thought of joining the Saint Simonians when he was in Paris, in order to turn them against some of their own doctrines. All his faults were marked by kindred traits, and were those of a man who had a fine baritone, whose clothes hung well upon him, and who even in his ordinary gestures had an air of inbred distinction. Where then lay the spots of commonness? says a young lady enamoured of that careless grace. How could there be any commonness in a man so well-bred, so ambitious of social distinction, so generous and unusual in his views of social duty? As easily as there may be stupidity in a man of genius if you take him unawares on the wrong subject, or as many a man who has the best will to advance the social millennium might be ill-inspired in imagining its lighter pleasures; unable to go beyond Offenbach’s music, or the brilliant punning in the last burlesque. Lydgate’s spots of commonness lay in the complexion of his prejudices, which, in spite of noble intention and sympathy, were half of them such as are found in ordinary men of the world: that distinction of mind which belonged to his intellectual ardor, did not penetrate his feeling and judgment about furniture, or women, or the desirability of its being known (without his telling) that he was better born than other country surgeons. He did not mean to think of furniture at present; but whenever he did so it was to be feared that neither biology nor schemes of reform would lift him above the vulgarity of feeling that there would be an incompatibility in his furniture not being of the best.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00990", "bookId": 145, "start": 319121, "end": 324232, "sha256": "4732ee7c0eeadd9ac989be76dde471386b4e4d62d36a2f712623e41bdc5c0f74", "text": "As to women, he had once already been drawn headlong by impetuous folly, which he meant to be final, since marriage at some distant period would of course not be impetuous. For those who want to be acquainted with Lydgate it will be good to know what was that case of impetuous folly, for it may stand as an example of the fitful swerving of passion to which he was prone, together with the chivalrous kindness which helped to make him morally lovable. The story can be told without many words. It happened when he was studying in Paris, and just at the time when, over and above his other work, he was occupied with some galvanic experiments. One evening, tired with his experimenting, and not being able to elicit the facts he needed, he left his frogs and rabbits to some repose under their trying and mysterious dispensation of unexplained shocks, and went to finish his evening at the theatre of the Porte Saint Martin, where there was a melodrama which he had already seen several times; attracted, not by the ingenious work of the collaborating authors, but by an actress whose part it was to stab her lover, mistaking him for the evil-designing duke of the piece. Lydgate was in love with this actress, as a man is in love with a woman whom he never expects to speak to. She was a Provencale, with dark eyes, a Greek profile, and rounded majestic form, having that sort of beauty which carries a sweet matronliness even in youth, and her voice was a soft cooing. She had but lately come to Paris, and bore a virtuous reputation, her husband acting with her as the unfortunate lover. It was her acting which was “no better than it should be,” but the public was satisfied. Lydgate’s only relaxation now was to go and look at this woman, just as he might have thrown himself under the breath of the sweet south on a bank of violets for a while, without prejudice to his galvanism, to which he would presently return. But this evening the old drama had a new catastrophe. At the moment when the heroine was to act the stabbing of her lover, and he was to fall gracefully, the wife veritably stabbed her husband, who fell as death willed. A wild shriek pierced the house, and the Provencale fell swooning: a shriek and a swoon were demanded by the play, but the swooning too was real this time. Lydgate leaped and climbed, he hardly knew how, on to the stage, and was active in help, making the acquaintance of his heroine by finding a contusion on her head and lifting her gently in his arms. Paris rang with the story of this death:—was it a murder? Some of the actress’s warmest admirers were inclined to believe in her guilt, and liked her the better for it (such was the taste of those times); but Lydgate was not one of these. He vehemently contended for her innocence, and the remote impersonal passion for her beauty which he had felt before, had passed now into personal devotion, and tender thought of her lot. The notion of murder was absurd: no motive was discoverable, the young couple being understood to dote on each other; and it was not unprecedented that an accidental slip of the foot should have brought these grave consequences. The legal investigation ended in Madame Laure’s release. Lydgate by this time had had many interviews with her, and found her more and more adorable. She talked little; but that was an additional charm. She was melancholy, and seemed grateful; her presence was enough, like that of the evening light. Lydgate was madly anxious about her affection, and jealous lest any other man than himself should win it and ask her to marry him. But instead of reopening her engagement at the Porte Saint Martin, where she would have been all the more popular for the fatal episode, she left Paris without warning, forsaking her little court of admirers. Perhaps no one carried inquiry far except Lydgate, who felt that all science had come to a stand-still while he imagined the unhappy Laure, stricken by ever-wandering sorrow, herself wandering, and finding no faithful comforter. Hidden actresses, however, are not so difficult to find as some other hidden facts, and it was not long before Lydgate gathered indications that Laure had taken the route to Lyons. He found her at last acting with great success at Avignon under the same name, looking more majestic than ever as a forsaken wife carrying her child in her arms. He spoke to her after the play, was received with the usual quietude which seemed to him beautiful as clear depths of water, and obtained leave to visit her the next day; when he was bent on telling her that he adored her, and on asking her to marry him. He knew that this was like the sudden impulse of a madman—incongruous even with his habitual foibles. No matter! It was the one thing which he was resolved to do. He had two selves within him apparently, and they must learn to accommodate each other and bear reciprocal impediments. Strange, that some of us, with quick alternate vision, see beyond our infatuations, and even while we rave on the heights, behold the wide plain where our persistent self pauses and awaits us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00991", "bookId": 145, "start": 324234, "end": 324379, "sha256": "3cc996d3ff7fda98d7f2158d7c165d15b620060a8216fbc8ec753f700555a2b0", "text": "To have approached Laure with any suit that was not reverentially tender would have been simply a contradiction of his whole feeling towards her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00992", "bookId": 145, "start": 324381, "end": 324630, "sha256": "2885a3115e10a696cd13559d0dd3712e863645f93dd10a0f49313bb2de4d4883", "text": "“You have come all the way from Paris to find me?” she said to him the next day, sitting before him with folded arms, and looking at him with eyes that seemed to wonder as an untamed ruminating animal wonders. “Are all Englishmen like that?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00993", "bookId": 145, "start": 324632, "end": 324838, "sha256": "600f9853e1afe211f641af99aea01583e9cbb177ecb55ee90461957c1e04e56b", "text": "“I came because I could not live without trying to see you. You are lonely; I love you; I want you to consent to be my wife; I will wait, but I want you to promise that you will marry me—no one else.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00994", "bookId": 145, "start": 324840, "end": 324999, "sha256": "d046aac4b9906233a20eb5baf6f07e033a012500f9fca26ce166a69479d7273a", "text": "Laure looked at him in silence with a melancholy radiance from under her grand eyelids, until he was full of rapturous certainty, and knelt close to her knees.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00995", "bookId": 145, "start": 325001, "end": 325117, "sha256": "cd7d3346498f237fad997fd1154c575259660c942b0506f48426649a3d76fb2d", "text": "“I will tell you something,” she said, in her cooing way, keeping her arms folded. “My foot really slipped.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00996", "bookId": 145, "start": 325119, "end": 325262, "sha256": "2ec9574e457fc6926a74d04fe41f5093cd297e357280fb6b4d368db21280347f", "text": "“I know, I know,” said Lydgate, deprecatingly. “It was a fatal accident—a dreadful stroke of calamity that bound me to you the more.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00997", "bookId": 145, "start": 325264, "end": 325340, "sha256": "44c8212ad649206d1bed2aa534c89b8a3b267e5011c9d8efa070c39cecf69190", "text": "Again Laure paused a little and then said, slowly, “_I meant to do it._”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B00998", "bookId": 145, "start": 325342, "end": 325470, "sha256": "f2e4516044e8da9d38f45daca837a87d21e47d44634a4343efed4c7b8f12d871", "text": "Lydgate, strong man as he was, turned pale and trembled: moments seemed to pass before he rose and stood at a distance from her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B00999", "bookId": 145, "start": 325472, "end": 325580, "sha256": "cb3a6190e14fd37debdd1bb4f755373ff1350ac7dcf52853b7f4b1faa6a1a278", "text": "“There was a secret, then,” he said at last, even vehemently. “He was brutal to you: you hated him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01000", "bookId": 145, "start": 325582, "end": 325700, "sha256": "a079c4732d9ffc3aa0211534b4f4aca5fee825fb63f7ca4499b2ebe582724d07", "text": "“No! he wearied me; he was too fond: he would live in Paris, and not in my country; that was not agreeable to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01001", "bookId": 145, "start": 325702, "end": 325791, "sha256": "72bd090f6ae4fd525c18552498a9850fa8c4ce220465260ef1c6984cfaca8696", "text": "“Great God!” said Lydgate, in a groan of horror. “And you planned to murder him?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01002", "bookId": 145, "start": 325793, "end": 325862, "sha256": "1b21b1ef22c5da37c39c80f06c9ed217ce274675d2c4f066fbaaf1acc2a11a6a", "text": "“I did not plan: it came to me in the play—_I meant to do it._”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01003", "bookId": 145, "start": 325864, "end": 326054, "sha256": "2f1578b08b696f6ecd5e44ee880ccf05411569be407e285a0f6c42eced302589", "text": "Lydgate stood mute, and unconsciously pressed his hat on while he looked at her. He saw this woman—the first to whom he had given his young adoration—amid the throng of stupid criminals.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01004", "bookId": 145, "start": 326056, "end": 326158, "sha256": "34bcce6cce68e64f07c902295e3508a58623cf1d97bdd445b6cd513a16f53ee1", "text": "“You are a good young man,” she said. “But I do not like husbands. I will never have another.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01005", "bookId": 145, "start": 326160, "end": 326641, "sha256": "770073ebf6b9da175ddada7c9375ecc7156dc93005ab780806f9201b7fd62038", "text": "Three days afterwards Lydgate was at his galvanism again in his Paris chambers, believing that illusions were at an end for him. He was saved from hardening effects by the abundant kindness of his heart and his belief that human life might be made better. But he had more reason than ever for trusting his judgment, now that it was so experienced; and henceforth he would take a strictly scientific view of woman, entertaining no expectations but such as were justified beforehand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01006", "bookId": 145, "start": 326643, "end": 327314, "sha256": "14066d785995af2af3b80128c4f95d091a3d257ed4cee0d28cd1038f9efd370d", "text": "No one in Middlemarch was likely to have such a notion of Lydgate’s past as has here been faintly shadowed, and indeed the respectable townsfolk there were not more given than mortals generally to any eager attempt at exactness in the representation to themselves of what did not come under their own senses. Not only young virgins of that town, but gray-bearded men also, were often in haste to conjecture how a new acquaintance might be wrought into their purposes, contented with very vague knowledge as to the way in which life had been shaping him for that instrumentality. Middlemarch, in fact, counted on swallowing Lydgate and assimilating him very comfortably.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01007", "bookId": 145, "start": 327319, "end": 327331, "sha256": "d426c1e78a04693e337fb3b9e2fa15206e12db0ac18fc399e67ffb3e688ebb18", "text": "CHAPTER XVI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01008", "bookId": 145, "start": 327333, "end": 327484, "sha256": "75e9bfe5211eaa14f0ce5c0ba702dfcbb4e11a12399df2b3352f6ea1d8670b35", "text": "“All that in woman is adored In thy fair self I find— For the whole sex can but afford The handsome and the kind.” —SIR CHARLES SEDLEY.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01009", "bookId": 145, "start": 327487, "end": 328070, "sha256": "4cd69e206a7359847956ab2c46e3b62193e947ad3bbaabf1635fb365b437d8ef", "text": "The question whether Mr. Tyke should be appointed as salaried chaplain to the hospital was an exciting topic to the Middlemarchers; and Lydgate heard it discussed in a way that threw much light on the power exercised in the town by Mr. Bulstrode. The banker was evidently a ruler, but there was an opposition party, and even among his supporters there were some who allowed it to be seen that their support was a compromise, and who frankly stated their impression that the general scheme of things, and especially the casualties of trade, required you to hold a candle to the devil.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01010", "bookId": 145, "start": 328072, "end": 329886, "sha256": "4fd9bf7dac0816cb8241457bf39c4263d964259d26c727347949798ecc519fee", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode’s power was not due simply to his being a country banker, who knew the financial secrets of most traders in the town and could touch the springs of their credit; it was fortified by a beneficence that was at once ready and severe—ready to confer obligations, and severe in watching the result. He had gathered, as an industrious man always at his post, a chief share in administering the town charities, and his private charities were both minute and abundant. He would take a great deal of pains about apprenticing Tegg the shoemaker’s son, and he would watch over Tegg’s church-going; he would defend Mrs. Strype the washerwoman against Stubbs’s unjust exaction on the score of her drying-ground, and he would himself scrutinize a calumny against Mrs. Strype. His private minor loans were numerous, but he would inquire strictly into the circumstances both before and after. In this way a man gathers a domain in his neighbors’ hope and fear as well as gratitude; and power, when once it has got into that subtle region, propagates itself, spreading out of all proportion to its external means. It was a principle with Mr. Bulstrode to gain as much power as possible, that he might use it for the glory of God. He went through a great deal of spiritual conflict and inward argument in order to adjust his motives, and make clear to himself what God’s glory required. But, as we have seen, his motives were not always rightly appreciated. There were many crass minds in Middlemarch whose reflective scales could only weigh things in the lump; and they had a strong suspicion that since Mr. Bulstrode could not enjoy life in their fashion, eating and drinking so little as he did, and worreting himself about everything, he must have a sort of vampire’s feast in the sense of mastery.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01011", "bookId": 145, "start": 329888, "end": 330552, "sha256": "f8faa27d2a380b669470fee7fb9e0eb8f1d156f4005c769db1262493d35b6dd7", "text": "The subject of the chaplaincy came up at Mr. Vincy’s table when Lydgate was dining there, and the family connection with Mr. Bulstrode did not, he observed, prevent some freedom of remark even on the part of the host himself, though his reasons against the proposed arrangement turned entirely on his objection to Mr. Tyke’s sermons, which were all doctrine, and his preference for Mr. Farebrother, whose sermons were free from that taint. Mr. Vincy liked well enough the notion of the chaplain’s having a salary, supposing it were given to Farebrother, who was as good a little fellow as ever breathed, and the best preacher anywhere, and companionable too.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01012", "bookId": 145, "start": 330554, "end": 330666, "sha256": "5a1c3d3d0b595a70a8863398c5952b33d0736f736fd33bed54b7e771d14e5f22", "text": "“What line shall you take, then?” said Mr. Chichely, the coroner, a great coursing comrade of Mr. Vincy’s.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01013", "bookId": 145, "start": 330668, "end": 331111, "sha256": "e2d2452c590117a1afb7aae1aff4748d428cde02dabe99596e62f6eacff0c23b", "text": "“Oh, I’m precious glad I’m not one of the Directors now. I shall vote for referring the matter to the Directors and the Medical Board together. I shall roll some of my responsibility on your shoulders, Doctor,” said Mr. Vincy, glancing first at Dr. Sprague, the senior physician of the town, and then at Lydgate who sat opposite. “You medical gentlemen must consult which sort of black draught you will prescribe, eh, Mr. Lydgate?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01014", "bookId": 145, "start": 331113, "end": 331500, "sha256": "a2d11f6a36e96dfa943279194f2ffbb1c9cb52049d95a43df44dc9cbdd5dc901", "text": "“I know little of either,” said Lydgate; “but in general, appointments are apt to be made too much a question of personal liking. The fittest man for a particular post is not always the best fellow or the most agreeable. Sometimes, if you wanted to get a reform, your only way would be to pension off the good fellows whom everybody is fond of, and put them out of the question.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01015", "bookId": 145, "start": 331502, "end": 332291, "sha256": "9be219c790350cec8afecc7dd10379efdcd5457fcf01809623b8c7640a04a28e", "text": "Dr. Sprague, who was considered the physician of most “weight,” though Dr. Minchin was usually said to have more “penetration,” divested his large heavy face of all expression, and looked at his wine-glass while Lydgate was speaking. Whatever was not problematical and suspected about this young man—for example, a certain showiness as to foreign ideas, and a disposition to unsettle what had been settled and forgotten by his elders—was positively unwelcome to a physician whose standing had been fixed thirty years before by a treatise on Meningitis, of which at least one copy marked “own” was bound in calf. For my part I have some fellow-feeling with Dr. Sprague: one’s self-satisfaction is an untaxed kind of property which it is very unpleasant to find deprecated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01016", "bookId": 145, "start": 332293, "end": 332457, "sha256": "2d7b32244057573d4db364f8e6bf9f1bcb518b3dade32d8c56abce616ed22655", "text": "Lydgate’s remark, however, did not meet the sense of the company. Mr. Vincy said, that if he could have _his_ way, he would not put disagreeable fellows anywhere.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01017", "bookId": 145, "start": 332459, "end": 332798, "sha256": "d616b2436d30f49394483332f88da6a41daf47b93bbe3e520a1fba5469778cf1", "text": "“Hang your reforms!” said Mr. Chichely. “There’s no greater humbug in the world. You never hear of a reform, but it means some trick to put in new men. I hope you are not one of the ‘Lancet’s’ men, Mr. Lydgate—wanting to take the coronership out of the hands of the legal profession: your words appear to point that way.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01018", "bookId": 145, "start": 332800, "end": 333293, "sha256": "61981685b515350e0588421676a1b19fc10f38f91408d480a264c64f61f98686", "text": "“I disapprove of Wakley,” interposed Dr. Sprague, “no man more: he is an ill-intentioned fellow, who would sacrifice the respectability of the profession, which everybody knows depends on the London Colleges, for the sake of getting some notoriety for himself. There are men who don’t mind about being kicked blue if they can only get talked about. But Wakley is right sometimes,” the Doctor added, judicially. “I could mention one or two points in which Wakley is in the right.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01019", "bookId": 145, "start": 333295, "end": 333514, "sha256": "777dcf2ea1cb1b3ca10441c1103848a01c44dcd3428fc5c16954d9947936ceca", "text": "“Oh, well,” said Mr. Chichely, “I blame no man for standing up in favor of his own cloth; but, coming to argument, I should like to know how a coroner is to judge of evidence if he has not had a legal training?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01020", "bookId": 145, "start": 333516, "end": 334044, "sha256": "f0993be5de36ddff49ca6472bba8ffedc4a90c184ba16e80cbd269e4e4899814", "text": "“In my opinion,” said Lydgate, “legal training only makes a man more incompetent in questions that require knowledge of another kind. People talk about evidence as if it could really be weighed in scales by a blind Justice. No man can judge what is good evidence on any particular subject, unless he knows that subject well. A lawyer is no better than an old woman at a post-mortem examination. How is he to know the action of a poison? You might as well say that scanning verse will teach you to scan the potato crops.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01021", "bookId": 145, "start": 334046, "end": 334237, "sha256": "fa59c3f87a1cdd265878644ec8aadff99cd9f291ed3f775e0fe587d363b4aa55", "text": "“You are aware, I suppose, that it is not the coroner’s business to conduct the _post-mortem_, but only to take the evidence of the medical witness?” said Mr. Chichely, with some scorn.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01022", "bookId": 145, "start": 334239, "end": 334593, "sha256": "fd063f5f175826cce2256b4921c94ded999a303d065cc4727f8b91caa70b3dfd", "text": "“Who is often almost as ignorant as the coroner himself,” said Lydgate. “Questions of medical jurisprudence ought not to be left to the chance of decent knowledge in a medical witness, and the coroner ought not to be a man who will believe that strychnine will destroy the coats of the stomach if an ignorant practitioner happens to tell him so.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01023", "bookId": 145, "start": 334595, "end": 334769, "sha256": "74d893a0f9f8a47c1ebce73dd7db22e542676d1f7074549711b5403a257d7217", "text": "Lydgate had really lost sight of the fact that Mr. Chichely was his Majesty’s coroner, and ended innocently with the question, “Don’t you agree with me, Dr. Sprague?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01024", "bookId": 145, "start": 334771, "end": 335088, "sha256": "93b806d22dd30dbb76d6b04eae4a1054f76ae62bf8cdc5c6d2ab93d8eab4ac9a", "text": "“To a certain extent—with regard to populous districts, and in the metropolis,” said the Doctor. “But I hope it will be long before this part of the country loses the services of my friend Chichely, even though it might get the best man in our profession to succeed him. I am sure Vincy will agree with me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01025", "bookId": 145, "start": 335090, "end": 335394, "sha256": "7fb4c6daf5bd94a602dd046ed3e5fab7fc555f48c3f7c5f2e21377471131e617", "text": "“Yes, yes, give me a coroner who is a good coursing man,” said Mr. Vincy, jovially. “And in my opinion, you’re safest with a lawyer. Nobody can know everything. Most things are ‘visitation of God.’ And as to poisoning, why, what you want to know is the law. Come, shall we join the ladies?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01026", "bookId": 145, "start": 335396, "end": 336513, "sha256": "48085b1b49f1ec4008c1e3a3fa89adf45bdabe6236889f23bab5c97757c67a23", "text": "Lydgate’s private opinion was that Mr. Chichely might be the very coroner without bias as to the coats of the stomach, but he had not meant to be personal. This was one of the difficulties of moving in good Middlemarch society: it was dangerous to insist on knowledge as a qualification for any salaried office. Fred Vincy had called Lydgate a prig, and now Mr. Chichely was inclined to call him prick-eared; especially when, in the drawing-room, he seemed to be making himself eminently agreeable to Rosamond, whom he had easily monopolized in a _tête-à-tête_, since Mrs. Vincy herself sat at the tea-table. She resigned no domestic function to her daughter; and the matron’s blooming good-natured face, with the two volatile pink strings floating from her fine throat, and her cheery manners to husband and children, was certainly among the great attractions of the Vincy house—attractions which made it all the easier to fall in love with the daughter. The tinge of unpretentious, inoffensive vulgarity in Mrs. Vincy gave more effect to Rosamond’s refinement, which was beyond what Lydgate had expected.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01027", "bookId": 145, "start": 336515, "end": 336961, "sha256": "a8ba4357d6b85946fa386df47df1c0145027731f1efd70538a211df9b63f419e", "text": "Certainly, small feet and perfectly turned shoulders aid the impression of refined manners, and the right thing said seems quite astonishingly right when it is accompanied with exquisite curves of lip and eyelid. And Rosamond could say the right thing; for she was clever with that sort of cleverness which catches every tone except the humorous. Happily she never attempted to joke, and this perhaps was the most decisive mark of her cleverness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01028", "bookId": 145, "start": 336963, "end": 337190, "sha256": "d28557c754d1bfbbf2780dae64df555f1c74285e76b4bea35549cf8792769e52", "text": "She and Lydgate readily got into conversation. He regretted that he had not heard her sing the other day at Stone Court. The only pleasure he allowed himself during the latter part of his stay in Paris was to go and hear music.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01029", "bookId": 145, "start": 337192, "end": 337246, "sha256": "99529ac708f02dc7e541dc34132c434c6c344e995901bac1727afd2a4d6c0e22", "text": "“You have studied music, probably?” said Rosamond.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01030", "bookId": 145, "start": 337248, "end": 337508, "sha256": "db182032e8c95af69290c646bb94b2853f45b7bf98a245df351403518d92cb6f", "text": "“No, I know the notes of many birds, and I know many melodies by ear; but the music that I don’t know at all, and have no notion about, delights me—affects me. How stupid the world is that it does not make more use of such a pleasure within its reach!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01031", "bookId": 145, "start": 337510, "end": 337650, "sha256": "03e3e9a4d67d470375e42f7c7d605d368b90cf3ec34fd55b6ca5d8ef7bd40ffb", "text": "“Yes, and you will find Middlemarch very tuneless. There are hardly any good musicians. I only know two gentlemen who sing at all well.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01032", "bookId": 145, "start": 337652, "end": 337798, "sha256": "718436538f77b047e46c6dee24d0ee33a39f238db7ea10bae3882bbe9a20cefa", "text": "“I suppose it is the fashion to sing comic songs in a rhythmic way, leaving you to fancy the tune—very much as if it were tapped on a drum?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01033", "bookId": 145, "start": 337800, "end": 337933, "sha256": "5c950b4394304a0ebdc5a19a37a0c56efb6516670b5d65ee726f9ce079030ac7", "text": "“Ah, you have heard Mr. Bowyer,” said Rosamond, with one of her rare smiles. “But we are speaking very ill of our neighbors.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01034", "bookId": 145, "start": 337935, "end": 338487, "sha256": "c2e7f8c609decadbcd85d63641cbd2fbd457639455e275c23ccdc0d4b8ab6e89", "text": "Lydgate was almost forgetting that he must carry on the conversation, in thinking how lovely this creature was, her garment seeming to be made out of the faintest blue sky, herself so immaculately blond, as if the petals of some gigantic flower had just opened and disclosed her; and yet with this infantine blondness showing so much ready, self-possessed grace. Since he had had the memory of Laure, Lydgate had lost all taste for large-eyed silence: the divine cow no longer attracted him, and Rosamond was her very opposite. But he recalled himself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01035", "bookId": 145, "start": 338489, "end": 338544, "sha256": "bfebe47bc717fddf831dc03508f6c2dd6d09b516251de6f98757ead0d44d1c33", "text": "“You will let me hear some music to-night, I hope.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01036", "bookId": 145, "start": 338546, "end": 338874, "sha256": "133feed25154d85098d7c2a5897711639368dde0532612740665c2d7432a4910", "text": "“I will let you hear my attempts, if you like,” said Rosamond. “Papa is sure to insist on my singing. But I shall tremble before you, who have heard the best singers in Paris. I have heard very little: I have only once been to London. But our organist at St. Peter’s is a good musician, and I go on studying with him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01037", "bookId": 145, "start": 338876, "end": 338913, "sha256": "3e107fbbe12e3ae4a4d3b587efe01328ae7414e8ca8bc339a715ab890eedea35", "text": "“Tell me what you saw in London.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01038", "bookId": 145, "start": 338915, "end": 339101, "sha256": "8dbb8996b210ce459d94154b2003ae808609f5c2f1fb7e78a290ea82504d10d6", "text": "“Very little.” (A more naive girl would have said, “Oh, everything!” But Rosamond knew better.) “A few of the ordinary sights, such as raw country girls are always taken to.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01039", "bookId": 145, "start": 339103, "end": 339571, "sha256": "43dcd2f563a91b54a05b0e5bf88cf453de7f3b5e654e9da2448a3f4fd3e3a7cd", "text": "“Do you call yourself a raw country girl?” said Lydgate, looking at her with an involuntary emphasis of admiration, which made Rosamond blush with pleasure. But she remained simply serious, turned her long neck a little, and put up her hand to touch her wondrous hair-plaits—an habitual gesture with her as pretty as any movements of a kitten’s paw. Not that Rosamond was in the least like a kitten: she was a sylph caught young and educated at Mrs. Lemon’s.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01040", "bookId": 145, "start": 339573, "end": 339738, "sha256": "4e320fd21356c96730946db50aeb22852d50f50ae9a4d3c02b057f0e30e38fc8", "text": "“I assure you my mind is raw,” she said immediately; “I pass at Middlemarch. I am not afraid of talking to our old neighbors. But I am really afraid of you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01041", "bookId": 145, "start": 339740, "end": 340079, "sha256": "c51159737781f2610d8cc2f0289172e59bd12dbb68667cb23031451ad2d3e0a0", "text": "“An accomplished woman almost always knows more than we men, though her knowledge is of a different sort. I am sure you could teach me a thousand things—as an exquisite bird could teach a bear if there were any common language between them. Happily, there is a common language between women and men, and so the bears can get taught.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01042", "bookId": 145, "start": 340081, "end": 340509, "sha256": "1b58f6c5682975b014a427f2cf29abbb944fe5b68278f61569bca8f0d25eca25", "text": "“Ah, there is Fred beginning to strum! I must go and hinder him from jarring all your nerves,” said Rosamond, moving to the other side of the room, where Fred having opened the piano, at his father’s desire, that Rosamond might give them some music, was parenthetically performing “Cherry Ripe!” with one hand. Able men who have passed their examinations will do these things sometimes, not less than the plucked Fred.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01043", "bookId": 145, "start": 340511, "end": 340632, "sha256": "55e20aba3da6eca39880c3a048c895b849abc8cf50f298bfe3dce7b1893e40e7", "text": "“Fred, pray defer your practising till to-morrow; you will make Mr. Lydgate ill,” said Rosamond. “He has an ear.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01044", "bookId": 145, "start": 340634, "end": 340685, "sha256": "6a7447c4b9aee834f86c45fd450ca19f31179218b639a83ed61c233abcbf4e0e", "text": "Fred laughed, and went on with his tune to the end.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01045", "bookId": 145, "start": 340687, "end": 340797, "sha256": "2003a802be56b54976a68c146ef8f15a55eaa4b2582984a087ee63911c8676d9", "text": "Rosamond turned to Lydgate, smiling gently, and said, “You perceive, the bears will not always be taught.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01046", "bookId": 145, "start": 340799, "end": 340965, "sha256": "327a43b61417577b38fd1bcc3d111f4bfeb453109c9b773ace42fd45e8414a4f", "text": "“Now then, Rosy!” said Fred, springing from the stool and twisting it upward for her, with a hearty expectation of enjoyment. “Some good rousing tunes first.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01047", "bookId": 145, "start": 340967, "end": 342203, "sha256": "27491caeb1441c5ea0e6ba3ab11a7e22e238c3ab4b0cc2a4137b729d937c6458", "text": "Rosamond played admirably. Her master at Mrs. Lemon’s school (close to a county town with a memorable history that had its relics in church and castle) was one of those excellent musicians here and there to be found in our provinces, worthy to compare with many a noted Kapellmeister in a country which offers more plentiful conditions of musical celebrity. Rosamond, with the executant’s instinct, had seized his manner of playing, and gave forth his large rendering of noble music with the precision of an echo. It was almost startling, heard for the first time. A hidden soul seemed to be flowing forth from Rosamond’s fingers; and so indeed it was, since souls live on in perpetual echoes, and to all fine expression there goes somewhere an originating activity, if it be only that of an interpreter. Lydgate was taken possession of, and began to believe in her as something exceptional. After all, he thought, one need not be surprised to find the rare conjunctions of nature under circumstances apparently unfavorable: come where they may, they always depend on conditions that are not obvious. He sat looking at her, and did not rise to pay her any compliments, leaving that to others, now that his admiration was deepened.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01048", "bookId": 145, "start": 342205, "end": 342677, "sha256": "ec7cd6c7109ce766976fa391f238b9b181807d1a7cf2d1155fbafc8aa457b862", "text": "Her singing was less remarkable, but also well trained, and sweet to hear as a chime perfectly in tune. It is true she sang “Meet me by moonlight,” and “I’ve been roaming”; for mortals must share the fashions of their time, and none but the ancients can be always classical. But Rosamond could also sing “Black-eyed Susan” with effect, or Haydn’s canzonets, or “Voi, che sapete,” or “Batti, batti”—she only wanted to know what her audience liked.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01049", "bookId": 145, "start": 342679, "end": 344309, "sha256": "db78f11ec7644607b83c95333973d2be8fa2f3bbd3afec17e5818b237577cdcf", "text": "Her father looked round at the company, delighting in their admiration. Her mother sat, like a Niobe before her troubles, with her youngest little girl on her lap, softly beating the child’s hand up and down in time to the music. And Fred, notwithstanding his general scepticism about Rosy, listened to her music with perfect allegiance, wishing he could do the same thing on his flute. It was the pleasantest family party that Lydgate had seen since he came to Middlemarch. The Vincys had the readiness to enjoy, the rejection of all anxiety, and the belief in life as a merry lot, which made a house exceptional in most county towns at that time, when Evangelicalism had cast a certain suspicion as of plague-infection over the few amusements which survived in the provinces. At the Vincys’ there was always whist, and the card-tables stood ready now, making some of the company secretly impatient of the music. Before it ceased Mr. Farebrother came in—a handsome, broad-chested but otherwise small man, about forty, whose black was very threadbare: the brilliancy was all in his quick gray eyes. He came like a pleasant change in the light, arresting little Louisa with fatherly nonsense as she was being led out of the room by Miss Morgan, greeting everybody with some special word, and seeming to condense more talk into ten minutes than had been held all through the evening. He claimed from Lydgate the fulfilment of a promise to come and see him. “I can’t let you off, you know, because I have some beetles to show you. We collectors feel an interest in every new man till he has seen all we have to show him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01050", "bookId": 145, "start": 344311, "end": 344494, "sha256": "8cbe31bf54d61ad48c5316433ac23e288312b3da9d14f65c358abe509beb3372", "text": "But soon he swerved to the whist-table, rubbing his hands and saying, “Come now, let us be serious! Mr. Lydgate? not play? Ah! you are too young and light for this kind of thing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01051", "bookId": 145, "start": 344496, "end": 344916, "sha256": "79fcc68b2c04003d4b8606270770acce6ba96c266d2a91faa2a6e1655825cca1", "text": "Lydgate said to himself that the clergyman whose abilities were so painful to Mr. Bulstrode, appeared to have found an agreeable resort in this certainly not erudite household. He could half understand it: the good-humor, the good looks of elder and younger, and the provision for passing the time without any labor of intelligence, might make the house beguiling to people who had no particular use for their odd hours.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01052", "bookId": 145, "start": 344918, "end": 345281, "sha256": "d9a9950de46a6a0c6ce6341e8cd686aeb0cf032dcf7cc6364d1ba43d44c5cbcc", "text": "Everything looked blooming and joyous except Miss Morgan, who was brown, dull, and resigned, and altogether, as Mrs. Vincy often said, just the sort of person for a governess. Lydgate did not mean to pay many such visits himself. They were a wretched waste of the evenings; and now, when he had talked a little more to Rosamond, he meant to excuse himself and go.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01053", "bookId": 145, "start": 345283, "end": 345464, "sha256": "b05ddffe6daee44f5d571681a0bfcffcfb372da61537e84875fd7486b751185d", "text": "“You will not like us at Middlemarch, I feel sure,” she said, when the whist-players were settled. “We are very stupid, and you have been used to something quite different.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01054", "bookId": 145, "start": 345466, "end": 345846, "sha256": "08db461c9c79c2d1667ebfd8e36906731a8c0268f8d659748cce818431f2c731", "text": "“I suppose all country towns are pretty much alike,” said Lydgate. “But I have noticed that one always believes one’s own town to be more stupid than any other. I have made up my mind to take Middlemarch as it comes, and shall be much obliged if the town will take me in the same way. I have certainly found some charms in it which are much greater than I had expected.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01055", "bookId": 145, "start": 345848, "end": 345964, "sha256": "04e4645026060e2221f31fb18333219e1a5c5fcc3f97fa1b22df79b2473d2c86", "text": "“You mean the rides towards Tipton and Lowick; every one is pleased with those,” said Rosamond, with simplicity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01056", "bookId": 145, "start": 345966, "end": 346011, "sha256": "c8a6c265935364505651cf6d845d610bc43c4e3d9f68ebb6943048be16e05b85", "text": "“No, I mean something much nearer to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01057", "bookId": 145, "start": 346013, "end": 346157, "sha256": "db82b1adfe47b89b55319b05f32f74b32a36689f7cb19b3c74b4322de957fffd", "text": "Rosamond rose and reached her netting, and then said, “Do you care about dancing at all? I am not quite sure whether clever men ever dance.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01058", "bookId": 145, "start": 346159, "end": 346210, "sha256": "4ae44778b7a85f5a1a6c02bdcc06168e68b4be7446607cdc30a10e8d2858a3f0", "text": "“I would dance with you if you would allow me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01059", "bookId": 145, "start": 346212, "end": 346411, "sha256": "820db57c65f971849ae610dbd21a33576993674083ac0cc69f2385de6462d6a2", "text": "“Oh!” said Rosamond, with a slight deprecatory laugh. “I was only going to say that we sometimes have dancing, and I wanted to know whether you would feel insulted if you were asked to come.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01060", "bookId": 145, "start": 346413, "end": 346452, "sha256": "ed3c27bf5604233b9a6a5de7e155b3a2d5d0fcce8bf9ceb467e476ac6c94f057", "text": "“Not on the condition I mentioned.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01061", "bookId": 145, "start": 346454, "end": 346975, "sha256": "2ebc30617553cd43451c2fe681f4785c2d1e9688291f0717f286ef8e4a78aa33", "text": "After this chat Lydgate thought that he was going, but on moving towards the whist-tables, he got interested in watching Mr. Farebrother’s play, which was masterly, and also his face, which was a striking mixture of the shrewd and the mild. At ten o’clock supper was brought in (such were the customs of Middlemarch) and there was punch-drinking; but Mr. Farebrother had only a glass of water. He was winning, but there seemed to be no reason why the renewal of rubbers should end, and Lydgate at last took his leave.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01062", "bookId": 145, "start": 346977, "end": 347732, "sha256": "cf526875840b72b0d21e205c52eaaa6ba3d7bd514e711b8361eecdec7958bb6d", "text": "But as it was not eleven o’clock, he chose to walk in the brisk air towards the tower of St. Botolph’s, Mr. Farebrother’s church, which stood out dark, square, and massive against the starlight. It was the oldest church in Middlemarch; the living, however, was but a vicarage worth barely four hundred a-year. Lydgate had heard that, and he wondered now whether Mr. Farebrother cared about the money he won at cards; thinking, “He seems a very pleasant fellow, but Bulstrode may have his good reasons.” Many things would be easier to Lydgate if it should turn out that Mr. Bulstrode was generally justifiable. “What is his religious doctrine to me, if he carries some good notions along with it? One must use such brains as are to be found.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01063", "bookId": 145, "start": 347734, "end": 349148, "sha256": "088b0a5247a8e9e39d4abbaaf6d3912b2a21fda6116baa92283941e0e3d8c83e", "text": "These were actually Lydgate’s first meditations as he walked away from Mr. Vincy’s, and on this ground I fear that many ladies will consider him hardly worthy of their attention. He thought of Rosamond and her music only in the second place; and though, when her turn came, he dwelt on the image of her for the rest of his walk, he felt no agitation, and had no sense that any new current had set into his life. He could not marry yet; he wished not to marry for several years; and therefore he was not ready to entertain the notion of being in love with a girl whom he happened to admire. He did admire Rosamond exceedingly; but that madness which had once beset him about Laure was not, he thought, likely to recur in relation to any other woman. Certainly, if falling in love had been at all in question, it would have been quite safe with a creature like this Miss Vincy, who had just the kind of intelligence one would desire in a woman—polished, refined, docile, lending itself to finish in all the delicacies of life, and enshrined in a body which expressed this with a force of demonstration that excluded the need for other evidence. Lydgate felt sure that if ever he married, his wife would have that feminine radiance, that distinctive womanhood which must be classed with flowers and music, that sort of beauty which by its very nature was virtuous, being moulded only for pure and delicate joys.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01064", "bookId": 145, "start": 349150, "end": 350261, "sha256": "c04c731c3e60d917fb6a49e9962104f9c79e02b34c0c8ad72a7f048891ee63cf", "text": "But since he did not mean to marry for the next five years—his more pressing business was to look into Louis’ new book on Fever, which he was specially interested in, because he had known Louis in Paris, and had followed many anatomical demonstrations in order to ascertain the specific differences of typhus and typhoid. He went home and read far into the smallest hour, bringing a much more testing vision of details and relations into this pathological study than he had ever thought it necessary to apply to the complexities of love and marriage, these being subjects on which he felt himself amply informed by literature, and that traditional wisdom which is handed down in the genial conversation of men. Whereas Fever had obscure conditions, and gave him that delightful labor of the imagination which is not mere arbitrariness, but the exercise of disciplined power—combining and constructing with the clearest eye for probabilities and the fullest obedience to knowledge; and then, in yet more energetic alliance with impartial Nature, standing aloof to invent tests by which to try its own work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01065", "bookId": 145, "start": 350263, "end": 351590, "sha256": "d9c3d0a2f2a8acab6460172e9240ac0fc1ffb93ef566c38a6c9262f275ea3dc5", "text": "Many men have been praised as vividly imaginative on the strength of their profuseness in indifferent drawing or cheap narration:—reports of very poor talk going on in distant orbs; or portraits of Lucifer coming down on his bad errands as a large ugly man with bat’s wings and spurts of phosphorescence; or exaggerations of wantonness that seem to reflect life in a diseased dream. But these kinds of inspiration Lydgate regarded as rather vulgar and vinous compared with the imagination that reveals subtle actions inaccessible by any sort of lens, but tracked in that outer darkness through long pathways of necessary sequence by the inward light which is the last refinement of Energy, capable of bathing even the ethereal atoms in its ideally illuminated space. He for his part had tossed away all cheap inventions where ignorance finds itself able and at ease: he was enamoured of that arduous invention which is the very eye of research, provisionally framing its object and correcting it to more and more exactness of relation; he wanted to pierce the obscurity of those minute processes which prepare human misery and joy, those invisible thoroughfares which are the first lurking-places of anguish, mania, and crime, that delicate poise and transition which determine the growth of happy or unhappy consciousness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01066", "bookId": 145, "start": 351592, "end": 352150, "sha256": "c6d0482191b1f5670c97eb24df2764c38b11962a1b092c6f2b6f2147dd4c057f", "text": "As he threw down his book, stretched his legs towards the embers in the grate, and clasped his hands at the back of his head, in that agreeable afterglow of excitement when thought lapses from examination of a specific object into a suffusive sense of its connections with all the rest of our existence—seems, as it were, to throw itself on its back after vigorous swimming and float with the repose of unexhausted strength—Lydgate felt a triumphant delight in his studies, and something like pity for those less lucky men who were not of his profession.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01067", "bookId": 145, "start": 352152, "end": 352721, "sha256": "e7df4a35ce9ab2a31c19ae663af59fd60dce39eca26afda33943025557050738", "text": "“If I had not taken that turn when I was a lad,” he thought, “I might have got into some stupid draught-horse work or other, and lived always in blinkers. I should never have been happy in any profession that did not call forth the highest intellectual strain, and yet keep me in good warm contact with my neighbors. There is nothing like the medical profession for that: one can have the exclusive scientific life that touches the distance and befriend the old fogies in the parish too. It is rather harder for a clergyman: Farebrother seems to be an anomaly.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01068", "bookId": 145, "start": 352723, "end": 353244, "sha256": "428a399033c3f7f21d8db4702af2856fb772671811432b1efa1a274c7533ef48", "text": "This last thought brought back the Vincys and all the pictures of the evening. They floated in his mind agreeably enough, and as he took up his bed-candle his lips were curled with that incipient smile which is apt to accompany agreeable recollections. He was an ardent fellow, but at present his ardor was absorbed in love of his work and in the ambition of making his life recognized as a factor in the better life of mankind—like other heroes of science who had nothing but an obscure country practice to begin with.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01069", "bookId": 145, "start": 353246, "end": 355142, "sha256": "a71d3b3054a9aacd333629a96c2a957cfdc1a1d556f0f1c61af661f6a95f7e11", "text": "Poor Lydgate! or shall I say, Poor Rosamond! Each lived in a world of which the other knew nothing. It had not occurred to Lydgate that he had been a subject of eager meditation to Rosamond, who had neither any reason for throwing her marriage into distant perspective, nor any pathological studies to divert her mind from that ruminating habit, that inward repetition of looks, words, and phrases, which makes a large part in the lives of most girls. He had not meant to look at her or speak to her with more than the inevitable amount of admiration and compliment which a man must give to a beautiful girl; indeed, it seemed to him that his enjoyment of her music had remained almost silent, for he feared falling into the rudeness of telling her his great surprise at her possession of such accomplishment. But Rosamond had registered every look and word, and estimated them as the opening incidents of a preconceived romance—incidents which gather value from the foreseen development and climax. In Rosamond’s romance it was not necessary to imagine much about the inward life of the hero, or of his serious business in the world: of course, he had a profession and was clever, as well as sufficiently handsome; but the piquant fact about Lydgate was his good birth, which distinguished him from all Middlemarch admirers, and presented marriage as a prospect of rising in rank and getting a little nearer to that celestial condition on earth in which she would have nothing to do with vulgar people, and perhaps at last associate with relatives quite equal to the county people who looked down on the Middlemarchers. It was part of Rosamond’s cleverness to discern very subtly the faintest aroma of rank, and once when she had seen the Miss Brookes accompanying their uncle at the county assizes, and seated among the aristocracy, she had envied them, notwithstanding their plain dress.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01070", "bookId": 145, "start": 355144, "end": 355701, "sha256": "576a08b1ac0240cfdf093475b07a3a9c302528e617a11b2caa378809ee1286af", "text": "If you think it incredible that to imagine Lydgate as a man of family could cause thrills of satisfaction which had anything to do with the sense that she was in love with him, I will ask you to use your power of comparison a little more effectively, and consider whether red cloth and epaulets have never had an influence of that sort. Our passions do not live apart in locked chambers, but, dressed in their small wardrobe of notions, bring their provisions to a common table and mess together, feeding out of the common store according to their appetite.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01071", "bookId": 145, "start": 355703, "end": 356336, "sha256": "adcbac981bbc9f5814341cb5925f5032ac1199cd0d14ad47ae415dc635b6988c", "text": "Rosamond, in fact, was entirely occupied not exactly with Tertius Lydgate as he was in himself, but with his relation to her; and it was excusable in a girl who was accustomed to hear that all young men might, could, would be, or actually were in love with her, to believe at once that Lydgate could be no exception. His looks and words meant more to her than other men’s, because she cared more for them: she thought of them diligently, and diligently attended to that perfection of appearance, behavior, sentiments, and all other elegancies, which would find in Lydgate a more adequate admirer than she had yet been conscious of.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01072", "bookId": 145, "start": 356338, "end": 356957, "sha256": "6bdf1420ee314d05a493699c054495413533c2ef4f77cbe7e8681865943d7915", "text": "For Rosamond, though she would never do anything that was disagreeable to her, was industrious; and now more than ever she was active in sketching her landscapes and market-carts and portraits of friends, in practising her music, and in being from morning till night her own standard of a perfect lady, having always an audience in her own consciousness, with sometimes the not unwelcome addition of a more variable external audience in the numerous visitors of the house. She found time also to read the best novels, and even the second best, and she knew much poetry by heart. Her favorite poem was “Lalla Rookh.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01073", "bookId": 145, "start": 356959, "end": 357673, "sha256": "cc24af54d5c6b731ec84a1088b42c3da1f44d21e633f49d52f81ab5cc581b39d", "text": "“The best girl in the world! He will be a happy fellow who gets her!” was the sentiment of the elderly gentlemen who visited the Vincys; and the rejected young men thought of trying again, as is the fashion in country towns where the horizon is not thick with coming rivals. But Mrs. Plymdale thought that Rosamond had been educated to a ridiculous pitch, for what was the use of accomplishments which would be all laid aside as soon as she was married? While her aunt Bulstrode, who had a sisterly faithfulness towards her brother’s family, had two sincere wishes for Rosamond—that she might show a more serious turn of mind, and that she might meet with a husband whose wealth corresponded to her habits.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01074", "bookId": 145, "start": 357678, "end": 357691, "sha256": "1e12225a0a5a3223847dc745abeb5e3f9893423914ebf0dbe31f3498522ac869", "text": "CHAPTER XVII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01075", "bookId": 145, "start": 357693, "end": 357791, "sha256": "09d5ad5de3e2b53af48c04b43fa6d622219fdd57f9c20526f771f9b4e9f1af91", "text": "“The clerkly person smiled and said Promise was a pretty maid, But being poor she died unwed.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01076", "bookId": 145, "start": 357794, "end": 360983, "sha256": "b5d5083edc73f84ce0d9409daf0f5e54f822ab5af279dc0a35d3afee9e458dea", "text": "The Rev. Camden Farebrother, whom Lydgate went to see the next evening, lived in an old parsonage, built of stone, venerable enough to match the church which it looked out upon. All the furniture too in the house was old, but with another grade of age—that of Mr. Farebrother’s father and grandfather. There were painted white chairs, with gilding and wreaths on them, and some lingering red silk damask with slits in it. There were engraved portraits of Lord Chancellors and other celebrated lawyers of the last century; and there were old pier-glasses to reflect them, as well as the little satin-wood tables and the sofas resembling a prolongation of uneasy chairs, all standing in relief against the dark wainscot. This was the physiognomy of the drawing-room into which Lydgate was shown; and there were three ladies to receive him, who were also old-fashioned, and of a faded but genuine respectability: Mrs. Farebrother, the Vicar’s white-haired mother, befrilled and kerchiefed with dainty cleanliness, upright, quick-eyed, and still under seventy; Miss Noble, her sister, a tiny old lady of meeker aspect, with frills and kerchief decidedly more worn and mended; and Miss Winifred Farebrother, the Vicar’s elder sister, well-looking like himself, but nipped and subdued as single women are apt to be who spend their lives in uninterrupted subjection to their elders. Lydgate had not expected to see so quaint a group: knowing simply that Mr. Farebrother was a bachelor, he had thought of being ushered into a snuggery where the chief furniture would probably be books and collections of natural objects. The Vicar himself seemed to wear rather a changed aspect, as most men do when acquaintances made elsewhere see them for the first time in their own homes; some indeed showing like an actor of genial parts disadvantageously cast for the curmudgeon in a new piece. This was not the case with Mr. Farebrother: he seemed a trifle milder and more silent, the chief talker being his mother, while he only put in a good-humored moderating remark here and there. The old lady was evidently accustomed to tell her company what they ought to think, and to regard no subject as quite safe without her steering. She was afforded leisure for this function by having all her little wants attended to by Miss Winifred. Meanwhile tiny Miss Noble carried on her arm a small basket, into which she diverted a bit of sugar, which she had first dropped in her saucer as if by mistake; looking round furtively afterwards, and reverting to her teacup with a small innocent noise as of a tiny timid quadruped. Pray think no ill of Miss Noble. That basket held small savings from her more portable food, destined for the children of her poor friends among whom she trotted on fine mornings; fostering and petting all needy creatures being so spontaneous a delight to her, that she regarded it much as if it had been a pleasant vice that she was addicted to. Perhaps she was conscious of being tempted to steal from those who had much that she might give to those who had nothing, and carried in her conscience the guilt of that repressed desire. One must be poor to know the luxury of giving!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01077", "bookId": 145, "start": 360985, "end": 361718, "sha256": "26f4463e07861442b6dde308c7f1334c71614ce01c636cd30a277b7b7665ce18", "text": "Mrs. Farebrother welcomed the guest with a lively formality and precision. She presently informed him that they were not often in want of medical aid in that house. She had brought up her children to wear flannel and not to over-eat themselves, which last habit she considered the chief reason why people needed doctors. Lydgate pleaded for those whose fathers and mothers had over-eaten themselves, but Mrs. Farebrother held that view of things dangerous: Nature was more just than that; it would be easy for any felon to say that his ancestors ought to have been hanged instead of him. If those who had bad fathers and mothers were bad themselves, they were hanged for that. There was no need to go back on what you couldn’t see.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01078", "bookId": 145, "start": 361720, "end": 361815, "sha256": "b276c0a2216cf5e19c50f769807493c24372b5fccb45bdcfaaad86a542a8af36", "text": "“My mother is like old George the Third,” said the Vicar, “she objects to metaphysics.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01079", "bookId": 145, "start": 361817, "end": 362240, "sha256": "135241fafb2f976153b9eaf083a7248a2565635026c6c0c3f829b092ae4f1047", "text": "“I object to what is wrong, Camden. I say, keep hold of a few plain truths, and make everything square with them. When I was young, Mr. Lydgate, there never was any question about right and wrong. We knew our catechism, and that was enough; we learned our creed and our duty. Every respectable Church person had the same opinions. But now, if you speak out of the Prayer-book itself, you are liable to be contradicted.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01080", "bookId": 145, "start": 362242, "end": 362349, "sha256": "0e27277679ad505993a2b20d849145c231ea32b1d048cf7e826b1702d986efda", "text": "“That makes rather a pleasant time of it for those who like to maintain their own point,” said Lydgate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01081", "bookId": 145, "start": 362351, "end": 362411, "sha256": "c09f69b9f80c06647c5652e0579e1de77ecea007c893be8f1e44d22b31549ddf", "text": "“But my mother always gives way,” said the Vicar, slyly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01082", "bookId": 145, "start": 362413, "end": 362654, "sha256": "6606766cf3c0d485e23b1647d4bce0a7af273dab71d10305bcee32f60d871299", "text": "“No, no, Camden, you must not lead Mr. Lydgate into a mistake about _me_. I shall never show that disrespect to my parents, to give up what they taught me. Any one may see what comes of turning. If you change once, why not twenty times?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01083", "bookId": 145, "start": 362656, "end": 362797, "sha256": "7184b66d810c90ce1004b37aaa979b0e9c9de8b1a0a9bec7bcc3d057a2e94dad", "text": "“A man might see good arguments for changing once, and not see them for changing again,” said Lydgate, amused with the decisive old lady.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01084", "bookId": 145, "start": 362799, "end": 363206, "sha256": "0a0dc64e80550e46904a98c1ac9769714d82278ae3b1aed5f81e604d71fc9eed", "text": "“Excuse me there. If you go upon arguments, they are never wanting, when a man has no constancy of mind. My father never changed, and he preached plain moral sermons without arguments, and was a good man—few better. When you get me a good man made out of arguments, I will get you a good dinner with reading you the cookery-book. That’s my opinion, and I think anybody’s stomach will bear me out.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01085", "bookId": 145, "start": 363208, "end": 363271, "sha256": "b86d1e30f344b47f012292b35a82b5c5ace3f36e250e10e14635a753f7e04346", "text": "“About the dinner certainly, mother,” said Mr. Farebrother.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01086", "bookId": 145, "start": 363273, "end": 364035, "sha256": "bdac3cf7d44ae0ddd471bb6b99f50a5884c1a7d2d2dc1b622c773bcf757a6447", "text": "“It is the same thing, the dinner or the man. I am nearly seventy, Mr. Lydgate, and I go upon experience. I am not likely to follow new lights, though there are plenty of them here as elsewhere. I say, they came in with the mixed stuffs that will neither wash nor wear. It was not so in my youth: a Churchman was a Churchman, and a clergyman, you might be pretty sure, was a gentleman, if nothing else. But now he may be no better than a Dissenter, and want to push aside my son on pretence of doctrine. But whoever may wish to push him aside, I am proud to say, Mr. Lydgate, that he will compare with any preacher in this kingdom, not to speak of this town, which is but a low standard to go by; at least, to my thinking, for I was born and bred at Exeter.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01087", "bookId": 145, "start": 364037, "end": 364156, "sha256": "9eea80b33acf6b81426d178976a01848718b596237f53d5efffc3b4e6bce2b9b", "text": "“A mother is never partial,” said Mr. Farebrother, smiling. “What do you think Tyke’s mother says about him?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01088", "bookId": 145, "start": 364158, "end": 364349, "sha256": "dc41222ea8b6107a249cc3df6fd3fe2a22de7463dd4e920ca59fd59ec3ed1e4d", "text": "“Ah, poor creature! what indeed?” said Mrs. Farebrother, her sharpness blunted for the moment by her confidence in maternal judgments. “She says the truth to herself, depend upon it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01089", "bookId": 145, "start": 364351, "end": 364421, "sha256": "4c83962bcbad74ad39825304a75694ab91260a1f952b1b2e8b619523053c48fa", "text": "“And what is the truth?” said Lydgate. “I am curious to know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01090", "bookId": 145, "start": 364423, "end": 364585, "sha256": "ac7ab185eaf29589d103b0228933da898c4d593bcab47af9a3f139c6a2536fb9", "text": "“Oh, nothing bad at all,” said Mr. Farebrother. “He is a zealous fellow: not very learned, and not very wise, I think—because I don’t agree with him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01091", "bookId": 145, "start": 364587, "end": 364756, "sha256": "64c1724cecac5640a5375ae817f43ec5c14ee71837e32837dc7008a1d093e341", "text": "“Why, Camden!” said Miss Winifred, “Griffin and his wife told me only to-day, that Mr. Tyke said they should have no more coals if they came to hear you preach.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01092", "bookId": 145, "start": 364758, "end": 365072, "sha256": "60497de737212a68ca3620da94d45d0ccdb278761e676c902c1bc36f600a2832", "text": "Mrs. Farebrother laid down her knitting, which she had resumed after her small allowance of tea and toast, and looked at her son as if to say “You hear that?” Miss Noble said, “Oh poor things! poor things!” in reference, probably, to the double loss of preaching and coal. But the Vicar answered quietly—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01093", "bookId": 145, "start": 365074, "end": 365191, "sha256": "fdfc81fd95cc27118a83f52e4cfd263a8440709af31b0badef85344daf56f165", "text": "“That is because they are not my parishioners. And I don’t think my sermons are worth a load of coals to them.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01094", "bookId": 145, "start": 365193, "end": 365417, "sha256": "5e397be371c8bd6b4f8b24a66b7594baa5dfe9c2e457ecea2911faa21007b8c2", "text": "“Mr. Lydgate,” said Mrs. Farebrother, who could not let this pass, “you don’t know my son: he always undervalues himself. I tell him he is undervaluing the God who made him, and made him a most excellent preacher.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01095", "bookId": 145, "start": 365419, "end": 365616, "sha256": "735601dd273cfafc1a7552bb4072e10887b12b18d61b21e8c246ec0e72009119", "text": "“That must be a hint for me to take Mr. Lydgate away to my study, mother,” said the Vicar, laughing. “I promised to show you my collection,” he added, turning to Lydgate; “shall we go?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01096", "bookId": 145, "start": 365618, "end": 366315, "sha256": "79cb570051a7efea9dad23e81479f0f78536e1b186206c2d6182fd22c35325da", "text": "All three ladies remonstrated. Mr. Lydgate ought not to be hurried away without being allowed to accept another cup of tea: Miss Winifred had abundance of good tea in the pot. Why was Camden in such haste to take a visitor to his den? There was nothing but pickled vermin, and drawers full of blue-bottles and moths, with no carpet on the floor. Mr. Lydgate must excuse it. A game at cribbage would be far better. In short, it was plain that a vicar might be adored by his womankind as the king of men and preachers, and yet be held by them to stand in much need of their direction. Lydgate, with the usual shallowness of a young bachelor, wondered that Mr. Farebrother had not taught them better.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01097", "bookId": 145, "start": 366317, "end": 366605, "sha256": "0ff149d6ed03f9a8fe413a884b1e64fa97b23149ba276ede8dae0d1e6eac1506", "text": "“My mother is not used to my having visitors who can take any interest in my hobbies,” said the Vicar, as he opened the door of his study, which was indeed as bare of luxuries for the body as the ladies had implied, unless a short porcelain pipe and a tobacco-box were to be excepted.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01098", "bookId": 145, "start": 366607, "end": 366886, "sha256": "36047359887c95313083fd59f16b19c58ece30e187ccfa87d4493d8b41ff1f0f", "text": "“Men of your profession don’t generally smoke,” he said. Lydgate smiled and shook his head. “Nor of mine either, properly, I suppose. You will hear that pipe alleged against me by Bulstrode and Company. They don’t know how pleased the devil would be if I gave it up.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01099", "bookId": 145, "start": 366888, "end": 367069, "sha256": "eb229ead1d1aa86259be3bbec678e3ecd3f5ed768f395276b54d86bf696172ae", "text": "“I understand. You are of an excitable temper and want a sedative. I am heavier, and should get idle with it. I should rush into idleness, and stagnate there with all my might.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01100", "bookId": 145, "start": 367071, "end": 367676, "sha256": "cfd0854460dfd9e26c15c8433d674cdd23bb86f622a684422baf503d6d1c3762", "text": "“And you mean to give it all to your work. I am some ten or twelve years older than you, and have come to a compromise. I feed a weakness or two lest they should get clamorous. See,” continued the Vicar, opening several small drawers, “I fancy I have made an exhaustive study of the entomology of this district. I am going on both with the fauna and flora; but I have at least done my insects well. We are singularly rich in orthoptera: I don’t know whether—Ah! you have got hold of that glass jar—you are looking into that instead of my drawers. You don’t really care about these things?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01101", "bookId": 145, "start": 367678, "end": 367959, "sha256": "28dc537cb185c9234d5d25887fc02c5f02ad71a208b92d340f94060ceaf96b72", "text": "“Not by the side of this lovely anencephalous monster. I have never had time to give myself much to natural history. I was early bitten with an interest in structure, and it is what lies most directly in my profession. I have no hobby besides. I have the sea to swim in there.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01102", "bookId": 145, "start": 367961, "end": 368640, "sha256": "dbf16ae22fc86768289f95117913beaa1a29989388dd3639342a59955a0fae92", "text": "“Ah! you are a happy fellow,” said Mr. Farebrother, turning on his heel and beginning to fill his pipe. “You don’t know what it is to want spiritual tobacco—bad emendations of old texts, or small items about a variety of Aphis Brassicae, with the well-known signature of Philomicron, for the ‘Twaddler’s Magazine;’ or a learned treatise on the entomology of the Pentateuch, including all the insects not mentioned, but probably met with by the Israelites in their passage through the desert; with a monograph on the Ant, as treated by Solomon, showing the harmony of the Book of Proverbs with the results of modern research. You don’t mind my fumigating you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01103", "bookId": 145, "start": 368642, "end": 369438, "sha256": "1f0b6c76ac3939467f099ea2871034ae975252c8812782411526c69a6d4e1005", "text": "Lydgate was more surprised at the openness of this talk than at its implied meaning—that the Vicar felt himself not altogether in the right vocation. The neat fitting-up of drawers and shelves, and the bookcase filled with expensive illustrated books on Natural History, made him think again of the winnings at cards and their destination. But he was beginning to wish that the very best construction of everything that Mr. Farebrother did should be the true one. The Vicar’s frankness seemed not of the repulsive sort that comes from an uneasy consciousness seeking to forestall the judgment of others, but simply the relief of a desire to do with as little pretence as possible. Apparently he was not without a sense that his freedom of speech might seem premature, for he presently said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01104", "bookId": 145, "start": 369440, "end": 369878, "sha256": "4e27ba1d5b5fa46cb435709fb31cbdae171074065689875523b649aff78cdb27", "text": "“I have not yet told you that I have the advantage of you, Mr. Lydgate, and know you better than you know me. You remember Trawley who shared your apartment at Paris for some time? I was a correspondent of his, and he told me a good deal about you. I was not quite sure when you first came that you were the same man. I was very glad when I found that you were. Only I don’t forget that you have not had the like prologue about me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01105", "bookId": 145, "start": 369880, "end": 370183, "sha256": "5456afd9d6cf6f0f1b9ab32b61dfe34a06621058770b6faaa86140d60a415740", "text": "Lydgate divined some delicacy of feeling here, but did not half understand it. “By the way,” he said, “what has become of Trawley? I have quite lost sight of him. He was hot on the French social systems, and talked of going to the Backwoods to found a sort of Pythagorean community. Is he gone?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01106", "bookId": 145, "start": 370185, "end": 370269, "sha256": "ecca4570af010d47f9334f092ba17847ef41c9d714fdba2956ba73ae49d1c9e0", "text": "“Not at all. He is practising at a German bath, and has married a rich patient.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01107", "bookId": 145, "start": 370271, "end": 370729, "sha256": "e691ba9e21fdea36baccc1ee9c76afc7cedf1327fb1b533ec0c6c0edae3a0d8d", "text": "“Then my notions wear the best, so far,” said Lydgate, with a short scornful laugh. “He would have it, the medical profession was an inevitable system of humbug. I said, the fault was in the men—men who truckle to lies and folly. Instead of preaching against humbug outside the walls, it might be better to set up a disinfecting apparatus within. In short—I am reporting my own conversation—you may be sure I had all the good sense on my side.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01108", "bookId": 145, "start": 370731, "end": 371257, "sha256": "b1d7cd90812a46a45cf2542bb9e23cc1c8e7491f0c28b79d7a05e8728ba0610f", "text": "“Your scheme is a good deal more difficult to carry out than the Pythagorean community, though. You have not only got the old Adam in yourself against you, but you have got all those descendants of the original Adam who form the society around you. You see, I have paid twelve or thirteen years more than you for my knowledge of difficulties. But”—Mr. Farebrother broke off a moment, and then added, “you are eying that glass vase again. Do you want to make an exchange? You shall not have it without a fair barter.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01109", "bookId": 145, "start": 371259, "end": 371464, "sha256": "0812fa46047d1e6d438e70cb3bfe1568857b3c1267a5d4e589ddaf35f5798bf0", "text": "“I have some sea-mice—fine specimens—in spirits. And I will throw in Robert Brown’s new thing—‘Microscopic Observations on the Pollen of Plants’—if you don’t happen to have it already.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01110", "bookId": 145, "start": 371466, "end": 371981, "sha256": "49d5270f23fd51470b85924985ac79ee5934825a4e0ff07148f7719e2190e3cd", "text": "“Why, seeing how you long for the monster, I might ask a higher price. Suppose I ask you to look through my drawers and agree with me about all my new species?” The Vicar, while he talked in this way, alternately moved about with his pipe in his mouth, and returned to hang rather fondly over his drawers. “That would be good discipline, you know, for a young doctor who has to please his patients in Middlemarch. You must learn to be bored, remember. However, you shall have the monster on your own terms.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01111", "bookId": 145, "start": 371983, "end": 372406, "sha256": "23344608c74ddde7008ec0bc633a13770bc64911a33e8ceb3b7309e2be745438", "text": "“Don’t you think men overrate the necessity for humoring everybody’s nonsense, till they get despised by the very fools they humor?” said Lydgate, moving to Mr. Farebrother’s side, and looking rather absently at the insects ranged in fine gradation, with names subscribed in exquisite writing. “The shortest way is to make your value felt, so that people must put up with you whether you flatter them or not.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01112", "bookId": 145, "start": 372408, "end": 372738, "sha256": "c21cc3bd1129cfe72163acf87409608cad289b74eaae8131acbb849cea8044aa", "text": "“With all my heart. But then you must be sure of having the value, and you must keep yourself independent. Very few men can do that. Either you slip out of service altogether, and become good for nothing, or you wear the harness and draw a good deal where your yoke-fellows pull you. But do look at these delicate orthoptera!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01113", "bookId": 145, "start": 372740, "end": 372868, "sha256": "618bfa4af51bb254daac19398ff8d046e9d89cdcb31db95182bb9ccdbeb75256", "text": "Lydgate had after all to give some scrutiny to each drawer, the Vicar laughing at himself, and yet persisting in the exhibition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01114", "bookId": 145, "start": 372870, "end": 373456, "sha256": "970b0e32d92671a3dbda744fe1b1fee6ecd18902947948cc8152c0a9b62649b8", "text": "“Apropos of what you said about wearing harness,” Lydgate began, after they had sat down, “I made up my mind some time ago to do with as little of it as possible. That was why I determined not to try anything in London, for a good many years at least. I didn’t like what I saw when I was studying there—so much empty bigwiggism, and obstructive trickery. In the country, people have less pretension to knowledge, and are less of companions, but for that reason they affect one’s amour-propre less: one makes less bad blood, and can follow one’s own course more quietly.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01115", "bookId": 145, "start": 373458, "end": 373680, "sha256": "133271c577d763cfec5e6fabc9b3da462944a03294bebb9b22ec78425356351f", "text": "“Yes—well—you have got a good start; you are in the right profession, the work you feel yourself most fit for. Some people miss that, and repent too late. But you must not be too sure of keeping your independence.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01116", "bookId": 145, "start": 373682, "end": 373795, "sha256": "d7992de7b115aa10bb78a0d8f5430d55bec7c37cc58387e35f6bba6e4715bda8", "text": "“You mean of family ties?” said Lydgate, conceiving that these might press rather tightly on Mr. Farebrother.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01117", "bookId": 145, "start": 373797, "end": 374154, "sha256": "c3fd53cdf9c067a5e964c01101edc0bf9059e2de63c27bd27fd74064fd0d8d2f", "text": "“Not altogether. Of course they make many things more difficult. But a good wife—a good unworldly woman—may really help a man, and keep him more independent. There’s a parishioner of mine—a fine fellow, but who would hardly have pulled through as he has done without his wife. Do you know the Garths? I think they were not Peacock’s patients.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01118", "bookId": 145, "start": 374156, "end": 374227, "sha256": "29f675a095a3a715ed11463dab7dd37e013c65de79de88c7118f618de16ed537", "text": "“No; but there is a Miss Garth at old Featherstone’s, at Lowick.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01119", "bookId": 145, "start": 374229, "end": 374269, "sha256": "a85be3e273c3e34ea4aedfd4a83bd1ff4241f68fc4355ce17d29940fdad5b939", "text": "“Their daughter: an excellent girl.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01120", "bookId": 145, "start": 374271, "end": 374323, "sha256": "4b5fc3243b12fae709d60068f54189f1f040da9545bbb55d7d984774c5092387", "text": "“She is very quiet—I have hardly noticed her.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01121", "bookId": 145, "start": 374325, "end": 374383, "sha256": "516ad4bfb4599242801dbaf9cf0b758977df584af7615552755fb4972c698564", "text": "“She has taken notice of you, though, depend upon it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01122", "bookId": 145, "start": 374385, "end": 374463, "sha256": "da34f97429a2a2dd6c187f6ff41615e1608817e99df4a9a827d9655991bcf19c", "text": "“I don’t understand,” said Lydgate; he could hardly say “Of course.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01123", "bookId": 145, "start": 374465, "end": 374557, "sha256": "012a478299bd5182f81d7da70d281af7509875661458fb4a252a3e1b61179fd6", "text": "“Oh, she gauges everybody. I prepared her for confirmation—she is a favorite of mine.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01124", "bookId": 145, "start": 374559, "end": 374786, "sha256": "46ce2076bef552c34f76094999cc74184928d2a4fd880143ea963a85d15d6c4d", "text": "Mr. Farebrother puffed a few moments in silence, Lydgate not caring to know more about the Garths. At last the Vicar laid down his pipe, stretched out his legs, and turned his bright eyes with a smile towards Lydgate, saying—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01125", "bookId": 145, "start": 374788, "end": 374995, "sha256": "7b6623fd29405ab104741473645907fca91df8391c0a74cd8a7846ac205b23e3", "text": "“But we Middlemarchers are not so tame as you take us to be. We have our intrigues and our parties. I am a party man, for example, and Bulstrode is another. If you vote for me you will offend Bulstrode.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01126", "bookId": 145, "start": 374997, "end": 375063, "sha256": "1539af23b132b0a4b12ca6e5b5974aaa303bffd9301d427fd48874eb8e03a37f", "text": "“What is there against Bulstrode?” said Lydgate, emphatically.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01127", "bookId": 145, "start": 375065, "end": 375182, "sha256": "995a0a4e8ac91dd2d1f5a9fdcba9fb9d29dde7d72dcd6e763a253a9a3b0631ba", "text": "“I did not say there was anything against him except that. If you vote against him you will make him your enemy.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01128", "bookId": 145, "start": 375184, "end": 375660, "sha256": "2c77f64a6fef5a5fcec4203aa3bd108216b1e05490dbd4d5ccdd36744fc5641e", "text": "“I don’t know that I need mind about that,” said Lydgate, rather proudly; “but he seems to have good ideas about hospitals, and he spends large sums on useful public objects. He might help me a good deal in carrying out my ideas. As to his religious notions—why, as Voltaire said, incantations will destroy a flock of sheep if administered with a certain quantity of arsenic. I look for the man who will bring the arsenic, and don’t mind about his incantations.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01129", "bookId": 145, "start": 375662, "end": 376496, "sha256": "60b6202184f506e0305c28411ec9f89369abc2c4a7c6cf0236d3b40aa32dbffd", "text": "“Very good. But then you must not offend your arsenic-man. You will not offend me, you know,” said Mr. Farebrother, quite unaffectedly. “I don’t translate my own convenience into other people’s duties. I am opposed to Bulstrode in many ways. I don’t like the set he belongs to: they are a narrow ignorant set, and do more to make their neighbors uncomfortable than to make them better. Their system is a sort of worldly-spiritual cliqueism: they really look on the rest of mankind as a doomed carcass which is to nourish them for heaven. But,” he added, smilingly, “I don’t say that Bulstrode’s new hospital is a bad thing; and as to his wanting to oust me from the old one—why, if he thinks me a mischievous fellow, he is only returning a compliment. And I am not a model clergyman—only a decent makeshift.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01130", "bookId": 145, "start": 376498, "end": 376814, "sha256": "58a35de18b4ced501dd2b4880be5c0c59dd95921d77c5a8fbfd04c4a65ed9636", "text": "Lydgate was not at all sure that the Vicar maligned himself. A model clergyman, like a model doctor, ought to think his own profession the finest in the world, and take all knowledge as mere nourishment to his moral pathology and therapeutics. He only said, “What reason does Bulstrode give for superseding you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01131", "bookId": 145, "start": 376816, "end": 377346, "sha256": "8bf2be195b20e4a383a04ee2083fffc4f7610c2575aa17e5329e9fc167dbad5f", "text": "“That I don’t teach his opinions—which he calls spiritual religion; and that I have no time to spare. Both statements are true. But then I could make time, and I should be glad of the forty pounds. That is the plain fact of the case. But let us dismiss it. I only wanted to tell you that if you vote for your arsenic-man, you are not to cut me in consequence. I can’t spare you. You are a sort of circumnavigator come to settle among us, and will keep up my belief in the antipodes. Now tell me all about them in Paris.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01132", "bookId": 145, "start": 377351, "end": 377365, "sha256": "360d967b6981e15995b6eeda06f3585b88d44826c115ece80b5039d8df1166b2", "text": "CHAPTER XVIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01133", "bookId": 145, "start": 377367, "end": 377576, "sha256": "9ce1437f34d9a05bc7ed5fcf6aad08a0467fb9f22bf6de290dee4453ccd4465b", "text": "“Oh, sir, the loftiest hopes on earth Draw lots with meaner hopes: heroic breasts, Breathing bad air, run risk of pestilence; Or, lacking lime-juice when they cross the Line, May languish with the scurvy.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01134", "bookId": 145, "start": 377579, "end": 378065, "sha256": "fb753cd0e2450cfd6a0ad51e8effc5273ce8844ad5e18d4725c5f030a4e3221d", "text": "Some weeks passed after this conversation before the question of the chaplaincy gathered any practical import for Lydgate, and without telling himself the reason, he deferred the predetermination on which side he should give his vote. It would really have been a matter of total indifference to him—that is to say, he would have taken the more convenient side, and given his vote for the appointment of Tyke without any hesitation—if he had not cared personally for Mr. Farebrother.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01135", "bookId": 145, "start": 378067, "end": 379912, "sha256": "0617f7c4ccb1986fca5d66b7ff159fe4ea0bd4494391a7ce08b603f2ed9c8a2c", "text": "But his liking for the Vicar of St. Botolph’s grew with growing acquaintanceship. That, entering into Lydgate’s position as a new-comer who had his own professional objects to secure, Mr. Farebrother should have taken pains rather to warn off than to obtain his interest, showed an unusual delicacy and generosity, which Lydgate’s nature was keenly alive to. It went along with other points of conduct in Mr. Farebrother which were exceptionally fine, and made his character resemble those southern landscapes which seem divided between natural grandeur and social slovenliness. Very few men could have been as filial and chivalrous as he was to the mother, aunt, and sister, whose dependence on him had in many ways shaped his life rather uneasily for himself; few men who feel the pressure of small needs are so nobly resolute not to dress up their inevitably self-interested desires in a pretext of better motives. In these matters he was conscious that his life would bear the closest scrutiny; and perhaps the consciousness encouraged a little defiance towards the critical strictness of persons whose celestial intimacies seemed not to improve their domestic manners, and whose lofty aims were not needed to account for their actions. Then, his preaching was ingenious and pithy, like the preaching of the English Church in its robust age, and his sermons were delivered without book. People outside his parish went to hear him; and, since to fill the church was always the most difficult part of a clergyman’s function, here was another ground for a careless sense of superiority. Besides, he was a likable man: sweet-tempered, ready-witted, frank, without grins of suppressed bitterness or other conversational flavors which make half of us an affliction to our friends. Lydgate liked him heartily, and wished for his friendship.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01136", "bookId": 145, "start": 379914, "end": 383454, "sha256": "f91e33eb32baf13984dddff117e3e4aa82191240a7a262960cf2c05f9ac26b1a", "text": "With this feeling uppermost, he continued to waive the question of the chaplaincy, and to persuade himself that it was not only no proper business of his, but likely enough never to vex him with a demand for his vote. Lydgate, at Mr. Bulstrode’s request, was laying down plans for the internal arrangements of the new hospital, and the two were often in consultation. The banker was always presupposing that he could count in general on Lydgate as a coadjutor, but made no special recurrence to the coming decision between Tyke and Farebrother. When the General Board of the Infirmary had met, however, and Lydgate had notice that the question of the chaplaincy was thrown on a council of the directors and medical men, to meet on the following Friday, he had a vexed sense that he must make up his mind on this trivial Middlemarch business. He could not help hearing within him the distinct declaration that Bulstrode was prime minister, and that the Tyke affair was a question of office or no office; and he could not help an equally pronounced dislike to giving up the prospect of office. For his observation was constantly confirming Mr. Farebrother’s assurance that the banker would not overlook opposition. “Confound their petty politics!” was one of his thoughts for three mornings in the meditative process of shaving, when he had begun to feel that he must really hold a court of conscience on this matter. Certainly there were valid things to be said against the election of Mr. Farebrother: he had too much on his hands already, especially considering how much time he spent on non-clerical occupations. Then again it was a continually repeated shock, disturbing Lydgate’s esteem, that the Vicar should obviously play for the sake of money, liking the play indeed, but evidently liking some end which it served. Mr. Farebrother contended on theory for the desirability of all games, and said that Englishmen’s wit was stagnant for want of them; but Lydgate felt certain that he would have played very much less but for the money. There was a billiard-room at the Green Dragon, which some anxious mothers and wives regarded as the chief temptation in Middlemarch. The Vicar was a first-rate billiard-player, and though he did not frequent the Green Dragon, there were reports that he had sometimes been there in the daytime and had won money. And as to the chaplaincy, he did not pretend that he cared for it, except for the sake of the forty pounds. Lydgate was no Puritan, but he did not care for play, and winning money at it had always seemed a meanness to him; besides, he had an ideal of life which made this subservience of conduct to the gaining of small sums thoroughly hateful to him. Hitherto in his own life his wants had been supplied without any trouble to himself, and his first impulse was always to be liberal with half-crowns as matters of no importance to a gentleman; it had never occurred to him to devise a plan for getting half-crowns. He had always known in a general way that he was not rich, but he had never felt poor, and he had no power of imagining the part which the want of money plays in determining the actions of men. Money had never been a motive to him. Hence he was not ready to frame excuses for this deliberate pursuit of small gains. It was altogether repulsive to him, and he never entered into any calculation of the ratio between the Vicar’s income and his more or less necessary expenditure. It was possible that he would not have made such a calculation in his own case.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01137", "bookId": 145, "start": 383456, "end": 384338, "sha256": "ea222af049f3f935a38e012b19752dac6b1b9cd479298428cc778ac7d8394f98", "text": "And now, when the question of voting had come, this repulsive fact told more strongly against Mr. Farebrother than it had done before. One would know much better what to do if men’s characters were more consistent, and especially if one’s friends were invariably fit for any function they desired to undertake! Lydgate was convinced that if there had been no valid objection to Mr. Farebrother, he would have voted for him, whatever Bulstrode might have felt on the subject: he did not intend to be a vassal of Bulstrode’s. On the other hand, there was Tyke, a man entirely given to his clerical office, who was simply curate at a chapel of ease in St. Peter’s parish, and had time for extra duty. Nobody had anything to say against Mr. Tyke, except that they could not bear him, and suspected him of cant. Really, from his point of view, Bulstrode was thoroughly justified.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01138", "bookId": 145, "start": 384340, "end": 386724, "sha256": "19d1d4c53bc063410e8fc28e9b30964362f3ec9442e6e00dfbb79a066b208b14", "text": "But whichever way Lydgate began to incline, there was something to make him wince; and being a proud man, he was a little exasperated at being obliged to wince. He did not like frustrating his own best purposes by getting on bad terms with Bulstrode; he did not like voting against Farebrother, and helping to deprive him of function and salary; and the question occurred whether the additional forty pounds might not leave the Vicar free from that ignoble care about winning at cards. Moreover, Lydgate did not like the consciousness that in voting for Tyke he should be voting on the side obviously convenient for himself. But would the end really be his own convenience? Other people would say so, and would allege that he was currying favor with Bulstrode for the sake of making himself important and getting on in the world. What then? He for his own part knew that if his personal prospects simply had been concerned, he would not have cared a rotten nut for the banker’s friendship or enmity. What he really cared for was a medium for his work, a vehicle for his ideas; and after all, was he not bound to prefer the object of getting a good hospital, where he could demonstrate the specific distinctions of fever and test therapeutic results, before anything else connected with this chaplaincy? For the first time Lydgate was feeling the hampering threadlike pressure of small social conditions, and their frustrating complexity. At the end of his inward debate, when he set out for the hospital, his hope was really in the chance that discussion might somehow give a new aspect to the question, and make the scale dip so as to exclude the necessity for voting. I think he trusted a little also to the energy which is begotten by circumstances—some feeling rushing warmly and making resolve easy, while debate in cool blood had only made it more difficult. However it was, he did not distinctly say to himself on which side he would vote; and all the while he was inwardly resenting the subjection which had been forced upon him. It would have seemed beforehand like a ridiculous piece of bad logic that he, with his unmixed resolutions of independence and his select purposes, would find himself at the very outset in the grasp of petty alternatives, each of which was repugnant to him. In his student’s chambers, he had prearranged his social action quite differently.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01139", "bookId": 145, "start": 386726, "end": 388188, "sha256": "044f80fe0447b377d12b3d599c8e89938ebc91dabf381b4473adfca30a0c9230", "text": "Lydgate was late in setting out, but Dr. Sprague, the two other surgeons, and several of the directors had arrived early; Mr. Bulstrode, treasurer and chairman, being among those who were still absent. The conversation seemed to imply that the issue was problematical, and that a majority for Tyke was not so certain as had been generally supposed. The two physicians, for a wonder, turned out to be unanimous, or rather, though of different minds, they concurred in action. Dr. Sprague, the rugged and weighty, was, as every one had foreseen, an adherent of Mr. Farebrother. The Doctor was more than suspected of having no religion, but somehow Middlemarch tolerated this deficiency in him as if he had been a Lord Chancellor; indeed it is probable that his professional weight was the more believed in, the world-old association of cleverness with the evil principle being still potent in the minds even of lady-patients who had the strictest ideas of frilling and sentiment. It was perhaps this negation in the Doctor which made his neighbors call him hard-headed and dry-witted; conditions of texture which were also held favorable to the storing of judgments connected with drugs. At all events, it is certain that if any medical man had come to Middlemarch with the reputation of having very definite religious views, of being given to prayer, and of otherwise showing an active piety, there would have been a general presumption against his medical skill.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01140", "bookId": 145, "start": 388190, "end": 389267, "sha256": "c601f7b41dd14b1b2b379b3f342ef30321cf317633e4c0e5bcff2aabe554230e", "text": "On this ground it was (professionally speaking) fortunate for Dr. Minchin that his religious sympathies were of a general kind, and such as gave a distant medical sanction to all serious sentiment, whether of Church or Dissent, rather than any adhesion to particular tenets. If Mr. Bulstrode insisted, as he was apt to do, on the Lutheran doctrine of justification, as that by which a Church must stand or fall, Dr. Minchin in return was quite sure that man was not a mere machine or a fortuitous conjunction of atoms; if Mrs. Wimple insisted on a particular providence in relation to her stomach complaint, Dr. Minchin for his part liked to keep the mental windows open and objected to fixed limits; if the Unitarian brewer jested about the Athanasian Creed, Dr. Minchin quoted Pope’s “Essay on Man.” He objected to the rather free style of anecdote in which Dr. Sprague indulged, preferring well-sanctioned quotations, and liking refinement of all kinds: it was generally known that he had some kinship to a bishop, and sometimes spent his holidays at “the palace.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01141", "bookId": 145, "start": 389269, "end": 391982, "sha256": "3ea2bf9e9e37eb878f6585742e32c7512cbff4f636df9a4596145b2a81a23598", "text": "Dr. Minchin was soft-handed, pale-complexioned, and of rounded outline, not to be distinguished from a mild clergyman in appearance: whereas Dr. Sprague was superfluously tall; his trousers got creased at the knees, and showed an excess of boot at a time when straps seemed necessary to any dignity of bearing; you heard him go in and out, and up and down, as if he had come to see after the roofing. In short, he had weight, and might be expected to grapple with a disease and throw it; while Dr. Minchin might be better able to detect it lurking and to circumvent it. They enjoyed about equally the mysterious privilege of medical reputation, and concealed with much etiquette their contempt for each other’s skill. Regarding themselves as Middlemarch institutions, they were ready to combine against all innovators, and against non-professionals given to interference. On this ground they were both in their hearts equally averse to Mr. Bulstrode, though Dr. Minchin had never been in open hostility with him, and never differed from him without elaborate explanation to Mrs. Bulstrode, who had found that Dr. Minchin alone understood her constitution. A layman who pried into the professional conduct of medical men, and was always obtruding his reforms,—though he was less directly embarrassing to the two physicians than to the surgeon-apothecaries who attended paupers by contract, was nevertheless offensive to the professional nostril as such; and Dr. Minchin shared fully in the new pique against Bulstrode, excited by his apparent determination to patronize Lydgate. The long-established practitioners, Mr. Wrench and Mr. Toller; were just now standing apart and having a friendly colloquy, in which they agreed that Lydgate was a jackanapes, just made to serve Bulstrode’s purpose. To non-medical friends they had already concurred in praising the other young practitioner, who had come into the town on Mr. Peacock’s retirement without further recommendation than his own merits and such argument for solid professional acquirement as might be gathered from his having apparently wasted no time on other branches of knowledge. It was clear that Lydgate, by not dispensing drugs, intended to cast imputations on his equals, and also to obscure the limit between his own rank as a general practitioner and that of the physicians, who, in the interest of the profession, felt bound to maintain its various grades,—especially against a man who had not been to either of the English universities and enjoyed the absence of anatomical and bedside study there, but came with a libellous pretension to experience in Edinburgh and Paris, where observation might be abundant indeed, but hardly sound.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01142", "bookId": 145, "start": 391984, "end": 392235, "sha256": "6966c837a930ea4087b0fd52a4249d3fae5aa66483f539939b939a38eca9cd67", "text": "Thus it happened that on this occasion Bulstrode became identified with Lydgate, and Lydgate with Tyke; and owing to this variety of interchangeable names for the chaplaincy question, diverse minds were enabled to form the same judgment concerning it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01143", "bookId": 145, "start": 392237, "end": 392665, "sha256": "016c01932eb17940107f1453865edfe0790621b38051ed16daecb9d30563c9a3", "text": "Dr. Sprague said at once bluntly to the group assembled when he entered, “I go for Farebrother. A salary, with all my heart. But why take it from the Vicar? He has none too much—has to insure his life, besides keeping house, and doing a vicar’s charities. Put forty pounds in his pocket and you’ll do no harm. He’s a good fellow, is Farebrother, with as little of the parson about him as will serve to carry orders.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01144", "bookId": 145, "start": 392667, "end": 393172, "sha256": "99f0b1894b03be74033705c5814e5afcd695741d61cf7857b2a1e498f219df53", "text": "“Ho, ho! Doctor,” said old Mr. Powderell, a retired iron-monger of some standing—his interjection being something between a laugh and a Parliamentary disapproval; “we must let you have your say. But what we have to consider is not anybody’s income—it’s the souls of the poor sick people”—here Mr. Powderell’s voice and face had a sincere pathos in them. “He is a real Gospel preacher, is Mr. Tyke. I should vote against my conscience if I voted against Mr. Tyke—I should indeed.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01145", "bookId": 145, "start": 393174, "end": 394369, "sha256": "32cb17f761a72f52908aa7e98c2a1f113a8bba246ac06540fd43b8e8d8705236", "text": "“Mr. Tyke’s opponents have not asked any one to vote against his conscience, I believe,” said Mr. Hackbutt, a rich tanner of fluent speech, whose glittering spectacles and erect hair were turned with some severity towards innocent Mr. Powderell. “But in my judgment it behoves us, as Directors, to consider whether we will regard it as our whole business to carry out propositions emanating from a single quarter. Will any member of the committee aver that he would have entertained the idea of displacing the gentleman who has always discharged the function of chaplain here, if it had not been suggested to him by parties whose disposition it is to regard every institution of this town as a machinery for carrying out their own views? I tax no man’s motives: let them lie between himself and a higher Power; but I do say, that there are influences at work here which are incompatible with genuine independence, and that a crawling servility is usually dictated by circumstances which gentlemen so conducting themselves could not afford either morally or financially to avow. I myself am a layman, but I have given no inconsiderable attention to the divisions in the Church and—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01146", "bookId": 145, "start": 394371, "end": 394770, "sha256": "c05802c9b07c082f3cd13919162261c8a6ce30bb4b074af8c308c295ee6dc9a9", "text": "“Oh, damn the divisions!” burst in Mr. Frank Hawley, lawyer and town-clerk, who rarely presented himself at the board, but now looked in hurriedly, whip in hand. “We have nothing to do with them here. Farebrother has been doing the work—what there was—without pay, and if pay is to be given, it should be given to him. I call it a confounded job to take the thing away from Farebrother.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01147", "bookId": 145, "start": 394772, "end": 395031, "sha256": "e543bb5e3879cb02b77dafc3beeec8d901db2f2fbc0b436ad99ea5776ab3cc8e", "text": "“I think it would be as well for gentlemen not to give their remarks a personal bearing,” said Mr. Plymdale. “I shall vote for the appointment of Mr. Tyke, but I should not have known, if Mr. Hackbutt hadn’t hinted it, that I was a Servile Crawler.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01148", "bookId": 145, "start": 395033, "end": 395164, "sha256": "ffac62454dc64bf2f19dd87659b14352ebae88847cef955faee0bb9507b3e71e", "text": "“I disclaim any personalities. I expressly said, if I may be allowed to repeat, or even to conclude what I was about to say—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01149", "bookId": 145, "start": 395166, "end": 395395, "sha256": "8ee484a65d714490f5921c2cd284aa802ebaea22558c9d2f016178759de97ea4", "text": "“Ah, here’s Minchin!” said Mr. Frank Hawley; at which everybody turned away from Mr. Hackbutt, leaving him to feel the uselessness of superior gifts in Middlemarch. “Come, Doctor, I must have you on the right side, eh?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01150", "bookId": 145, "start": 395397, "end": 395512, "sha256": "9a29555cc89277e09e8f737fb10c19688d0524395c025c964363fe80324eff31", "text": "“I hope so,” said Dr. Minchin, nodding and shaking hands here and there; “at whatever cost to my feelings.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01151", "bookId": 145, "start": 395514, "end": 395634, "sha256": "ffd4b2a7f4c615ee1b4702050acf033552a2f2a7d1396a0f2c0b1733e3ba7b30", "text": "“If there’s any feeling here, it should be feeling for the man who is turned out, I think,” said Mr. Frank Hawley.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01152", "bookId": 145, "start": 395636, "end": 396105, "sha256": "90fd05261eabd95584bb3786d2dfc40cba8219d5ca06c2a097b3a5feacdac254", "text": "“I confess I have feelings on the other side also. I have a divided esteem,” said Dr. Minchin, rubbing his hands. “I consider Mr. Tyke an exemplary man—none more so—and I believe him to be proposed from unimpeachable motives. I, for my part, wish that I could give him my vote. But I am constrained to take a view of the case which gives the preponderance to Mr. Farebrother’s claims. He is an amiable man, an able preacher, and has been longer among us.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01153", "bookId": 145, "start": 396107, "end": 396194, "sha256": "26b7de13bfab33063c4f7a1f51b83a57bc452d28cd6f0fabd867b89ac19843ca", "text": "Old Mr. Powderell looked on, sad and silent. Mr. Plymdale settled his cravat, uneasily.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01154", "bookId": 145, "start": 396196, "end": 396654, "sha256": "94bc4465046e27fe385eece4a133c78f7051ded813b37008107efc1587d85717", "text": "“You don’t set up Farebrother as a pattern of what a clergyman ought to be, I hope,” said Mr. Larcher, the eminent carrier, who had just come in. “I have no ill-will towards him, but I think we owe something to the public, not to speak of anything higher, in these appointments. In my opinion Farebrother is too lax for a clergyman. I don’t wish to bring up particulars against him; but he will make a little attendance here go as far as he can.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01155", "bookId": 145, "start": 396656, "end": 397008, "sha256": "cd5b2fafc3d373797b163bfe164f9189e32e886e46ad412642fb322ddeeec197", "text": "“And a devilish deal better than too much,” said Mr. Hawley, whose bad language was notorious in that part of the county. “Sick people can’t bear so much praying and preaching. And that methodistical sort of religion is bad for the spirits—bad for the inside, eh?” he added, turning quickly round to the four medical men who were assembled.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01156", "bookId": 145, "start": 397010, "end": 397466, "sha256": "c1db79d7f163e5ff75602060a1136d9390bf6f43860d8c5bd6febc1e2bbc3d9b", "text": "But any answer was dispensed with by the entrance of three gentlemen, with whom there were greetings more or less cordial. These were the Reverend Edward Thesiger, Rector of St. Peter’s, Mr. Bulstrode, and our friend Mr. Brooke of Tipton, who had lately allowed himself to be put on the board of directors in his turn, but had never before attended, his attendance now being due to Mr. Bulstrode’s exertions. Lydgate was the only person still expected.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01157", "bookId": 145, "start": 397468, "end": 398200, "sha256": "9b8d1e275698a37a9f4566f516afa345e61cff0c83f4391553ab7c6950a6eea9", "text": "Every one now sat down, Mr. Bulstrode presiding, pale and self-restrained as usual. Mr. Thesiger, a moderate evangelical, wished for the appointment of his friend Mr. Tyke, a zealous able man, who, officiating at a chapel of ease, had not a cure of souls too extensive to leave him ample time for the new duty. It was desirable that chaplaincies of this kind should be entered on with a fervent intention: they were peculiar opportunities for spiritual influence; and while it was good that a salary should be allotted, there was the more need for scrupulous watching lest the office should be perverted into a mere question of salary. Mr. Thesiger’s manner had so much quiet propriety that objectors could only simmer in silence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01158", "bookId": 145, "start": 398202, "end": 399110, "sha256": "6fb09b0b68643f3d4cb4a78f17f151ed750c89f4fd7dfbb945a0c1b36767a7ff", "text": "Mr. Brooke believed that everybody meant well in the matter. He had not himself attended to the affairs of the Infirmary, though he had a strong interest in whatever was for the benefit of Middlemarch, and was most happy to meet the gentlemen present on any public question—“any public question, you know,” Mr. Brooke repeated, with his nod of perfect understanding. “I am a good deal occupied as a magistrate, and in the collection of documentary evidence, but I regard my time as being at the disposal of the public—and, in short, my friends have convinced me that a chaplain with a salary—a salary, you know—is a very good thing, and I am happy to be able to come here and vote for the appointment of Mr. Tyke, who, I understand, is an unexceptionable man, apostolic and eloquent and everything of that kind—and I am the last man to withhold my vote—under the circumstances, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01159", "bookId": 145, "start": 399112, "end": 399484, "sha256": "6e418364accf96febfa644b0f0c265eb686c8b52cd8d2033651c1406e3011455", "text": "“It seems to me that you have been crammed with one side of the question, Mr. Brooke,” said Mr. Frank Hawley, who was afraid of nobody, and was a Tory suspicious of electioneering intentions. “You don’t seem to know that one of the worthiest men we have has been doing duty as chaplain here for years without pay, and that Mr. Tyke is proposed to supersede him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01160", "bookId": 145, "start": 399486, "end": 399622, "sha256": "99db133c91bdceba912ea2773db8144f9a2cc91c03f186be116d425efbf4780f", "text": "“Excuse me, Mr. Hawley,” said Mr. Bulstrode. “Mr. Brooke has been fully informed of Mr. Farebrother’s character and position.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01161", "bookId": 145, "start": 399624, "end": 399669, "sha256": "fb3465bfe377a169eeafc33a506bb333712f863efa6b729ef8520b47d3c22721", "text": "“By his enemies,” flashed out Mr. Hawley.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01162", "bookId": 145, "start": 399671, "end": 399750, "sha256": "2494063e9737f76a88dd8b348d39aa729a0a0483a488a325ca581dac644b9de2", "text": "“I trust there is no personal hostility concerned here,” said Mr. Thesiger.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01163", "bookId": 145, "start": 399752, "end": 399809, "sha256": "aca4b1c8f25776c05c3491be6247f21a041d1a82a188ddcaed94ea7c9d86a29b", "text": "“I’ll swear there is, though,” retorted Mr. Hawley.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01164", "bookId": 145, "start": 399811, "end": 400113, "sha256": "c6d1989718df85fc6a364e7448f4123f0b03c37a9bf60306a60836d0cabda6ea", "text": "“Gentlemen,” said Mr. Bulstrode, in a subdued tone, “the merits of the question may be very briefly stated, and if any one present doubts that every gentleman who is about to give his vote has not been fully informed, I can now recapitulate the considerations that should weigh on either side.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01165", "bookId": 145, "start": 400115, "end": 400408, "sha256": "a850b9f82ffb5e7377962d2e192da92ef161cbe285e83914817b0dc12a1a4591", "text": "“I don’t see the good of that,” said Mr. Hawley. “I suppose we all know whom we mean to vote for. Any man who wants to do justice does not wait till the last minute to hear both sides of the question. I have no time to lose, and I propose that the matter be put to the vote at once.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01166", "bookId": 145, "start": 400410, "end": 400619, "sha256": "4317bb97cb92682a97532068aecf913c2e457c07215e9a34a7acceff7c60c80b", "text": "A brief but still hot discussion followed before each person wrote “Tyke” or “Farebrother” on a piece of paper and slipped it into a glass tumbler; and in the mean time Mr. Bulstrode saw Lydgate enter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01167", "bookId": 145, "start": 400621, "end": 400760, "sha256": "e804fe5eb2550c10d2a196e76c0836f5cad2ce2976d0c401475fb2bced66e961", "text": "“I perceive that the votes are equally divided at present,” said Mr. Bulstrode, in a clear biting voice. Then, looking up at Lydgate—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01168", "bookId": 145, "start": 400762, "end": 400870, "sha256": "52def2214cb3204d3f538f6816261ba1d86e9427e666e7944000a5ad8af63d17", "text": "“There is a casting-vote still to be given. It is yours, Mr. Lydgate: will you be good enough to write?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01169", "bookId": 145, "start": 400872, "end": 400973, "sha256": "a73f2ae8c3baa4b79b46837c4efd52bffdbbfb32133fc375d3b41d0147aae775", "text": "“The thing is settled now,” said Mr. Wrench, rising. “We all know how Mr. Lydgate will vote.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01170", "bookId": 145, "start": 400975, "end": 401097, "sha256": "05cc65a583418b0c3dbe15e94f834715cdf8075c9597adb39937c119cc7c472e", "text": "“You seem to speak with some peculiar meaning, sir,” said Lydgate, rather defiantly, and keeping his pencil suspended.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01171", "bookId": 145, "start": 401099, "end": 401209, "sha256": "04bc59b4e55111804244dfe3585381ed3c7ae2e908e44980629608987609d00b", "text": "“I merely mean that you are expected to vote with Mr. Bulstrode. Do you regard that meaning as offensive?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01172", "bookId": 145, "start": 401211, "end": 401351, "sha256": "37bbe7f9b77cce48708fb0bd41e30b22ea19894b3b33b106955ad82e6c863858", "text": "“It may be offensive to others. But I shall not desist from voting with him on that account.” Lydgate immediately wrote down “Tyke.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01173", "bookId": 145, "start": 401353, "end": 402118, "sha256": "94d5e2d1cad8d9bc19e18cc35622630617edddc099a941915414204d913384eb", "text": "So the Rev. Walter Tyke became chaplain to the Infirmary, and Lydgate continued to work with Mr. Bulstrode. He was really uncertain whether Tyke were not the more suitable candidate, and yet his consciousness told him that if he had been quite free from indirect bias he should have voted for Mr. Farebrother. The affair of the chaplaincy remained a sore point in his memory as a case in which this petty medium of Middlemarch had been too strong for him. How could a man be satisfied with a decision between such alternatives and under such circumstances? No more than he can be satisfied with his hat, which he has chosen from among such shapes as the resources of the age offer him, wearing it at best with a resignation which is chiefly supported by comparison.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01174", "bookId": 145, "start": 402120, "end": 402812, "sha256": "386cd9a9f10c9b18774bd54ede46595a26184167fa3b24fbfdf7dcfea2946af4", "text": "But Mr. Farebrother met him with the same friendliness as before. The character of the publican and sinner is not always practically incompatible with that of the modern Pharisee, for the majority of us scarcely see more distinctly the faultiness of our own conduct than the faultiness of our own arguments, or the dulness of our own jokes. But the Vicar of St. Botolph’s had certainly escaped the slightest tincture of the Pharisee, and by dint of admitting to himself that he was too much as other men were, he had become remarkably unlike them in this—that he could excuse others for thinking slightly of him, and could judge impartially of their conduct even when it told against him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01175", "bookId": 145, "start": 402814, "end": 403274, "sha256": "fdda6fc7d211c9b9fb19acdac03f2323f62bc2770d5e2ef8394e200116e970d1", "text": "“The world has been too strong for _me_, I know,” he said one day to Lydgate. “But then I am not a mighty man—I shall never be a man of renown. The choice of Hercules is a pretty fable; but Prodicus makes it easy work for the hero, as if the first resolves were enough. Another story says that he came to hold the distaff, and at last wore the Nessus shirt. I suppose one good resolve might keep a man right if everybody else’s resolve helped him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01176", "bookId": 145, "start": 403276, "end": 403565, "sha256": "4d598aa636e6637b319a59f14eca6116357a3c4184c2a09bf40189c6ef1079da", "text": "The Vicar’s talk was not always inspiriting: he had escaped being a Pharisee, but he had not escaped that low estimate of possibilities which we rather hastily arrive at as an inference from our own failure. Lydgate thought that there was a pitiable infirmity of will in Mr. Farebrother.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01177", "bookId": 145, "start": 403570, "end": 403582, "sha256": "55470e6759f4b6abf7bb72ed41836678714c47fd379f23c430b35d4300696dd3", "text": "CHAPTER XIX.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01178", "bookId": 145, "start": 403584, "end": 403692, "sha256": "316bd6d0ffbb2f3b6bb418333c02a2038e8d4e8611222d52a87a20499fb1ccc8", "text": "“L’ altra vedete ch’ha fatto alla guancia Della sua palma, sospirando, letto.” —_Purgatorio_, vii.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01179", "bookId": 145, "start": 403695, "end": 404717, "sha256": "9ce8f5eb489290f8e48aabfb321f1ce1d81f90cf63827e2b3210622dac4ebe96", "text": "When George the Fourth was still reigning over the privacies of Windsor, when the Duke of Wellington was Prime Minister, and Mr. Vincy was mayor of the old corporation in Middlemarch, Mrs. Casaubon, born Dorothea Brooke, had taken her wedding journey to Rome. In those days the world in general was more ignorant of good and evil by forty years than it is at present. Travellers did not often carry full information on Christian art either in their heads or their pockets; and even the most brilliant English critic of the day mistook the flower-flushed tomb of the ascended Virgin for an ornamental vase due to the painter’s fancy. Romanticism, which has helped to fill some dull blanks with love and knowledge, had not yet penetrated the times with its leaven and entered into everybody’s food; it was fermenting still as a distinguishable vigorous enthusiasm in certain long-haired German artists at Rome, and the youth of other nations who worked or idled near them were sometimes caught in the spreading movement.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01180", "bookId": 145, "start": 404719, "end": 405248, "sha256": "aa4c3647dbb09548d1d0a9e0c230e6ed6135368bfc99c16dfc485d6b5e60109b", "text": "One fine morning a young man whose hair was not immoderately long, but abundant and curly, and who was otherwise English in his equipment, had just turned his back on the Belvedere Torso in the Vatican and was looking out on the magnificent view of the mountains from the adjoining round vestibule. He was sufficiently absorbed not to notice the approach of a dark-eyed, animated German who came up to him and placing a hand on his shoulder, said with a strong accent, “Come here, quick! else she will have changed her pose.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01181", "bookId": 145, "start": 405250, "end": 406396, "sha256": "04c6a830e91039dd48e0b6c43f3494558d5d7bfb0794c6af6ee05a45d3e37c69", "text": "Quickness was ready at the call, and the two figures passed lightly along by the Meleager, towards the hall where the reclining Ariadne, then called the Cleopatra, lies in the marble voluptuousness of her beauty, the drapery folding around her with a petal-like ease and tenderness. They were just in time to see another figure standing against a pedestal near the reclining marble: a breathing blooming girl, whose form, not shamed by the Ariadne, was clad in Quakerish gray drapery; her long cloak, fastened at the neck, was thrown backward from her arms, and one beautiful ungloved hand pillowed her cheek, pushing somewhat backward the white beaver bonnet which made a sort of halo to her face around the simply braided dark-brown hair. She was not looking at the sculpture, probably not thinking of it: her large eyes were fixed dreamily on a streak of sunlight which fell across the floor. But she became conscious of the two strangers who suddenly paused as if to contemplate the Cleopatra, and, without looking at them, immediately turned away to join a maid-servant and courier who were loitering along the hall at a little distance off.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01182", "bookId": 145, "start": 406398, "end": 407359, "sha256": "f784ba260ea3c2f91537483713936a848ee252c4ced3a600db63151948127a78", "text": "“What do you think of that for a fine bit of antithesis?” said the German, searching in his friend’s face for responding admiration, but going on volubly without waiting for any other answer. “There lies antique beauty, not corpse-like even in death, but arrested in the complete contentment of its sensuous perfection: and here stands beauty in its breathing life, with the consciousness of Christian centuries in its bosom. But she should be dressed as a nun; I think she looks almost what you call a Quaker; I would dress her as a nun in my picture. However, she is married; I saw her wedding-ring on that wonderful left hand, otherwise I should have thought the sallow _Geistlicher_ was her father. I saw him parting from her a good while ago, and just now I found her in that magnificent pose. Only think! he is perhaps rich, and would like to have her portrait taken. Ah! it is no use looking after her—there she goes! Let us follow her home!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01183", "bookId": 145, "start": 407361, "end": 407415, "sha256": "4a693ebb2814cd4c837aa27fe49879523bcc4338d77c899c7507bd2ba9a32e18", "text": "“No, no,” said his companion, with a little frown.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01184", "bookId": 145, "start": 407417, "end": 407493, "sha256": "5c8c5f6ca95b589008dfaad4277b4831fd40915427495a667a86162d3f0bd5ad", "text": "“You are singular, Ladislaw. You look struck together. Do you know her?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01185", "bookId": 145, "start": 407495, "end": 407676, "sha256": "65ed98139d302a82a0fcf28d76a98770a7de837db9a446af1742603b8a707b0a", "text": "“I know that she is married to my cousin,” said Will Ladislaw, sauntering down the hall with a preoccupied air, while his German friend kept at his side and watched him eagerly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01186", "bookId": 145, "start": 407678, "end": 407770, "sha256": "9dd4606f3f98e451534cfec47aba90e68a5c08eb4ff6f132d67eaf3f7c3a93e6", "text": "“What! the _Geistlicher_? He looks more like an uncle—a more useful sort of relation.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01187", "bookId": 145, "start": 407772, "end": 407869, "sha256": "d2c784336f7d8aa2b1d9f9768c1cfeb2da828b9051d19e14dd653bfe348be2f9", "text": "“He is not my uncle. I tell you he is my second cousin,” said Ladislaw, with some irritation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01188", "bookId": 145, "start": 407871, "end": 408014, "sha256": "90ec5d7801a2f9d33758734307a5ebad031c54d003a7cd5139005db681f00322", "text": "“Schön, schön. Don’t be snappish. You are not angry with me for thinking Mrs. Second-Cousin the most perfect young Madonna I ever saw?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01189", "bookId": 145, "start": 408016, "end": 408232, "sha256": "b9114f82af21b8b67938c301c408224565a5a66dc872b2195a50cd5d99fb8bcb", "text": "“Angry? nonsense. I have only seen her once before, for a couple of minutes, when my cousin introduced her to me, just before I left England. They were not married then. I didn’t know they were coming to Rome.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01190", "bookId": 145, "start": 408234, "end": 408413, "sha256": "02c98528a5795bc43500638715253922e2e087563f621c3c46ef86de9f82c4f7", "text": "“But you will go to see them now—you will find out what they have for an address—since you know the name. Shall we go to the post? And you could speak about the portrait.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01191", "bookId": 145, "start": 408415, "end": 408502, "sha256": "6eb98b8a626c1e542354b6c00e3f5ac23f62679310701547423c09927dbc5e90", "text": "“Confound you, Naumann! I don’t know what I shall do. I am not so brazen as you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01192", "bookId": 145, "start": 408504, "end": 408761, "sha256": "2dcadb5089a1aa2f5a6a0abde1ce587aaecb220941aaca0e01ace29cdc0e7431", "text": "“Bah! that is because you are dilettantish and amateurish. If you were an artist, you would think of Mistress Second-Cousin as antique form animated by Christian sentiment—a sort of Christian Antigone—sensuous force controlled by spiritual passion.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01193", "bookId": 145, "start": 408763, "end": 409084, "sha256": "ccc2d32987f962fa196e63354bdc397a67e144ba15e9fca2cd6a5e9c534125f2", "text": "“Yes, and that your painting her was the chief outcome of her existence—the divinity passing into higher completeness and all but exhausted in the act of covering your bit of canvas. I am amateurish if you like: I do _not_ think that all the universe is straining towards the obscure significance of your pictures.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01194", "bookId": 145, "start": 409086, "end": 409749, "sha256": "3138894e1c57502172bb354c553905d1db22cfe01035b5619f0e8c3b3df66db7", "text": "“But it is, my dear!—so far as it is straining through me, Adolf Naumann: that stands firm,” said the good-natured painter, putting a hand on Ladislaw’s shoulder, and not in the least disturbed by the unaccountable touch of ill-humor in his tone. “See now! My existence presupposes the existence of the whole universe—does it _not?_ and my function is to paint—and as a painter I have a conception which is altogether _genialisch_, of your great-aunt or second grandmother as a subject for a picture; therefore, the universe is straining towards that picture through that particular hook or claw which it puts forth in the shape of me—not true?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01195", "bookId": 145, "start": 409751, "end": 409867, "sha256": "8905fcbbc562c8cdbc0a623adf54fabcb38731ce7671096b88d3b76007d57f08", "text": "“But how if another claw in the shape of me is straining to thwart it?—the case is a little less simple then.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01196", "bookId": 145, "start": 409869, "end": 409968, "sha256": "c8c029400f9f85cf67b5a8467cf796989760d79f155f69bce777f7280ab49ecd", "text": "“Not at all: the result of the struggle is the same thing—picture or no picture—logically.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01197", "bookId": 145, "start": 409970, "end": 410074, "sha256": "6511750e3c1a7b5cd6e9bf89cd814ceebb94366ff7bdc24f0bd5fe772d92fade", "text": "Will could not resist this imperturbable temper, and the cloud in his face broke into sunshiny laughter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01198", "bookId": 145, "start": 410076, "end": 410151, "sha256": "6a0113d6ffc7f0aa4bfd944285a5db7426d780a545e01179016246d43b2e8660", "text": "“Come now, my friend—you will help?” said Naumann, in a hopeful tone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01199", "bookId": 145, "start": 410153, "end": 410607, "sha256": "3a306571b80d39783062c0c7934bc1720f875522700dc1dc5e04076b13c61747", "text": "“No; nonsense, Naumann! English ladies are not at everybody’s service as models. And you want to express too much with your painting. You would only have made a better or worse portrait with a background which every connoisseur would give a different reason for or against. And what is a portrait of a woman? Your painting and Plastik are poor stuff after all. They perturb and dull conceptions instead of raising them. Language is a finer medium.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01200", "bookId": 145, "start": 410609, "end": 410743, "sha256": "9179d42510bdd104fb0098464b5e243e707baae8e6485c06b7b91e1a017cd9d3", "text": "“Yes, for those who can’t paint,” said Naumann. “There you have perfect right. I did not recommend you to paint, my friend.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01201", "bookId": 145, "start": 410745, "end": 410862, "sha256": "b9b905147cb78461e865c586090bd2e36db0c73fd22e328f5bfa0fc1ef38b283", "text": "The amiable artist carried his sting, but Ladislaw did not choose to appear stung. He went on as if he had not heard.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01202", "bookId": 145, "start": 410864, "end": 411413, "sha256": "ea81aede13bfca166cd5a7ef1a88a4e66538dff01852816cb4985a3e6919d519", "text": "“Language gives a fuller image, which is all the better for being vague. After all, the true seeing is within; and painting stares at you with an insistent imperfection. I feel that especially about representations of women. As if a woman were a mere colored superficies! You must wait for movement and tone. There is a difference in their very breathing: they change from moment to moment.—This woman whom you have just seen, for example: how would you paint her voice, pray? But her voice is much diviner than anything you have seen of her.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01203", "bookId": 145, "start": 411415, "end": 411614, "sha256": "c972fcde1e99ffce3b6cd1591cf2eb30be510b3e996d7a48c9304a18bb8c3e0d", "text": "“I see, I see. You are jealous. No man must presume to think that he can paint your ideal. This is serious, my friend! Your great-aunt! ‘Der Neffe als Onkel’ in a tragic sense—_ungeheuer!_”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01204", "bookId": 145, "start": 411616, "end": 411692, "sha256": "5e69bf0cab94bc1d498b8e8bfd0993dd3a1e3960e37edcc5b33c0c2ef7679d57", "text": "“You and I shall quarrel, Naumann, if you call that lady my aunt again.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01205", "bookId": 145, "start": 411694, "end": 411729, "sha256": "8eb2e9508d0a38f20dc91aa0e5e167aef1889d5e5bb4e1a7f86fc147d630bc80", "text": "“How is she to be called then?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01206", "bookId": 145, "start": 411731, "end": 411751, "sha256": "6b3fbf803ef52e6107b649ba3037f807559584f9976570a409bb45f8f502a87a", "text": "“Mrs. Casaubon.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01207", "bookId": 145, "start": 411753, "end": 411865, "sha256": "034071fe2ef95df00bd2f225638b988665fd5af8b8455da848248caa55b55e32", "text": "“Good. Suppose I get acquainted with her in spite of you, and find that she very much wishes to be painted?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01208", "bookId": 145, "start": 411867, "end": 412412, "sha256": "d7adcb7c61e90bbdd25926566433d74713b8e5c485519390464dcfabd6bef96d", "text": "“Yes, suppose!” said Will Ladislaw, in a contemptuous undertone, intended to dismiss the subject. He was conscious of being irritated by ridiculously small causes, which were half of his own creation. Why was he making any fuss about Mrs. Casaubon? And yet he felt as if something had happened to him with regard to her. There are characters which are continually creating collisions and nodes for themselves in dramas which nobody is prepared to act with them. Their susceptibilities will clash against objects that remain innocently quiet.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01209", "bookId": 145, "start": 412417, "end": 412428, "sha256": "014622c0a6737d19ea94a835919e067a15b7632151f27b070b34abcc6c9729fc", "text": "CHAPTER XX.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01210", "bookId": 145, "start": 412430, "end": 412583, "sha256": "2c5dab9835c870c018922bdb4a6b5ffd4a5ae2f77c2eed7dba716f2bcf63f62b", "text": "“A child forsaken, waking suddenly, Whose gaze afeard on all things round doth rove, And seeth only that it cannot see The meeting eyes of love.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01211", "bookId": 145, "start": 412586, "end": 412694, "sha256": "6ce58994998d39e8b675dcba0adf9ffe390d5422a17cd6257918ee9a44dc5d75", "text": "Two hours later, Dorothea was seated in an inner room or boudoir of a handsome apartment in the Via Sistina.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01212", "bookId": 145, "start": 412696, "end": 413028, "sha256": "037c4bdab2c498dce93c8839c538cc67994b14dbd63e259411dd69193aaa6649", "text": "I am sorry to add that she was sobbing bitterly, with such abandonment to this relief of an oppressed heart as a woman habitually controlled by pride on her own account and thoughtfulness for others will sometimes allow herself when she feels securely alone. And Mr. Casaubon was certain to remain away for some time at the Vatican.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01213", "bookId": 145, "start": 413030, "end": 413898, "sha256": "1ec7e02cd7005f5c3abdcfd7188f75c78165db8d2f854ad83ee1134fea4b73cf", "text": "Yet Dorothea had no distinctly shapen grievance that she could state even to herself; and in the midst of her confused thought and passion, the mental act that was struggling forth into clearness was a self-accusing cry that her feeling of desolation was the fault of her own spiritual poverty. She had married the man of her choice, and with the advantage over most girls that she had contemplated her marriage chiefly as the beginning of new duties: from the very first she had thought of Mr. Casaubon as having a mind so much above her own, that he must often be claimed by studies which she could not entirely share; moreover, after the brief narrow experience of her girlhood she was beholding Rome, the city of visible history, where the past of a whole hemisphere seems moving in funeral procession with strange ancestral images and trophies gathered from afar.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01214", "bookId": 145, "start": 413900, "end": 414706, "sha256": "74bd9930d886bcbfe6cc3fc0d40c0c513a27f9b625e25c70fc57c863f004d87d", "text": "But this stupendous fragmentariness heightened the dreamlike strangeness of her bridal life. Dorothea had now been five weeks in Rome, and in the kindly mornings when autumn and winter seemed to go hand in hand like a happy aged couple one of whom would presently survive in chiller loneliness, she had driven about at first with Mr. Casaubon, but of late chiefly with Tantripp and their experienced courier. She had been led through the best galleries, had been taken to the chief points of view, had been shown the grandest ruins and the most glorious churches, and she had ended by oftenest choosing to drive out to the Campagna where she could feel alone with the earth and sky, away-from the oppressive masquerade of ages, in which her own life too seemed to become a masque with enigmatical costumes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01215", "bookId": 145, "start": 414708, "end": 417229, "sha256": "8840c40bffa2bd646f27e63da626519d4827d1def4cce4f3c2991b846b9cbd2d", "text": "To those who have looked at Rome with the quickening power of a knowledge which breathes a growing soul into all historic shapes, and traces out the suppressed transitions which unite all contrasts, Rome may still be the spiritual centre and interpreter of the world. But let them conceive one more historical contrast: the gigantic broken revelations of that Imperial and Papal city thrust abruptly on the notions of a girl who had been brought up in English and Swiss Puritanism, fed on meagre Protestant histories and on art chiefly of the hand-screen sort; a girl whose ardent nature turned all her small allowance of knowledge into principles, fusing her actions into their mould, and whose quick emotions gave the most abstract things the quality of a pleasure or a pain; a girl who had lately become a wife, and from the enthusiastic acceptance of untried duty found herself plunged in tumultuous preoccupation with her personal lot. The weight of unintelligible Rome might lie easily on bright nymphs to whom it formed a background for the brilliant picnic of Anglo-foreign society; but Dorothea had no such defence against deep impressions. Ruins and basilicas, palaces and colossi, set in the midst of a sordid present, where all that was living and warm-blooded seemed sunk in the deep degeneracy of a superstition divorced from reverence; the dimmer but yet eager Titanic life gazing and struggling on walls and ceilings; the long vistas of white forms whose marble eyes seemed to hold the monotonous light of an alien world: all this vast wreck of ambitious ideals, sensuous and spiritual, mixed confusedly with the signs of breathing forgetfulness and degradation, at first jarred her as with an electric shock, and then urged themselves on her with that ache belonging to a glut of confused ideas which check the flow of emotion. Forms both pale and glowing took possession of her young sense, and fixed themselves in her memory even when she was not thinking of them, preparing strange associations which remained through her after-years. Our moods are apt to bring with them images which succeed each other like the magic-lantern pictures of a doze; and in certain states of dull forlornness Dorothea all her life continued to see the vastness of St. Peter’s, the huge bronze canopy, the excited intention in the attitudes and garments of the prophets and evangelists in the mosaics above, and the red drapery which was being hung for Christmas spreading itself everywhere like a disease of the retina.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01216", "bookId": 145, "start": 417231, "end": 418258, "sha256": "862a26674dafb1349f2a472d17f609fcb9f2812611dd9fe011e2bc667faf4355", "text": "Not that this inward amazement of Dorothea’s was anything very exceptional: many souls in their young nudity are tumbled out among incongruities and left to “find their feet” among them, while their elders go about their business. Nor can I suppose that when Mrs. Casaubon is discovered in a fit of weeping six weeks after her wedding, the situation will be regarded as tragic. Some discouragement, some faintness of heart at the new real future which replaces the imaginary, is not unusual, and we do not expect people to be deeply moved by what is not unusual. That element of tragedy which lies in the very fact of frequency, has not yet wrought itself into the coarse emotion of mankind; and perhaps our frames could hardly bear much of it. If we had a keen vision and feeling of all ordinary human life, it would be like hearing the grass grow and the squirrel’s heart beat, and we should die of that roar which lies on the other side of silence. As it is, the quickest of us walk about well wadded with stupidity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01217", "bookId": 145, "start": 418260, "end": 419446, "sha256": "f0ba93bba2122758b9ec70e9d91de38d4b78c8b44d602c21a883d5a8e7ed7776", "text": "However, Dorothea was crying, and if she had been required to state the cause, she could only have done so in some such general words as I have already used: to have been driven to be more particular would have been like trying to give a history of the lights and shadows, for that new real future which was replacing the imaginary drew its material from the endless minutiae by which her view of Mr. Casaubon and her wifely relation, now that she was married to him, was gradually changing with the secret motion of a watch-hand from what it had been in her maiden dream. It was too early yet for her fully to recognize or at least admit the change, still more for her to have readjusted that devotedness which was so necessary a part of her mental life that she was almost sure sooner or later to recover it. Permanent rebellion, the disorder of a life without some loving reverent resolve, was not possible to her; but she was now in an interval when the very force of her nature heightened its confusion. In this way, the early months of marriage often are times of critical tumult—whether that of a shrimp-pool or of deeper waters—which afterwards subsides into cheerful peace.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01218", "bookId": 145, "start": 419448, "end": 420122, "sha256": "daa2dfa82f25b40628408ad7103ebbb120e56a3027d6cf97816af26d687401d9", "text": "But was not Mr. Casaubon just as learned as before? Had his forms of expression changed, or his sentiments become less laudable? Oh waywardness of womanhood! did his chronology fail him, or his ability to state not only a theory but the names of those who held it; or his provision for giving the heads of any subject on demand? And was not Rome the place in all the world to give free play to such accomplishments? Besides, had not Dorothea’s enthusiasm especially dwelt on the prospect of relieving the weight and perhaps the sadness with which great tasks lie on him who has to achieve them?— And that such weight pressed on Mr. Casaubon was only plainer than before.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01219", "bookId": 145, "start": 420124, "end": 420997, "sha256": "653d9cdc072ace81898a59ab7256a1c97d3c240d92d6b72cc72c77cf2221a4e7", "text": "All these are crushing questions; but whatever else remained the same, the light had changed, and you cannot find the pearly dawn at noonday. The fact is unalterable, that a fellow-mortal with whose nature you are acquainted solely through the brief entrances and exits of a few imaginative weeks called courtship, may, when seen in the continuity of married companionship, be disclosed as something better or worse than what you have preconceived, but will certainly not appear altogether the same. And it would be astonishing to find how soon the change is felt if we had no kindred changes to compare with it. To share lodgings with a brilliant dinner-companion, or to see your favorite politician in the Ministry, may bring about changes quite as rapid: in these cases too we begin by knowing little and believing much, and we sometimes end by inverting the quantities.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01220", "bookId": 145, "start": 420999, "end": 422047, "sha256": "25b220a041c3641619c2360f4ccc18e42af52fd19201b50de203e4914239b90e", "text": "Still, such comparisons might mislead, for no man was more incapable of flashy make-believe than Mr. Casaubon: he was as genuine a character as any ruminant animal, and he had not actively assisted in creating any illusions about himself. How was it that in the weeks since her marriage, Dorothea had not distinctly observed but felt with a stifling depression, that the large vistas and wide fresh air which she had dreamed of finding in her husband’s mind were replaced by anterooms and winding passages which seemed to lead nowhither? I suppose it was that in courtship everything is regarded as provisional and preliminary, and the smallest sample of virtue or accomplishment is taken to guarantee delightful stores which the broad leisure of marriage will reveal. But the door-sill of marriage once crossed, expectation is concentrated on the present. Having once embarked on your marital voyage, it is impossible not to be aware that you make no way and that the sea is not within sight—that, in fact, you are exploring an enclosed basin.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01221", "bookId": 145, "start": 422049, "end": 423939, "sha256": "ef236bb7ef6d67c59d83e2e523b90dc5c1868a0e2ba796da73c5aa06b89d29f8", "text": "In their conversation before marriage, Mr. Casaubon had often dwelt on some explanation or questionable detail of which Dorothea did not see the bearing; but such imperfect coherence seemed due to the brokenness of their intercourse, and, supported by her faith in their future, she had listened with fervid patience to a recitation of possible arguments to be brought against Mr. Casaubon’s entirely new view of the Philistine god Dagon and other fish-deities, thinking that hereafter she should see this subject which touched him so nearly from the same high ground whence doubtless it had become so important to him. Again, the matter-of-course statement and tone of dismissal with which he treated what to her were the most stirring thoughts, was easily accounted for as belonging to the sense of haste and preoccupation in which she herself shared during their engagement. But now, since they had been in Rome, with all the depths of her emotion roused to tumultuous activity, and with life made a new problem by new elements, she had been becoming more and more aware, with a certain terror, that her mind was continually sliding into inward fits of anger and repulsion, or else into forlorn weariness. How far the judicious Hooker or any other hero of erudition would have been the same at Mr. Casaubon’s time of life, she had no means of knowing, so that he could not have the advantage of comparison; but her husband’s way of commenting on the strangely impressive objects around them had begun to affect her with a sort of mental shiver: he had perhaps the best intention of acquitting himself worthily, but only of acquitting himself. What was fresh to her mind was worn out to his; and such capacity of thought and feeling as had ever been stimulated in him by the general life of mankind had long shrunk to a sort of dried preparation, a lifeless embalmment of knowledge.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01222", "bookId": 145, "start": 423941, "end": 424294, "sha256": "5d775fe60d95d1f1ab6ca9886b5aa06a0b07cca3db2c5654c128e3783bc6bb65", "text": "When he said, “Does this interest you, Dorothea? Shall we stay a little longer? I am ready to stay if you wish it,”—it seemed to her as if going or staying were alike dreary. Or, “Should you like to go to the Farnesina, Dorothea? It contains celebrated frescos designed or painted by Raphael, which most persons think it worth while to visit.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01223", "bookId": 145, "start": 424296, "end": 424363, "sha256": "75ff574bd60fcffb770dafe19943850fda64bd3cb9cad2a37c508d9e76f4895d", "text": "“But do you care about them?” was always Dorothea’s question.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01224", "bookId": 145, "start": 424365, "end": 424950, "sha256": "587f807226aa90e81edb87292c10cb18015c7365e7782912b57767f18b7ced4f", "text": "“They are, I believe, highly esteemed. Some of them represent the fable of Cupid and Psyche, which is probably the romantic invention of a literary period, and cannot, I think, be reckoned as a genuine mythical product. But if you like these wall-paintings we can easily drive thither; and you will then, I think, have seen the chief works of Raphael, any of which it were a pity to omit in a visit to Rome. He is the painter who has been held to combine the most complete grace of form with sublimity of expression. Such at least I have gathered to be the opinion of cognoscenti.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01225", "bookId": 145, "start": 424952, "end": 425408, "sha256": "3b4fabbd2ae2124fe3283f31bf20e35b109b9c472bba4fb8e7676de6894f81e5", "text": "This kind of answer given in a measured official tone, as of a clergyman reading according to the rubric, did not help to justify the glories of the Eternal City, or to give her the hope that if she knew more about them the world would be joyously illuminated for her. There is hardly any contact more depressing to a young ardent creature than that of a mind in which years full of knowledge seem to have issued in a blank absence of interest or sympathy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01226", "bookId": 145, "start": 425410, "end": 426290, "sha256": "f12e4bbd1711846914205c346d40fe33f98c6558a438a6f5c482f014b33c51e5", "text": "On other subjects indeed Mr. Casaubon showed a tenacity of occupation and an eagerness which are usually regarded as the effect of enthusiasm, and Dorothea was anxious to follow this spontaneous direction of his thoughts, instead of being made to feel that she dragged him away from it. But she was gradually ceasing to expect with her former delightful confidence that she should see any wide opening where she followed him. Poor Mr. Casaubon himself was lost among small closets and winding stairs, and in an agitated dimness about the Cabeiri, or in an exposure of other mythologists’ ill-considered parallels, easily lost sight of any purpose which had prompted him to these labors. With his taper stuck before him he forgot the absence of windows, and in bitter manuscript remarks on other men’s notions about the solar deities, he had become indifferent to the sunlight.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01227", "bookId": 145, "start": 426292, "end": 427807, "sha256": "b70a92b5e358331062d8b62a5c606891005dd8e1415d1672b0c7064460653c9b", "text": "These characteristics, fixed and unchangeable as bone in Mr. Casaubon, might have remained longer unfelt by Dorothea if she had been encouraged to pour forth her girlish and womanly feeling—if he would have held her hands between his and listened with the delight of tenderness and understanding to all the little histories which made up her experience, and would have given her the same sort of intimacy in return, so that the past life of each could be included in their mutual knowledge and affection—or if she could have fed her affection with those childlike caresses which are the bent of every sweet woman, who has begun by showering kisses on the hard pate of her bald doll, creating a happy soul within that woodenness from the wealth of her own love. That was Dorothea’s bent. With all her yearning to know what was afar from her and to be widely benignant, she had ardor enough for what was near, to have kissed Mr. Casaubon’s coat-sleeve, or to have caressed his shoe-latchet, if he would have made any other sign of acceptance than pronouncing her, with his unfailing propriety, to be of a most affectionate and truly feminine nature, indicating at the same time by politely reaching a chair for her that he regarded these manifestations as rather crude and startling. Having made his clerical toilet with due care in the morning, he was prepared only for those amenities of life which were suited to the well-adjusted stiff cravat of the period, and to a mind weighted with unpublished matter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01228", "bookId": 145, "start": 427809, "end": 428414, "sha256": "bb39b543c8beef1fdf65a01de0e74493d867f60ba20b293b7fb7f2e3893cd634", "text": "And by a sad contradiction Dorothea’s ideas and resolves seemed like melting ice floating and lost in the warm flood of which they had been but another form. She was humiliated to find herself a mere victim of feeling, as if she could know nothing except through that medium: all her strength was scattered in fits of agitation, of struggle, of despondency, and then again in visions of more complete renunciation, transforming all hard conditions into duty. Poor Dorothea! she was certainly troublesome—to herself chiefly; but this morning for the first time she had been troublesome to Mr. Casaubon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01229", "bookId": 145, "start": 428416, "end": 429486, "sha256": "4cff10a20a867b6b39a7ec3512f975d19665f430c9bf5a2a4b02aa8017bed8f5", "text": "She had begun, while they were taking coffee, with a determination to shake off what she inwardly called her selfishness, and turned a face all cheerful attention to her husband when he said, “My dear Dorothea, we must now think of all that is yet left undone, as a preliminary to our departure. I would fain have returned home earlier that we might have been at Lowick for the Christmas; but my inquiries here have been protracted beyond their anticipated period. I trust, however, that the time here has not been passed unpleasantly to you. Among the sights of Europe, that of Rome has ever been held one of the most striking and in some respects edifying. I well remember that I considered it an epoch in my life when I visited it for the first time; after the fall of Napoleon, an event which opened the Continent to travellers. Indeed I think it is one among several cities to which an extreme hyperbole has been applied—‘See Rome and die:’ but in your case I would propose an emendation and say, See Rome as a bride, and live henceforth as a happy wife.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01230", "bookId": 145, "start": 429488, "end": 429839, "sha256": "461ddded547a468bca0da087eb4018b54a58df40ddba2be9edaa690299553d00", "text": "Mr. Casaubon pronounced this little speech with the most conscientious intention, blinking a little and swaying his head up and down, and concluding with a smile. He had not found marriage a rapturous state, but he had no idea of being anything else than an irreproachable husband, who would make a charming young woman as happy as she deserved to be.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01231", "bookId": 145, "start": 429841, "end": 430040, "sha256": "72cba2ecfc2db348eb700955b1aeb8ab42019608a5cdd5a632e9240d9000e6cd", "text": "“I hope you are thoroughly satisfied with our stay—I mean, with the result so far as your studies are concerned,” said Dorothea, trying to keep her mind fixed on what most affected her husband.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01232", "bookId": 145, "start": 430042, "end": 430580, "sha256": "e1b0884989a145f3f36ebd5ed85e2f2e7fc22587a4d88e5f3a72062c23572e03", "text": "“Yes,” said Mr. Casaubon, with that peculiar pitch of voice which makes the word half a negative. “I have been led farther than I had foreseen, and various subjects for annotation have presented themselves which, though I have no direct need of them, I could not pretermit. The task, notwithstanding the assistance of my amanuensis, has been a somewhat laborious one, but your society has happily prevented me from that too continuous prosecution of thought beyond the hours of study which has been the snare of my solitary life.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01233", "bookId": 145, "start": 430582, "end": 431001, "sha256": "0d9a2d1b3fb8282f40f8346f03d329d95565af6139582bce23cde6e27b0080d9", "text": "“I am very glad that my presence has made any difference to you,” said Dorothea, who had a vivid memory of evenings in which she had supposed that Mr. Casaubon’s mind had gone too deep during the day to be able to get to the surface again. I fear there was a little temper in her reply. “I hope when we get to Lowick, I shall be more useful to you, and be able to enter a little more into what interests you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01234", "bookId": 145, "start": 431003, "end": 431179, "sha256": "bc42cb57256b791b3029a4eabada296ea194f24c4c0ffda908cfebeec65ed5a5", "text": "“Doubtless, my dear,” said Mr. Casaubon, with a slight bow. “The notes I have here made will want sifting, and you can, if you please, extract them under my direction.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01235", "bookId": 145, "start": 431181, "end": 431778, "sha256": "86bdaf4f3ee432b5d6bf398bc5925c005a89a201a3da9571f3f467c37001c4ce", "text": "“And all your notes,” said Dorothea, whose heart had already burned within her on this subject, so that now she could not help speaking with her tongue. “All those rows of volumes—will you not now do what you used to speak of?—will you not make up your mind what part of them you will use, and begin to write the book which will make your vast knowledge useful to the world? I will write to your dictation, or I will copy and extract what you tell me: I can be of no other use.” Dorothea, in a most unaccountable, darkly feminine manner, ended with a slight sob and eyes full of tears.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01236", "bookId": 145, "start": 431780, "end": 433663, "sha256": "b95431ba9d7314e81ae3e11f661dd3d600c2724687cbe6ed2b12e1ea441c49a1", "text": "The excessive feeling manifested would alone have been highly disturbing to Mr. Casaubon, but there were other reasons why Dorothea’s words were among the most cutting and irritating to him that she could have been impelled to use. She was as blind to his inward troubles as he to hers: she had not yet learned those hidden conflicts in her husband which claim our pity. She had not yet listened patiently to his heartbeats, but only felt that her own was beating violently. In Mr. Casaubon’s ear, Dorothea’s voice gave loud emphatic iteration to those muffled suggestions of consciousness which it was possible to explain as mere fancy, the illusion of exaggerated sensitiveness: always when such suggestions are unmistakably repeated from without, they are resisted as cruel and unjust. We are angered even by the full acceptance of our humiliating confessions—how much more by hearing in hard distinct syllables from the lips of a near observer, those confused murmurs which we try to call morbid, and strive against as if they were the oncoming of numbness! And this cruel outward accuser was there in the shape of a wife—nay, of a young bride, who, instead of observing his abundant pen-scratches and amplitude of paper with the uncritical awe of an elegant-minded canary-bird, seemed to present herself as a spy watching everything with a malign power of inference. Here, towards this particular point of the compass, Mr. Casaubon had a sensitiveness to match Dorothea’s, and an equal quickness to imagine more than the fact. He had formerly observed with approbation her capacity for worshipping the right object; he now foresaw with sudden terror that this capacity might be replaced by presumption, this worship by the most exasperating of all criticism,—that which sees vaguely a great many fine ends, and has not the least notion what it costs to reach them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01237", "bookId": 145, "start": 433665, "end": 433768, "sha256": "79e852ae50b1c213e7c2a32c4cab0091c65240844c36b49904976f9ff7929913", "text": "For the first time since Dorothea had known him, Mr. Casaubon’s face had a quick angry flush upon it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01238", "bookId": 145, "start": 433770, "end": 434515, "sha256": "e9f836088ade92ae375c1698907f622b430f4015cd99f495f84e8142b9494bb2", "text": "“My love,” he said, with irritation reined in by propriety, “you may rely upon me for knowing the times and the seasons, adapted to the different stages of a work which is not to be measured by the facile conjectures of ignorant onlookers. It had been easy for me to gain a temporary effect by a mirage of baseless opinion; but it is ever the trial of the scrupulous explorer to be saluted with the impatient scorn of chatterers who attempt only the smallest achievements, being indeed equipped for no other. And it were well if all such could be admonished to discriminate judgments of which the true subject-matter lies entirely beyond their reach, from those of which the elements may be compassed by a narrow and superficial survey.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01239", "bookId": 145, "start": 434517, "end": 434901, "sha256": "83249c61082c532ed9782e5e4d64bae0ca0f4552f42e1970f9a77b24c2cf33e6", "text": "This speech was delivered with an energy and readiness quite unusual with Mr. Casaubon. It was not indeed entirely an improvisation, but had taken shape in inward colloquy, and rushed out like the round grains from a fruit when sudden heat cracks it. Dorothea was not only his wife: she was a personification of that shallow world which surrounds the appreciated or desponding author.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01240", "bookId": 145, "start": 434903, "end": 435074, "sha256": "c063f1542fa477b32b8e460850826b4d7f63eb6e5276bc8f3dcb340b09d31324", "text": "Dorothea was indignant in her turn. Had she not been repressing everything in herself except the desire to enter into some fellowship with her husband’s chief interests?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01241", "bookId": 145, "start": 435076, "end": 435530, "sha256": "1dca66bf235f932198795d70fa393754b7e558508a54ea279260740687416115", "text": "“My judgment _was_ a very superficial one—such as I am capable of forming,” she answered, with a prompt resentment, that needed no rehearsal. “You showed me the rows of notebooks—you have often spoken of them—you have often said that they wanted digesting. But I never heard you speak of the writing that is to be published. Those were very simple facts, and my judgment went no farther. I only begged you to let me be of some good to you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01242", "bookId": 145, "start": 435532, "end": 437023, "sha256": "8788cee630fd6cfe7a404951db2f7d16d658d5d135fa01fb5fa504f35d21480c", "text": "Dorothea rose to leave the table and Mr. Casaubon made no reply, taking up a letter which lay beside him as if to reperuse it. Both were shocked at their mutual situation—that each should have betrayed anger towards the other. If they had been at home, settled at Lowick in ordinary life among their neighbors, the clash would have been less embarrassing: but on a wedding journey, the express object of which is to isolate two people on the ground that they are all the world to each other, the sense of disagreement is, to say the least, confounding and stultifying. To have changed your longitude extensively and placed yourselves in a moral solitude in order to have small explosions, to find conversation difficult and to hand a glass of water without looking, can hardly be regarded as satisfactory fulfilment even to the toughest minds. To Dorothea’s inexperienced sensitiveness, it seemed like a catastrophe, changing all prospects; and to Mr. Casaubon it was a new pain, he never having been on a wedding journey before, or found himself in that close union which was more of a subjection than he had been able to imagine, since this charming young bride not only obliged him to much consideration on her behalf (which he had sedulously given), but turned out to be capable of agitating him cruelly just where he most needed soothing. Instead of getting a soft fence against the cold, shadowy, unapplausive audience of his life, had he only given it a more substantial presence?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01243", "bookId": 145, "start": 437025, "end": 438920, "sha256": "51fa19252fd872fd3719917b02d91580f52822031aedbdefab2fe3eb198c2130", "text": "Neither of them felt it possible to speak again at present. To have reversed a previous arrangement and declined to go out would have been a show of persistent anger which Dorothea’s conscience shrank from, seeing that she already began to feel herself guilty. However just her indignation might be, her ideal was not to claim justice, but to give tenderness. So when the carriage came to the door, she drove with Mr. Casaubon to the Vatican, walked with him through the stony avenue of inscriptions, and when she parted with him at the entrance to the Library, went on through the Museum out of mere listlessness as to what was around her. She had not spirit to turn round and say that she would drive anywhere. It was when Mr. Casaubon was quitting her that Naumann had first seen her, and he had entered the long gallery of sculpture at the same time with her; but here Naumann had to await Ladislaw with whom he was to settle a bet of champagne about an enigmatical mediaeval-looking figure there. After they had examined the figure, and had walked on finishing their dispute, they had parted, Ladislaw lingering behind while Naumann had gone into the Hall of Statues where he again saw Dorothea, and saw her in that brooding abstraction which made her pose remarkable. She did not really see the streak of sunlight on the floor more than she saw the statues: she was inwardly seeing the light of years to come in her own home and over the English fields and elms and hedge-bordered highroads; and feeling that the way in which they might be filled with joyful devotedness was not so clear to her as it had been. But in Dorothea’s mind there was a current into which all thought and feeling were apt sooner or later to flow—the reaching forward of the whole consciousness towards the fullest truth, the least partial good. There was clearly something better than anger and despondency.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01244", "bookId": 145, "start": 438925, "end": 438937, "sha256": "7cf18994fcaee0072f30cc1bcad3883533994ea1d4a4b1afb6dde809bb188996", "text": "CHAPTER XXI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01245", "bookId": 145, "start": 438939, "end": 439043, "sha256": "927e337bf72737d722066ed152d361c0ff97e8f6ff425660634227e223da06c8", "text": "“Hire facounde eke full womanly and plain, No contrefeted termes had she To semen wise.” —CHAUCER.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01246", "bookId": 145, "start": 439046, "end": 439465, "sha256": "5b99ca8d68ae71860e5db31e09683e81648732b4a63f5581543e66d03ea767a7", "text": "It was in that way Dorothea came to be sobbing as soon as she was securely alone. But she was presently roused by a knock at the door, which made her hastily dry her eyes before saying, “Come in.” Tantripp had brought a card, and said that there was a gentleman waiting in the lobby. The courier had told him that only Mrs. Casaubon was at home, but he said he was a relation of Mr. Casaubon’s: would she see him?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01247", "bookId": 145, "start": 439467, "end": 440699, "sha256": "7c0b2d913747e4bc2b9af86a492973577ed716494e4ac7573230952a6d36881f", "text": "“Yes,” said Dorothea, without pause; “show him into the salon.” Her chief impressions about young Ladislaw were that when she had seen him at Lowick she had been made aware of Mr. Casaubon’s generosity towards him, and also that she had been interested in his own hesitation about his career. She was alive to anything that gave her an opportunity for active sympathy, and at this moment it seemed as if the visit had come to shake her out of her self-absorbed discontent—to remind her of her husband’s goodness, and make her feel that she had now the right to be his helpmate in all kind deeds. She waited a minute or two, but when she passed into the next room there were just signs enough that she had been crying to make her open face look more youthful and appealing than usual. She met Ladislaw with that exquisite smile of good-will which is unmixed with vanity, and held out her hand to him. He was the elder by several years, but at that moment he looked much the younger, for his transparent complexion flushed suddenly, and he spoke with a shyness extremely unlike the ready indifference of his manner with his male companion, while Dorothea became all the calmer with a wondering desire to put him at ease.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01248", "bookId": 145, "start": 440701, "end": 441024, "sha256": "012fe1b76b38b36a5ff2de339d0aa641505a34b5615f0f0038a623ca5c5d5f19", "text": "“I was not aware that you and Mr. Casaubon were in Rome, until this morning, when I saw you in the Vatican Museum,” he said. “I knew you at once—but—I mean, that I concluded Mr. Casaubon’s address would be found at the Poste Restante, and I was anxious to pay my respects to him and you as early as possible.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01249", "bookId": 145, "start": 441026, "end": 441464, "sha256": "679387792c3fb4cb9e6285caf04ec58b768a5d1dcb25bbb1b11bb320cc458240", "text": "“Pray sit down. He is not here now, but he will be glad to hear of you, I am sure,” said Dorothea, seating herself unthinkingly between the fire and the light of the tall window, and pointing to a chair opposite, with the quietude of a benignant matron. The signs of girlish sorrow in her face were only the more striking. “Mr. Casaubon is much engaged; but you will leave your address—will you not?—and he will write to you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01250", "bookId": 145, "start": 441466, "end": 441770, "sha256": "fc82f4d70f2843b4123441b061aadf67f7daee47bae49fa81036f87c619792d2", "text": "“You are very good,” said Ladislaw, beginning to lose his diffidence in the interest with which he was observing the signs of weeping which had altered her face. “My address is on my card. But if you will allow me I will call again to-morrow at an hour when Mr. Casaubon is likely to be at home.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01251", "bookId": 145, "start": 441772, "end": 442054, "sha256": "93cad0a34ff58aee67b529ba12f9bb50ac9cf4c08abe8f60869cb218168acde5", "text": "“He goes to read in the Library of the Vatican every day, and you can hardly see him except by an appointment. Especially now. We are about to leave Rome, and he is very busy. He is usually away almost from breakfast till dinner. But I am sure he will wish you to dine with us.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01252", "bookId": 145, "start": 442056, "end": 442774, "sha256": "a596b4530b4f8b689f7eb88ec43ffe601da35eabac094a79d78eeaac373f8259", "text": "Will Ladislaw was struck mute for a few moments. He had never been fond of Mr. Casaubon, and if it had not been for the sense of obligation, would have laughed at him as a Bat of erudition. But the idea of this dried-up pedant, this elaborator of small explanations about as important as the surplus stock of false antiquities kept in a vendor’s back chamber, having first got this adorable young creature to marry him, and then passing his honeymoon away from her, groping after his mouldy futilities (Will was given to hyperbole)—this sudden picture stirred him with a sort of comic disgust: he was divided between the impulse to laugh aloud and the equally unseasonable impulse to burst into scornful invective.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01253", "bookId": 145, "start": 442776, "end": 442957, "sha256": "db2293a705921009dd0cc60d1c9a6495828442232f78be5e6c5f56217bf5364a", "text": "For an instant he felt that the struggle was causing a queer contortion of his mobile features, but with a good effort he resolved it into nothing more offensive than a merry smile.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01254", "bookId": 145, "start": 442959, "end": 443526, "sha256": "4b7beca26e39cdf3a864fbf0ef7ff66eab7aee83b832e865a454121c771997f1", "text": "Dorothea wondered; but the smile was irresistible, and shone back from her face too. Will Ladislaw’s smile was delightful, unless you were angry with him beforehand: it was a gush of inward light illuminating the transparent skin as well as the eyes, and playing about every curve and line as if some Ariel were touching them with a new charm, and banishing forever the traces of moodiness. The reflection of that smile could not but have a little merriment in it too, even under dark eyelashes still moist, as Dorothea said inquiringly, “Something amuses you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01255", "bookId": 145, "start": 443528, "end": 443708, "sha256": "719e3b1ae443c76c79444ed53839503e8c30e08f4d1655b77d24c6d598a21e71", "text": "“Yes,” said Will, quick in finding resources. “I am thinking of the sort of figure I cut the first time I saw you, when you annihilated my poor sketch with your criticism.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01256", "bookId": 145, "start": 443710, "end": 443836, "sha256": "abfdbb9b8be18528382c9fb3e60184b16550c32347127872e52b1c9ed6710fc6", "text": "“My criticism?” said Dorothea, wondering still more. “Surely not. I always feel particularly ignorant about painting.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01257", "bookId": 145, "start": 443838, "end": 444123, "sha256": "172b9b9a1d6ff4df994e05e2ad0aae1638415163bcffb17efd2e0674881cbf9d", "text": "“I suspected you of knowing so much, that you knew how to say just what was most cutting. You said—I dare say you don’t remember it as I do—that the relation of my sketch to nature was quite hidden from you. At least, you implied that.” Will could laugh now as well as smile.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01258", "bookId": 145, "start": 444125, "end": 445139, "sha256": "75bc06ed29b7f6f40ea919647b38eceb6f38fd11bf382fb2a8766d3bfd9af5f4", "text": "“That was really my ignorance,” said Dorothea, admiring Will’s good-humor. “I must have said so only because I never could see any beauty in the pictures which my uncle told me all judges thought very fine. And I have gone about with just the same ignorance in Rome. There are comparatively few paintings that I can really enjoy. At first when I enter a room where the walls are covered with frescos, or with rare pictures, I feel a kind of awe—like a child present at great ceremonies where there are grand robes and processions; I feel myself in the presence of some higher life than my own. But when I begin to examine the pictures one by one the life goes out of them, or else is something violent and strange to me. It must be my own dulness. I am seeing so much all at once, and not understanding half of it. That always makes one feel stupid. It is painful to be told that anything is very fine and not be able to feel that it is fine—something like being blind, while people talk of the sky.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01259", "bookId": 145, "start": 445141, "end": 445711, "sha256": "86aec77bea114433157950e992c76876727e57fb06268ba550faecf02d6beac8", "text": "“Oh, there is a great deal in the feeling for art which must be acquired,” said Will. (It was impossible now to doubt the directness of Dorothea’s confession.) “Art is an old language with a great many artificial affected styles, and sometimes the chief pleasure one gets out of knowing them is the mere sense of knowing. I enjoy the art of all sorts here immensely; but I suppose if I could pick my enjoyment to pieces I should find it made up of many different threads. There is something in daubing a little one’s self, and having an idea of the process.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01260", "bookId": 145, "start": 445713, "end": 445916, "sha256": "c6e2ab671ee9e546786b5f053688ae87dfa298ec8bd4ef47db49be64e2fdafe8", "text": "“You mean perhaps to be a painter?” said Dorothea, with a new direction of interest. “You mean to make painting your profession? Mr. Casaubon will like to hear that you have chosen a profession.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01261", "bookId": 145, "start": 445918, "end": 446293, "sha256": "5e790816b4b8b8dd4701db09f150af49e3a07d356dc3a83c41a1ce093919c85c", "text": "“No, oh no,” said Will, with some coldness. “I have quite made up my mind against it. It is too one-sided a life. I have been seeing a great deal of the German artists here: I travelled from Frankfort with one of them. Some are fine, even brilliant fellows—but I should not like to get into their way of looking at the world entirely from the studio point of view.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01262", "bookId": 145, "start": 446295, "end": 446686, "sha256": "91e8ca49ab54aa0d5cfa29524ac91589f8db13f0cd0a62eac551b38781fa19b8", "text": "“That I can understand,” said Dorothea, cordially. “And in Rome it seems as if there were so many things which are more wanted in the world than pictures. But if you have a genius for painting, would it not be right to take that as a guide? Perhaps you might do better things than these—or different, so that there might not be so many pictures almost all alike in the same place.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01263", "bookId": 145, "start": 446688, "end": 447095, "sha256": "90468e154f8b860e8df092ff57dfdad13a0556daeb07b64d0aca3cdc43965484", "text": "There was no mistaking this simplicity, and Will was won by it into frankness. “A man must have a very rare genius to make changes of that sort. I am afraid mine would not carry me even to the pitch of doing well what has been done already, at least not so well as to make it worth while. And I should never succeed in anything by dint of drudgery. If things don’t come easily to me I never get them.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01264", "bookId": 145, "start": 447097, "end": 447263, "sha256": "03a8cb8f11b5720a1f6d052dc74a23886bb50e7dac91fa2e074cc995967b30a6", "text": "“I have heard Mr. Casaubon say that he regrets your want of patience,” said Dorothea, gently. She was rather shocked at this mode of taking all life as a holiday.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01265", "bookId": 145, "start": 447265, "end": 447325, "sha256": "f6b8636b376aac171a3abf9cfb8fbec6832171aee85b312206dace08ef9d1bcf", "text": "“Yes, I know Mr. Casaubon’s opinion. He and I differ.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01266", "bookId": 145, "start": 447327, "end": 447483, "sha256": "651e0748b572bd785d675a43b449047ee74f38d07cc47dc8e513f9ae28df3d0f", "text": "The slight streak of contempt in this hasty reply offended Dorothea. She was all the more susceptible about Mr. Casaubon because of her morning’s trouble.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01267", "bookId": 145, "start": 447485, "end": 447653, "sha256": "71c0f2424ded5006f92038954d105dee0ace52a1000736ba028750097bb20396", "text": "“Certainly you differ,” she said, rather proudly. “I did not think of comparing you: such power of persevering devoted labor as Mr. Casaubon’s is not common.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01268", "bookId": 145, "start": 447655, "end": 448070, "sha256": "8b24532259ca9da0807ee634e2544229982c71835f5cb8304f3b70288270aa17", "text": "Will saw that she was offended, but this only gave an additional impulse to the new irritation of his latent dislike towards Mr. Casaubon. It was too intolerable that Dorothea should be worshipping this husband: such weakness in a woman is pleasant to no man but the husband in question. Mortals are easily tempted to pinch the life out of their neighbor’s buzzing glory, and think that such killing is no murder.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01269", "bookId": 145, "start": 448072, "end": 448351, "sha256": "d857904631e574c16abb13cfa058e05975bee874df3f55c65d1ec2d055094075", "text": "“No, indeed,” he answered, promptly. “And therefore it is a pity that it should be thrown away, as so much English scholarship is, for want of knowing what is being done by the rest of the world. If Mr. Casaubon read German he would save himself a great deal of trouble.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01270", "bookId": 145, "start": 448353, "end": 448420, "sha256": "2d7e909021fc9302fac23dc9d48891962c53bdb2f2375da2bd3c7120f3aa3fa8", "text": "“I do not understand you,” said Dorothea, startled and anxious.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01271", "bookId": 145, "start": 448422, "end": 448840, "sha256": "54a0c7cd0a86ab5522714e19e331cfa33cbd3ff863b8c2ea216b9f9e7adfffd4", "text": "“I merely mean,” said Will, in an offhand way, “that the Germans have taken the lead in historical inquiries, and they laugh at results which are got by groping about in woods with a pocket-compass while they have made good roads. When I was with Mr. Casaubon I saw that he deafened himself in that direction: it was almost against his will that he read a Latin treatise written by a German. I was very sorry.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01272", "bookId": 145, "start": 448842, "end": 449156, "sha256": "127e5d8c8a4f62aa5ca300fbfbc992cc4c205069cc0d21e93817f76cb5b66e21", "text": "Will only thought of giving a good pinch that would annihilate that vaunted laboriousness, and was unable to imagine the mode in which Dorothea would be wounded. Young Mr. Ladislaw was not at all deep himself in German writers; but very little achievement is required in order to pity another man’s shortcomings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01273", "bookId": 145, "start": 449158, "end": 449506, "sha256": "2dc213e82cda8961f3f58a36f428b259167c36f7df837ede63e2a2ddb143e4fa", "text": "Poor Dorothea felt a pang at the thought that the labor of her husband’s life might be void, which left her no energy to spare for the question whether this young relative who was so much obliged to him ought not to have repressed his observation. She did not even speak, but sat looking at her hands, absorbed in the piteousness of that thought.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01274", "bookId": 145, "start": 449508, "end": 449734, "sha256": "fdaba35ff07073f707fffc33f9c4a48e4e860337e0827680b3956ca723f782af", "text": "Will, however, having given that annihilating pinch, was rather ashamed, imagining from Dorothea’s silence that he had offended her still more; and having also a conscience about plucking the tail-feathers from a benefactor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01275", "bookId": 145, "start": 449736, "end": 449993, "sha256": "22f6fa4fac86191549aaabba0d5f36bac104e20479cb953b85f12bd87fdc3d74", "text": "“I regretted it especially,” he resumed, taking the usual course from detraction to insincere eulogy, “because of my gratitude and respect towards my cousin. It would not signify so much in a man whose talents and character were less distinguished.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01276", "bookId": 145, "start": 449995, "end": 450226, "sha256": "e93add15efd6240ae0544eacb34c6dbeb9b3e0a0a3ed5599e756d62ce9dc8939", "text": "Dorothea raised her eyes, brighter than usual with excited feeling, and said in her saddest recitative, “How I wish I had learned German when I was at Lausanne! There were plenty of German teachers. But now I can be of no use.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01277", "bookId": 145, "start": 450228, "end": 450905, "sha256": "d1a781604347db930a9f43c113e8cacc0bbf6f8bbff82b00494e4a5cc417931d", "text": "There was a new light, but still a mysterious light, for Will in Dorothea’s last words. The question how she had come to accept Mr. Casaubon—which he had dismissed when he first saw her by saying that she must be disagreeable in spite of appearances—was not now to be answered on any such short and easy method. Whatever else she might be, she was not disagreeable. She was not coldly clever and indirectly satirical, but adorably simple and full of feeling. She was an angel beguiled. It would be a unique delight to wait and watch for the melodious fragments in which her heart and soul came forth so directly and ingenuously. The Aeolian harp again came into his mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01278", "bookId": 145, "start": 450907, "end": 451549, "sha256": "0fa145bedd2f9839d04cf0df40c3c36f2cff18d3cbe192218fb7606e65696168", "text": "She must have made some original romance for herself in this marriage. And if Mr. Casaubon had been a dragon who had carried her off to his lair with his talons simply and without legal forms, it would have been an unavoidable feat of heroism to release her and fall at her feet. But he was something more unmanageable than a dragon: he was a benefactor with collective society at his back, and he was at that moment entering the room in all the unimpeachable correctness of his demeanor, while Dorothea was looking animated with a newly roused alarm and regret, and Will was looking animated with his admiring speculation about her feelings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01279", "bookId": 145, "start": 451551, "end": 452402, "sha256": "53b405fd67050df73fc83f65d21ff0327a2a1170dc44bc8eed24057a52956905", "text": "Mr. Casaubon felt a surprise which was quite unmixed with pleasure, but he did not swerve from his usual politeness of greeting, when Will rose and explained his presence. Mr. Casaubon was less happy than usual, and this perhaps made him look all the dimmer and more faded; else, the effect might easily have been produced by the contrast of his young cousin’s appearance. The first impression on seeing Will was one of sunny brightness, which added to the uncertainty of his changing expression. Surely, his very features changed their form, his jaw looked sometimes large and sometimes small; and the little ripple in his nose was a preparation for metamorphosis. When he turned his head quickly his hair seemed to shake out light, and some persons thought they saw decided genius in this coruscation. Mr. Casaubon, on the contrary, stood rayless.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01280", "bookId": 145, "start": 452404, "end": 453027, "sha256": "f700aadf25956d76634ba7bb55ff86031d702765e93c7e1e5006eb3673ac5ee5", "text": "As Dorothea’s eyes were turned anxiously on her husband she was perhaps not insensible to the contrast, but it was only mingled with other causes in making her more conscious of that new alarm on his behalf which was the first stirring of a pitying tenderness fed by the realities of his lot and not by her own dreams. Yet it was a source of greater freedom to her that Will was there; his young equality was agreeable, and also perhaps his openness to conviction. She felt an immense need of some one to speak to, and she had never before seen any one who seemed so quick and pliable, so likely to understand everything.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01281", "bookId": 145, "start": 453029, "end": 453381, "sha256": "b0a437f5710908bcac68c48e76422476b23fa82f9452651f21d988b675ad9a0c", "text": "Mr. Casaubon gravely hoped that Will was passing his time profitably as well as pleasantly in Rome—had thought his intention was to remain in South Germany—but begged him to come and dine to-morrow, when he could converse more at large: at present he was somewhat weary. Ladislaw understood, and accepting the invitation immediately took his leave.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01282", "bookId": 145, "start": 453383, "end": 453630, "sha256": "38866c56cc98fcf9a898c99eb45f4321a47c46237bd903b75a409db640bbbc04", "text": "Dorothea’s eyes followed her husband anxiously, while he sank down wearily at the end of a sofa, and resting his elbow supported his head and looked on the floor. A little flushed, and with bright eyes, she seated herself beside him, and said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01283", "bookId": 145, "start": 453632, "end": 453758, "sha256": "1d7d3903ce2ac84c52e323e6650f44cc20e9bcc8f10cf78f21a4d2a68c9423f8", "text": "“Forgive me for speaking so hastily to you this morning. I was wrong. I fear I hurt you and made the day more burdensome.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01284", "bookId": 145, "start": 453760, "end": 453940, "sha256": "62afc71d764f6594980e1753f66ca069269e571e9723005397667c347b6e0f65", "text": "“I am glad that you feel that, my dear,” said Mr. Casaubon. He spoke quietly and bowed his head a little, but there was still an uneasy feeling in his eyes as he looked at her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01285", "bookId": 145, "start": 453942, "end": 454175, "sha256": "7caa1c963bfab524353bc6d4bb81cd8833c08509d4c7bdf2f6a412ba1bb89943", "text": "“But you do forgive me?” said Dorothea, with a quick sob. In her need for some manifestation of feeling she was ready to exaggerate her own fault. Would not love see returning penitence afar off, and fall on its neck and kiss it?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01286", "bookId": 145, "start": 454177, "end": 454433, "sha256": "7a47b1797e7ccdfe8b0763f3bc38139ee9e06d13aadb77561579a54af7a1131e", "text": "“My dear Dorothea—‘who with repentance is not satisfied, is not of heaven nor earth:’—you do not think me worthy to be banished by that severe sentence,” said Mr. Casaubon, exerting himself to make a strong statement, and also to smile faintly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01287", "bookId": 145, "start": 454435, "end": 454522, "sha256": "cb271d564ce00f82cd9ffc88ae1ea7bafa8790a7634529e9f3539fc7aa5412b2", "text": "Dorothea was silent, but a tear which had come up with the sob would insist on falling.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01288", "bookId": 145, "start": 454524, "end": 455311, "sha256": "c619330dcf49e69faa6e1f8c9d75b31422557b919e31fcd3191d860a048cdcba", "text": "“You are excited, my dear. And I also am feeling some unpleasant consequences of too much mental disturbance,” said Mr. Casaubon. In fact, he had it in his thought to tell her that she ought not to have received young Ladislaw in his absence: but he abstained, partly from the sense that it would be ungracious to bring a new complaint in the moment of her penitent acknowledgment, partly because he wanted to avoid further agitation of himself by speech, and partly because he was too proud to betray that jealousy of disposition which was not so exhausted on his scholarly compeers that there was none to spare in other directions. There is a sort of jealousy which needs very little fire: it is hardly a passion, but a blight bred in the cloudy, damp despondency of uneasy egoism.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01289", "bookId": 145, "start": 455313, "end": 455488, "sha256": "99cc2cc08e742150a6cebad54522acec62f2c6a9791ec1ae37fb604ce13a2092", "text": "“I think it is time for us to dress,” he added, looking at his watch. They both rose, and there was never any further allusion between them to what had passed on this day.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01290", "bookId": 145, "start": 455490, "end": 455937, "sha256": "799b4ce8701b1980ae7f11f1e938d1d611eb80f458d8ced591228dafca98d517", "text": "But Dorothea remembered it to the last with the vividness with which we all remember epochs in our experience when some dear expectation dies, or some new motive is born. Today she had begun to see that she had been under a wild illusion in expecting a response to her feeling from Mr. Casaubon, and she had felt the waking of a presentiment that there might be a sad consciousness in his life which made as great a need on his side as on her own.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01291", "bookId": 145, "start": 455939, "end": 456519, "sha256": "39c6b4e2200bcf290a3490f7515725c6f833e17aaad280fe6c1c5d06fc1a6811", "text": "We are all of us born in moral stupidity, taking the world as an udder to feed our supreme selves: Dorothea had early begun to emerge from that stupidity, but yet it had been easier to her to imagine how she would devote herself to Mr. Casaubon, and become wise and strong in his strength and wisdom, than to conceive with that distinctness which is no longer reflection but feeling—an idea wrought back to the directness of sense, like the solidity of objects—that he had an equivalent centre of self, whence the lights and shadows must always fall with a certain difference.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01292", "bookId": 145, "start": 456524, "end": 456537, "sha256": "95c56fef31a3c04a93f62c42e09663fcdd2ad772675d759173b4d04e2f9e3787", "text": "CHAPTER XXII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01293", "bookId": 145, "start": 456539, "end": 456849, "sha256": "814b1f35813b6c6eb4369d34d2346e8b2d34f4eb30798438913d74aeb9eea270", "text": "“Nous câusames longtemps; elle était simple et bonne. Ne sachant pas le mal, elle faisait le bien; Des richesses du coeur elle me fit l’aumône, Et tout en écoutant comme le coeur se donne, Sans oser y penser je lui donnai le mien; Elle emporta ma vie, et n’en sut jamais rien.” —ALFRED DE MUSSET.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01294", "bookId": 145, "start": 456852, "end": 458811, "sha256": "eaff866b0f607e177457d4bb670fcaad0c8c67edfbbe98c445692afc26b326d2", "text": "Will Ladislaw was delightfully agreeable at dinner the next day, and gave no opportunity for Mr. Casaubon to show disapprobation. On the contrary it seemed to Dorothea that Will had a happier way of drawing her husband into conversation and of deferentially listening to him than she had ever observed in any one before. To be sure, the listeners about Tipton were not highly gifted! Will talked a good deal himself, but what he said was thrown in with such rapidity, and with such an unimportant air of saying something by the way, that it seemed a gay little chime after the great bell. If Will was not always perfect, this was certainly one of his good days. He described touches of incident among the poor people in Rome, only to be seen by one who could move about freely; he found himself in agreement with Mr. Casaubon as to the unsound opinions of Middleton concerning the relations of Judaism and Catholicism; and passed easily to a half-enthusiastic half-playful picture of the enjoyment he got out of the very miscellaneousness of Rome, which made the mind flexible with constant comparison, and saved you from seeing the world’s ages as a set of box-like partitions without vital connection. Mr. Casaubon’s studies, Will observed, had always been of too broad a kind for that, and he had perhaps never felt any such sudden effect, but for himself he confessed that Rome had given him quite a new sense of history as a whole: the fragments stimulated his imagination and made him constructive. Then occasionally, but not too often, he appealed to Dorothea, and discussed what she said, as if her sentiment were an item to be considered in the final judgment even of the Madonna di Foligno or the Laocoon. A sense of contributing to form the world’s opinion makes conversation particularly cheerful; and Mr. Casaubon too was not without his pride in his young wife, who spoke better than most women, as indeed he had perceived in choosing her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01295", "bookId": 145, "start": 458813, "end": 459429, "sha256": "124851d1d125d3d68f6dea0d50d23d9320baf315d27816622fae05f9ef5e2688", "text": "Since things were going on so pleasantly, Mr. Casaubon’s statement that his labors in the Library would be suspended for a couple of days, and that after a brief renewal he should have no further reason for staying in Rome, encouraged Will to urge that Mrs. Casaubon should not go away without seeing a studio or two. Would not Mr. Casaubon take her? That sort of thing ought not to be missed: it was quite special: it was a form of life that grew like a small fresh vegetation with its population of insects on huge fossils. Will would be happy to conduct them—not to anything wearisome, only to a few examples.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01296", "bookId": 145, "start": 459431, "end": 459676, "sha256": "d71c5f777e15446461bc689e5b71ecf188a1d0856f86cbcfb5757e20cf56e109", "text": "Mr. Casaubon, seeing Dorothea look earnestly towards him, could not but ask her if she would be interested in such visits: he was now at her service during the whole day; and it was agreed that Will should come on the morrow and drive with them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01297", "bookId": 145, "start": 459678, "end": 460238, "sha256": "ac07f8570b89693d4d45b6e2e8806b93f109e1bc38f2598fc064e95bd883a5c6", "text": "Will could not omit Thorwaldsen, a living celebrity about whom even Mr. Casaubon inquired, but before the day was far advanced he led the way to the studio of his friend Adolf Naumann, whom he mentioned as one of the chief renovators of Christian art, one of those who had not only revived but expanded that grand conception of supreme events as mysteries at which the successive ages were spectators, and in relation to which the great souls of all periods became as it were contemporaries. Will added that he had made himself Naumann’s pupil for the nonce.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01298", "bookId": 145, "start": 460240, "end": 460996, "sha256": "d067abfc71351a598d3297b1fd4d277f50538c4f919410b173364615d86ea9a2", "text": "“I have been making some oil-sketches under him,” said Will. “I hate copying. I must put something of my own in. Naumann has been painting the Saints drawing the Car of the Church, and I have been making a sketch of Marlowe’s Tamburlaine Driving the Conquered Kings in his Chariot. I am not so ecclesiastical as Naumann, and I sometimes twit him with his excess of meaning. But this time I mean to outdo him in breadth of intention. I take Tamburlaine in his chariot for the tremendous course of the world’s physical history lashing on the harnessed dynasties. In my opinion, that is a good mythical interpretation.” Will here looked at Mr. Casaubon, who received this offhand treatment of symbolism very uneasily, and bowed with a neutral air.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01299", "bookId": 145, "start": 460998, "end": 461205, "sha256": "a8ef052ef48d1286a355b73787c38acc77e6115164bfd25560916b8b9c81aee1", "text": "“The sketch must be very grand, if it conveys so much,” said Dorothea. “I should need some explanation even of the meaning you give. Do you intend Tamburlaine to represent earthquakes and volcanoes?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01300", "bookId": 145, "start": 461207, "end": 461360, "sha256": "4fd5daa8bda336f2fa4df2c66675a1d40ead4918ce4db4033bc2b2d334b7cdbf", "text": "“Oh yes,” said Will, laughing, “and migrations of races and clearings of forests—and America and the steam-engine. Everything you can imagine!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01301", "bookId": 145, "start": 461362, "end": 461512, "sha256": "6239ec2915235f2fd7bc488eea115b01760f730f7bf7847f28afb37dfa6a85c9", "text": "“What a difficult kind of shorthand!” said Dorothea, smiling towards her husband. “It would require all your knowledge to be able to read it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01302", "bookId": 145, "start": 461514, "end": 461664, "sha256": "fb2db308f8980a39668656724323995999dad0cfa393331cd5b5a7e710b628a7", "text": "Mr. Casaubon blinked furtively at Will. He had a suspicion that he was being laughed at. But it was not possible to include Dorothea in the suspicion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01303", "bookId": 145, "start": 461666, "end": 461983, "sha256": "6fbde024933a8fca8b18062d07c5e16fb31e9e18bd10642fb37ca5446582da3d", "text": "They found Naumann painting industriously, but no model was present; his pictures were advantageously arranged, and his own plain vivacious person set off by a dove-colored blouse and a maroon velvet cap, so that everything was as fortunate as if he had expected the beautiful young English lady exactly at that time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01304", "bookId": 145, "start": 461985, "end": 462744, "sha256": "8d2fb71738855c282410d6f2a8b023da9aa825c0f28bfdb2c3f2fc55b65adf94", "text": "The painter in his confident English gave little dissertations on his finished and unfinished subjects, seeming to observe Mr. Casaubon as much as he did Dorothea. Will burst in here and there with ardent words of praise, marking out particular merits in his friend’s work; and Dorothea felt that she was getting quite new notions as to the significance of Madonnas seated under inexplicable canopied thrones with the simple country as a background, and of saints with architectural models in their hands, or knives accidentally wedged in their skulls. Some things which had seemed monstrous to her were gathering intelligibility and even a natural meaning: but all this was apparently a branch of knowledge in which Mr. Casaubon had not interested himself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01305", "bookId": 145, "start": 462746, "end": 462968, "sha256": "c7ccaea90729d6364de688c133df949df14ac6421879cd06081a10b49b7d32d0", "text": "“I think I would rather feel that painting is beautiful than have to read it as an enigma; but I should learn to understand these pictures sooner than yours with the very wide meaning,” said Dorothea, speaking to Will.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01306", "bookId": 145, "start": 462970, "end": 463115, "sha256": "7c218fa6f69b217c28a2b17a1296ff1f2405c04adb82e207e236e3e73cc628c3", "text": "“Don’t speak of my painting before Naumann,” said Will. “He will tell you, it is all _pfuscherei_, which is his most opprobrious word!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01307", "bookId": 145, "start": 463117, "end": 463226, "sha256": "897a5d643af04abc390598e120e0a43b10bdad0755adc7aaa504f83d6585be06", "text": "“Is that true?” said Dorothea, turning her sincere eyes on Naumann, who made a slight grimace and said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01308", "bookId": 145, "start": 463228, "end": 463333, "sha256": "b4ee597567709bde294dc5f9615303a26314a117602cb4bed552ee4c6017e1e3", "text": "“Oh, he does not mean it seriously with painting. His walk must be _belles-lettres_. That is wi-ide.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01309", "bookId": 145, "start": 463335, "end": 463604, "sha256": "24ac93fdb77c9e431b498c8799475e1c7e1293e06e4d480c343563ed48b60f2d", "text": "Naumann’s pronunciation of the vowel seemed to stretch the word satirically. Will did not half like it, but managed to laugh: and Mr. Casaubon, while he felt some disgust at the artist’s German accent, began to entertain a little respect for his judicious severity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01310", "bookId": 145, "start": 463606, "end": 463779, "sha256": "55cc455b55f9760ec7a8927213f4c71d3ed20ae600a178c3a9aaea6e3a9df930", "text": "The respect was not diminished when Naumann, after drawing Will aside for a moment and looking, first at a large canvas, then at Mr. Casaubon, came forward again and said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01311", "bookId": 145, "start": 463781, "end": 464037, "sha256": "4b19a82631d0403f196b2469aae4724a014c03ac601f516d48ad99e1a6ce2888", "text": "“My friend Ladislaw thinks you will pardon me, sir, if I say that a sketch of your head would be invaluable to me for the St. Thomas Aquinas in my picture there. It is too much to ask; but I so seldom see just what I want—the idealistic in the real.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01312", "bookId": 145, "start": 464039, "end": 464446, "sha256": "330ec1f344a58170a1fe220f67b77f8c5608d5dbda1236a9321c0d1ea3981601", "text": "“You astonish me greatly, sir,” said Mr. Casaubon, his looks improved with a glow of delight; “but if my poor physiognomy, which I have been accustomed to regard as of the commonest order, can be of any use to you in furnishing some traits for the angelical doctor, I shall feel honored. That is to say, if the operation will not be a lengthy one; and if Mrs. Casaubon will not object to the delay.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01313", "bookId": 145, "start": 464448, "end": 464675, "sha256": "25517040e26b7978b51bfa69120527bd145cb28f284b90e3ca07e55e5345e29e", "text": "As for Dorothea, nothing could have pleased her more, unless it had been a miraculous voice pronouncing Mr. Casaubon the wisest and worthiest among the sons of men. In that case her tottering faith would have become firm again.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01314", "bookId": 145, "start": 464677, "end": 465313, "sha256": "8fa6090006d04a547380830afd24472bd2e5ab2df04b3538438e2abef0c05f48", "text": "Naumann’s apparatus was at hand in wonderful completeness, and the sketch went on at once as well as the conversation. Dorothea sat down and subsided into calm silence, feeling happier than she had done for a long while before. Every one about her seemed good, and she said to herself that Rome, if she had only been less ignorant, would have been full of beauty: its sadness would have been winged with hope. No nature could be less suspicious than hers: when she was a child she believed in the gratitude of wasps and the honorable susceptibility of sparrows, and was proportionately indignant when their baseness was made manifest.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01315", "bookId": 145, "start": 465315, "end": 465507, "sha256": "de04f689837e1ee2100e980f90ee9520ce3635f58afdeed404aacd47d420513d", "text": "The adroit artist was asking Mr. Casaubon questions about English polities, which brought long answers, and, Will meanwhile had perched himself on some steps in the background overlooking all.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01316", "bookId": 145, "start": 465509, "end": 465662, "sha256": "35a813f2e422e3012d82b83e7b3b9dc6091ef00e645802a33d2a70fa2ce16853", "text": "Presently Naumann said—“Now if I could lay this by for half an hour and take it up again—come and look, Ladislaw—I think it is perfect so far.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01317", "bookId": 145, "start": 465664, "end": 465806, "sha256": "4e6415af197267863ed9d1614156af6788cdef0cc4f2c17ee8980fed510d4929", "text": "Will vented those adjuring interjections which imply that admiration is too strong for syntax; and Naumann said in a tone of piteous regret—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01318", "bookId": 145, "start": 465808, "end": 465942, "sha256": "80a171a6231e857928ace11f53a413bd1c59c0ee9f46e31c0eeb4d22fd0a82cd", "text": "“Ah—now—if I could but have had more—but you have other engagements—I could not ask it—or even to come again to-morrow.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01319", "bookId": 145, "start": 465944, "end": 466158, "sha256": "91c772f36f5f280106f9c7c46de2282a0ae1fe83c3a49cb7549073cb1ec1b139", "text": "“Oh, let us stay!” said Dorothea. “We have nothing to do to-day except go about, have we?” she added, looking entreatingly at Mr. Casaubon. “It would be a pity not to make the head as good as possible.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01320", "bookId": 145, "start": 466160, "end": 466369, "sha256": "c6d8273870e08c4e13343352bca052ec9de21da0509f3cc98577cf7366d065ed", "text": "“I am at your service, sir, in the matter,” said Mr. Casaubon, with polite condescension. “Having given up the interior of my head to idleness, it is as well that the exterior should work in this way.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01321", "bookId": 145, "start": 466371, "end": 466691, "sha256": "57117290ade4c32bf82520180b72dc89faa3860d02ce213be613b74794e4e040", "text": "“You are unspeakably good—now I am happy!” said Naumann, and then went on in German to Will, pointing here and there to the sketch as if he were considering that. Putting it aside for a moment, he looked round vaguely, as if seeking some occupation for his visitors, and afterwards turning to Mr. Casaubon, said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01322", "bookId": 145, "start": 466693, "end": 466910, "sha256": "b7000d9c7f984be9116d22e3930019480e8ec22b728c6109c86949395e316b1c", "text": "“Perhaps the beautiful bride, the gracious lady, would not be unwilling to let me fill up the time by trying to make a slight sketch of her—not, of course, as you see, for that picture—only as a single study.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01323", "bookId": 145, "start": 466912, "end": 467042, "sha256": "0c45e73d9853c2584b7edcb6a21083a7536e45bd0dee9e8208412c597f5396dc", "text": "Mr. Casaubon, bowing, doubted not that Mrs. Casaubon would oblige him, and Dorothea said, at once, “Where shall I put myself?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01324", "bookId": 145, "start": 467044, "end": 467411, "sha256": "07aee9fa5aa2bb19410f359ba31c490399ff86d78413cb2629d9464be25ec5d0", "text": "Naumann was all apologies in asking her to stand, and allow him to adjust her attitude, to which she submitted without any of the affected airs and laughs frequently thought necessary on such occasions, when the painter said, “It is as Santa Clara that I want you to stand—leaning so, with your cheek against your hand—so—looking at that stool, please, so!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01325", "bookId": 145, "start": 467413, "end": 467656, "sha256": "8750f884e71fa1de51c0b469dce59143795faa2afa0b41d7c618a786eeb3c45e", "text": "Will was divided between the inclination to fall at the Saint’s feet and kiss her robe, and the temptation to knock Naumann down while he was adjusting her arm. All this was impudence and desecration, and he repented that he had brought her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01326", "bookId": 145, "start": 467658, "end": 467965, "sha256": "59080b0a07de0689442d8ae9dc0bfbec83cf6589cf39bd5dff8e495350d3a512", "text": "The artist was diligent, and Will recovering himself moved about and occupied Mr. Casaubon as ingeniously as he could; but he did not in the end prevent the time from seeming long to that gentleman, as was clear from his expressing a fear that Mrs. Casaubon would be tired. Naumann took the hint and said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01327", "bookId": 145, "start": 467967, "end": 468040, "sha256": "9df0d39b3632ba37eec45bc070c7b3901dd3fa99202a4d827f71d5d902356132", "text": "“Now, sir, if you can oblige me again; I will release the lady-wife.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01328", "bookId": 145, "start": 468042, "end": 468833, "sha256": "d8fc693f8f6b15aac89ffbadedf974d386b27b31af828606ce7412c29280be38", "text": "So Mr. Casaubon’s patience held out further, and when after all it turned out that the head of Saint Thomas Aquinas would be more perfect if another sitting could be had, it was granted for the morrow. On the morrow Santa Clara too was retouched more than once. The result of all was so far from displeasing to Mr. Casaubon, that he arranged for the purchase of the picture in which Saint Thomas Aquinas sat among the doctors of the Church in a disputation too abstract to be represented, but listened to with more or less attention by an audience above. The Santa Clara, which was spoken of in the second place, Naumann declared himself to be dissatisfied with—he could not, in conscience, engage to make a worthy picture of it; so about the Santa Clara the arrangement was conditional.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01329", "bookId": 145, "start": 468835, "end": 469941, "sha256": "e6f269d8c85cf24fed94a49709470bf50fa64c05cc1904b8f18e65b28ee35995", "text": "I will not dwell on Naumann’s jokes at the expense of Mr. Casaubon that evening, or on his dithyrambs about Dorothea’s charm, in all which Will joined, but with a difference. No sooner did Naumann mention any detail of Dorothea’s beauty, than Will got exasperated at his presumption: there was grossness in his choice of the most ordinary words, and what business had he to talk of her lips? She was not a woman to be spoken of as other women were. Will could not say just what he thought, but he became irritable. And yet, when after some resistance he had consented to take the Casaubons to his friend’s studio, he had been allured by the gratification of his pride in being the person who could grant Naumann such an opportunity of studying her loveliness—or rather her divineness, for the ordinary phrases which might apply to mere bodily prettiness were not applicable to her. (Certainly all Tipton and its neighborhood, as well as Dorothea herself, would have been surprised at her beauty being made so much of. In that part of the world Miss Brooke had been only a “fine young woman.”)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01330", "bookId": 145, "start": 469943, "end": 470091, "sha256": "81834fd0af3ae072cbff982b8221faafc11544f5e5301eaaf3512086f853e98d", "text": "“Oblige me by letting the subject drop, Naumann. Mrs. Casaubon is not to be talked of as if she were a model,” said Will. Naumann stared at him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01331", "bookId": 145, "start": 470093, "end": 470388, "sha256": "1161e7775cf69654386d06156a4e1bf5b33f348757a53700170e43aaf8803077", "text": "“Schön! I will talk of my Aquinas. The head is not a bad type, after all. I dare say the great scholastic himself would have been flattered to have his portrait asked for. Nothing like these starchy doctors for vanity! It was as I thought: he cared much less for her portrait than his own.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01332", "bookId": 145, "start": 470390, "end": 470639, "sha256": "62d1c364e4db248fddb90e24b2e145eac25e06dfb799088231555acb80c63a7c", "text": "“He’s a cursed white-blooded pedantic coxcomb,” said Will, with gnashing impetuosity. His obligations to Mr. Casaubon were not known to his hearer, but Will himself was thinking of them, and wishing that he could discharge them all by a check.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01333", "bookId": 145, "start": 470641, "end": 470752, "sha256": "9765861c9a0472c73ed9004cc6a327e47b787832d3a91c05dfbd1feb8a2a9312", "text": "Naumann gave a shrug and said, “It is good they go away soon, my dear. They are spoiling your fine temper.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01334", "bookId": 145, "start": 470754, "end": 471930, "sha256": "026bb4293f348ac3f22b11f6b5bea7d7e265c88ec408f011b0e98363f50ea5b1", "text": "All Will’s hope and contrivance were now concentrated on seeing Dorothea when she was alone. He only wanted her to take more emphatic notice of him; he only wanted to be something more special in her remembrance than he could yet believe himself likely to be. He was rather impatient under that open ardent good-will, which he saw was her usual state of feeling. The remote worship of a woman throned out of their reach plays a great part in men’s lives, but in most cases the worshipper longs for some queenly recognition, some approving sign by which his soul’s sovereign may cheer him without descending from her high place. That was precisely what Will wanted. But there were plenty of contradictions in his imaginative demands. It was beautiful to see how Dorothea’s eyes turned with wifely anxiety and beseeching to Mr. Casaubon: she would have lost some of her halo if she had been without that duteous preoccupation; and yet at the next moment the husband’s sandy absorption of such nectar was too intolerable; and Will’s longing to say damaging things about him was perhaps not the less tormenting because he felt the strongest reasons for restraining it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01335", "bookId": 145, "start": 471932, "end": 472132, "sha256": "6c69887608c93bb05790e7bfb1fd9b6eefe1cc6741e61787e72298909ea80aa0", "text": "Will had not been invited to dine the next day. Hence he persuaded himself that he was bound to call, and that the only eligible time was the middle of the day, when Mr. Casaubon would not be at home.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01336", "bookId": 145, "start": 472134, "end": 472530, "sha256": "694fb4b368920004c3ce022b8d58dc90d02b3578d150757d6a46a023f701b2ba", "text": "Dorothea, who had not been made aware that her former reception of Will had displeased her husband, had no hesitation about seeing him, especially as he might be come to pay a farewell visit. When he entered she was looking at some cameos which she had been buying for Celia. She greeted Will as if his visit were quite a matter of course, and said at once, having a cameo bracelet in her hand—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01337", "bookId": 145, "start": 472532, "end": 472894, "sha256": "ff6a66bc748bc3aac639dab925a495181a5dcad98f911ec9ddce58b691690825", "text": "“I am so glad you are come. Perhaps you understand all about cameos, and can tell me if these are really good. I wished to have you with us in choosing them, but Mr. Casaubon objected: he thought there was not time. He will finish his work to-morrow, and we shall go away in three days. I have been uneasy about these cameos. Pray sit down and look at them.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01338", "bookId": 145, "start": 472896, "end": 473072, "sha256": "6ba83ccea400d44c5321a48e9591d2fc94bbe92e5c5686f6cd6eff25b1087153", "text": "“I am not particularly knowing, but there can be no great mistake about these little Homeric bits: they are exquisitely neat. And the color is fine: it will just suit you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01339", "bookId": 145, "start": 473074, "end": 473537, "sha256": "5674d92febf19e8a1b24945a9bded3d77cb0481dbe897af452dadfc3e61b8d88", "text": "“Oh, they are for my sister, who has quite a different complexion. You saw her with me at Lowick: she is light-haired and very pretty—at least I think so. We were never so long away from each other in our lives before. She is a great pet and never was naughty in her life. I found out before I came away that she wanted me to buy her some cameos, and I should be sorry for them not to be good—after their kind.” Dorothea added the last words with a smile.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01340", "bookId": 145, "start": 473539, "end": 473679, "sha256": "a8c39eced3adcd0a0e0913d34f9ca72f72f28ee28b1c416f3e0c2beab8e93068", "text": "“You seem not to care about cameos,” said Will, seating himself at some distance from her, and observing her while she closed the cases.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01341", "bookId": 145, "start": 473681, "end": 473759, "sha256": "c258e720e25faafbef46dafbb19c4605ea68a04a35568d746169109f0ff28d4c", "text": "“No, frankly, I don’t think them a great object in life,” said Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01342", "bookId": 145, "start": 473761, "end": 473902, "sha256": "546980dab371b1bc0831af44aec652522bc19a09bdf4e1ec7938816f5af6fb83", "text": "“I fear you are a heretic about art generally. How is that? I should have expected you to be very sensitive to the beautiful everywhere.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01343", "bookId": 145, "start": 473904, "end": 474270, "sha256": "d994608f64eb042d163e738dfa22a0dee0d2f9c39905e45d8be6bcc014e7995f", "text": "“I suppose I am dull about many things,” said Dorothea, simply. “I should like to make life beautiful—I mean everybody’s life. And then all this immense expense of art, that seems somehow to lie outside life and make it no better for the world, pains one. It spoils my enjoyment of anything when I am made to think that most people are shut out from it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01344", "bookId": 145, "start": 474272, "end": 475223, "sha256": "96558efdb1d55e97004239e99eebd467350bd4e291b5035eb7cc340478ba8fe8", "text": "“I call that the fanaticism of sympathy,” said Will, impetuously. “You might say the same of landscape, of poetry, of all refinement. If you carried it out you ought to be miserable in your own goodness, and turn evil that you might have no advantage over others. The best piety is to enjoy—when you can. You are doing the most then to save the earth’s character as an agreeable planet. And enjoyment radiates. It is of no use to try and take care of all the world; that is being taken care of when you feel delight—in art or in anything else. Would you turn all the youth of the world into a tragic chorus, wailing and moralizing over misery? I suspect that you have some false belief in the virtues of misery, and want to make your life a martyrdom.” Will had gone further than he intended, and checked himself. But Dorothea’s thought was not taking just the same direction as his own, and she answered without any special emotion—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01345", "bookId": 145, "start": 475225, "end": 476071, "sha256": "c6fdcaa88e264559289b4161e73924eed7d3eceeade9271c0385f9bb47a0969d", "text": "“Indeed you mistake me. I am not a sad, melancholy creature. I am never unhappy long together. I am angry and naughty—not like Celia: I have a great outburst, and then all seems glorious again. I cannot help believing in glorious things in a blind sort of way. I should be quite willing to enjoy the art here, but there is so much that I don’t know the reason of—so much that seems to me a consecration of ugliness rather than beauty. The painting and sculpture may be wonderful, but the feeling is often low and brutal, and sometimes even ridiculous. Here and there I see what takes me at once as noble—something that I might compare with the Alban Mountains or the sunset from the Pincian Hill; but that makes it the greater pity that there is so little of the best kind among all that mass of things over which men have toiled so.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01346", "bookId": 145, "start": 476073, "end": 476175, "sha256": "2775167d54f77c636941daea190d7302db967b2a1c5f883b70b6257dfc69900d", "text": "“Of course there is always a great deal of poor work: the rarer things want that soil to grow in.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01347", "bookId": 145, "start": 476177, "end": 476488, "sha256": "0086523c9fd2d26ed6ca4aafe4a93ff7e9b9a59b3e045d9d29f0e6581db057b8", "text": "“Oh dear,” said Dorothea, taking up that thought into the chief current of her anxiety; “I see it must be very difficult to do anything good. I have often felt since I have been in Rome that most of our lives would look much uglier and more bungling than the pictures, if they could be put on the wall.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01348", "bookId": 145, "start": 476490, "end": 476587, "sha256": "0ae591d543590d226b988d1b4b7e7e9e32375ed4c9c411d49d2f846840c57864", "text": "Dorothea parted her lips again as if she were going to say more, but changed her mind and paused.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01349", "bookId": 145, "start": 476589, "end": 477214, "sha256": "8beb5229a963eb7ae29a8456e95a411eb0c8826cc898d076ba47f9aa32e3ab59", "text": "“You are too young—it is an anachronism for you to have such thoughts,” said Will, energetically, with a quick shake of the head habitual to him. “You talk as if you had never known any youth. It is monstrous—as if you had had a vision of Hades in your childhood, like the boy in the legend. You have been brought up in some of those horrible notions that choose the sweetest women to devour—like Minotaurs. And now you will go and be shut up in that stone prison at Lowick: you will be buried alive. It makes me savage to think of it! I would rather never have seen you than think of you with such a prospect.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01350", "bookId": 145, "start": 477216, "end": 477580, "sha256": "a0a136012e9179a5a70074aa5c1fc341ffd81220730a3a9799c541aef4482d56", "text": "Will again feared that he had gone too far; but the meaning we attach to words depends on our feeling, and his tone of angry regret had so much kindness in it for Dorothea’s heart, which had always been giving out ardor and had never been fed with much from the living beings around her, that she felt a new sense of gratitude and answered with a gentle smile—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01351", "bookId": 145, "start": 477582, "end": 477760, "sha256": "16c616dd7d465968114a260e41dca3b363fd17324c58c07d220a8f1b8b5738e8", "text": "“It is very good of you to be anxious about me. It is because you did not like Lowick yourself: you had set your heart on another kind of life. But Lowick is my chosen home.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01352", "bookId": 145, "start": 477762, "end": 478151, "sha256": "7af3d9dacf339fb92609707dcc213f8d7175127e064690d7beb8d0c8c661bb4e", "text": "The last sentence was spoken with an almost solemn cadence, and Will did not know what to say, since it would not be useful for him to embrace her slippers, and tell her that he would die for her: it was clear that she required nothing of the sort; and they were both silent for a moment or two, when Dorothea began again with an air of saying at last what had been in her mind beforehand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01353", "bookId": 145, "start": 478153, "end": 478374, "sha256": "ff69e6971dabba179745a0070c70d635e9b4329d4939f463d24c5ce6e4a454f6", "text": "“I wanted to ask you again about something you said the other day. Perhaps it was half of it your lively way of speaking: I notice that you like to put things strongly; I myself often exaggerate when I speak hastily.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01354", "bookId": 145, "start": 478376, "end": 478564, "sha256": "cdde0fba0b40a1e298de6b0003f6a393146098030c970d68202e241162c5da84", "text": "“What was it?” said Will, observing that she spoke with a timidity quite new in her. “I have a hyperbolical tongue: it catches fire as it goes. I dare say I shall have to retract.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01355", "bookId": 145, "start": 478566, "end": 479029, "sha256": "9a4ea4c8c9025b6177cb14ddfdbdaa78c8bfcf9fca03b8ea9e242b6792620ab2", "text": "“I mean what you said about the necessity of knowing German—I mean, for the subjects that Mr. Casaubon is engaged in. I have been thinking about it; and it seems to me that with Mr. Casaubon’s learning he must have before him the same materials as German scholars—has he not?” Dorothea’s timidity was due to an indistinct consciousness that she was in the strange situation of consulting a third person about the adequacy of Mr. Casaubon’s learning.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01356", "bookId": 145, "start": 479031, "end": 479229, "sha256": "6c31b30f38c5399d083ff7961f1061054202871198fbb09e9a1ecb842e949eb5", "text": "“Not exactly the same materials,” said Will, thinking that he would be duly reserved. “He is not an Orientalist, you know. He does not profess to have more than second-hand knowledge there.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01357", "bookId": 145, "start": 479231, "end": 479596, "sha256": "3fe82ecb0a7e0665bee89e703e2824417b3bea8ae713781891416a903f1d6b20", "text": "“But there are very valuable books about antiquities which were written a long while ago by scholars who knew nothing about these modern things; and they are still used. Why should Mr. Casaubon’s not be valuable, like theirs?” said Dorothea, with more remonstrant energy. She was impelled to have the argument aloud, which she had been having in her own mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01358", "bookId": 145, "start": 479598, "end": 480141, "sha256": "ae4303e4796a12a7924f0c12324edd6c583c95bf2761d5007e58406b50415e42", "text": "“That depends on the line of study taken,” said Will, also getting a tone of rejoinder. “The subject Mr. Casaubon has chosen is as changing as chemistry: new discoveries are constantly making new points of view. Who wants a system on the basis of the four elements, or a book to refute Paracelsus? Do you not see that it is no use now to be crawling a little way after men of the last century—men like Bryant—and correcting their mistakes?—living in a lumber-room and furbishing up broken-legged theories about Chus and Mizraim?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01359", "bookId": 145, "start": 480143, "end": 480668, "sha256": "c222aa10a9db27ce293d7b32f423139cf65cb00e4c8a3afd4198456d365dd70e", "text": "“How can you bear to speak so lightly?” said Dorothea, with a look between sorrow and anger. “If it were as you say, what could be sadder than so much ardent labor all in vain? I wonder it does not affect you more painfully, if you really think that a man like Mr. Casaubon, of so much goodness, power, and learning, should in any way fail in what has been the labor of his best years.” She was beginning to be shocked that she had got to such a point of supposition, and indignant with Will for having led her to it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01360", "bookId": 145, "start": 480670, "end": 480915, "sha256": "db2580450c946a00103f21f7e378301910cf9eff9379e615b0a56aca8cd98b12", "text": "“You questioned me about the matter of fact, not of feeling,” said Will. “But if you wish to punish me for the fact, I submit. I am not in a position to express my feeling toward Mr. Casaubon: it would be at best a pensioner’s eulogy.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01361", "bookId": 145, "start": 480917, "end": 481198, "sha256": "a711bfa274549e56a1e08875e25f38d853bc604a18ab0f646da4091ef0d2468e", "text": "“Pray excuse me,” said Dorothea, coloring deeply. “I am aware, as you say, that I am in fault in having introduced the subject. Indeed, I am wrong altogether. Failure after long perseverance is much grander than never to have a striving good enough to be called a failure.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01362", "bookId": 145, "start": 481200, "end": 481581, "sha256": "a420d3f49ef74e04157965fd0debc0d3ccd01a368974b0e4840de32be750fac9", "text": "“I quite agree with you,” said Will, determined to change the situation—“so much so that I have made up my mind not to run that risk of never attaining a failure. Mr. Casaubon’s generosity has perhaps been dangerous to me, and I mean to renounce the liberty it has given me. I mean to go back to England shortly and work my own way—depend on nobody else than myself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01363", "bookId": 145, "start": 481583, "end": 481785, "sha256": "339633ef362be481340615a232e33c752a26188c17e5f1256d810a9eba3611c7", "text": "“That is fine—I respect that feeling,” said Dorothea, with returning kindness. “But Mr. Casaubon, I am sure, has never thought of anything in the matter except what was most for your welfare.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01364", "bookId": 145, "start": 481787, "end": 481925, "sha256": "e512808d47cc749ed5c16145e0a35123c78f1aea1cbadca8616e1f94023c3b59", "text": "“She has obstinacy and pride enough to serve instead of love, now she has married him,” said Will to himself. Aloud he said, rising—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01365", "bookId": 145, "start": 481927, "end": 481959, "sha256": "81dd47c0e8c6f60d19e9c1a58e8d1e2c05fc4bdcf94d61c4b387f0a845678418", "text": "“I shall not see you again.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01366", "bookId": 145, "start": 481961, "end": 482083, "sha256": "62e38458d8bbf653bffdbbf53813f965ba730a7841ea40d183c365714b522099", "text": "“Oh, stay till Mr. Casaubon comes,” said Dorothea, earnestly. “I am so glad we met in Rome. I wanted to know you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01367", "bookId": 145, "start": 482085, "end": 482167, "sha256": "43abd8cb67bdcbfcf70267f2c089d4df4fe1c998607d28feee6e076710fa8215", "text": "“And I have made you angry,” said Will. “I have made you think ill of me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01368", "bookId": 145, "start": 482169, "end": 482390, "sha256": "1feab2eae7c19a251d29033fab08f5f3af8e06a4272fdd2fbaa7cff24d733f06", "text": "“Oh no. My sister tells me I am always angry with people who do not say just what I like. But I hope I am not given to think ill of them. In the end I am usually obliged to think ill of myself for being so impatient.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01369", "bookId": 145, "start": 482392, "end": 482474, "sha256": "790d4be2b28ad521355209d80cdf6220db668e6d80f311578fc06a3e16630ce7", "text": "“Still, you don’t like me; I have made myself an unpleasant thought to you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01370", "bookId": 145, "start": 482476, "end": 482565, "sha256": "98b198d41884b78cc3f9f59151c6437f5db6a7970347fe27dc11f981bfb536e3", "text": "“Not at all,” said Dorothea, with the most open kindness. “I like you very much.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01371", "bookId": 145, "start": 482567, "end": 482736, "sha256": "b5e1ca85cfd121131a42457b26b486848d46881b3d17332d12b1856a5ac72e1d", "text": "Will was not quite contented, thinking that he would apparently have been of more importance if he had been disliked. He said nothing, but looked dull, not to say sulky.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01372", "bookId": 145, "start": 482738, "end": 483207, "sha256": "67a119a23293e07eba09b0f42e3702199e4f7df196488cd01443cd9953223747", "text": "“And I am quite interested to see what you will do,” Dorothea went on cheerfully. “I believe devoutly in a natural difference of vocation. If it were not for that belief, I suppose I should be very narrow—there are so many things, besides painting, that I am quite ignorant of. You would hardly believe how little I have taken in of music and literature, which you know so much of. I wonder what your vocation will turn out to be: perhaps you will be a poet?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01373", "bookId": 145, "start": 483209, "end": 483591, "sha256": "5ba5caaa806002b44807cee1d7e59f4f17ee8eb5655e05ba428d0bfdddcde9f5", "text": "“That depends. To be a poet is to have a soul so quick to discern that no shade of quality escapes it, and so quick to feel, that discernment is but a hand playing with finely ordered variety on the chords of emotion—a soul in which knowledge passes instantaneously into feeling, and feeling flashes back as a new organ of knowledge. One may have that condition by fits only.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01374", "bookId": 145, "start": 483593, "end": 483848, "sha256": "bc7c7a5e74c2b51a3e644ffdc7e5aa0a01ac7e39a395f8c4b69b6d2b696717a6", "text": "“But you leave out the poems,” said Dorothea. “I think they are wanted to complete the poet. I understand what you mean about knowledge passing into feeling, for that seems to be just what I experience. But I am sure I could never produce a poem.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01375", "bookId": 145, "start": 483850, "end": 484095, "sha256": "b58d7701e1a02dda304047bf40f59510d0e61727bf3a524cac0f52da98307d14", "text": "“You _are_ a poem—and that is to be the best part of a poet—what makes up the poet’s consciousness in his best moods,” said Will, showing such originality as we all share with the morning and the spring-time and other endless renewals.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01376", "bookId": 145, "start": 484097, "end": 484293, "sha256": "c290a809b3712ec344856fc957f7cc5cf1b8f963b710b6b80fa5ca395f16f012", "text": "“I am very glad to hear it,” said Dorothea, laughing out her words in a bird-like modulation, and looking at Will with playful gratitude in her eyes. “What very kind things you say to me!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01377", "bookId": 145, "start": 484295, "end": 484488, "sha256": "5b96bb2a9fb0487a9b13faedcb8a497d686b056b46caacec242d251a6d7d9482", "text": "“I wish I could ever do anything that would be what you call kind—that I could ever be of the slightest service to you. I fear I shall never have the opportunity.” Will spoke with fervor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01378", "bookId": 145, "start": 484490, "end": 485011, "sha256": "aa7fd243f0b5fd0604650ab0e7b785c8f1acc78eaf64d452aacb93c7faaeaf42", "text": "“Oh yes,” said Dorothea, cordially. “It will come; and I shall remember how well you wish me. I quite hoped that we should be friends when I first saw you—because of your relationship to Mr. Casaubon.” There was a certain liquid brightness in her eyes, and Will was conscious that his own were obeying a law of nature and filling too. The allusion to Mr. Casaubon would have spoiled all if anything at that moment could have spoiled the subduing power, the sweet dignity, of her noble unsuspicious inexperience.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01379", "bookId": 145, "start": 485013, "end": 485361, "sha256": "774ddc87052993e945f401a6c5382997a101a35378dbfc70322d826398a04e71", "text": "“And there is one thing even now that you can do,” said Dorothea, rising and walking a little way under the strength of a recurring impulse. “Promise me that you will not again, to any one, speak of that subject—I mean about Mr. Casaubon’s writings—I mean in that kind of way. It was I who led to it. It was my fault. But promise me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01380", "bookId": 145, "start": 485363, "end": 485450, "sha256": "85979254ea4c51073e1480b62c921b05440f00dd3920f85b81f0b7aadcc489f3", "text": "She had returned from her brief pacing and stood opposite Will, looking gravely at him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01381", "bookId": 145, "start": 485452, "end": 485957, "sha256": "07bdc5a194372a071114b2af490ac142a25084a8be6e6b5a654fbd2e1ee120ba", "text": "“Certainly, I will promise you,” said Will, reddening however. If he never said a cutting word about Mr. Casaubon again and left off receiving favors from him, it would clearly be permissible to hate him the more. The poet must know how to hate, says Goethe; and Will was at least ready with that accomplishment. He said that he must go now without waiting for Mr. Casaubon, whom he would come to take leave of at the last moment. Dorothea gave him her hand, and they exchanged a simple “Good-by.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01382", "bookId": 145, "start": 485959, "end": 486224, "sha256": "9a4c737958d977609eaf58d6464fd95be878da50bbd1d3adcfda2bea6ef5e0a7", "text": "But going out of the _porte cochere_ he met Mr. Casaubon, and that gentleman, expressing the best wishes for his cousin, politely waived the pleasure of any further leave-taking on the morrow, which would be sufficiently crowded with the preparations for departure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01383", "bookId": 145, "start": 486226, "end": 486777, "sha256": "73764828259943e05e90f6e34d938595fd27f5e3cd47444dec87cdb005709f45", "text": "“I have something to tell you about our cousin Mr. Ladislaw, which I think will heighten your opinion of him,” said Dorothea to her husband in the course of the evening. She had mentioned immediately on his entering that Will had just gone away, and would come again, but Mr. Casaubon had said, “I met him outside, and we made our final adieux, I believe,” saying this with the air and tone by which we imply that any subject, whether private or public, does not interest us enough to wish for a further remark upon it. So Dorothea had waited.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01384", "bookId": 145, "start": 486779, "end": 486888, "sha256": "2cc42cb2158e4d146791064253be565ae7f9ae308cc61a546cef089d47f1925e", "text": "“What is that, my love?” said Mr Casaubon (he always said “my love” when his manner was the coldest).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01385", "bookId": 145, "start": 486890, "end": 487180, "sha256": "68fc8fa54ec95dd4251f1a26f8f16a9d7f8ba92a64ddcbebf5b5845c1874af00", "text": "“He has made up his mind to leave off wandering at once, and to give up his dependence on your generosity. He means soon to go back to England, and work his own way. I thought you would consider that a good sign,” said Dorothea, with an appealing look into her husband’s neutral face.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01386", "bookId": 145, "start": 487182, "end": 487268, "sha256": "66230f30cb43f8db8be97a9b62359e4463b974acf8fa6119f55ceec1b24c2480", "text": "“Did he mention the precise order of occupation to which he would addict himself?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01387", "bookId": 145, "start": 487270, "end": 487442, "sha256": "d4a7c3ee05c8bb26f4265d062b0f2f672a65ee3b1b3498e2e8c10ff215682db2", "text": "“No. But he said that he felt the danger which lay for him in your generosity. Of course he will write to you about it. Do you not think better of him for his resolve?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01388", "bookId": 145, "start": 487444, "end": 487516, "sha256": "0bf7f4555058fd86eb33e4924fb8cb73c2ba87f4beea7702b55cf30fcc6cbc37", "text": "“I shall await his communication on the subject,” said Mr. Casaubon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01389", "bookId": 145, "start": 487518, "end": 487757, "sha256": "aad93c73739283dfe6d5cee74fa34cbf8fc50c27e2ccc6075e926b581edb79da", "text": "“I told him I was sure that the thing you considered in all you did for him was his own welfare. I remembered your goodness in what you said about him when I first saw him at Lowick,” said Dorothea, putting her hand on her husband’s.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01390", "bookId": 145, "start": 487759, "end": 488206, "sha256": "8d425b6b2eae647596cd3843799a107f78eafce14f2a80985e619b9d95c4b718", "text": "“I had a duty towards him,” said Mr. Casaubon, laying his other hand on Dorothea’s in conscientious acceptance of her caress, but with a glance which he could not hinder from being uneasy. “The young man, I confess, is not otherwise an object of interest to me, nor need we, I think, discuss his future course, which it is not ours to determine beyond the limits which I have sufficiently indicated.” Dorothea did not mention Will again.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01391", "bookId": 145, "start": 488211, "end": 488239, "sha256": "6a788f9f2b3cfe5e5aac35da1bf64f7c450e994d0077de726f2054f37bc98a06", "text": "BOOK III. WAITING FOR DEATH.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01392", "bookId": 145, "start": 488244, "end": 488258, "sha256": "f234f05c5ed89c31c0b499a1778dcff00250bf56fc53d219d566ce5d20960099", "text": "CHAPTER XXIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01393", "bookId": 145, "start": 488260, "end": 488409, "sha256": "34d775161993bb9a02a8399628a0113743c5780c8d8aab5092b04604e04c7101", "text": "“Your horses of the Sun,” he said, “And first-rate whip Apollo! Whate’er they be, I’ll eat my head, But I will beat them hollow.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01394", "bookId": 145, "start": 488412, "end": 492443, "sha256": "40b54276c1e6b580984e68e7404eefa11bb41a74626edb36d2ab066e32b9de94", "text": "Fred Vincy, we have seen, had a debt on his mind, and though no such immaterial burthen could depress that buoyant-hearted young gentleman for many hours together, there were circumstances connected with this debt which made the thought of it unusually importunate. The creditor was Mr. Bambridge, a horse-dealer of the neighborhood, whose company was much sought in Middlemarch by young men understood to be “addicted to pleasure.” During the vacations Fred had naturally required more amusements than he had ready money for, and Mr. Bambridge had been accommodating enough not only to trust him for the hire of horses and the accidental expense of ruining a fine hunter, but also to make a small advance by which he might be able to meet some losses at billiards. The total debt was a hundred and sixty pounds. Bambridge was in no alarm about his money, being sure that young Vincy had backers; but he had required something to show for it, and Fred had at first given a bill with his own signature. Three months later he had renewed this bill with the signature of Caleb Garth. On both occasions Fred had felt confident that he should meet the bill himself, having ample funds at disposal in his own hopefulness. You will hardly demand that his confidence should have a basis in external facts; such confidence, we know, is something less coarse and materialistic: it is a comfortable disposition leading us to expect that the wisdom of providence or the folly of our friends, the mysteries of luck or the still greater mystery of our high individual value in the universe, will bring about agreeable issues, such as are consistent with our good taste in costume, and our general preference for the best style of thing. Fred felt sure that he should have a present from his uncle, that he should have a run of luck, that by dint of “swapping” he should gradually metamorphose a horse worth forty pounds into a horse that would fetch a hundred at any moment—“judgment” being always equivalent to an unspecified sum in hard cash. And in any case, even supposing negations which only a morbid distrust could imagine, Fred had always (at that time) his father’s pocket as a last resource, so that his assets of hopefulness had a sort of gorgeous superfluity about them. Of what might be the capacity of his father’s pocket, Fred had only a vague notion: was not trade elastic? And would not the deficiencies of one year be made up for by the surplus of another? The Vincys lived in an easy profuse way, not with any new ostentation, but according to the family habits and traditions, so that the children had no standard of economy, and the elder ones retained some of their infantine notion that their father might pay for anything if he would. Mr. Vincy himself had expensive Middlemarch habits—spent money on coursing, on his cellar, and on dinner-giving, while mamma had those running accounts with tradespeople, which give a cheerful sense of getting everything one wants without any question of payment. But it was in the nature of fathers, Fred knew, to bully one about expenses: there was always a little storm over his extravagance if he had to disclose a debt, and Fred disliked bad weather within doors. He was too filial to be disrespectful to his father, and he bore the thunder with the certainty that it was transient; but in the mean time it was disagreeable to see his mother cry, and also to be obliged to look sulky instead of having fun; for Fred was so good-tempered that if he looked glum under scolding, it was chiefly for propriety’s sake. The easier course plainly, was to renew the bill with a friend’s signature. Why not? With the superfluous securities of hope at his command, there was no reason why he should not have increased other people’s liabilities to any extent, but for the fact that men whose names were good for anything were usually pessimists, indisposed to believe that the universal order of things would necessarily be agreeable to an agreeable young gentleman.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01395", "bookId": 145, "start": 492445, "end": 493625, "sha256": "976d97845f67aaf1278a7084cefbdf04f47e842677ee017793fd2c0e3b137b40", "text": "With a favor to ask we review our list of friends, do justice to their more amiable qualities, forgive their little offenses, and concerning each in turn, try to arrive at the conclusion that he will be eager to oblige us, our own eagerness to be obliged being as communicable as other warmth. Still there is always a certain number who are dismissed as but moderately eager until the others have refused; and it happened that Fred checked off all his friends but one, on the ground that applying to them would be disagreeable; being implicitly convinced that he at least (whatever might be maintained about mankind generally) had a right to be free from anything disagreeable. That he should ever fall into a thoroughly unpleasant position—wear trousers shrunk with washing, eat cold mutton, have to walk for want of a horse, or to “duck under” in any sort of way—was an absurdity irreconcilable with those cheerful intuitions implanted in him by nature. And Fred winced under the idea of being looked down upon as wanting funds for small debts. Thus it came to pass that the friend whom he chose to apply to was at once the poorest and the kindest—namely, Caleb Garth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01396", "bookId": 145, "start": 493627, "end": 496425, "sha256": "300fc5109a5b3239231e32440e0085666b8ac2007cb160123fa8c099b79c9b42", "text": "The Garths were very fond of Fred, as he was of them; for when he and Rosamond were little ones, and the Garths were better off, the slight connection between the two families through Mr. Featherstone’s double marriage (the first to Mr. Garth’s sister, and the second to Mrs. Vincy’s) had led to an acquaintance which was carried on between the children rather than the parents: the children drank tea together out of their toy teacups, and spent whole days together in play. Mary was a little hoyden, and Fred at six years old thought her the nicest girl in the world, making her his wife with a brass ring which he had cut from an umbrella. Through all the stages of his education he had kept his affection for the Garths, and his habit of going to their house as a second home, though any intercourse between them and the elders of his family had long ceased. Even when Caleb Garth was prosperous, the Vincys were on condescending terms with him and his wife, for there were nice distinctions of rank in Middlemarch; and though old manufacturers could not any more than dukes be connected with none but equals, they were conscious of an inherent social superiority which was defined with great nicety in practice, though hardly expressible theoretically. Since then Mr. Garth had failed in the building business, which he had unfortunately added to his other avocations of surveyor, valuer, and agent, had conducted that business for a time entirely for the benefit of his assignees, and had been living narrowly, exerting himself to the utmost that he might after all pay twenty shillings in the pound. He had now achieved this, and from all who did not think it a bad precedent, his honorable exertions had won him due esteem; but in no part of the world is genteel visiting founded on esteem, in the absence of suitable furniture and complete dinner-service. Mrs. Vincy had never been at her ease with Mrs. Garth, and frequently spoke of her as a woman who had had to work for her bread—meaning that Mrs. Garth had been a teacher before her marriage; in which case an intimacy with Lindley Murray and Mangnall’s Questions was something like a draper’s discrimination of calico trademarks, or a courier’s acquaintance with foreign countries: no woman who was better off needed that sort of thing. And since Mary had been keeping Mr. Featherstone’s house, Mrs. Vincy’s want of liking for the Garths had been converted into something more positive, by alarm lest Fred should engage himself to this plain girl, whose parents “lived in such a small way.” Fred, being aware of this, never spoke at home of his visits to Mrs. Garth, which had of late become more frequent, the increasing ardor of his affection for Mary inclining him the more towards those who belonged to her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01397", "bookId": 145, "start": 496427, "end": 497619, "sha256": "9c457744c808fa59a11f6631250965feb447b134da0a4a7b005fd7ef4cc77d46", "text": "Mr. Garth had a small office in the town, and to this Fred went with his request. He obtained it without much difficulty, for a large amount of painful experience had not sufficed to make Caleb Garth cautious about his own affairs, or distrustful of his fellow-men when they had not proved themselves untrustworthy; and he had the highest opinion of Fred, was “sure the lad would turn out well—an open affectionate fellow, with a good bottom to his character—you might trust him for anything.” Such was Caleb’s psychological argument. He was one of those rare men who are rigid to themselves and indulgent to others. He had a certain shame about his neighbors’ errors, and never spoke of them willingly; hence he was not likely to divert his mind from the best mode of hardening timber and other ingenious devices in order to preconceive those errors. If he had to blame any one, it was necessary for him to move all the papers within his reach, or describe various diagrams with his stick, or make calculations with the odd money in his pocket, before he could begin; and he would rather do other men’s work than find fault with their doing. I fear he was a bad disciplinarian.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01398", "bookId": 145, "start": 497621, "end": 498644, "sha256": "60046a90ed7a113f97cfc1cc8b787e1f0d17cc9dc91624437b543c5a4460dbdf", "text": "When Fred stated the circumstances of his debt, his wish to meet it without troubling his father, and the certainty that the money would be forthcoming so as to cause no one any inconvenience, Caleb pushed his spectacles upward, listened, looked into his favorite’s clear young eyes, and believed him, not distinguishing confidence about the future from veracity about the past; but he felt that it was an occasion for a friendly hint as to conduct, and that before giving his signature he must give a rather strong admonition. Accordingly, he took the paper and lowered his spectacles, measured the space at his command, reached his pen and examined it, dipped it in the ink and examined it again, then pushed the paper a little way from him, lifted up his spectacles again, showed a deepened depression in the outer angle of his bushy eyebrows, which gave his face a peculiar mildness (pardon these details for once—you would have learned to love them if you had known Caleb Garth), and said in a comfortable tone,—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01399", "bookId": 145, "start": 498646, "end": 498842, "sha256": "7eb1edcc28ed11b53fe65098cfe2fe9b9fc1be454ee7583b3d452f45337bffd3", "text": "“It was a misfortune, eh, that breaking the horse’s knees? And then, these exchanges, they don’t answer when you have ’cute jockeys to deal with. You’ll be wiser another time, my boy.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01400", "bookId": 145, "start": 498844, "end": 499298, "sha256": "6bb50c5c8fbeccdba4677d5a6d6c2c460e09ed1c9eae2827f225d5b78f037214", "text": "Whereupon Caleb drew down his spectacles, and proceeded to write his signature with the care which he always gave to that performance; for whatever he did in the way of business he did well. He contemplated the large well-proportioned letters and final flourish, with his head a trifle on one side for an instant, then handed it to Fred, said “Good-by,” and returned forthwith to his absorption in a plan for Sir James Chettam’s new farm-buildings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01401", "bookId": 145, "start": 499300, "end": 499492, "sha256": "2cdc352ad07086a2203d3f8d1d91e2e2e83b0a9333f851d3ae6ae833c317ee22", "text": "Either because his interest in this work thrust the incident of the signature from his memory, or for some reason of which Caleb was more conscious, Mrs. Garth remained ignorant of the affair.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01402", "bookId": 145, "start": 499494, "end": 502898, "sha256": "a2cc1b882a8c1d1013919fc28883068bfb741ce2536c9a80f58227f27f63f95f", "text": "Since it occurred, a change had come over Fred’s sky, which altered his view of the distance, and was the reason why his uncle Featherstone’s present of money was of importance enough to make his color come and go, first with a too definite expectation, and afterwards with a proportionate disappointment. His failure in passing his examination, had made his accumulation of college debts the more unpardonable by his father, and there had been an unprecedented storm at home. Mr. Vincy had sworn that if he had anything more of that sort to put up with, Fred should turn out and get his living how he could; and he had never yet quite recovered his good-humored tone to his son, who had especially enraged him by saying at this stage of things that he did not want to be a clergyman, and would rather not “go on with that.” Fred was conscious that he would have been yet more severely dealt with if his family as well as himself had not secretly regarded him as Mr. Featherstone’s heir; that old gentleman’s pride in him, and apparent fondness for him, serving in the stead of more exemplary conduct—just as when a youthful nobleman steals jewellery we call the act kleptomania, speak of it with a philosophical smile, and never think of his being sent to the house of correction as if he were a ragged boy who had stolen turnips. In fact, tacit expectations of what would be done for him by uncle Featherstone determined the angle at which most people viewed Fred Vincy in Middlemarch; and in his own consciousness, what uncle Featherstone would do for him in an emergency, or what he would do simply as an incorporated luck, formed always an immeasurable depth of aerial perspective. But that present of bank-notes, once made, was measurable, and being applied to the amount of the debt, showed a deficit which had still to be filled up either by Fred’s “judgment” or by luck in some other shape. For that little episode of the alleged borrowing, in which he had made his father the agent in getting the Bulstrode certificate, was a new reason against going to his father for money towards meeting his actual debt. Fred was keen enough to foresee that anger would confuse distinctions, and that his denial of having borrowed expressly on the strength of his uncle’s will would be taken as a falsehood. He had gone to his father and told him one vexatious affair, and he had left another untold: in such cases the complete revelation always produces the impression of a previous duplicity. Now Fred piqued himself on keeping clear of lies, and even fibs; he often shrugged his shoulders and made a significant grimace at what he called Rosamond’s fibs (it is only brothers who can associate such ideas with a lovely girl); and rather than incur the accusation of falsehood he would even incur some trouble and self-restraint. It was under strong inward pressure of this kind that Fred had taken the wise step of depositing the eighty pounds with his mother. It was a pity that he had not at once given them to Mr. Garth; but he meant to make the sum complete with another sixty, and with a view to this, he had kept twenty pounds in his own pocket as a sort of seed-corn, which, planted by judgment, and watered by luck, might yield more than threefold—a very poor rate of multiplication when the field is a young gentleman’s infinite soul, with all the numerals at command.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01403", "bookId": 145, "start": 502900, "end": 505527, "sha256": "e5c917d055a18d5f626dfc8e671e2c4b7ac66974201484dbc63d6b71a6769923", "text": "Fred was not a gambler: he had not that specific disease in which the suspension of the whole nervous energy on a chance or risk becomes as necessary as the dram to the drunkard; he had only the tendency to that diffusive form of gambling which has no alcoholic intensity, but is carried on with the healthiest chyle-fed blood, keeping up a joyous imaginative activity which fashions events according to desire, and having no fears about its own weather, only sees the advantage there must be to others in going aboard with it. Hopefulness has a pleasure in making a throw of any kind, because the prospect of success is certain; and only a more generous pleasure in offering as many as possible a share in the stake. Fred liked play, especially billiards, as he liked hunting or riding a steeple-chase; and he only liked it the better because he wanted money and hoped to win. But the twenty pounds’ worth of seed-corn had been planted in vain in the seductive green plot—all of it at least which had not been dispersed by the roadside—and Fred found himself close upon the term of payment with no money at command beyond the eighty pounds which he had deposited with his mother. The broken-winded horse which he rode represented a present which had been made to him a long while ago by his uncle Featherstone: his father always allowed him to keep a horse, Mr. Vincy’s own habits making him regard this as a reasonable demand even for a son who was rather exasperating. This horse, then, was Fred’s property, and in his anxiety to meet the imminent bill he determined to sacrifice a possession without which life would certainly be worth little. He made the resolution with a sense of heroism—heroism forced on him by the dread of breaking his word to Mr. Garth, by his love for Mary and awe of her opinion. He would start for Houndsley horse-fair which was to be held the next morning, and—simply sell his horse, bringing back the money by coach?—Well, the horse would hardly fetch more than thirty pounds, and there was no knowing what might happen; it would be folly to balk himself of luck beforehand. It was a hundred to one that some good chance would fall in his way; the longer he thought of it, the less possible it seemed that he should not have a good chance, and the less reasonable that he should not equip himself with the powder and shot for bringing it down. He would ride to Houndsley with Bambridge and with Horrock “the vet,” and without asking them anything expressly, he should virtually get the benefit of their opinion. Before he set out, Fred got the eighty pounds from his mother.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01404", "bookId": 145, "start": 505529, "end": 506957, "sha256": "b71d202780ccf470f60e39d4f5dd3eea9cd3161a3902f4e362f6a18ed8f4711f", "text": "Most of those who saw Fred riding out of Middlemarch in company with Bambridge and Horrock, on his way of course to Houndsley horse-fair, thought that young Vincy was pleasure-seeking as usual; and but for an unwonted consciousness of grave matters on hand, he himself would have had a sense of dissipation, and of doing what might be expected of a gay young fellow. Considering that Fred was not at all coarse, that he rather looked down on the manners and speech of young men who had not been to the university, and that he had written stanzas as pastoral and unvoluptuous as his flute-playing, his attraction towards Bambridge and Horrock was an interesting fact which even the love of horse-flesh would not wholly account for without that mysterious influence of Naming which determinates so much of mortal choice. Under any other name than “pleasure” the society of Messieurs Bambridge and Horrock must certainly have been regarded as monotonous; and to arrive with them at Houndsley on a drizzling afternoon, to get down at the Red Lion in a street shaded with coal-dust, and dine in a room furnished with a dirt-enamelled map of the county, a bad portrait of an anonymous horse in a stable, His Majesty George the Fourth with legs and cravat, and various leaden spittoons, might have seemed a hard business, but for the sustaining power of nomenclature which determined that the pursuit of these things was “gay.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01405", "bookId": 145, "start": 506959, "end": 507985, "sha256": "b5ed2e6c6e3bfbeda430ebcb008c6dea072ea4de5a516a12e09c55e19173702d", "text": "In Mr. Horrock there was certainly an apparent unfathomableness which offered play to the imagination. Costume, at a glance, gave him a thrilling association with horses (enough to specify the hat-brim which took the slightest upward angle just to escape the suspicion of bending downwards), and nature had given him a face which by dint of Mongolian eyes, and a nose, mouth, and chin seeming to follow his hat-brim in a moderate inclination upwards, gave the effect of a subdued unchangeable sceptical smile, of all expressions the most tyrannous over a susceptible mind, and, when accompanied by adequate silence, likely to create the reputation of an invincible understanding, an infinite fund of humor—too dry to flow, and probably in a state of immovable crust,—and a critical judgment which, if you could ever be fortunate enough to know it, would be _the_ thing and no other. It is a physiognomy seen in all vocations, but perhaps it has never been more powerful over the youth of England than in a judge of horses.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01406", "bookId": 145, "start": 507987, "end": 508279, "sha256": "cc5affb3be935c0ad157b373eda6953fb0bd38b79682c4807cfe06cc67ed5cb3", "text": "Mr. Horrock, at a question from Fred about his horse’s fetlock, turned sideways in his saddle, and watched the horse’s action for the space of three minutes, then turned forward, twitched his own bridle, and remained silent with a profile neither more nor less sceptical than it had been.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01407", "bookId": 145, "start": 508281, "end": 508619, "sha256": "52ea5e20bb0af7c471f58fe67660f05f55b4823c3c5dabc8f83414e13d35ecf8", "text": "The part thus played in dialogue by Mr. Horrock was terribly effective. A mixture of passions was excited in Fred—a mad desire to thrash Horrock’s opinion into utterance, restrained by anxiety to retain the advantage of his friendship. There was always the chance that Horrock might say something quite invaluable at the right moment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01408", "bookId": 145, "start": 508621, "end": 510208, "sha256": "f1ae68508d47b2cb3d2abb3eb8b80324c970d1f6b61560e5b774aa6c81edaa7a", "text": "Mr. Bambridge had more open manners, and appeared to give forth his ideas without economy. He was loud, robust, and was sometimes spoken of as being “given to indulgence”—chiefly in swearing, drinking, and beating his wife. Some people who had lost by him called him a vicious man; but he regarded horse-dealing as the finest of the arts, and might have argued plausibly that it had nothing to do with morality. He was undeniably a prosperous man, bore his drinking better than others bore their moderation, and, on the whole, flourished like the green bay-tree. But his range of conversation was limited, and like the fine old tune, “Drops of brandy,” gave you after a while a sense of returning upon itself in a way that might make weak heads dizzy. But a slight infusion of Mr. Bambridge was felt to give tone and character to several circles in Middlemarch; and he was a distinguished figure in the bar and billiard-room at the Green Dragon. He knew some anecdotes about the heroes of the turf, and various clever tricks of Marquesses and Viscounts which seemed to prove that blood asserted its pre-eminence even among black-legs; but the minute retentiveness of his memory was chiefly shown about the horses he had himself bought and sold; the number of miles they would trot you in no time without turning a hair being, after the lapse of years, still a subject of passionate asseveration, in which he would assist the imagination of his hearers by solemnly swearing that they never saw anything like it. In short, Mr. Bambridge was a man of pleasure and a gay companion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01409", "bookId": 145, "start": 510210, "end": 510736, "sha256": "6568e7721dcb3365d2b26b003870bd2116e667fec6dd34199f9c980a0c333e34", "text": "Fred was subtle, and did not tell his friends that he was going to Houndsley bent on selling his horse: he wished to get indirectly at their genuine opinion of its value, not being aware that a genuine opinion was the last thing likely to be extracted from such eminent critics. It was not Mr. Bambridge’s weakness to be a gratuitous flatterer. He had never before been so much struck with the fact that this unfortunate bay was a roarer to a degree which required the roundest word for perdition to give you any idea of it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01410", "bookId": 145, "start": 510738, "end": 511381, "sha256": "7e124403f9db8a33867918cef727ac5ae3199fd90ffafc428a97bd2ed0548476", "text": "“You made a bad hand at swapping when you went to anybody but me, Vincy! Why, you never threw your leg across a finer horse than that chestnut, and you gave him for this brute. If you set him cantering, he goes on like twenty sawyers. I never heard but one worse roarer in my life, and that was a roan: it belonged to Pegwell, the corn-factor; he used to drive him in his gig seven years ago, and he wanted me to take him, but I said, ‘Thank you, Peg, I don’t deal in wind-instruments.’ That was what I said. It went the round of the country, that joke did. But, what the hell! the horse was a penny trumpet to that roarer of yours.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01411", "bookId": 145, "start": 511383, "end": 511474, "sha256": "60de6a09891bcb7c70178d85ec44e767519f78fcfe6dded4cf8e98746ae25a39", "text": "“Why, you said just now his was worse than mine,” said Fred, more irritable than usual.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01412", "bookId": 145, "start": 511476, "end": 511589, "sha256": "2475c25183e835d1d781e5c4c0555c34d09fc0dd5a46d456824b9b43662206e8", "text": "“I said a lie, then,” said Mr. Bambridge, emphatically. “There wasn’t a penny to choose between ’em.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01413", "bookId": 145, "start": 511591, "end": 511697, "sha256": "af55ca82cb0e4c9201dd2beed556aa943e27afaed784f3547b9337d0a0970d7a", "text": "Fred spurred his horse, and they trotted on a little way. When they slackened again, Mr. Bambridge said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01414", "bookId": 145, "start": 511699, "end": 511759, "sha256": "b49acc282ec75963beebcfddd85a55e6139a5a026fecd02a695a9c4bbdb45d22", "text": "“Not but what the roan was a better trotter than yours.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01415", "bookId": 145, "start": 511761, "end": 511960, "sha256": "b2443ea3e96f2c5e2ca039c63503fc408e182fb20ea4d9dde9d511f78f3d5986", "text": "“I’m quite satisfied with his paces, I know,” said Fred, who required all the consciousness of being in gay company to support him; “I say his trot is an uncommonly clean one, eh, Horrock?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01416", "bookId": 145, "start": 511962, "end": 512069, "sha256": "8645a4eb3727321eca5fd3a54ce2ebb2efe44b9fcb5188a676f60686937d38e9", "text": "Mr. Horrock looked before him with as complete a neutrality as if he had been a portrait by a great master.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01417", "bookId": 145, "start": 512071, "end": 512323, "sha256": "0d5257126045fc1655ae669eedf35b4a915c1880aaebe3f9dbc4167a3d6ce749", "text": "Fred gave up the fallacious hope of getting a genuine opinion; but on reflection he saw that Bambridge’s depreciation and Horrock’s silence were both virtually encouraging, and indicated that they thought better of the horse than they chose to say.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01418", "bookId": 145, "start": 512325, "end": 516049, "sha256": "5caaf269ad9683fcb0102157a2c9a1c5548f29def11156128470c46771442796", "text": "That very evening, indeed, before the fair had set in, Fred thought he saw a favorable opening for disposing advantageously of his horse, but an opening which made him congratulate himself on his foresight in bringing with him his eighty pounds. A young farmer, acquainted with Mr. Bambridge, came into the Red Lion, and entered into conversation about parting with a hunter, which he introduced at once as Diamond, implying that it was a public character. For himself he only wanted a useful hack, which would draw upon occasion; being about to marry and to give up hunting. The hunter was in a friend’s stable at some little distance; there was still time for gentlemen to see it before dark. The friend’s stable had to be reached through a back street where you might as easily have been poisoned without expense of drugs as in any grim street of that unsanitary period. Fred was not fortified against disgust by brandy, as his companions were, but the hope of having at last seen the horse that would enable him to make money was exhilarating enough to lead him over the same ground again the first thing in the morning. He felt sure that if he did not come to a bargain with the farmer, Bambridge would; for the stress of circumstances, Fred felt, was sharpening his acuteness and endowing him with all the constructive power of suspicion. Bambridge had run down Diamond in a way that he never would have done (the horse being a friend’s) if he had not thought of buying it; every one who looked at the animal—even Horrock—was evidently impressed with its merit. To get all the advantage of being with men of this sort, you must know how to draw your inferences, and not be a spoon who takes things literally. The color of the horse was a dappled gray, and Fred happened to know that Lord Medlicote’s man was on the look-out for just such a horse. After all his running down, Bambridge let it out in the course of the evening, when the farmer was absent, that he had seen worse horses go for eighty pounds. Of course he contradicted himself twenty times over, but when you know what is likely to be true you can test a man’s admissions. And Fred could not but reckon his own judgment of a horse as worth something. The farmer had paused over Fred’s respectable though broken-winded steed long enough to show that he thought it worth consideration, and it seemed probable that he would take it, with five-and-twenty pounds in addition, as the equivalent of Diamond. In that case Fred, when he had parted with his new horse for at least eighty pounds, would be fifty-five pounds in pocket by the transaction, and would have a hundred and thirty-five pounds towards meeting the bill; so that the deficit temporarily thrown on Mr. Garth would at the utmost be twenty-five pounds. By the time he was hurrying on his clothes in the morning, he saw so clearly the importance of not losing this rare chance, that if Bambridge and Horrock had both dissuaded him, he would not have been deluded into a direct interpretation of their purpose: he would have been aware that those deep hands held something else than a young fellow’s interest. With regard to horses, distrust was your only clew. But scepticism, as we know, can never be thoroughly applied, else life would come to a standstill: something we must believe in and do, and whatever that something may be called, it is virtually our own judgment, even when it seems like the most slavish reliance on another. Fred believed in the excellence of his bargain, and even before the fair had well set in, had got possession of the dappled gray, at the price of his old horse and thirty pounds in addition—only five pounds more than he had expected to give.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01419", "bookId": 145, "start": 516051, "end": 516293, "sha256": "21fd0a2f92491b259fa5bb1dbe8e0e856d2e49456f670799effa21121b0ae6e8", "text": "But he felt a little worried and wearied, perhaps with mental debate, and without waiting for the further gayeties of the horse-fair, he set out alone on his fourteen miles’ journey, meaning to take it very quietly and keep his horse fresh.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01420", "bookId": 145, "start": 516298, "end": 516311, "sha256": "5f56300fc64d7a7f32f68aed0f9800f98c99d33f99be666f5afaff081cbdc4b3", "text": "CHAPTER XXIV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01421", "bookId": 145, "start": 516313, "end": 516440, "sha256": "dc50b136b8830a568297288d6c415d8d9600a486d6e423c0a0e1988ea1bf73d1", "text": "“The offender’s sorrow brings but small relief To him who wears the strong offence’s cross.” —SHAKESPEARE: _Sonnets_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01422", "bookId": 145, "start": 516443, "end": 519150, "sha256": "f6c1f301adaff01f3ff305230f455bd0a9ddcd9e93c3c0e695fb9f23f99c110f", "text": "I am sorry to say that only the third day after the propitious events at Houndsley Fred Vincy had fallen into worse spirits than he had known in his life before. Not that he had been disappointed as to the possible market for his horse, but that before the bargain could be concluded with Lord Medlicote’s man, this Diamond, in which hope to the amount of eighty pounds had been invested, had without the slightest warning exhibited in the stable a most vicious energy in kicking, had just missed killing the groom, and had ended in laming himself severely by catching his leg in a rope that overhung the stable-board. There was no more redress for this than for the discovery of bad temper after marriage—which of course old companions were aware of before the ceremony. For some reason or other, Fred had none of his usual elasticity under this stroke of ill-fortune: he was simply aware that he had only fifty pounds, that there was no chance of his getting any more at present, and that the bill for a hundred and sixty would be presented in five days. Even if he had applied to his father on the plea that Mr. Garth should be saved from loss, Fred felt smartingly that his father would angrily refuse to rescue Mr. Garth from the consequence of what he would call encouraging extravagance and deceit. He was so utterly downcast that he could frame no other project than to go straight to Mr. Garth and tell him the sad truth, carrying with him the fifty pounds, and getting that sum at least safely out of his own hands. His father, being at the warehouse, did not yet know of the accident: when he did, he would storm about the vicious brute being brought into his stable; and before meeting that lesser annoyance Fred wanted to get away with all his courage to face the greater. He took his father’s nag, for he had made up his mind that when he had told Mr. Garth, he would ride to Stone Court and confess all to Mary. In fact, it is probable that but for Mary’s existence and Fred’s love for her, his conscience would have been much less active both in previously urging the debt on his thought and impelling him not to spare himself after his usual fashion by deferring an unpleasant task, but to act as directly and simply as he could. Even much stronger mortals than Fred Vincy hold half their rectitude in the mind of the being they love best. “The theatre of all my actions is fallen,” said an antique personage when his chief friend was dead; and they are fortunate who get a theatre where the audience demands their best. Certainly it would have made a considerable difference to Fred at that time if Mary Garth had had no decided notions as to what was admirable in character.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01423", "bookId": 145, "start": 519152, "end": 522754, "sha256": "9aaba9b66f6d4291e63b71e7f008a030073a9e75fc908440e9351dc5600c1385", "text": "Mr. Garth was not at the office, and Fred rode on to his house, which was a little way outside the town—a homely place with an orchard in front of it, a rambling, old-fashioned, half-timbered building, which before the town had spread had been a farm-house, but was now surrounded with the private gardens of the townsmen. We get the fonder of our houses if they have a physiognomy of their own, as our friends have. The Garth family, which was rather a large one, for Mary had four brothers and one sister, were very fond of their old house, from which all the best furniture had long been sold. Fred liked it too, knowing it by heart even to the attic which smelt deliciously of apples and quinces, and until to-day he had never come to it without pleasant expectations; but his heart beat uneasily now with the sense that he should probably have to make his confession before Mrs. Garth, of whom he was rather more in awe than of her husband. Not that she was inclined to sarcasm and to impulsive sallies, as Mary was. In her present matronly age at least, Mrs. Garth never committed herself by over-hasty speech; having, as she said, borne the yoke in her youth, and learned self-control. She had that rare sense which discerns what is unalterable, and submits to it without murmuring. Adoring her husband’s virtues, she had very early made up her mind to his incapacity of minding his own interests, and had met the consequences cheerfully. She had been magnanimous enough to renounce all pride in teapots or children’s frilling, and had never poured any pathetic confidences into the ears of her feminine neighbors concerning Mr. Garth’s want of prudence and the sums he might have had if he had been like other men. Hence these fair neighbors thought her either proud or eccentric, and sometimes spoke of her to their husbands as “your fine Mrs. Garth.” She was not without her criticism of them in return, being more accurately instructed than most matrons in Middlemarch, and—where is the blameless woman?—apt to be a little severe towards her own sex, which in her opinion was framed to be entirely subordinate. On the other hand, she was disproportionately indulgent towards the failings of men, and was often heard to say that these were natural. Also, it must be admitted that Mrs. Garth was a trifle too emphatic in her resistance to what she held to be follies: the passage from governess into housewife had wrought itself a little too strongly into her consciousness, and she rarely forgot that while her grammar and accent were above the town standard, she wore a plain cap, cooked the family dinner, and darned all the stockings. She had sometimes taken pupils in a peripatetic fashion, making them follow her about in the kitchen with their book or slate. She thought it good for them to see that she could make an excellent lather while she corrected their blunders “without looking,”—that a woman with her sleeves tucked up above her elbows might know all about the Subjunctive Mood or the Torrid Zone—that, in short, she might possess “education” and other good things ending in “tion,” and worthy to be pronounced emphatically, without being a useless doll. When she made remarks to this edifying effect, she had a firm little frown on her brow, which yet did not hinder her face from looking benevolent, and her words which came forth like a procession were uttered in a fervid agreeable contralto. Certainly, the exemplary Mrs. Garth had her droll aspects, but her character sustained her oddities, as a very fine wine sustains a flavor of skin.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01424", "bookId": 145, "start": 522756, "end": 523869, "sha256": "bbecf42155c74ce0be5feecb36d84a5e8ea020acd9e6ebbbbe051e788a82b347", "text": "Towards Fred Vincy she had a motherly feeling, and had always been disposed to excuse his errors, though she would probably not have excused Mary for engaging herself to him, her daughter being included in that more rigorous judgment which she applied to her own sex. But this very fact of her exceptional indulgence towards him made it the harder to Fred that he must now inevitably sink in her opinion. And the circumstances of his visit turned out to be still more unpleasant than he had expected; for Caleb Garth had gone out early to look at some repairs not far off. Mrs. Garth at certain hours was always in the kitchen, and this morning she was carrying on several occupations at once there—making her pies at the well-scoured deal table on one side of that airy room, observing Sally’s movements at the oven and dough-tub through an open door, and giving lessons to her youngest boy and girl, who were standing opposite to her at the table with their books and slates before them. A tub and a clothes-horse at the other end of the kitchen indicated an intermittent wash of small things also going on.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01425", "bookId": 145, "start": 523871, "end": 524753, "sha256": "061c75c715438a20c6d01f98b53fa3b797a7ef5100f56baf365de927a3eb91e6", "text": "Mrs. Garth, with her sleeves turned above her elbows, deftly handling her pastry—applying her rolling-pin and giving ornamental pinches, while she expounded with grammatical fervor what were the right views about the concord of verbs and pronouns with “nouns of multitude or signifying many,” was a sight agreeably amusing. She was of the same curly-haired, square-faced type as Mary, but handsomer, with more delicacy of feature, a pale skin, a solid matronly figure, and a remarkable firmness of glance. In her snowy-frilled cap she reminded one of that delightful Frenchwoman whom we have all seen marketing, basket on arm. Looking at the mother, you might hope that the daughter would become like her, which is a prospective advantage equal to a dowry—the mother too often standing behind the daughter like a malignant prophecy—“Such as I am, she will shortly be.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01426", "bookId": 145, "start": 524755, "end": 525080, "sha256": "6e4fb0b729b01225cb2b880cd178d99164955000c666ba27f6bc401583d45671", "text": "“Now let us go through that once more,” said Mrs. Garth, pinching an apple-puff which seemed to distract Ben, an energetic young male with a heavy brow, from due attention to the lesson. “‘Not without regard to the import of the word as conveying unity or plurality of idea’—tell me again what that means, Ben.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01427", "bookId": 145, "start": 525082, "end": 525260, "sha256": "452cb286d65213dd90bd81e4a19f9efe576af7d174f9f756cb43412ec893f43f", "text": "(Mrs. Garth, like more celebrated educators, had her favorite ancient paths, and in a general wreck of society would have tried to hold her “Lindley Murray” above the waves.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01428", "bookId": 145, "start": 525262, "end": 525387, "sha256": "8c2c53de35e68754d1f213a558d83ae93c652c10b2391502cf95d49e0f25a980", "text": "“Oh—it means—you must think what you mean,” said Ben, rather peevishly. “I hate grammar. What’s the use of it?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01429", "bookId": 145, "start": 525389, "end": 525556, "sha256": "3aaeef8cdedb54762b73fade53684368361bf5de364e6fb686aa414498e9f449", "text": "“To teach you to speak and write correctly, so that you can be understood,” said Mrs. Garth, with severe precision. “Should you like to speak as old Job does?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01430", "bookId": 145, "start": 525558, "end": 525672, "sha256": "c2dfc7659d649554436fb3f4386f2a02d014296cd68d98cff162f0a455b3b99e", "text": "“Yes,” said Ben, stoutly; “it’s funnier. He says, ‘Yo goo’—that’s just as good as ‘You go.’”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01431", "bookId": 145, "start": 525674, "end": 525841, "sha256": "4c1ee1e94cafd9110011a87e614f4231f981715f750c954dbb2ba3e93242b2e4", "text": "“But he says, ‘A ship’s in the garden,’ instead of ‘a sheep,’” said Letty, with an air of superiority. “You might think he meant a ship off the sea.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01432", "bookId": 145, "start": 525843, "end": 525949, "sha256": "09a0d2ab3f12453581bf0e1bddfce09387b60d7370aca4269059949b6ccef6df", "text": "“No, you mightn’t, if you weren’t silly,” said Ben. “How could a ship off the sea come there?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01433", "bookId": 145, "start": 525951, "end": 526508, "sha256": "cbd5fbd2c4e957f3fff5431c925c36baca9a54e6e1b01732c7788771db781fe2", "text": "“These things belong only to pronunciation, which is the least part of grammar,” said Mrs. Garth. “That apple-peel is to be eaten by the pigs, Ben; if you eat it, I must give them your piece of pasty. Job has only to speak about very plain things. How do you think you would write or speak about anything more difficult, if you knew no more of grammar than he does? You would use wrong words, and put words in the wrong places, and instead of making people understand you, they would turn away from you as a tiresome person. What would you do then?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01434", "bookId": 145, "start": 526510, "end": 526640, "sha256": "0318acf8729cbfde8985d2be3af19224b88d6a064a1f31ab12e739283649a403", "text": "“I shouldn’t care, I should leave off,” said Ben, with a sense that this was an agreeable issue where grammar was concerned.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01435", "bookId": 145, "start": 526642, "end": 526931, "sha256": "aec51e7e12fbaad10c34c09f65f46dc21a04e6eb5785914592ce6e730d5f3dc5", "text": "“I see you are getting tired and stupid, Ben,” said Mrs. Garth, accustomed to these obstructive arguments from her male offspring. Having finished her pies, she moved towards the clothes-horse, and said, “Come here and tell me the story I told you on Wednesday, about Cincinnatus.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01436", "bookId": 145, "start": 526933, "end": 526973, "sha256": "2e9c1882df5c988641c220aad132586ce80cbd98691c08c4256ef1ee2c643a9f", "text": "“I know! he was a farmer,” said Ben.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01437", "bookId": 145, "start": 526975, "end": 527065, "sha256": "288aee9f2a66caf2429bd723a655cac3ebbef0d98826b73323bd0b5de45d3475", "text": "“Now, Ben, he was a Roman—let _me_ tell,” said Letty, using her elbow contentiously.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01438", "bookId": 145, "start": 527067, "end": 527134, "sha256": "639e2115e67a552df7f56005936d591a2e924e377a17c1fb39400cb6c7c7457f", "text": "“You silly thing, he was a Roman farmer, and he was ploughing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01439", "bookId": 145, "start": 527136, "end": 527222, "sha256": "e2b996a1b4fb888203d368823f4d7069025d598fe455bc0f0fce7162afd7d40f", "text": "“Yes, but before that—that didn’t come first—people wanted him,” said Letty.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01440", "bookId": 145, "start": 527224, "end": 527471, "sha256": "c9bbb49a75be9440b7cf64ca861c29df7c6338bd446d4e82e621e4437dc90853", "text": "“Well, but you must say what sort of a man he was first,” insisted Ben. “He was a wise man, like my father, and that made the people want his advice. And he was a brave man, and could fight. And so could my father—couldn’t he, mother?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01441", "bookId": 145, "start": 527473, "end": 527612, "sha256": "17f4172d0cb17f66164e287c74df904ac0d204654c8da4f3b34e78c82a3aaae3", "text": "“Now, Ben, let me tell the story straight on, as mother told it us,” said Letty, frowning. “Please, mother, tell Ben not to speak.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01442", "bookId": 145, "start": 527614, "end": 528189, "sha256": "945843885dcea273a2b53654210869cce17f41e4795dcf60ed202e824825502d", "text": "“Letty, I am ashamed of you,” said her mother, wringing out the caps from the tub. “When your brother began, you ought to have waited to see if he could not tell the story. How rude you look, pushing and frowning, as if you wanted to conquer with your elbows! Cincinnatus, I am sure, would have been sorry to see his daughter behave so.” (Mrs. Garth delivered this awful sentence with much majesty of enunciation, and Letty felt that between repressed volubility and general disesteem, that of the Romans inclusive, life was already a painful affair.) “Now, Ben.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01443", "bookId": 145, "start": 528191, "end": 528396, "sha256": "665d4f9e3703421fa6afff97cacb24389311828c005488c5983138d71f5a1f77", "text": "“Well—oh—well—why, there was a great deal of fighting, and they were all blockheads, and—I can’t tell it just how you told it—but they wanted a man to be captain and king and everything—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01444", "bookId": 145, "start": 528398, "end": 528500, "sha256": "1560a1cc8b591c8ce78bc8548ccfea91597c22a3ef2dbe53ae5a4ee1a66275d9", "text": "“Dictator, now,” said Letty, with injured looks, and not without a wish to make her mother repent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01445", "bookId": 145, "start": 528502, "end": 528632, "sha256": "3b78df975d1938d1632dc7188a366f687696dea4a5851a6ca224044e8e64170a", "text": "“Very well, dictator!” said Ben, contemptuously. “But that isn’t a good word: he didn’t tell them to write on slates.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01446", "bookId": 145, "start": 528634, "end": 528792, "sha256": "20a052acc0b86a622ba40eea8608962fcf2720fb635d52bee7845e01d0dacf23", "text": "“Come, come, Ben, you are not so ignorant as that,” said Mrs. Garth, carefully serious. “Hark, there is a knock at the door! Run, Letty, and open it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01447", "bookId": 145, "start": 528794, "end": 529170, "sha256": "e5d435a6242f562453dc7b11aa2219a577927009e4866f024bccf4aa164d06f5", "text": "The knock was Fred’s; and when Letty said that her father was not in yet, but that her mother was in the kitchen, Fred had no alternative. He could not depart from his usual practice of going to see Mrs. Garth in the kitchen if she happened to be at work there. He put his arm round Letty’s neck silently, and led her into the kitchen without his usual jokes and caresses.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01448", "bookId": 145, "start": 529172, "end": 529334, "sha256": "fc958cef49a044d0c5ebb36a312466908a1544ca827689712c273316439251b4", "text": "Mrs. Garth was surprised to see Fred at this hour, but surprise was not a feeling that she was given to express, and she only said, quietly continuing her work—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01449", "bookId": 145, "start": 529336, "end": 529417, "sha256": "5eb982ae2a17eed7d92d258e8c8445526a2f221bd00ed9559e5e6ba3edd16ad4", "text": "“You, Fred, so early in the day? You look quite pale. Has anything happened?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01450", "bookId": 145, "start": 529419, "end": 529685, "sha256": "11a9694c9402164e8c364e779372fc88f8693e0ba2589b63dbd643b3d3021b54", "text": "“I want to speak to Mr. Garth,” said Fred, not yet ready to say more—“and to you also,” he added, after a little pause, for he had no doubt that Mrs. Garth knew everything about the bill, and he must in the end speak of it before her, if not to her solely.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01451", "bookId": 145, "start": 529687, "end": 529968, "sha256": "714c476abbf5b881432cfd6c0ee1b1fc84d5be702cf4fe514c151ff8f3c23573", "text": "“Caleb will be in again in a few minutes,” said Mrs. Garth, who imagined some trouble between Fred and his father. “He is sure not to be long, because he has some work at his desk that must be done this morning. Do you mind staying with me, while I finish my matters here?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01452", "bookId": 145, "start": 529970, "end": 530123, "sha256": "315225a4b3438d1ea655d67a028f081ff34c5de1f463a81c42ed4b309715a771", "text": "“But we needn’t go on about Cincinnatus, need we?” said Ben, who had taken Fred’s whip out of his hand, and was trying its efficiency on the cat.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01453", "bookId": 145, "start": 530125, "end": 530253, "sha256": "9b321e3a49a73e7587e3cd89f5d4c7c34446e35a5f0de4bad126617d56f919c2", "text": "“No, go out now. But put that whip down. How very mean of you to whip poor old Tortoise! Pray take the whip from him, Fred.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01454", "bookId": 145, "start": 530255, "end": 530320, "sha256": "4119e7f944764eb0e16fd27e83587362ac6ef411ba3f7e23d353a76477d3e674", "text": "“Come, old boy, give it me,” said Fred, putting out his hand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01455", "bookId": 145, "start": 530322, "end": 530446, "sha256": "0f6b70903b322061417de81496e47029bc8a8712d306ade847ca23d19f4438ce", "text": "“Will you let me ride on your horse to-day?” said Ben, rendering up the whip, with an air of not being obliged to do it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01456", "bookId": 145, "start": 530448, "end": 530510, "sha256": "56a1341317ad23b3d5c235de0ce7c0526d312e8c90a65c4073274c4b78cadc63", "text": "“Not to-day—another time. I am not riding my own horse.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01457", "bookId": 145, "start": 530512, "end": 530544, "sha256": "864ae677eafc73326c0a9bf87715f07795266cbc64626e610e8d95734c278295", "text": "“Shall you see Mary to-day?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01458", "bookId": 145, "start": 530546, "end": 530606, "sha256": "26585ed06802aba6c9400201014a2dc7ec52f080f2d33c917f55e83fe1cbb915", "text": "“Yes, I think so,” said Fred, with an unpleasant twinge.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01459", "bookId": 145, "start": 530608, "end": 530677, "sha256": "324fee4c9dbceddd78a408544d1216ace9c582b24f5129c3907b99d0410ab754", "text": "“Tell her to come home soon, and play at forfeits, and make fun.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01460", "bookId": 145, "start": 530679, "end": 530761, "sha256": "b77d43c9b7a556b10d8f5a01b8e4af672d29c93bd1765c71c2c37de4028236dd", "text": "“Enough, enough, Ben! run away,” said Mrs. Garth, seeing that Fred was teased.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01461", "bookId": 145, "start": 530763, "end": 531091, "sha256": "df89271173eb4999511b28969378482f7b2402ce4406456360c4ba8394f4e43d", "text": "“Are Letty and Ben your only pupils now, Mrs. Garth?” said Fred, when the children were gone and it was needful to say something that would pass the time. He was not yet sure whether he should wait for Mr. Garth, or use any good opportunity in conversation to confess to Mrs. Garth herself, give her the money and ride away.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01462", "bookId": 145, "start": 531093, "end": 531401, "sha256": "2ceffd9cd2ec237026aa570f49e40bfd7780e482a641e9167f4294844739f069", "text": "“One—only one. Fanny Hackbutt comes at half past eleven. I am not getting a great income now,” said Mrs. Garth, smiling. “I am at a low ebb with pupils. But I have saved my little purse for Alfred’s premium: I have ninety-two pounds. He can go to Mr. Hanmer’s now; he is just at the right age.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01463", "bookId": 145, "start": 531403, "end": 531869, "sha256": "df48f6b1e75f39c97607a7f1a4aee52c5f67670e2ed7bf33a8b56edf5a9c5fe8", "text": "This did not lead well towards the news that Mr. Garth was on the brink of losing ninety-two pounds and more. Fred was silent. “Young gentlemen who go to college are rather more costly than that,” Mrs. Garth innocently continued, pulling out the edging on a cap-border. “And Caleb thinks that Alfred will turn out a distinguished engineer: he wants to give the boy a good chance. There he is! I hear him coming in. We will go to him in the parlor, shall we?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01464", "bookId": 145, "start": 531871, "end": 531957, "sha256": "89d49df8128ad2da0ec1ee6cb816b16f2fbf4cc05d007f7f8363a29611819171", "text": "When they entered the parlor Caleb had thrown down his hat and was seated at his desk.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01465", "bookId": 145, "start": 531959, "end": 532234, "sha256": "e32811f32f72b90948d4643b56f0bc0752062709349402943e97c1df7454a74a", "text": "“What! Fred, my boy!” he said, in a tone of mild surprise, holding his pen still undipped; “you are here betimes.” But missing the usual expression of cheerful greeting in Fred’s face, he immediately added, “Is there anything up at home?—anything the matter?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01466", "bookId": 145, "start": 532236, "end": 532547, "sha256": "592597d8c92d39d3bb1e87b2598b65f86d820a6f8918b163d537e174f33602c0", "text": "“Yes, Mr. Garth, I am come to tell something that I am afraid will give you a bad opinion of me. I am come to tell you and Mrs. Garth that I can’t keep my word. I can’t find the money to meet the bill after all. I have been unfortunate; I have only got these fifty pounds towards the hundred and sixty.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01467", "bookId": 145, "start": 532549, "end": 532877, "sha256": "c20dcb3e0edacd0658c28be771e192325897e54e602a94d0792566b717f6e4a0", "text": "While Fred was speaking, he had taken out the notes and laid them on the desk before Mr. Garth. He had burst forth at once with the plain fact, feeling boyishly miserable and without verbal resources. Mrs. Garth was mutely astonished, and looked at her husband for an explanation. Caleb blushed, and after a little pause said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01468", "bookId": 145, "start": 532879, "end": 533028, "sha256": "da3fc6f35ae5a1fae0e39997f0af2538ffa546f828fc4bf8c4a630522f385dfc", "text": "“Oh, I didn’t tell you, Susan: I put my name to a bill for Fred; it was for a hundred and sixty pounds. He made sure he could meet it himself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01469", "bookId": 145, "start": 533030, "end": 533193, "sha256": "74d43678e8c320eaa274427f2584d271b06a29e5abf35dd212f05f9366662796", "text": "There was an evident change in Mrs. Garth’s face, but it was like a change below the surface of water which remains smooth. She fixed her eyes on Fred, saying—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01470", "bookId": 145, "start": 533195, "end": 533287, "sha256": "b430c53a8a3537a387ec90216b6aaa81457e0365c25786f1c5cf75d830a7faa1", "text": "“I suppose you have asked your father for the rest of the money and he has refused you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01471", "bookId": 145, "start": 533289, "end": 533500, "sha256": "c43092f089ba94464ddb6482307a461600737db5308ba28d1546039bed84db49", "text": "“No,” said Fred, biting his lip, and speaking with more difficulty; “but I know it will be of no use to ask him; and unless it were of use, I should not like to mention Mr. Garth’s name in the matter.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01472", "bookId": 145, "start": 533502, "end": 533892, "sha256": "b6e7e640eb3bbbb267a9ac27b1e4771b4c0bd4d907bdba14457652b0b0953ead", "text": "“It has come at an unfortunate time,” said Caleb, in his hesitating way, looking down at the notes and nervously fingering the paper, “Christmas upon us—I’m rather hard up just now. You see, I have to cut out everything like a tailor with short measure. What can we do, Susan? I shall want every farthing we have in the bank. It’s a hundred and ten pounds, the deuce take it!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01473", "bookId": 145, "start": 533894, "end": 534209, "sha256": "a148900ef266cfd36da0935551b847b9279df7dd099850ee6dd564ac705dd4f0", "text": "“I must give you the ninety-two pounds that I have put by for Alfred’s premium,” said Mrs. Garth, gravely and decisively, though a nice ear might have discerned a slight tremor in some of the words. “And I have no doubt that Mary has twenty pounds saved from her salary by this time. She will advance it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01474", "bookId": 145, "start": 534211, "end": 535269, "sha256": "26b844d957025329f2cd720c787e4f38107f79395bdb283c0c5218b0e2187653", "text": "Mrs. Garth had not again looked at Fred, and was not in the least calculating what words she should use to cut him the most effectively. Like the eccentric woman she was, she was at present absorbed in considering what was to be done, and did not fancy that the end could be better achieved by bitter remarks or explosions. But she had made Fred feel for the first time something like the tooth of remorse. Curiously enough, his pain in the affair beforehand had consisted almost entirely in the sense that he must seem dishonorable, and sink in the opinion of the Garths: he had not occupied himself with the inconvenience and possible injury that his breach might occasion them, for this exercise of the imagination on other people’s needs is not common with hopeful young gentlemen. Indeed we are most of us brought up in the notion that the highest motive for not doing a wrong is something irrespective of the beings who would suffer the wrong. But at this moment he suddenly saw himself as a pitiful rascal who was robbing two women of their savings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01475", "bookId": 145, "start": 535271, "end": 535349, "sha256": "fed737985b32755118a989b352e9675ac81831244c143a8fbb9fe1ca0c3dfb32", "text": "“I shall certainly pay it all, Mrs. Garth—ultimately,” he stammered out.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01476", "bookId": 145, "start": 535351, "end": 535643, "sha256": "8e55240dee831955f9b517d2c711f7c01e292f34023d594ad19640eddf6b1f2a", "text": "“Yes, ultimately,” said Mrs. Garth, who having a special dislike to fine words on ugly occasions, could not now repress an epigram. “But boys cannot well be apprenticed ultimately: they should be apprenticed at fifteen.” She had never been so little inclined to make excuses for Fred.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01477", "bookId": 145, "start": 535645, "end": 535951, "sha256": "401921dab11889f2b0032a56368d78dbb0645dfd622cdc43c12e8edc1bde67ec", "text": "“I was the most in the wrong, Susan,” said Caleb. “Fred made sure of finding the money. But I’d no business to be fingering bills. I suppose you have looked all round and tried all honest means?” he added, fixing his merciful gray eyes on Fred. Caleb was too delicate to specify Mr. Featherstone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01478", "bookId": 145, "start": 535953, "end": 536603, "sha256": "3a9cb6bcb6c111693875ffe5d349198076d54da4087af21dae8de24bc1fcc11b", "text": "“Yes, I have tried everything—I really have. I should have had a hundred and thirty pounds ready but for a misfortune with a horse which I was about to sell. My uncle had given me eighty pounds, and I paid away thirty with my old horse in order to get another which I was going to sell for eighty or more—I meant to go without a horse—but now it has turned out vicious and lamed itself. I wish I and the horses too had been at the devil, before I had brought this on you. There’s no one else I care so much for: you and Mrs. Garth have always been so kind to me. However, it’s no use saying that. You will always think me a rascal now.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01479", "bookId": 145, "start": 536605, "end": 536838, "sha256": "6a1307a3788e333cc818526f3bf82fe0e8bfa7a8b132e53bddc3ef4546a60e1a", "text": "Fred turned round and hurried out of the room, conscious that he was getting rather womanish, and feeling confusedly that his being sorry was not of much use to the Garths. They could see him mount, and quickly pass through the gate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01480", "bookId": 145, "start": 536840, "end": 537134, "sha256": "d99b818568f198f70d9b5f9c258e02b4f660c681c31b4ad6527e8bb74c810cf8", "text": "“I am disappointed in Fred Vincy,” said Mrs. Garth. “I would not have believed beforehand that he would have drawn you into his debts. I knew he was extravagant, but I did not think that he would be so mean as to hang his risks on his oldest friend, who could the least afford to lose.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01481", "bookId": 145, "start": 537136, "end": 537162, "sha256": "1cea78b3c0509b1017fb74c08d1cde4f19c24184bd437148529870f4eae5ef05", "text": "“I was a fool, Susan.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01482", "bookId": 145, "start": 537164, "end": 537512, "sha256": "ea5e888be3dee844ce98f9f76a8f0ca91367f467150de059e0f883abd045391b", "text": "“That you were,” said the wife, nodding and smiling. “But I should not have gone to publish it in the market-place. Why should you keep such things from me? It is just so with your buttons: you let them burst off without telling me, and go out with your wristband hanging. If I had only known I might have been ready with some better plan.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01483", "bookId": 145, "start": 537514, "end": 537676, "sha256": "44ee4ded635153363cbf5e6f966fd33734fc42bc26ca3947ee2f83cc541fbed9", "text": "“You are sadly cut up, I know, Susan,” said Caleb, looking feelingly at her. “I can’t abide your losing the money you’ve scraped together for Alfred.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01484", "bookId": 145, "start": 537678, "end": 538032, "sha256": "0e0ef5124e753b19655a1922b868fc812e14a8ff326cbad3f3456b569dbd058e", "text": "“It is very well that I _had_ scraped it together; and it is you who will have to suffer, for you must teach the boy yourself. You must give up your bad habits. Some men take to drinking, and you have taken to working without pay. You must indulge yourself a little less in that. And you must ride over to Mary, and ask the child what money she has.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01485", "bookId": 145, "start": 538034, "end": 538171, "sha256": "fbc1f1cc3ef5c766a797170b1e5b80ea82f774511646ca0e6645dbab0b92afa7", "text": "Caleb had pushed his chair back, and was leaning forward, shaking his head slowly, and fitting his finger-tips together with much nicety.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01486", "bookId": 145, "start": 538173, "end": 538285, "sha256": "a8859480a92244d71d7cc258a67fb20e5bdfb8d5daaa10f391a0e5c841764ad3", "text": "“Poor Mary!” he said. “Susan,” he went on in a lowered tone, “I’m afraid she may be fond of Fred.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01487", "bookId": 145, "start": 538287, "end": 538397, "sha256": "6be4f1ce5572d74b229344b638675c9bc89fe34d36250c80e2cda39f114b020c", "text": "“Oh no! She always laughs at him; and he is not likely to think of her in any other than a brotherly way.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01488", "bookId": 145, "start": 538399, "end": 538605, "sha256": "d6744cb53d8db5790fda905d4c42061f807fcc9cc206ea68004714d44ca872f3", "text": "Caleb made no rejoinder, but presently lowered his spectacles, drew up his chair to the desk, and said, “Deuce take the bill—I wish it was at Hanover! These things are a sad interruption to business!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01489", "bookId": 145, "start": 538607, "end": 538985, "sha256": "644de62c985fb96c15fd4733d57480087559b1e314e5c2516b8904df701b1cff", "text": "The first part of this speech comprised his whole store of maledictory expression, and was uttered with a slight snarl easy to imagine. But it would be difficult to convey to those who never heard him utter the word “business,” the peculiar tone of fervid veneration, of religious regard, in which he wrapped it, as a consecrated symbol is wrapped in its gold-fringed linen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01490", "bookId": 145, "start": 538987, "end": 540208, "sha256": "e99aeb6e636a922e7b5d2d915d2208dfa6aabf47efe80ee6be7357d17e9a51ef", "text": "Caleb Garth often shook his head in meditation on the value, the indispensable might of that myriad-headed, myriad-handed labor by which the social body is fed, clothed, and housed. It had laid hold of his imagination in boyhood. The echoes of the great hammer where roof or keel were a-making, the signal-shouts of the workmen, the roar of the furnace, the thunder and plash of the engine, were a sublime music to him; the felling and lading of timber, and the huge trunk vibrating star-like in the distance along the highway, the crane at work on the wharf, the piled-up produce in warehouses, the precision and variety of muscular effort wherever exact work had to be turned out,—all these sights of his youth had acted on him as poetry without the aid of the poets, had made a philosophy for him without the aid of philosophers, a religion without the aid of theology. His early ambition had been to have as effective a share as possible in this sublime labor, which was peculiarly dignified by him with the name of “business;” and though he had only been a short time under a surveyor, and had been chiefly his own teacher, he knew more of land, building, and mining than most of the special men in the county.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01491", "bookId": 145, "start": 540210, "end": 542236, "sha256": "fb8160d2f0e2b4f437264fc6f2ac4efffa0418c1f357737050263a5832c91ca7", "text": "His classification of human employments was rather crude, and, like the categories of more celebrated men, would not be acceptable in these advanced times. He divided them into “business, politics, preaching, learning, and amusement.” He had nothing to say against the last four; but he regarded them as a reverential pagan regarded other gods than his own. In the same way, he thought very well of all ranks, but he would not himself have liked to be of any rank in which he had not such close contact with “business” as to get often honorably decorated with marks of dust and mortar, the damp of the engine, or the sweet soil of the woods and fields. Though he had never regarded himself as other than an orthodox Christian, and would argue on prevenient grace if the subject were proposed to him, I think his virtual divinities were good practical schemes, accurate work, and the faithful completion of undertakings: his prince of darkness was a slack workman. But there was no spirit of denial in Caleb, and the world seemed so wondrous to him that he was ready to accept any number of systems, like any number of firmaments, if they did not obviously interfere with the best land-drainage, solid building, correct measuring, and judicious boring (for coal). In fact, he had a reverential soul with a strong practical intelligence. But he could not manage finance: he knew values well, but he had no keenness of imagination for monetary results in the shape of profit and loss: and having ascertained this to his cost, he determined to give up all forms of his beloved “business” which required that talent. He gave himself up entirely to the many kinds of work which he could do without handling capital, and was one of those precious men within his own district whom everybody would choose to work for them, because he did his work well, charged very little, and often declined to charge at all. It is no wonder, then, that the Garths were poor, and “lived in a small way.” However, they did not mind it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01492", "bookId": 145, "start": 542241, "end": 542253, "sha256": "b125fb6d47a8af4a93a442aa45fd032a679d5594b043d0e7e9fc3fd84f417811", "text": "CHAPTER XXV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01493", "bookId": 145, "start": 542255, "end": 542603, "sha256": "5e940df014cbc63e0acc66574eb1a7b44e54e912754a806592e491135957969c", "text": "“Love seeketh not itself to please, Nor for itself hath any care But for another gives its ease And builds a heaven in hell’s despair. . . . . . . . Love seeketh only self to please, To bind another to its delight, Joys in another’s loss of ease, And builds a hell in heaven’s despite.” —W. BLAKE: _Songs of Experience_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01494", "bookId": 145, "start": 542606, "end": 543272, "sha256": "d56c3c663709ff6ee2790a47dd9495bbe46d0d7d88939a7da7286109d7336996", "text": "Fred Vincy wanted to arrive at Stone Court when Mary could not expect him, and when his uncle was not downstairs: in that case she might be sitting alone in the wainscoted parlor. He left his horse in the yard to avoid making a noise on the gravel in front, and entered the parlor without other notice than the noise of the door-handle. Mary was in her usual corner, laughing over Mrs. Piozzi’s recollections of Johnson, and looked up with the fun still in her face. It gradually faded as she saw Fred approach her without speaking, and stand before her with his elbow on the mantel-piece, looking ill. She too was silent, only raising her eyes to him inquiringly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01495", "bookId": 145, "start": 543274, "end": 543337, "sha256": "41cf2d84d0d6a4da4264732367a4bbec6b6be63cb6d82fbd44bdd91d5874405b", "text": "“Mary,” he began, “I am a good-for-nothing blackguard.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01496", "bookId": 145, "start": 543339, "end": 543450, "sha256": "f826d857b02ae63a79d95ac6ce6eb5a025888984a447c87c70413f2357c21829", "text": "“I should think one of those epithets would do at a time,” said Mary, trying to smile, but feeling alarmed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01497", "bookId": 145, "start": 543452, "end": 543672, "sha256": "f9f072c764c36c02ccf739e590da6885bab231a37e3f18d325536c59d56b106c", "text": "“I know you will never think well of me any more. You will think me a liar. You will think me dishonest. You will think I didn’t care for you, or your father and mother. You always do make the worst of me, I know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01498", "bookId": 145, "start": 543674, "end": 543869, "sha256": "8c134f209247749f40b34458504c5319fb70205ac17f82883f41ec19607400ad", "text": "“I cannot deny that I shall think all that of you, Fred, if you give me good reasons. But please to tell me at once what you have done. I would rather know the painful truth than imagine it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01499", "bookId": 145, "start": 543871, "end": 544507, "sha256": "e56ea34c66f5099195dc90603e2feec47929248c3fd76f745129ad790d72d1a9", "text": "“I owed money—a hundred and sixty pounds. I asked your father to put his name to a bill. I thought it would not signify to him. I made sure of paying the money myself, and I have tried as hard as I could. And now, I have been so unlucky—a horse has turned out badly—I can only pay fifty pounds. And I can’t ask my father for the money: he would not give me a farthing. And my uncle gave me a hundred a little while ago. So what can I do? And now your father has no ready money to spare, and your mother will have to pay away her ninety-two pounds that she has saved, and she says your savings must go too. You see what a—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01500", "bookId": 145, "start": 544509, "end": 544927, "sha256": "fd33b7159d5ce54f40bd394e535937e53184873ea4641cc7cda507b0ef392f79", "text": "“Oh, poor mother, poor father!” said Mary, her eyes filling with tears, and a little sob rising which she tried to repress. She looked straight before her and took no notice of Fred, all the consequences at home becoming present to her. He too remained silent for some moments, feeling more miserable than ever. “I wouldn’t have hurt you for the world, Mary,” he said at last. “You can never forgive me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01501", "bookId": 145, "start": 544929, "end": 545224, "sha256": "5a7905ec894aa16630372273f92a6cec05a7d96ccd03ed07e2921741155a93f8", "text": "“What does it matter whether I forgive you?” said Mary, passionately. “Would that make it any better for my mother to lose the money she has been earning by lessons for four years, that she might send Alfred to Mr. Hanmer’s? Should you think all that pleasant enough if I forgave you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01502", "bookId": 145, "start": 545226, "end": 545274, "sha256": "2dd78e1c9eeb46ebd1f5f1315b6df024eb89888c767d34f5d67297f0b46dee2c", "text": "“Say what you like, Mary. I deserve it all.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01503", "bookId": 145, "start": 545276, "end": 545442, "sha256": "82f941b1495fa5cbc4bb6003fd9f6f4d321267bb8d924e4bf0c074c4d97a8bd5", "text": "“I don’t want to say anything,” said Mary, more quietly, “and my anger is of no use.” She dried her eyes, threw aside her book, rose and fetched her sewing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01504", "bookId": 145, "start": 545444, "end": 545615, "sha256": "b72a6dcc165a714c26c28586d030b22afff2b85c7a1c0b41ae706b8a01824986", "text": "Fred followed her with his eyes, hoping that they would meet hers, and in that way find access for his imploring penitence. But no! Mary could easily avoid looking upward.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01505", "bookId": 145, "start": 545617, "end": 545895, "sha256": "0c483e4310039ed3129fa29bd49290dae315ec42ad540b1f6a650ee87fe5ddf2", "text": "“I do care about your mother’s money going,” he said, when she was seated again and sewing quickly. “I wanted to ask you, Mary—don’t you think that Mr. Featherstone—if you were to tell him—tell him, I mean, about apprenticing Alfred—would advance the money?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01506", "bookId": 145, "start": 545897, "end": 546225, "sha256": "e8181bac95b6f07326ad9f245f8a16ced13625e3c6749c06bc0d83688d27ca8e", "text": "“My family is not fond of begging, Fred. We would rather work for our money. Besides, you say that Mr. Featherstone has lately given you a hundred pounds. He rarely makes presents; he has never made presents to us. I am sure my father will not ask him for anything; and even if I chose to beg of him, it would be of no use.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01507", "bookId": 145, "start": 546227, "end": 546317, "sha256": "62324123b9b641c953ac8ff87e09f7aa68b5772852b8634c5ffaa66f8926fe00", "text": "“I am so miserable, Mary—if you knew how miserable I am, you would be sorry for me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01508", "bookId": 145, "start": 546319, "end": 546516, "sha256": "39b29278380ab6476e3ed049e2c06e7bd3ce6cfec52dc50c97280eceb465a263", "text": "“There are other things to be more sorry for than that. But selfish people always think their own discomfort of more importance than anything else in the world. I see enough of that every day.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01509", "bookId": 145, "start": 546518, "end": 546650, "sha256": "78389d6503f994e809b2de4af8d272ced618599bc22aa65dd0d11fe1c305bc1b", "text": "“It is hardly fair to call me selfish. If you knew what things other young men do, you would think me a good way off the worst.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01510", "bookId": 145, "start": 546652, "end": 546876, "sha256": "b153dc3f9ab6a720fea387c991909e692c5e394bda7e9c8114830c85afd670b5", "text": "“I know that people who spend a great deal of money on themselves without knowing how they shall pay, must be selfish. They are always thinking of what they can get for themselves, and not of what other people may lose.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01511", "bookId": 145, "start": 546878, "end": 547052, "sha256": "265530d6cccdf81c9aa568246d0a245b386ad7b07f0f40144b0f9064b6f92a98", "text": "“Any man may be unfortunate, Mary, and find himself unable to pay when he meant it. There is not a better man in the world than your father, and yet he got into trouble.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01512", "bookId": 145, "start": 547054, "end": 547388, "sha256": "c035c2625ad20b1778c8b19a5e73956b54bbe9543237b9fee888beb5240f5b59", "text": "“How dare you make any comparison between my father and you, Fred?” said Mary, in a deep tone of indignation. “He never got into trouble by thinking of his own idle pleasures, but because he was always thinking of the work he was doing for other people. And he has fared hard, and worked hard to make good everybody’s loss.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01513", "bookId": 145, "start": 547390, "end": 547800, "sha256": "abca52f2fdcf2129c56bd52d3ebd4bde58256befdd4b6dd7e9f55e38a617374e", "text": "“And you think that I shall never try to make good anything, Mary. It is not generous to believe the worst of a man. When you have got any power over him, I think you might try and use it to make him better; but that is what you never do. However, I’m going,” Fred ended, languidly. “I shall never speak to you about anything again. I’m very sorry for all the trouble I’ve caused—that’s all.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01514", "bookId": 145, "start": 547802, "end": 548374, "sha256": "59102c11811618f985cf442f17f366698629a78e73cc9a184ee5b252e871b6a9", "text": "Mary had dropped her work out of her hand and looked up. There is often something maternal even in a girlish love, and Mary’s hard experience had wrought her nature to an impressibility very different from that hard slight thing which we call girlishness. At Fred’s last words she felt an instantaneous pang, something like what a mother feels at the imagined sobs or cries of her naughty truant child, which may lose itself and get harm. And when, looking up, her eyes met his dull despairing glance, her pity for him surmounted her anger and all her other anxieties.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01515", "bookId": 145, "start": 548376, "end": 548850, "sha256": "ee3148f037362a0814f1f45dfc32d397070f1d54e091e7e6d4d0d64d44b17a69", "text": "“Oh, Fred, how ill you look! Sit down a moment. Don’t go yet. Let me tell uncle that you are here. He has been wondering that he has not seen you for a whole week.” Mary spoke hurriedly, saying the words that came first without knowing very well what they were, but saying them in a half-soothing half-beseeching tone, and rising as if to go away to Mr. Featherstone. Of course Fred felt as if the clouds had parted and a gleam had come: he moved and stood in her way.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01516", "bookId": 145, "start": 548852, "end": 548974, "sha256": "22df488b0256aa9f17c4e65fd544a8f8176ba5f2e874635a403108534810ec9f", "text": "“Say one word, Mary, and I will do anything. Say you will not think the worst of me—will not give me up altogether.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01517", "bookId": 145, "start": 548976, "end": 549420, "sha256": "412657c304c6843c6b0748051a73a452c9d10c233b0e07d5a1b1e6a44be1c6c3", "text": "“As if it were any pleasure to me to think ill of you,” said Mary, in a mournful tone. “As if it were not very painful to me to see you an idle frivolous creature. How can you bear to be so contemptible, when others are working and striving, and there are so many things to be done—how can you bear to be fit for nothing in the world that is useful? And with so much good in your disposition, Fred,—you might be worth a great deal.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01518", "bookId": 145, "start": 549422, "end": 549503, "sha256": "c07193ced32cd4c4c26ade6a69c44cf4e4595d28c73cea8c9ca28464e01789ee", "text": "“I will try to be anything you like, Mary, if you will say that you love me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01519", "bookId": 145, "start": 549505, "end": 549904, "sha256": "35390f6dd4cd980d42056dda9d031681f6862ac19acf729265f06ca5d9dcd9c0", "text": "“I should be ashamed to say that I loved a man who must always be hanging on others, and reckoning on what they would do for him. What will you be when you are forty? Like Mr. Bowyer, I suppose—just as idle, living in Mrs. Beck’s front parlor—fat and shabby, hoping somebody will invite you to dinner—spending your morning in learning a comic song—oh no! learning a tune on the flute.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01520", "bookId": 145, "start": 549906, "end": 550359, "sha256": "e5be8f76d5042a13159aa7ef08dc4e300657f7844b0f38af3856efd73601bbc0", "text": "Mary’s lips had begun to curl with a smile as soon as she had asked that question about Fred’s future (young souls are mobile), and before she ended, her face had its full illumination of fun. To him it was like the cessation of an ache that Mary could laugh at him, and with a passive sort of smile he tried to reach her hand; but she slipped away quickly towards the door and said, “I shall tell uncle. You _must_ see him for a moment or two.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01521", "bookId": 145, "start": 550361, "end": 551125, "sha256": "e311b0debde2c0ff6a77438c434e52b312a92724d8eb107d879ad20d7d71bf2a", "text": "Fred secretly felt that his future was guaranteed against the fulfilment of Mary’s sarcastic prophecies, apart from that “anything” which he was ready to do if she would define it. He never dared in Mary’s presence to approach the subject of his expectations from Mr. Featherstone, and she always ignored them, as if everything depended on himself. But if ever he actually came into the property, she must recognize the change in his position. All this passed through his mind somewhat languidly, before he went up to see his uncle. He stayed but a little while, excusing himself on the ground that he had a cold; and Mary did not reappear before he left the house. But as he rode home, he began to be more conscious of being ill, than of being melancholy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01522", "bookId": 145, "start": 551127, "end": 551884, "sha256": "0e2eb1eb78e6c2825ce3eced03d067b927bebc3e6be833b07faa5e03ef3c1fb5", "text": "When Caleb Garth arrived at Stone Court soon after dusk, Mary was not surprised, although he seldom had leisure for paying her a visit, and was not at all fond of having to talk with Mr. Featherstone. The old man, on the other hand, felt himself ill at ease with a brother-in-law whom he could not annoy, who did not mind about being considered poor, had nothing to ask of him, and understood all kinds of farming and mining business better than he did. But Mary had felt sure that her parents would want to see her, and if her father had not come, she would have obtained leave to go home for an hour or two the next day. After discussing prices during tea with Mr. Featherstone, Caleb rose to bid him good-by, and said, “I want to speak to you, Mary.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01523", "bookId": 145, "start": 551886, "end": 552457, "sha256": "821266ddb278a3a7b45adda6c0b76cbd6a50cade38af3c3d2a3a711742a99488", "text": "She took a candle into another large parlor, where there was no fire, and setting down the feeble light on the dark mahogany table, turned round to her father, and putting her arms round his neck kissed him with childish kisses which he delighted in,—the expression of his large brows softening as the expression of a great beautiful dog softens when it is caressed. Mary was his favorite child, and whatever Susan might say, and right as she was on all other subjects, Caleb thought it natural that Fred or any one else should think Mary more lovable than other girls.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01524", "bookId": 145, "start": 552459, "end": 552594, "sha256": "9d249c5635929bd78eda72c0e67ea7debc41fdd0ed4d2967dfa07f28c192867c", "text": "“I’ve got something to tell you, my dear,” said Caleb in his hesitating way. “No very good news; but then it might be worse.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01525", "bookId": 145, "start": 552596, "end": 552649, "sha256": "f2b5c26ea9a88a41337bab3d39e76abe71b85f2b8b3b32eee40a9364401e4671", "text": "“About money, father? I think I know what it is.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01526", "bookId": 145, "start": 552651, "end": 553043, "sha256": "37da2aa1938926765a1ebbe013557250f8b847add1d4b514f2edda3cbf0dc9b0", "text": "“Ay? how can that be? You see, I’ve been a bit of a fool again, and put my name to a bill, and now it comes to paying; and your mother has got to part with her savings, that’s the worst of it, and even they won’t quite make things even. We wanted a hundred and ten pounds: your mother has ninety-two, and I have none to spare in the bank; and she thinks that you have some savings.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01527", "bookId": 145, "start": 553045, "end": 553193, "sha256": "72ea4e26f7f8f7a3026bddef972d3f13764682fbfbce9ebb0ebb1ad0c5b5cecd", "text": "“Oh yes; I have more than four-and-twenty pounds. I thought you would come, father, so I put it in my bag. See! beautiful white notes and gold.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01528", "bookId": 145, "start": 553195, "end": 553280, "sha256": "ed22f9544f78cc9d75ff42526c3c7334873c2a7692597d9ad372e0f3dffbd1b9", "text": "Mary took out the folded money from her reticule and put it into her father’s hand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01529", "bookId": 145, "start": 553282, "end": 553556, "sha256": "3ec6b02d70f77650bfa41f80e5b8939f6b5fada00d86497fbbe558a240f6a20b", "text": "“Well, but how—we only want eighteen—here, put the rest back, child,—but how did you know about it?” said Caleb, who, in his unconquerable indifference to money, was beginning to be chiefly concerned about the relation the affair might have to Mary’s affections.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01530", "bookId": 145, "start": 553558, "end": 553590, "sha256": "e685c7396ef5f3f7a12e30de4b6573f8b03bef7eae75b78408b068ee1520535b", "text": "“Fred told me this morning.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01531", "bookId": 145, "start": 553592, "end": 553625, "sha256": "a6a43694137b594a8b446324ef53e47cfce9100d78a9a2696be238a1258a12bc", "text": "“Ah! Did he come on purpose?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01532", "bookId": 145, "start": 553627, "end": 553680, "sha256": "f614d2ceb93f3c034076adbac163f8e1d35a4f385235452077b9dfb43d26da0c", "text": "“Yes, I think so. He was a good deal distressed.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01533", "bookId": 145, "start": 553682, "end": 553930, "sha256": "a409ba72de062b17e04cfd84da71cdec98284d050386b77f32db8c3d763ffab8", "text": "“I’m afraid Fred is not to be trusted, Mary,” said the father, with hesitating tenderness. “He means better than he acts, perhaps. But I should think it a pity for any body’s happiness to be wrapped up in him, and so would your mother.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01534", "bookId": 145, "start": 553932, "end": 554052, "sha256": "bf13259b00dbaecc8e387d1287b85fd20c919b126a8d6de5a368a6750a31df58", "text": "“And so should I, father,” said Mary, not looking up, but putting the back of her father’s hand against her cheek.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01535", "bookId": 145, "start": 554054, "end": 554523, "sha256": "6b8dc4e588c14f157dca85faa8fd61b869e2d780b20f4943e590c04d8222a0bd", "text": "“I don’t want to pry, my dear. But I was afraid there might be something between you and Fred, and I wanted to caution you. You see, Mary”—here Caleb’s voice became more tender; he had been pushing his hat about on the table and looking at it, but finally he turned his eyes on his daughter—“a woman, let her be as good as she may, has got to put up with the life her husband makes for her. Your mother has had to put up with a good deal because of me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01536", "bookId": 145, "start": 554525, "end": 554599, "sha256": "88d8c410fd45f403e5372d3a0be0d804c20cebbe0cc9885084d5d3031b30d93b", "text": "Mary turned the back of her father’s hand to her lips and smiled at him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01537", "bookId": 145, "start": 554601, "end": 555377, "sha256": "ee73b169b1235e086286eb6377e1a8bbb1a18f99f9bd0a21b7d91a08d8634ad3", "text": "“Well, well, nobody’s perfect, but”—here Mr. Garth shook his head to help out the inadequacy of words—“what I am thinking of is—what it must be for a wife when she’s never sure of her husband, when he hasn’t got a principle in him to make him more afraid of doing the wrong thing by others than of getting his own toes pinched. That’s the long and the short of it, Mary. Young folks may get fond of each other before they know what life is, and they may think it all holiday if they can only get together; but it soon turns into working day, my dear. However, you have more sense than most, and you haven’t been kept in cotton-wool: there may be no occasion for me to say this, but a father trembles for his daughter, and you are all by yourself here.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01538", "bookId": 145, "start": 555379, "end": 555811, "sha256": "97ae047128658bc54aa1d109779cf175ae55583918402722e7204b7648b9eed9", "text": "“Don’t fear for me, father,” said Mary, gravely meeting her father’s eyes; “Fred has always been very good to me; he is kind-hearted and affectionate, and not false, I think, with all his self-indulgence. But I will never engage myself to one who has no manly independence, and who goes on loitering away his time on the chance that others will provide for him. You and my mother have taught me too much pride for that.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01539", "bookId": 145, "start": 555813, "end": 555966, "sha256": "76e2f0bbbcf5a6647be3f04d2e479f3b295e92587c1c5c036a1399a8a9c57104", "text": "“That’s right—that’s right. Then I am easy,” said Mr. Garth, taking up his hat. “But it’s hard to run away with your earnings, eh child.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01540", "bookId": 145, "start": 555968, "end": 556150, "sha256": "ac27e27527adc548114f902c426fce1f0e746014699ad01aa73062828b753c53", "text": "“Father!” said Mary, in her deepest tone of remonstrance. “Take pocketfuls of love besides to them all at home,” was her last word before he closed the outer door on himself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01541", "bookId": 145, "start": 556152, "end": 556399, "sha256": "2be576b28d5af887b00b07ac6558549c6c7e6beb60abbaf55c5eb16da8bde908", "text": "“I suppose your father wanted your earnings,” said old Mr. Featherstone, with his usual power of unpleasant surmise, when Mary returned to him. “He makes but a tight fit, I reckon. You’re of age now; you ought to be saving for yourself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01542", "bookId": 145, "start": 556401, "end": 556487, "sha256": "2213aa0eee429d36b0fbf3c7c3c22b956a195fc7c478c6328331b0ba1e113701", "text": "“I consider my father and mother the best part of myself, sir,” said Mary, coldly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01543", "bookId": 145, "start": 556489, "end": 556779, "sha256": "c951131d4abee6d8632bf7dfd2cb4587b13ccd43191fad007900603d679cd4fd", "text": "Mr. Featherstone grunted: he could not deny that an ordinary sort of girl like her might be expected to be useful, so he thought of another rejoinder, disagreeable enough to be always apropos. “If Fred Vincy comes to-morrow, now, don’t you keep him chattering: let him come up to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01544", "bookId": 145, "start": 556784, "end": 556797, "sha256": "9f1570e215920a4c3083cd2f92f164b9c1e46cdc0d0b9251f86c47fbff2e2409", "text": "CHAPTER XXVI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01545", "bookId": 145, "start": 556799, "end": 556949, "sha256": "c191182c73b4e6bf6aecb8bc6485a02b75a1e7aef506a0a6e88cad259ec1bed1", "text": "He beats me and I rail at him: O worthy satisfaction! would it were otherwise—that I could beat him while he railed at me.—_Troilus and Cressida_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01546", "bookId": 145, "start": 556952, "end": 557530, "sha256": "9e9a0749084d39d9e276f71bca149a0bbb17711d57362145985547226ecad3ad", "text": "But Fred did not go to Stone Court the next day, for reasons that were quite peremptory. From those visits to unsanitary Houndsley streets in search of Diamond, he had brought back not only a bad bargain in horse-flesh, but the further misfortune of some ailment which for a day or two had deemed mere depression and headache, but which got so much worse when he returned from his visit to Stone Court that, going into the dining-room, he threw himself on the sofa, and in answer to his mother’s anxious question, said, “I feel very ill: I think you must send for Wrench.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01547", "bookId": 145, "start": 557532, "end": 558879, "sha256": "7417530f80f19fe54e1bba0824c9a1334ccb830026c676b38896a3dec55a84a3", "text": "Wrench came, but did not apprehend anything serious, spoke of a “slight derangement,” and did not speak of coming again on the morrow. He had a due value for the Vincys’ house, but the wariest men are apt to be dulled by routine, and on worried mornings will sometimes go through their business with the zest of the daily bell-ringer. Mr. Wrench was a small, neat, bilious man, with a well-dressed wig: he had a laborious practice, an irascible temper, a lymphatic wife and seven children; and he was already rather late before setting out on a four-miles drive to meet Dr. Minchin on the other side of Tipton, the decease of Hicks, a rural practitioner, having increased Middlemarch practice in that direction. Great statesmen err, and why not small medical men? Mr. Wrench did not neglect sending the usual white parcels, which this time had black and drastic contents. Their effect was not alleviating to poor Fred, who, however, unwilling as he said to believe that he was “in for an illness,” rose at his usual easy hour the next morning and went down-stairs meaning to breakfast, but succeeded in nothing but in sitting and shivering by the fire. Mr. Wrench was again sent for, but was gone on his rounds, and Mrs. Vincy seeing her darling’s changed looks and general misery, began to cry and said she would send for Dr. Sprague.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01548", "bookId": 145, "start": 558881, "end": 559053, "sha256": "7b725e0349031504543c5096d0a7e8a39348a1545bea71e8ca9ae089032f4a5e", "text": "“Oh, nonsense, mother! It’s nothing,” said Fred, putting out his hot dry hand to her, “I shall soon be all right. I must have taken cold in that nasty damp ride.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01549", "bookId": 145, "start": 559055, "end": 559353, "sha256": "ba23a789c2ba8ed20aff4c0ef273650ff04f59dfc0c1a713709406a0d4a396ba", "text": "“Mamma!” said Rosamond, who was seated near the window (the dining-room windows looked on that highly respectable street called Lowick Gate), “there is Mr. Lydgate, stopping to speak to some one. If I were you I would call him in. He has cured Ellen Bulstrode. They say he cures every one.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01550", "bookId": 145, "start": 559355, "end": 559780, "sha256": "b6d3170e9ba6fac16b3fa36ff922252bdbd772d730241a8b718999db97466df8", "text": "Mrs. Vincy sprang to the window and opened it in an instant, thinking only of Fred and not of medical etiquette. Lydgate was only two yards off on the other side of some iron palisading, and turned round at the sudden sound of the sash, before she called to him. In two minutes he was in the room, and Rosamond went out, after waiting just long enough to show a pretty anxiety conflicting with her sense of what was becoming.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01551", "bookId": 145, "start": 559782, "end": 560944, "sha256": "979782bfd1a0aad45c4a94e001847a856a16d732b8ad67282bb5b1b1ab722977", "text": "Lydgate had to hear a narrative in which Mrs. Vincy’s mind insisted with remarkable instinct on every point of minor importance, especially on what Mr. Wrench had said and had not said about coming again. That there might be an awkward affair with Wrench, Lydgate saw at once; but the case was serious enough to make him dismiss that consideration: he was convinced that Fred was in the pink-skinned stage of typhoid fever, and that he had taken just the wrong medicines. He must go to bed immediately, must have a regular nurse, and various appliances and precautions must be used, about which Lydgate was particular. Poor Mrs. Vincy’s terror at these indications of danger found vent in such words as came most easily. She thought it “very ill usage on the part of Mr. Wrench, who had attended their house so many years in preference to Mr. Peacock, though Mr. Peacock was equally a friend. Why Mr. Wrench should neglect her children more than others, she could not for the life of her understand. He had not neglected Mrs. Larcher’s when they had the measles, nor indeed would Mrs. Vincy have wished that he should. And if anything should happen—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01552", "bookId": 145, "start": 560946, "end": 561515, "sha256": "e8f0da9afda9b820ce70c87b72870efa69ccf73048fa36403086ece313055a20", "text": "Here poor Mrs. Vincy’s spirit quite broke down, and her Niobe throat and good-humored face were sadly convulsed. This was in the hall out of Fred’s hearing, but Rosamond had opened the drawing-room door, and now came forward anxiously. Lydgate apologized for Mr. Wrench, said that the symptoms yesterday might have been disguising, and that this form of fever was very equivocal in its beginnings: he would go immediately to the druggist’s and have a prescription made up in order to lose no time, but he would write to Mr. Wrench and tell him what had been done.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01553", "bookId": 145, "start": 561517, "end": 561761, "sha256": "0be8093c8f2abcfb9fe07aac8f8b1b758dd8764c27dc91d283db7d255ec1c3b9", "text": "“But you must come again—you must go on attending Fred. I can’t have my boy left to anybody who may come or not. I bear nobody ill-will, thank God, and Mr. Wrench saved me in the pleurisy, but he’d better have let me die—if—if—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01554", "bookId": 145, "start": 561763, "end": 561918, "sha256": "567ba2e1255f94a23e88064b6ea1870c381055f4e0538b6f4a6eba911f5efa45", "text": "“I will meet Mr. Wrench here, then, shall I?” said Lydgate, really believing that Wrench was not well prepared to deal wisely with a case of this kind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01555", "bookId": 145, "start": 561920, "end": 562052, "sha256": "1e6ea47f8d953558c6e98886d89b3f904d51b0a2f43aec9641bfc42d3c244d7a", "text": "“Pray make that arrangement, Mr. Lydgate,” said Rosamond, coming to her mother’s aid, and supporting her arm to lead her away.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01556", "bookId": 145, "start": 562054, "end": 562720, "sha256": "07169e4980e8e1bc993c84be85a99f80b86dfe2299652a2675f10b8bc8fc4f21", "text": "When Mr. Vincy came home he was very angry with Wrench, and did not care if he never came into his house again. Lydgate should go on now, whether Wrench liked it or not. It was no joke to have fever in the house. Everybody must be sent to now, not to come to dinner on Thursday. And Pritchard needn’t get up any wine: brandy was the best thing against infection. “I shall drink brandy,” added Mr. Vincy, emphatically—as much as to say, this was not an occasion for firing with blank-cartridges. “He’s an uncommonly unfortunate lad, is Fred. He’d need have some luck by and by to make up for all this—else I don’t know who’d have an eldest son.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01557", "bookId": 145, "start": 562722, "end": 562840, "sha256": "705f5a7e83726932e13e351417e22568ab5f16dbf132f78972f3291eb8a803d0", "text": "“Don’t say so, Vincy,” said the mother, with a quivering lip, “if you don’t want him to be taken from me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01558", "bookId": 145, "start": 562842, "end": 563347, "sha256": "e33eabf6ebaef869c6d1affc61c6b58f6a0eb9e5b6c1d681cddc8020f11e3df1", "text": "“It will worret you to death, Lucy; _that_ I can see,” said Mr. Vincy, more mildly. “However, Wrench shall know what I think of the matter.” (What Mr. Vincy thought confusedly was, that the fever might somehow have been hindered if Wrench had shown the proper solicitude about his—the Mayor’s—family.) “I’m the last man to give in to the cry about new doctors, or new parsons either—whether they’re Bulstrode’s men or not. But Wrench shall know what I think, take it as he will.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01559", "bookId": 145, "start": 563349, "end": 563890, "sha256": "ea75838bda9189b22cb1215c80d78225c6ca0d22f7fee5b74558575a224550df", "text": "Wrench did not take it at all well. Lydgate was as polite as he could be in his offhand way, but politeness in a man who has placed you at a disadvantage is only an additional exasperation, especially if he happens to have been an object of dislike beforehand. Country practitioners used to be an irritable species, susceptible on the point of honor; and Mr. Wrench was one of the most irritable among them. He did not refuse to meet Lydgate in the evening, but his temper was somewhat tried on the occasion. He had to hear Mrs. Vincy say—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01560", "bookId": 145, "start": 563892, "end": 564049, "sha256": "56e8e34333b0d4f2f4efcde084d8bbe9c457e732ce654217d25cea4e57d27498", "text": "“Oh, Mr. Wrench, what have I ever done that you should use me so?— To go away, and never to come again! And my boy might have been stretched a corpse!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01561", "bookId": 145, "start": 564051, "end": 564262, "sha256": "7a16e94627c32049375cdc8fe8d6cc8709b894dc72de327543046e58c43f3e83", "text": "Mr. Vincy, who had been keeping up a sharp fire on the enemy Infection, and was a good deal heated in consequence, started up when he heard Wrench come in, and went into the hall to let him know what he thought.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01562", "bookId": 145, "start": 564264, "end": 564611, "sha256": "756cb6406377fd912da6e519ac5797acf581bd855d7a17ea9154cf3f5e1a408f", "text": "“I’ll tell you what, Wrench, this is beyond a joke,” said the Mayor, who of late had had to rebuke offenders with an official air, and now broadened himself by putting his thumbs in his armholes. “To let fever get unawares into a house like this. There are some things that ought to be actionable, and are not so— that’s my opinion.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01563", "bookId": 145, "start": 564613, "end": 565562, "sha256": "bf32d8adbcc5d6566a749c9adcbf3bc042f592fd1f58905fff9fe205c03f3b1d", "text": "But irrational reproaches were easier to bear than the sense of being instructed, or rather the sense that a younger man, like Lydgate, inwardly considered him in need of instruction, for “in point of fact,” Mr. Wrench afterwards said, Lydgate paraded flighty, foreign notions, which would not wear. He swallowed his ire for the moment, but he afterwards wrote to decline further attendance in the case. The house might be a good one, but Mr. Wrench was not going to truckle to anybody on a professional matter. He reflected, with much probability on his side, that Lydgate would by-and-by be caught tripping too, and that his ungentlemanly attempts to discredit the sale of drugs by his professional brethren, would by-and-by recoil on himself. He threw out biting remarks on Lydgate’s tricks, worthy only of a quack, to get himself a factitious reputation with credulous people. That cant about cures was never got up by sound practitioners.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01564", "bookId": 145, "start": 565564, "end": 565957, "sha256": "139615b4a68cf88cc7d49dee11bb224fad0efc535e0adfa3074b5af3b012dffd", "text": "This was a point on which Lydgate smarted as much as Wrench could desire. To be puffed by ignorance was not only humiliating, but perilous, and not more enviable than the reputation of the weather-prophet. He was impatient of the foolish expectations amidst which all work must be carried on, and likely enough to damage himself as much as Mr. Wrench could wish, by an unprofessional openness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01565", "bookId": 145, "start": 565959, "end": 566797, "sha256": "5ded7fe8c38f5d12fe894d130782a443261b37d990a0f12f9c1f8f4f69706925", "text": "However, Lydgate was installed as medical attendant on the Vincys, and the event was a subject of general conversation in Middlemarch. Some said, that the Vincys had behaved scandalously, that Mr. Vincy had threatened Wrench, and that Mrs. Vincy had accused him of poisoning her son. Others were of opinion that Mr. Lydgate’s passing by was providential, that he was wonderfully clever in fevers, and that Bulstrode was in the right to bring him forward. Many people believed that Lydgate’s coming to the town at all was really due to Bulstrode; and Mrs. Taft, who was always counting stitches and gathered her information in misleading fragments caught between the rows of her knitting, had got it into her head that Mr. Lydgate was a natural son of Bulstrode’s, a fact which seemed to justify her suspicions of evangelical laymen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01566", "bookId": 145, "start": 566799, "end": 566921, "sha256": "5fe6defcfe5cd3dcff2f8a1848f1ea772b3b7242d5b936b1b71a4c06082e2484", "text": "She one day communicated this piece of knowledge to Mrs. Farebrother, who did not fail to tell her son of it, observing—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01567", "bookId": 145, "start": 566923, "end": 567030, "sha256": "fee74141557b8038926117f3dece33f41e5c0c0b6c1191192a10a9a601e8d68c", "text": "“I should not be surprised at anything in Bulstrode, but I should be sorry to think it of Mr. Lydgate.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01568", "bookId": 145, "start": 567032, "end": 567219, "sha256": "147b94095fbfa3a7b1b20f10833069a0e4e07466430f46c542504383b3f15488", "text": "“Why, mother,” said Mr. Farebrother, after an explosive laugh, “you know very well that Lydgate is of a good family in the North. He never heard of Bulstrode before he came here.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01569", "bookId": 145, "start": 567221, "end": 567408, "sha256": "fcd1a2760baa2d7119f7d277efe42b32d725b14fd329b0ddfc29ce653505f039", "text": "“That is satisfactory so far as Mr. Lydgate is concerned, Camden,” said the old lady, with an air of precision.—“But as to Bulstrode—the report may be true of some other son.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01570", "bookId": 145, "start": 567413, "end": 567427, "sha256": "50ab90135c5efc02d83b85c1c3f11128eed4535e48b4e5cc26aabaa9ca30220d", "text": "CHAPTER XXVII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01571", "bookId": 145, "start": 567429, "end": 567510, "sha256": "bd4026ce0911534e3ce2e907a38079d1711f3c4ca9a07eaec01b4891cd91fea2", "text": "Let the high Muse chant loves Olympian: We are but mortals, and must sing of man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01572", "bookId": 145, "start": 567513, "end": 569001, "sha256": "8211afdc8215b1ba2dafd5385692d4e00a7b93b0517100cd5dc03b7c243b5f09", "text": "An eminent philosopher among my friends, who can dignify even your ugly furniture by lifting it into the serene light of science, has shown me this pregnant little fact. Your pier-glass or extensive surface of polished steel made to be rubbed by a housemaid, will be minutely and multitudinously scratched in all directions; but place now against it a lighted candle as a centre of illumination, and lo! the scratches will seem to arrange themselves in a fine series of concentric circles round that little sun. It is demonstrable that the scratches are going everywhere impartially and it is only your candle which produces the flattering illusion of a concentric arrangement, its light falling with an exclusive optical selection. These things are a parable. The scratches are events, and the candle is the egoism of any person now absent—of Miss Vincy, for example. Rosamond had a Providence of her own who had kindly made her more charming than other girls, and who seemed to have arranged Fred’s illness and Mr. Wrench’s mistake in order to bring her and Lydgate within effective proximity. It would have been to contravene these arrangements if Rosamond had consented to go away to Stone Court or elsewhere, as her parents wished her to do, especially since Mr. Lydgate thought the precaution needless. Therefore, while Miss Morgan and the children were sent away to a farmhouse the morning after Fred’s illness had declared itself, Rosamond refused to leave papa and mamma.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01573", "bookId": 145, "start": 569003, "end": 570133, "sha256": "f7b381157a655ac92adc705acd969785ae16baee797dd8c40dbccd7e4b58386b", "text": "Poor mamma indeed was an object to touch any creature born of woman; and Mr. Vincy, who doted on his wife, was more alarmed on her account than on Fred’s. But for his insistence she would have taken no rest: her brightness was all bedimmed; unconscious of her costume which had always been so fresh and gay, she was like a sick bird with languid eye and plumage ruffled, her senses dulled to the sights and sounds that used most to interest her. Fred’s delirium, in which he seemed to be wandering out of her reach, tore her heart. After her first outburst against Mr. Wrench she went about very quietly: her one low cry was to Lydgate. She would follow him out of the room and put her hand on his arm moaning out, “Save my boy.” Once she pleaded, “He has always been good to me, Mr. Lydgate: he never had a hard word for his mother,”—as if poor Fred’s suffering were an accusation against him. All the deepest fibres of the mother’s memory were stirred, and the young man whose voice took a gentler tone when he spoke to her, was one with the babe whom she had loved, with a love new to her, before he was born.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01574", "bookId": 145, "start": 570135, "end": 571433, "sha256": "b6a4730a35d2fbf34ae7573d5edd378475ea2f801fca5818ae53ee6dfe894e88", "text": "“I have good hope, Mrs. Vincy,” Lydgate would say. “Come down with me and let us talk about the food.” In that way he led her to the parlor where Rosamond was, and made a change for her, surprising her into taking some tea or broth which had been prepared for her. There was a constant understanding between him and Rosamond on these matters. He almost always saw her before going to the sickroom, and she appealed to him as to what she could do for mamma. Her presence of mind and adroitness in carrying out his hints were admirable, and it is not wonderful that the idea of seeing Rosamond began to mingle itself with his interest in the case. Especially when the critical stage was passed, and he began to feel confident of Fred’s recovery. In the more doubtful time, he had advised calling in Dr. Sprague (who, if he could, would rather have remained neutral on Wrench’s account); but after two consultations, the conduct of the case was left to Lydgate, and there was every reason to make him assiduous. Morning and evening he was at Mr. Vincy’s, and gradually the visits became cheerful as Fred became simply feeble, and lay not only in need of the utmost petting but conscious of it, so that Mrs. Vincy felt as if, after all, the illness had made a festival for her tenderness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01575", "bookId": 145, "start": 571435, "end": 572240, "sha256": "555d0aed50b6cb41f995f7de1c37369c5b9334885e6e54b8d6d92215a4855556", "text": "Both father and mother held it an added reason for good spirits, when old Mr. Featherstone sent messages by Lydgate, saying that Fred must make haste and get well, as he, Peter Featherstone, could not do without him, and missed his visits sadly. The old man himself was getting bedridden. Mrs. Vincy told these messages to Fred when he could listen, and he turned towards her his delicate, pinched face, from which all the thick blond hair had been cut away, and in which the eyes seemed to have got larger, yearning for some word about Mary—wondering what she felt about his illness. No word passed his lips; but “to hear with eyes belongs to love’s rare wit,” and the mother in the fulness of her heart not only divined Fred’s longing, but felt ready for any sacrifice in order to satisfy him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01576", "bookId": 145, "start": 572242, "end": 572411, "sha256": "81d70eb5e6431051866732e07652a5295aa36e250979b53c6298ce0817945c47", "text": "“If I can only see my boy strong again,” she said, in her loving folly; “and who knows?—perhaps master of Stone Court! and he can marry anybody he likes then.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01577", "bookId": 145, "start": 572413, "end": 572529, "sha256": "3f87ab88a6bd601407812fa776f3ef840ef42902664b71f4c417e76dc418fbf5", "text": "“Not if they won’t have me, mother,” said Fred. The illness had made him childish, and tears came as he spoke.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01578", "bookId": 145, "start": 572531, "end": 572629, "sha256": "5b643a25232d55bf76e6c47b4e36f645053b5ef39ad6e567492d92621d8dbe48", "text": "“Oh, take a bit of jelly, my dear,” said Mrs. Vincy, secretly incredulous of any such refusal.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01579", "bookId": 145, "start": 572631, "end": 573672, "sha256": "3b817d66dfad628251b22bb853cfc0b2bb9f3061fd3b2e138f29ab9dcfeac8b1", "text": "She never left Fred’s side when her husband was not in the house, and thus Rosamond was in the unusual position of being much alone. Lydgate, naturally, never thought of staying long with her, yet it seemed that the brief impersonal conversations they had together were creating that peculiar intimacy which consists in shyness. They were obliged to look at each other in speaking, and somehow the looking could not be carried through as the matter of course which it really was. Lydgate began to feel this sort of consciousness unpleasant and one day looked down, or anywhere, like an ill-worked puppet. But this turned out badly: the next day, Rosamond looked down, and the consequence was that when their eyes met again, both were more conscious than before. There was no help for this in science, and as Lydgate did not want to flirt, there seemed to be no help for it in folly. It was therefore a relief when neighbors no longer considered the house in quarantine, and when the chances of seeing Rosamond alone were very much reduced.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01580", "bookId": 145, "start": 573674, "end": 575445, "sha256": "9fd6f7643ef7abdbad94a88ef8dcac92a9f956835ab811210e53b8c42f2c72ba", "text": "But that intimacy of mutual embarrassment, in which each feels that the other is feeling something, having once existed, its effect is not to be done away with. Talk about the weather and other well-bred topics is apt to seem a hollow device, and behavior can hardly become easy unless it frankly recognizes a mutual fascination—which of course need not mean anything deep or serious. This was the way in which Rosamond and Lydgate slid gracefully into ease, and made their intercourse lively again. Visitors came and went as usual, there was once more music in the drawing-room, and all the extra hospitality of Mr. Vincy’s mayoralty returned. Lydgate, whenever he could, took his seat by Rosamond’s side, and lingered to hear her music, calling himself her captive—meaning, all the while, not to be her captive. The preposterousness of the notion that he could at once set up a satisfactory establishment as a married man was a sufficient guarantee against danger. This play at being a little in love was agreeable, and did not interfere with graver pursuits. Flirtation, after all, was not necessarily a singeing process. Rosamond, for her part, had never enjoyed the days so much in her life before: she was sure of being admired by some one worth captivating, and she did not distinguish flirtation from love, either in herself or in another. She seemed to be sailing with a fair wind just whither she would go, and her thoughts were much occupied with a handsome house in Lowick Gate which she hoped would by-and-by be vacant. She was quite determined, when she was married, to rid herself adroitly of all the visitors who were not agreeable to her at her father’s; and she imagined the drawing-room in her favorite house with various styles of furniture.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01581", "bookId": 145, "start": 575447, "end": 578477, "sha256": "796ea27deb6440889a0fb3585fcaa9c0931449a3bf01275955fb3c92eb22f8f3", "text": "Certainly her thoughts were much occupied with Lydgate himself; he seemed to her almost perfect: if he had known his notes so that his enchantment under her music had been less like an emotional elephant’s, and if he had been able to discriminate better the refinements of her taste in dress, she could hardly have mentioned a deficiency in him. How different he was from young Plymdale or Mr. Caius Larcher! Those young men had not a notion of French, and could speak on no subject with striking knowledge, except perhaps the dyeing and carrying trades, which of course they were ashamed to mention; they were Middlemarch gentry, elated with their silver-headed whips and satin stocks, but embarrassed in their manners, and timidly jocose: even Fred was above them, having at least the accent and manner of a university man. Whereas Lydgate was always listened to, bore himself with the careless politeness of conscious superiority, and seemed to have the right clothes on by a certain natural affinity, without ever having to think about them. Rosamond was proud when he entered the room, and when he approached her with a distinguishing smile, she had a delicious sense that she was the object of enviable homage. If Lydgate had been aware of all the pride he excited in that delicate bosom, he might have been just as well pleased as any other man, even the most densely ignorant of humoral pathology or fibrous tissue: he held it one of the prettiest attitudes of the feminine mind to adore a man’s pre-eminence without too precise a knowledge of what it consisted in. But Rosamond was not one of those helpless girls who betray themselves unawares, and whose behavior is awkwardly driven by their impulses, instead of being steered by wary grace and propriety. Do you imagine that her rapid forecast and rumination concerning house-furniture and society were ever discernible in her conversation, even with her mamma? On the contrary, she would have expressed the prettiest surprise and disapprobation if she had heard that another young lady had been detected in that immodest prematureness—indeed, would probably have disbelieved in its possibility. For Rosamond never showed any unbecoming knowledge, and was always that combination of correct sentiments, music, dancing, drawing, elegant note-writing, private album for extracted verse, and perfect blond loveliness, which made the irresistible woman for the doomed man of that date. Think no unfair evil of her, pray: she had no wicked plots, nothing sordid or mercenary; in fact, she never thought of money except as something necessary which other people would always provide. She was not in the habit of devising falsehoods, and if her statements were no direct clew to fact, why, they were not intended in that light—they were among her elegant accomplishments, intended to please. Nature had inspired many arts in finishing Mrs. Lemon’s favorite pupil, who by general consent (Fred’s excepted) was a rare compound of beauty, cleverness, and amiability.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01582", "bookId": 145, "start": 578479, "end": 579800, "sha256": "36616a90a80efc941a480e902af1e2aeeb979ca54674e27a2f823f58fc92d583", "text": "Lydgate found it more and more agreeable to be with her, and there was no constraint now, there was a delightful interchange of influence in their eyes, and what they said had that superfluity of meaning for them, which is observable with some sense of flatness by a third person; still they had no interviews or asides from which a third person need have been excluded. In fact, they flirted; and Lydgate was secure in the belief that they did nothing else. If a man could not love and be wise, surely he could flirt and be wise at the same time? Really, the men in Middlemarch, except Mr. Farebrother, were great bores, and Lydgate did not care about commercial politics or cards: what was he to do for relaxation? He was often invited to the Bulstrodes’; but the girls there were hardly out of the schoolroom; and Mrs. Bulstrode’s _naive_ way of conciliating piety and worldliness, the nothingness of this life and the desirability of cut glass, the consciousness at once of filthy rags and the best damask, was not a sufficient relief from the weight of her husband’s invariable seriousness. The Vincys’ house, with all its faults, was the pleasanter by contrast; besides, it nourished Rosamond—sweet to look at as a half-opened blush-rose, and adorned with accomplishments for the refined amusement of man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01583", "bookId": 145, "start": 579802, "end": 581052, "sha256": "0a33ef53c627b4d4bcfde28a178e1b6b6a43997ce82c9bbee0c7f0a93899f2ef", "text": "But he made some enemies, other than medical, by his success with Miss Vincy. One evening he came into the drawing-room rather late, when several other visitors were there. The card-table had drawn off the elders, and Mr. Ned Plymdale (one of the good matches in Middlemarch, though not one of its leading minds) was in _tête-à-tête_ with Rosamond. He had brought the last “Keepsake,” the gorgeous watered-silk publication which marked modern progress at that time; and he considered himself very fortunate that he could be the first to look over it with her, dwelling on the ladies and gentlemen with shiny copper-plate cheeks and copper-plate smiles, and pointing to comic verses as capital and sentimental stories as interesting. Rosamond was gracious, and Mr. Ned was satisfied that he had the very best thing in art and literature as a medium for “paying addresses”—the very thing to please a nice girl. He had also reasons, deep rather than ostensible, for being satisfied with his own appearance. To superficial observers his chin had too vanishing an aspect, looking as if it were being gradually reabsorbed. And it did indeed cause him some difficulty about the fit of his satin stocks, for which chins were at that time useful.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01584", "bookId": 145, "start": 581054, "end": 581215, "sha256": "b6cc17972e893d31090fa3bbd2eb437fa206f671e85b6fcf608d718ec17e5b76", "text": "“I think the Honorable Mrs. S. is something like you,” said Mr. Ned. He kept the book open at the bewitching portrait, and looked at it rather languishingly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01585", "bookId": 145, "start": 581217, "end": 581453, "sha256": "441f66f2f90f7cd6b2eae9979c0865ef88cb9c14af575da555b4e57825cf7698", "text": "“Her back is very large; she seems to have sat for that,” said Rosamond, not meaning any satire, but thinking how red young Plymdale’s hands were, and wondering why Lydgate did not come. She went on with her tatting all the while.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01586", "bookId": 145, "start": 581455, "end": 581571, "sha256": "890886d66cf29444afdf82c9285f3f8f3cc123d55caf13951d0af402eb8fe307", "text": "“I did not say she was as beautiful as you are,” said Mr. Ned, venturing to look from the portrait to its rival.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01587", "bookId": 145, "start": 581573, "end": 581717, "sha256": "b96b736e0834aa283d80132e197666bf40aaa5c1f9ce1eff5551fc14af77e5c2", "text": "“I suspect you of being an adroit flatterer,” said Rosamond, feeling sure that she should have to reject this young gentleman a second time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01588", "bookId": 145, "start": 581719, "end": 582049, "sha256": "0bf769a4860d69961540eced322eff71489539419192cdf319a8ba5dde0cdc50", "text": "But now Lydgate came in; the book was closed before he reached Rosamond’s corner, and as he took his seat with easy confidence on the other side of her, young Plymdale’s jaw fell like a barometer towards the cheerless side of change. Rosamond enjoyed not only Lydgate’s presence but its effect: she liked to excite jealousy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01589", "bookId": 145, "start": 582051, "end": 582185, "sha256": "e90a7f54759928d276c03c579dd08c07b699c0364d42d2ec20f9e5a83a538c00", "text": "“What a late comer you are!” she said, as they shook hands. “Mamma had given you up a little while ago. How do you find Fred?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01590", "bookId": 145, "start": 582187, "end": 582327, "sha256": "b4a5c7b8a776dfc8850f56778be330c1a1af21b93351e30b84a7846cab87191e", "text": "“As usual; going on well, but slowly. I want him to go away—to Stone Court, for example. But your mamma seems to have some objection.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01591", "bookId": 145, "start": 582329, "end": 582527, "sha256": "f5fd43f0e087f28241074219932beb4f6a4ea6cdd0f6cf3e75516e40db5c7b46", "text": "“Poor fellow!” said Rosamond, prettily. “You will see Fred so changed,” she added, turning to the other suitor; “we have looked to Mr. Lydgate as our guardian angel during this illness.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01592", "bookId": 145, "start": 582529, "end": 582712, "sha256": "6aff5dcd34b304e516fad3478414c6f199cceb580a5957ed56244c5ccd57ed0b", "text": "Mr. Ned smiled nervously, while Lydgate, drawing the “Keepsake” towards him and opening it, gave a short scornful laugh and tossed up his chin, as if in wonderment at human folly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01593", "bookId": 145, "start": 582714, "end": 582796, "sha256": "898254f4990bb9cef8d7bd3f9dc7a3bc6655aa961356344510e925074a4db532", "text": "“What are you laughing at so profanely?” said Rosamond, with bland neutrality.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01594", "bookId": 145, "start": 582798, "end": 583360, "sha256": "7c04172a4a9dbe9b957acebb8ba5476c6ba57caf4522698b9178b166fb68c502", "text": "“I wonder which would turn out to be the silliest—the engravings or the writing here,” said Lydgate, in his most convinced tone, while he turned over the pages quickly, seeming to see all through the book in no time, and showing his large white hands to much advantage, as Rosamond thought. “Do look at this bridegroom coming out of church: did you ever see such a ‘sugared invention’—as the Elizabethans used to say? Did any haberdasher ever look so smirking? Yet I will answer for it the story makes him one of the first gentlemen in the land.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01595", "bookId": 145, "start": 583362, "end": 583565, "sha256": "44aa8cf87a16fc40c607feb61c8d72518dbdaa81a5c6d9070e7c316ecbccde78", "text": "“You are so severe, I am frightened at you,” said Rosamond, keeping her amusement duly moderate. Poor young Plymdale had lingered with admiration over this very engraving, and his spirit was stirred.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01596", "bookId": 145, "start": 583567, "end": 583763, "sha256": "b90e40b0b5be6057966a8b70ba871e0d525736a11e83f6f0ea2be508253614de", "text": "“There are a great many celebrated people writing in the ‘Keepsake,’ at all events,” he said, in a tone at once piqued and timid. “This is the first time I have heard it called silly.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01597", "bookId": 145, "start": 583765, "end": 584174, "sha256": "009d7bd50efe1a0c48a95c8b4d2428e31d3a9c04641944223bb43294f90cd962", "text": "“I think I shall turn round on you and accuse you of being a Goth,” said Rosamond, looking at Lydgate with a smile. “I suspect you know nothing about Lady Blessington and L. E. L.” Rosamond herself was not without relish for these writers, but she did not readily commit herself by admiration, and was alive to the slightest hint that anything was not, according to Lydgate, in the very highest taste.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01598", "bookId": 145, "start": 584176, "end": 584294, "sha256": "fc229b66904612e3a1e9d36c7d8353349398a66d6862d87599d202e354fc7553", "text": "“But Sir Walter Scott—I suppose Mr. Lydgate knows him,” said young Plymdale, a little cheered by this advantage.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01599", "bookId": 145, "start": 584296, "end": 584509, "sha256": "e1cb47e22f81f37d17ec3a0ff74c9df495519be2978087f5b6b72254f8b5f41d", "text": "“Oh, I read no literature now,” said Lydgate, shutting the book, and pushing it away. “I read so much when I was a lad, that I suppose it will last me all my life. I used to know Scott’s poems by heart.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01600", "bookId": 145, "start": 584511, "end": 584653, "sha256": "93657110e603cb9b3724727ae1e679788f0617c2b6f03e24dede315d2421265b", "text": "“I should like to know when you left off,” said Rosamond, “because then I might be sure that I knew something which you did not know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01601", "bookId": 145, "start": 584655, "end": 584743, "sha256": "1b99a0516173488a46ccbe2c77b81c08f4971d897db1f4e2fe2b8dfa2bc9c908", "text": "“Mr. Lydgate would say that was not worth knowing,” said Mr. Ned, purposely caustic.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01602", "bookId": 145, "start": 584745, "end": 584931, "sha256": "74096fb81c9f35c0c766ad1344cbb65c3807175fbd83480c7da3a9701e78a54c", "text": "“On the contrary,” said Lydgate, showing no smart; but smiling with exasperating confidence at Rosamond. “It would be worth knowing by the fact that Miss Vincy could tell it me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01603", "bookId": 145, "start": 584933, "end": 585101, "sha256": "887aa390c16f4418fe97007cccddec90cced9ad22fb78f23b22ef5c62abd955c", "text": "Young Plymdale soon went to look at the whist-playing, thinking that Lydgate was one of the most conceited, unpleasant fellows it had ever been his ill-fortune to meet.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01604", "bookId": 145, "start": 585103, "end": 585207, "sha256": "a368cc1bcebf62edcd6f0e7668a65f11cf5ac2b959a7c0bb62382bf1a5a38185", "text": "“How rash you are!” said Rosamond, inwardly delighted. “Do you see that you have given offence?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01605", "bookId": 145, "start": 585209, "end": 585288, "sha256": "81a41259a9812b3b0f6373314af55c266760cdfd07d61db29423eac54efd1783", "text": "“What! is it Mr. Plymdale’s book? I am sorry. I didn’t think about it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01606", "bookId": 145, "start": 585290, "end": 585424, "sha256": "87ae0ad48f9cc5100a83b3e1b696401fcc20ccc5065a386c7d0aeafcc9017acb", "text": "“I shall begin to admit what you said of yourself when you first came here—that you are a bear, and want teaching by the birds.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01607", "bookId": 145, "start": 585426, "end": 585520, "sha256": "255957167c423e278e0f911c9484919fd1c57a05f6cb3f21e888ade48a94f11e", "text": "“Well, there is a bird who can teach me what she will. Don’t I listen to her willingly?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01608", "bookId": 145, "start": 585522, "end": 586171, "sha256": "e0443a6bf9da5195779db3989f9c38378b32707bb6f5a5d194b5c697c2867cef", "text": "To Rosamond it seemed as if she and Lydgate were as good as engaged. That they were some time to be engaged had long been an idea in her mind; and ideas, we know, tend to a more solid kind of existence, the necessary materials being at hand. It is true, Lydgate had the counter-idea of remaining unengaged; but this was a mere negative, a shadow cast by other resolves which themselves were capable of shrinking. Circumstance was almost sure to be on the side of Rosamond’s idea, which had a shaping activity and looked through watchful blue eyes, whereas Lydgate’s lay blind and unconcerned as a jelly-fish which gets melted without knowing it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01609", "bookId": 145, "start": 586173, "end": 587437, "sha256": "64c21f382701a478bd9b7a468c150847ed6322c7d9ba4eab63423a43b5fc78fa", "text": "That evening when he went home, he looked at his phials to see how a process of maceration was going on, with undisturbed interest; and he wrote out his daily notes with as much precision as usual. The reveries from which it was difficult for him to detach himself were ideal constructions of something else than Rosamond’s virtues, and the primitive tissue was still his fair unknown. Moreover, he was beginning to feel some zest for the growing though half-suppressed feud between him and the other medical men, which was likely to become more manifest, now that Bulstrode’s method of managing the new hospital was about to be declared; and there were various inspiriting signs that his non-acceptance by some of Peacock’s patients might be counterbalanced by the impression he had produced in other quarters. Only a few days later, when he had happened to overtake Rosamond on the Lowick road and had got down from his horse to walk by her side until he had quite protected her from a passing drove, he had been stopped by a servant on horseback with a message calling him in to a house of some importance where Peacock had never attended; and it was the second instance of this kind. The servant was Sir James Chettam’s, and the house was Lowick Manor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01610", "bookId": 145, "start": 587442, "end": 587457, "sha256": "a414be256d434c5605610ce614af4d4f4e3a1f81c9988d72c4b9a6872fb50bb7", "text": "CHAPTER XXVIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01611", "bookId": 145, "start": 587459, "end": 587545, "sha256": "c40c2e049beffa31e3866dd7f6ee6e79543ef05aae2ff66ffce06e2b9b354187", "text": "1_st Gent_. All times are good to seek your wedded home Bringing a mutual delight.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01612", "bookId": 145, "start": 587547, "end": 587773, "sha256": "a7fab5db81be7dd128d64edb78160464f552b8bc2b9553908517f220c2e7dd88", "text": "2_d Gent_. Why, true. The calendar hath not an evil day For souls made one by love, and even death Were sweetness, if it came like rolling waves While they two clasped each other, and foresaw No life apart.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01613", "bookId": 145, "start": 587776, "end": 588748, "sha256": "818f611acb62ef244184b3ae7d67777a6f01393d7ebcf55780092ce72d326ecd", "text": "Mr. and Mrs. Casaubon, returning from their wedding journey, arrived at Lowick Manor in the middle of January. A light snow was falling as they descended at the door, and in the morning, when Dorothea passed from her dressing-room into the blue-green boudoir that we know of, she saw the long avenue of limes lifting their trunks from a white earth, and spreading white branches against the dun and motionless sky. The distant flat shrank in uniform whiteness and low-hanging uniformity of cloud. The very furniture in the room seemed to have shrunk since she saw it before: the stag in the tapestry looked more like a ghost in his ghostly blue-green world; the volumes of polite literature in the bookcase looked more like immovable imitations of books. The bright fire of dry oak-boughs burning on the logs seemed an incongruous renewal of life and glow—like the figure of Dorothea herself as she entered carrying the red-leather cases containing the cameos for Celia.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01614", "bookId": 145, "start": 588750, "end": 589435, "sha256": "f19d9c07ba677bac7ab1e5c6968abd486b05d351729ea20d5cf2fd8d932de95e", "text": "She was glowing from her morning toilet as only healthful youth can glow: there was gem-like brightness on her coiled hair and in her hazel eyes; there was warm red life in her lips; her throat had a breathing whiteness above the differing white of the fur which itself seemed to wind about her neck and cling down her blue-gray pelisse with a tenderness gathered from her own, a sentient commingled innocence which kept its loveliness against the crystalline purity of the outdoor snow. As she laid the cameo-cases on the table in the bow-window, she unconsciously kept her hands on them, immediately absorbed in looking out on the still, white enclosure which made her visible world.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01615", "bookId": 145, "start": 589437, "end": 590649, "sha256": "0d4a45043171ec6a6ec0ac8f18018b7e10ba53a6c2a3ded63d2f7d6ca34f983e", "text": "Mr. Casaubon, who had risen early complaining of palpitation, was in the library giving audience to his curate Mr. Tucker. By-and-by Celia would come in her quality of bridesmaid as well as sister, and through the next weeks there would be wedding visits received and given; all in continuance of that transitional life understood to correspond with the excitement of bridal felicity, and keeping up the sense of busy ineffectiveness, as of a dream which the dreamer begins to suspect. The duties of her married life, contemplated as so great beforehand, seemed to be shrinking with the furniture and the white vapor-walled landscape. The clear heights where she expected to walk in full communion had become difficult to see even in her imagination; the delicious repose of the soul on a complete superior had been shaken into uneasy effort and alarmed with dim presentiment. When would the days begin of that active wifely devotion which was to strengthen her husband’s life and exalt her own? Never perhaps, as she had preconceived them; but somehow—still somehow. In this solemnly pledged union of her life, duty would present itself in some new form of inspiration and give a new meaning to wifely love.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01616", "bookId": 145, "start": 590651, "end": 591729, "sha256": "4f778a693e4b2d753692f04c88e808838a110a903915f2692852753528007cfb", "text": "Meanwhile there was the snow and the low arch of dun vapor—there was the stifling oppression of that gentlewoman’s world, where everything was done for her and none asked for her aid—where the sense of connection with a manifold pregnant existence had to be kept up painfully as an inward vision, instead of coming from without in claims that would have shaped her energies.— “What shall I do?” “Whatever you please, my dear:” that had been her brief history since she had left off learning morning lessons and practising silly rhythms on the hated piano. Marriage, which was to bring guidance into worthy and imperative occupation, had not yet freed her from the gentlewoman’s oppressive liberty: it had not even filled her leisure with the ruminant joy of unchecked tenderness. Her blooming full-pulsed youth stood there in a moral imprisonment which made itself one with the chill, colorless, narrowed landscape, with the shrunken furniture, the never-read books, and the ghostly stag in a pale fantastic world that seemed to be vanishing from the daylight.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01617", "bookId": 145, "start": 591731, "end": 593877, "sha256": "b2b304e5d36d415da9699ea825255c1a531f3e03851a503405d5a98842256d80", "text": "In the first minutes when Dorothea looked out she felt nothing but the dreary oppression; then came a keen remembrance, and turning away from the window she walked round the room. The ideas and hopes which were living in her mind when she first saw this room nearly three months before were present now only as memories: she judged them as we judge transient and departed things. All existence seemed to beat with a lower pulse than her own, and her religious faith was a solitary cry, the struggle out of a nightmare in which every object was withering and shrinking away from her. Each remembered thing in the room was disenchanted, was deadened as an unlit transparency, till her wandering gaze came to the group of miniatures, and there at last she saw something which had gathered new breath and meaning: it was the miniature of Mr. Casaubon’s aunt Julia, who had made the unfortunate marriage—of Will Ladislaw’s grandmother. Dorothea could fancy that it was alive now—the delicate woman’s face which yet had a headstrong look, a peculiarity difficult to interpret. Was it only her friends who thought her marriage unfortunate? or did she herself find it out to be a mistake, and taste the salt bitterness of her tears in the merciful silence of the night? What breadths of experience Dorothea seemed to have passed over since she first looked at this miniature! She felt a new companionship with it, as if it had an ear for her and could see how she was looking at it. Here was a woman who had known some difficulty about marriage. Nay, the colors deepened, the lips and chin seemed to get larger, the hair and eyes seemed to be sending out light, the face was masculine and beamed on her with that full gaze which tells her on whom it falls that she is too interesting for the slightest movement of her eyelid to pass unnoticed and uninterpreted. The vivid presentation came like a pleasant glow to Dorothea: she felt herself smiling, and turning from the miniature sat down and looked up as if she were again talking to a figure in front of her. But the smile disappeared as she went on meditating, and at last she said aloud—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01618", "bookId": 145, "start": 593879, "end": 593938, "sha256": "20890a6b76828db0837a2b8f644596bde6937a80014c59302971bcf0ba0e5fd7", "text": "“Oh, it was cruel to speak so! How sad—how dreadful!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01619", "bookId": 145, "start": 593940, "end": 594297, "sha256": "7b9b99144f42bb4ae0a130e9664a1e6784626b48c8f63767c3dba318ca1869c9", "text": "She rose quickly and went out of the room, hurrying along the corridor, with the irresistible impulse to go and see her husband and inquire if she could do anything for him. Perhaps Mr. Tucker was gone and Mr. Casaubon was alone in the library. She felt as if all her morning’s gloom would vanish if she could see her husband glad because of her presence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01620", "bookId": 145, "start": 594299, "end": 594462, "sha256": "d55418236bfa03d5cb4db3bbf5252f6ecc451dce5418738e3559b0a9285969de", "text": "But when she reached the head of the dark oak there was Celia coming up, and below there was Mr. Brooke, exchanging welcomes and congratulations with Mr. Casaubon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01621", "bookId": 145, "start": 594464, "end": 594683, "sha256": "e03e49c430b747e4ff6e6560d0c687b786922f6ab0ec40fba8e3f4a636f6f361", "text": "“Dodo!” said Celia, in her quiet staccato; then kissed her sister, whose arms encircled her, and said no more. I think they both cried a little in a furtive manner, while Dorothea ran down-stairs to greet her uncle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01622", "bookId": 145, "start": 594685, "end": 595414, "sha256": "e669fa7c69ace066e4acbeb6dcc1755b425e02ef2b543d87154da26bbcf16722", "text": "“I need not ask how you are, my dear,” said Mr. Brooke, after kissing her forehead. “Rome has agreed with you, I see—happiness, frescos, the antique—that sort of thing. Well, it’s very pleasant to have you back again, and you understand all about art now, eh? But Casaubon is a little pale, I tell him—a little pale, you know. Studying hard in his holidays is carrying it rather too far. I overdid it at one time”—Mr. Brooke still held Dorothea’s hand, but had turned his face to Mr. Casaubon—“about topography, ruins, temples—I thought I had a clew, but I saw it would carry me too far, and nothing might come of it. You may go any length in that sort of thing, and nothing may come of it, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01623", "bookId": 145, "start": 595416, "end": 595602, "sha256": "3c57d09ae2ee601ffd9ea19725d4ceb8d9cb65a27d78e6ebf806d7ad1e0c5b88", "text": "Dorothea’s eyes also were turned up to her husband’s face with some anxiety at the idea that those who saw him afresh after absence might be aware of signs which she had not noticed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01624", "bookId": 145, "start": 595604, "end": 595954, "sha256": "37225b9022c75f249553327bad76e32eb9b953e1b457648872081e4064b5dc5a", "text": "“Nothing to alarm you, my dear,” said Mr. Brooke, observing her expression. “A little English beef and mutton will soon make a difference. It was all very well to look pale, sitting for the portrait of Aquinas, you know—we got your letter just in time. But Aquinas, now—he was a little too subtle, wasn’t he? Does anybody read Aquinas?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01625", "bookId": 145, "start": 595956, "end": 596093, "sha256": "6c8fc17217a73baa4cfdfcb4c420859804916fc565a9829f7dbd5fdcb477cb8c", "text": "“He is not indeed an author adapted to superficial minds,” said Mr. Casaubon, meeting these timely questions with dignified patience.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01626", "bookId": 145, "start": 596095, "end": 596184, "sha256": "287f78c2e8aa243a61ab54dbc59e81d2226bba0307b236cef8a4d274447a6558", "text": "“You would like coffee in your own room, uncle?” said Dorothea, coming to the rescue.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01627", "bookId": 145, "start": 596186, "end": 596287, "sha256": "dae86f7e7ee16e85aff9e9970664e07955612a3a19d58e34cda84f109c5fdf4e", "text": "“Yes; and you must go to Celia: she has great news to tell you, you know. I leave it all to her.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01628", "bookId": 145, "start": 596289, "end": 596506, "sha256": "f33968803d639ac59dfbc7d2fa91df74685fb873f5b721c13f1df35d1fe2ab73", "text": "The blue-green boudoir looked much more cheerful when Celia was seated there in a pelisse exactly like her sister’s, surveying the cameos with a placid satisfaction, while the conversation passed on to other topics.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01629", "bookId": 145, "start": 596508, "end": 596666, "sha256": "d0cf7c13c9576a13ef9b9f14e77e956b95a3766ad130a90d6ec0aa3a86ae83db", "text": "“Do you think it nice to go to Rome on a wedding journey?” said Celia, with her ready delicate blush which Dorothea was used to on the smallest occasions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01630", "bookId": 145, "start": 596668, "end": 596819, "sha256": "b25a8ffda8070bb6714fd1fb7fd96e95002d2e5515744cea327bc1f2a4567dfa", "text": "“It would not suit all—not you, dear, for example,” said Dorothea, quietly. No one would ever know what she thought of a wedding journey to Rome.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01631", "bookId": 145, "start": 596821, "end": 597108, "sha256": "b0affb905d6257c207c55fd5986997bd96a4000404b366de10d06d7119c821ef", "text": "“Mrs. Cadwallader says it is nonsense, people going a long journey when they are married. She says they get tired to death of each other, and can’t quarrel comfortably, as they would at home. And Lady Chettam says she went to Bath.” Celia’s color changed again and again—seemed", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01632", "bookId": 145, "start": 597110, "end": 597195, "sha256": "64962cad587be2370fa41b020e3f011665ef4d7eb1e89fafd5a92b3f2c093da7", "text": "“To come and go with tidings from the heart, As it a running messenger had been.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01633", "bookId": 145, "start": 597198, "end": 597252, "sha256": "3d642c38d889f30dac423f898afd209cb0bcbfef83f24289c0abf5156912cc16", "text": "It must mean more than Celia’s blushing usually did.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01634", "bookId": 145, "start": 597254, "end": 597390, "sha256": "81b3275c306d152cf671e667e709da338a7970f17cc822c709c8616cf2b37b28", "text": "“Celia! has something happened?” said Dorothea, in a tone full of sisterly feeling. “Have you really any great news to tell me?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01635", "bookId": 145, "start": 597392, "end": 597540, "sha256": "c75f8a0efed86c4ae04b157e960f93088d3c8b932087e8404d9af4bc3ca509b7", "text": "“It was because you went away, Dodo. Then there was nobody but me for Sir James to talk to,” said Celia, with a certain roguishness in her eyes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01636", "bookId": 145, "start": 597542, "end": 597753, "sha256": "cebef6bde34c86f080963a1159eecae4dc527c4d841093cb578575274e1b54b6", "text": "“I understand. It is as I used to hope and believe,” said Dorothea, taking her sister’s face between her hands, and looking at her half anxiously. Celia’s marriage seemed more serious than it used to do.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01637", "bookId": 145, "start": 597755, "end": 597837, "sha256": "ac646b56c6d760599c37782e1f7a467fbce5bd54c026f6b30d5b0039769bb9ad", "text": "“It was only three days ago,” said Celia. “And Lady Chettam is very kind.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01638", "bookId": 145, "start": 597839, "end": 597868, "sha256": "2506830ad110e51309e756e50134d61b190aebd829da7b2f8bbf9bd60390cf47", "text": "“And you are very happy?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01639", "bookId": 145, "start": 597870, "end": 598090, "sha256": "6ec74016fac638139d02cdc61578da8595bed5d7eb11cec87d666b48a238cae5", "text": "“Yes. We are not going to be married yet. Because every thing is to be got ready. And I don’t want to be married so very soon, because I think it is nice to be engaged. And we shall be married all our lives after.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01640", "bookId": 145, "start": 598092, "end": 598204, "sha256": "e14c535917d4efe082431fa7801492e5fef6fc7f624b79201b8ac1a4381ca9b3", "text": "“I do believe you could not marry better, Kitty. Sir James is a good, honorable man,” said Dorothea, warmly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01641", "bookId": 145, "start": 598206, "end": 598324, "sha256": "d580f593b25d6768d181ec18adb70e6eec891e47580d4a9f940a04348fa3c76e", "text": "“He has gone on with the cottages, Dodo. He will tell you about them when he comes. Shall you be glad to see him?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01642", "bookId": 145, "start": 598326, "end": 598370, "sha256": "f31413ab9db20485bf569e7ec5cc335fe902c9318bd74c87b74d3f92b7925609", "text": "“Of course I shall. How can you ask me?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01643", "bookId": 145, "start": 598372, "end": 598547, "sha256": "c0cca68a987ebfa2d63d352ba5527ff0fd63c91b37684f50ecdf6f42a48f86e9", "text": "“Only I was afraid you would be getting so learned,” said Celia, regarding Mr. Casaubon’s learning as a kind of damp which might in due time saturate a neighboring body.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01644", "bookId": 145, "start": 598552, "end": 598565, "sha256": "6bbf4904b763adb76ff6ae611408b7392b8ee0a185789a06e583cccb0d8d0714", "text": "CHAPTER XXIX.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01645", "bookId": 145, "start": 598567, "end": 598701, "sha256": "6f9c22002c4544f0d948a2b0974b46d9aa59da03c6b65aeac03fa9b540eb6231", "text": "I found that no genius in another could please me. My unfortunate paradoxes had entirely dried up that source of comfort.—GOLDSMITH.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01646", "bookId": 145, "start": 598704, "end": 600644, "sha256": "1c3aca679ce4af83209c9c95f1aad10581549d5497ce685822657c5f3bca6ab7", "text": "One morning, some weeks after her arrival at Lowick, Dorothea—but why always Dorothea? Was her point of view the only possible one with regard to this marriage? I protest against all our interest, all our effort at understanding being given to the young skins that look blooming in spite of trouble; for these too will get faded, and will know the older and more eating griefs which we are helping to neglect. In spite of the blinking eyes and white moles objectionable to Celia, and the want of muscular curve which was morally painful to Sir James, Mr. Casaubon had an intense consciousness within him, and was spiritually a-hungered like the rest of us. He had done nothing exceptional in marrying—nothing but what society sanctions, and considers an occasion for wreaths and bouquets. It had occurred to him that he must not any longer defer his intention of matrimony, and he had reflected that in taking a wife, a man of good position should expect and carefully choose a blooming young lady—the younger the better, because more educable and submissive—of a rank equal to his own, of religious principles, virtuous disposition, and good understanding. On such a young lady he would make handsome settlements, and he would neglect no arrangement for her happiness: in return, he should receive family pleasures and leave behind him that copy of himself which seemed so urgently required of a man—to the sonneteers of the sixteenth century. Times had altered since then, and no sonneteer had insisted on Mr. Casaubon’s leaving a copy of himself; moreover, he had not yet succeeded in issuing copies of his mythological key; but he had always intended to acquit himself by marriage, and the sense that he was fast leaving the years behind him, that the world was getting dimmer and that he felt lonely, was a reason to him for losing no more time in overtaking domestic delights before they too were left behind by the years.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01647", "bookId": 145, "start": 600646, "end": 601813, "sha256": "a1b6b915d56506aad6b3c570a1d6b84589274de150200d717edec5e159fa92f2", "text": "And when he had seen Dorothea he believed that he had found even more than he demanded: she might really be such a helpmate to him as would enable him to dispense with a hired secretary, an aid which Mr. Casaubon had never yet employed and had a suspicious dread of. (Mr. Casaubon was nervously conscious that he was expected to manifest a powerful mind.) Providence, in its kindness, had supplied him with the wife he needed. A wife, a modest young lady, with the purely appreciative, unambitious abilities of her sex, is sure to think her husband’s mind powerful. Whether Providence had taken equal care of Miss Brooke in presenting her with Mr. Casaubon was an idea which could hardly occur to him. Society never made the preposterous demand that a man should think as much about his own qualifications for making a charming girl happy as he thinks of hers for making himself happy. As if a man could choose not only his wife but his wife’s husband! Or as if he were bound to provide charms for his posterity in his own person!— When Dorothea accepted him with effusion, that was only natural; and Mr. Casaubon believed that his happiness was going to begin.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01648", "bookId": 145, "start": 601815, "end": 604671, "sha256": "e05b952c54512aecd536e5963b5610c6939eaf713b082cb54999d968a4feae7a", "text": "He had not had much foretaste of happiness in his previous life. To know intense joy without a strong bodily frame, one must have an enthusiastic soul. Mr. Casaubon had never had a strong bodily frame, and his soul was sensitive without being enthusiastic: it was too languid to thrill out of self-consciousness into passionate delight; it went on fluttering in the swampy ground where it was hatched, thinking of its wings and never flying. His experience was of that pitiable kind which shrinks from pity, and fears most of all that it should be known: it was that proud narrow sensitiveness which has not mass enough to spare for transformation into sympathy, and quivers thread-like in small currents of self-preoccupation or at best of an egoistic scrupulosity. And Mr. Casaubon had many scruples: he was capable of a severe self-restraint; he was resolute in being a man of honor according to the code; he would be unimpeachable by any recognized opinion. In conduct these ends had been attained; but the difficulty of making his Key to all Mythologies unimpeachable weighed like lead upon his mind; and the pamphlets—or “Parerga” as he called them—by which he tested his public and deposited small monumental records of his march, were far from having been seen in all their significance. He suspected the Archdeacon of not having read them; he was in painful doubt as to what was really thought of them by the leading minds of Brasenose, and bitterly convinced that his old acquaintance Carp had been the writer of that depreciatory recension which was kept locked in a small drawer of Mr. Casaubon’s desk, and also in a dark closet of his verbal memory. These were heavy impressions to struggle against, and brought that melancholy embitterment which is the consequence of all excessive claim: even his religious faith wavered with his wavering trust in his own authorship, and the consolations of the Christian hope in immortality seemed to lean on the immortality of the still unwritten Key to all Mythologies. For my part I am very sorry for him. It is an uneasy lot at best, to be what we call highly taught and yet not to enjoy: to be present at this great spectacle of life and never to be liberated from a small hungry shivering self—never to be fully possessed by the glory we behold, never to have our consciousness rapturously transformed into the vividness of a thought, the ardor of a passion, the energy of an action, but always to be scholarly and uninspired, ambitious and timid, scrupulous and dim-sighted. Becoming a dean or even a bishop would make little difference, I fear, to Mr. Casaubon’s uneasiness. Doubtless some ancient Greek has observed that behind the big mask and the speaking-trumpet, there must always be our poor little eyes peeping as usual and our timorous lips more or less under anxious control.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01649", "bookId": 145, "start": 604673, "end": 606937, "sha256": "d3cca529a91c5ac5cffa41e696ade39a63ba43c449f44222ec4df65c20487c45", "text": "To this mental estate mapped out a quarter of a century before, to sensibilities thus fenced in, Mr. Casaubon had thought of annexing happiness with a lovely young bride; but even before marriage, as we have seen, he found himself under a new depression in the consciousness that the new bliss was not blissful to him. Inclination yearned back to its old, easier custom. And the deeper he went in domesticity the more did the sense of acquitting himself and acting with propriety predominate over any other satisfaction. Marriage, like religion and erudition, nay, like authorship itself, was fated to become an outward requirement, and Edward Casaubon was bent on fulfilling unimpeachably all requirements. Even drawing Dorothea into use in his study, according to his own intention before marriage, was an effort which he was always tempted to defer, and but for her pleading insistence it might never have begun. But she had succeeded in making it a matter of course that she should take her place at an early hour in the library and have work either of reading aloud or copying assigned her. The work had been easier to define because Mr. Casaubon had adopted an immediate intention: there was to be a new Parergon, a small monograph on some lately traced indications concerning the Egyptian mysteries whereby certain assertions of Warburton’s could be corrected. References were extensive even here, but not altogether shoreless; and sentences were actually to be written in the shape wherein they would be scanned by Brasenose and a less formidable posterity. These minor monumental productions were always exciting to Mr. Casaubon; digestion was made difficult by the interference of citations, or by the rivalry of dialectical phrases ringing against each other in his brain. And from the first there was to be a Latin dedication about which everything was uncertain except that it was not to be addressed to Carp: it was a poisonous regret to Mr. Casaubon that he had once addressed a dedication to Carp in which he had numbered that member of the animal kingdom among the _viros nullo ævo perituros_, a mistake which would infallibly lay the dedicator open to ridicule in the next age, and might even be chuckled over by Pike and Tench in the present.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01650", "bookId": 145, "start": 606939, "end": 607245, "sha256": "345308e70af60dd9e4e7e9297dd1f75794712d0a473439cfe04d0099b68fba22", "text": "Thus Mr. Casaubon was in one of his busiest epochs, and as I began to say a little while ago, Dorothea joined him early in the library where he had breakfasted alone. Celia at this time was on a second visit to Lowick, probably the last before her marriage, and was in the drawing-room expecting Sir James.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01651", "bookId": 145, "start": 607247, "end": 607520, "sha256": "359160e1a35d4988d0d0762f016eb221a387daacfe8ac90b7a0ed0bb0634a9c8", "text": "Dorothea had learned to read the signs of her husband’s mood, and she saw that the morning had become more foggy there during the last hour. She was going silently to her desk when he said, in that distant tone which implied that he was discharging a disagreeable duty—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01652", "bookId": 145, "start": 607522, "end": 607606, "sha256": "6ea6e5ea839ff77bf7b40b51be581c97007fd9444315701571c55b90576ddbbf", "text": "“Dorothea, here is a letter for you, which was enclosed in one addressed to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01653", "bookId": 145, "start": 607608, "end": 607682, "sha256": "3c586b55342aa4b609224d5036facd0a046792f7c29e46dc076bda41b291fc4e", "text": "It was a letter of two pages, and she immediately looked at the signature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01654", "bookId": 145, "start": 607684, "end": 607881, "sha256": "4c7ca40d2693f9fe5d7dc3fd6b3afea16e6fc89d1a8ba5843a71f614d743815b", "text": "“Mr. Ladislaw! What can he have to say to me?” she exclaimed, in a tone of pleased surprise. “But,” she added, looking at Mr. Casaubon, “I can imagine what he has written to you about.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01655", "bookId": 145, "start": 607883, "end": 608327, "sha256": "6286c4888a038c8849f12c14a11382547d33c0f3590403a3102689d88c071b3b", "text": "“You can, if you please, read the letter,” said Mr. Casaubon, severely pointing to it with his pen, and not looking at her. “But I may as well say beforehand, that I must decline the proposal it contains to pay a visit here. I trust I may be excused for desiring an interval of complete freedom from such distractions as have been hitherto inevitable, and especially from guests whose desultory vivacity makes their presence a fatigue.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01656", "bookId": 145, "start": 608329, "end": 609317, "sha256": "c49ec46c78f4c755374e6bc87de198e8fd3409434d38a5ffc925149f80c903a2", "text": "There had been no clashing of temper between Dorothea and her husband since that little explosion in Rome, which had left such strong traces in her mind that it had been easier ever since to quell emotion than to incur the consequence of venting it. But this ill-tempered anticipation that she could desire visits which might be disagreeable to her husband, this gratuitous defence of himself against selfish complaint on her part, was too sharp a sting to be meditated on until after it had been resented. Dorothea had thought that she could have been patient with John Milton, but she had never imagined him behaving in this way; and for a moment Mr. Casaubon seemed to be stupidly undiscerning and odiously unjust. Pity, that “new-born babe” which was by-and-by to rule many a storm within her, did not “stride the blast” on this occasion. With her first words, uttered in a tone that shook him, she startled Mr. Casaubon into looking at her, and meeting the flash of her eyes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01657", "bookId": 145, "start": 609319, "end": 609533, "sha256": "b4dc9541ba8efaf16b42011cdfc39d6d480eae7e848058a46666e4ad4575bff9", "text": "“Why do you attribute to me a wish for anything that would annoy you? You speak to me as if I were something you had to contend against. Wait at least till I appear to consult my own pleasure apart from yours.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01658", "bookId": 145, "start": 609535, "end": 609599, "sha256": "8dcc4fc73aac326257bafd4c3ef5914cd31331dda557907322f5d17580d4c1f1", "text": "“Dorothea, you are hasty,” answered Mr. Casaubon, nervously.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01659", "bookId": 145, "start": 609601, "end": 609755, "sha256": "0c7b586dde4959943c1781ae6e2f364ae9ca8755c048b7bfa8d69158f2233ca3", "text": "Decidedly, this woman was too young to be on the formidable level of wifehood—unless she had been pale and featureless and taken everything for granted.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01660", "bookId": 145, "start": 609757, "end": 609984, "sha256": "be802f52ec0ffab10638f172f0f9b7b7fc7401c23c3dd2e36e32f5ea98b81433", "text": "“I think it was you who were first hasty in your false suppositions about my feeling,” said Dorothea, in the same tone. The fire was not dissipated yet, and she thought it was ignoble in her husband not to apologize to her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01661", "bookId": 145, "start": 609986, "end": 610113, "sha256": "b94badcd20006acf459d94933dd55dfc2ef9661783ff7bdb50255ac52cd20cf4", "text": "“We will, if you please, say no more on this subject, Dorothea. I have neither leisure nor energy for this kind of debate.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01662", "bookId": 145, "start": 610115, "end": 610527, "sha256": "6b862c7b20dcc9eb8ff35bbb49f327b5ba946b894c87759d3a176783389eabc9", "text": "Here Mr. Casaubon dipped his pen and made as if he would return to his writing, though his hand trembled so much that the words seemed to be written in an unknown character. There are answers which, in turning away wrath, only send it to the other end of the room, and to have a discussion coolly waived when you feel that justice is all on your own side is even more exasperating in marriage than in philosophy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01663", "bookId": 145, "start": 610529, "end": 611543, "sha256": "c8282e4c8ac284c2990bd213df3b9f55a79f7be7e9363373827b82fe06008e47", "text": "Dorothea left Ladislaw’s two letters unread on her husband’s writing-table and went to her own place, the scorn and indignation within her rejecting the reading of these letters, just as we hurl away any trash towards which we seem to have been suspected of mean cupidity. She did not in the least divine the subtle sources of her husband’s bad temper about these letters: she only knew that they had caused him to offend her. She began to work at once, and her hand did not tremble; on the contrary, in writing out the quotations which had been given to her the day before, she felt that she was forming her letters beautifully, and it seemed to her that she saw the construction of the Latin she was copying, and which she was beginning to understand, more clearly than usual. In her indignation there was a sense of superiority, but it went out for the present in firmness of stroke, and did not compress itself into an inward articulate voice pronouncing the once “affable archangel” a poor creature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01664", "bookId": 145, "start": 611545, "end": 612020, "sha256": "fad1873def1ad24529fccf558d71a0e9a6169e2eb012942237728751482386d4", "text": "There had been this apparent quiet for half an hour, and Dorothea had not looked away from her own table, when she heard the loud bang of a book on the floor, and turning quickly saw Mr. Casaubon on the library steps clinging forward as if he were in some bodily distress. She started up and bounded towards him in an instant: he was evidently in great straits for breath. Jumping on a stool she got close to his elbow and said with her whole soul melted into tender alarm—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01665", "bookId": 145, "start": 612022, "end": 612053, "sha256": "2ca7c7e094257959866ceae871f49473d00ecf481114a299239e6d55b5c30e07", "text": "“Can you lean on me, dear?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01666", "bookId": 145, "start": 612055, "end": 612624, "sha256": "e0a587004fd635290fac9184b20e7f249e2606c8e593102a1deca5adee904865", "text": "He was still for two or three minutes, which seemed endless to her, unable to speak or move, gasping for breath. When at last he descended the three steps and fell backward in the large chair which Dorothea had drawn close to the foot of the ladder, he no longer gasped but seemed helpless and about to faint. Dorothea rang the bell violently, and presently Mr. Casaubon was helped to the couch: he did not faint, and was gradually reviving, when Sir James Chettam came in, having been met in the hall with the news that Mr. Casaubon had “had a fit in the library.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01667", "bookId": 145, "start": 612626, "end": 613040, "sha256": "6418628b95ce428e56f3be3ec1be7db7ddd295e9ba226b994050fa3497d75841", "text": "“Good God! this is just what might have been expected,” was his immediate thought. If his prophetic soul had been urged to particularize, it seemed to him that “fits” would have been the definite expression alighted upon. He asked his informant, the butler, whether the doctor had been sent for. The butler never knew his master to want the doctor before; but would it not be right to send for a physician?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01668", "bookId": 145, "start": 613042, "end": 613323, "sha256": "ba65abc359e1edebd143966f4b9d8ec5a1ec04789558ba4b67677d9a48bd0097", "text": "When Sir James entered the library, however, Mr. Casaubon could make some signs of his usual politeness, and Dorothea, who in the reaction from her first terror had been kneeling and sobbing by his side now rose and herself proposed that some one should ride off for a medical man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01669", "bookId": 145, "start": 613325, "end": 613531, "sha256": "b58c270154322b48b8916c395f8a418f6d9747c8aa7ab6b994cc29d0a6b9f369", "text": "“I recommend you to send for Lydgate,” said Sir James. “My mother has called him in, and she has found him uncommonly clever. She has had a poor opinion of the physicians since my father’s death.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01670", "bookId": 145, "start": 613533, "end": 613820, "sha256": "1b05151bc06d0f6dda647e4eb540386afb2060205ea5ffae9ffd40460ee4d933", "text": "Dorothea appealed to her husband, and he made a silent sign of approval. So Mr. Lydgate was sent for and he came wonderfully soon, for the messenger, who was Sir James Chettam’s man and knew Mr. Lydgate, met him leading his horse along the Lowick road and giving his arm to Miss Vincy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01671", "bookId": 145, "start": 613822, "end": 614026, "sha256": "f8f87b199576ba5492f5dffa311e74cc6fc9782bc56d627dd05c2a5a871947ce", "text": "Celia, in the drawing-room, had known nothing of the trouble till Sir James told her of it. After Dorothea’s account, he no longer considered the illness a fit, but still something “of that nature.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01672", "bookId": 145, "start": 614028, "end": 614473, "sha256": "b809cca36a3e75497e094d64e6f6d82e4bdf5b9a903a0bdc2d1e1a25f92ac2d8", "text": "“Poor dear Dodo—how dreadful!” said Celia, feeling as much grieved as her own perfect happiness would allow. Her little hands were clasped, and enclosed by Sir James’s as a bud is enfolded by a liberal calyx. “It is very shocking that Mr. Casaubon should be ill; but I never did like him. And I think he is not half fond enough of Dorothea; and he ought to be, for I am sure no one else would have had him—do you think they would?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01673", "bookId": 145, "start": 614475, "end": 614553, "sha256": "fe622b0579ab8251108b7a2f6c4240dacd0b9ed294f70ef77cf2d9a17c8691e3", "text": "“I always thought it a horrible sacrifice of your sister,” said Sir James.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01674", "bookId": 145, "start": 614555, "end": 614642, "sha256": "92ce9350200e676688a770ad3147d7f4d68c41608e1a5837cd49491a2608bd0a", "text": "“Yes. But poor Dodo never did do what other people do, and I think she never will.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01675", "bookId": 145, "start": 614644, "end": 614938, "sha256": "75737c3997e958da5b08a6ac63241db46b7d54f27e876277b25f89638b424d75", "text": "“She is a noble creature,” said the loyal-hearted Sir James. He had just had a fresh impression of this kind, as he had seen Dorothea stretching her tender arm under her husband’s neck and looking at him with unspeakable sorrow. He did not know how much penitence there was in the sorrow.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01676", "bookId": 145, "start": 614940, "end": 615122, "sha256": "9c75df38fc50c27cb29ae1752bb61ae1fc99f470439255b1efd0a40c7cba6a5a", "text": "“Yes,” said Celia, thinking it was very well for Sir James to say so, but _he_ would not have been comfortable with Dodo. “Shall I go to her? Could I help her, do you think?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01677", "bookId": 145, "start": 615124, "end": 615268, "sha256": "87bd317af9a9da4c0a14e9e39affdb07ddc22207e56e8701be3d6ba4429c3934", "text": "“I think it would be well for you just to go and see her before Lydgate comes,” said Sir James, magnanimously. “Only don’t stay long.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01678", "bookId": 145, "start": 615270, "end": 616163, "sha256": "eab124ca45ddd1ea01a920950a969da717a2685cd6353a94c9780f0fb7207041", "text": "While Celia was gone he walked up and down remembering what he had originally felt about Dorothea’s engagement, and feeling a revival of his disgust at Mr. Brooke’s indifference. If Cadwallader—if every one else had regarded the affair as he, Sir James, had done, the marriage might have been hindered. It was wicked to let a young girl blindly decide her fate in that way, without any effort to save her. Sir James had long ceased to have any regrets on his own account: his heart was satisfied with his engagement to Celia. But he had a chivalrous nature (was not the disinterested service of woman among the ideal glories of old chivalry?): his disregarded love had not turned to bitterness; its death had made sweet odors—floating memories that clung with a consecrating effect to Dorothea. He could remain her brotherly friend, interpreting her actions with generous trustfulness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01679", "bookId": 145, "start": 616168, "end": 616180, "sha256": "a422083fe92bc53d7b8126702d91e69cf17dfcdab0eaf3c8f62695e8a69462d6", "text": "CHAPTER XXX.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01680", "bookId": 145, "start": 616182, "end": 616233, "sha256": "b75d0b34876339994999256d59e8ea46d0be3d019611353336fe0f8ff1799ccc", "text": "Qui veut délasser hors de propos, lasse.—PASCAL.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01681", "bookId": 145, "start": 616236, "end": 617014, "sha256": "b14cacbf8580c0cb6adbf6d4d3224f15780cddb52f88dc9bb0f7603614198bf2", "text": "Mr. Casaubon had no second attack of equal severity with the first, and in a few days began to recover his usual condition. But Lydgate seemed to think the case worth a great deal of attention. He not only used his stethoscope (which had not become a matter of course in practice at that time), but sat quietly by his patient and watched him. To Mr. Casaubon’s questions about himself, he replied that the source of the illness was the common error of intellectual men—a too eager and monotonous application: the remedy was, to be satisfied with moderate work, and to seek variety of relaxation. Mr. Brooke, who sat by on one occasion, suggested that Mr. Casaubon should go fishing, as Cadwallader did, and have a turning-room, make toys, table-legs, and that kind of thing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01682", "bookId": 145, "start": 617016, "end": 617288, "sha256": "a5d9da99fd945cbfad74685976511ee5b32da9295ea65c6ef5e7dbfa62bb0985", "text": "“In short, you recommend me to anticipate the arrival of my second childhood,” said poor Mr. Casaubon, with some bitterness. “These things,” he added, looking at Lydgate, “would be to me such relaxation as tow-picking is to prisoners in a house of correction.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01683", "bookId": 145, "start": 617290, "end": 617545, "sha256": "bb1d94cd97978342f0dd1e046a5b9d714d37f221bc9a094203add7bd84d5c647", "text": "“I confess,” said Lydgate, smiling, “amusement is rather an unsatisfactory prescription. It is something like telling people to keep up their spirits. Perhaps I had better say, that you must submit to be mildly bored rather than to go on working.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01684", "bookId": 145, "start": 617547, "end": 618325, "sha256": "fe30e2333cb8b65ff02508dacceffb51b13593764e65516f0a6ecb44dbce62bf", "text": "“Yes, yes,” said Mr. Brooke. “Get Dorothea to play backgammon with you in the evenings. And shuttlecock, now—I don’t know a finer game than shuttlecock for the daytime. I remember it all the fashion. To be sure, your eyes might not stand that, Casaubon. But you must unbend, you know. Why, you might take to some light study: conchology, now: I always think that must be a light study. Or get Dorothea to read you light things, Smollett—‘Roderick Random,’ ‘Humphry Clinker:’ they are a little broad, but she may read anything now she’s married, you know. I remember they made me laugh uncommonly—there’s a droll bit about a postilion’s breeches. We have no such humor now. I have gone through all these things, but they might be rather new to you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01685", "bookId": 145, "start": 618327, "end": 618606, "sha256": "6a2760f1cca7613a2a4879339f7746423826c2ce79606ae0959a464061db13b8", "text": "“As new as eating thistles,” would have been an answer to represent Mr. Casaubon’s feelings. But he only bowed resignedly, with due respect to his wife’s uncle, and observed that doubtless the works he mentioned had “served as a resource to a certain order of minds.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01686", "bookId": 145, "start": 618608, "end": 619309, "sha256": "7157c6f25c599a7a47d1529cd09a22e0bfcbd1fbb535ca9749366cc21793d392", "text": "“You see,” said the able magistrate to Lydgate, when they were outside the door, “Casaubon has been a little narrow: it leaves him rather at a loss when you forbid him his particular work, which I believe is something very deep indeed—in the line of research, you know. I would never give way to that; I was always versatile. But a clergyman is tied a little tight. If they would make him a bishop, now!—he did a very good pamphlet for Peel. He would have more movement then, more show; he might get a little flesh. But I recommend you to talk to Mrs. Casaubon. She is clever enough for anything, is my niece. Tell her, her husband wants liveliness, diversion: put her on amusing tactics.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01687", "bookId": 145, "start": 619311, "end": 620225, "sha256": "9b9f84497a701b15cc6ef2b900236328e8ac86860b86f41063fe363f7e698675", "text": "Without Mr. Brooke’s advice, Lydgate had determined on speaking to Dorothea. She had not been present while her uncle was throwing out his pleasant suggestions as to the mode in which life at Lowick might be enlivened, but she was usually by her husband’s side, and the unaffected signs of intense anxiety in her face and voice about whatever touched his mind or health, made a drama which Lydgate was inclined to watch. He said to himself that he was only doing right in telling her the truth about her husband’s probable future, but he certainly thought also that it would be interesting to talk confidentially with her. A medical man likes to make psychological observations, and sometimes in the pursuit of such studies is too easily tempted into momentous prophecy which life and death easily set at nought. Lydgate had often been satirical on this gratuitous prediction, and he meant now to be guarded.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01688", "bookId": 145, "start": 620227, "end": 620819, "sha256": "53f2c4457c6ecbfb99cb2d5fee3b824056f7820510d4e6da95e0adc60901e05a", "text": "He asked for Mrs. Casaubon, but being told that she was out walking, he was going away, when Dorothea and Celia appeared, both glowing from their struggle with the March wind. When Lydgate begged to speak with her alone, Dorothea opened the library door which happened to be the nearest, thinking of nothing at the moment but what he might have to say about Mr. Casaubon. It was the first time she had entered this room since her husband had been taken ill, and the servant had chosen not to open the shutters. But there was light enough to read by from the narrow upper panes of the windows.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01689", "bookId": 145, "start": 620821, "end": 621064, "sha256": "48f0e78f17373b1c28293aa3340cbf04ee330fa2415e7a2be3f4f9eb86d638a6", "text": "“You will not mind this sombre light,” said Dorothea, standing in the middle of the room. “Since you forbade books, the library has been out of the question. But Mr. Casaubon will soon be here again, I hope. Is he not making progress?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01690", "bookId": 145, "start": 621066, "end": 621186, "sha256": "018ec96296385239d36ca166544782b75a704e0e10303562f95bd2849da7bcee", "text": "“Yes, much more rapid progress than I at first expected. Indeed, he is already nearly in his usual state of health.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01691", "bookId": 145, "start": 621188, "end": 621322, "sha256": "ceeafb05c7316ce51e54a0c1c43ea3d3c7fc2ee0af82ba6ed50132f807ddc4c2", "text": "“You do not fear that the illness will return?” said Dorothea, whose quick ear had detected some significance in Lydgate’s tone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01692", "bookId": 145, "start": 621324, "end": 621577, "sha256": "c649c8351349208ceb10514f4031be2dcb126bb89ac86fb4498c7daadb8569cd", "text": "“Such cases are peculiarly difficult to pronounce upon,” said Lydgate. “The only point on which I can be confident is that it will be desirable to be very watchful on Mr. Casaubon’s account, lest he should in any way strain his nervous power.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01693", "bookId": 145, "start": 621579, "end": 621931, "sha256": "e07708d0e6d27091de63d3bf560262768d595410def4a09698dd4f84f2bc4f4d", "text": "“I beseech you to speak quite plainly,” said Dorothea, in an imploring tone. “I cannot bear to think that there might be something which I did not know, and which, if I had known it, would have made me act differently.” The words came out like a cry: it was evident that they were the voice of some mental experience which lay not very far off.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01694", "bookId": 145, "start": 621933, "end": 622130, "sha256": "f83bd9b6e403480d9c93ac2771dcac52055229392a0bb593f052e457c8364f50", "text": "“Sit down,” she added, placing herself on the nearest chair, and throwing off her bonnet and gloves, with an instinctive discarding of formality where a great question of destiny was concerned.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01695", "bookId": 145, "start": 622132, "end": 622529, "sha256": "24fbec3bb48a11f749bff702ff8b1e78fb1489173bdd1ad936edeb6c7fa015d1", "text": "“What you say now justifies my own view,” said Lydgate. “I think it is one’s function as a medical man to hinder regrets of that sort as far as possible. But I beg you to observe that Mr. Casaubon’s case is precisely of the kind in which the issue is most difficult to pronounce upon. He may possibly live for fifteen years or more, without much worse health than he has had hitherto.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01696", "bookId": 145, "start": 622531, "end": 622649, "sha256": "48caf9fb972f2d4824896a53ecc4a3e7a987bc60d2eb5252e8ee8bc0906a8ba6", "text": "Dorothea had turned very pale, and when Lydgate paused she said in a low voice, “You mean if we are very careful.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01697", "bookId": 145, "start": 622651, "end": 622744, "sha256": "e676b24d124a65a610e1f748c913a63f76efde2a5a1f3325d6ec6546ac771520", "text": "“Yes—careful against mental agitation of all kinds, and against excessive application.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01698", "bookId": 145, "start": 622746, "end": 622865, "sha256": "cdb2172396cdd0fca87d4172ebb242bb861806e6538345d80ed53b2a6a767861", "text": "“He would be miserable, if he had to give up his work,” said Dorothea, with a quick prevision of that wretchedness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01699", "bookId": 145, "start": 622867, "end": 623383, "sha256": "9c48a77ba22d357bf8e0758e56f211da9afed9185f2bdab9c983867238451577", "text": "“I am aware of that. The only course is to try by all means, direct and indirect, to moderate and vary his occupations. With a happy concurrence of circumstances, there is, as I said, no immediate danger from that affection of the heart, which I believe to have been the cause of his late attack. On the other hand, it is possible that the disease may develop itself more rapidly: it is one of those cases in which death is sometimes sudden. Nothing should be neglected which might be affected by such an issue.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01700", "bookId": 145, "start": 623385, "end": 623613, "sha256": "8f97e26186e386edf340847415f622a927463bb6ad3fd8a87e98cd55d583267d", "text": "There was silence for a few moments, while Dorothea sat as if she had been turned to marble, though the life within her was so intense that her mind had never before swept in brief time over an equal range of scenes and motives.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01701", "bookId": 145, "start": 623615, "end": 623716, "sha256": "b1aa60d238b2b52fe054da7ef7cb3ef7653f1820509eebb2a6b341f383090408", "text": "“Help me, pray,” she said, at last, in the same low voice as before. “Tell me what I can do.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01702", "bookId": 145, "start": 623718, "end": 623799, "sha256": "be440bfbe8c64f3552c89e0161e64824eb1c389535d5b1a4e023c0549f2644f9", "text": "“What do you think of foreign travel? You have been lately in Rome, I think.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01703", "bookId": 145, "start": 623801, "end": 623924, "sha256": "f196ac32d4efedcfa32b664f4b176242c55e1b4802ff4fc45b5cc0567c202e40", "text": "The memories which made this resource utterly hopeless were a new current that shook Dorothea out of her pallid immobility.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01704", "bookId": 145, "start": 623926, "end": 624120, "sha256": "1df88d1ab76bd959c1c4dba22d28d774ced97ef8757e2bd7c0a6e81de71fdbf5", "text": "“Oh, that would not do—that would be worse than anything,” she said with a more childlike despondency, while the tears rolled down. “Nothing will be of any use that he does not enjoy.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01705", "bookId": 145, "start": 624122, "end": 624300, "sha256": "4db64c66ea6c8051eefe95f6d970b5db47147dd0ae9568bfd8d7cc598a7bd151", "text": "“I wish that I could have spared you this pain,” said Lydgate, deeply touched, yet wondering about her marriage. Women just like Dorothea had not entered into his traditions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01706", "bookId": 145, "start": 624302, "end": 624377, "sha256": "3ba977d92e08b6de459e7d4dc08ff838903071b7a607058917c9b7a5cb74d6d7", "text": "“It was right of you to tell me. I thank you for telling me the truth.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01707", "bookId": 145, "start": 624379, "end": 624675, "sha256": "4589f201ac91e693623283e7b30a38aaecbe1c3e9131b6bcbc4d4db0e36450b6", "text": "“I wish you to understand that I shall not say anything to enlighten Mr. Casaubon himself. I think it desirable for him to know nothing more than that he must not overwork himself, and must observe certain rules. Anxiety of any kind would be precisely the most unfavorable condition for him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01708", "bookId": 145, "start": 624677, "end": 624951, "sha256": "d9569045b43b42ff3fbb7110a1b54bd63b18f4950aae093294001a1c5c56a48b", "text": "Lydgate rose, and Dorothea mechanically rose at the same time, unclasping her cloak and throwing it off as if it stifled her. He was bowing and quitting her, when an impulse which if she had been alone would have turned into a prayer, made her say with a sob in her voice—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01709", "bookId": 145, "start": 624953, "end": 625182, "sha256": "d44615356249423eb377c96e1bc7aed06097d131afd0406f28e883b979d13fb9", "text": "“Oh, you are a wise man, are you not? You know all about life and death. Advise me. Think what I can do. He has been laboring all his life and looking forward. He minds about nothing else.— And I mind about nothing else—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01710", "bookId": 145, "start": 625184, "end": 625531, "sha256": "24cec8b6dfa79dd8d5d77bcb5400e58b7633ce37bd6a60261ec9539038e0b946", "text": "For years after Lydgate remembered the impression produced in him by this involuntary appeal—this cry from soul to soul, without other consciousness than their moving with kindred natures in the same embroiled medium, the same troublous fitfully illuminated life. But what could he say now except that he should see Mr. Casaubon again to-morrow?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01711", "bookId": 145, "start": 625533, "end": 626768, "sha256": "fb3138f09cc1dcf565c57acdaf070bf8220b90e5ee2a95d72eeaf371726c8462", "text": "When he was gone, Dorothea’s tears gushed forth, and relieved her stifling oppression. Then she dried her eyes, reminded that her distress must not be betrayed to her husband; and looked round the room thinking that she must order the servant to attend to it as usual, since Mr. Casaubon might now at any moment wish to enter. On his writing-table there were letters which had lain untouched since the morning when he was taken ill, and among them, as Dorothea well remembered, there were young Ladislaw’s letters, the one addressed to her still unopened. The associations of these letters had been made the more painful by that sudden attack of illness which she felt that the agitation caused by her anger might have helped to bring on: it would be time enough to read them when they were again thrust upon her, and she had had no inclination to fetch them from the library. But now it occurred to her that they should be put out of her husband’s sight: whatever might have been the sources of his annoyance about them, he must, if possible, not be annoyed again; and she ran her eyes first over the letter addressed to him to assure herself whether or not it would be necessary to write in order to hinder the offensive visit.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01712", "bookId": 145, "start": 626770, "end": 628174, "sha256": "f8d95a1b1878fdb9e8e7def98048508bf459f21ad4af0178fa6537e41bc7bba3", "text": "Will wrote from Rome, and began by saying that his obligations to Mr. Casaubon were too deep for all thanks not to seem impertinent. It was plain that if he were not grateful, he must be the poorest-spirited rascal who had ever found a generous friend. To expand in wordy thanks would be like saying, “I am honest.” But Will had come to perceive that his defects—defects which Mr. Casaubon had himself often pointed to—needed for their correction that more strenuous position which his relative’s generosity had hitherto prevented from being inevitable. He trusted that he should make the best return, if return were possible, by showing the effectiveness of the education for which he was indebted, and by ceasing in future to need any diversion towards himself of funds on which others might have a better claim. He was coming to England, to try his fortune, as many other young men were obliged to do whose only capital was in their brains. His friend Naumann had desired him to take charge of the “Dispute”—the picture painted for Mr. Casaubon, with whose permission, and Mrs. Casaubon’s, Will would convey it to Lowick in person. A letter addressed to the Poste Restante in Paris within the fortnight would hinder him, if necessary, from arriving at an inconvenient moment. He enclosed a letter to Mrs. Casaubon in which he continued a discussion about art, begun with her in Rome.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01713", "bookId": 145, "start": 628176, "end": 628789, "sha256": "d1f2dd98fd600b9065593da47bab2b8049e04a07640d060250f8f68bace66e15", "text": "Opening her own letter Dorothea saw that it was a lively continuation of his remonstrance with her fanatical sympathy and her want of sturdy neutral delight in things as they were—an outpouring of his young vivacity which it was impossible to read just now. She had immediately to consider what was to be done about the other letter: there was still time perhaps to prevent Will from coming to Lowick. Dorothea ended by giving the letter to her uncle, who was still in the house, and begging him to let Will know that Mr. Casaubon had been ill, and that his health would not allow the reception of any visitors.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01714", "bookId": 145, "start": 628791, "end": 629011, "sha256": "cf21ab01a146a4a104ccfc245bebabfaaa723782fbe2b123973714b2f77b40d5", "text": "No one more ready than Mr. Brooke to write a letter: his only difficulty was to write a short one, and his ideas in this case expanded over the three large pages and the inward foldings. He had simply said to Dorothea—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01715", "bookId": 145, "start": 629013, "end": 629251, "sha256": "c095a926a3e361c34fdd8b98f9d7a8018af5ef4ec4247c291806cc9f4b144f3c", "text": "“To be sure, I will write, my dear. He’s a very clever young fellow—this young Ladislaw—I dare say will be a rising young man. It’s a good letter—marks his sense of things, you know. However, I will tell him about Casaubon.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01716", "bookId": 145, "start": 629253, "end": 630824, "sha256": "9c43768e5407af4cb9233e1bc4c3eeb597b965c38b10bec237f54c612fc81c82", "text": "But the end of Mr. Brooke’s pen was a thinking organ, evolving sentences, especially of a benevolent kind, before the rest of his mind could well overtake them. It expressed regrets and proposed remedies, which, when Mr. Brooke read them, seemed felicitously worded—surprisingly the right thing, and determined a sequel which he had never before thought of. In this case, his pen found it such a pity young Ladislaw should not have come into the neighborhood just at that time, in order that Mr. Brooke might make his acquaintance more fully, and that they might go over the long-neglected Italian drawings together—it also felt such an interest in a young man who was starting in life with a stock of ideas—that by the end of the second page it had persuaded Mr. Brooke to invite young Ladislaw, since he could not be received at Lowick, to come to Tipton Grange. Why not? They could find a great many things to do together, and this was a period of peculiar growth—the political horizon was expanding, and—in short, Mr. Brooke’s pen went off into a little speech which it had lately reported for that imperfectly edited organ the “Middlemarch Pioneer.” While Mr. Brooke was sealing this letter, he felt elated with an influx of dim projects:—a young man capable of putting ideas into form, the “Pioneer” purchased to clear the pathway for a new candidate, documents utilized—who knew what might come of it all? Since Celia was going to marry immediately, it would be very pleasant to have a young fellow at table with him, at least for a time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01717", "bookId": 145, "start": 630826, "end": 630996, "sha256": "8647c10bb95b7725a83e5bd3f11a6a3b21b9187a9e8bd25f2216ee473d240188", "text": "But he went away without telling Dorothea what he had put into the letter, for she was engaged with her husband, and—in fact, these things were of no importance to her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01718", "bookId": 145, "start": 631001, "end": 631014, "sha256": "b0a34eb502e0c07e5ab4a44309d6eccc8755e7ef66a25f677e9b9a17838d964a", "text": "CHAPTER XXXI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01719", "bookId": 145, "start": 631016, "end": 631315, "sha256": "9b8e123cbb384d897c31a6b1c160cbdc6e7b067c814301949aad94b1837a6c48", "text": "How will you know the pitch of that great bell Too large for you to stir? Let but a flute Play ’neath the fine-mixed metal: listen close Till the right note flows forth, a silvery rill: Then shall the huge bell tremble—then the mass With myriad waves concurrent shall respond In low soft unison.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01720", "bookId": 145, "start": 631318, "end": 631504, "sha256": "a846bc06983418042e13ff7432a59666a01aea013da07404bd42246264ad0659", "text": "Lydgate that evening spoke to Miss Vincy of Mrs. Casaubon, and laid some emphasis on the strong feeling she appeared to have for that formal studious man thirty years older than herself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01721", "bookId": 145, "start": 631506, "end": 631857, "sha256": "5bc887003a7c8247e7c118bdfb67cb4336ad14c1746fe23f3282c4860ab45810", "text": "“Of course she is devoted to her husband,” said Rosamond, implying a notion of necessary sequence which the scientific man regarded as the prettiest possible for a woman; but she was thinking at the same time that it was not so very melancholy to be mistress of Lowick Manor with a husband likely to die soon. “Do you think her very handsome?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01722", "bookId": 145, "start": 631859, "end": 631938, "sha256": "8fd29fac0c7526e68deb77045ae052327f1d057635c882528f61164e72f179e1", "text": "“She certainly is handsome, but I have not thought about it,” said Lydgate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01723", "bookId": 145, "start": 631940, "end": 632126, "sha256": "8eceaf66ed94355153c6c100fa098512d88ec3d2bcf237fdf3b7daaca48f2f9b", "text": "“I suppose it would be unprofessional,” said Rosamond, dimpling. “But how your practice is spreading! You were called in before to the Chettams, I think; and now, the Casaubons.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01724", "bookId": 145, "start": 632128, "end": 632372, "sha256": "6cbafb0f75d188741b7be72618ff462a5cd589ade25e6852f1b583c4554fe820", "text": "“Yes,” said Lydgate, in a tone of compulsory admission. “But I don’t really like attending such people so well as the poor. The cases are more monotonous, and one has to go through more fuss and listen more deferentially to nonsense.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01725", "bookId": 145, "start": 632374, "end": 632519, "sha256": "e0c54239d4281abf8fb57e186dfd7e6ff37120d34f8f101b64b4391f760760c1", "text": "“Not more than in Middlemarch,” said Rosamond. “And at least you go through wide corridors and have the scent of rose-leaves everywhere.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01726", "bookId": 145, "start": 632521, "end": 632782, "sha256": "c85bc54dd248352be038b2f9565832bc2503b76e4e944ad2b951f1066090fb33", "text": "“That is true, Mademoiselle de Montmorenci,” said Lydgate, just bending his head to the table and lifting with his fourth finger her delicate handkerchief which lay at the mouth of her reticule, as if to enjoy its scent, while he looked at her with a smile.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01727", "bookId": 145, "start": 632784, "end": 633569, "sha256": "6f32ba25b8fcbe490c16fb378b7558b5198df7c65be98951d511f830ff44bc89", "text": "But this agreeable holiday freedom with which Lydgate hovered about the flower of Middlemarch, could not continue indefinitely. It was not more possible to find social isolation in that town than elsewhere, and two people persistently flirting could by no means escape from “the various entanglements, weights, blows, clashings, motions, by which things severally go on.” Whatever Miss Vincy did must be remarked, and she was perhaps the more conspicuous to admirers and critics because just now Mrs. Vincy, after some struggle, had gone with Fred to stay a little while at Stone Court, there being no other way of at once gratifying old Featherstone and keeping watch against Mary Garth, who appeared a less tolerable daughter-in-law in proportion as Fred’s illness disappeared.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01728", "bookId": 145, "start": 633571, "end": 634382, "sha256": "2ab6401dfa262691e497d631e62ccff7238342102eb27a968f40e0b9b7217672", "text": "Aunt Bulstrode, for example, came a little oftener into Lowick Gate to see Rosamond, now she was alone. For Mrs. Bulstrode had a true sisterly feeling for her brother; always thinking that he might have married better, but wishing well to the children. Now Mrs. Bulstrode had a long-standing intimacy with Mrs. Plymdale. They had nearly the same preferences in silks, patterns for underclothing, china-ware, and clergymen; they confided their little troubles of health and household management to each other, and various little points of superiority on Mrs. Bulstrode’s side, namely, more decided seriousness, more admiration for mind, and a house outside the town, sometimes served to give color to their conversation without dividing them—well-meaning women both, knowing very little of their own motives.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01729", "bookId": 145, "start": 634384, "end": 634532, "sha256": "6824bf342ffa5c50c19976eba28490675764aea22fb1cc5b3ea1640645d13870", "text": "Mrs. Bulstrode, paying a morning visit to Mrs. Plymdale, happened to say that she could not stay longer, because she was going to see poor Rosamond.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01730", "bookId": 145, "start": 634534, "end": 634649, "sha256": "2e0ce86df6423d4597babc1180299067dcb15129699d99f99504aa5acf198896", "text": "“Why do you say ‘poor Rosamond’?” said Mrs. Plymdale, a round-eyed sharp little woman, like a tamed falcon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01731", "bookId": 145, "start": 634651, "end": 634820, "sha256": "a8d835af8fe14f7e651d4365de1e8bfabc3385cb443b3dd0896804aa37874834", "text": "“She is so pretty, and has been brought up in such thoughtlessness. The mother, you know, had always that levity about her, which makes me anxious for the children.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01732", "bookId": 145, "start": 634822, "end": 635065, "sha256": "457daa4afcfe0037a8362f0d8581915706bc4748fd21c0e5ea5aa06a92ad6976", "text": "“Well, Harriet, if I am to speak my mind,” said Mrs. Plymdale, with emphasis, “I must say, anybody would suppose you and Mr. Bulstrode would be delighted with what has happened, for you have done everything to put Mr. Lydgate forward.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01733", "bookId": 145, "start": 635067, "end": 635140, "sha256": "b32eb59fe9fa3a7ecdf5a181ff3e75029d3e388d0feb77ef468069d39b8b16b5", "text": "“Selina, what do you mean?” said Mrs. Bulstrode, in genuine surprise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01734", "bookId": 145, "start": 635142, "end": 635527, "sha256": "1e1b7ba0a3e3e19e17f1799a105764e232328744b87f1678338f7d7c50037001", "text": "“Not but what I am truly thankful for Ned’s sake,” said Mrs. Plymdale. “He could certainly better afford to keep such a wife than some people can; but I should wish him to look elsewhere. Still a mother has anxieties, and some young men would take to a bad life in consequence. Besides, if I was obliged to speak, I should say I was not fond of strangers coming into a town.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01735", "bookId": 145, "start": 635529, "end": 635840, "sha256": "e9217ae3d2cbf422ad416e793a503a6269cc20d76ec2983735f606cdb7c8245f", "text": "“I don’t know, Selina,” said Mrs. Bulstrode, with a little emphasis in her turn. “Mr. Bulstrode was a stranger here at one time. Abraham and Moses were strangers in the land, and we are told to entertain strangers. And especially,” she added, after a slight pause, “when they are unexceptionable.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01736", "bookId": 145, "start": 635842, "end": 635918, "sha256": "54890cd9bb37617ef9bf20532b9763b49ef10026bcf08c18ca0fb3a3a6a918dd", "text": "“I was not speaking in a religious sense, Harriet. I spoke as a mother.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01737", "bookId": 145, "start": 635920, "end": 636023, "sha256": "8324fb3c7ce3757bc16e149a695f760d9323ca2055772b2c56dac4613e913321", "text": "“Selina, I am sure you have never heard me say anything against a niece of mine marrying your son.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01738", "bookId": 145, "start": 636025, "end": 636396, "sha256": "4c0993fe464ad95b349384f7c84330aac0d826ca60897fe0afc3b1491f1e1c24", "text": "“Oh, it is pride in Miss Vincy—I am sure it is nothing else,” said Mrs. Plymdale, who had never before given all her confidence to “Harriet” on this subject. “No young man in Middlemarch was good enough for her: I have heard her mother say as much. That is not a Christian spirit, I think. But now, from all I hear, she has found a man as proud as herself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01739", "bookId": 145, "start": 636398, "end": 636549, "sha256": "3b1a1f593aabb2e3757213628b3f86e94ddc6738a0ceb6bbcfd03808ea9ef5e9", "text": "“You don’t mean that there is anything between Rosamond and Mr. Lydgate?” said Mrs. Bulstrode, rather mortified at finding out her own ignorance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01740", "bookId": 145, "start": 636551, "end": 636598, "sha256": "6a9b14ebb250322af3cfbcbba5f249f4e00a80a2ebdd032cc07dd368fccd49cc", "text": "“Is it possible you don’t know, Harriet?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01741", "bookId": 145, "start": 636600, "end": 636771, "sha256": "2122509dc6521c29a0d2e76d1b06284ad2c83a0c036a773b48358b0272713155", "text": "“Oh, I go about so little; and I am not fond of gossip; I really never hear any. You see so many people that I don’t see. Your circle is rather different from ours.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01742", "bookId": 145, "start": 636773, "end": 636953, "sha256": "4afca1891b4410c156719427a33b0beb4b81321417d59e6c633e8749c536c670", "text": "“Well, but your own niece and Mr. Bulstrode’s great favorite—and yours too, I am sure, Harriet! I thought, at one time, you meant him for Kate, when she is a little older.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01743", "bookId": 145, "start": 636955, "end": 637088, "sha256": "44604448a6c2c3eb5563b8987272219c81493b588d35bbde1f7f214ffd0d7691", "text": "“I don’t believe there can be anything serious at present,” said Mrs. Bulstrode. “My brother would certainly have told me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01744", "bookId": 145, "start": 637090, "end": 637308, "sha256": "efe266c98bf2c7fcf1186760c337ba2cb81b795d53ffc920eb57654e7f128a8e", "text": "“Well, people have different ways, but I understand that nobody can see Miss Vincy and Mr. Lydgate together without taking them to be engaged. However, it is not my business. Shall I put up the pattern of mittens?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01745", "bookId": 145, "start": 637310, "end": 637742, "sha256": "b5ff8886166078c5963d20f4a982893212f4434122693972991defef7f638b21", "text": "After this Mrs. Bulstrode drove to her niece with a mind newly weighted. She was herself handsomely dressed, but she noticed with a little more regret than usual that Rosamond, who was just come in and met her in walking-dress, was almost as expensively equipped. Mrs. Bulstrode was a feminine smaller edition of her brother, and had none of her husband’s low-toned pallor. She had a good honest glance and used no circumlocution.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01746", "bookId": 145, "start": 637744, "end": 638208, "sha256": "24a45fb565936cc71b06bf01f683910bc0ed4531f5390ab36c342acc29fd7307", "text": "“You are alone, I see, my dear,” she said, as they entered the drawing-room together, looking round gravely. Rosamond felt sure that her aunt had something particular to say, and they sat down near each other. Nevertheless, the quilling inside Rosamond’s bonnet was so charming that it was impossible not to desire the same kind of thing for Kate, and Mrs. Bulstrode’s eyes, which were rather fine, rolled round that ample quilled circuit, while she spoke.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01747", "bookId": 145, "start": 638210, "end": 638296, "sha256": "a1dfddb1648e7df9adf63ed5e1e20b301274e454819126ab4e044e229e16e53f", "text": "“I have just heard something about you that has surprised me very much, Rosamond.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01748", "bookId": 145, "start": 638298, "end": 638403, "sha256": "8d452bf14bf4ff50de3ab845b44a5731c13b3e6d9979f6687f0e1f281413841c", "text": "“What is that, aunt?” Rosamond’s eyes also were roaming over her aunt’s large embroidered collar.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01749", "bookId": 145, "start": 638405, "end": 638616, "sha256": "b21a14fcd8736bebc0cbef8aac5b6ece2f190c56ecdfcb8c7d4b1718cb830ce8", "text": "“I can hardly believe it—that you should be engaged without my knowing it—without your father’s telling me.” Here Mrs. Bulstrode’s eyes finally rested on Rosamond’s, who blushed deeply, and said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01750", "bookId": 145, "start": 638618, "end": 638647, "sha256": "15f848b5038bc9d962ec2f71a5d69e6d60952ed6740507c62ce3b7d1c86ea3e2", "text": "“I am not engaged, aunt.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01751", "bookId": 145, "start": 638649, "end": 638725, "sha256": "4dc250f3b8d93feb18eba35387af347a3a26523ac181e10a504140a776e0ad49", "text": "“How is it that every one says so, then—that it is the town’s talk?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01752", "bookId": 145, "start": 638727, "end": 638825, "sha256": "8ceb0a35d4043d3d183d1fe5ae9dbd317b9b5cb399d477724b5a1a92b7d5ddf4", "text": "“The town’s talk is of very little consequence, I think,” said Rosamond, inwardly gratified.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01753", "bookId": 145, "start": 638827, "end": 639405, "sha256": "b9e8997d2b62f48f88f41274c87eaab6d87ce3c826656595dfa504479983fb77", "text": "“Oh, my dear, be more thoughtful; don’t despise your neighbors so. Remember you are turned twenty-two now, and you will have no fortune: your father, I am sure, will not be able to spare you anything. Mr. Lydgate is very intellectual and clever; I know there is an attraction in that. I like talking to such men myself; and your uncle finds him very useful. But the profession is a poor one here. To be sure, this life is not everything; but it is seldom a medical man has true religious views—there is too much pride of intellect. And you are not fit to marry a poor man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01754", "bookId": 145, "start": 639407, "end": 639479, "sha256": "cc328f8560fbdd8b01a0c00b4164da597f50bfdab939e3de78dc59d4de4abe50", "text": "“Mr. Lydgate is not a poor man, aunt. He has very high connections.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01755", "bookId": 145, "start": 639481, "end": 639518, "sha256": "820f5d2b85f174e81fcd19616f497dd69845a3b8d032ecd4151b9e29fcf52354", "text": "“He told me himself he was poor.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01756", "bookId": 145, "start": 639520, "end": 639595, "sha256": "340f82c68531712b1a85ffe05538e286993d6349d3c28a9c7736e560fd15c8ce", "text": "“That is because he is used to people who have a high style of living.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01757", "bookId": 145, "start": 639597, "end": 639666, "sha256": "4b4dd8a6a153f1ec88751faf4f8f41c5308c5352925d2f8d13b7f8af8e7f4901", "text": "“My dear Rosamond, _you_ must not think of living in high style.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01758", "bookId": 145, "start": 639668, "end": 639813, "sha256": "60e3089ca4f63891fdb07317ac1b17b2654bd8fee5cf180f9ebd2fff7e2868ef", "text": "Rosamond looked down and played with her reticule. She was not a fiery young lady and had no sharp answers, but she meant to live as she pleased.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01759", "bookId": 145, "start": 639815, "end": 640087, "sha256": "6f468448e59417b2f49482aac26cc87cb8d1d87fb21fde707d7a825aab328e00", "text": "“Then it is really true?” said Mrs. Bulstrode, looking very earnestly at her niece. “You are thinking of Mr. Lydgate—there is some understanding between you, though your father doesn’t know. Be open, my dear Rosamond: Mr. Lydgate has really made you an offer?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01760", "bookId": 145, "start": 640089, "end": 640351, "sha256": "f4f05be960b102105aa6152ae7aa40e575b5e2f67d82468758be2945af13066d", "text": "Poor Rosamond’s feelings were very unpleasant. She had been quite easy as to Lydgate’s feeling and intention, but now when her aunt put this question she did not like being unable to say Yes. Her pride was hurt, but her habitual control of manner helped her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01761", "bookId": 145, "start": 640353, "end": 640421, "sha256": "fc3f267505ab0e607fb1eb5593a9584dca038a660d0de223bc67919654fe18b1", "text": "“Pray excuse me, aunt. I would rather not speak on the subject.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01762", "bookId": 145, "start": 640423, "end": 641003, "sha256": "ba45895cdd07a6af8964bfce65a95f7f56d123331080da120f6b0e1297f9ce32", "text": "“You would not give your heart to a man without a decided prospect, I trust, my dear. And think of the two excellent offers I know of that you have refused!—and one still within your reach, if you will not throw it away. I knew a very great beauty who married badly at last, by doing so. Mr. Ned Plymdale is a nice young man—some might think good-looking; and an only son; and a large business of that kind is better than a profession. Not that marrying is everything. I would have you seek first the kingdom of God. But a girl should keep her heart within her own power.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01763", "bookId": 145, "start": 641005, "end": 641242, "sha256": "4eff35ee27949fe5b075afecefba88aebf042bfb30bfeced2db7313c0ff4479b", "text": "“I should never give it to Mr. Ned Plymdale, if it were. I have already refused him. If I loved, I should love at once and without change,” said Rosamond, with a great sense of being a romantic heroine, and playing the part prettily.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01764", "bookId": 145, "start": 641244, "end": 641402, "sha256": "38e7958f44dca0871c183beebfe3f3a193cb59e5e5220f3654d2e76ad86db407", "text": "“I see how it is, my dear,” said Mrs. Bulstrode, in a melancholy voice, rising to go. “You have allowed your affections to be engaged without return.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01765", "bookId": 145, "start": 641404, "end": 641457, "sha256": "0aab17294c300fa7da6087ef548ba866a91550e1f589864fa1ea75ad16c23ca7", "text": "“No, indeed, aunt,” said Rosamond, with emphasis.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01766", "bookId": 145, "start": 641459, "end": 641543, "sha256": "2cdb6de26b7485060d60f743466c5e5d2e390012aa2514dafb40bfa8064bb01a", "text": "“Then you are quite confident that Mr. Lydgate has a serious attachment to you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01767", "bookId": 145, "start": 641545, "end": 641708, "sha256": "0b01966803151757791d6bdd841f4b52282b31f3027573153f5a8bb57c7a2251", "text": "Rosamond’s cheeks by this time were persistently burning, and she felt much mortification. She chose to be silent, and her aunt went away all the more convinced.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01768", "bookId": 145, "start": 641710, "end": 642701, "sha256": "f14b63ded0abc66b30dc57ca956f2782372ae74eef6ad2dca6c7f09f0ebd9bff", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode in things worldly and indifferent was disposed to do what his wife bade him, and she now, without telling her reasons, desired him on the next opportunity to find out in conversation with Mr. Lydgate whether he had any intention of marrying soon. The result was a decided negative. Mr. Bulstrode, on being cross-questioned, showed that Lydgate had spoken as no man would who had any attachment that could issue in matrimony. Mrs. Bulstrode now felt that she had a serious duty before her, and she soon managed to arrange a _tête-à-tête_ with Lydgate, in which she passed from inquiries about Fred Vincy’s health, and expressions of her sincere anxiety for her brother’s large family, to general remarks on the dangers which lay before young people with regard to their settlement in life. Young men were often wild and disappointing, making little return for the money spent on them, and a girl was exposed to many circumstances which might interfere with her prospects.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01769", "bookId": 145, "start": 642703, "end": 643139, "sha256": "c62eea7c0838247203050f9fef358ac7cd730d858207efb15ebf98d6d20988a2", "text": "“Especially when she has great attractions, and her parents see much company,” said Mrs. Bulstrode. “Gentlemen pay her attention, and engross her all to themselves, for the mere pleasure of the moment, and that drives off others. I think it is a heavy responsibility, Mr. Lydgate, to interfere with the prospects of any girl.” Here Mrs. Bulstrode fixed her eyes on him, with an unmistakable purpose of warning, if not of rebuke.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01770", "bookId": 145, "start": 643141, "end": 643432, "sha256": "89beeef7765165e362e570449dcba007e9eaabfe6289b1d678b45a99ad83ed34", "text": "“Clearly,” said Lydgate, looking at her—perhaps even staring a little in return. “On the other hand, a man must be a great coxcomb to go about with a notion that he must not pay attention to a young lady lest she should fall in love with him, or lest others should think she must.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01771", "bookId": 145, "start": 643434, "end": 643723, "sha256": "c10d6602247a6bb93c7a452c15bdf9a23231c097a1efd91afdd1e243ac5a87d5", "text": "“Oh, Mr. Lydgate, you know well what your advantages are. You know that our young men here cannot cope with you. Where you frequent a house it may militate very much against a girl’s making a desirable settlement in life, and prevent her from accepting offers even if they are made.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01772", "bookId": 145, "start": 643725, "end": 644081, "sha256": "ddc8e2dcd1cac6b90a735327e7957c259e911ffa3f964dcb678b5e5d83febd4c", "text": "Lydgate was less flattered by his advantage over the Middlemarch Orlandos than he was annoyed by the perception of Mrs. Bulstrode’s meaning. She felt that she had spoken as impressively as it was necessary to do, and that in using the superior word “militate” she had thrown a noble drapery over a mass of particulars which were still evident enough.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01773", "bookId": 145, "start": 644083, "end": 644510, "sha256": "80a1fdaea62e0fadd7e16084c80accc43a34730c5e1f002230891c4364de8b48", "text": "Lydgate was fuming a little, pushed his hair back with one hand, felt curiously in his waistcoat-pocket with the other, and then stooped to beckon the tiny black spaniel, which had the insight to decline his hollow caresses. It would not have been decent to go away, because he had been dining with other guests, and had just taken tea. But Mrs. Bulstrode, having no doubt that she had been understood, turned the conversation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01774", "bookId": 145, "start": 644512, "end": 644866, "sha256": "0358d54f4815799545ecab0b9ddaaa9b14946fb10295f5cf6f002b0ef220e94d", "text": "Solomon’s Proverbs, I think, have omitted to say, that as the sore palate findeth grit, so an uneasy consciousness heareth innuendoes. The next day Mr. Farebrother, parting from Lydgate in the street, supposed that they should meet at Vincy’s in the evening. Lydgate answered curtly, no—he had work to do—he must give up going out in the evening.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01775", "bookId": 145, "start": 644868, "end": 645068, "sha256": "5e25f51244736ec03de4b1ab7c5e31d7ef50211500c37f7c0c5735dee0774f82", "text": "“What! you are going to get lashed to the mast, eh, and are stopping your ears?” said the Vicar. “Well, if you don’t mean to be won by the sirens, you are right to take precautions in time.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01776", "bookId": 145, "start": 645070, "end": 645738, "sha256": "2f095be9706682efe31f0a7748b0e90f33125033d580d4ed27e7e9ac2e9eaba9", "text": "A few days before, Lydgate would have taken no notice of these words as anything more than the Vicar’s usual way of putting things. They seemed now to convey an innuendo which confirmed the impression that he had been making a fool of himself and behaving so as to be misunderstood: not, he believed, by Rosamond herself; she, he felt sure, took everything as lightly as he intended it. She had an exquisite tact and insight in relation to all points of manners; but the people she lived among were blunderers and busybodies. However, the mistake should go no farther. He resolved—and kept his resolution—that he would not go to Mr. Vincy’s except on business.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01777", "bookId": 145, "start": 645740, "end": 646550, "sha256": "79709b6eaae1f78eebdf4152771d66f448c3abeec2b3384053cba87d89a57a06", "text": "Rosamond became very unhappy. The uneasiness first stirred by her aunt’s questions grew and grew till at the end of ten days that she had not seen Lydgate, it grew into terror at the blank that might possibly come—into foreboding of that ready, fatal sponge which so cheaply wipes out the hopes of mortals. The world would have a new dreariness for her, as a wilderness that a magician’s spells had turned for a little while into a garden. She felt that she was beginning to know the pang of disappointed love, and that no other man could be the occasion of such delightful aerial building as she had been enjoying for the last six months. Poor Rosamond lost her appetite and felt as forlorn as Ariadne—as a charming stage Ariadne left behind with all her boxes full of costumes and no hope of a coach.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01778", "bookId": 145, "start": 646552, "end": 647353, "sha256": "f090680670466d9a9794ddf6f1fd110e214f601cf372e240bda5a00a13a57e9a", "text": "There are many wonderful mixtures in the world which are all alike called love, and claim the privileges of a sublime rage which is an apology for everything (in literature and the drama). Happily Rosamond did not think of committing any desperate act: she plaited her fair hair as beautifully as usual, and kept herself proudly calm. Her most cheerful supposition was that her aunt Bulstrode had interfered in some way to hinder Lydgate’s visits: everything was better than a spontaneous indifference in him. Any one who imagines ten days too short a time—not for falling into leanness, lightness, or other measurable effects of passion, but—for the whole spiritual circuit of alarmed conjecture and disappointment, is ignorant of what can go on in the elegant leisure of a young lady’s mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01779", "bookId": 145, "start": 647355, "end": 648516, "sha256": "95b9ab4a2130046574713dd44eaf7ef0e3e81b0f9c744534968a622d265bd679", "text": "On the eleventh day, however, Lydgate when leaving Stone Court was requested by Mrs. Vincy to let her husband know that there was a marked change in Mr. Featherstone’s health, and that she wished him to come to Stone Court on that day. Now Lydgate might have called at the warehouse, or might have written a message on a leaf of his pocket-book and left it at the door. Yet these simple devices apparently did not occur to him, from which we may conclude that he had no strong objection to calling at the house at an hour when Mr. Vincy was not at home, and leaving the message with Miss Vincy. A man may, from various motives, decline to give his company, but perhaps not even a sage would be gratified that nobody missed him. It would be a graceful, easy way of piecing on the new habits to the old, to have a few playful words with Rosamond about his resistance to dissipation, and his firm resolve to take long fasts even from sweet sounds. It must be confessed, also, that momentary speculations as to all the possible grounds for Mrs. Bulstrode’s hints had managed to get woven like slight clinging hairs into the more substantial web of his thoughts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01780", "bookId": 145, "start": 648518, "end": 650071, "sha256": "2398f17489e3a2307b54fa3f1a77d50cae7210cb7ca82b1fab1fbe3699ac4654", "text": "Miss Vincy was alone, and blushed so deeply when Lydgate came in that he felt a corresponding embarrassment, and instead of any playfulness, he began at once to speak of his reason for calling, and to beg her, almost formally, to deliver the message to her father. Rosamond, who at the first moment felt as if her happiness were returning, was keenly hurt by Lydgate’s manner; her blush had departed, and she assented coldly, without adding an unnecessary word, some trivial chain-work which she had in her hands enabling her to avoid looking at Lydgate higher than his chin. In all failures, the beginning is certainly the half of the whole. After sitting two long moments while he moved his whip and could say nothing, Lydgate rose to go, and Rosamond, made nervous by her struggle between mortification and the wish not to betray it, dropped her chain as if startled, and rose too, mechanically. Lydgate instantaneously stooped to pick up the chain. When he rose he was very near to a lovely little face set on a fair long neck which he had been used to see turning about under the most perfect management of self-contented grace. But as he raised his eyes now he saw a certain helpless quivering which touched him quite newly, and made him look at Rosamond with a questioning flash. At this moment she was as natural as she had ever been when she was five years old: she felt that her tears had risen, and it was no use to try to do anything else than let them stay like water on a blue flower or let them fall over her cheeks, even as they would.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01781", "bookId": 145, "start": 650073, "end": 650641, "sha256": "d0469b2a2b3f265bd9b6432ed8c4d508b7c41d2faa944d4ad9c8ee614916bc60", "text": "That moment of naturalness was the crystallizing feather-touch: it shook flirtation into love. Remember that the ambitious man who was looking at those Forget-me-nots under the water was very warm-hearted and rash. He did not know where the chain went; an idea had thrilled through the recesses within him which had a miraculous effect in raising the power of passionate love lying buried there in no sealed sepulchre, but under the lightest, easily pierced mould. His words were quite abrupt and awkward; but the tone made them sound like an ardent, appealing avowal.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01782", "bookId": 145, "start": 650643, "end": 650703, "sha256": "ba375146c2eded446a0eb8141e6a61704022cb98b9af48f872f618e707a68388", "text": "“What is the matter? you are distressed. Tell me, pray.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01783", "bookId": 145, "start": 650705, "end": 651745, "sha256": "5a797799dee1cfa003f839cde74ce5ec49579de499366d8553ad3ea5b9b7cd14", "text": "Rosamond had never been spoken to in such tones before. I am not sure that she knew what the words were: but she looked at Lydgate and the tears fell over her cheeks. There could have been no more complete answer than that silence, and Lydgate, forgetting everything else, completely mastered by the outrush of tenderness at the sudden belief that this sweet young creature depended on him for her joy, actually put his arms round her, folding her gently and protectingly—he was used to being gentle with the weak and suffering—and kissed each of the two large tears. This was a strange way of arriving at an understanding, but it was a short way. Rosamond was not angry, but she moved backward a little in timid happiness, and Lydgate could now sit near her and speak less incompletely. Rosamond had to make her little confession, and he poured out words of gratitude and tenderness with impulsive lavishment. In half an hour he left the house an engaged man, whose soul was not his own, but the woman’s to whom he had bound himself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01784", "bookId": 145, "start": 651747, "end": 652974, "sha256": "d1988cb28644e9ae1088630312a22582e7f73827ef897fcdecfaf79f8286d769", "text": "He came again in the evening to speak with Mr. Vincy, who, just returned from Stone Court, was feeling sure that it would not be long before he heard of Mr. Featherstone’s demise. The felicitous word “demise,” which had seasonably occurred to him, had raised his spirits even above their usual evening pitch. The right word is always a power, and communicates its definiteness to our action. Considered as a demise, old Featherstone’s death assumed a merely legal aspect, so that Mr. Vincy could tap his snuff-box over it and be jovial, without even an intermittent affectation of solemnity; and Mr. Vincy hated both solemnity and affectation. Who was ever awe struck about a testator, or sang a hymn on the title to real property? Mr. Vincy was inclined to take a jovial view of all things that evening: he even observed to Lydgate that Fred had got the family constitution after all, and would soon be as fine a fellow as ever again; and when his approbation of Rosamond’s engagement was asked for, he gave it with astonishing facility, passing at once to general remarks on the desirableness of matrimony for young men and maidens, and apparently deducing from the whole the appropriateness of a little more punch.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01785", "bookId": 145, "start": 652979, "end": 652993, "sha256": "77afea6f715632ad1dc2bd7fdb12a1ba4c1bbb9ceaba4bb859e2aaec8cc0a920", "text": "CHAPTER XXXII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01786", "bookId": 145, "start": 652995, "end": 653067, "sha256": "e6178f69b044b3117ba035b3473326d42d3906586646734cd9f97583a9ac1ee2", "text": "They’ll take suggestion as a cat laps milk. —SHAKESPEARE: _Tempest_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01787", "bookId": 145, "start": 653070, "end": 654369, "sha256": "a16438fc5c467d373fcac8f9b57b3d01798d150204f77903a902a63ba4a01174", "text": "The triumphant confidence of the Mayor founded on Mr. Featherstone’s insistent demand that Fred and his mother should not leave him, was a feeble emotion compared with all that was agitating the breasts of the old man’s blood-relations, who naturally manifested more their sense of the family tie and were more visibly numerous now that he had become bedridden. Naturally: for when “poor Peter” had occupied his arm-chair in the wainscoted parlor, no assiduous beetles for whom the cook prepares boiling water could have been less welcome on a hearth which they had reasons for preferring, than those persons whose Featherstone blood was ill-nourished, not from penuriousness on their part, but from poverty. Brother Solomon and Sister Jane were rich, and the family candor and total abstinence from false politeness with which they were always received seemed to them no argument that their brother in the solemn act of making his will would overlook the superior claims of wealth. Themselves at least he had never been unnatural enough to banish from his house, and it seemed hardly eccentric that he should have kept away Brother Jonah, Sister Martha, and the rest, who had no shadow of such claims. They knew Peter’s maxim, that money was a good egg, and should be laid in a warm nest.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01788", "bookId": 145, "start": 654371, "end": 656570, "sha256": "f469bd435c2231cbfd50147b542eb0d4c11c9cc0ad122a4ac388a4a8a40b90b6", "text": "But Brother Jonah, Sister Martha, and all the needy exiles, held a different point of view. Probabilities are as various as the faces to be seen at will in fretwork or paper-hangings: every form is there, from Jupiter to Judy, if you only look with creative inclination. To the poorer and least favored it seemed likely that since Peter had done nothing for them in his life, he would remember them at the last. Jonah argued that men liked to make a surprise of their wills, while Martha said that nobody need be surprised if he left the best part of his money to those who least expected it. Also it was not to be thought but that an own brother “lying there” with dropsy in his legs must come to feel that blood was thicker than water, and if he didn’t alter his will, he might have money by him. At any rate some blood-relations should be on the premises and on the watch against those who were hardly relations at all. Such things had been known as forged wills and disputed wills, which seemed to have the golden-hazy advantage of somehow enabling non-legatees to live out of them. Again, those who were no blood-relations might be caught making away with things—and poor Peter “lying there” helpless! Somebody should be on the watch. But in this conclusion they were at one with Solomon and Jane; also, some nephews, nieces, and cousins, arguing with still greater subtilty as to what might be done by a man able to “will away” his property and give himself large treats of oddity, felt in a handsome sort of way that there was a family interest to be attended to, and thought of Stone Court as a place which it would be nothing but right for them to visit. Sister Martha, otherwise Mrs. Cranch, living with some wheeziness in the Chalky Flats, could not undertake the journey; but her son, as being poor Peter’s own nephew, could represent her advantageously, and watch lest his uncle Jonah should make an unfair use of the improbable things which seemed likely to happen. In fact there was a general sense running in the Featherstone blood that everybody must watch everybody else, and that it would be well for everybody else to reflect that the Almighty was watching him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01789", "bookId": 145, "start": 656572, "end": 657065, "sha256": "ca04927aaee9bf7b2c7016e27a00f9f44de306b356e4c3f90d73e90cd763a796", "text": "Thus Stone Court continually saw one or other blood-relation alighting or departing, and Mary Garth had the unpleasant task of carrying their messages to Mr. Featherstone, who would see none of them, and sent her down with the still more unpleasant task of telling them so. As manager of the household she felt bound to ask them in good provincial fashion to stay and eat; but she chose to consult Mrs. Vincy on the point of extra down-stairs consumption now that Mr. Featherstone was laid up.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01790", "bookId": 145, "start": 657067, "end": 657444, "sha256": "143f26c927e74e5463a904df76bd00168a98753f1a98339f67e3c006c7d3a9dd", "text": "“Oh, my dear, you must do things handsomely where there’s last illness and a property. God knows, I don’t grudge them every ham in the house—only, save the best for the funeral. Have some stuffed veal always, and a fine cheese in cut. You must expect to keep open house in these last illnesses,” said liberal Mrs. Vincy, once more of cheerful note and bright plumage.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01791", "bookId": 145, "start": 657446, "end": 658859, "sha256": "4de59f3f8cb56b1a1d2c0156c23b712e11dfb7e120fb112dbc27273b02088ae9", "text": "But some of the visitors alighted and did not depart after the handsome treating to veal and ham. Brother Jonah, for example (there are such unpleasant people in most families; perhaps even in the highest aristocracy there are Brobdingnag specimens, gigantically in debt and bloated at greater expense)—Brother Jonah, I say, having come down in the world, was mainly supported by a calling which he was modest enough not to boast of, though it was much better than swindling either on exchange or turf, but which did not require his presence at Brassing so long as he had a good corner to sit in and a supply of food. He chose the kitchen-corner, partly because he liked it best, and partly because he did not want to sit with Solomon, concerning whom he had a strong brotherly opinion. Seated in a famous arm-chair and in his best suit, constantly within sight of good cheer, he had a comfortable consciousness of being on the premises, mingled with fleeting suggestions of Sunday and the bar at the Green Man; and he informed Mary Garth that he should not go out of reach of his brother Peter while that poor fellow was above ground. The troublesome ones in a family are usually either the wits or the idiots. Jonah was the wit among the Featherstones, and joked with the maid-servants when they came about the hearth, but seemed to consider Miss Garth a suspicious character, and followed her with cold eyes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01792", "bookId": 145, "start": 658861, "end": 660531, "sha256": "cf606e4eb629914fe1df6d359d56852ff0584f0ed15441475c8c684948095df0", "text": "Mary would have borne this one pair of eyes with comparative ease, but unfortunately there was young Cranch, who, having come all the way from the Chalky Flats to represent his mother and watch his uncle Jonah, also felt it his duty to stay and to sit chiefly in the kitchen to give his uncle company. Young Cranch was not exactly the balancing point between the wit and the idiot,—verging slightly towards the latter type, and squinting so as to leave everything in doubt about his sentiments except that they were not of a forcible character. When Mary Garth entered the kitchen and Mr. Jonah Featherstone began to follow her with his cold detective eyes, young Cranch turning his head in the same direction seemed to insist on it that she should remark how he was squinting, as if he did it with design, like the gypsies when Borrow read the New Testament to them. This was rather too much for poor Mary; sometimes it made her bilious, sometimes it upset her gravity. One day that she had an opportunity she could not resist describing the kitchen scene to Fred, who would not be hindered from immediately going to see it, affecting simply to pass through. But no sooner did he face the four eyes than he had to rush through the nearest door which happened to lead to the dairy, and there under the high roof and among the pans he gave way to laughter which made a hollow resonance perfectly audible in the kitchen. He fled by another doorway, but Mr. Jonah, who had not before seen Fred’s white complexion, long legs, and pinched delicacy of face, prepared many sarcasms in which these points of appearance were wittily combined with the lowest moral attributes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01793", "bookId": 145, "start": 660533, "end": 660938, "sha256": "fc73bf2850d1ef9d4b27b9499346fd2e6a7f5a0d87f6ee81bcd88e9a100d2e8a", "text": "“Why, Tom, _you_ don’t wear such gentlemanly trousers—you haven’t got half such fine long legs,” said Jonah to his nephew, winking at the same time, to imply that there was something more in these statements than their undeniableness. Tom looked at his legs, but left it uncertain whether he preferred his moral advantages to a more vicious length of limb and reprehensible gentility of trouser.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01794", "bookId": 145, "start": 660940, "end": 661795, "sha256": "45c339f858ed7ea5047eaf681307484dfd7d209885ff4909fe90f13ab65d2841", "text": "In the large wainscoted parlor too there were constantly pairs of eyes on the watch, and own relatives eager to be “sitters-up.” Many came, lunched, and departed, but Brother Solomon and the lady who had been Jane Featherstone for twenty-five years before she was Mrs. Waule found it good to be there every day for hours, without other calculable occupation than that of observing the cunning Mary Garth (who was so deep that she could be found out in nothing) and giving occasional dry wrinkly indications of crying—as if capable of torrents in a wetter season—at the thought that they were not allowed to go into Mr. Featherstone’s room. For the old man’s dislike of his own family seemed to get stronger as he got less able to amuse himself by saying biting things to them. Too languid to sting, he had the more venom refluent in his blood.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01795", "bookId": 145, "start": 661797, "end": 662325, "sha256": "429d61728d9d1ca6743a1f7faa3daa7d4b0c01ceeb74cd0b3b9c60faa8d9f3fd", "text": "Not fully believing the message sent through Mary Garth, they had presented themselves together within the door of the bedroom, both in black—Mrs. Waule having a white handkerchief partially unfolded in her hand—and both with faces in a sort of half-mourning purple; while Mrs. Vincy with her pink cheeks and pink ribbons flying was actually administering a cordial to their own brother, and the light-complexioned Fred, his short hair curling as might be expected in a gambler’s, was lolling at his ease in a large chair.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01796", "bookId": 145, "start": 662327, "end": 662741, "sha256": "73d2bc55b0768cad1b532d716e5baf8adc2ef1d1e7eb6dfcc6589a138176c0de", "text": "Old Featherstone no sooner caught sight of these funereal figures appearing in spite of his orders than rage came to strengthen him more successfully than the cordial. He was propped up on a bed-rest, and always had his gold-headed stick lying by him. He seized it now and swept it backwards and forwards in as large an area as he could, apparently to ban these ugly spectres, crying in a hoarse sort of screech—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01797", "bookId": 145, "start": 662743, "end": 662787, "sha256": "682055ba6d8e721ca6e16a60a466ac7f469fa64542473f9a201a4764cbbd783f", "text": "“Back, back, Mrs. Waule! Back, Solomon!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01798", "bookId": 145, "start": 662789, "end": 663379, "sha256": "362c91d41a1f0196d9d62cd6151bdf87e354aa69d18fd0dfdf2f7bc52be4e951", "text": "“Oh, Brother. Peter,” Mrs. Waule began—but Solomon put his hand before her repressingly. He was a large-cheeked man, nearly seventy, with small furtive eyes, and was not only of much blander temper but thought himself much deeper than his brother Peter; indeed not likely to be deceived in any of his fellow-men, inasmuch as they could not well be more greedy and deceitful than he suspected them of being. Even the invisible powers, he thought, were likely to be soothed by a bland parenthesis here and there—coming from a man of property, who might have been as impious as others.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01799", "bookId": 145, "start": 663381, "end": 663596, "sha256": "e9859636070be1f6955c93e0ab93d8ef6da391ff59b3a60d63dac2ddea8bc0c0", "text": "“Brother Peter,” he said, in a wheedling yet gravely official tone, “It’s nothing but right I should speak to you about the Three Crofts and the Manganese. The Almighty knows what I’ve got on my mind—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01800", "bookId": 145, "start": 663598, "end": 663861, "sha256": "029ad6e763eebb87b59e015fc2f568ed6fcd5d1c8d4126e0f51daa34b5e91c27", "text": "“Then he knows more than I want to know,” said Peter, laying down his stick with a show of truce which had a threat in it too, for he reversed the stick so as to make the gold handle a club in case of closer fighting, and looked hard at Solomon’s bald head.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01801", "bookId": 145, "start": 663863, "end": 664110, "sha256": "067367f4eb5dbcb024da071d0758d66178e6ee2c9bc2d94d23ea771dbedb943d", "text": "“There’s things you might repent of, Brother, for want of speaking to me,” said Solomon, not advancing, however. “I could sit up with you to-night, and Jane with me, willingly, and you might take your own time to speak, or let me speak.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01802", "bookId": 145, "start": 664112, "end": 664191, "sha256": "a64a780482058575560f6a77130d8bb7a3030392f9c876cf274b3bd42edecaf7", "text": "“Yes, I shall take my own time—you needn’t offer me yours,” said Peter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01803", "bookId": 145, "start": 664193, "end": 664580, "sha256": "0057726920a401831e77e023dc2041e06c0acc23d67c888660aa178d486ccba8", "text": "“But you can’t take your own time to die in, Brother,” began Mrs. Waule, with her usual woolly tone. “And when you lie speechless you may be tired of having strangers about you, and you may think of me and my children”—but here her voice broke under the touching thought which she was attributing to her speechless brother; the mention of ourselves being naturally affecting.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01804", "bookId": 145, "start": 664582, "end": 664820, "sha256": "ab45bdaef34f74f9a59f91b196a5b1746e20f932f3d1b7b92fae3623b0847920", "text": "“No, I shan’t,” said old Featherstone, contradictiously. “I shan’t think of any of you. I’ve made my will, I tell you, I’ve made my will.” Here he turned his head towards Mrs. Vincy, and swallowed some more of his cordial.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01805", "bookId": 145, "start": 664822, "end": 664970, "sha256": "6db720458c09f1cc5abf708ba60b2c161b0a771f4faff959a48426cd82c61b07", "text": "“Some people would be ashamed to fill up a place belonging by rights to others,” said Mrs. Waule, turning her narrow eyes in the same direction.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01806", "bookId": 145, "start": 664972, "end": 665157, "sha256": "d7391fb0e65dd5dbc8ad02398d5c80848a27b65f90b8de3d3ba6587f931dec02", "text": "“Oh, sister,” said Solomon, with ironical softness, “you and me are not fine, and handsome, and clever enough: we must be humble and let smart people push themselves before us.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01807", "bookId": 145, "start": 665159, "end": 665334, "sha256": "edbb21edc07f938089cc6be9f14de809bae78be5551492304b331cec6a5c27bd", "text": "Fred’s spirit could not bear this: rising and looking at Mr. Featherstone, he said, “Shall my mother and I leave the room, sir, that you may be alone with your friends?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01808", "bookId": 145, "start": 665336, "end": 665585, "sha256": "d2839584f7d4d2d400a0f39a1e11627d57ead0301fa04d328cb6e29d6a876557", "text": "“Sit down, I tell you,” said old Featherstone, snappishly. “Stop where you are. Good-by, Solomon,” he added, trying to wield his stick again, but failing now that he had reversed the handle. “Good-by, Mrs. Waule. Don’t you come again.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01809", "bookId": 145, "start": 665587, "end": 665736, "sha256": "7fb817228ac6593bb277fec55fcf44ff5cde3cc611f8900124243cd2240965f8", "text": "“I shall be down-stairs, Brother, whether or no,” said Solomon. “I shall do my duty, and it remains to be seen what the Almighty will allow.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01810", "bookId": 145, "start": 665738, "end": 665959, "sha256": "8771864cd1d41515124917a15babe90f8828460cbf8ce161a0980d7d203e592f", "text": "“Yes, in property going out of families,” said Mrs. Waule, in continuation,—“and where there’s steady young men to carry on. But I pity them who are not such, and I pity their mothers. Good-by, Brother Peter.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01811", "bookId": 145, "start": 665961, "end": 666268, "sha256": "3a0275ae973e620bf78782a2fb743d2cfa1850dd62151df105cd415e7f2b4906", "text": "“Remember, I’m the eldest after you, Brother, and prospered from the first, just as you did, and have got land already by the name of Featherstone,” said Solomon, relying much on that reflection, as one which might be suggested in the watches of the night. “But I bid you good-by for the present.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01812", "bookId": 145, "start": 666270, "end": 666454, "sha256": "7ce51e75b941441be38b9230fa21854137cc4a99cefd81b6ddc71dbe4e7e1019", "text": "Their exit was hastened by their seeing old Mr. Featherstone pull his wig on each side and shut his eyes with his mouth-widening grimace, as if he were determined to be deaf and blind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01813", "bookId": 145, "start": 666456, "end": 667009, "sha256": "6c8948f1a70e840d28e82eb59f5870dd6ff4c171f4df006ffcf5c61057879d96", "text": "None the less they came to Stone Court daily and sat below at the post of duty, sometimes carrying on a slow dialogue in an undertone in which the observation and response were so far apart, that any one hearing them might have imagined himself listening to speaking automata, in some doubt whether the ingenious mechanism would really work, or wind itself up for a long time in order to stick and be silent. Solomon and Jane would have been sorry to be quick: what that led to might be seen on the other side of the wall in the person of Brother Jonah.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01814", "bookId": 145, "start": 667011, "end": 667919, "sha256": "4d82127faacf2497cc348c7fe74871a42f3ccf09f6d75f84af62a4be7a2da20d", "text": "But their watch in the wainscoted parlor was sometimes varied by the presence of other guests from far or near. Now that Peter Featherstone was up-stairs, his property could be discussed with all that local enlightenment to be found on the spot: some rural and Middlemarch neighbors expressed much agreement with the family and sympathy with their interest against the Vincys, and feminine visitors were even moved to tears, in conversation with Mrs. Waule, when they recalled the fact that they themselves had been disappointed in times past by codicils and marriages for spite on the part of ungrateful elderly gentlemen, who, it might have been supposed, had been spared for something better. Such conversation paused suddenly, like an organ when the bellows are let drop, if Mary Garth came into the room; and all eyes were turned on her as a possible legatee, or one who might get access to iron chests.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01815", "bookId": 145, "start": 667921, "end": 668236, "sha256": "e7311433953ef1b327ffc757173b245eb8ce2639a8ce38faf7dcc32536971854", "text": "But the younger men who were relatives or connections of the family, were disposed to admire her in this problematic light, as a girl who showed much conduct, and who among all the chances that were flying might turn out to be at least a moderate prize. Hence she had her share of compliments and polite attentions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01816", "bookId": 145, "start": 668238, "end": 671006, "sha256": "6d24b49353b7fc688d88a5ea65d8282ea9a62406c28a8e5c97a7a7627789472a", "text": "Especially from Mr. Borthrop Trumbull, a distinguished bachelor and auctioneer of those parts, much concerned in the sale of land and cattle: a public character, indeed, whose name was seen on widely distributed placards, and who might reasonably be sorry for those who did not know of him. He was second cousin to Peter Featherstone, and had been treated by him with more amenity than any other relative, being useful in matters of business; and in that programme of his funeral which the old man had himself dictated, he had been named as a Bearer. There was no odious cupidity in Mr. Borthrop Trumbull—nothing more than a sincere sense of his own merit, which, he was aware, in case of rivalry might tell against competitors; so that if Peter Featherstone, who so far as he, Trumbull, was concerned, had behaved like as good a soul as ever breathed, should have done anything handsome by him, all he could say was, that he had never fished and fawned, but had advised him to the best of his experience, which now extended over twenty years from the time of his apprenticeship at fifteen, and was likely to yield a knowledge of no surreptitious kind. His admiration was far from being confined to himself, but was accustomed professionally as well as privately to delight in estimating things at a high rate. He was an amateur of superior phrases, and never used poor language without immediately correcting himself—which was fortunate, as he was rather loud, and given to predominate, standing or walking about frequently, pulling down his waistcoat with the air of a man who is very much of his own opinion, trimming himself rapidly with his fore-finger, and marking each new series in these movements by a busy play with his large seals. There was occasionally a little fierceness in his demeanor, but it was directed chiefly against false opinion, of which there is so much to correct in the world that a man of some reading and experience necessarily has his patience tried. He felt that the Featherstone family generally was of limited understanding, but being a man of the world and a public character, took everything as a matter of course, and even went to converse with Mr. Jonah and young Cranch in the kitchen, not doubting that he had impressed the latter greatly by his leading questions concerning the Chalky Flats. If anybody had observed that Mr. Borthrop Trumbull, being an auctioneer, was bound to know the nature of everything, he would have smiled and trimmed himself silently with the sense that he came pretty near that. On the whole, in an auctioneering way, he was an honorable man, not ashamed of his business, and feeling that “the celebrated Peel, now Sir Robert,” if introduced to him, would not fail to recognize his importance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01817", "bookId": 145, "start": 671008, "end": 671313, "sha256": "4049e8bf70787be9ba68a8301f15b99074c32d66a6df57345c39d6757b5cb4f9", "text": "“I don’t mind if I have a slice of that ham, and a glass of that ale, Miss Garth, if you will allow me,” he said, coming into the parlor at half-past eleven, after having had the exceptional privilege of seeing old Featherstone, and standing with his back to the fire between Mrs. Waule and Solomon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01818", "bookId": 145, "start": 671315, "end": 671384, "sha256": "1b87f56d7a3a909e373b762d0b9921ce08d8b9b00dd331b36ebbe660884212ff", "text": "“It’s not necessary for you to go out;—let me ring the bell.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01819", "bookId": 145, "start": 671386, "end": 671437, "sha256": "12dda3fd5f6fea82c82e47f742410d8d09c4d71395a8a042fbcf00f6db72b967", "text": "“Thank you,” said Mary, “I have an errand.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01820", "bookId": 145, "start": 671439, "end": 671506, "sha256": "679ad83933c2c3e1f9b3c90f4820dff2eee8f0704fc5a1ed759c5c3e1144fd99", "text": "“Well, Mr. Trumbull, you’re highly favored,” said Mrs. Waule.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01821", "bookId": 145, "start": 671508, "end": 671713, "sha256": "f9c3d9d23ccc5c78185162c6080fc5c545cf364d5c21ad9cb944513088bb8516", "text": "“What! seeing the old man?” said the auctioneer, playing with his seals dispassionately. “Ah, you see he has relied on me considerably.” Here he pressed his lips together, and frowned meditatively.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01822", "bookId": 145, "start": 671715, "end": 671905, "sha256": "a8963012c92c07a0b1d7ea7b81d16a1bbeb9fae753a0d6c76eeeeb4c455deb12", "text": "“Might anybody ask what their brother has been saying?” said Solomon, in a soft tone of humility, in which he had a sense of luxurious cunning, he being a rich man and not in need of it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01823", "bookId": 145, "start": 671907, "end": 672365, "sha256": "650d705c87e02c9a1d63c89866d7d36b3d8cd65f3fc1a12b56e23489ddb94322", "text": "“Oh yes, anybody may ask,” said Mr. Trumbull, with loud and good-humored though cutting sarcasm. “Anybody may interrogate. Any one may give their remarks an interrogative turn,” he continued, his sonorousness rising with his style. “This is constantly done by good speakers, even when they anticipate no answer. It is what we call a figure of speech—speech at a high figure, as one may say.” The eloquent auctioneer smiled at his own ingenuity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01824", "bookId": 145, "start": 672367, "end": 672533, "sha256": "73e8416641778c0cf2ccee7dfb14a1467f42fcce881965dd5861f52c402d831c", "text": "“I shouldn’t be sorry to hear he’d remembered you, Mr. Trumbull,” said Solomon. “I never was against the deserving. It’s the undeserving I’m against.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01825", "bookId": 145, "start": 672535, "end": 672805, "sha256": "72ca5dc05330ae27cf8674c36fe47e398092660584a084fa38f03cc61e149eb1", "text": "“Ah, there it is, you see, there it is,” said Mr. Trumbull, significantly. “It can’t be denied that undeserving people have been legatees, and even residuary legatees. It is so, with testamentary dispositions.” Again he pursed up his lips and frowned a little.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01826", "bookId": 145, "start": 672807, "end": 673005, "sha256": "ffb9dd0c5b0f56e90d1eb3c6839ad9779bd9c9a59702988fc488d5e3ea8fa278", "text": "“Do you mean to say for certain, Mr. Trumbull, that my brother has left his land away from our family?” said Mrs. Waule, on whom, as an unhopeful woman, those long words had a depressing effect.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01827", "bookId": 145, "start": 673007, "end": 673166, "sha256": "0bed5fb9d4569ff9b28c322567d663123a571714752ae6e1e9a70205e08c3ebc", "text": "“A man might as well turn his land into charity land at once as leave it to some people,” observed Solomon, his sister’s question having drawn no answer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01828", "bookId": 145, "start": 673168, "end": 673346, "sha256": "89833e21174b52250d46fd044b15fc1b421c06d1ddd4495503b444585c3aad71", "text": "“What, Blue-Coat land?” said Mrs. Waule, again. “Oh, Mr. Trumbull, you never can mean to say that. It would be flying in the face of the Almighty that’s prospered him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01829", "bookId": 145, "start": 673348, "end": 673723, "sha256": "108d7ebb1902e109d7657639c9d3cedb99054bd3118350962168d0e27314f3e8", "text": "While Mrs. Waule was speaking, Mr. Borthrop Trumbull walked away from the fireplace towards the window, patrolling with his fore-finger round the inside of his stock, then along his whiskers and the curves of his hair. He now walked to Miss Garth’s work-table, opened a book which lay there and read the title aloud with pompous emphasis as if he were offering it for sale:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01830", "bookId": 145, "start": 673725, "end": 674262, "sha256": "5202a967f6abb0f0d9bb93ae20425b2dde710b2fb1a9dfae7ecc542ce0761530", "text": "“‘Anne of Geierstein’ (pronounced Jeersteen) or the ‘Maiden of the Mist, by the author of Waverley.’” Then turning the page, he began sonorously—“The course of four centuries has well-nigh elapsed since the series of events which are related in the following chapters took place on the Continent.” He pronounced the last truly admirable word with the accent on the last syllable, not as unaware of vulgar usage, but feeling that this novel delivery enhanced the sonorous beauty which his reading had given to the whole.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01831", "bookId": 145, "start": 674264, "end": 674709, "sha256": "e7b8de1ec49202ad15df11e03539169cf3bf043d0d50747a3bb01e234de8ee40", "text": "And now the servant came in with the tray, so that the moments for answering Mrs. Waule’s question had gone by safely, while she and Solomon, watching Mr. Trumbull’s movements, were thinking that high learning interfered sadly with serious affairs. Mr. Borthrop Trumbull really knew nothing about old Featherstone’s will; but he could hardly have been brought to declare any ignorance unless he had been arrested for misprision of treason.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01832", "bookId": 145, "start": 674711, "end": 675083, "sha256": "af0a6b50167ba5c197e9a7ee64c69caa348e7c65da4860b8fbc8d33b6fbec3a0", "text": "“I shall take a mere mouthful of ham and a glass of ale,” he said, reassuringly. “As a man with public business, I take a snack when I can. I will back this ham,” he added, after swallowing some morsels with alarming haste, “against any ham in the three kingdoms. In my opinion it is better than the hams at Freshitt Hall—and I think I am a tolerable judge.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01833", "bookId": 145, "start": 675085, "end": 675205, "sha256": "2fca983ea794029f3a86eaf0c490a495a6dba60048b01374969e390ae2b580ec", "text": "“Some don’t like so much sugar in their hams,” said Mrs. Waule. “But my poor brother would always have sugar.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01834", "bookId": 145, "start": 675207, "end": 675513, "sha256": "feffd12d5dba004b9587686cbacc6a2d5f11b88ce1ba70461dd240e1a5926cce", "text": "“If any person demands better, he is at liberty to do so; but, God bless me, what an aroma! I should be glad to buy in that quality, I know. There is some gratification to a gentleman”—here Mr. Trumbull’s voice conveyed an emotional remonstrance—“in having this kind of ham set on his table.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01835", "bookId": 145, "start": 675515, "end": 675819, "sha256": "8ef9cf2f1c8b992e403c7642e6d6d721889360ffe378e037e190e2d290589439", "text": "He pushed aside his plate, poured out his glass of ale and drew his chair a little forward, profiting by the occasion to look at the inner side of his legs, which he stroked approvingly—Mr. Trumbull having all those less frivolous airs and gestures which distinguish the predominant races of the north.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01836", "bookId": 145, "start": 675821, "end": 676505, "sha256": "321073951f3dacb5b0c2af7d04b504bafed1efd2214f3ceccb2e00f1ee433a47", "text": "“You have an interesting work there, I see, Miss Garth,” he observed, when Mary re-entered. “It is by the author of ‘Waverley’: that is Sir Walter Scott. I have bought one of his works myself—a very nice thing, a very superior publication, entitled ‘Ivanhoe.’ You will not get any writer to beat him in a hurry, I think—he will not, in my opinion, be speedily surpassed. I have just been reading a portion at the commencement of ‘Anne of Jeersteen.’ It commences well.” (Things never began with Mr. Borthrop Trumbull: they always commenced, both in private life and on his handbills.) “You are a reader, I see. Do you subscribe to our Middlemarch library?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01837", "bookId": 145, "start": 676507, "end": 676567, "sha256": "2183381150e9cb910d19111113cd5817a8c39e4c2b86319ac4b0394c9923e865", "text": "“No,” said Mary. “Mr. Fred Vincy brought this book.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01838", "bookId": 145, "start": 676569, "end": 676869, "sha256": "860df0167ccc0ffdaa8692e9b83013f1da28dd56432df6b7a13576922a24284c", "text": "“I am a great bookman myself,” returned Mr. Trumbull. “I have no less than two hundred volumes in calf, and I flatter myself they are well selected. Also pictures by Murillo, Rubens, Teniers, Titian, Vandyck, and others. I shall be happy to lend you any work you like to mention, Miss Garth.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01839", "bookId": 145, "start": 676871, "end": 676970, "sha256": "54fe07d531992692ed5006dc228e726f823468c81b9e5286eef2d263819bcd9b", "text": "“I am much obliged,” said Mary, hastening away again, “but I have little time for reading.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01840", "bookId": 145, "start": 676972, "end": 677173, "sha256": "08663fa005e5fd515909d79a9c5150d9ef45dfbb3795d895ea56ce3c7f072060", "text": "“I should say my brother has done something for _her_ in his will,” said Mr. Solomon, in a very low undertone, when she had shut the door behind her, pointing with his head towards the absent Mary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01841", "bookId": 145, "start": 677175, "end": 677376, "sha256": "96d459db145081ad3305a1ab968ed797679e1cfb92f21b3639f77a7907f2447d", "text": "“His first wife was a poor match for him, though,” said Mrs. Waule. “She brought him nothing: and this young woman is only her niece,—and very proud. And my brother has always paid her wage.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01842", "bookId": 145, "start": 677378, "end": 678202, "sha256": "a0b2c18e60d70c0a3c48f5add0ab6d88ceca51bb0c92ca90cd387d0ad91f0e9b", "text": "“A sensible girl though, in my opinion,” said Mr. Trumbull, finishing his ale and starting up with an emphatic adjustment of his waistcoat. “I have observed her when she has been mixing medicine in drops. She minds what she is doing, sir. That is a great point in a woman, and a great point for our friend up-stairs, poor dear old soul. A man whose life is of any value should think of his wife as a nurse: that is what I should do, if I married; and I believe I have lived single long enough not to make a mistake in that line. Some men must marry to elevate themselves a little, but when I am in need of that, I hope some one will tell me so—I hope some individual will apprise me of the fact. I wish you good morning, Mrs. Waule. Good morning, Mr. Solomon. I trust we shall meet under less melancholy auspices.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01843", "bookId": 145, "start": 678204, "end": 678374, "sha256": "9c9a7d3792e14869255e7cd8b04480c69c08c402c40fb1c87d264cc0e85b8c63", "text": "When Mr. Trumbull had departed with a fine bow, Solomon, leaning forward, observed to his sister, “You may depend, Jane, my brother has left that girl a lumping sum.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01844", "bookId": 145, "start": 678376, "end": 678542, "sha256": "9abd6b24ca3c94a4da003760a09dec514ed35afca34b19c166c241baffca83c6", "text": "“Anybody would think so, from the way Mr. Trumbull talks,” said Jane. Then, after a pause, “He talks as if my daughters wasn’t to be trusted to give drops.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01845", "bookId": 145, "start": 678544, "end": 678630, "sha256": "b4926f61e16dd9fe1aeaeb22a03a38ceb2bcb2938690b550a0717c0e9f01a8cf", "text": "“Auctioneers talk wild,” said Solomon. “Not but what Trumbull has made money.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01846", "bookId": 145, "start": 678635, "end": 678650, "sha256": "6b1a49a9cb1069e28dc40e4928b816ed815a6373d294e407ab318a01db28d1ae", "text": "CHAPTER XXXIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01847", "bookId": 145, "start": 678652, "end": 678750, "sha256": "e7bed74edc0f58fb011c4772063eb089babe255cf7c567859d3aea03cb1c90a1", "text": "“Close up his eyes and draw the curtain close; And let us all to meditation.” —2 _Henry VI_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01848", "bookId": 145, "start": 678753, "end": 680023, "sha256": "7c57c98b5a199752432c22f4e32a4da9a8cb1f712cd92ba6458981171904aaad", "text": "That night after twelve o’clock Mary Garth relieved the watch in Mr. Featherstone’s room, and sat there alone through the small hours. She often chose this task, in which she found some pleasure, notwithstanding the old man’s testiness whenever he demanded her attentions. There were intervals in which she could sit perfectly still, enjoying the outer stillness and the subdued light. The red fire with its gently audible movement seemed like a solemn existence calmly independent of the petty passions, the imbecile desires, the straining after worthless uncertainties, which were daily moving her contempt. Mary was fond of her own thoughts, and could amuse herself well sitting in twilight with her hands in her lap; for, having early had strong reason to believe that things were not likely to be arranged for her peculiar satisfaction, she wasted no time in astonishment and annoyance at that fact. And she had already come to take life very much as a comedy in which she had a proud, nay, a generous resolution not to act the mean or treacherous part. Mary might have become cynical if she had not had parents whom she honored, and a well of affectionate gratitude within her, which was all the fuller because she had learned to make no unreasonable claims.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01849", "bookId": 145, "start": 680025, "end": 681198, "sha256": "540b01cedbb13c9210362d0ee7d5945e21e25bdd673053ed9b50ced5c2f23024", "text": "She sat to-night revolving, as she was wont, the scenes of the day, her lips often curling with amusement at the oddities to which her fancy added fresh drollery: people were so ridiculous with their illusions, carrying their fool’s caps unawares, thinking their own lies opaque while everybody else’s were transparent, making themselves exceptions to everything, as if when all the world looked yellow under a lamp they alone were rosy. Yet there were some illusions under Mary’s eyes which were not quite comic to her. She was secretly convinced, though she had no other grounds than her close observation of old Featherstone’s nature, that in spite of his fondness for having the Vincys about him, they were as likely to be disappointed as any of the relations whom he kept at a distance. She had a good deal of disdain for Mrs. Vincy’s evident alarm lest she and Fred should be alone together, but it did not hinder her from thinking anxiously of the way in which Fred would be affected, if it should turn out that his uncle had left him as poor as ever. She could make a butt of Fred when he was present, but she did not enjoy his follies when he was absent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01850", "bookId": 145, "start": 681200, "end": 681404, "sha256": "da9e9326acc45ae7ec576eb28c99cf5b385d95725aabeb13c875d986bcfa8af5", "text": "Yet she liked her thoughts: a vigorous young mind not overbalanced by passion, finds a good in making acquaintance with life, and watches its own powers with interest. Mary had plenty of merriment within.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01851", "bookId": 145, "start": 681406, "end": 682092, "sha256": "42eece2b99b8d0793ae92f2c4292874e2b4418eed314391134b3e09358fe62e2", "text": "Her thought was not veined by any solemnity or pathos about the old man on the bed: such sentiments are easier to affect than to feel about an aged creature whose life is not visibly anything but a remnant of vices. She had always seen the most disagreeable side of Mr. Featherstone: he was not proud of her, and she was only useful to him. To be anxious about a soul that is always snapping at you must be left to the saints of the earth; and Mary was not one of them. She had never returned him a harsh word, and had waited on him faithfully: that was her utmost. Old Featherstone himself was not in the least anxious about his soul, and had declined to see Mr. Tucker on the subject.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01852", "bookId": 145, "start": 682094, "end": 682382, "sha256": "b669f170ce5a7d8b1e9b889027856b6f2356b985345d3f9bca5fd8ec20cc1144", "text": "To-night he had not snapped, and for the first hour or two he lay remarkably still, until at last Mary heard him rattling his bunch of keys against the tin box which he always kept in the bed beside him. About three o’clock he said, with remarkable distinctness, “Missy, come here!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01853", "bookId": 145, "start": 682384, "end": 682742, "sha256": "fa7800f77fedbe9f3e5995b591aeed284ce595689eb14e1f341efcf639c335be", "text": "Mary obeyed, and found that he had already drawn the tin box from under the clothes, though he usually asked to have this done for him; and he had selected the key. He now unlocked the box, and, drawing from it another key, looked straight at her with eyes that seemed to have recovered all their sharpness and said, “How many of ’em are in the house?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01854", "bookId": 145, "start": 682744, "end": 682877, "sha256": "db679abb616eb861bcaedcc5b9c6c68ab863b63f40fe39ea41043b13c4015874", "text": "“You mean of your own relations, sir,” said Mary, well used to the old man’s way of speech. He nodded slightly and she went on.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01855", "bookId": 145, "start": 682879, "end": 682943, "sha256": "edccb61e997fbebc02a15bb520f825a99d2e58a25f2517c7500e0a9cd6c9be6b", "text": "“Mr. Jonah Featherstone and young Cranch are sleeping here.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01856", "bookId": 145, "start": 682945, "end": 683120, "sha256": "3a0e2eed79de4f8ea1ccc856f398da5436c80b11ee640c82a228fdfd9884e194", "text": "“Oh ay, they stick, do they? and the rest—they come every day, I’ll warrant—Solomon and Jane, and all the young uns? They come peeping, and counting and casting up?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01857", "bookId": 145, "start": 683122, "end": 683228, "sha256": "c59954fce65f5aa4cd6ecd5fef0cd014e4856bd95897c774d313495a235e3e7c", "text": "“Not all of them every day. Mr. Solomon and Mrs. Waule are here every day, and the others come often.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01858", "bookId": 145, "start": 683230, "end": 683668, "sha256": "74228a64cce5409009fd0a980b38f771e2e4845713d5d87d884d3c340434f986", "text": "The old man listened with a grimace while she spoke, and then said, relaxing his face, “The more fools they. You hearken, missy. It’s three o’clock in the morning, and I’ve got all my faculties as well as ever I had in my life. I know all my property, and where the money’s put out, and everything. And I’ve made everything ready to change my mind, and do as I like at the last. Do you hear, missy? I’ve got my faculties.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01859", "bookId": 145, "start": 683670, "end": 683706, "sha256": "1db95375e32947e61221816aaf2bccc8b19139926cf0990147fd19466f994bf9", "text": "“Well, sir?” said Mary, quietly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01860", "bookId": 145, "start": 683708, "end": 684129, "sha256": "d80e74859e9416ec6f83184dae8bc2c34e791a5cbc5b6c3ee6ae26d582a57ff8", "text": "He now lowered his tone with an air of deeper cunning. “I’ve made two wills, and I’m going to burn one. Now you do as I tell you. This is the key of my iron chest, in the closet there. You push well at the side of the brass plate at the top, till it goes like a bolt: then you can put the key in the front lock and turn it. See and do that; and take out the topmost paper—Last Will and Testament—big printed.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01861", "bookId": 145, "start": 684131, "end": 684197, "sha256": "a6ab9dcd502bdabab0a12184102129eb6e314eada4d5153f7c88e97a3a7059d8", "text": "“No, sir,” said Mary, in a firm voice, “I cannot do that.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01862", "bookId": 145, "start": 684199, "end": 684320, "sha256": "6a7f9807cdb46db82a2a375e64fd65907bbfa933c82e7794ed7222004aec3a3a", "text": "“Not do it? I tell you, you must,” said the old man, his voice beginning to shake under the shock of this resistance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01863", "bookId": 145, "start": 684322, "end": 684438, "sha256": "d983dbbac1fa780f1294ea96b5ac1d7e4b568c1dde7d1d4371242d4ff76d1387", "text": "“I cannot touch your iron chest or your will. I must refuse to do anything that might lay me open to suspicion.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01864", "bookId": 145, "start": 684440, "end": 684568, "sha256": "4adfd368255a5576c1cc60cf0fce0125bfb089a45b20e1aa59f3552f91fbf87a", "text": "“I tell you, I’m in my right mind. Shan’t I do as I like at the last? I made two wills on purpose. Take the key, I say.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01865", "bookId": 145, "start": 684570, "end": 684666, "sha256": "c85862b2271b62dbcce12912a7df6337692d13bc40877e16805eea767ed0961e", "text": "“No, sir, I will not,” said Mary, more resolutely still. Her repulsion was getting stronger.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01866", "bookId": 145, "start": 684668, "end": 684712, "sha256": "368bfd475b472f44d8a580a2cf1dfa08f0e3cdc5a4639045f5485204b84c69dd", "text": "“I tell you, there’s no time to lose.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01867", "bookId": 145, "start": 684714, "end": 684906, "sha256": "0ba3e8ae677db4af2bcc26187e164214ca32721d4feffcc9165c378052f791d5", "text": "“I cannot help that, sir. I will not let the close of your life soil the beginning of mine. I will not touch your iron chest or your will.” She moved to a little distance from the bedside.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01868", "bookId": 145, "start": 684908, "end": 685108, "sha256": "9c6dca224147fb16175db5030c5b18a526638f68e1dd4e93220a8d710ae58c5b", "text": "The old man paused with a blank stare for a little while, holding the one key erect on the ring; then with an agitated jerk he began to work with his bony left hand at emptying the tin box before him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01869", "bookId": 145, "start": 685110, "end": 685269, "sha256": "4f6b64d1c08f25d1c28a9362151a846c5d033085ee2d5d7b486b89130f0b9b4f", "text": "“Missy,” he began to say, hurriedly, “look here! take the money—the notes and gold—look here—take it—you shall have it all—do as I tell you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01870", "bookId": 145, "start": 685271, "end": 685369, "sha256": "f825ca940707833f4f685b4d3af635729b0f01ca46e2add63014b14746957686", "text": "He made an effort to stretch out the key towards her as far as possible, and Mary again retreated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01871", "bookId": 145, "start": 685371, "end": 685502, "sha256": "ea459ca51ded3fd06b37b41dda43cc63af7c6dec0c791ba30b628a3427bb678f", "text": "“I will not touch your key or your money, sir. Pray don’t ask me to do it again. If you do, I must go and call your brother.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01872", "bookId": 145, "start": 685504, "end": 685861, "sha256": "e233231af11241fa59550247cce83d304952051eefcdc9de94ad518a70d8883f", "text": "He let his hand fall, and for the first time in her life Mary saw old Peter Featherstone begin to cry childishly. She said, in as gentle a tone as she could command, “Pray put up your money, sir;” and then went away to her seat by the fire, hoping this would help to convince him that it was useless to say more. Presently he rallied and said eagerly—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01873", "bookId": 145, "start": 685863, "end": 685923, "sha256": "538514b849ac4226f465c0dbdbbeb88b0f3dba778a2c002d95cb23fa046928b1", "text": "“Look here, then. Call the young chap. Call Fred Vincy.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01874", "bookId": 145, "start": 685925, "end": 686107, "sha256": "49913ed2e49c4977c01213150742c67a1f32a725b2b474635a057770908b96c3", "text": "Mary’s heart began to beat more quickly. Various ideas rushed through her mind as to what the burning of a second will might imply. She had to make a difficult decision in a hurry.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01875", "bookId": 145, "start": 686109, "end": 686186, "sha256": "a1c754e3128154aa2d7ef99f5d88fe8f3d1ffdb623f1502a70a9942f7df7c679", "text": "“I will call him, if you will let me call Mr. Jonah and others with him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01876", "bookId": 145, "start": 686188, "end": 686251, "sha256": "cb2ecd05f7fb9ab68e0421f728ae94ecfab3cd5c1ad776a8e8fa4396fe3c7962", "text": "“Nobody else, I say. The young chap. I shall do as I like.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01877", "bookId": 145, "start": 686253, "end": 686412, "sha256": "955283d63cfab7faeb852f62ecf4f8a1ed4000f57a8295c434a8ada17d4e93ce", "text": "“Wait till broad daylight, sir, when every one is stirring. Or let me call Simmons now, to go and fetch the lawyer? He can be here in less than two hours.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01878", "bookId": 145, "start": 686414, "end": 686527, "sha256": "44abce39d91c08be09e379b114e8bd3c3e23108b1f15e8c7d6967a487b005a50", "text": "“Lawyer? What do I want with the lawyer? Nobody shall know—I say, nobody shall know. I shall do as I like.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01879", "bookId": 145, "start": 686529, "end": 686903, "sha256": "af22c1fe661bcac1fe363c38341be9f17b1c5a7be1dd7b026a610a8ec69a58c6", "text": "“Let me call some one else, sir,” said Mary, persuasively. She did not like her position—alone with the old man, who seemed to show a strange flaring of nervous energy which enabled him to speak again and again without falling into his usual cough; yet she desired not to push unnecessarily the contradiction which agitated him. “Let me, pray, call some one else.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01880", "bookId": 145, "start": 686905, "end": 687134, "sha256": "408e033aeccc19a7d76fddda5499762f0db401e736003c0e409393f3878767ec", "text": "“You let me alone, I say. Look here, missy. Take the money. You’ll never have the chance again. It’s pretty nigh two hundred—there’s more in the box, and nobody knows how much there was. Take it and do as I tell you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01881", "bookId": 145, "start": 687136, "end": 687515, "sha256": "0ad2c7f2f55e22a38b462518e27a7b86bdccfb214d9b1b4a17da14319e05ac0e", "text": "Mary, standing by the fire, saw its red light falling on the old man, propped up on his pillows and bed-rest, with his bony hand holding out the key, and the money lying on the quilt before him. She never forgot that vision of a man wanting to do as he liked at the last. But the way in which he had put the offer of the money urged her to speak with harder resolution than ever.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01882", "bookId": 145, "start": 687517, "end": 687702, "sha256": "b2e39c2a731b130530dcab8bc32ba4201f801fe5403b48b4aa34db0bb5008a04", "text": "“It is of no use, sir. I will not do it. Put up your money. I will not touch your money. I will do anything else I can to comfort you; but I will not touch your keys or your money.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01883", "bookId": 145, "start": 687704, "end": 687917, "sha256": "b152c1d819fcdf508f2b36f913095d6665565e4696e66752548f5d6941ea7586", "text": "“Anything else—anything else!” said old Featherstone, with hoarse rage, which, as if in a nightmare, tried to be loud, and yet was only just audible. “I want nothing else. You come here—you come here.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01884", "bookId": 145, "start": 687919, "end": 688178, "sha256": "0be54f21724db25ff44d2b37e202d750d6e6c56e3d96b3e97033a9de6e235acd", "text": "Mary approached him cautiously, knowing him too well. She saw him dropping his keys and trying to grasp his stick, while he looked at her like an aged hyena, the muscles of his face getting distorted with the effort of his hand. She paused at a safe distance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01885", "bookId": 145, "start": 688180, "end": 688349, "sha256": "dbc3fc93182292e35a36a06ce4ef5d62d1d0870267266de03e26da87de7f0da8", "text": "“Let me give you some cordial,” she said, quietly, “and try to compose yourself. You will perhaps go to sleep. And to-morrow by daylight you can do as you like.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01886", "bookId": 145, "start": 688351, "end": 689227, "sha256": "052ed4034971f0847d1ef8221c93446773384767d0d4f8a9e08dc2868aeaf049", "text": "He lifted the stick, in spite of her being beyond his reach, and threw it with a hard effort which was but impotence. It fell, slipping over the foot of the bed. Mary let it lie, and retreated to her chair by the fire. By-and-by she would go to him with the cordial. Fatigue would make him passive. It was getting towards the chillest moment of the morning, the fire had got low, and she could see through the chink between the moreen window-curtains the light whitened by the blind. Having put some wood on the fire and thrown a shawl over her, she sat down, hoping that Mr. Featherstone might now fall asleep. If she went near him the irritation might be kept up. He had said nothing after throwing the stick, but she had seen him taking his keys again and laying his right hand on the money. He did not put it up, however, and she thought that he was dropping off to sleep.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01887", "bookId": 145, "start": 689229, "end": 689464, "sha256": "a08f1c449b016248d7a58540ea97311742b72b13538dd1a785b3cb9da07cb23e", "text": "But Mary herself began to be more agitated by the remembrance of what she had gone through, than she had been by the reality—questioning those acts of hers which had come imperatively and excluded all question in the critical moment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01888", "bookId": 145, "start": 689466, "end": 690122, "sha256": "af5f6d316a2c989f16b7d847bc9fbf28ea601bc99e70dd5fa3dce9d68e77a266", "text": "Presently the dry wood sent out a flame which illuminated every crevice, and Mary saw that the old man was lying quietly with his head turned a little on one side. She went towards him with inaudible steps, and thought that his face looked strangely motionless; but the next moment the movement of the flame communicating itself to all objects made her uncertain. The violent beating of her heart rendered her perceptions so doubtful that even when she touched him and listened for his breathing, she could not trust her conclusions. She went to the window and gently propped aside the curtain and blind, so that the still light of the sky fell on the bed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01889", "bookId": 145, "start": 690124, "end": 690367, "sha256": "922fb47facd9a5ccc9e74d0db96eb6ffefb8d46c4ed6037d70bce16eba371b3f", "text": "The next moment she ran to the bell and rang it energetically. In a very little while there was no longer any doubt that Peter Featherstone was dead, with his right hand clasping the keys, and his left hand lying on the heap of notes and gold.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01890", "bookId": 145, "start": 690372, "end": 690401, "sha256": "a666d97d16080fa9d9fb82da56551321f0242805408ff1d94c1605ae2160bde2", "text": "BOOK IV. THREE LOVE PROBLEMS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01891", "bookId": 145, "start": 690406, "end": 690420, "sha256": "6ddad85c3617fd6294db8823ae68cf5fe462354dfa33171e9d5f6c4e59d27f42", "text": "CHAPTER XXXIV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01892", "bookId": 145, "start": 690422, "end": 690517, "sha256": "3493191ff9a747643d74b644418e47915eb67f8e1b1905401c12557ef1a5463a", "text": "“1_st Gent_. Such men as this are feathers, chips, and straws, Carry no weight, no force.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01893", "bookId": 145, "start": 690519, "end": 690775, "sha256": "02e1ffc37d7b35aece591ae76f6d5abb3761824d1ab55dd412d205b173e76842", "text": "2_d Gent_. But levity Is causal too, and makes the sum of weight. For power finds its place in lack of power; Advance is cession, and the driven ship May run aground because the helmsman’s thought Lacked force to balance opposites.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01894", "bookId": 145, "start": 690778, "end": 693244, "sha256": "a8656883fed33807d738e4c93eac21a7c8581ed1544f155eccd186802044bbc4", "text": "It was on a morning of May that Peter Featherstone was buried. In the prosaic neighborhood of Middlemarch, May was not always warm and sunny, and on this particular morning a chill wind was blowing the blossoms from the surrounding gardens on to the green mounds of Lowick churchyard. Swiftly moving clouds only now and then allowed a gleam to light up any object, whether ugly or beautiful, that happened to stand within its golden shower. In the churchyard the objects were remarkably various, for there was a little country crowd waiting to see the funeral. The news had spread that it was to be a “big burying;” the old gentleman had left written directions about everything and meant to have a funeral “beyond his betters.” This was true; for old Featherstone had not been a Harpagon whose passions had all been devoured by the ever-lean and ever-hungry passion of saving, and who would drive a bargain with his undertaker beforehand. He loved money, but he also loved to spend it in gratifying his peculiar tastes, and perhaps he loved it best of all as a means of making others feel his power more or less uncomfortably. If any one will here contend that there must have been traits of goodness in old Featherstone, I will not presume to deny this; but I must observe that goodness is of a modest nature, easily discouraged, and when much privacy, elbowed in early life by unabashed vices, is apt to retire into extreme privacy, so that it is more easily believed in by those who construct a selfish old gentleman theoretically, than by those who form the narrower judgments based on his personal acquaintance. In any case, he had been bent on having a handsome funeral, and on having persons “bid” to it who would rather have stayed at home. He had even desired that female relatives should follow him to the grave, and poor sister Martha had taken a difficult journey for this purpose from the Chalky Flats. She and Jane would have been altogether cheered (in a tearful manner) by this sign that a brother who disliked seeing them while he was living had been prospectively fond of their presence when he should have become a testator, if the sign had not been made equivocal by being extended to Mrs. Vincy, whose expense in handsome crape seemed to imply the most presumptuous hopes, aggravated by a bloom of complexion which told pretty plainly that she was not a blood-relation, but of that generally objectionable class called wife’s kin.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01895", "bookId": 145, "start": 693246, "end": 693969, "sha256": "854520d868f9519beb2979a37e3e82e1942565fd37f49a4cdde1be2cb06711b0", "text": "We are all of us imaginative in some form or other, for images are the brood of desire; and poor old Featherstone, who laughed much at the way in which others cajoled themselves, did not escape the fellowship of illusion. In writing the programme for his burial he certainly did not make clear to himself that his pleasure in the little drama of which it formed a part was confined to anticipation. In chuckling over the vexations he could inflict by the rigid clutch of his dead hand, he inevitably mingled his consciousness with that livid stagnant presence, and so far as he was preoccupied with a future life, it was with one of gratification inside his coffin. Thus old Featherstone was imaginative, after his fashion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01896", "bookId": 145, "start": 693971, "end": 695877, "sha256": "c6919d56c39ff30366cd81bce76479b3ec7f790784a4e394f341ab3fe216802e", "text": "However, the three mourning-coaches were filled according to the written orders of the deceased. There were pall-bearers on horseback, with the richest scarfs and hatbands, and even the under-bearers had trappings of woe which were of a good well-priced quality. The black procession, when dismounted, looked the larger for the smallness of the churchyard; the heavy human faces and the black draperies shivering in the wind seemed to tell of a world strangely incongruous with the lightly dropping blossoms and the gleams of sunshine on the daisies. The clergyman who met the procession was Mr. Cadwallader—also according to the request of Peter Featherstone, prompted as usual by peculiar reasons. Having a contempt for curates, whom he always called understrappers, he was resolved to be buried by a beneficed clergyman. Mr. Casaubon was out of the question, not merely because he declined duty of this sort, but because Featherstone had an especial dislike to him as the rector of his own parish, who had a lien on the land in the shape of tithe, also as the deliverer of morning sermons, which the old man, being in his pew and not at all sleepy, had been obliged to sit through with an inward snarl. He had an objection to a parson stuck up above his head preaching to him. But his relations with Mr. Cadwallader had been of a different kind: the trout-stream which ran through Mr. Casaubon’s land took its course through Featherstone’s also, so that Mr. Cadwallader was a parson who had had to ask a favor instead of preaching. Moreover, he was one of the high gentry living four miles away from Lowick, and was thus exalted to an equal sky with the sheriff of the county and other dignities vaguely regarded as necessary to the system of things. There would be a satisfaction in being buried by Mr. Cadwallader, whose very name offered a fine opportunity for pronouncing wrongly if you liked.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01897", "bookId": 145, "start": 695879, "end": 696379, "sha256": "da703d77e2cbf036e32b9858f862c7317af935ead8128c1ec154638893435b49", "text": "This distinction conferred on the Rector of Tipton and Freshitt was the reason why Mrs. Cadwallader made one of the group that watched old Featherstone’s funeral from an upper window of the manor. She was not fond of visiting that house, but she liked, as she said, to see collections of strange animals such as there would be at this funeral; and she had persuaded Sir James and the young Lady Chettam to drive the Rector and herself to Lowick in order that the visit might be altogether pleasant.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01898", "bookId": 145, "start": 696381, "end": 696484, "sha256": "fcdeb57b7f3eff8d2e0095b077a5dc00dd7b5d5b4052a670447bad75de8d5b08", "text": "“I will go anywhere with you, Mrs. Cadwallader,” Celia had said; “but I don’t like funerals.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01899", "bookId": 145, "start": 696486, "end": 696802, "sha256": "d34419b4e7813b49f9ed36bcd5e62228752eaf79f88681d62969e2f6c14ba371", "text": "“Oh, my dear, when you have a clergyman in your family you must accommodate your tastes: I did that very early. When I married Humphrey I made up my mind to like sermons, and I set out by liking the end very much. That soon spread to the middle and the beginning, because I couldn’t have the end without them.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01900", "bookId": 145, "start": 696804, "end": 696883, "sha256": "dc87bd617f9b614fd0921b34c9b40dcbc7eb5814e6ca2a3086b48be880b07e80", "text": "“No, to be sure not,” said the Dowager Lady Chettam, with stately emphasis.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01901", "bookId": 145, "start": 696885, "end": 697255, "sha256": "c75b78fde819880dee68424d01dc10072e312611732688b8310764c8e7a59307", "text": "The upper window from which the funeral could be well seen was in the room occupied by Mr. Casaubon when he had been forbidden to work; but he had resumed nearly his habitual style of life now in spite of warnings and prescriptions, and after politely welcoming Mrs. Cadwallader had slipped again into the library to chew a cud of erudite mistake about Cush and Mizraim.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01902", "bookId": 145, "start": 697257, "end": 697933, "sha256": "fcf0ef3ae953135cd822307efceed7436272cb8376d48122ed0bf0f84aa9a663", "text": "But for her visitors Dorothea too might have been shut up in the library, and would not have witnessed this scene of old Featherstone’s funeral, which, aloof as it seemed to be from the tenor of her life, always afterwards came back to her at the touch of certain sensitive points in memory, just as the vision of St. Peter’s at Rome was inwoven with moods of despondency. Scenes which make vital changes in our neighbors’ lot are but the background of our own, yet, like a particular aspect of the fields and trees, they become associated for us with the epochs of our own history, and make a part of that unity which lies in the selection of our keenest consciousness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01903", "bookId": 145, "start": 697935, "end": 698412, "sha256": "e45460a4be00ae17a48e67e02f8812853f5188c3695d689afb36d5b3ecd46495", "text": "The dream-like association of something alien and ill-understood with the deepest secrets of her experience seemed to mirror that sense of loneliness which was due to the very ardor of Dorothea’s nature. The country gentry of old time lived in a rarefied social air: dotted apart on their stations up the mountain they looked down with imperfect discrimination on the belts of thicker life below. And Dorothea was not at ease in the perspective and chilliness of that height.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01904", "bookId": 145, "start": 698414, "end": 698689, "sha256": "723eff9ba42d3f4bb55e47db240e96652dde965104015449dd158bdca91dba15", "text": "“I shall not look any more,” said Celia, after the train had entered the church, placing herself a little behind her husband’s elbow so that she could slyly touch his coat with her cheek. “I dare say Dodo likes it: she is fond of melancholy things and ugly people.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01905", "bookId": 145, "start": 698691, "end": 699114, "sha256": "7adeaa66554341d33d2687463e72735b6fdcf61fbb2e801c4cb2fddd42e43c4e", "text": "“I am fond of knowing something about the people I live among,” said Dorothea, who had been watching everything with the interest of a monk on his holiday tour. “It seems to me we know nothing of our neighbors, unless they are cottagers. One is constantly wondering what sort of lives other people lead, and how they take things. I am quite obliged to Mrs. Cadwallader for coming and calling me out of the library.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01906", "bookId": 145, "start": 699116, "end": 699452, "sha256": "5d19e12748cdadff8cb735d8a1b2241280d701e980f069dbc27d1a64cdde891a", "text": "“Quite right to feel obliged to me,” said Mrs. Cadwallader. “Your rich Lowick farmers are as curious as any buffaloes or bisons, and I dare say you don’t half see them at church. They are quite different from your uncle’s tenants or Sir James’s—monsters—farmers without landlords—one can’t tell how to class them.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01907", "bookId": 145, "start": 699454, "end": 699674, "sha256": "7c8e9c749aa7a8e2dac3adfa98d111c967d3c6e58e8ba7990541ed888236966e", "text": "“Most of these followers are not Lowick people,” said Sir James; “I suppose they are legatees from a distance, or from Middlemarch. Lovegood tells me the old fellow has left a good deal of money as well as land.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01908", "bookId": 145, "start": 699676, "end": 699985, "sha256": "76d5d23bb0f14e9d788aa86f8e383a95105dee780e2ebd5830838b421d6580f9", "text": "“Think of that now! when so many younger sons can’t dine at their own expense,” said Mrs. Cadwallader. “Ah,” turning round at the sound of the opening door, “here is Mr. Brooke. I felt that we were incomplete before, and here is the explanation. You are come to see this odd funeral, of course?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01909", "bookId": 145, "start": 699987, "end": 700432, "sha256": "6ee2168ca3ba8d3a21db6d88e0dc203931f9f0c3d7a90cc6b28cf3427b2cd2fb", "text": "“No, I came to look after Casaubon—to see how he goes on, you know. And to bring a little news—a little news, my dear,” said Mr. Brooke, nodding at Dorothea as she came towards him. “I looked into the library, and I saw Casaubon over his books. I told him it wouldn’t do: I said, ‘This will never do, you know: think of your wife, Casaubon.’ And he promised me to come up. I didn’t tell him my news: I said, he must come up.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01910", "bookId": 145, "start": 700434, "end": 700704, "sha256": "9f229435c564c6dc60f3e8efc481282c6873ff88463ab1250a422e77d71b70c9", "text": "“Ah, now they are coming out of church,” Mrs. Cadwallader exclaimed. “Dear me, what a wonderfully mixed set! Mr. Lydgate as doctor, I suppose. But that is really a good looking woman, and the fair young man must be her son. Who are they, Sir James, do you know?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01911", "bookId": 145, "start": 700706, "end": 700864, "sha256": "14779b19221399c3df93e28fa0a8e0867ff2c1368d9f898ef7724a3e38227488", "text": "“I see Vincy, the Mayor of Middlemarch; they are probably his wife and son,” said Sir James, looking interrogatively at Mr. Brooke, who nodded and said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01912", "bookId": 145, "start": 700866, "end": 701009, "sha256": "d848490ca3ba307bfccbf9a9eeff753737e4f43b36aa5fc7d55836cdae642335", "text": "“Yes, a very decent family—a very good fellow is Vincy; a credit to the manufacturing interest. You have seen him at my house, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01913", "bookId": 145, "start": 701011, "end": 701091, "sha256": "15a715ad88af8cbc114ee268c972a6ac11bd5d47ae5c1b7f38472b8c2c941fa6", "text": "“Ah, yes: one of your secret committee,” said Mrs. Cadwallader, provokingly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01914", "bookId": 145, "start": 701093, "end": 701172, "sha256": "f47b77fa01f237e838b37a8ac8326c0cb965e7d9f0ec30211bd69646fd638d9a", "text": "“A coursing fellow, though,” said Sir James, with a fox-hunter’s disgust.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01915", "bookId": 145, "start": 701174, "end": 701546, "sha256": "eb4e7e8481fc77a1ba66fb7614b8604529d224eb5ed5b2641eeaf38226411bb7", "text": "“And one of those who suck the life out of the wretched handloom weavers in Tipton and Freshitt. That is how his family look so fair and sleek,” said Mrs. Cadwallader. “Those dark, purple-faced people are an excellent foil. Dear me, they are like a set of jugs! Do look at Humphrey: one might fancy him an ugly archangel towering above them in his white surplice.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01916", "bookId": 145, "start": 701548, "end": 701658, "sha256": "fa8804c2bbc2314041fa24cc5e22b2d1a45d1212c2e65134c080d06fd9a7bf76", "text": "“It’s a solemn thing, though, a funeral,” said Mr. Brooke, “if you take it in that light, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01917", "bookId": 145, "start": 701660, "end": 701833, "sha256": "2b903aed2a309ef97e3b7b2e9562dd7b66e61e7f091e01696c184eb85716049c", "text": "“But I am not taking it in that light. I can’t wear my solemnity too often, else it will go to rags. It was time the old man died, and none of these people are sorry.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01918", "bookId": 145, "start": 701835, "end": 702035, "sha256": "51ea21c3377401d78cc59bb8f0d07463aeb20535f31c018588d77880dac66485", "text": "“How piteous!” said Dorothea. “This funeral seems to me the most dismal thing I ever saw. It is a blot on the morning. I cannot bear to think that any one should die and leave no love behind.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01919", "bookId": 145, "start": 702037, "end": 702262, "sha256": "37edfa6bc3392c81808e69f15bf07cdbd6c39cd9c12d4d9a97dc3a1709b689b5", "text": "She was going to say more, but she saw her husband enter and seat himself a little in the background. The difference his presence made to her was not always a happy one: she felt that he often inwardly objected to her speech.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01920", "bookId": 145, "start": 702264, "end": 702506, "sha256": "30b10b4e6ed503be18663a62e92d0a1180da93f99212bb7584944f49dc5f14ed", "text": "“Positively,” exclaimed Mrs. Cadwallader, “there is a new face come out from behind that broad man queerer than any of them: a little round head with bulging eyes—a sort of frog-face—do look. He must be of another blood, I think.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01921", "bookId": 145, "start": 702508, "end": 702804, "sha256": "339795b7c47b892d612e0d53cd803e0b43ce1edfdb37024e015a2ce4601e0106", "text": "“Let me see!” said Celia, with awakened curiosity, standing behind Mrs. Cadwallader and leaning forward over her head. “Oh, what an odd face!” Then with a quick change to another sort of surprised expression, she added, “Why, Dodo, you never told me that Mr. Ladislaw was come again!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01922", "bookId": 145, "start": 702806, "end": 702952, "sha256": "08a0c6cea416e19070feecfb5dbc23c7eb931af9dc4eba3d7de5eb95e7cef49c", "text": "Dorothea felt a shock of alarm: every one noticed her sudden paleness as she looked up immediately at her uncle, while Mr. Casaubon looked at her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01923", "bookId": 145, "start": 702954, "end": 703614, "sha256": "74e86cbb0a81a3231a95180af12ec4dc62a96eba12e8d6ca317492901feedf00", "text": "“He came with me, you know; he is my guest—puts up with me at the Grange,” said Mr. Brooke, in his easiest tone, nodding at Dorothea, as if the announcement were just what she might have expected. “And we have brought the picture at the top of the carriage. I knew you would be pleased with the surprise, Casaubon. There you are to the very life—as Aquinas, you know. Quite the right sort of thing. And you will hear young Ladislaw talk about it. He talks uncommonly well—points out this, that, and the other—knows art and everything of that kind—companionable, you know—is up with you in any track—what I’ve been wanting a long while.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01924", "bookId": 145, "start": 703616, "end": 704180, "sha256": "fa81a989b5cef88e23cb47fe227bebbf6bb162ac2a5fc72c9dc695cf0f2c3b16", "text": "Mr. Casaubon bowed with cold politeness, mastering his irritation, but only so far as to be silent. He remembered Will’s letter quite as well as Dorothea did; he had noticed that it was not among the letters which had been reserved for him on his recovery, and secretly concluding that Dorothea had sent word to Will not to come to Lowick, he had shrunk with proud sensitiveness from ever recurring to the subject. He now inferred that she had asked her uncle to invite Will to the Grange; and she felt it impossible at that moment to enter into any explanation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01925", "bookId": 145, "start": 704182, "end": 704394, "sha256": "078e050b867d3a4fb96796b5bf8e75d20dfe6a6e1c5ef6e362418311fd7a913b", "text": "Mrs. Cadwallader’s eyes, diverted from the churchyard, saw a good deal of dumb show which was not so intelligible to her as she could have desired, and could not repress the question, “Who is Mr. Ladislaw?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01926", "bookId": 145, "start": 704396, "end": 704638, "sha256": "322c5e974888fbd89d2937a5b0ca7166258f85b333c31a2ab6ea9c2761623ea8", "text": "“A young relative of Mr. Casaubon’s,” said Sir James, promptly. His good-nature often made him quick and clear-seeing in personal matters, and he had divined from Dorothea’s glance at her husband that there was some alarm in her mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01927", "bookId": 145, "start": 704640, "end": 705277, "sha256": "094f02e9243cab3fbdd99256e3900f88fb6b1e0626562b49e7afb6c55310ff95", "text": "“A very nice young fellow—Casaubon has done everything for him,” explained Mr. Brooke. “He repays your expense in him, Casaubon,” he went on, nodding encouragingly. “I hope he will stay with me a long while and we shall make something of my documents. I have plenty of ideas and facts, you know, and I can see he is just the man to put them into shape—remembers what the right quotations are, _omne tulit punctum_, and that sort of thing—gives subjects a kind of turn. I invited him some time ago when you were ill, Casaubon; Dorothea said you couldn’t have anybody in the house, you know, and she asked me to write.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01928", "bookId": 145, "start": 705279, "end": 706150, "sha256": "607df08934eefe556f1913d7e47147f63827c5c47f6ef2e56b8043da5c04fd36", "text": "Poor Dorothea felt that every word of her uncle’s was about as pleasant as a grain of sand in the eye to Mr. Casaubon. It would be altogether unfitting now to explain that she had not wished her uncle to invite Will Ladislaw. She could not in the least make clear to herself the reasons for her husband’s dislike to his presence—a dislike painfully impressed on her by the scene in the library; but she felt the unbecomingness of saying anything that might convey a notion of it to others. Mr. Casaubon, indeed, had not thoroughly represented those mixed reasons to himself; irritated feeling with him, as with all of us, seeking rather for justification than for self-knowledge. But he wished to repress outward signs, and only Dorothea could discern the changes in her husband’s face before he observed with more of dignified bending and sing-song than usual—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01929", "bookId": 145, "start": 706152, "end": 706292, "sha256": "91ddff7f73d6d1c41eb6c561969f90b01b105357adfc97a630fbda11861552b3", "text": "“You are exceedingly hospitable, my dear sir; and I owe you acknowledgments for exercising your hospitality towards a relative of mine.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01930", "bookId": 145, "start": 706294, "end": 706358, "sha256": "1dadb50f2d1ba8ba1c40f63c45b3689f4874da6afc2e2372fa79e3beb84c8e6e", "text": "The funeral was ended now, and the churchyard was being cleared.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01931", "bookId": 145, "start": 706360, "end": 706532, "sha256": "a82b0f7e54b48293ccd6257b0fe30b97df58b711a2ab040d1361c1269288ec5f", "text": "“Now you can see him, Mrs. Cadwallader,” said Celia. “He is just like a miniature of Mr. Casaubon’s aunt that hangs in Dorothea’s boudoir—quite nice-looking.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01932", "bookId": 145, "start": 706534, "end": 706637, "sha256": "6877d75a5cbd45686df4f2742382ea767ef2c5a6d81560ccbf185a042eb4e19e", "text": "“A very pretty sprig,” said Mrs. Cadwallader, dryly. “What is your nephew to be, Mr. Casaubon?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01933", "bookId": 145, "start": 706639, "end": 706693, "sha256": "91ae473d1fb31e1e948de0f21e300c5a61ef45ea24b9e5d6e157b7ac295f9aaf", "text": "“Pardon me, he is not my nephew. He is my cousin.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01934", "bookId": 145, "start": 706695, "end": 706943, "sha256": "456caddfdcb256553cb3067034d43a4257b695d801441d78066961f1bed05212", "text": "“Well, you know,” interposed Mr. Brooke, “he is trying his wings. He is just the sort of young fellow to rise. I should be glad to give him an opportunity. He would make a good secretary, now, like Hobbes, Milton, Swift—that sort of man.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01935", "bookId": 145, "start": 706945, "end": 707021, "sha256": "4c9bb6c59c0b18c6d27763cc30b455ee89d179a39bc75fded562eb6059b6067a", "text": "“I understand,” said Mrs. Cadwallader. “One who can write speeches.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01936", "bookId": 145, "start": 707023, "end": 707752, "sha256": "a1fa2f3380bcf4e33d6a66dc7beeddc880d9ace778d77843dd762ac3fb23d64f", "text": "“I’ll fetch him in now, eh, Casaubon?” said Mr. Brooke. “He wouldn’t come in till I had announced him, you know. And we’ll go down and look at the picture. There you are to the life: a deep subtle sort of thinker with his fore-finger on the page, while Saint Bonaventure or somebody else, rather fat and florid, is looking up at the Trinity. Everything is symbolical, you know—the higher style of art: I like that up to a certain point, but not too far—it’s rather straining to keep up with, you know. But you are at home in that, Casaubon. And your painter’s flesh is good—solidity, transparency, everything of that sort. I went into that a great deal at one time. However, I’ll go and fetch Ladislaw.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01937", "bookId": 145, "start": 707757, "end": 707770, "sha256": "16a684f4ef598a87cad743d93a801da4ca1096239aa804d039435df27083d85e", "text": "CHAPTER XXXV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01938", "bookId": 145, "start": 707772, "end": 708148, "sha256": "e0bdd462dc50ee73e4557c2d1157613aefafdc0651d4fc61325e2daad5148d88", "text": "“Non, je ne comprends pas de plus charmant plaisir Que de voir d’héritiers une troupe affligée Le maintien interdit, et la mine allongée, Lire un long testament où pales, étonnés On leur laisse un bonsoir avec un pied de nez. Pour voir au naturel leur tristesse profonde Je reviendrais, je crois, exprès de l’autre monde.” —REGNARD: _Le Légataire Universel_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01939", "bookId": 145, "start": 708151, "end": 708620, "sha256": "7b7d302ffa76aff1d2a7d3750eaeeb0b7d846e825bc8d6733a97dc5c5c538b44", "text": "When the animals entered the Ark in pairs, one may imagine that allied species made much private remark on each other, and were tempted to think that so many forms feeding on the same store of fodder were eminently superfluous, as tending to diminish the rations. (I fear the part played by the vultures on that occasion would be too painful for art to represent, those birds being disadvantageously naked about the gullet, and apparently without rites and ceremonies.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01940", "bookId": 145, "start": 708622, "end": 710674, "sha256": "1d9b95660e199d2fb0eae103acb733d1f5c4fee8c869cdd1e448660d7df36a9b", "text": "The same sort of temptation befell the Christian Carnivora who formed Peter Featherstone’s funeral procession; most of them having their minds bent on a limited store which each would have liked to get the most of. The long-recognized blood-relations and connections by marriage made already a goodly number, which, multiplied by possibilities, presented a fine range for jealous conjecture and pathetic hopefulness. Jealousy of the Vincys had created a fellowship in hostility among all persons of the Featherstone blood, so that in the absence of any decided indication that one of themselves was to have more than the rest, the dread lest that long-legged Fred Vincy should have the land was necessarily dominant, though it left abundant feeling and leisure for vaguer jealousies, such as were entertained towards Mary Garth. Solomon found time to reflect that Jonah was undeserving, and Jonah to abuse Solomon as greedy; Jane, the elder sister, held that Martha’s children ought not to expect so much as the young Waules; and Martha, more lax on the subject of primogeniture, was sorry to think that Jane was so “having.” These nearest of kin were naturally impressed with the unreasonableness of expectations in cousins and second cousins, and used their arithmetic in reckoning the large sums that small legacies might mount to, if there were too many of them. Two cousins were present to hear the will, and a second cousin besides Mr. Trumbull. This second cousin was a Middlemarch mercer of polite manners and superfluous aspirates. The two cousins were elderly men from Brassing, one of them conscious of claims on the score of inconvenient expense sustained by him in presents of oysters and other eatables to his rich cousin Peter; the other entirely saturnine, leaning his hands and chin on a stick, and conscious of claims based on no narrow performance but on merit generally: both blameless citizens of Brassing, who wished that Jonah Featherstone did not live there. The wit of a family is usually best received among strangers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01941", "bookId": 145, "start": 710676, "end": 710887, "sha256": "1bff6655d5451b244b781f1b146bb4c55aac3d24da737c898b6edeafa23661b4", "text": "“Why, Trumbull himself is pretty sure of five hundred—_that_ you may depend,—I shouldn’t wonder if my brother promised him,” said Solomon, musing aloud with his sisters, the evening before the funeral.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01942", "bookId": 145, "start": 710889, "end": 711024, "sha256": "163560b3004b168b2a519d94b67bf843c7114eded9276782dae8d87fa4898a69", "text": "“Dear, dear!” said poor sister Martha, whose imagination of hundreds had been habitually narrowed to the amount of her unpaid rent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01943", "bookId": 145, "start": 711026, "end": 713215, "sha256": "d9e9a1bb2c2862e5acb5d8eed77f786f55812d8c5dbee27f28694dc6bac52308", "text": "But in the morning all the ordinary currents of conjecture were disturbed by the presence of a strange mourner who had plashed among them as if from the moon. This was the stranger described by Mrs. Cadwallader as frog-faced: a man perhaps about two or three and thirty, whose prominent eyes, thin-lipped, downward-curved mouth, and hair sleekly brushed away from a forehead that sank suddenly above the ridge of the eyebrows, certainly gave his face a batrachian unchangeableness of expression. Here, clearly, was a new legatee; else why was he bidden as a mourner? Here were new possibilities, raising a new uncertainty, which almost checked remark in the mourning-coaches. We are all humiliated by the sudden discovery of a fact which has existed very comfortably and perhaps been staring at us in private while we have been making up our world entirely without it. No one had seen this questionable stranger before except Mary Garth, and she knew nothing more of him than that he had twice been to Stone Court when Mr. Featherstone was down-stairs, and had sat alone with him for several hours. She had found an opportunity of mentioning this to her father, and perhaps Caleb’s were the only eyes, except the lawyer’s, which examined the stranger with more of inquiry than of disgust or suspicion. Caleb Garth, having little expectation and less cupidity, was interested in the verification of his own guesses, and the calmness with which he half smilingly rubbed his chin and shot intelligent glances much as if he were valuing a tree, made a fine contrast with the alarm or scorn visible in other faces when the unknown mourner, whose name was understood to be Rigg, entered the wainscoted parlor and took his seat near the door to make part of the audience when the will should be read. Just then Mr. Solomon and Mr. Jonah were gone up-stairs with the lawyer to search for the will; and Mrs. Waule, seeing two vacant seats between herself and Mr. Borthrop Trumbull, had the spirit to move next to that great authority, who was handling his watch-seals and trimming his outlines with a determination not to show anything so compromising to a man of ability as wonder or surprise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01944", "bookId": 145, "start": 713217, "end": 713428, "sha256": "9e638d01b3275dd98cb4edab543ef3191c88e761a8fae7f14a85ebb7719db441", "text": "“I suppose you know everything about what my poor brother’s done, Mr. Trumbull,” said Mrs. Waule, in the lowest of her woolly tones, while she turned her crape-shadowed bonnet towards Mr. Trumbull’s ear.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01945", "bookId": 145, "start": 713430, "end": 713558, "sha256": "47d75b0bee871b2eb16793b201c6be6c91160bb56c79ac23a6cd0a37b58fc14b", "text": "“My good lady, whatever was told me was told in confidence,” said the auctioneer, putting his hand up to screen that secret.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01946", "bookId": 145, "start": 713560, "end": 713698, "sha256": "5a8f0b1276314c35239f94917973c25499c578813f62998817f5be12a0bb3118", "text": "“Them who’ve made sure of their good-luck may be disappointed yet,” Mrs. Waule continued, finding some relief in this communication.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01947", "bookId": 145, "start": 713700, "end": 713771, "sha256": "69246fbb2ee8ea3691bd80a59ff0700badfb1530b55e34ec48479951d2efdbaf", "text": "“Hopes are often delusive,” said Mr. Trumbull, still in confidence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01948", "bookId": 145, "start": 713773, "end": 713884, "sha256": "5d93b1e09d449db4ad92159e5dcf467774c7ec2e2c5ce0df523112a215fe8a47", "text": "“Ah!” said Mrs. Waule, looking across at the Vincys, and then moving back to the side of her sister Martha.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01949", "bookId": 145, "start": 713886, "end": 714103, "sha256": "056d8dae6f2367b4bd80b4e1c903d1bd91e4642fc1102d59cea61c1744be7193", "text": "“It’s wonderful how close poor Peter was,” she said, in the same undertones. “We none of us know what he might have had on his mind. I only hope and trust he wasn’t a worse liver than we think of, Martha.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01950", "bookId": 145, "start": 714105, "end": 714362, "sha256": "9ea0db5df16415fa1ed25764746ca394a62e2d1293a58b5ef0dbc856390270d6", "text": "Poor Mrs. Cranch was bulky, and, breathing asthmatically, had the additional motive for making her remarks unexceptionable and giving them a general bearing, that even her whispers were loud and liable to sudden bursts like those of a deranged barrel-organ.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01951", "bookId": 145, "start": 714364, "end": 714795, "sha256": "6c63dacdcfef72a98204f0ed2a905b8974ea5a6835978a835dbaebbac64ff855", "text": "“I never _was_ covetous, Jane,” she replied; “but I have six children and have buried three, and I didn’t marry into money. The eldest, that sits there, is but nineteen—so I leave you to guess. And stock always short, and land most awkward. But if ever I’ve begged and prayed; it’s been to God above; though where there’s one brother a bachelor and the other childless after twice marrying—anybody might think!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01952", "bookId": 145, "start": 714797, "end": 715461, "sha256": "c7d9e4d8e49fa72fb8b322760c3a8c930c40468aa1753656a4cddb6daed5bc5d", "text": "Meanwhile, Mr. Vincy had glanced at the passive face of Mr. Rigg, and had taken out his snuff-box and tapped it, but had put it again unopened as an indulgence which, however clarifying to the judgment, was unsuited to the occasion. “I shouldn’t wonder if Featherstone had better feelings than any of us gave him credit for,” he observed, in the ear of his wife. “This funeral shows a thought about everybody: it looks well when a man wants to be followed by his friends, and if they are humble, not to be ashamed of them. I should be all the better pleased if he’d left lots of small legacies. They may be uncommonly useful to fellows in a small way.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01953", "bookId": 145, "start": 715463, "end": 715568, "sha256": "715fd9427ff92d258b6c6b3ffe2f5aac87483469f0c3eab498820faa3d6400f4", "text": "“Everything is as handsome as could be, crape and silk and everything,” said Mrs. Vincy, contentedly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01954", "bookId": 145, "start": 715570, "end": 716399, "sha256": "5cb752aa12d14f247b21a6517a47123fba60a7eaaf5360f1df6134fed76d23de", "text": "But I am sorry to say that Fred was under some difficulty in repressing a laugh, which would have been more unsuitable than his father’s snuff-box. Fred had overheard Mr. Jonah suggesting something about a “love-child,” and with this thought in his mind, the stranger’s face, which happened to be opposite him, affected him too ludicrously. Mary Garth, discerning his distress in the twitchings of his mouth, and his recourse to a cough, came cleverly to his rescue by asking him to change seats with her, so that he got into a shadowy corner. Fred was feeling as good-naturedly as possible towards everybody, including Rigg; and having some relenting towards all these people who were less lucky than he was aware of being himself, he would not for the world have behaved amiss; still, it was particularly easy to laugh.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01955", "bookId": 145, "start": 716401, "end": 717151, "sha256": "1a1eba78e5a6c2ba5b1a42a9114ac86830aaa0386296b5f2a30a4b12dfc91c9b", "text": "But the entrance of the lawyer and the two brothers drew every one’s attention. The lawyer was Mr. Standish, and he had come to Stone Court this morning believing that he knew thoroughly well who would be pleased and who disappointed before the day was over. The will he expected to read was the last of three which he had drawn up for Mr. Featherstone. Mr. Standish was not a man who varied his manners: he behaved with the same deep-voiced, off-hand civility to everybody, as if he saw no difference in them, and talked chiefly of the hay-crop, which would be “very fine, by God!” of the last bulletins concerning the King, and of the Duke of Clarence, who was a sailor every inch of him, and just the man to rule over an island like Britain.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01956", "bookId": 145, "start": 717153, "end": 717717, "sha256": "e4d95e32dd6a5d0196ebe8b607175f7b8945ffef3d2d2af349e7423ad99e8b97", "text": "Old Featherstone had often reflected as he sat looking at the fire that Standish would be surprised some day: it is true that if he had done as he liked at the last, and burnt the will drawn up by another lawyer, he would not have secured that minor end; still he had had his pleasure in ruminating on it. And certainly Mr. Standish was surprised, but not at all sorry; on the contrary, he rather enjoyed the zest of a little curiosity in his own mind, which the discovery of a second will added to the prospective amazement on the part of the Featherstone family.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01957", "bookId": 145, "start": 717719, "end": 718381, "sha256": "7fdf3511a2e329b10680538eb39f94fdc16c9db5a9cff9ff101d0036e7a0785b", "text": "As to the sentiments of Solomon and Jonah, they were held in utter suspense: it seemed to them that the old will would have a certain validity, and that there might be such an interlacement of poor Peter’s former and latter intentions as to create endless “lawing” before anybody came by their own—an inconvenience which would have at least the advantage of going all round. Hence the brothers showed a thoroughly neutral gravity as they re-entered with Mr. Standish; but Solomon took out his white handkerchief again with a sense that in any case there would be affecting passages, and crying at funerals, however dry, was customarily served up in lawn.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01958", "bookId": 145, "start": 718383, "end": 718709, "sha256": "71b1ea597c364e6f8ef9b53c653d87260a4b1904293c293d65c7c9f5a78fc627", "text": "Perhaps the person who felt the most throbbing excitement at this moment was Mary Garth, in the consciousness that it was she who had virtually determined the production of this second will, which might have momentous effects on the lot of some persons present. No soul except herself knew what had passed on that final night.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01959", "bookId": 145, "start": 718711, "end": 719343, "sha256": "5debf3717c265836b1d58a8f350d511f3f9c3e475401cac0ba4356f7d00049d0", "text": "“The will I hold in my hand,” said Mr. Standish, who, seated at the table in the middle of the room, took his time about everything, including the coughs with which he showed a disposition to clear his voice, “was drawn up by myself and executed by our deceased friend on the 9th of August, 1825. But I find that there is a subsequent instrument hitherto unknown to me, bearing date the 20th of July, 1826, hardly a year later than the previous one. And there is farther, I see”—Mr. Standish was cautiously travelling over the document with his spectacles—“a codicil to this latter will, bearing date March 1, 1828.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01960", "bookId": 145, "start": 719345, "end": 719471, "sha256": "a52b7877c2234fd8ddb8f1f3a38faadd58dde5ddc0b6284cb04e573baa7972cb", "text": "“Dear, dear!” said sister Martha, not meaning to be audible, but driven to some articulation under this pressure of dates.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01961", "bookId": 145, "start": 719473, "end": 719651, "sha256": "bd478d4dac818a7cc2cede41959e50b97270d457d2d5fd46f245e79c63afb725", "text": "“I shall begin by reading the earlier will,” continued Mr. Standish, “since such, as appears by his not having destroyed the document, was the intention of the deceased.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01962", "bookId": 145, "start": 719653, "end": 720537, "sha256": "ca466e8c578b41ec9c669f4e98e037b5e6e008555d727d6d8063ef6dcd48fc32", "text": "The preamble was felt to be rather long, and several besides Solomon shook their heads pathetically, looking on the ground: all eyes avoided meeting other eyes, and were chiefly fixed either on the spots in the table-cloth or on Mr. Standish’s bald head; excepting Mary Garth’s. When all the rest were trying to look nowhere in particular, it was safe for her to look at them. And at the sound of the first “give and bequeath” she could see all complexions changing subtly, as if some faint vibration were passing through them, save that of Mr. Rigg. He sat in unaltered calm, and, in fact, the company, preoccupied with more important problems, and with the complication of listening to bequests which might or might not be revoked, had ceased to think of him. Fred blushed, and Mr. Vincy found it impossible to do without his snuff-box in his hand, though he kept it closed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01963", "bookId": 145, "start": 720539, "end": 722719, "sha256": "e1914bd67558b9ddb22bec611658206a53bad4a98f265be7e593a213e1f7fc5d", "text": "The small bequests came first, and even the recollection that there was another will and that poor Peter might have thought better of it, could not quell the rising disgust and indignation. One likes to be done well by in every tense, past, present, and future. And here was Peter capable five years ago of leaving only two hundred apiece to his own brothers and sisters, and only a hundred apiece to his own nephews and nieces: the Garths were not mentioned, but Mrs. Vincy and Rosamond were each to have a hundred. Mr. Trumbull was to have the gold-headed cane and fifty pounds; the other second cousins and the cousins present were each to have the like handsome sum, which, as the saturnine cousin observed, was a sort of legacy that left a man nowhere; and there was much more of such offensive dribbling in favor of persons not present—problematical, and, it was to be feared, low connections. Altogether, reckoning hastily, here were about three thousand disposed of. Where then had Peter meant the rest of the money to go—and where the land? and what was revoked and what not revoked—and was the revocation for better or for worse? All emotion must be conditional, and might turn out to be the wrong thing. The men were strong enough to bear up and keep quiet under this confused suspense; some letting their lower lip fall, others pursing it up, according to the habit of their muscles. But Jane and Martha sank under the rush of questions, and began to cry; poor Mrs. Cranch being half moved with the consolation of getting any hundreds at all without working for them, and half aware that her share was scanty; whereas Mrs. Waule’s mind was entirely flooded with the sense of being an own sister and getting little, while somebody else was to have much. The general expectation now was that the “much” would fall to Fred Vincy, but the Vincys themselves were surprised when ten thousand pounds in specified investments were declared to be bequeathed to him:—was the land coming too? Fred bit his lips: it was difficult to help smiling, and Mrs. Vincy felt herself the happiest of women—possible revocation shrinking out of sight in this dazzling vision.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01964", "bookId": 145, "start": 722721, "end": 723169, "sha256": "e646da53277d507c634455674f912e3d27937f67fc46d1b84038c456617a8bde", "text": "There was still a residue of personal property as well as the land, but the whole was left to one person, and that person was—O possibilities! O expectations founded on the favor of “close” old gentlemen! O endless vocatives that would still leave expression slipping helpless from the measurement of mortal folly!—that residuary legatee was Joshua Rigg, who was also sole executor, and who was to take thenceforth the name of Featherstone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01965", "bookId": 145, "start": 723171, "end": 723320, "sha256": "26c1390c8175543d2c5d893fe5bea4fdbf384e6237980453eca310c0480b5673", "text": "There was a rustling which seemed like a shudder running round the room. Every one stared afresh at Mr. Rigg, who apparently experienced no surprise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01966", "bookId": 145, "start": 723322, "end": 723584, "sha256": "a109b4edd69c945688e92c813a2f8f45d2ffae96186ace4b4bb0e0df1f48b9e7", "text": "“A most singular testamentary disposition!” exclaimed Mr. Trumbull, preferring for once that he should be considered ignorant in the past. “But there is a second will—there is a further document. We have not yet heard the final wishes of the deceased.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01967", "bookId": 145, "start": 723586, "end": 724418, "sha256": "82d9db1652e666f6fa0e0e8947956d00da20146c9174994fff4fc19744b747db", "text": "Mary Garth was feeling that what they had yet to hear were not the final wishes. The second will revoked everything except the legacies to the low persons before mentioned (some alterations in these being the occasion of the codicil), and the bequest of all the land lying in Lowick parish with all the stock and household furniture, to Joshua Rigg. The residue of the property was to be devoted to the erection and endowment of almshouses for old men, to be called Featherstone’s Alms-Houses, and to be built on a piece of land near Middlemarch already bought for the purpose by the testator, he wishing—so the document declared—to please God Almighty. Nobody present had a farthing; but Mr. Trumbull had the gold-headed cane. It took some time for the company to recover the power of expression. Mary dared not look at Fred.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01968", "bookId": 145, "start": 724420, "end": 724775, "sha256": "fc34c915f8c036c3486a8fd779c574e10077beb2577a60ccb1bc379bc42f4d5c", "text": "Mr. Vincy was the first to speak—after using his snuff-box energetically—and he spoke with loud indignation. “The most unaccountable will I ever heard! I should say he was not in his right mind when he made it. I should say this last will was void,” added Mr. Vincy, feeling that this expression put the thing in the true light. “Eh Standish?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01969", "bookId": 145, "start": 724777, "end": 725004, "sha256": "6f2c88ddecf30ee1ec39d9d50899937e3a847119d9d3c10bd51debe8c7ac2449", "text": "“Our deceased friend always knew what he was about, I think,” said Mr. Standish. “Everything is quite regular. Here is a letter from Clemmens of Brassing tied with the will. He drew it up. A very respectable solicitor.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01970", "bookId": 145, "start": 725006, "end": 725435, "sha256": "729c56cad5044264445c5d1f3ecb83ec7b275eb6aa33be586e3d7429f3cdb00a", "text": "“I never noticed any alienation of mind—any aberration of intellect in the late Mr. Featherstone,” said Borthrop Trumbull, “but I call this will eccentric. I was always willingly of service to the old soul; and he intimated pretty plainly a sense of obligation which would show itself in his will. The gold-headed cane is farcical considered as an acknowledgment to me; but happily I am above mercenary considerations.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01971", "bookId": 145, "start": 725437, "end": 725718, "sha256": "040ba6a2654feab6f19a8d86ee2a3499099a3611b32a07d9ef5ee8a27cfb6d22", "text": "“There’s nothing very surprising in the matter that I can see,” said Caleb Garth. “Anybody might have had more reason for wondering if the will had been what you might expect from an open-minded straightforward man. For my part, I wish there was no such thing as a will.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01972", "bookId": 145, "start": 725720, "end": 725871, "sha256": "602d91cad73f2dbcb42bac81d75ca4dc55cae47982f54425a225020286994f70", "text": "“That’s a strange sentiment to come from a Christian man, by God!” said the lawyer. “I should like to know how you will back that up, Garth!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01973", "bookId": 145, "start": 725873, "end": 726065, "sha256": "a771101451012b20df9e879c61a94ca414b199a87a430c55ee232b0b42462c47", "text": "“Oh,” said Caleb, leaning forward, adjusting his finger-tips with nicety and looking meditatively on the ground. It always seemed to him that words were the hardest part of “business.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01974", "bookId": 145, "start": 726067, "end": 726350, "sha256": "d2ba0a4acac7a57b612a285fc271486d86eed26995fc3cf769f439616a67c683", "text": "But here Mr. Jonah Featherstone made himself heard. “Well, he always was a fine hypocrite, was my brother Peter. But this will cuts out everything. If I’d known, a wagon and six horses shouldn’t have drawn me from Brassing. I’ll put a white hat and drab coat on to-morrow.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01975", "bookId": 145, "start": 726352, "end": 726658, "sha256": "0256e0ff19a73ef1e2512f5b27572d592b14224c9832d88576d6826ff8bd5d80", "text": "“Dear, dear,” wept Mrs. Cranch, “and we’ve been at the expense of travelling, and that poor lad sitting idle here so long! It’s the first time I ever heard my brother Peter was so wishful to please God Almighty; but if I was to be struck helpless I must say it’s hard—I can think no other.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01976", "bookId": 145, "start": 726660, "end": 726947, "sha256": "1223e1e81e2fb5a302df7b1658fb95b76034abecc0a6a0417b13e08ef8d57fd6", "text": "“It’ll do him no good where he’s gone, that’s my belief,” said Solomon, with a bitterness which was remarkably genuine, though his tone could not help being sly. “Peter was a bad liver, and almshouses won’t cover it, when he’s had the impudence to show it at the last.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01977", "bookId": 145, "start": 726949, "end": 727652, "sha256": "bddd4863ce852337cd7a3860d99063dedec589c7d6e7670c22fed82c847e0602", "text": "“And all the while had got his own lawful family—brothers and sisters and nephews and nieces—and has sat in church with ’em whenever he thought well to come,” said Mrs. Waule. “And might have left his property so respectable, to them that’s never been used to extravagance or unsteadiness in no manner of way—and not so poor but what they could have saved every penny and made more of it. And me—the trouble I’ve been at, times and times, to come here and be sisterly—and him with things on his mind all the while that might make anybody’s flesh creep. But if the Almighty’s allowed it, he means to punish him for it. Brother Solomon, I shall be going, if you’ll drive me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01978", "bookId": 145, "start": 727654, "end": 727797, "sha256": "8cd931232c00f733a986158fc3223725c9e2365a2dca84b37cac9b268393b22e", "text": "“I’ve no desire to put my foot on the premises again,” said Solomon. “I’ve got land of my own and property of my own to will away.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01979", "bookId": 145, "start": 727799, "end": 728043, "sha256": "1907ab99242619b7a21cb51568ed8b59a2bae3d9681de77976643d93c13657f6", "text": "“It’s a poor tale how luck goes in the world,” said Jonah. “It never answers to have a bit of spirit in you. You’d better be a dog in the manger. But those above ground might learn a lesson. One fool’s will is enough in a family.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01980", "bookId": 145, "start": 728045, "end": 728328, "sha256": "5918d718d1e09e553cce9c24fe00792dea98471123b6f29e4a8763a55630cb05", "text": "“There’s more ways than one of being a fool,” said Solomon. “I shan’t leave my money to be poured down the sink, and I shan’t leave it to foundlings from Africay. I like Featherstones that were brewed such, and not turned Featherstones with sticking the name on ’em.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01981", "bookId": 145, "start": 728330, "end": 728705, "sha256": "e5044b89061548d62e4e819173cbfed5e63a0fc8ffec8053c2d4f91ea2372782", "text": "Solomon addressed these remarks in a loud aside to Mrs. Waule as he rose to accompany her. Brother Jonah felt himself capable of much more stinging wit than this, but he reflected that there was no use in offending the new proprietor of Stone Court, until you were certain that he was quite without intentions of hospitality towards witty men whose name he was about to bear.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01982", "bookId": 145, "start": 728707, "end": 729396, "sha256": "4779b74321e65f3c4a7b4df3852706366e8f7b9f461b67a7956d75fc4cb9b002", "text": "Mr. Joshua Rigg, in fact, appeared to trouble himself little about any innuendoes, but showed a notable change of manner, walking coolly up to Mr. Standish and putting business questions with much coolness. He had a high chirping voice and a vile accent. Fred, whom he no longer moved to laughter, thought him the lowest monster he had ever seen. But Fred was feeling rather sick. The Middlemarch mercer waited for an opportunity of engaging Mr. Rigg in conversation: there was no knowing how many pairs of legs the new proprietor might require hose for, and profits were more to be relied on than legacies. Also, the mercer, as a second cousin, was dispassionate enough to feel curiosity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01983", "bookId": 145, "start": 729398, "end": 729940, "sha256": "1e5305dafc90cb53b7ca7d5b607a270bf7933a90b13efe9e57507e06478ce7cf", "text": "Mr. Vincy, after his one outburst, had remained proudly silent, though too much preoccupied with unpleasant feelings to think of moving, till he observed that his wife had gone to Fred’s side and was crying silently while she held her darling’s hand. He rose immediately, and turning his back on the company while he said to her in an undertone,—“Don’t give way, Lucy; don’t make a fool of yourself, my dear, before these people,” he added in his usual loud voice—“Go and order the phaeton, Fred; I have no time to waste.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01984", "bookId": 145, "start": 729942, "end": 730363, "sha256": "6ee00d17d06db652dd8b13a75c2cb0b6510de068116ca6fbd7be342c5ab2bde8", "text": "Mary Garth had before this been getting ready to go home with her father. She met Fred in the hall, and now for the first time had the courage to look at him. He had that withered sort of paleness which will sometimes come on young faces, and his hand was very cold when she shook it. Mary too was agitated; she was conscious that fatally, without will of her own, she had perhaps made a great difference to Fred’s lot.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01985", "bookId": 145, "start": 730365, "end": 730530, "sha256": "63629691ffa2e65ffdad79ef73f2396bb52d49df9568876cefaf0e0c5f2c5bc2", "text": "“Good-by,” she said, with affectionate sadness. “Be brave, Fred. I do believe you are better without the money. What was the good of it to Mr. Featherstone?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01986", "bookId": 145, "start": 730532, "end": 730906, "sha256": "306e0082264e6c4fcc9ac7be5af79b30dcee8d0a794f8f44b9e09b868d0fddd0", "text": "“That’s all very fine,” said Fred, pettishly. “What is a fellow to do? I must go into the Church now.” (He knew that this would vex Mary: very well; then she must tell him what else he could do.) “And I thought I should be able to pay your father at once and make everything right. And you have not even a hundred pounds left you. What shall you do now, Mary?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01987", "bookId": 145, "start": 730908, "end": 731040, "sha256": "37e4609147c619018d607d5551aa4cc654535541704fbe28a3c95e1aa4555ce9", "text": "“Take another situation, of course, as soon as I can get one. My father has enough to do to keep the rest, without me. Good-by.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01988", "bookId": 145, "start": 731042, "end": 731518, "sha256": "ac3d061c92ce40bfd295846bc6aadf96335828a2ef79c0f720badfcd4b8f5795", "text": "In a very short time Stone Court was cleared of well-brewed Featherstones and other long-accustomed visitors. Another stranger had been brought to settle in the neighborhood of Middlemarch, but in the case of Mr. Rigg Featherstone there was more discontent with immediate visible consequences than speculation as to the effect which his presence might have in the future. No soul was prophetic enough to have any foreboding as to what might appear on the trial of Joshua Rigg.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01989", "bookId": 145, "start": 731520, "end": 732790, "sha256": "209dd773fcff93fa7b0c4374b15d2899d1f2d3bb7b278b74959798ce748ac307", "text": "And here I am naturally led to reflect on the means of elevating a low subject. Historical parallels are remarkably efficient in this way. The chief objection to them is, that the diligent narrator may lack space, or (what is often the same thing) may not be able to think of them with any degree of particularity, though he may have a philosophical confidence that if known they would be illustrative. It seems an easier and shorter way to dignity, to observe that—since there never was a true story which could not be told in parables, where you might put a monkey for a margrave, and vice versa—whatever has been or is to be narrated by me about low people, may be ennobled by being considered a parable; so that if any bad habits and ugly consequences are brought into view, the reader may have the relief of regarding them as not more than figuratively ungenteel, and may feel himself virtually in company with persons of some style. Thus while I tell the truth about loobies, my reader’s imagination need not be entirely excluded from an occupation with lords; and the petty sums which any bankrupt of high standing would be sorry to retire upon, may be lifted to the level of high commercial transactions by the inexpensive addition of proportional ciphers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01990", "bookId": 145, "start": 732792, "end": 733037, "sha256": "2595a737fa6edf773cd5d0ed4540aa04f184a32f120fc4fbecb79d5711aed865", "text": "As to any provincial history in which the agents are all of high moral rank, that must be of a date long posterior to the first Reform Bill, and Peter Featherstone, you perceive, was dead and buried some months before Lord Grey came into office.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01991", "bookId": 145, "start": 733042, "end": 733056, "sha256": "adbb9419573738a68a103532855fa70b3db78a427c46401faebdf8b9746954fe", "text": "CHAPTER XXXVI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B01992", "bookId": 145, "start": 733058, "end": 733591, "sha256": "763381b92122814eadec88454e009e3bd37e3b303d3f1773042f26eb59c63da6", "text": "’T is strange to see the humors of these men, These great aspiring spirits, that should be wise: . . . . . . . . For being the nature of great spirits to love To be where they may be most eminent; They, rating of themselves so farre above Us in conceit, with whom they do frequent, Imagine how we wonder and esteeme All that they do or say; which makes them strive To make our admiration more extreme, Which they suppose they cannot, ’less they give Notice of their extreme and highest thoughts. —DANIEL: _Tragedy of Philotas_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01993", "bookId": 145, "start": 733594, "end": 734138, "sha256": "ebb119369306790ccd99435aefe658746bb6a6bb59ae3ea4e196c5f376f29180", "text": "Mr. Vincy went home from the reading of the will with his point of view considerably changed in relation to many subjects. He was an open-minded man, but given to indirect modes of expressing himself: when he was disappointed in a market for his silk braids, he swore at the groom; when his brother-in-law Bulstrode had vexed him, he made cutting remarks on Methodism; and it was now apparent that he regarded Fred’s idleness with a sudden increase of severity, by his throwing an embroidered cap out of the smoking-room on to the hall-floor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01994", "bookId": 145, "start": 734140, "end": 734385, "sha256": "e3063065564eb87e0d3805d96aeb17ee46c58e7de7e28a948867bd75a2e77a85", "text": "“Well, sir,” he observed, when that young gentleman was moving off to bed, “I hope you’ve made up your mind now to go up next term and pass your examination. I’ve taken my resolution, so I advise you to lose no time in taking yours.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01995", "bookId": 145, "start": 734387, "end": 735264, "sha256": "38ebcc924f2e4a34c3ea4f63661bf7eeba8357e885afa9b44ad1e8f3f6c34949", "text": "Fred made no answer: he was too utterly depressed. Twenty-four hours ago he had thought that instead of needing to know what he should do, he should by this time know that he needed to do nothing: that he should hunt in pink, have a first-rate hunter, ride to cover on a fine hack, and be generally respected for doing so; moreover, that he should be able at once to pay Mr. Garth, and that Mary could no longer have any reason for not marrying him. And all this was to have come without study or other inconvenience, purely by the favor of providence in the shape of an old gentleman’s caprice. But now, at the end of the twenty-four hours, all those firm expectations were upset. It was “rather hard lines” that while he was smarting under this disappointment he should be treated as if he could have helped it. But he went away silently and his mother pleaded for him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01996", "bookId": 145, "start": 735266, "end": 735714, "sha256": "402d71586504f591735e08046d683c94082b0ff4ff79b399d044aa609de86cd6", "text": "“Don’t be hard on the poor boy, Vincy. He’ll turn out well yet, though that wicked man has deceived him. I feel as sure as I sit here, Fred will turn out well—else why was he brought back from the brink of the grave? And I call it a robbery: it was like giving him the land, to promise it; and what is promising, if making everybody believe is not promising? And you see he did leave him ten thousand pounds, and then took it away again.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01997", "bookId": 145, "start": 735716, "end": 735852, "sha256": "c7fb0f8c074ac3c8bd63dcf96f11f13bbcb684abe931a691af57994223d60d31", "text": "“Took it away again!” said Mr. Vincy, pettishly. “I tell you the lad’s an unlucky lad, Lucy. And you’ve always spoiled him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01998", "bookId": 145, "start": 735854, "end": 736020, "sha256": "c5b1945c9be1a2d1fc0be8bc57a474d4d4298d2ada63b196a57e4c3a0057d3ac", "text": "“Well, Vincy, he was my first, and you made a fine fuss with him when he came. You were as proud as proud,” said Mrs. Vincy, easily recovering her cheerful smile.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B01999", "bookId": 145, "start": 736022, "end": 736135, "sha256": "5000008dead5eb163dc2f51febbca332e1662d790cf5f9fa4395f8a3b1e46581", "text": "“Who knows what babies will turn to? I was fool enough, I dare say,” said the husband—more mildly, however.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02000", "bookId": 145, "start": 736137, "end": 736797, "sha256": "d363262723793dee562cb86b2a57590faca661a19878ca1c0b8aa4a4099c8fcd", "text": "“But who has handsomer, better children than ours? Fred is far beyond other people’s sons: you may hear it in his speech, that he has kept college company. And Rosamond—where is there a girl like her? She might stand beside any lady in the land, and only look the better for it. You see—Mr. Lydgate has kept the highest company and been everywhere, and he fell in love with her at once. Not but what I could have wished Rosamond had not engaged herself. She might have met somebody on a visit who would have been a far better match; I mean at her schoolfellow Miss Willoughby’s. There are relations in that family quite as high as Mr. Lydgate’s.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02001", "bookId": 145, "start": 736799, "end": 736953, "sha256": "0e3096437589d0ac242914089498814a46bb86a6dd900a81d30808a7b5fe6509", "text": "“Damn relations!” said Mr. Vincy; “I’ve had enough of them. I don’t want a son-in-law who has got nothing but his relations to recommend him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02002", "bookId": 145, "start": 736955, "end": 737224, "sha256": "16f5556c7f69d21cfc5511590259a4d91c8ae4dc6d279126ac66e3d363b7a242", "text": "“Why, my dear,” said Mrs. Vincy, “you seemed as pleased as could be about it. It’s true, I wasn’t at home; but Rosamond told me you hadn’t a word to say against the engagement. And she has begun to buy in the best linen and cambric for her underclothing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02003", "bookId": 145, "start": 737226, "end": 737584, "sha256": "1ba4bd0c6965383673e9471bda3d9e882076bd74eb1e1285b0798f129e046503", "text": "“Not by my will,” said Mr. Vincy. “I shall have enough to do this year, with an idle scamp of a son, without paying for wedding-clothes. The times are as tight as can be; everybody is being ruined; and I don’t believe Lydgate has got a farthing. I shan’t give my consent to their marrying. Let ’em wait, as their elders have done before ’em.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02004", "bookId": 145, "start": 737586, "end": 737674, "sha256": "857dc08c30dddcd7e7babaa26056071f629c55087f356616f9287342725fc2d8", "text": "“Rosamond will take it hard, Vincy, and you know you never could bear to cross her.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02005", "bookId": 145, "start": 737676, "end": 737862, "sha256": "e601774dea7efd85e498e484ecb73401e68533d53d314d15b7cd106f7f396dc0", "text": "“Yes, I could. The sooner the engagement’s off, the better. I don’t believe he’ll ever make an income, the way he goes on. He makes enemies; that’s all I hear of his making.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02006", "bookId": 145, "start": 737864, "end": 737971, "sha256": "468f3c63bce13a9b2938552fbd844352da43135d3097a8d28fc4a83e0bad40b1", "text": "“But he stands very high with Mr. Bulstrode, my dear. The marriage would please _him_, I should think.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02007", "bookId": 145, "start": 737973, "end": 738255, "sha256": "c9b7a9f4d4f3d0ca6d92f36c718cc31ff3e5aa3c3d8abe0fca47eaebcdb1db0d", "text": "“Please the deuce!” said Mr. Vincy. “Bulstrode won’t pay for their keep. And if Lydgate thinks I’m going to give money for them to set up housekeeping, he’s mistaken, that’s all. I expect I shall have to put down my horses soon. You’d better tell Rosy what I say.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02008", "bookId": 145, "start": 738257, "end": 738785, "sha256": "3315fed17a6efd00d009ca15e8f241500cad7006f2d30cd227d279b4d195119e", "text": "This was a not infrequent procedure with Mr. Vincy—to be rash in jovial assent, and on becoming subsequently conscious that he had been rash, to employ others in making the offensive retractation. However, Mrs. Vincy, who never willingly opposed her husband, lost no time the next morning in letting Rosamond know what he had said. Rosamond, examining some muslin-work, listened in silence, and at the end gave a certain turn of her graceful neck, of which only long experience could teach you that it meant perfect obstinacy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02009", "bookId": 145, "start": 738787, "end": 738864, "sha256": "721b30d746302ede4cd415d44508f7d9a4981af5e38ebcceb582e7dc7d8e40f8", "text": "“What do you say, my dear?” said her mother, with affectionate deference.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02010", "bookId": 145, "start": 738866, "end": 739141, "sha256": "52fb63259afb609f006f8d332b398144c73cabea7b4a997ef9902e4c12f5a544", "text": "“Papa does not mean anything of the kind,” said Rosamond, quite calmly. “He has always said that he wished me to marry the man I loved. And I shall marry Mr. Lydgate. It is seven weeks now since papa gave his consent. And I hope we shall have Mrs. Bretton’s house.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02011", "bookId": 145, "start": 739143, "end": 739591, "sha256": "786120ddc5ade9f4af76737a7a10c4046fcfae7e94c1a3605b53b1edbdf41e40", "text": "“Well, my dear, I shall leave you to manage your papa. You always do manage everybody. But if we ever do go and get damask, Sadler’s is the place—far better than Hopkins’s. Mrs. Bretton’s is very large, though: I should love you to have such a house; but it will take a great deal of furniture—carpeting and everything, besides plate and glass. And you hear, your papa says he will give no money. Do you think Mr. Lydgate expects it?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02012", "bookId": 145, "start": 739593, "end": 739689, "sha256": "cf63a49c9ad3a5779acf76482065d927bf70624d8c1b3929ec2bcf6b0113e010", "text": "“You cannot imagine that I should ask him, mamma. Of course he understands his own affairs.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02013", "bookId": 145, "start": 739691, "end": 739939, "sha256": "51997512a627646b66e559b834b93ef3f278a7c32bd164ec8bfe6d1dd9d48a44", "text": "“But he may have been looking for money, my dear, and we all thought of your having a pretty legacy as well as Fred;—and now everything is so dreadful—there’s no pleasure in thinking of anything, with that poor boy disappointed as he is.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02014", "bookId": 145, "start": 739941, "end": 740333, "sha256": "83a02a44a8a58e4ae45636b3deef35bf464a4817527cfea9c2ae27fb6f0aacde", "text": "“That has nothing to do with my marriage, mamma. Fred must leave off being idle. I am going up-stairs to take this work to Miss Morgan: she does the open hemming very well. Mary Garth might do some work for me now, I should think. Her sewing is exquisite; it is the nicest thing I know about Mary. I should so like to have all my cambric frilling double-hemmed. And it takes a long time.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02015", "bookId": 145, "start": 740335, "end": 744138, "sha256": "932d1565151be017dcbd761045b59fe56f07061f01145a43acb3cf296ca748d8", "text": "Mrs. Vincy’s belief that Rosamond could manage her papa was well founded. Apart from his dinners and his coursing, Mr. Vincy, blustering as he was, had as little of his own way as if he had been a prime minister: the force of circumstances was easily too much for him, as it is for most pleasure-loving florid men; and the circumstance called Rosamond was particularly forcible by means of that mild persistence which, as we know, enables a white soft living substance to make its way in spite of opposing rock. Papa was not a rock: he had no other fixity than that fixity of alternating impulses sometimes called habit, and this was altogether unfavorable to his taking the only decisive line of conduct in relation to his daughter’s engagement—namely, to inquire thoroughly into Lydgate’s circumstances, declare his own inability to furnish money, and forbid alike either a speedy marriage or an engagement which must be too lengthy. That seems very simple and easy in the statement; but a disagreeable resolve formed in the chill hours of the morning had as many conditions against it as the early frost, and rarely persisted under the warming influences of the day. The indirect though emphatic expression of opinion to which Mr. Vincy was prone suffered much restraint in this case: Lydgate was a proud man towards whom innuendoes were obviously unsafe, and throwing his hat on the floor was out of the question. Mr. Vincy was a little in awe of him, a little vain that he wanted to marry Rosamond, a little indisposed to raise a question of money in which his own position was not advantageous, a little afraid of being worsted in dialogue with a man better educated and more highly bred than himself, and a little afraid of doing what his daughter would not like. The part Mr. Vincy preferred playing was that of the generous host whom nobody criticises. In the earlier half of the day there was business to hinder any formal communication of an adverse resolve; in the later there was dinner, wine, whist, and general satisfaction. And in the mean while the hours were each leaving their little deposit and gradually forming the final reason for inaction, namely, that action was too late. The accepted lover spent most of his evenings in Lowick Gate, and a love-making not at all dependent on money-advances from fathers-in-law, or prospective income from a profession, went on flourishingly under Mr. Vincy’s own eyes. Young love-making—that gossamer web! Even the points it clings to—the things whence its subtle interlacings are swung—are scarcely perceptible: momentary touches of fingertips, meetings of rays from blue and dark orbs, unfinished phrases, lightest changes of cheek and lip, faintest tremors. The web itself is made of spontaneous beliefs and indefinable joys, yearnings of one life towards another, visions of completeness, indefinite trust. And Lydgate fell to spinning that web from his inward self with wonderful rapidity, in spite of experience supposed to be finished off with the drama of Laure—in spite too of medicine and biology; for the inspection of macerated muscle or of eyes presented in a dish (like Santa Lucia’s), and other incidents of scientific inquiry, are observed to be less incompatible with poetic love than a native dulness or a lively addiction to the lowest prose. As for Rosamond, she was in the water-lily’s expanding wonderment at its own fuller life, and she too was spinning industriously at the mutual web. All this went on in the corner of the drawing-room where the piano stood, and subtle as it was, the light made it a sort of rainbow visible to many observers besides Mr. Farebrother. The certainty that Miss Vincy and Mr. Lydgate were engaged became general in Middlemarch without the aid of formal announcement.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02016", "bookId": 145, "start": 744140, "end": 744340, "sha256": "379ff55eedb7d8706ccfe208f6b5fb6f53e393c7c39752b4d6c224b5a006273a", "text": "Aunt Bulstrode was again stirred to anxiety; but this time she addressed herself to her brother, going to the warehouse expressly to avoid Mrs. Vincy’s volatility. His replies were not satisfactory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02017", "bookId": 145, "start": 744342, "end": 744708, "sha256": "1d09a829ffc3308190119669484adbec55434118401ad6718ebec05bcd2f1a9c", "text": "“Walter, you never mean to tell me that you have allowed all this to go on without inquiry into Mr. Lydgate’s prospects?” said Mrs. Bulstrode, opening her eyes with wider gravity at her brother, who was in his peevish warehouse humor. “Think of this girl brought up in luxury—in too worldly a way, I am sorry to say—what will she do on a small income?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02018", "bookId": 145, "start": 744710, "end": 745010, "sha256": "bc6a25384a963ad3fa5ec9aca79bc46632929a6f349cda45a61b6e250856ada0", "text": "“Oh, confound it, Harriet! What can I do when men come into the town without any asking of mine? Did you shut your house up against Lydgate? Bulstrode has pushed him forward more than anybody. I never made any fuss about the young fellow. You should go and talk to your husband about it, not me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02019", "bookId": 145, "start": 745012, "end": 745120, "sha256": "88619ce359c1df248b0700b7ba79f71c230626d3a0bf2dc4ab28882b54a642b8", "text": "“Well, really, Walter, how can Mr. Bulstrode be to blame? I am sure he did not wish for the engagement.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02020", "bookId": 145, "start": 745122, "end": 745208, "sha256": "cfeb89aabd9f42822a344c2adb5fd2e90e539ec4f103083048765e01d35b7007", "text": "“Oh, if Bulstrode had not taken him by the hand, I should never have invited him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02021", "bookId": 145, "start": 745210, "end": 745360, "sha256": "aff3be1aff2f4a5548b5830431d18d3f90566bff4362c0cceea5db23485cb34d", "text": "“But you called him in to attend on Fred, and I am sure that was a mercy,” said Mrs. Bulstrode, losing her clew in the intricacies of the subject.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02022", "bookId": 145, "start": 745362, "end": 745981, "sha256": "f3a4ff02bd9123262499cef380350ad34318ca1565df9009af82d7b2974abe18", "text": "“I don’t know about mercy,” said Mr. Vincy, testily. “I know I am worried more than I like with my family. I was a good brother to you, Harriet, before you married Bulstrode, and I must say he doesn’t always show that friendly spirit towards your family that might have been expected of him.” Mr. Vincy was very little like a Jesuit, but no accomplished Jesuit could have turned a question more adroitly. Harriet had to defend her husband instead of blaming her brother, and the conversation ended at a point as far from the beginning as some recent sparring between the brothers-in-law at a vestry meeting.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02023", "bookId": 145, "start": 745983, "end": 746287, "sha256": "dc8e202d1a0f52b41312c22154c548f48d980b116876fad3f2e427d011bfb02a", "text": "Mrs. Bulstrode did not repeat her brother’s complaints to her husband, but in the evening she spoke to him of Lydgate and Rosamond. He did not share her warm interest, however; and only spoke with resignation of the risks attendant on the beginning of medical practice and the desirability of prudence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02024", "bookId": 145, "start": 746289, "end": 746445, "sha256": "011ec8ed35913f460b3059dfe1bfdbb542970c911b2c26130323d60e1599bc63", "text": "“I am sure we are bound to pray for that thoughtless girl—brought up as she has been,” said Mrs. Bulstrode, wishing to rouse her husband’s feelings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02025", "bookId": 145, "start": 746447, "end": 746925, "sha256": "f0a8b6a2d01a34453d0f666d84152959d0400a40e9d168ad7f41f5a7bd8e005c", "text": "“Truly, my dear,” said Mr. Bulstrode, assentingly. “Those who are not of this world can do little else to arrest the errors of the obstinately worldly. That is what we must accustom ourselves to recognize with regard to your brother’s family. I could have wished that Mr. Lydgate had not entered into such a union; but my relations with him are limited to that use of his gifts for God’s purposes which is taught us by the divine government under each dispensation.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02026", "bookId": 145, "start": 746927, "end": 747135, "sha256": "9dcffce996b224868e7e8636a72a838956fa78eef23636965829db08f9e1ffdb", "text": "Mrs. Bulstrode said no more, attributing some dissatisfaction which she felt to her own want of spirituality. She believed that her husband was one of those men whose memoirs should be written when they died.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02027", "bookId": 145, "start": 747137, "end": 747824, "sha256": "a0a38c67014e7f0f572aa5f54d2a3f31551291cef18c7b33ec14c4d661546194", "text": "As to Lydgate himself, having been accepted, he was prepared to accept all the consequences which he believed himself to foresee with perfect clearness. Of course he must be married in a year—perhaps even in half a year. This was not what he had intended; but other schemes would not be hindered: they would simply adjust themselves anew. Marriage, of course, must be prepared for in the usual way. A house must be taken instead of the rooms he at present occupied; and Lydgate, having heard Rosamond speak with admiration of old Mrs. Bretton’s house (situated in Lowick Gate), took notice when it fell vacant after the old lady’s death, and immediately entered into treaty for it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02028", "bookId": 145, "start": 747826, "end": 749289, "sha256": "2f43f381b23c3bd1440bb7202ed816f50278c67c18b13a6153cde49076884052", "text": "He did this in an episodic way, very much as he gave orders to his tailor for every requisite of perfect dress, without any notion of being extravagant. On the contrary, he would have despised any ostentation of expense; his profession had familiarized him with all grades of poverty, and he cared much for those who suffered hardships. He would have behaved perfectly at a table where the sauce was served in a jug with the handle off, and he would have remembered nothing about a grand dinner except that a man was there who talked well. But it had never occurred to him that he should live in any other than what he would have called an ordinary way, with green glasses for hock, and excellent waiting at table. In warming himself at French social theories he had brought away no smell of scorching. We may handle even extreme opinions with impunity while our furniture, our dinner-giving, and preference for armorial bearings in our own case, link us indissolubly with the established order. And Lydgate’s tendency was not towards extreme opinions: he would have liked no barefooted doctrines, being particular about his boots: he was no radical in relation to anything but medical reform and the prosecution of discovery. In the rest of practical life he walked by hereditary habit; half from that personal pride and unreflecting egoism which I have already called commonness, and half from that naivete which belonged to preoccupation with favorite ideas.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02029", "bookId": 145, "start": 749291, "end": 750063, "sha256": "f43cd9003241e2fb0a9d485853eee2315d92d67c8c36681ed96ac879276034f6", "text": "Any inward debate Lydgate had as to the consequences of this engagement which had stolen upon him, turned on the paucity of time rather than of money. Certainly, being in love and being expected continually by some one who always turned out to be prettier than memory could represent her to be, did interfere with the diligent use of spare hours which might serve some “plodding fellow of a German” to make the great, imminent discovery. This was really an argument for not deferring the marriage too long, as he implied to Mr. Farebrother, one day that the Vicar came to his room with some pond-products which he wanted to examine under a better microscope than his own, and, finding Lydgate’s tableful of apparatus and specimens in confusion, said sarcastically—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02030", "bookId": 145, "start": 750065, "end": 750165, "sha256": "f9fccfd5479a26ee3e445bb1c5c2b8c4afde0d2479d332f0971de3810bc5cb48", "text": "“Eros has degenerated; he began by introducing order and harmony, and now he brings back chaos.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02031", "bookId": 145, "start": 750167, "end": 750323, "sha256": "f4360e37aa5db436b58fc9bc4db1cdbe99196ac1a3661f26cfe484413bb3a639", "text": "“Yes, at some stages,” said Lydgate, lifting his brows and smiling, while he began to arrange his microscope. “But a better order will begin after.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02032", "bookId": 145, "start": 750325, "end": 750352, "sha256": "27f5d7eacae1db69d97033d4175ec3779d2aa4dd5dec6acc568b8e004d23363a", "text": "“Soon?” said the Vicar.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02033", "bookId": 145, "start": 750354, "end": 750690, "sha256": "42645f95381fabc726fb1adf1de8a842b3bba5e27fa9dd444b36c322e7b2db6d", "text": "“I hope so, really. This unsettled state of affairs uses up the time, and when one has notions in science, every moment is an opportunity. I feel sure that marriage must be the best thing for a man who wants to work steadily. He has everything at home then—no teasing with personal speculations—he can get calmness and freedom.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02034", "bookId": 145, "start": 750692, "end": 750898, "sha256": "34053782900e0fcee513164eab5a2f9f0601b3d707cdb50da1027d50ddc7c00e", "text": "“You are an enviable dog,” said the Vicar, “to have such a prospect—Rosamond, calmness and freedom, all to your share. Here am I with nothing but my pipe and pond-animalcules. Now, are you ready?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02035", "bookId": 145, "start": 750900, "end": 751909, "sha256": "3551a0dbea83d40e3b94dd84406c5179857e8c93d9b149c143534fe9937ed588", "text": "Lydgate did not mention to the Vicar another reason he had for wishing to shorten the period of courtship. It was rather irritating to him, even with the wine of love in his veins, to be obliged to mingle so often with the family party at the Vincys’, and to enter so much into Middlemarch gossip, protracted good cheer, whist-playing, and general futility. He had to be deferential when Mr. Vincy decided questions with trenchant ignorance, especially as to those liquors which were the best inward pickle, preserving you from the effects of bad air. Mrs. Vincy’s openness and simplicity were quite unstreaked with suspicion as to the subtle offence she might give to the taste of her intended son-in-law; and altogether Lydgate had to confess to himself that he was descending a little in relation to Rosamond’s family. But that exquisite creature herself suffered in the same sort of way:—it was at least one delightful thought that in marrying her, he could give her a much-needed transplantation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02036", "bookId": 145, "start": 751911, "end": 752028, "sha256": "bbb94e8dc383a3b86a6db65a44aa1739a681a23b58e633ed07c2248c3ab92e36", "text": "“Dear!” he said to her one evening, in his gentlest tone, as he sat down by her and looked closely at her face—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02037", "bookId": 145, "start": 752030, "end": 752342, "sha256": "b10b4707e25254d90867598f6b3011488edc4a29216edabf9b3f4a11f531e41f", "text": "But I must first say that he had found her alone in the drawing-room, where the great old-fashioned window, almost as large as the side of the room, was opened to the summer scents of the garden at the back of the house. Her father and mother were gone to a party, and the rest were all out with the butterflies.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02038", "bookId": 145, "start": 752344, "end": 752377, "sha256": "225672fa7a899babe9aa5c7c11795dd852a66582b55b416a841e038ef7f7cfc0", "text": "“Dear! your eyelids are red.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02039", "bookId": 145, "start": 752379, "end": 752539, "sha256": "59d07c2b123becfd675a7d03c8d86a74e997c364299e9c4edbe7d6ff18a0047e", "text": "“Are they?” said Rosamond. “I wonder why.” It was not in her nature to pour forth wishes or grievances. They only came forth gracefully on solicitation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02040", "bookId": 145, "start": 752541, "end": 752752, "sha256": "d4f3fd2acce2e98ca00e4606b8943d24c78bc42a3bd4912a95c0b464a6815c92", "text": "“As if you could hide it from me!” said Lydgate, laying his hand tenderly on both of hers. “Don’t I see a tiny drop on one of the lashes? Things trouble you, and you don’t tell me. That is unloving.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02041", "bookId": 145, "start": 752754, "end": 752879, "sha256": "228f09d0bcfa787782239d87cd311ff9924bb0489b222083f4ce001596a33387", "text": "“Why should I tell you what you cannot alter? They are every-day things:—perhaps they have been a little worse lately.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02042", "bookId": 145, "start": 752881, "end": 752942, "sha256": "f20c41af3ad8ac9d2905b16dc6b77c0e0e1a52856b06234f972a85d943ff6f8b", "text": "“Family annoyances. Don’t fear speaking. I guess them.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02043", "bookId": 145, "start": 752944, "end": 753160, "sha256": "823c4bd863b1917b0318914b24509aa8a0b432236f49a9c1b047f940f09e10d3", "text": "“Papa has been more irritable lately. Fred makes him angry, and this morning there was a fresh quarrel because Fred threatens to throw his whole education away, and do something quite beneath him. And besides—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02044", "bookId": 145, "start": 753162, "end": 753436, "sha256": "e7f0b1c1ceaadc2900fe815b7de99e28b32ecb7e89937794b26b45f32d8acf7a", "text": "Rosamond hesitated, and her cheeks were gathering a slight flush. Lydgate had never seen her in trouble since the morning of their engagement, and he had never felt so passionately towards her as at this moment. He kissed the hesitating lips gently, as if to encourage them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02045", "bookId": 145, "start": 753438, "end": 753640, "sha256": "b0343fc2f54f9dba885ac58a97e9d451aadd5460a783ca3044725a02a62ddeea", "text": "“I feel that papa is not quite pleased about our engagement,” Rosamond continued, almost in a whisper; “and he said last night that he should certainly speak to you and say it must be given up.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02046", "bookId": 145, "start": 753642, "end": 753718, "sha256": "447493b1d526f29c2845c26e97d2ebcdd4ea3b0824e1a9541176a5e9a5fba550", "text": "“Will you give it up?” said Lydgate, with quick energy—almost angrily.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02047", "bookId": 145, "start": 753720, "end": 753841, "sha256": "eb09345f7d8e1335bfdb08360efee8f38ec71ca96cde469da6ad89b23cae2911", "text": "“I never give up anything that I choose to do,” said Rosamond, recovering her calmness at the touching of this chord.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02048", "bookId": 145, "start": 753843, "end": 753970, "sha256": "6560305e7d77f87ab9ad6095d17e402334de637892cd37f7ce088149c2949813", "text": "“God bless you!” said Lydgate, kissing her again. This constancy of purpose in the right place was adorable. He went on:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02049", "bookId": 145, "start": 753972, "end": 754186, "sha256": "392d9b46953740340192e34ba1c3792db4a3db12b2ea17b6874fc23763a03b1f", "text": "“It is too late now for your father to say that our engagement must be given up. You are of age, and I claim you as mine. If anything is done to make you unhappy,—that is a reason for hastening our marriage.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02050", "bookId": 145, "start": 754188, "end": 754593, "sha256": "bae1e2b59c7758fbfcd2398b807e464fd2eed992dae44033cae06343cfe317a6", "text": "An unmistakable delight shone forth from the blue eyes that met his, and the radiance seemed to light up all his future with mild sunshine. Ideal happiness (of the kind known in the Arabian Nights, in which you are invited to step from the labor and discord of the street into a paradise where everything is given to you and nothing claimed) seemed to be an affair of a few weeks’ waiting, more or less.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02051", "bookId": 145, "start": 754595, "end": 754812, "sha256": "509859e84e32a62db3e1cbf7403e734db4416afdbbf02ee905fab461e7e96a78", "text": "“Why should we defer it?” he said, with ardent insistence. “I have taken the house now: everything else can soon be got ready—can it not? You will not mind about new clothes. Those can be bought afterwards.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02052", "bookId": 145, "start": 754814, "end": 755045, "sha256": "aaa97fe43071a5433cbc367c15b479510efddca4d48d47f4d83b168cfac0bd92", "text": "“What original notions you clever men have!” said Rosamond, dimpling with more thorough laughter than usual at this humorous incongruity. “This is the first time I ever heard of wedding-clothes being bought after marriage.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02053", "bookId": 145, "start": 755047, "end": 755505, "sha256": "4d04fd29b9c2cb449e054a2e5fe1e501a83ce734f243f1d9d28adb444e271f95", "text": "“But you don’t mean to say you would insist on my waiting months for the sake of clothes?” said Lydgate, half thinking that Rosamond was tormenting him prettily, and half fearing that she really shrank from speedy marriage. “Remember, we are looking forward to a better sort of happiness even than this—being continually together, independent of others, and ordering our lives as we will. Come, dear, tell me how soon you can be altogether mine.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02054", "bookId": 145, "start": 755507, "end": 755843, "sha256": "79c4b783ef1a3a89bf173d45f6aa626f496ba3a82b918915a60e8a1f883955bd", "text": "There was a serious pleading in Lydgate’s tone, as if he felt that she would be injuring him by any fantastic delays. Rosamond became serious too, and slightly meditative; in fact, she was going through many intricacies of lace-edging and hosiery and petticoat-tucking, in order to give an answer that would at least be approximative.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02055", "bookId": 145, "start": 755845, "end": 755966, "sha256": "ff3e495185f922250089caefa7eb0e5fd853e61c2c3f0576a7c4b2404f94fc10", "text": "“Six weeks would be ample—say so, Rosamond,” insisted Lydgate, releasing her hands to put his arm gently round her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02056", "bookId": 145, "start": 755968, "end": 756087, "sha256": "6d7555097f275ba3e841e56afca96a97152b78773b4d257f38a5f4444446c85e", "text": "One little hand immediately went to pat her hair, while she gave her neck a meditative turn, and then said seriously—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02057", "bookId": 145, "start": 756089, "end": 756211, "sha256": "949edbb0e3ff84c6e6531f35b98b983ee963c00e7c6fc501928f3c707d2ce27b", "text": "“There would be the house-linen and the furniture to be prepared. Still, mamma could see to those while we were away.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02058", "bookId": 145, "start": 756213, "end": 756265, "sha256": "7d71c461e9751823c61833d75efea30a8d396c49334cffeb133f486b5a287d49", "text": "“Yes, to be sure. We must be away a week or so.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02059", "bookId": 145, "start": 756267, "end": 756826, "sha256": "f038c3eaac97bc40e1e098165f01905d953050bd689f84246c870ad9fe7194de", "text": "“Oh, more than that!” said Rosamond, earnestly. She was thinking of her evening dresses for the visit to Sir Godwin Lydgate’s, which she had long been secretly hoping for as a delightful employment of at least one quarter of the honeymoon, even if she deferred her introduction to the uncle who was a doctor of divinity (also a pleasing though sober kind of rank, when sustained by blood). She looked at her lover with some wondering remonstrance as she spoke, and he readily understood that she might wish to lengthen the sweet time of double solitude.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02060", "bookId": 145, "start": 756828, "end": 757020, "sha256": "8f2b79bdb4adf35e71fbb51cd52ed20e1f2ca22cb80bc16fb0ee5640ae0f4723", "text": "“Whatever you wish, my darling, when the day is fixed. But let us take a decided course, and put an end to any discomfort you may be suffering. Six weeks!—I am sure they would be ample.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02061", "bookId": 145, "start": 757022, "end": 757444, "sha256": "02f2516a9e059c5ab25fa2d5d0175b22cce8fc137acd2cedb1f8e5a877140842", "text": "“I could certainly hasten the work,” said Rosamond. “Will you, then, mention it to papa?—I think it would be better to write to him.” She blushed and looked at him as the garden flowers look at us when we walk forth happily among them in the transcendent evening light: is there not a soul beyond utterance, half nymph, half child, in those delicate petals which glow and breathe about the centres of deep color?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02062", "bookId": 145, "start": 757446, "end": 758931, "sha256": "4cb4948a84ac14ae37efc29a13e4a179d94ca7534c9d620659a2f1ea0e154ff7", "text": "He touched her ear and a little bit of neck under it with his lips, and they sat quite still for many minutes which flowed by them like a small gurgling brook with the kisses of the sun upon it. Rosamond thought that no one could be more in love than she was; and Lydgate thought that after all his wild mistakes and absurd credulity, he had found perfect womanhood—felt as if already breathed upon by exquisite wedded affection such as would be bestowed by an accomplished creature who venerated his high musings and momentous labors and would never interfere with them; who would create order in the home and accounts with still magic, yet keep her fingers ready to touch the lute and transform life into romance at any moment; who was instructed to the true womanly limit and not a hair’s-breadth beyond—docile, therefore, and ready to carry out behests which came from that limit. It was plainer now than ever that his notion of remaining much longer a bachelor had been a mistake: marriage would not be an obstruction but a furtherance. And happening the next day to accompany a patient to Brassing, he saw a dinner-service there which struck him as so exactly the right thing that he bought it at once. It saved time to do these things just when you thought of them, and Lydgate hated ugly crockery. The dinner-service in question was expensive, but that might be in the nature of dinner-services. Furnishing was necessarily expensive; but then it had to be done only once.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02063", "bookId": 145, "start": 758933, "end": 759117, "sha256": "ec3fb236f9d858da9eb83e478f99c1b337baa78a59d1f0a1e7acfe153fb04b13", "text": "“It must be lovely,” said Mrs. Vincy, when Lydgate mentioned his purchase with some descriptive touches. “Just what Rosy ought to have. I trust in heaven it won’t be broken!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02064", "bookId": 145, "start": 759119, "end": 759366, "sha256": "067b3d513467e98aa370cd254ded62086efa29eaf48a1a4d5b782f88ae46c0f5", "text": "“One must hire servants who will not break things,” said Lydgate. (Certainly, this was reasoning with an imperfect vision of sequences. But at that period there was no sort of reasoning which was not more or less sanctioned by men of science.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02065", "bookId": 145, "start": 759368, "end": 759863, "sha256": "95a11ab8850ea81b58492e8ed1eaf54dfdcd22e200a5d1d458323824b71cb99f", "text": "Of course it was unnecessary to defer the mention of anything to mamma, who did not readily take views that were not cheerful, and being a happy wife herself, had hardly any feeling but pride in her daughter’s marriage. But Rosamond had good reasons for suggesting to Lydgate that papa should be appealed to in writing. She prepared for the arrival of the letter by walking with her papa to the warehouse the next morning, and telling him on the way that Mr. Lydgate wished to be married soon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02066", "bookId": 145, "start": 759865, "end": 760153, "sha256": "bbdf819a9e8216c14e096d3b1ae74bbb450b13cf2d597b4722717cd6cf47632c", "text": "“Nonsense, my dear!” said Mr. Vincy. “What has he got to marry on? You’d much better give up the engagement. I’ve told you so pretty plainly before this. What have you had such an education for, if you are to go and marry a poor man? It’s a cruel thing for a father to see.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02067", "bookId": 145, "start": 760155, "end": 760283, "sha256": "f5e7accb5aa470ea72cf9ee923cbee737a666a6bb8db7e7398cdadb055daffae", "text": "“Mr. Lydgate is not poor, papa. He bought Mr. Peacock’s practice, which, they say, is worth eight or nine hundred a-year.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02068", "bookId": 145, "start": 760285, "end": 760421, "sha256": "bc05abed039c0b07da6df86230a586bd8e248c6260fbcdd66aa8a2b8179cdd2f", "text": "“Stuff and nonsense! What’s buying a practice? He might as well buy next year’s swallows. It’ll all slip through his fingers.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02069", "bookId": 145, "start": 760423, "end": 760543, "sha256": "cb591b2b30854d7a961ef143a767a4b0a772b4f6542851442002620235ac9acb", "text": "“On the contrary, papa, he will increase the practice. See how he has been called in by the Chettams and Casaubons.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02070", "bookId": 145, "start": 760545, "end": 760730, "sha256": "43101bcd190d3939eab753d95637fe1b29eec637c33561effa9d9ee900c75232", "text": "“I hope he knows I shan’t give anything—with this disappointment about Fred, and Parliament going to be dissolved, and machine-breaking everywhere, and an election coming on—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02071", "bookId": 145, "start": 760732, "end": 760791, "sha256": "099d440e724c3b0ccc0292d886a4f2e278f50455feca34f499f28a5cc2322aa3", "text": "“Dear papa! what can that have to do with my marriage?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02072", "bookId": 145, "start": 760793, "end": 761099, "sha256": "8f7773c08b1463e97b048189d55fb6241a3ce1ed01104ae4981a6c6dbe1c0d81", "text": "“A pretty deal to do with it! We may all be ruined for what I know—the country’s in that state! Some say it’s the end of the world, and be hanged if I don’t think it looks like it! Anyhow, it’s not a time for me to be drawing money out of my business, and I should wish Lydgate to know that.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02073", "bookId": 145, "start": 761101, "end": 761271, "sha256": "c090cf49c274d0968f73b24ede2415cf00d4365efcef4cd29f63644389645558", "text": "“I am sure he expects nothing, papa. And he has such very high connections: he is sure to rise in one way or another. He is engaged in making scientific discoveries.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02074", "bookId": 145, "start": 761273, "end": 761294, "sha256": "d6744e21cfba724c01a9abb688587909fa308a5ba3864e93e02f99470cf37f12", "text": "Mr. Vincy was silent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02075", "bookId": 145, "start": 761296, "end": 761557, "sha256": "fc9c84723a59b88739b8ee7b0e5af4af169d7fe4e1c1c44f3110e33fe501bf24", "text": "“I cannot give up my only prospect of happiness, papa. Mr. Lydgate is a gentleman. I could never love any one who was not a perfect gentleman. You would not like me to go into a consumption, as Arabella Hawley did. And you know that I never change my mind.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02076", "bookId": 145, "start": 761559, "end": 761581, "sha256": "de3eb1ad1aaaf616afc4ab12643c0c9cbcb3efc1a7fc9c17bec85114a9f7fde1", "text": "Again papa was silent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02077", "bookId": 145, "start": 761583, "end": 761762, "sha256": "8d7256f5cfe7fcc9ac4526bbed4c9b5491379520a60efba0e138656d0ee66e9b", "text": "“Promise me, papa, that you will consent to what we wish. We shall never give each other up; and you know that you have always objected to long courtships and late marriages.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02078", "bookId": 145, "start": 761764, "end": 761964, "sha256": "c3d67389d97d477b8a06df5c3e3ab988483abe1db2607ff200a4a843dbe1c887", "text": "There was a little more urgency of this kind, till Mr. Vincy said, “Well, well, child, he must write to me first before I can answer him,”—and Rosamond was certain that she had gained her point.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02079", "bookId": 145, "start": 761966, "end": 763933, "sha256": "a25b320ff034bd14d4283461682ff59e9c0fba056cb6c2ed5b4cd7deed7e299e", "text": "Mr. Vincy’s answer consisted chiefly in a demand that Lydgate should insure his life—a demand immediately conceded. This was a delightfully reassuring idea supposing that Lydgate died, but in the mean time not a self-supporting idea. However, it seemed to make everything comfortable about Rosamond’s marriage; and the necessary purchases went on with much spirit. Not without prudential considerations, however. A bride (who is going to visit at a baronet’s) must have a few first-rate pocket-handkerchiefs; but beyond the absolutely necessary half-dozen, Rosamond contented herself without the very highest style of embroidery and Valenciennes. Lydgate also, finding that his sum of eight hundred pounds had been considerably reduced since he had come to Middlemarch, restrained his inclination for some plate of an old pattern which was shown to him when he went into Kibble’s establishment at Brassing to buy forks and spoons. He was too proud to act as if he presupposed that Mr. Vincy would advance money to provide furniture; and though, since it would not be necessary to pay for everything at once, some bills would be left standing over, he did not waste time in conjecturing how much his father-in-law would give in the form of dowry, to make payment easy. He was not going to do anything extravagant, but the requisite things must be bought, and it would be bad economy to buy them of a poor quality. All these matters were by the bye. Lydgate foresaw that science and his profession were the objects he should alone pursue enthusiastically; but he could not imagine himself pursuing them in such a home as Wrench had—the doors all open, the oil-cloth worn, the children in soiled pinafores, and lunch lingering in the form of bones, black-handled knives, and willow-pattern. But Wrench had a wretched lymphatic wife who made a mummy of herself indoors in a large shawl; and he must have altogether begun with an ill-chosen domestic apparatus.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02080", "bookId": 145, "start": 763935, "end": 764086, "sha256": "b4ad476210cef715bbeb892c6d8c881a622da410edbf81de8db34fe26fb1aa2f", "text": "Rosamond, however, was on her side much occupied with conjectures, though her quick imitative perception warned her against betraying them too crudely.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02081", "bookId": 145, "start": 764088, "end": 764326, "sha256": "8c78b6c3dfa69cbbf3af4df5140a22dc249b79e77cbcf3b0269e4fec101982b6", "text": "“I shall like so much to know your family,” she said one day, when the wedding journey was being discussed. “We might perhaps take a direction that would allow us to see them as we returned. Which of your uncles do you like best?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02082", "bookId": 145, "start": 764328, "end": 764398, "sha256": "dfd8666d95c462be43b49062e6d8868ab72313c0850bbeaea6b957d71ebb0c82", "text": "“Oh,—my uncle Godwin, I think. He is a good-natured old fellow.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02083", "bookId": 145, "start": 764400, "end": 764601, "sha256": "45aff93a1a538be3cc849c1c8f26ea1b30408823159f6329fbf6170b83476172", "text": "“You were constantly at his house at Quallingham, when you were a boy, were you not? I should so like to see the old spot and everything you were used to. Does he know you are going to be married?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02084", "bookId": 145, "start": 764603, "end": 764684, "sha256": "df4cb0387306dfb80402dab7e0f66b213266fe2241decd54686b9cb839d6951a", "text": "“No,” said Lydgate, carelessly, turning in his chair and rubbing his hair up.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02085", "bookId": 145, "start": 764686, "end": 765085, "sha256": "4a5995e125c8e8d6fc523f02afc7cf9bc7a198ba99d738f28f5fb6ed99aa6ace", "text": "“Do send him word of it, you naughty undutiful nephew. He will perhaps ask you to take me to Quallingham; and then you could show me about the grounds, and I could imagine you there when you were a boy. Remember, you see me in my home, just as it has been since I was a child. It is not fair that I should be so ignorant of yours. But perhaps you would be a little ashamed of me. I forgot that.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02086", "bookId": 145, "start": 765087, "end": 765314, "sha256": "a6c80f8ba78b20709d05058dbe0b841c81673cb464407df93711eda35470a668", "text": "Lydgate smiled at her tenderly, and really accepted the suggestion that the proud pleasure of showing so charming a bride was worth some trouble. And now he came to think of it, he would like to see the old spots with Rosamond.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02087", "bookId": 145, "start": 765316, "end": 765374, "sha256": "9cfcb2ac50318bffcce7e9934c6d0a5c1b01916ef9c3ffbe474813a7bf2e2f1b", "text": "“I will write to him, then. But my cousins are bores.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02088", "bookId": 145, "start": 765376, "end": 765581, "sha256": "e652a0323abff5750c5633a1f7df7dee78a535f6053949031788cefda99982b2", "text": "It seemed magnificent to Rosamond to be able to speak so slightingly of a baronet’s family, and she felt much contentment in the prospect of being able to estimate them contemptuously on her own account.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02089", "bookId": 145, "start": 765583, "end": 765648, "sha256": "da91258664d4107fc28c08e4b5301fba0da17814392f90660f739f4570bacbe9", "text": "But mamma was near spoiling all, a day or two later, by saying—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02090", "bookId": 145, "start": 765650, "end": 765819, "sha256": "7fd8b0a6eb144ced7adf26384f5bbf4ce9687c5c0799dfbf582516588db2b13d", "text": "“I hope your uncle Sir Godwin will not look down on Rosy, Mr. Lydgate. I should think he would do something handsome. A thousand or two can be nothing to a baronet.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02091", "bookId": 145, "start": 765821, "end": 766834, "sha256": "a27499f491863228773fc4d9ae186466fb2c4d7bddfe155eda4665901bd17869", "text": "“Mamma!” said Rosamond, blushing deeply; and Lydgate pitied her so much that he remained silent and went to the other end of the room to examine a print curiously, as if he had been absent-minded. Mamma had a little filial lecture afterwards, and was docile as usual. But Rosamond reflected that if any of those high-bred cousins who were bores, should be induced to visit Middlemarch, they would see many things in her own family which might shock them. Hence it seemed desirable that Lydgate should by-and-by get some first-rate position elsewhere than in Middlemarch; and this could hardly be difficult in the case of a man who had a titled uncle and could make discoveries. Lydgate, you perceive, had talked fervidly to Rosamond of his hopes as to the highest uses of his life, and had found it delightful to be listened to by a creature who would bring him the sweet furtherance of satisfying affection—beauty—repose—such help as our thoughts get from the summer sky and the flower-fringed meadows.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02092", "bookId": 145, "start": 766836, "end": 767067, "sha256": "6f3b328ea5de22fd879af29260c3c2c18322956000d2c2cec4971e9c98ec091d", "text": "Lydgate relied much on the psychological difference between what for the sake of variety I will call goose and gander: especially on the innate submissiveness of the goose as beautifully corresponding to the strength of the gander.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02093", "bookId": 145, "start": 767072, "end": 767087, "sha256": "a56aebe387f4b7ac41b3fddcdbeb6f1dd45b75ff3c0fc81fd8e830ea7a497352", "text": "CHAPTER XXXVII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02094", "bookId": 145, "start": 767089, "end": 767706, "sha256": "d5e7827833985fcd0c75b211c06c274b0acac9ffc178f51373da43fbc6fb6161", "text": "Thrice happy she that is so well assured Unto herself and settled so in heart That neither will for better be allured Ne fears to worse with any chance to start, But like a steddy ship doth strongly part The raging waves and keeps her course aright; Ne aught for tempest doth from it depart, Ne aught for fairer weather’s false delight. Such self-assurance need not fear the spight Of grudging foes; ne favour seek of friends; But in the stay of her own stedfast might Neither to one herself nor other bends. Most happy she that most assured doth rest, But he most happy who such one loves best. —SPENSER.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02095", "bookId": 145, "start": 767709, "end": 769045, "sha256": "5406173ef2ba69312f4876de3d266b1cd329b04600f989a6444978d4a1912cff", "text": "The doubt hinted by Mr. Vincy whether it were only the general election or the end of the world that was coming on, now that George the Fourth was dead, Parliament dissolved, Wellington and Peel generally depreciated and the new King apologetic, was a feeble type of the uncertainties in provincial opinion at that time. With the glow-worm lights of country places, how could men see which were their own thoughts in the confusion of a Tory Ministry passing Liberal measures, of Tory nobles and electors being anxious to return Liberals rather than friends of the recreant Ministers, and of outcries for remedies which seemed to have a mysteriously remote bearing on private interest, and were made suspicious by the advocacy of disagreeable neighbors? Buyers of the Middlemarch newspapers found themselves in an anomalous position: during the agitation on the Catholic Question many had given up the “Pioneer”—which had a motto from Charles James Fox and was in the van of progress—because it had taken Peel’s side about the Papists, and had thus blotted its Liberalism with a toleration of Jesuitry and Baal; but they were ill-satisfied with the “Trumpet,” which—since its blasts against Rome, and in the general flaccidity of the public mind (nobody knowing who would support whom)—had become feeble in its blowing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02096", "bookId": 145, "start": 769047, "end": 769509, "sha256": "1fff030e89be1dfa89739953d22b31a11bb63ccfcd2b9e3e95a69539754166e3", "text": "It was a time, according to a noticeable article in the “Pioneer,” when the crying needs of the country might well counteract a reluctance to public action on the part of men whose minds had from long experience acquired breadth as well as concentration, decision of judgment as well as tolerance, dispassionateness as well as energy—in fact, all those qualities which in the melancholy experience of mankind have been the least disposed to share lodgings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02097", "bookId": 145, "start": 769511, "end": 769831, "sha256": "a5411ed4182db0f1852a56ca55531a68fbed9be742ccb2ae126bd09328c98434", "text": "Mr. Hackbutt, whose fluent speech was at that time floating more widely than usual, and leaving much uncertainty as to its ultimate channel, was heard to say in Mr. Hawley’s office that the article in question “emanated” from Brooke of Tipton, and that Brooke had secretly bought the “Pioneer” some months ago.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02098", "bookId": 145, "start": 769833, "end": 770300, "sha256": "5c67abd2e5c64faa886a331077f6f42c389259de129f625317de9d85bb1d783a", "text": "“That means mischief, eh?” said Mr. Hawley. “He’s got the freak of being a popular man now, after dangling about like a stray tortoise. So much the worse for him. I’ve had my eye on him for some time. He shall be prettily pumped upon. He’s a damned bad landlord. What business has an old county man to come currying favor with a low set of dark-blue freemen? As to his paper, I only hope he may do the writing himself. It would be worth our paying for.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02099", "bookId": 145, "start": 770302, "end": 770520, "sha256": "2919cb0e03b8b81dc47ab1571baaa080a8d522c1602cf498eec9c3a30d6296ba", "text": "“I understand he has got a very brilliant young fellow to edit it, who can write the highest style of leading article, quite equal to anything in the London papers. And he means to take very high ground on Reform.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02100", "bookId": 145, "start": 770522, "end": 770704, "sha256": "388a28cb7e73487fa1aa7c0a7b23fab0a8122fbd2e4105ec947a916e816b2114", "text": "“Let Brooke reform his rent-roll. He’s a cursed old screw, and the buildings all over his estate are going to rack. I suppose this young fellow is some loose fish from London.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02101", "bookId": 145, "start": 770706, "end": 770773, "sha256": "6cefcb9828c6c27bbcfda82972121fe3636ab8340819f878316962e1002250e1", "text": "“His name is Ladislaw. He is said to be of foreign extraction.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02102", "bookId": 145, "start": 770775, "end": 770942, "sha256": "6d015ad8943e496673242079ff862579f623a843afaa47cc67412d44b22096d3", "text": "“I know the sort,” said Mr. Hawley; “some emissary. He’ll begin with flourishing about the Rights of Man and end with murdering a wench. That’s the style.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02103", "bookId": 145, "start": 770944, "end": 771266, "sha256": "8336cf741612ae6bef8c57203b344a006eaee4dd65c601f587ead7f0f8d3edba", "text": "“You must concede that there are abuses, Hawley,” said Mr. Hackbutt, foreseeing some political disagreement with his family lawyer. “I myself should never favor immoderate views—in fact I take my stand with Huskisson—but I cannot blind myself to the consideration that the non-representation of large towns—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02104", "bookId": 145, "start": 771268, "end": 771577, "sha256": "d7c8e0de900506c89793865f62e1db61a1ad56b9c0ed51c2a6c96b8ea2e28969", "text": "“Large towns be damned!” said Mr. Hawley, impatient of exposition. “I know a little too much about Middlemarch elections. Let ’em quash every pocket borough to-morrow, and bring in every mushroom town in the kingdom—they’ll only increase the expense of getting into Parliament. I go upon facts.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02105", "bookId": 145, "start": 771579, "end": 772565, "sha256": "2da4c34cb853c63cf9854080eae4cddfac16f99ca1ec6a5f16fc5d9cd46c2584", "text": "Mr. Hawley’s disgust at the notion of the “Pioneer” being edited by an emissary, and of Brooke becoming actively political—as if a tortoise of desultory pursuits should protrude its small head ambitiously and become rampant—was hardly equal to the annoyance felt by some members of Mr. Brooke’s own family. The result had oozed forth gradually, like the discovery that your neighbor has set up an unpleasant kind of manufacture which will be permanently under your nostrils without legal remedy. The “Pioneer” had been secretly bought even before Will Ladislaw’s arrival, the expected opportunity having offered itself in the readiness of the proprietor to part with a valuable property which did not pay; and in the interval since Mr. Brooke had written his invitation, those germinal ideas of making his mind tell upon the world at large which had been present in him from his younger years, but had hitherto lain in some obstruction, had been sprouting under cover.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02106", "bookId": 145, "start": 772567, "end": 773036, "sha256": "7e487d6ab2eb39fc3c3599c71ff932a5dbaf7baf030ee64ab0c7906267e18fc8", "text": "The development was much furthered by a delight in his guest which proved greater even than he had anticipated. For it seemed that Will was not only at home in all those artistic and literary subjects which Mr. Brooke had gone into at one time, but that he was strikingly ready at seizing the points of the political situation, and dealing with them in that large spirit which, aided by adequate memory, lends itself to quotation and general effectiveness of treatment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02107", "bookId": 145, "start": 773038, "end": 773651, "sha256": "fa34f23cb0009c426454694be497b70f700468481c90ce11485e73d4bce59f17", "text": "“He seems to me a kind of Shelley, you know,” Mr. Brooke took an opportunity of saying, for the gratification of Mr. Casaubon. “I don’t mean as to anything objectionable—laxities or atheism, or anything of that kind, you know—Ladislaw’s sentiments in every way I am sure are good—indeed, we were talking a great deal together last night. But he has the same sort of enthusiasm for liberty, freedom, emancipation—a fine thing under guidance—under guidance, you know. I think I shall be able to put him on the right tack; and I am the more pleased because he is a relation of yours, Casaubon.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02108", "bookId": 145, "start": 773653, "end": 775027, "sha256": "c1de0b46a28f9322550634d09bbed95a9c9267dbb512d0d27901bb2c49187c59", "text": "If the right tack implied anything more precise than the rest of Mr. Brooke’s speech, Mr. Casaubon silently hoped that it referred to some occupation at a great distance from Lowick. He had disliked Will while he helped him, but he had begun to dislike him still more now that Will had declined his help. That is the way with us when we have any uneasy jealousy in our disposition: if our talents are chiefly of the burrowing kind, our honey-sipping cousin (whom we have grave reasons for objecting to) is likely to have a secret contempt for us, and any one who admires him passes an oblique criticism on ourselves. Having the scruples of rectitude in our souls, we are above the meanness of injuring him—rather we meet all his claims on us by active benefits; and the drawing of cheques for him, being a superiority which he must recognize, gives our bitterness a milder infusion. Now Mr. Casaubon had been deprived of that superiority (as anything more than a remembrance) in a sudden, capricious manner. His antipathy to Will did not spring from the common jealousy of a winter-worn husband: it was something deeper, bred by his lifelong claims and discontents; but Dorothea, now that she was present—Dorothea, as a young wife who herself had shown an offensive capability of criticism, necessarily gave concentration to the uneasiness which had before been vague.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02109", "bookId": 145, "start": 775029, "end": 776459, "sha256": "ead8c0649570b3ff703562159411c579da4bcf11a95e2290b94e9252d5fd288e", "text": "Will Ladislaw on his side felt that his dislike was flourishing at the expense of his gratitude, and spent much inward discourse in justifying the dislike. Casaubon hated him—he knew that very well; on his first entrance he could discern a bitterness in the mouth and a venom in the glance which would almost justify declaring war in spite of past benefits. He was much obliged to Casaubon in the past, but really the act of marrying this wife was a set-off against the obligation. It was a question whether gratitude which refers to what is done for one’s self ought not to give way to indignation at what is done against another. And Casaubon had done a wrong to Dorothea in marrying her. A man was bound to know himself better than that, and if he chose to grow gray crunching bones in a cavern, he had no business to be luring a girl into his companionship. “It is the most horrible of virgin-sacrifices,” said Will; and he painted to himself what were Dorothea’s inward sorrows as if he had been writing a choric wail. But he would never lose sight of her: he would watch over her—if he gave up everything else in life he would watch over her, and she should know that she had one slave in the world. Will had—to use Sir Thomas Browne’s phrase—a “passionate prodigality” of statement both to himself and others. The simple truth was that nothing then invited him so strongly as the presence of Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02110", "bookId": 145, "start": 776461, "end": 777713, "sha256": "2a049df4fc07d2678bc00287fdd869cdb81866f59ed586efe31928f0f5fd7295", "text": "Invitations of the formal kind had been wanting, however, for Will had never been asked to go to Lowick. Mr. Brooke, indeed, confident of doing everything agreeable which Casaubon, poor fellow, was too much absorbed to think of, had arranged to bring Ladislaw to Lowick several times (not neglecting meanwhile to introduce him elsewhere on every opportunity as “a young relative of Casaubon’s”). And though Will had not seen Dorothea alone, their interviews had been enough to restore her former sense of young companionship with one who was cleverer than herself, yet seemed ready to be swayed by her. Poor Dorothea before her marriage had never found much room in other minds for what she cared most to say; and she had not, as we know, enjoyed her husband’s superior instruction so much as she had expected. If she spoke with any keenness of interest to Mr. Casaubon, he heard her with an air of patience as if she had given a quotation from the Delectus familiar to him from his tender years, and sometimes mentioned curtly what ancient sects or personages had held similar ideas, as if there were too much of that sort in stock already; at other times he would inform her that she was mistaken, and reassert what her remark had questioned.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02111", "bookId": 145, "start": 777715, "end": 778250, "sha256": "8c2bb8d79dacbf6282214a4d41de7a23e9d26dd3e683aa37d1e06a196bbc3cc8", "text": "But Will Ladislaw always seemed to see more in what she said than she herself saw. Dorothea had little vanity, but she had the ardent woman’s need to rule beneficently by making the joy of another soul. Hence the mere chance of seeing Will occasionally was like a lunette opened in the wall of her prison, giving her a glimpse of the sunny air; and this pleasure began to nullify her original alarm at what her husband might think about the introduction of Will as her uncle’s guest. On this subject Mr. Casaubon had remained dumb.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02112", "bookId": 145, "start": 778252, "end": 779082, "sha256": "74acfe6b0c941e51221392f67694ce2b8a385fe746b17237297f2c57c94891da", "text": "But Will wanted to talk with Dorothea alone, and was impatient of slow circumstance. However slight the terrestrial intercourse between Dante and Beatrice or Petrarch and Laura, time changes the proportion of things, and in later days it is preferable to have fewer sonnets and more conversation. Necessity excused stratagem, but stratagem was limited by the dread of offending Dorothea. He found out at last that he wanted to take a particular sketch at Lowick; and one morning when Mr. Brooke had to drive along the Lowick road on his way to the county town, Will asked to be set down with his sketch-book and camp-stool at Lowick, and without announcing himself at the Manor settled himself to sketch in a position where he must see Dorothea if she came out to walk—and he knew that she usually walked an hour in the morning.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02113", "bookId": 145, "start": 779084, "end": 779573, "sha256": "59c3ebfd469abca2de2cf4a0c5e1cbbbf6831f15deeae587c0348ef83ce4b277", "text": "But the stratagem was defeated by the weather. Clouds gathered with treacherous quickness, the rain came down, and Will was obliged to take shelter in the house. He intended, on the strength of relationship, to go into the drawing-room and wait there without being announced; and seeing his old acquaintance the butler in the hall, he said, “Don’t mention that I am here, Pratt; I will wait till luncheon; I know Mr. Casaubon does not like to be disturbed when he is in the library.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02114", "bookId": 145, "start": 779575, "end": 779817, "sha256": "bc9a2d8cf834d9cc688ad400c7fb79d633a9aeefdc8a3beb6684cdb4db1d9425", "text": "“Master is out, sir; there’s only Mrs. Casaubon in the library. I’d better tell her you’re here, sir,” said Pratt, a red-cheeked man given to lively converse with Tantripp, and often agreeing with her that it must be dull for Madam.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02115", "bookId": 145, "start": 779819, "end": 779972, "sha256": "5746e60428faf13700ae97dd9b67da068e78e656d150b9947e05ea62ddfd5095", "text": "“Oh, very well; this confounded rain has hindered me from sketching,” said Will, feeling so happy that he affected indifference with delightful ease.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02116", "bookId": 145, "start": 779974, "end": 780079, "sha256": "fb3182716d5c7b2bd71ae22d10e2eaba905a79e98514c60e92d02f6026b9ecb7", "text": "In another minute he was in the library, and Dorothea was meeting him with her sweet unconstrained smile.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02117", "bookId": 145, "start": 780081, "end": 780312, "sha256": "96300a3d4d09ab7e386a64b6f8cd16983fb2d4208c381fce5260804ac7e0eaa7", "text": "“Mr. Casaubon has gone to the Archdeacon’s,” she said, at once. “I don’t know whether he will be at home again long before dinner. He was uncertain how long he should be. Did you want to say anything particular to him?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02118", "bookId": 145, "start": 780314, "end": 780497, "sha256": "665e0f421ec919a3bff51b4f4fbae1e8aa74eb782039812c12227672d3efe9ed", "text": "“No; I came to sketch, but the rain drove me in. Else I would not have disturbed you yet. I supposed that Mr. Casaubon was here, and I know he dislikes interruption at this hour.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02119", "bookId": 145, "start": 780499, "end": 780664, "sha256": "6fd3e66bb3bad62d1980b3c582c39713d242f6bcbe067d54c6e27f18a737243d", "text": "“I am indebted to the rain, then. I am so glad to see you.” Dorothea uttered these common words with the simple sincerity of an unhappy child, visited at school.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02120", "bookId": 145, "start": 780666, "end": 780944, "sha256": "5adb0bd52d3c00b7337f12a90e21aab7f8ec0ab6dad08b08740d80f29570d076", "text": "“I really came for the chance of seeing you alone,” said Will, mysteriously forced to be just as simple as she was. He could not stay to ask himself, why not? “I wanted to talk about things, as we did in Rome. It always makes a difference when other people are present.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02121", "bookId": 145, "start": 780946, "end": 781813, "sha256": "33d9bcb675a5a2e4ed5440db79a557dff38415cbb0bf1cc1ac791ed55735d04e", "text": "“Yes,” said Dorothea, in her clear full tone of assent. “Sit down.” She seated herself on a dark ottoman with the brown books behind her, looking in her plain dress of some thin woollen-white material, without a single ornament on her besides her wedding-ring, as if she were under a vow to be different from all other women; and Will sat down opposite her at two yards’ distance, the light falling on his bright curls and delicate but rather petulant profile, with its defiant curves of lip and chin. Each looked at the other as if they had been two flowers which had opened then and there. Dorothea for the moment forgot her husband’s mysterious irritation against Will: it seemed fresh water at her thirsty lips to speak without fear to the one person whom she had found receptive; for in looking backward through sadness she exaggerated a past solace.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02122", "bookId": 145, "start": 781815, "end": 781965, "sha256": "10a860b357f7c359bd63141b214f9fb1692aa96ec572890b952155a7ecaca565", "text": "“I have often thought that I should like to talk to you again,” she said, immediately. “It seems strange to me how many things I said to you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02123", "bookId": 145, "start": 781967, "end": 782288, "sha256": "254e555e7930f61e87628f21bb853d52c265ac0ad88dcd5650bdd27381509e25", "text": "“I remember them all,” said Will, with the unspeakable content in his soul of feeling that he was in the presence of a creature worthy to be perfectly loved. I think his own feelings at that moment were perfect, for we mortals have our divine moments, when love is satisfied in the completeness of the beloved object.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02124", "bookId": 145, "start": 782290, "end": 782716, "sha256": "7e6ce51bef02a8e638c15ea3579ac0e5e7410a9c4edfed5024ebcd43d497abd7", "text": "“I have tried to learn a great deal since we were in Rome,” said Dorothea. “I can read Latin a little, and I am beginning to understand just a little Greek. I can help Mr. Casaubon better now. I can find out references for him and save his eyes in many ways. But it is very difficult to be learned; it seems as if people were worn out on the way to great thoughts, and can never enjoy them because they are too tired.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02125", "bookId": 145, "start": 782718, "end": 783083, "sha256": "3f21d44fe762d3ee7c6defe65bfa1bbde32f2b9a5ef443cd87d7a828a592b0c2", "text": "“If a man has a capacity for great thoughts, he is likely to overtake them before he is decrepit,” said Will, with irrepressible quickness. But through certain sensibilities Dorothea was as quick as he, and seeing her face change, he added, immediately, “But it is quite true that the best minds have been sometimes overstrained in working out their ideas.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02126", "bookId": 145, "start": 783085, "end": 783460, "sha256": "1251550524a7f2e5c8a2bf22f13c12ab03bbf33c0a47aca3841d6ffe07c6d93a", "text": "“You correct me,” said Dorothea. “I expressed myself ill. I should have said that those who have great thoughts get too much worn in working them out. I used to feel about that, even when I was a little girl; and it always seemed to me that the use I should like to make of my life would be to help some one who did great works, so that his burthen might be lighter.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02127", "bookId": 145, "start": 783462, "end": 783906, "sha256": "9766b33357cbb91bed5d96bd2e33f8c4f2aa53a9882fd3dd5ed0163fe6cf34d3", "text": "Dorothea was led on to this bit of autobiography without any sense of making a revelation. But she had never before said anything to Will which threw so strong a light on her marriage. He did not shrug his shoulders; and for want of that muscular outlet he thought the more irritably of beautiful lips kissing holy skulls and other emptinesses ecclesiastically enshrined. Also he had to take care that his speech should not betray that thought.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02128", "bookId": 145, "start": 783908, "end": 784255, "sha256": "43d9823b7b8464acfeeee43c47478f1d4c5a998d46a3e60a4ba12a58826f5059", "text": "“But you may easily carry the help too far,” he said, “and get over-wrought yourself. Are you not too much shut up? You already look paler. It would be better for Mr. Casaubon to have a secretary; he could easily get a man who would do half his work for him. It would save him more effectually, and you need only help him in lighter ways.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02129", "bookId": 145, "start": 784257, "end": 784573, "sha256": "b17cb9d2264164d8fd7f9c94867ab67759602911053f8b93cc7cda078e83e014", "text": "“How can you think of that?” said Dorothea, in a tone of earnest remonstrance. “I should have no happiness if I did not help him in his work. What could I do? There is no good to be done in Lowick. The only thing I desire is to help him more. And he objects to a secretary: please not to mention that again.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02130", "bookId": 145, "start": 784575, "end": 784698, "sha256": "a2041b272ac3315ba4eb19051075dc60ad3ad919dce0d839fd7eed4022ef8b59", "text": "“Certainly not, now I know your feeling. But I have heard both Mr. Brooke and Sir James Chettam express the same wish.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02131", "bookId": 145, "start": 784700, "end": 785041, "sha256": "9d3fe0e368d8a6b88c93da01d27158caf4b01c0b1086b71e7dac1cb6542f8b35", "text": "“Yes,” said Dorothea, “but they don’t understand—they want me to be a great deal on horseback, and have the garden altered and new conservatories, to fill up my days. I thought you could understand that one’s mind has other wants,” she added, rather impatiently—“besides, Mr. Casaubon cannot bear to hear of a secretary.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02132", "bookId": 145, "start": 785043, "end": 785286, "sha256": "92f6559889daeb8a03c3130eca3785b8cbd63c812bc1b975c7869ac43ad0a56b", "text": "“My mistake is excusable,” said Will. “In old days I used to hear Mr. Casaubon speak as if he looked forward to having a secretary. Indeed he held out the prospect of that office to me. But I turned out to be—not good enough for it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02133", "bookId": 145, "start": 785288, "end": 785457, "sha256": "09c0ca5656eefa10d437600e482a3ba757d63d66ae3aa24378b6b03ecae72a53", "text": "Dorothea was trying to extract out of this an excuse for her husband’s evident repulsion, as she said, with a playful smile, “You were not a steady worker enough.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02134", "bookId": 145, "start": 785459, "end": 785939, "sha256": "b3c9f3c5a660e7f3b2980c3c810f7d026a8f57b89d671d7d3d963b9bb21262f5", "text": "“No,” said Will, shaking his head backward somewhat after the manner of a spirited horse. And then, the old irritable demon prompting him to give another good pinch at the moth-wings of poor Mr. Casaubon’s glory, he went on, “And I have seen since that Mr. Casaubon does not like any one to overlook his work and know thoroughly what he is doing. He is too doubtful—too uncertain of himself. I may not be good for much, but he dislikes me because I disagree with him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02135", "bookId": 145, "start": 785941, "end": 786293, "sha256": "b4efc9be0720d59c16960c9a762e07c1073f5e636b8cd4dcccbef0bf02d41ac7", "text": "Will was not without his intentions to be always generous, but our tongues are little triggers which have usually been pulled before general intentions can be brought to bear. And it was too intolerable that Casaubon’s dislike of him should not be fairly accounted for to Dorothea. Yet when he had spoken he was rather uneasy as to the effect on her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02136", "bookId": 145, "start": 786295, "end": 786937, "sha256": "3527e949821cb33577587c3758486e14b1fe0984dabcdcf22e3b9c1cf18a5327", "text": "But Dorothea was strangely quiet—not immediately indignant, as she had been on a like occasion in Rome. And the cause lay deep. She was no longer struggling against the perception of facts, but adjusting herself to their clearest perception; and now when she looked steadily at her husband’s failure, still more at his possible consciousness of failure, she seemed to be looking along the one track where duty became tenderness. Will’s want of reticence might have been met with more severity, if he had not already been recommended to her mercy by her husband’s dislike, which must seem hard to her till she saw better reason for it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02137", "bookId": 145, "start": 786939, "end": 787153, "sha256": "5bfac651f689db8d6c2c72a5138a88b4a69508bcb143a35421af693b5e2bad1c", "text": "She did not answer at once, but after looking down ruminatingly she said, with some earnestness, “Mr. Casaubon must have overcome his dislike of you so far as his actions were concerned: and that is admirable.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02138", "bookId": 145, "start": 787155, "end": 787468, "sha256": "62586aa7245ba35903a1d764c70a658023254944c7f68ee7953d94dc843e8f3c", "text": "“Yes; he has shown a sense of justice in family matters. It was an abominable thing that my grandmother should have been disinherited because she made what they called a _mesalliance_, though there was nothing to be said against her husband except that he was a Polish refugee who gave lessons for his bread.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02139", "bookId": 145, "start": 787470, "end": 787660, "sha256": "378fc1c5ef96054e2f27f8d7c0bad4e6ca5a631ec8c12144a7fcc270aa7f9dc5", "text": "“I wish I knew all about her!” said Dorothea. “I wonder how she bore the change from wealth to poverty: I wonder whether she was happy with her husband! Do you know much about them?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02140", "bookId": 145, "start": 787662, "end": 788110, "sha256": "d654e7de2e6dbb0c03695d858006dd2f284d93e9d0f150913d65e30fe48d1608", "text": "“No; only that my grandfather was a patriot—a bright fellow—could speak many languages—musical—got his bread by teaching all sorts of things. They both died rather early. And I never knew much of my father, beyond what my mother told me; but he inherited the musical talents. I remember his slow walk and his long thin hands; and one day remains with me when he was lying ill, and I was very hungry, and had only a little bit of bread.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02141", "bookId": 145, "start": 788112, "end": 788343, "sha256": "2f3019e780d255fc7788d3bb3426ae34a3668a3e6674d061d511e6ae96cf7949", "text": "“Ah, what a different life from mine!” said Dorothea, with keen interest, clasping her hands on her lap. “I have always had too much of everything. But tell me how it was—Mr. Casaubon could not have known about you then.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02142", "bookId": 145, "start": 788345, "end": 788715, "sha256": "b32a103c053e5cd9b0566f0cd64606ae5bb0e63ee29ab09c702c297b06254e90", "text": "“No; but my father had made himself known to Mr. Casaubon, and that was my last hungry day. My father died soon after, and my mother and I were well taken care of. Mr. Casaubon always expressly recognized it as his duty to take care of us because of the harsh injustice which had been shown to his mother’s sister. But now I am telling you what is not new to you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02143", "bookId": 145, "start": 788717, "end": 789098, "sha256": "b980cbcc50c6487be1b262cec514e9405ed73152f49a02745f1e9efe21d43276", "text": "In his inmost soul Will was conscious of wishing to tell Dorothea what was rather new even in his own construction of things—namely, that Mr. Casaubon had never done more than pay a debt towards him. Will was much too good a fellow to be easy under the sense of being ungrateful. And when gratitude has become a matter of reasoning there are many ways of escaping from its bonds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02144", "bookId": 145, "start": 789100, "end": 789495, "sha256": "5c771e751fefd12bedb0d4330ab07b2119ec48758c2b08354bae0dfcdc35c555", "text": "“No,” answered Dorothea; “Mr. Casaubon has always avoided dwelling on his own honorable actions.” She did not feel that her husband’s conduct was depreciated; but this notion of what justice had required in his relations with Will Ladislaw took strong hold on her mind. After a moment’s pause, she added, “He had never told me that he supported your mother. Is she still living?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02145", "bookId": 145, "start": 789497, "end": 790078, "sha256": "4e4dcfb801efe2be27e876166a45667968c0db26be3da966b12cc309634d7ba6", "text": "“No; she died by an accident—a fall—four years ago. It is curious that my mother, too, ran away from her family, but not for the sake of her husband. She never would tell me anything about her family, except that she forsook them to get her own living—went on the stage, in fact. She was a dark-eyed creature, with crisp ringlets, and never seemed to be getting old. You see I come of rebellious blood on both sides,” Will ended, smiling brightly at Dorothea, while she was still looking with serious intentness before her, like a child seeing a drama for the first time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02146", "bookId": 145, "start": 790080, "end": 790813, "sha256": "ba883ea3982d6c5abe5c4211ba1c0cf2f60276b085e1f6ac81c6b5116944a5dc", "text": "But her face, too, broke into a smile as she said, “That is your apology, I suppose, for having yourself been rather rebellious; I mean, to Mr. Casaubon’s wishes. You must remember that you have not done what he thought best for you. And if he dislikes you—you were speaking of dislike a little while ago—but I should rather say, if he has shown any painful feelings towards you, you must consider how sensitive he has become from the wearing effect of study. Perhaps,” she continued, getting into a pleading tone, “my uncle has not told you how serious Mr. Casaubon’s illness was. It would be very petty of us who are well and can bear things, to think much of small offences from those who carry a weight of trial.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02147", "bookId": 145, "start": 790815, "end": 791385, "sha256": "7d381201707b54474a3887998de05f6411a5d34f1bdb6cad95637b609e879378", "text": "“You teach me better,” said Will. “I will never grumble on that subject again.” There was a gentleness in his tone which came from the unutterable contentment of perceiving—what Dorothea was hardly conscious of—that she was travelling into the remoteness of pure pity and loyalty towards her husband. Will was ready to adore her pity and loyalty, if she would associate himself with her in manifesting them. “I have really sometimes been a perverse fellow,” he went on, “but I will never again, if I can help it, do or say what you would disapprove.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02148", "bookId": 145, "start": 791387, "end": 791628, "sha256": "e109b0d676c906bd99d3a5c21316884631ba0b5a9c08c9cd59b4a8f5b596225b", "text": "“That is very good of you,” said Dorothea, with another open smile. “I shall have a little kingdom then, where I shall give laws. But you will soon go away, out of my rule, I imagine. You will soon be tired of staying at the Grange.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02149", "bookId": 145, "start": 791630, "end": 791915, "sha256": "497269c57b3f4dca0cc50b9f1fb10001d622b4e502587bb263f62ebd5fe73b2d", "text": "“That is a point I wanted to mention to you—one of the reasons why I wished to speak to you alone. Mr. Brooke proposes that I should stay in this neighborhood. He has bought one of the Middlemarch newspapers, and he wishes me to conduct that, and also to help him in other ways.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02150", "bookId": 145, "start": 791917, "end": 791996, "sha256": "b83b61647b9488d969a7ff71f7d1a60fa449e30671a63dbeb06e68164fc4294b", "text": "“Would not that be a sacrifice of higher prospects for you?” said Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02151", "bookId": 145, "start": 791998, "end": 792300, "sha256": "153e5c49202211f47385d08eaa5d85d0d5f6bbf507a6958ec342ffc7a61a9009", "text": "“Perhaps; but I have always been blamed for thinking of prospects, and not settling to anything. And here is something offered to me. If you would not like me to accept it, I will give it up. Otherwise I would rather stay in this part of the country than go away. I belong to nobody anywhere else.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02152", "bookId": 145, "start": 792302, "end": 792507, "sha256": "81029547f891edae4b46f3188e669f3c2f4e68934a6890e0ca8b14dc9b21d4fd", "text": "“I should like you to stay very much,” said Dorothea, at once, as simply and readily as she had spoken at Rome. There was not the shadow of a reason in her mind at the moment why she should not say so.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02153", "bookId": 145, "start": 792509, "end": 792655, "sha256": "c4f5f85f6f67df20222bbf4f60e05d6a338b9311cbd208dde8900e4169e46503", "text": "“Then I _will_ stay,” said Ladislaw, shaking his head backward, rising and going towards the window, as if to see whether the rain had ceased.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02154", "bookId": 145, "start": 792657, "end": 793064, "sha256": "55607e3bf78c67a11c88af5155a159c5f375355a5fa6d1707eeef4a1a58c8b51", "text": "But the next moment, Dorothea, according to a habit which was getting continually stronger, began to reflect that her husband felt differently from herself, and she colored deeply under the double embarrassment of having expressed what might be in opposition to her husband’s feeling, and of having to suggest this opposition to Will. His face was not turned towards her, and this made it easier to say—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02155", "bookId": 145, "start": 793066, "end": 793420, "sha256": "3d784fd2930ea3b4021a3e799c1542915f6a846b22fcd3fb1fa56c6e5dc0249f", "text": "“But my opinion is of little consequence on such a subject. I think you should be guided by Mr. Casaubon. I spoke without thinking of anything else than my own feeling, which has nothing to do with the real question. But it now occurs to me—perhaps Mr. Casaubon might see that the proposal was not wise. Can you not wait now and mention it to him?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02156", "bookId": 145, "start": 793422, "end": 793723, "sha256": "be450e268fa9113eb0667643bb54a57d8784b26d13e922784518cc2f286bf4eb", "text": "“I can’t wait to-day,” said Will, inwardly seared by the possibility that Mr. Casaubon would enter. “The rain is quite over now. I told Mr. Brooke not to call for me: I would rather walk the five miles. I shall strike across Halsell Common, and see the gleams on the wet grass. I like that.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02157", "bookId": 145, "start": 793725, "end": 794118, "sha256": "8c9adef0836bcf46c2778c33f42df901269f144e66cb0931926f19dbdc67092d", "text": "He approached her to shake hands quite hurriedly, longing but not daring to say, “Don’t mention the subject to Mr. Casaubon.” No, he dared not, could not say it. To ask her to be less simple and direct would be like breathing on the crystal that you want to see the light through. And there was always the other great dread—of himself becoming dimmed and forever ray-shorn in her eyes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02158", "bookId": 145, "start": 794120, "end": 794428, "sha256": "d2d0c6fc98c8210aa7a3877bd8669d9c61b5c730f1242637d04bbe914cadf55a", "text": "“I wish you could have stayed,” said Dorothea, with a touch of mournfulness, as she rose and put out her hand. She also had her thought which she did not like to express:—Will certainly ought to lose no time in consulting Mr. Casaubon’s wishes, but for her to urge this might seem an undue dictation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02159", "bookId": 145, "start": 794430, "end": 795412, "sha256": "733e51c014e92354148abcf5fa27545e36d18d0cb1acfb29d8cb1acc4cbe6158", "text": "So they only said “Good-by,” and Will quitted the house, striking across the fields so as not to run any risk of encountering Mr. Casaubon’s carriage, which, however, did not appear at the gate until four o’clock. That was an unpropitious hour for coming home: it was too early to gain the moral support under ennui of dressing his person for dinner, and too late to undress his mind of the day’s frivolous ceremony and affairs, so as to be prepared for a good plunge into the serious business of study. On such occasions he usually threw into an easy-chair in the library, and allowed Dorothea to read the London papers to him, closing his eyes the while. To-day, however, he declined that relief, observing that he had already had too many public details urged upon him; but he spoke more cheerfully than usual, when Dorothea asked about his fatigue, and added with that air of formal effort which never forsook him even when he spoke without his waistcoat and cravat—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02160", "bookId": 145, "start": 795414, "end": 795924, "sha256": "1dab377871f6c4d8ba8902dd7a38b976d5a06b613a9c96d11b58fd56e6a5f3fc", "text": "“I have had the gratification of meeting my former acquaintance, Dr. Spanning, to-day, and of being praised by one who is himself a worthy recipient of praise. He spoke very handsomely of my late tractate on the Egyptian Mysteries,—using, in fact, terms which it would not become me to repeat.” In uttering the last clause, Mr. Casaubon leaned over the elbow of his chair, and swayed his head up and down, apparently as a muscular outlet instead of that recapitulation which would not have been becoming.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02161", "bookId": 145, "start": 795926, "end": 796134, "sha256": "ab7edcbf670686fb03648f359bd67c2263acfa524f9e77615cf80fc7b22cc52a", "text": "“I am very glad you have had that pleasure,” said Dorothea, delighted to see her husband less weary than usual at this hour. “Before you came I had been regretting that you happened to be out to-day.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02162", "bookId": 145, "start": 796136, "end": 796210, "sha256": "926b2f226bb379b607f61defddf2a6b4c2c4e08515f447d181be3f17c30a961b", "text": "“Why so, my dear?” said Mr. Casaubon, throwing himself backward again.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02163", "bookId": 145, "start": 796212, "end": 796644, "sha256": "ea0433200fdfe4c55ea13d7913bb82f33bda4a15dcd2cd6ad37c21be0f36120f", "text": "“Because Mr. Ladislaw has been here; and he has mentioned a proposal of my uncle’s which I should like to know your opinion of.” Her husband she felt was really concerned in this question. Even with her ignorance of the world she had a vague impression that the position offered to Will was out of keeping with his family connections, and certainly Mr. Casaubon had a claim to be consulted. He did not speak, but merely bowed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02164", "bookId": 145, "start": 796646, "end": 796882, "sha256": "55b09cbda851e5383ba6e19bbc41e2cf261fa84a47e24dc48ef48731f56b6442", "text": "“Dear uncle, you know, has many projects. It appears that he has bought one of the Middlemarch newspapers, and he has asked Mr. Ladislaw to stay in this neighborhood and conduct the paper for him, besides helping him in other ways.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02165", "bookId": 145, "start": 796884, "end": 797119, "sha256": "dc6958d43ceaa97193e7c7b608af838f2ace11226a3ed7e7298988ee043030bd", "text": "Dorothea looked at her husband while she spoke, but he had at first blinked and finally closed his eyes, as if to save them; while his lips became more tense. “What is your opinion?” she added, rather timidly, after a slight pause.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02166", "bookId": 145, "start": 797121, "end": 797393, "sha256": "675dc7001cb5089a9769307158cfd2f1163ef3fe757751fadc7c55db6790e68f", "text": "“Did Mr. Ladislaw come on purpose to ask my opinion?” said Mr. Casaubon, opening his eyes narrowly with a knife-edged look at Dorothea. She was really uncomfortable on the point he inquired about, but she only became a little more serious, and her eyes did not swerve.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02167", "bookId": 145, "start": 797395, "end": 797565, "sha256": "69fac3cc0c4449919ed99eca0882b2f24eda96284a8b235c38439b5fdc1b6efe", "text": "“No,” she answered immediately, “he did not say that he came to ask your opinion. But when he mentioned the proposal, he of course expected me to tell you of it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02168", "bookId": 145, "start": 797567, "end": 797591, "sha256": "21a21d7f4bcc786b99d8d71e16e474c1c068c675a917324e8d85b79ea8c51288", "text": "Mr. Casaubon was silent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02169", "bookId": 145, "start": 797593, "end": 797978, "sha256": "6accb0f20cd8524435c7301fe969aafd9370e6dc35f95248d02939a26507efd5", "text": "“I feared that you might feel some objection. But certainly a young man with so much talent might be very useful to my uncle—might help him to do good in a better way. And Mr. Ladislaw wishes to have some fixed occupation. He has been blamed, he says, for not seeking something of that kind, and he would like to stay in this neighborhood because no one cares for him elsewhere.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02170", "bookId": 145, "start": 797980, "end": 798202, "sha256": "4f8ddf0f051ba2381226af191278799ecd15bbb3461551f6ea0ba804a2c8c806", "text": "Dorothea felt that this was a consideration to soften her husband. However, he did not speak, and she presently recurred to Dr. Spanning and the Archdeacon’s breakfast. But there was no longer sunshine on these subjects.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02171", "bookId": 145, "start": 798204, "end": 798388, "sha256": "5740e36d88c0329b6dcb4360e466d757aaf6ae0f569d1af4c4a74ce7a95f30b1", "text": "The next morning, without Dorothea’s knowledge, Mr. Casaubon despatched the following letter, beginning “Dear Mr. Ladislaw” (he had always before addressed him as “Will”):—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02172", "bookId": 145, "start": 798390, "end": 799778, "sha256": "64123f9d4b010d6ecbc6763e7f67be12f8d086239671343048ec1832e3082e67", "text": "“Mrs. Casaubon informs me that a proposal has been made to you, and (according to an inference by no means stretched) has on your part been in some degree entertained, which involves your residence in this neighborhood in a capacity which I am justified in saying touches my own position in such a way as renders it not only natural and warrantable in me when that effect is viewed under the influence of legitimate feeling, but incumbent on me when the same effect is considered in the light of my responsibilities, to state at once that your acceptance of the proposal above indicated would be highly offensive to me. That I have some claim to the exercise of a veto here, would not, I believe, be denied by any reasonable person cognizant of the relations between us: relations which, though thrown into the past by your recent procedure, are not thereby annulled in their character of determining antecedents. I will not here make reflections on any person’s judgment. It is enough for me to point out to yourself that there are certain social fitnesses and proprieties which should hinder a somewhat near relative of mine from becoming any wise conspicuous in this vicinity in a status not only much beneath my own, but associated at best with the sciolism of literary or political adventurers. At any rate, the contrary issue must exclude you from further reception at my house.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02173", "bookId": 145, "start": 799781, "end": 799821, "sha256": "326675663ffc68f314498cb1072c120047c3e4a1f5aac3d77d68291edba3dec5", "text": "Yours faithfully, “EDWARD CASAUBON.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02174", "bookId": 145, "start": 799824, "end": 801055, "sha256": "69a2035209897c9e22f5654f17f39968972b9f9a322b48f0da10350de385c4c4", "text": "Meanwhile Dorothea’s mind was innocently at work towards the further embitterment of her husband; dwelling, with a sympathy that grew to agitation, on what Will had told her about his parents and grandparents. Any private hours in her day were usually spent in her blue-green boudoir, and she had come to be very fond of its pallid quaintness. Nothing had been outwardly altered there; but while the summer had gradually advanced over the western fields beyond the avenue of elms, the bare room had gathered within it those memories of an inward life which fill the air as with a cloud of good or bad angels, the invisible yet active forms of our spiritual triumphs or our spiritual falls. She had been so used to struggle for and to find resolve in looking along the avenue towards the arch of western light that the vision itself had gained a communicating power. Even the pale stag seemed to have reminding glances and to mean mutely, “Yes, we know.” And the group of delicately touched miniatures had made an audience as of beings no longer disturbed about their own earthly lot, but still humanly interested. Especially the mysterious “Aunt Julia” about whom Dorothea had never found it easy to question her husband.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02175", "bookId": 145, "start": 801057, "end": 802290, "sha256": "7483b299d68787f528e5f4bd1a0e7b32dd53da847cf7766b05920eaf6bde428c", "text": "And now, since her conversation with Will, many fresh images had gathered round that Aunt Julia who was Will’s grandmother; the presence of that delicate miniature, so like a living face that she knew, helping to concentrate her feelings. What a wrong, to cut off the girl from the family protection and inheritance only because she had chosen a man who was poor! Dorothea, early troubling her elders with questions about the facts around her, had wrought herself into some independent clearness as to the historical, political reasons why eldest sons had superior rights, and why land should be entailed: those reasons, impressing her with a certain awe, might be weightier than she knew, but here was a question of ties which left them uninfringed. Here was a daughter whose child—even according to the ordinary aping of aristocratic institutions by people who are no more aristocratic than retired grocers, and who have no more land to “keep together” than a lawn and a paddock—would have a prior claim. Was inheritance a question of liking or of responsibility? All the energy of Dorothea’s nature went on the side of responsibility—the fulfilment of claims founded on our own deeds, such as marriage and parentage.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02176", "bookId": 145, "start": 802292, "end": 804203, "sha256": "e5f396f868a720c90920e048c05b7842d11ddd9e8532bfee7632f9ab15f5ec16", "text": "It was true, she said to herself, that Mr. Casaubon had a debt to the Ladislaws—that he had to pay back what the Ladislaws had been wronged of. And now she began to think of her husband’s will, which had been made at the time of their marriage, leaving the bulk of his property to her, with proviso in case of her having children. That ought to be altered; and no time ought to be lost. This very question which had just arisen about Will Ladislaw’s occupation, was the occasion for placing things on a new, right footing. Her husband, she felt sure, according to all his previous conduct, would be ready to take the just view, if she proposed it—she, in whose interest an unfair concentration of the property had been urged. His sense of right had surmounted and would continue to surmount anything that might be called antipathy. She suspected that her uncle’s scheme was disapproved by Mr. Casaubon, and this made it seem all the more opportune that a fresh understanding should be begun, so that instead of Will’s starting penniless and accepting the first function that offered itself, he should find himself in possession of a rightful income which should be paid by her husband during his life, and, by an immediate alteration of the will, should be secured at his death. The vision of all this as what ought to be done seemed to Dorothea like a sudden letting in of daylight, waking her from her previous stupidity and incurious self-absorbed ignorance about her husband’s relation to others. Will Ladislaw had refused Mr. Casaubon’s future aid on a ground that no longer appeared right to her; and Mr. Casaubon had never himself seen fully what was the claim upon him. “But he will!” said Dorothea. “The great strength of his character lies here. And what are we doing with our money? We make no use of half of our income. My own money buys me nothing but an uneasy conscience.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02177", "bookId": 145, "start": 804205, "end": 804623, "sha256": "e4ecfc61c2684c2d252c3bfb7fba1e3513f6388afa00c2482600c9dbf7b6e23f", "text": "There was a peculiar fascination for Dorothea in this division of property intended for herself, and always regarded by her as excessive. She was blind, you see, to many things obvious to others—likely to tread in the wrong places, as Celia had warned her; yet her blindness to whatever did not lie in her own pure purpose carried her safely by the side of precipices where vision would have been perilous with fear.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02178", "bookId": 145, "start": 804625, "end": 805754, "sha256": "32568715d89073b10518c4e6a3d1748e377ce26165e2172b9d669f21c99d8886", "text": "The thoughts which had gathered vividness in the solitude of her boudoir occupied her incessantly through the day on which Mr. Casaubon had sent his letter to Will. Everything seemed hindrance to her till she could find an opportunity of opening her heart to her husband. To his preoccupied mind all subjects were to be approached gently, and she had never since his illness lost from her consciousness the dread of agitating him. But when young ardor is set brooding over the conception of a prompt deed, the deed itself seems to start forth with independent life, mastering ideal obstacles. The day passed in a sombre fashion, not unusual, though Mr. Casaubon was perhaps unusually silent; but there were hours of the night which might be counted on as opportunities of conversation; for Dorothea, when aware of her husband’s sleeplessness, had established a habit of rising, lighting a candle, and reading him to sleep again. And this night she was from the beginning sleepless, excited by resolves. He slept as usual for a few hours, but she had risen softly and had sat in the darkness for nearly an hour before he said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02179", "bookId": 145, "start": 805756, "end": 805814, "sha256": "e150ae8000c55e6dc3bc12f758ac0be3572fff37f9387c0042ce10175ea0e9b1", "text": "“Dorothea, since you are up, will you light a candle?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02180", "bookId": 145, "start": 805816, "end": 805887, "sha256": "fe6dfb6a06d875c8bea03f651375a3a041e9ae226ddc9ef076144a1dae66f734", "text": "“Do you feel ill, dear?” was her first question, as she obeyed him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02181", "bookId": 145, "start": 805889, "end": 805994, "sha256": "7633c8e54b5a28032e8bc5dbe00801edecdacc28857476f7fe3c495b9cad1078", "text": "“No, not at all; but I shall be obliged, since you are up, if you will read me a few pages of Lowth.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02182", "bookId": 145, "start": 805996, "end": 806052, "sha256": "e01efe7b02c49523124d3bd45db6046c1fae4e0ab7da2af19d6b932a23f08b96", "text": "“May I talk to you a little instead?” said Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02183", "bookId": 145, "start": 806054, "end": 806070, "sha256": "b02520f241e4eeda8f78e53fc37b7fa879d9b8b594e4f3a80407000452a813e5", "text": "“Certainly.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02184", "bookId": 145, "start": 806072, "end": 806194, "sha256": "3a15d45c7ba5d87823254e6699c77eb5a0b309989b1e235f98bea28abff3c934", "text": "“I have been thinking about money all day—that I have always had too much, and especially the prospect of too much.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02185", "bookId": 145, "start": 806196, "end": 806257, "sha256": "85bcccf5d70eba3339e2b1bc4e1e279f300dc20d9b725c3d0704a993b228ab8d", "text": "“These, my dear Dorothea, are providential arrangements.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02186", "bookId": 145, "start": 806259, "end": 806420, "sha256": "05d21d85bf29cbc155a181e859ca592d8e1e930d28fb4c373efd81f905ca3cdc", "text": "“But if one has too much in consequence of others being wronged, it seems to me that the divine voice which tells us to set that wrong right must be obeyed.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02187", "bookId": 145, "start": 806422, "end": 806473, "sha256": "24de3e61d204ae46da186d1a97e8958cf92b3fdc443ddb8f152b72e8313974da", "text": "“What, my love, is the bearing of your remark?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02188", "bookId": 145, "start": 806475, "end": 806596, "sha256": "c7478cbc06e8112200986d71fb1e7b892004133490c9a5efc06e79da506b6c76", "text": "“That you have been too liberal in arrangements for me—I mean, with regard to property; and that makes me unhappy.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02189", "bookId": 145, "start": 806598, "end": 806662, "sha256": "1ca53f07f845e4447ab1cd4af47726602fea8ce7b7897f9ed88432556ae00060", "text": "“How so? I have none but comparatively distant connections.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02190", "bookId": 145, "start": 806664, "end": 806938, "sha256": "9ebf3fc8c461184766207b20e235fe9e5211492905cdc93ce4947c032e4bca7f", "text": "“I have been led to think about your aunt Julia, and how she was left in poverty only because she married a poor man, an act which was not disgraceful, since he was not unworthy. It was on that ground, I know, that you educated Mr. Ladislaw and provided for his mother.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02191", "bookId": 145, "start": 806940, "end": 807113, "sha256": "6c939c2840ed252580e463d6f2d36ca35556d37716cbeaf4e025a724ee3932d1", "text": "Dorothea waited a few moments for some answer that would help her onward. None came, and her next words seemed the more forcible to her, falling clear upon the dark silence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02192", "bookId": 145, "start": 807115, "end": 807570, "sha256": "b7431de5130cdc76cd431e97f29cad47e463c5bbf04ccdf753a339424dce5d84", "text": "“But surely we should regard his claim as a much greater one, even to the half of that property which I know that you have destined for me. And I think he ought at once to be provided for on that understanding. It is not right that he should be in the dependence of poverty while we are rich. And if there is any objection to the proposal he mentioned, the giving him his true place and his true share would set aside any motive for his accepting it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02193", "bookId": 145, "start": 807572, "end": 807713, "sha256": "b555e9993f13fbd4d19ba7e0536dd3f21204191a85b14644013fc8a502d5e3f1", "text": "“Mr. Ladislaw has probably been speaking to you on this subject?” said Mr. Casaubon, with a certain biting quickness not habitual to him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02194", "bookId": 145, "start": 807715, "end": 808239, "sha256": "2d08bb52f9557f99fbcd9c8e98e468edd4e964d37d6fc390c1f123623912bb20", "text": "“Indeed, no!” said Dorothea, earnestly. “How can you imagine it, since he has so lately declined everything from you? I fear you think too hardly of him, dear. He only told me a little about his parents and grandparents, and almost all in answer to my questions. You are so good, so just—you have done everything you thought to be right. But it seems to me clear that more than that is right; and I must speak about it, since I am the person who would get what is called benefit by that ‘more’ not being done.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02195", "bookId": 145, "start": 808241, "end": 808361, "sha256": "50bc4b44e6849519bde91ed90fce95d6e543fbc835aaccd3ceed5c9af4e72b35", "text": "There was a perceptible pause before Mr. Casaubon replied, not quickly as before, but with a still more biting emphasis.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02196", "bookId": 145, "start": 808363, "end": 809073, "sha256": "9d27ac1fbb253ebd0d76a9e1b1e2903b290f417b4c354baf57569fd1e3f3e752", "text": "“Dorothea, my love, this is not the first occasion, but it were well that it should be the last, on which you have assumed a judgment on subjects beyond your scope. Into the question how far conduct, especially in the matter of alliances, constitutes a forfeiture of family claims, I do not now enter. Suffice it, that you are not here qualified to discriminate. What I now wish you to understand is, that I accept no revision, still less dictation within that range of affairs which I have deliberated upon as distinctly and properly mine. It is not for you to interfere between me and Mr. Ladislaw, and still less to encourage communications from him to you which constitute a criticism on my procedure.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02197", "bookId": 145, "start": 809075, "end": 809747, "sha256": "f613c449e8c6daae7837e9ffb550aa6807078cc7c4595282dfafb38fbc13de82", "text": "Poor Dorothea, shrouded in the darkness, was in a tumult of conflicting emotions. Alarm at the possible effect on himself of her husband’s strongly manifested anger, would have checked any expression of her own resentment, even if she had been quite free from doubt and compunction under the consciousness that there might be some justice in his last insinuation. Hearing him breathe quickly after he had spoken, she sat listening, frightened, wretched—with a dumb inward cry for help to bear this nightmare of a life in which every energy was arrested by dread. But nothing else happened, except that they both remained a long while sleepless, without speaking again.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02198", "bookId": 145, "start": 809749, "end": 809828, "sha256": "08c9c79a27dc7dfbb22092337d1326806bb559df45488df94a15d0bea7b76189", "text": "The next day, Mr. Casaubon received the following answer from Will Ladislaw:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02199", "bookId": 145, "start": 809830, "end": 811314, "sha256": "283d1fd191a9bdde2e9f10650857d103d73b82b779caf3cb1ab75197c37d22df", "text": "“DEAR MR. CASAUBON,—I have given all due consideration to your letter of yesterday, but I am unable to take precisely your view of our mutual position. With the fullest acknowledgment of your generous conduct to me in the past, I must still maintain that an obligation of this kind cannot fairly fetter me as you appear to expect that it should. Granted that a benefactor’s wishes may constitute a claim; there must always be a reservation as to the quality of those wishes. They may possibly clash with more imperative considerations. Or a benefactor’s veto might impose such a negation on a man’s life that the consequent blank might be more cruel than the benefaction was generous. I am merely using strong illustrations. In the present case I am unable to take your view of the bearing which my acceptance of occupation—not enriching certainly, but not dishonorable—will have on your own position which seems to me too substantial to be affected in that shadowy manner. And though I do not believe that any change in our relations will occur (certainly none has yet occurred) which can nullify the obligations imposed on me by the past, pardon me for not seeing that those obligations should restrain me from using the ordinary freedom of living where I choose, and maintaining myself by any lawful occupation I may choose. Regretting that there exists this difference between us as to a relation in which the conferring of benefits has been entirely on your side—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02200", "bookId": 145, "start": 811317, "end": 811378, "sha256": "6cf60224dcc65856afe5a533207421fef0e45d9b035b2647206a5d9a5be32bcc", "text": "I remain, yours with persistent obligation, WILL LADISLAW.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02201", "bookId": 145, "start": 811381, "end": 812607, "sha256": "cd8e61fae354df4cf31bab753c5eed3413677198f646737e460c1e68fc6829ec", "text": "Poor Mr. Casaubon felt (and must not we, being impartial, feel with him a little?) that no man had juster cause for disgust and suspicion than he. Young Ladislaw, he was sure, meant to defy and annoy him, meant to win Dorothea’s confidence and sow her mind with disrespect, and perhaps aversion, towards her husband. Some motive beneath the surface had been needed to account for Will’s sudden change of course in rejecting Mr. Casaubon’s aid and quitting his travels; and this defiant determination to fix himself in the neighborhood by taking up something so much at variance with his former choice as Mr. Brooke’s Middlemarch projects, revealed clearly enough that the undeclared motive had relation to Dorothea. Not for one moment did Mr. Casaubon suspect Dorothea of any doubleness: he had no suspicions of her, but he had (what was little less uncomfortable) the positive knowledge that her tendency to form opinions about her husband’s conduct was accompanied with a disposition to regard Will Ladislaw favorably and be influenced by what he said. His own proud reticence had prevented him from ever being undeceived in the supposition that Dorothea had originally asked her uncle to invite Will to his house.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02202", "bookId": 145, "start": 812609, "end": 812829, "sha256": "464c3aff7ad474b58f2f9995ed3179af784c37e9ee6dd525796e6f212f465ce5", "text": "And now, on receiving Will’s letter, Mr. Casaubon had to consider his duty. He would never have been easy to call his action anything else than duty; but in this case, contending motives thrust him back into negations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02203", "bookId": 145, "start": 812831, "end": 813721, "sha256": "2c6f0ae853db3bb67ae9cfea8f3ee0dfc652d28a6403c6efedddc2b2659b86e9", "text": "Should he apply directly to Mr. Brooke, and demand of that troublesome gentleman to revoke his proposal? Or should he consult Sir James Chettam, and get him to concur in remonstrance against a step which touched the whole family? In either case Mr. Casaubon was aware that failure was just as probable as success. It was impossible for him to mention Dorothea’s name in the matter, and without some alarming urgency Mr. Brooke was as likely as not, after meeting all representations with apparent assent, to wind up by saying, “Never fear, Casaubon! Depend upon it, young Ladislaw will do you credit. Depend upon it, I have put my finger on the right thing.” And Mr. Casaubon shrank nervously from communicating on the subject with Sir James Chettam, between whom and himself there had never been any cordiality, and who would immediately think of Dorothea without any mention of her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02204", "bookId": 145, "start": 813723, "end": 814439, "sha256": "f8c25165afa8ab00ea11713a93402993c2abc45beec24b04830584a93d11c211", "text": "Poor Mr. Casaubon was distrustful of everybody’s feeling towards him, especially as a husband. To let any one suppose that he was jealous would be to admit their (suspected) view of his disadvantages: to let them know that he did not find marriage particularly blissful would imply his conversion to their (probably) earlier disapproval. It would be as bad as letting Carp, and Brasenose generally, know how backward he was in organizing the matter for his “Key to all Mythologies.” All through his life Mr. Casaubon had been trying not to admit even to himself the inward sores of self-doubt and jealousy. And on the most delicate of all personal subjects, the habit of proud suspicious reticence told doubly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02205", "bookId": 145, "start": 814441, "end": 814605, "sha256": "0857132c1c0fe568289abe2ed6770e803152b45a94351df297bdbc99df93a2e1", "text": "Thus Mr. Casaubon remained proudly, bitterly silent. But he had forbidden Will to come to Lowick Manor, and he was mentally preparing other measures of frustration.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02206", "bookId": 145, "start": 814610, "end": 814626, "sha256": "b16955f293f5de62f7b2a6d6f1311025906b4e824a951fa81cd4df6985c6c1f1", "text": "CHAPTER XXXVIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02207", "bookId": 145, "start": 814628, "end": 814747, "sha256": "f4e48fecd44e827d6d9dfecac8371e20630e5faedc1cd56c81e93a63f4c2e084", "text": "“C’est beaucoup que le jugement des hommes sur les actions humaines; tôt ou tard il devient efficace.”—GUIZOT.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02208", "bookId": 145, "start": 814750, "end": 814980, "sha256": "12e9fc77cc49c5113162c7886da771f493df14737fd5b576b89e786383d10a71", "text": "Sir James Chettam could not look with any satisfaction on Mr. Brooke’s new courses; but it was easier to object than to hinder. Sir James accounted for his having come in alone one day to lunch with the Cadwalladers by saying—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02209", "bookId": 145, "start": 814982, "end": 815084, "sha256": "96832bc5a139d9ea42b74bbbc4ec88e416ed9133d850f414da6d1602c37bcbe9", "text": "“I can’t talk to you as I want, before Celia: it might hurt her. Indeed, it would not be right.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02210", "bookId": 145, "start": 815086, "end": 815437, "sha256": "bb650fe6a8170957239a3505715e9f7e7dd26be1b43fad2c211f7064507039e6", "text": "“I know what you mean—the ‘Pioneer’ at the Grange!” darted in Mrs. Cadwallader, almost before the last word was off her friend’s tongue. “It is frightful—this taking to buying whistles and blowing them in everybody’s hearing. Lying in bed all day and playing at dominoes, like poor Lord Plessy, would be more private and bearable.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02211", "bookId": 145, "start": 815439, "end": 815768, "sha256": "58d1d145c8f34c9c24426252941e37054dbe97643ead4c182651cd80c9e5a9ca", "text": "“I see they are beginning to attack our friend Brooke in the ‘Trumpet,’” said the Rector, lounging back and smiling easily, as he would have done if he had been attacked himself. “There are tremendous sarcasms against a landlord not a hundred miles from Middlemarch, who receives his own rents, and makes no returns.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02212", "bookId": 145, "start": 815770, "end": 815866, "sha256": "1affddd9525f465666bae0cf74884272fc0ee2d849d05c913c421a4e58d398c5", "text": "“I do wish Brooke would leave that off,” said Sir James, with his little frown of annoyance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02213", "bookId": 145, "start": 815868, "end": 816246, "sha256": "ccb7067c0b84a703ca5743b3088a3ce94e7950a5da723cbb4f55516d9204de34", "text": "“Is he really going to be put in nomination, though?” said Mr. Cadwallader. “I saw Farebrother yesterday—he’s Whiggish himself, hoists Brougham and Useful Knowledge; that’s the worst I know of him;—and he says that Brooke is getting up a pretty strong party. Bulstrode, the banker, is his foremost man. But he thinks Brooke would come off badly at a nomination.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02214", "bookId": 145, "start": 816248, "end": 816887, "sha256": "0e7cb3058b74179e163be01b57226cc8ea7d534709d36675ad536e39e48cd8e4", "text": "“Exactly,” said Sir James, with earnestness. “I have been inquiring into the thing, for I’ve never known anything about Middlemarch politics before—the county being my business. What Brooke trusts to, is that they are going to turn out Oliver because he is a Peelite. But Hawley tells me that if they send up a Whig at all it is sure to be Bagster, one of those candidates who come from heaven knows where, but dead against Ministers, and an experienced Parliamentary man. Hawley’s rather rough: he forgot that he was speaking to me. He said if Brooke wanted a pelting, he could get it cheaper than by going to the hustings.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02215", "bookId": 145, "start": 816889, "end": 817075, "sha256": "884aafb15fb0a9dcd9fd033ab2a6bf72fec08f02fb395d2c13e006a8193674fa", "text": "“I warned you all of it,” said Mrs. Cadwallader, waving her hands outward. “I said to Humphrey long ago, Mr. Brooke is going to make a splash in the mud. And now he has done it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02216", "bookId": 145, "start": 817077, "end": 817233, "sha256": "37ec8b1b1a513ddf399db77ee183a7e3fe1864d7bec35e0b55306f48db75975d", "text": "“Well, he might have taken it into his head to marry,” said the Rector. “That would have been a graver mess than a little flirtation with politics.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02217", "bookId": 145, "start": 817235, "end": 817361, "sha256": "5aca24997bbda8f11d4f4ba2f17798d7a0b8ccbd2107af14ca53145f0dba862c", "text": "“He may do that afterwards,” said Mrs. Cadwallader—“when he has come out on the other side of the mud with an ague.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02218", "bookId": 145, "start": 817363, "end": 817615, "sha256": "48201abbe1892bc1f66906d4f80825c2e14647e99416c669b96b43c2cf04fdf5", "text": "“What I care for most is his own dignity,” said Sir James. “Of course I care the more because of the family. But he’s getting on in life now, and I don’t like to think of his exposing himself. They will be raking up everything against him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02219", "bookId": 145, "start": 817617, "end": 817800, "sha256": "4a681b76ea1787d2da9a2ee751b4e622815c58b1594b8b2e0441c39f87a1114c", "text": "“I suppose it’s no use trying any persuasion,” said the Rector. “There’s such an odd mixture of obstinacy and changeableness in Brooke. Have you tried him on the subject?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02220", "bookId": 145, "start": 817802, "end": 818181, "sha256": "95c5f820bbc5d7862926ef4047cdff5ac9c330809b2e94fd7909459459ab2bdd", "text": "“Well, no,” said Sir James; “I feel a delicacy in appearing to dictate. But I have been talking to this young Ladislaw that Brooke is making a factotum of. Ladislaw seems clever enough for anything. I thought it as well to hear what he had to say; and he is against Brooke’s standing this time. I think he’ll turn him round: I think the nomination may be staved off.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02221", "bookId": 145, "start": 818183, "end": 818305, "sha256": "f59efa8adf8ad753bb1404e760ddeb8398a6e298ff1496127d01499f6cadc5f2", "text": "“I know,” said Mrs. Cadwallader, nodding. “The independent member hasn’t got his speeches well enough by heart.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02222", "bookId": 145, "start": 818307, "end": 818759, "sha256": "69532458d0279597aef9afadf7649a168840d9b34b20e62bd9308c94d6c2644c", "text": "“But this Ladislaw—there again is a vexatious business,” said Sir James. “We have had him two or three times to dine at the Hall (you have met him, by the bye) as Brooke’s guest and a relation of Casaubon’s, thinking he was only on a flying visit. And now I find he’s in everybody’s mouth in Middlemarch as the editor of the ‘Pioneer.’ There are stories going about him as a quill-driving alien, a foreign emissary, and what not.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02223", "bookId": 145, "start": 818761, "end": 818811, "sha256": "94961494815a8f6f684cb33331678e116e60cb46f282f820b5fca21ad45439fd", "text": "“Casaubon won’t like that,” said the Rector.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02224", "bookId": 145, "start": 818813, "end": 818951, "sha256": "e8d02efc4cf4b74b29087e6760b0478a94e806ca07249ae5c4ac0dc6ebc87425", "text": "“There _is_ some foreign blood in Ladislaw,” returned Sir James. “I hope he won’t go into extreme opinions and carry Brooke on.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02225", "bookId": 145, "start": 818953, "end": 819239, "sha256": "c54c8d34fc9a37ada052fad520cd7719cb07761fe6f42a7f433f3086a76eca5b", "text": "“Oh, he’s a dangerous young sprig, that Mr. Ladislaw,” said Mrs. Cadwallader, “with his opera songs and his ready tongue. A sort of Byronic hero—an amorous conspirator, it strikes me. And Thomas Aquinas is not fond of him. I could see that, the day the picture was brought.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02226", "bookId": 145, "start": 819241, "end": 819726, "sha256": "1c0a5cdc7142b60f9e12f3646a7af162d80b792035ad919a2f3d16417863357a", "text": "“I don’t like to begin on the subject with Casaubon,” said Sir James. “He has more right to interfere than I. But it’s a disagreeable affair all round. What a character for anybody with decent connections to show himself in!—one of those newspaper fellows! You have only to look at Keck, who manages the ‘Trumpet.’ I saw him the other day with Hawley. His writing is sound enough, I believe, but he’s such a low fellow, that I wished he had been on the wrong side.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02227", "bookId": 145, "start": 819728, "end": 819984, "sha256": "0e99dab01660e9f5cff340843d3afbf10cb866e504b49dd401bd313076e99707", "text": "“What can you expect with these peddling Middlemarch papers?” said the Rector. “I don’t suppose you could get a high style of man anywhere to be writing up interests he doesn’t really care about, and for pay that hardly keeps him in at elbows.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02228", "bookId": 145, "start": 819986, "end": 820195, "sha256": "6dfc60c363c58f0f7b5e43909d539868de22145b5470dcbcb901d8199fda359a", "text": "“Exactly: that makes it so annoying that Brooke should have put a man who has a sort of connection with the family in a position of that kind. For my part, I think Ladislaw is rather a fool for accepting.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02229", "bookId": 145, "start": 820197, "end": 820393, "sha256": "7b280116fc2868b6fea8ca6d8e6e48cdfa7173a2b92f3132e6da0c32350e6fdf", "text": "“It is Aquinas’s fault,” said Mrs. Cadwallader. “Why didn’t he use his interest to get Ladislaw made an _attache_ or sent to India? That is how families get rid of troublesome sprigs.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02230", "bookId": 145, "start": 820395, "end": 820535, "sha256": "6c639e8a07b04fb806146580f35e02ded2d40a4698385ef4f1f29949873866f1", "text": "“There is no knowing to what lengths the mischief may go,” said Sir James, anxiously. “But if Casaubon says nothing, what can I do?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02231", "bookId": 145, "start": 820537, "end": 820863, "sha256": "69a8c3c41ab46f50589a947a8fe7390f287fbb3c3bd52f05afeb0d675449cff3", "text": "“Oh my dear Sir James,” said the Rector, “don’t let us make too much of all this. It is likely enough to end in mere smoke. After a month or two Brooke and this Master Ladislaw will get tired of each other; Ladislaw will take wing; Brooke will sell the ‘Pioneer,’ and everything will settle down again as usual.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02232", "bookId": 145, "start": 820865, "end": 821258, "sha256": "8bca5f68921d7291bee1e4e2c344f509f956bf9f1a6315eb1645c03e14cb8970", "text": "“There is one good chance—that he will not like to feel his money oozing away,” said Mrs. Cadwallader. “If I knew the items of election expenses I could scare him. It’s no use plying him with wide words like Expenditure: I wouldn’t talk of phlebotomy, I would empty a pot of leeches upon him. What we good stingy people don’t like, is having our sixpences sucked away from us.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02233", "bookId": 145, "start": 821260, "end": 821601, "sha256": "03506d13cb06f5de5c65b07e17539421f2ee052878ae82bc9e4e1367d8cd634b", "text": "“And he will not like having things raked up against him,” said Sir James. “There is the management of his estate. They have begun upon that already. And it really is painful for me to see. It is a nuisance under one’s very nose. I do think one is bound to do the best for one’s land and tenants, especially in these hard times.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02234", "bookId": 145, "start": 821603, "end": 821869, "sha256": "12d01d4102a91f74a6d88edcde689bd226473188177a3081fcb7ee6d562e3b72", "text": "“Perhaps the ‘Trumpet’ may rouse him to make a change, and some good may come of it all,” said the Rector. “I know I should be glad. I should hear less grumbling when my tithe is paid. I don’t know what I should do if there were not a modus in Tipton.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02235", "bookId": 145, "start": 821871, "end": 822295, "sha256": "5479dbc73ae3faffc1d680dc7dde5419989b84eed79129970ee0cb33b8af8732", "text": "“I want him to have a proper man to look after things—I want him to take on Garth again,” said Sir James. “He got rid of Garth twelve years ago, and everything has been going wrong since. I think of getting Garth to manage for me—he has made such a capital plan for my buildings; and Lovegood is hardly up to the mark. But Garth would not undertake the Tipton estate again unless Brooke left it entirely to him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02236", "bookId": 145, "start": 822297, "end": 822819, "sha256": "a12b4caf0e0ebace2bccecc515c7d99db8d082da19cb61c164c095d901df409e", "text": "“In the right of it too,” said the Rector. “Garth is an independent fellow: an original, simple-minded fellow. One day, when he was doing some valuation for me, he told me point-blank that clergymen seldom understood anything about business, and did mischief when they meddled; but he said it as quietly and respectfully as if he had been talking to me about sailors. He would make a different parish of Tipton, if Brooke would let him manage. I wish, by the help of the ‘Trumpet,’ you could bring that round.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02237", "bookId": 145, "start": 822821, "end": 823370, "sha256": "5e1c14679aa37508892cc069ac3b51fa29ca1ab274dcd14e328caa10c43ed83f", "text": "“If Dorothea had kept near her uncle, there would have been some chance,” said Sir James. “She might have got some power over him in time, and she was always uneasy about the estate. She had wonderfully good notions about such things. But now Casaubon takes her up entirely. Celia complains a good deal. We can hardly get her to dine with us, since he had that fit.” Sir James ended with a look of pitying disgust, and Mrs. Cadwallader shrugged her shoulders as much as to say that _she_ was not likely to see anything new in that direction.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02238", "bookId": 145, "start": 823372, "end": 823507, "sha256": "b5a023a2713be24a606882da324447d3a9f40b3fbe55c0327061a17a759e1996", "text": "“Poor Casaubon!” the Rector said. “That was a nasty attack. I thought he looked shattered the other day at the Archdeacon’s.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02239", "bookId": 145, "start": 823509, "end": 823714, "sha256": "b0de5df004eb961f336dd94b56eae2324865d404239d6adaf2da5dc61055342f", "text": "“In point of fact,” resumed Sir James, not choosing to dwell on “fits,” “Brooke doesn’t mean badly by his tenants or any one else, but he has got that way of paring and clipping at expenses.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02240", "bookId": 145, "start": 823716, "end": 823889, "sha256": "75a5b0787da8bb45dd39cda3238decc4184bbbb7f0221dc40ac9982fea1c082e", "text": "“Come, that’s a blessing,” said Mrs. Cadwallader. “That helps him to find himself in a morning. He may not know his own opinions, but he does know his own pocket.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02241", "bookId": 145, "start": 823891, "end": 823976, "sha256": "fa00c559413fe7f53146850e14254bbcc35346844e34d0ae5460d6d8c2b8b9eb", "text": "“I don’t believe a man is in pocket by stinginess on his land,” said Sir James.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02242", "bookId": 145, "start": 823978, "end": 824206, "sha256": "48ebfb9bc9fafc0769881767cee57a2184e59df4c08504f7d4ed5c490fc5c6c3", "text": "“Oh, stinginess may be abused like other virtues: it will not do to keep one’s own pigs lean,” said Mrs. Cadwallader, who had risen to look out of the window. “But talk of an independent politician and he will appear.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02243", "bookId": 145, "start": 824208, "end": 824245, "sha256": "68ca2b488e65a14cbf415e937ab10a27193b13f4d9e864cd11ac5d1edc17be05", "text": "“What! Brooke?” said her husband.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02244", "bookId": 145, "start": 824247, "end": 824372, "sha256": "a83a9d9df7b218f4ca52aa9e8d18882fc34b75615bac25c2d1b737464bcd8f5b", "text": "“Yes. Now, you ply him with the ‘Trumpet,’ Humphrey; and I will put the leeches on him. What will you do, Sir James?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02245", "bookId": 145, "start": 824374, "end": 824647, "sha256": "bb45eac786dd3cf259755771e731e91177b4eb361f66d062c3af2fae728ef0a0", "text": "“The fact is, I don’t like to begin about it with Brooke, in our mutual position; the whole thing is so unpleasant. I do wish people would behave like gentlemen,” said the good baronet, feeling that this was a simple and comprehensive programme for social well-being.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02246", "bookId": 145, "start": 824649, "end": 825085, "sha256": "e62675994eca425783802c8baef227f3371e61cbd964a6bca9a99080bff91033", "text": "“Here you all are, eh?” said Mr. Brooke, shuffling round and shaking hands. “I was going up to the Hall by-and-by, Chettam. But it’s pleasant to find everybody, you know. Well, what do you think of things?—going on a little fast! It was true enough, what Lafitte said—‘Since yesterday, a century has passed away:’—they’re in the next century, you know, on the other side of the water. Going on faster than we are.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02247", "bookId": 145, "start": 825087, "end": 825222, "sha256": "b7668d56deffe52e73f4961a20be5c8b61d30213de8df0c779b6f155dd44bc86", "text": "“Why, yes,” said the Rector, taking up the newspaper. “Here is the ‘Trumpet’ accusing you of lagging behind—did you see?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02248", "bookId": 145, "start": 825224, "end": 825408, "sha256": "3bfbcbf3c586883a6a61a3b01f5c73db512c707856171d395033b018630c95a1", "text": "“Eh? no,” said Mr. Brooke, dropping his gloves into his hat and hastily adjusting his eye-glass. But Mr. Cadwallader kept the paper in his hand, saying, with a smile in his eyes—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02249", "bookId": 145, "start": 825410, "end": 825644, "sha256": "5fdea6057b1a1404f08949c01290e21dc38115024c79f904e8dc207ebe150c20", "text": "“Look here! all this is about a landlord not a hundred miles from Middlemarch, who receives his own rents. They say he is the most retrogressive man in the county. I think you must have taught them that word in the ‘Pioneer.’”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02250", "bookId": 145, "start": 825646, "end": 825926, "sha256": "57d7fc344f97d5bc749a75b74f2b2d0a4049220504a101995ad144410a521325", "text": "“Oh, that is Keck—an illiterate fellow, you know. Retrogressive, now! Come, that’s capital. He thinks it means destructive: they want to make me out a destructive, you know,” said Mr. Brooke, with that cheerfulness which is usually sustained by an adversary’s ignorance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02251", "bookId": 145, "start": 825928, "end": 827308, "sha256": "ed95f6f9cd3b3f34f94692cf389d8b5285af9ab4f524f56fce2ffe4a46641457", "text": "“I think he knows the meaning of the word. Here is a sharp stroke or two. _If we had to describe a man who is retrogressive in the most evil sense of the word—we should say, he is one who would dub himself a reformer of our constitution, while every interest for which he is immediately responsible is going to decay: a philanthropist who cannot bear one rogue to be hanged, but does not mind five honest tenants being half-starved: a man who shrieks at corruption, and keeps his farms at rack-rent: who roars himself red at rotten boroughs, and does not mind if every field on his farms has a rotten gate: a man very open-hearted to Leeds and Manchester, no doubt; he would give any number of representatives who will pay for their seats out of their own pockets: what he objects to giving, is a little return on rent-days to help a tenant to buy stock, or an outlay on repairs to keep the weather out at a tenant’s barn-door or make his house look a little less like an Irish cottier’s. But we all know the wag’s definition of a philanthropist: a man whose charity increases directly as the square of the distance._ And so on. All the rest is to show what sort of legislator a philanthropist is likely to make,” ended the Rector, throwing down the paper, and clasping his hands at the back of his head, while he looked at Mr. Brooke with an air of amused neutrality.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02252", "bookId": 145, "start": 827310, "end": 827867, "sha256": "25b4bb6e4adba521bc830c5fc917d6ba29ba799902decc74f29c420f05d59301", "text": "“Come, that’s rather good, you know,” said Mr. Brooke, taking up the paper and trying to bear the attack as easily as his neighbor did, but coloring and smiling rather nervously; “that about roaring himself red at rotten boroughs—I never made a speech about rotten boroughs in my life. And as to roaring myself red and that kind of thing—these men never understand what is good satire. Satire, you know, should be true up to a certain point. I recollect they said that in ‘The Edinburgh’ somewhere—it must be true up to a certain point.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02253", "bookId": 145, "start": 827869, "end": 828175, "sha256": "422a21363b441d36ef908a81096047661c289f7408f3179fb0e99a3ccc8c8317", "text": "“Well, that is really a hit about the gates,” said Sir James, anxious to tread carefully. “Dagley complained to me the other day that he hadn’t got a decent gate on his farm. Garth has invented a new pattern of gate—I wish you would try it. One ought to use some of one’s timber in that way.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02254", "bookId": 145, "start": 828177, "end": 828367, "sha256": "bc324703b4e8accc653a004712d0fd962f765b213627dec43a94995b7a3b9254", "text": "“You go in for fancy farming, you know, Chettam,” said Mr. Brooke, appearing to glance over the columns of the “Trumpet.” “That’s your hobby, and you don’t mind the expense.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02255", "bookId": 145, "start": 828369, "end": 828673, "sha256": "8b02b9d1629ee6661ed8e84bb22d1b44f23802d7b6526af5d4ed4b895a7d8e68", "text": "“I thought the most expensive hobby in the world was standing for Parliament,” said Mrs. Cadwallader. “They said the last unsuccessful candidate at Middlemarch—Giles, wasn’t his name?—spent ten thousand pounds and failed because he did not bribe enough. What a bitter reflection for a man!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02256", "bookId": 145, "start": 828675, "end": 828795, "sha256": "273d5da2986274ef9e177d07c01b7e2026ee91feae43b37f54a8169e43f952bb", "text": "“Somebody was saying,” said the Rector, laughingly, “that East Retford was nothing to Middlemarch, for bribery.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02257", "bookId": 145, "start": 828797, "end": 829262, "sha256": "301d6bc73fd6490ecf579273d52d8b14d2e6ad73e215031a91d993e4526475a6", "text": "“Nothing of the kind,” said Mr. Brooke. “The Tories bribe, you know: Hawley and his set bribe with treating, hot codlings, and that sort of thing; and they bring the voters drunk to the poll. But they are not going to have it their own way in future—not in future, you know. Middlemarch is a little backward, I admit—the freemen are a little backward. But we shall educate them—we shall bring them on, you know. The best people there are on our side.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02258", "bookId": 145, "start": 829264, "end": 829402, "sha256": "178fd869e6ecd0bc4b3a45fd137722fd7964a5edd91ab3ae65e3b5411cd2206c", "text": "“Hawley says you have men on your side who will do you harm,” remarked Sir James. “He says Bulstrode the banker will do you harm.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02259", "bookId": 145, "start": 829404, "end": 829713, "sha256": "5184aab328dbfb92a27a40c2079a13db80a1387645c6a0f4761365a42bda47e1", "text": "“And that if you got pelted,” interposed Mrs. Cadwallader, “half the rotten eggs would mean hatred of your committee-man. Good heavens! Think what it must be to be pelted for wrong opinions. And I seem to remember a story of a man they pretended to chair and let him fall into a dust-heap on purpose!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02260", "bookId": 145, "start": 829715, "end": 830049, "sha256": "6e7f93dc4469287dbfd1e365a870811356f44e0e7ced43b4a0e78be263aab2c2", "text": "“Pelting is nothing to their finding holes in one’s coat,” said the Rector. “I confess that’s what I should be afraid of, if we parsons had to stand at the hustings for preferment. I should be afraid of their reckoning up all my fishing days. Upon my word, I think the truth is the hardest missile one can be pelted with.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02261", "bookId": 145, "start": 830051, "end": 830208, "sha256": "99e6d5b8dfbba86b766ae9ccc225485e0e721951960d58585b995a47d9a6512f", "text": "“The fact is,” said Sir James, “if a man goes into public life he must be prepared for the consequences. He must make himself proof against calumny.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02262", "bookId": 145, "start": 830210, "end": 830557, "sha256": "fd278038d8cdc2fb178b91b040e5cd4b0473b930d4796c476aafc7883080da95", "text": "“My dear Chettam, that is all very fine, you know,” said Mr. Brooke. “But how will you make yourself proof against calumny? You should read history—look at ostracism, persecution, martyrdom, and that kind of thing. They always happen to the best men, you know. But what is that in Horace?—_fiat justitia, ruat_ … something or other.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02263", "bookId": 145, "start": 830559, "end": 830729, "sha256": "4f9a9a4f108c5ef839101fb8d316424d90ed317eee407e47181462f92b4ae387", "text": "“Exactly,” said Sir James, with a little more heat than usual. “What I mean by being proof against calumny is being able to point to the fact as a contradiction.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02264", "bookId": 145, "start": 830731, "end": 830832, "sha256": "0940dc1b1819873aca9920c396345de7dd57284ea64a1a97767eed3f38f6cbb9", "text": "“And it is not martyrdom to pay bills that one has run into one’s self,” said Mrs. Cadwallader.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02265", "bookId": 145, "start": 830834, "end": 831190, "sha256": "0548029f487e5b181b560ca3a5d3f54e87c736ba4d211458cb519a20e768020b", "text": "But it was Sir James’s evident annoyance that most stirred Mr. Brooke. “Well, you know, Chettam,” he said, rising, taking up his hat and leaning on his stick, “you and I have a different system. You are all for outlay with your farms. I don’t want to make out that my system is good under all circumstances—under all circumstances, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02266", "bookId": 145, "start": 831192, "end": 831372, "sha256": "e6ba8303d08bdfc72120eb9f3c4cce714894ea843f0d46fd9d8a39ab785f375e", "text": "“There ought to be a new valuation made from time to time,” said Sir James. “Returns are very well occasionally, but I like a fair valuation. What do you say, Cadwallader?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02267", "bookId": 145, "start": 831374, "end": 831720, "sha256": "814769665257316f293e525ad727c85ca4c5d2725c279a9ee2c02cf4e5566b25", "text": "“I agree with you. If I were Brooke, I would choke the ‘Trumpet’ at once by getting Garth to make a new valuation of the farms, and giving him _carte blanche_ about gates and repairs: that’s my view of the political situation,” said the Rector, broadening himself by sticking his thumbs in his armholes, and laughing towards Mr. Brooke.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02268", "bookId": 145, "start": 831722, "end": 832221, "sha256": "db757184e46f74da8c45f6c2632f2b93d5f6a12131d5db487169be5074d9b0f4", "text": "“That’s a showy sort of thing to do, you know,” said Mr. Brooke. “But I should like you to tell me of another landlord who has distressed his tenants for arrears as little as I have. I let the old tenants stay on. I’m uncommonly easy, let me tell you, uncommonly easy. I have my own ideas, and I take my stand on them, you know. A man who does that is always charged with eccentricity, inconsistency, and that kind of thing. When I change my line of action, I shall follow my own ideas.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02269", "bookId": 145, "start": 832223, "end": 832371, "sha256": "5f1f84e57352a748dfd26ccd6e17adef856559d76d25bae3939565e16d4b6dfe", "text": "After that, Mr. Brooke remembered that there was a packet which he had omitted to send off from the Grange, and he bade everybody hurriedly good-by.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02270", "bookId": 145, "start": 832373, "end": 832584, "sha256": "0da0afb8a9213a42d1778270c880a940d7cc22c44bfa81d5cea24c0e32f91936", "text": "“I didn’t want to take a liberty with Brooke,” said Sir James; “I see he is nettled. But as to what he says about old tenants, in point of fact no new tenant would take the farms on the present terms.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02271", "bookId": 145, "start": 832586, "end": 833112, "sha256": "e5dab4086f6a6dc197717433a89b27df8d651335ba2beacabccbbdd4f20aea61", "text": "“I have a notion that he will be brought round in time,” said the Rector. “But you were pulling one way, Elinor, and we were pulling another. You wanted to frighten him away from expense, and we want to frighten him into it. Better let him try to be popular and see that his character as a landlord stands in his way. I don’t think it signifies two straws about the ‘Pioneer,’ or Ladislaw, or Brooke’s speechifying to the Middlemarchers. But it does signify about the parishioners in Tipton being comfortable.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02272", "bookId": 145, "start": 833114, "end": 833454, "sha256": "43b361504164f620141e6845145a5c04c50d55453b01107ca96697f14a3edf8b", "text": "“Excuse me, it is you two who are on the wrong tack,” said Mrs. Cadwallader. “You should have proved to him that he loses money by bad management, and then we should all have pulled together. If you put him a-horseback on politics, I warn you of the consequences. It was all very well to ride on sticks at home and call them ideas.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02273", "bookId": 145, "start": 833459, "end": 833473, "sha256": "95d1afb1a2294d77bcf4bd2a5509ccb539d8aa3e7e3bc72c8cc39d224a9c5bba", "text": "CHAPTER XXXIX.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02274", "bookId": 145, "start": 833475, "end": 833606, "sha256": "fba96ba13877d878905226e392bf8fb8db85aa21340e50246a818928f09f7f09", "text": "“If, as I have, you also doe, Vertue attired in woman see, And dare love that, and say so too, And forget the He and She;", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02275", "bookId": 145, "start": 833608, "end": 833740, "sha256": "80275187755b571d618494978ee833527a21af0bc4587578fe886f909d0983e4", "text": "And if this love, though placed so, From prophane men you hide, Which will no faith on this bestow, Or, if they doe, deride:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02276", "bookId": 145, "start": 833742, "end": 833888, "sha256": "4177d32c2531e5e866e94e0482475b335f992a09ee9e8dadc0dc0e3f0078d738", "text": "Then you have done a braver thing Than all the Worthies did, And a braver thence will spring, Which is, to keep that hid.” —DR. DONNE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02277", "bookId": 145, "start": 833891, "end": 834370, "sha256": "8ac9c85ea579e65e5852b8a0a388051124a5cf0bda7b777adcb51c5d1ac00e30", "text": "Sir James Chettam’s mind was not fruitful in devices, but his growing anxiety to “act on Brooke,” once brought close to his constant belief in Dorothea’s capacity for influence, became formative, and issued in a little plan; namely, to plead Celia’s indisposition as a reason for fetching Dorothea by herself to the Hall, and to leave her at the Grange with the carriage on the way, after making her fully aware of the situation concerning the management of the estate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02278", "bookId": 145, "start": 834372, "end": 834535, "sha256": "2174442f8d80cd2c2cb1b4fa6c31b440b08abdbb3fefe3fadf1bb2a509ee5214", "text": "In this way it happened that one day near four o’clock, when Mr. Brooke and Ladislaw were seated in the library, the door opened and Mrs. Casaubon was announced.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02279", "bookId": 145, "start": 834537, "end": 836026, "sha256": "f9e8ec1283024ef3bea44a82deab8c0c0a0de307812985e53c794e834b08df4e", "text": "Will, the moment before, had been low in the depths of boredom, and, obliged to help Mr. Brooke in arranging “documents” about hanging sheep-stealers, was exemplifying the power our minds have of riding several horses at once by inwardly arranging measures towards getting a lodging for himself in Middlemarch and cutting short his constant residence at the Grange; while there flitted through all these steadier images a tickling vision of a sheep-stealing epic written with Homeric particularity. When Mrs. Casaubon was announced he started up as from an electric shock, and felt a tingling at his finger-ends. Any one observing him would have seen a change in his complexion, in the adjustment of his facial muscles, in the vividness of his glance, which might have made them imagine that every molecule in his body had passed the message of a magic touch. And so it had. For effective magic is transcendent nature; and who shall measure the subtlety of those touches which convey the quality of soul as well as body, and make a man’s passion for one woman differ from his passion for another as joy in the morning light over valley and river and white mountain-top differs from joy among Chinese lanterns and glass panels? Will, too, was made of very impressible stuff. The bow of a violin drawn near him cleverly, would at one stroke change the aspect of the world for him, and his point of view shifted as easily as his mood. Dorothea’s entrance was the freshness of morning.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02280", "bookId": 145, "start": 836028, "end": 836249, "sha256": "b9363bc6deb784ba6942d7a54d10fff039ad626b98ec9c8086e5074074046caf", "text": "“Well, my dear, this is pleasant, now,” said Mr. Brooke, meeting and kissing her. “You have left Casaubon with his books, I suppose. That’s right. We must not have you getting too learned for a woman, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02281", "bookId": 145, "start": 836251, "end": 836599, "sha256": "1ae92ae86d2fb35df7d23a802de5757c6b029af5d3bfb50325493ef28d03021a", "text": "“There is no fear of that, uncle,” said Dorothea, turning to Will and shaking hands with open cheerfulness, while she made no other form of greeting, but went on answering her uncle. “I am very slow. When I want to be busy with books, I am often playing truant among my thoughts. I find it is not so easy to be learned as to plan cottages.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02282", "bookId": 145, "start": 836601, "end": 836839, "sha256": "cb48944fe07ab21cb9126c85cc11550801cbf1449e6ad54e192ff0faf597ce4c", "text": "She seated herself beside her uncle opposite to Will, and was evidently preoccupied with something that made her almost unmindful of him. He was ridiculously disappointed, as if he had imagined that her coming had anything to do with him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02283", "bookId": 145, "start": 836841, "end": 837299, "sha256": "c81b9e9b16febbc2139fa9780eb13efa4dacbdeb1256718f4154f742c9d7bc05", "text": "“Why, yes, my dear, it was quite your hobby to draw plans. But it was good to break that off a little. Hobbies are apt to run away with us, you know; it doesn’t do to be run away with. We must keep the reins. I have never let myself be run away with; I always pulled up. That is what I tell Ladislaw. He and I are alike, you know: he likes to go into everything. We are working at capital punishment. We shall do a great deal together, Ladislaw and I.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02284", "bookId": 145, "start": 837301, "end": 837962, "sha256": "f676f8a5513fff7f299a399461c7ddaabd5eb6e2f4340ef94574211ce6f1e366", "text": "“Yes,” said Dorothea, with characteristic directness, “Sir James has been telling me that he is in hope of seeing a great change made soon in your management of the estate—that you are thinking of having the farms valued, and repairs made, and the cottages improved, so that Tipton may look quite another place. Oh, how happy!”—she went on, clasping her hands, with a return to that more childlike impetuous manner, which had been subdued since her marriage. “If I were at home still, I should take to riding again, that I might go about with you and see all that! And you are going to engage Mr. Garth, who praised my cottages, Sir James says.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02285", "bookId": 145, "start": 837964, "end": 838165, "sha256": "c895e978abf63d554b24d34c78c3210a7bc2c76ad684c8dab754fce41ddbd7f8", "text": "“Chettam is a little hasty, my dear,” said Mr. Brooke, coloring slightly; “a little hasty, you know. I never said I should do anything of the kind. I never said I should _not_ do it, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02286", "bookId": 145, "start": 838167, "end": 839327, "sha256": "85069d9bdf199c432cc74a60509252b757df086b87e6802174bd2a7448045ee2", "text": "“He only feels confident that you will do it,” said Dorothea, in a voice as clear and unhesitating as that of a young chorister chanting a credo, “because you mean to enter Parliament as a member who cares for the improvement of the people, and one of the first things to be made better is the state of the land and the laborers. Think of Kit Downes, uncle, who lives with his wife and seven children in a house with one sitting room and one bedroom hardly larger than this table!—and those poor Dagleys, in their tumble-down farmhouse, where they live in the back kitchen and leave the other rooms to the rats! That is one reason why I did not like the pictures here, dear uncle—which you think me stupid about. I used to come from the village with all that dirt and coarse ugliness like a pain within me, and the simpering pictures in the drawing-room seemed to me like a wicked attempt to find delight in what is false, while we don’t mind how hard the truth is for the neighbors outside our walls. I think we have no right to come forward and urge wider changes for good, until we have tried to alter the evils which lie under our own hands.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02287", "bookId": 145, "start": 839329, "end": 840238, "sha256": "9d511520edca94324b1e0252997eaad83e1c44c84d81f3e66d63ab460d0d2af9", "text": "Dorothea had gathered emotion as she went on, and had forgotten everything except the relief of pouring forth her feelings, unchecked: an experience once habitual with her, but hardly ever present since her marriage, which had been a perpetual struggle of energy with fear. For the moment, Will’s admiration was accompanied with a chilling sense of remoteness. A man is seldom ashamed of feeling that he cannot love a woman so well when he sees a certain greatness in her: nature having intended greatness for men. But nature has sometimes made sad oversights in carrying out her intention; as in the case of good Mr. Brooke, whose masculine consciousness was at this moment in rather a stammering condition under the eloquence of his niece. He could not immediately find any other mode of expressing himself than that of rising, fixing his eye-glass, and fingering the papers before him. At last he said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02288", "bookId": 145, "start": 840240, "end": 840626, "sha256": "8b538b667eb4de140e54057fb432be579c491b437df5e398e3ce01983980bf07", "text": "“There is something in what you say, my dear, something in what you say—but not everything—eh, Ladislaw? You and I don’t like our pictures and statues being found fault with. Young ladies are a little ardent, you know—a little one-sided, my dear. Fine art, poetry, that kind of thing, elevates a nation—_emollit mores_—you understand a little Latin now. But—eh? what?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02289", "bookId": 145, "start": 840628, "end": 840790, "sha256": "520afb4c3df1ea0df8f31a12fba9a89e18457ee2c1667a69b8b61140d88515d7", "text": "These interrogatives were addressed to the footman who had come in to say that the keeper had found one of Dagley’s boys with a leveret in his hand just killed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02290", "bookId": 145, "start": 840792, "end": 840928, "sha256": "1e7d24661ebd89c0d5db5fc6fab652bd80e46a2361bd8b27af835f6baa29eb34", "text": "“I’ll come, I’ll come. I shall let him off easily, you know,” said Mr. Brooke aside to Dorothea, shuffling away very cheerfully.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02291", "bookId": 145, "start": 840930, "end": 841066, "sha256": "07259907d69768a98a96e0e93c9d562d6d3df94a36c03fedf15486ae5bcec6bf", "text": "“I hope you feel how right this change is that I—that Sir James wishes for,” said Dorothea to Will, as soon as her uncle was gone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02292", "bookId": 145, "start": 841068, "end": 841386, "sha256": "02806c0a089a368d7ba4cd08992ed87199b298c38cc80a18bcfbe4d649ac5457", "text": "“I do, now I have heard you speak about it. I shall not forget what you have said. But can you think of something else at this moment? I may not have another opportunity of speaking to you about what has occurred,” said Will, rising with a movement of impatience, and holding the back of his chair with both hands.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02293", "bookId": 145, "start": 841388, "end": 841827, "sha256": "c7248ad3f5be7b5a361eb3fa99efcc046b6a0f501f320b4594a6da022864ddff", "text": "“Pray tell me what it is,” said Dorothea, anxiously, also rising and going to the open window, where Monk was looking in, panting and wagging his tail. She leaned her back against the window-frame, and laid her hand on the dog’s head; for though, as we know, she was not fond of pets that must be held in the hands or trodden on, she was always attentive to the feelings of dogs, and very polite if she had to decline their advances.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02294", "bookId": 145, "start": 841829, "end": 841955, "sha256": "01d9be1fdfb11ecf4241987ff19ac1b510c9f0191b7c39f1609afcc210cc97a7", "text": "Will followed her only with his eyes and said, “I presume you know that Mr. Casaubon has forbidden me to go to his house.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02295", "bookId": 145, "start": 841957, "end": 842988, "sha256": "c2048c9c55891a4565ef32679afe54be8c9bbdc9957d1871c774ceed9acc5251", "text": "“No, I did not,” said Dorothea, after a moment’s pause. She was evidently much moved. “I am very, very sorry,” she added, mournfully. She was thinking of what Will had no knowledge of—the conversation between her and her husband in the darkness; and she was anew smitten with hopelessness that she could influence Mr. Casaubon’s action. But the marked expression of her sorrow convinced Will that it was not all given to him personally, and that Dorothea had not been visited by the idea that Mr. Casaubon’s dislike and jealousy of him turned upon herself. He felt an odd mixture of delight and vexation: of delight that he could dwell and be cherished in her thought as in a pure home, without suspicion and without stint—of vexation because he was of too little account with her, was not formidable enough, was treated with an unhesitating benevolence which did not flatter him. But his dread of any change in Dorothea was stronger than his discontent, and he began to speak again in a tone of mere explanation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02296", "bookId": 145, "start": 842990, "end": 843579, "sha256": "38ea3f9c8f0c7dbce5733798331e1136aa6a7afb6817ce0bee30ccee3f3281e1", "text": "“Mr. Casaubon’s reason is, his displeasure at my taking a position here which he considers unsuited to my rank as his cousin. I have told him that I cannot give way on this point. It is a little too hard on me to expect that my course in life is to be hampered by prejudices which I think ridiculous. Obligation may be stretched till it is no better than a brand of slavery stamped on us when we were too young to know its meaning. I would not have accepted the position if I had not meant to make it useful and honorable. I am not bound to regard family dignity in any other light.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02297", "bookId": 145, "start": 843581, "end": 843694, "sha256": "a42bee3ba584420622dc14e17f9f36239a7ee34da8110443b73a9c963ab06c94", "text": "Dorothea felt wretched. She thought her husband altogether in the wrong, on more grounds than Will had mentioned.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02298", "bookId": 145, "start": 843696, "end": 843932, "sha256": "8c2bb08edafd55f68e6b0e94f5f3c0902201f6454f95668f2928ecdf619673ee", "text": "“It is better for us not to speak on the subject,” she said, with a tremulousness not common in her voice, “since you and Mr. Casaubon disagree. You intend to remain?” She was looking out on the lawn, with melancholy meditation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02299", "bookId": 145, "start": 843934, "end": 844030, "sha256": "f6f85add159e09e0592ffc413faa7d6ce15dc87dddf04adc4456be0333120ea0", "text": "“Yes; but I shall hardly ever see you now,” said Will, in a tone of almost boyish complaint.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02300", "bookId": 145, "start": 844032, "end": 844178, "sha256": "4f78d943aab12b58adc04fa81a2f0b35232872fd9a419808c812ea9cfe74c6d3", "text": "“No,” said Dorothea, turning her eyes full upon him, “hardly ever. But I shall hear of you. I shall know what you are doing for my uncle.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02301", "bookId": 145, "start": 844180, "end": 844272, "sha256": "0feca802d7b0ccc175c65153543f256e6527c445d40b896e9def4b64cabc96a8", "text": "“I shall know hardly anything about you,” said Will. “No one will tell me anything.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02302", "bookId": 145, "start": 844274, "end": 844426, "sha256": "f58d9bea80feb0c48a818273531d253f1243223e36de1e86cbbbb201d0f64067", "text": "“Oh, my life is very simple,” said Dorothea, her lips curling with an exquisite smile, which irradiated her melancholy. “I am always at Lowick.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02303", "bookId": 145, "start": 844428, "end": 844490, "sha256": "7c474340988e49666222c2825da4792877027b5f6f42061536cfb1fc95d094bd", "text": "“That is a dreadful imprisonment,” said Will, impetuously.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02304", "bookId": 145, "start": 844492, "end": 844562, "sha256": "d34bab961e85f21221163c4ea6819586f96fb3f534a9bee00ee0bd74581a1da0", "text": "“No, don’t think that,” said Dorothea. “I have no longings.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02305", "bookId": 145, "start": 844564, "end": 844808, "sha256": "899b3edcb10440f3c74b5bc239cdfc12b87865e6fa12268959951764d6e9d0ac", "text": "He did not speak, but she replied to some change in his expression. “I mean, for myself. Except that I should like not to have so much more than my share without doing anything for others. But I have a belief of my own, and it comforts me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02306", "bookId": 145, "start": 844810, "end": 844870, "sha256": "fc87948d364c3f14d9fc6ab400184e0fbe2ab2161a27af869c7c33686462602c", "text": "“What is that?” said Will, rather jealous of the belief.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02307", "bookId": 145, "start": 844872, "end": 845114, "sha256": "085ef88d67f5132c110d1cc75da41b3050006b00138ac19b48924a7e33740621", "text": "“That by desiring what is perfectly good, even when we don’t quite know what it is and cannot do what we would, we are part of the divine power against evil—widening the skirts of light and making the struggle with darkness narrower.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02308", "bookId": 145, "start": 845116, "end": 845164, "sha256": "aab28a9312d2bbef996b20ad766edc517a552d5ebe39479324a66376cc37233b", "text": "“That is a beautiful mysticism—it is a—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02309", "bookId": 145, "start": 845166, "end": 845692, "sha256": "172e07b39ecde5a2501909e387e0c12927f0b9a47d0830d84f737aa3b0c11dfc", "text": "“Please not to call it by any name,” said Dorothea, putting out her hands entreatingly. “You will say it is Persian, or something else geographical. It is my life. I have found it out, and cannot part with it. I have always been finding out my religion since I was a little girl. I used to pray so much—now I hardly ever pray. I try not to have desires merely for myself, because they may not be good for others, and I have too much already. I only told you, that you might know quite well how my days go at Lowick.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02310", "bookId": 145, "start": 845694, "end": 845880, "sha256": "48c7101c276532c145e2fe90d9de9854c9954c3e6cbc7123a33386ba30e4bc4a", "text": "“God bless you for telling me!” said Will, ardently, and rather wondering at himself. They were looking at each other like two fond children who were talking confidentially of birds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02311", "bookId": 145, "start": 845882, "end": 846012, "sha256": "b4a26a661ee6db1f495abbd97e3a81b7f95eb678c94182f8e71cbf6f237a37df", "text": "“What is _your_ religion?” said Dorothea. “I mean—not what you know about religion, but the belief that helps you most?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02312", "bookId": 145, "start": 846014, "end": 846171, "sha256": "24404169dfada8001fc0e411b87fdefd7b1206a5b2e9d62ba0d3d161347b45cf", "text": "“To love what is good and beautiful when I see it,” said Will. “But I am a rebel: I don’t feel bound, as you do, to submit to what I don’t like.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02313", "bookId": 145, "start": 846173, "end": 846262, "sha256": "7bd1b9d88864a4f812ce762f2803ec74c815c1637c59f0d84c7fdd6ad6298dd1", "text": "“But if you like what is good, that comes to the same thing,” said Dorothea, smiling.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02314", "bookId": 145, "start": 846264, "end": 846300, "sha256": "dc858d0fb6127c5dd45a224df6fe8e325e38ebeaf8a9fdfe5197b45f9a4998fa", "text": "“Now you are subtle,” said Will.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02315", "bookId": 145, "start": 846302, "end": 846531, "sha256": "35696cb8fa8cd84d5821934ddd4b640e83328561a000e5284ffd4a764e131459", "text": "“Yes; Mr. Casaubon often says I am too subtle. I don’t feel as if I were subtle,” said Dorothea, playfully. “But how long my uncle is! I must go and look for him. I must really go on to the Hall. Celia is expecting me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02316", "bookId": 145, "start": 846533, "end": 846889, "sha256": "858874ff8fd6c128cbcc2bfe2556f3fc302e49a3061eca230bd45f70110721d2", "text": "Will offered to tell Mr. Brooke, who presently came and said that he would step into the carriage and go with Dorothea as far as Dagley’s, to speak about the small delinquent who had been caught with the leveret. Dorothea renewed the subject of the estate as they drove along, but Mr. Brooke, not being taken unawares, got the talk under his own control.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02317", "bookId": 145, "start": 846891, "end": 847443, "sha256": "8e86040d5a01c65c72270753241dd9571b0a80f437b6898ab60a7d808aab9811", "text": "“Chettam, now,” he replied; “he finds fault with me, my dear; but I should not preserve my game if it were not for Chettam, and he can’t say that that expense is for the sake of the tenants, you know. It’s a little against my feeling:—poaching, now, if you come to look into it—I have often thought of getting up the subject. Not long ago, Flavell, the Methodist preacher, was brought up for knocking down a hare that came across his path when he and his wife were walking out together. He was pretty quick, and knocked it on the neck.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02318", "bookId": 145, "start": 847445, "end": 847496, "sha256": "9700becf5342bef29e8a8e53fe7d5247f7958bec837a30a1953579b21559bbde", "text": "“That was very brutal, I think,” said Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02319", "bookId": 145, "start": 847498, "end": 848710, "sha256": "354565bebaa4733ba17a63899805f56dba2ec5961612855ad5cac73146f3c931", "text": "“Well, now, it seemed rather black to me, I confess, in a Methodist preacher, you know. And Johnson said, ‘You may judge what a hypo_crite_ he is.’ And upon my word, I thought Flavell looked very little like ‘the highest style of man’—as somebody calls the Christian—Young, the poet Young, I think—you know Young? Well, now, Flavell in his shabby black gaiters, pleading that he thought the Lord had sent him and his wife a good dinner, and he had a right to knock it down, though not a mighty hunter before the Lord, as Nimrod was—I assure you it was rather comic: Fielding would have made something of it—or Scott, now—Scott might have worked it up. But really, when I came to think of it, I couldn’t help liking that the fellow should have a bit of hare to say grace over. It’s all a matter of prejudice—prejudice with the law on its side, you know—about the stick and the gaiters, and so on. However, it doesn’t do to reason about things; and law is law. But I got Johnson to be quiet, and I hushed the matter up. I doubt whether Chettam would not have been more severe, and yet he comes down on me as if I were the hardest man in the county. But here we are at Dagley’s.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02320", "bookId": 145, "start": 848712, "end": 849343, "sha256": "214b859317abbd253112a5b771145d417e5617d3d78af16d3c5e2079c92572d4", "text": "Mr. Brooke got down at a farmyard-gate, and Dorothea drove on. It is wonderful how much uglier things will look when we only suspect that we are blamed for them. Even our own persons in the glass are apt to change their aspect for us after we have heard some frank remark on their less admirable points; and on the other hand it is astonishing how pleasantly conscience takes our encroachments on those who never complain or have nobody to complain for them. Dagley’s homestead never before looked so dismal to Mr. Brooke as it did today, with his mind thus sore about the fault-finding of the “Trumpet,” echoed by Sir James.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02321", "bookId": 145, "start": 849345, "end": 852524, "sha256": "bf831309aa86985ed0ba65e5905e497c5b0c15c5ada3d3b75ef1097bc6f6b435", "text": "It is true that an observer, under that softening influence of the fine arts which makes other people’s hardships picturesque, might have been delighted with this homestead called Freeman’s End: the old house had dormer-windows in the dark red roof, two of the chimneys were choked with ivy, the large porch was blocked up with bundles of sticks, and half the windows were closed with gray worm-eaten shutters about which the jasmine-boughs grew in wild luxuriance; the mouldering garden wall with hollyhocks peeping over it was a perfect study of highly mingled subdued color, and there was an aged goat (kept doubtless on interesting superstitious grounds) lying against the open back-kitchen door. The mossy thatch of the cow-shed, the broken gray barn-doors, the pauper laborers in ragged breeches who had nearly finished unloading a wagon of corn into the barn ready for early thrashing; the scanty dairy of cows being tethered for milking and leaving one half of the shed in brown emptiness; the very pigs and white ducks seeming to wander about the uneven neglected yard as if in low spirits from feeding on a too meagre quality of rinsings,—all these objects under the quiet light of a sky marbled with high clouds would have made a sort of picture which we have all paused over as a “charming bit,” touching other sensibilities than those which are stirred by the depression of the agricultural interest, with the sad lack of farming capital, as seen constantly in the newspapers of that time. But these troublesome associations were just now strongly present to Mr. Brooke, and spoiled the scene for him. Mr. Dagley himself made a figure in the landscape, carrying a pitchfork and wearing his milking-hat—a very old beaver flattened in front. His coat and breeches were the best he had, and he would not have been wearing them on this weekday occasion if he had not been to market and returned later than usual, having given himself the rare treat of dining at the public table of the Blue Bull. How he came to fall into this extravagance would perhaps be matter of wonderment to himself on the morrow; but before dinner something in the state of the country, a slight pause in the harvest before the Far Dips were cut, the stories about the new King and the numerous handbills on the walls, had seemed to warrant a little recklessness. It was a maxim about Middlemarch, and regarded as self-evident, that good meat should have good drink, which last Dagley interpreted as plenty of table ale well followed up by rum-and-water. These liquors have so far truth in them that they were not false enough to make poor Dagley seem merry: they only made his discontent less tongue-tied than usual. He had also taken too much in the shape of muddy political talk, a stimulant dangerously disturbing to his farming conservatism, which consisted in holding that whatever is, is bad, and any change is likely to be worse. He was flushed, and his eyes had a decidedly quarrelsome stare as he stood still grasping his pitchfork, while the landlord approached with his easy shuffling walk, one hand in his trouser-pocket and the other swinging round a thin walking-stick.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02322", "bookId": 145, "start": 852526, "end": 852636, "sha256": "26588206979d7a0dc9a8c346cc5301c21a678832cfd2bd50203661c2ce90bdb8", "text": "“Dagley, my good fellow,” began Mr. Brooke, conscious that he was going to be very friendly about the boy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02323", "bookId": 145, "start": 852638, "end": 852974, "sha256": "5cdda3b56de7ef8f868e6b251e06e7c7b693fb3a482d45518190c3911cf84c20", "text": "“Oh, ay, I’m a good feller, am I? Thank ye, sir, thank ye,” said Dagley, with a loud snarling irony which made Fag the sheep-dog stir from his seat and prick his ears; but seeing Monk enter the yard after some outside loitering, Fag seated himself again in an attitude of observation. “I’m glad to hear I’m a good feller.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02324", "bookId": 145, "start": 852976, "end": 853199, "sha256": "352b951aba17077a3db709b8fd756c119010bd46e6f6659e24152520f469b54d", "text": "Mr. Brooke reflected that it was market-day, and that his worthy tenant had probably been dining, but saw no reason why he should not go on, since he could take the precaution of repeating what he had to say to Mrs. Dagley.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02325", "bookId": 145, "start": 853201, "end": 853507, "sha256": "bfa8e715b853de4a1612931d39cbb4d5fb2c02761cf44aeb38b660938f394e03", "text": "“Your little lad Jacob has been caught killing a leveret, Dagley: I have told Johnson to lock him up in the empty stable an hour or two, just to frighten him, you know. But he will be brought home by-and-by, before night: and you’ll just look after him, will you, and give him a reprimand, you know?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02326", "bookId": 145, "start": 853509, "end": 853671, "sha256": "24f2d08197b9ad858e390b5f8bf43ad5d9ac2723f137afd6dbc8fadc946bf7c6", "text": "“No, I woon’t: I’ll be dee’d if I’ll leather my boy to please you or anybody else, not if you was twenty landlords istid o’ one, and that a bad un.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02327", "bookId": 145, "start": 853673, "end": 854206, "sha256": "b340b8fb534bbc578a9dbf9410db868f2346df167ac211e2192444cca9b63caa", "text": "Dagley’s words were loud enough to summon his wife to the back-kitchen door—the only entrance ever used, and one always open except in bad weather—and Mr. Brooke, saying soothingly, “Well, well, I’ll speak to your wife—I didn’t mean beating, you know,” turned to walk to the house. But Dagley, only the more inclined to “have his say” with a gentleman who walked away from him, followed at once, with Fag slouching at his heels and sullenly evading some small and probably charitable advances on the part of Monk.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02328", "bookId": 145, "start": 854208, "end": 854419, "sha256": "dfaf6268e36a83a4ec670858fdb60f5fdaacbc4f096d6c7c9ddc854f0803285e", "text": "“How do you do, Mrs. Dagley?” said Mr. Brooke, making some haste. “I came to tell you about your boy: I don’t want you to give him the stick, you know.” He was careful to speak quite plainly this time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02329", "bookId": 145, "start": 854421, "end": 854782, "sha256": "64ec183fe6e40ae6c308cc42f21daad0cd67397e7554cf220ec3247b53e6ef3e", "text": "Overworked Mrs. Dagley—a thin, worn woman, from whose life pleasure had so entirely vanished that she had not even any Sunday clothes which could give her satisfaction in preparing for church—had already had a misunderstanding with her husband since he had come home, and was in low spirits, expecting the worst. But her husband was beforehand in answering.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02330", "bookId": 145, "start": 854784, "end": 855098, "sha256": "4e93307aa1930ddd520ec476cfa4c17b4f1c40fec7627c97d8e3c8ab98f8af1f", "text": "“No, nor he woon’t hev the stick, whether you want it or no,” pursued Dagley, throwing out his voice, as if he wanted it to hit hard. “You’ve got no call to come an’ talk about sticks o’ these primises, as you woon’t give a stick tow’rt mending. Go to Middlemarch to ax for _your_ charrickter.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02331", "bookId": 145, "start": 855100, "end": 855412, "sha256": "b6f271eb91f9147a8014135cac01da92d3c8aad92ea4543d65a5669ba24c1ed9", "text": "“You’d far better hold your tongue, Dagley,” said the wife, “and not kick your own trough over. When a man as is father of a family has been an’ spent money at market and made himself the worse for liquor, he’s done enough mischief for one day. But I should like to know what my boy’s done, sir.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02332", "bookId": 145, "start": 855414, "end": 855882, "sha256": "6747803fdb753eab515324c937978ed83f2a8b3cb5ec96a16520b6ba78ae0b5b", "text": "“Niver do you mind what he’s done,” said Dagley, more fiercely, “it’s my business to speak, an’ not yourn. An’ I wull speak, too. I’ll hev my say—supper or no. An’ what I say is, as I’ve lived upo’ your ground from my father and grandfather afore me, an’ hev dropped our money into’t, an’ me an’ my children might lie an’ rot on the ground for top-dressin’ as we can’t find the money to buy, if the King wasn’t to put a stop.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02333", "bookId": 145, "start": 855884, "end": 856047, "sha256": "7de32521e8afa36000f75e4f6937b5f231bd4e0289e82c0529b267320c447b60", "text": "“My good fellow, you’re drunk, you know,” said Mr. Brooke, confidentially but not judiciously. “Another day, another day,” he added, turning as if to go.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02334", "bookId": 145, "start": 856049, "end": 856380, "sha256": "bc2131ef3d20671ba16878961b58358f58245fcb4719597d855ae29bcf843177", "text": "But Dagley immediately fronted him, and Fag at his heels growled low, as his master’s voice grew louder and more insulting, while Monk also drew close in silent dignified watch. The laborers on the wagon were pausing to listen, and it seemed wiser to be quite passive than to attempt a ridiculous flight pursued by a bawling man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02335", "bookId": 145, "start": 856382, "end": 857592, "sha256": "915e9b6d7eae4b04b7be6b8386b62d808fcc1d031445202ddc565c32dfec52a1", "text": "“I’m no more drunk nor you are, nor so much,” said Dagley. “I can carry my liquor, an’ I know what I meean. An’ I meean as the King ’ull put a stop to ’t, for them say it as knows it, as there’s to be a Rinform, and them landlords as never done the right thing by their tenants ’ull be treated i’ that way as they’ll hev to scuttle off. An’ there’s them i’ Middlemarch knows what the Rinform is—an’ as knows who’ll hev to scuttle. Says they, ‘I know who _your_ landlord is.’ An’ says I, ‘I hope you’re the better for knowin’ him, I arn’t.’ Says they, ‘He’s a close-fisted un.’ ‘Ay ay,’ says I. ‘He’s a man for the Rinform,’ says they. That’s what they says. An’ I made out what the Rinform were—an’ it were to send you an’ your likes a-scuttlin’ an’ wi’ pretty strong-smellin’ things too. An’ you may do as you like now, for I’m none afeard on you. An’ you’d better let my boy aloan, an’ look to yoursen, afore the Rinform has got upo’ your back. That’s what I’n got to say,” concluded Mr. Dagley, striking his fork into the ground with a firmness which proved inconvenient as he tried to draw it up again.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02336", "bookId": 145, "start": 857594, "end": 858187, "sha256": "245bcf2ed1b8a79a3826dfc8c57e70f08eb5937afdf2c28bae6ce3d10cf1c592", "text": "At this last action Monk began to bark loudly, and it was a moment for Mr. Brooke to escape. He walked out of the yard as quickly as he could, in some amazement at the novelty of his situation. He had never been insulted on his own land before, and had been inclined to regard himself as a general favorite (we are all apt to do so, when we think of our own amiability more than of what other people are likely to want of us). When he had quarrelled with Caleb Garth twelve years before he had thought that the tenants would be pleased at the landlord’s taking everything into his own hands.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02337", "bookId": 145, "start": 858189, "end": 859524, "sha256": "9fdab459fc5300b32765440502c7bfe813f8247088eb0d18fd66208f283849d4", "text": "Some who follow the narrative of his experience may wonder at the midnight darkness of Mr. Dagley; but nothing was easier in those times than for an hereditary farmer of his grade to be ignorant, in spite somehow of having a rector in the twin parish who was a gentleman to the backbone, a curate nearer at hand who preached more learnedly than the rector, a landlord who had gone into everything, especially fine art and social improvement, and all the lights of Middlemarch only three miles off. As to the facility with which mortals escape knowledge, try an average acquaintance in the intellectual blaze of London, and consider what that eligible person for a dinner-party would have been if he had learned scant skill in “summing” from the parish-clerk of Tipton, and read a chapter in the Bible with immense difficulty, because such names as Isaiah or Apollos remained unmanageable after twice spelling. Poor Dagley read a few verses sometimes on a Sunday evening, and the world was at least not darker to him than it had been before. Some things he knew thoroughly, namely, the slovenly habits of farming, and the awkwardness of weather, stock and crops, at Freeman’s End—so called apparently by way of sarcasm, to imply that a man was free to quit it if he chose, but that there was no earthly “beyond” open to him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02338", "bookId": 145, "start": 859529, "end": 859540, "sha256": "ca75925c3b14e0002e6de35f78a1804fde80740c1885bdc5aec399d4d9cd0cf0", "text": "CHAPTER XL.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02339", "bookId": 145, "start": 859542, "end": 859800, "sha256": "f4664026a50728633ace77482b599acbf582cde7926b4e1c8d87bc76464dc48f", "text": "Wise in his daily work was he: To fruits of diligence, And not to faiths or polity, He plied his utmost sense. These perfect in their little parts, Whose work is all their prize— Without them how could laws, or arts, Or towered cities rise?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02340", "bookId": 145, "start": 859803, "end": 860427, "sha256": "584c3848cc12b6b8208cc517c9aa7c4ca496adc8dc322739c73adbfc2011cff4", "text": "In watching effects, if only of an electric battery, it is often necessary to change our place and examine a particular mixture or group at some distance from the point where the movement we are interested in was set up. The group I am moving towards is at Caleb Garth’s breakfast-table in the large parlor where the maps and desk were: father, mother, and five of the children. Mary was just now at home waiting for a situation, while Christy, the boy next to her, was getting cheap learning and cheap fare in Scotland, having to his father’s disappointment taken to books instead of that sacred calling “business.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02341", "bookId": 145, "start": 860429, "end": 860830, "sha256": "26378838245a9078a0c5bab3e42707e33b5adf7c2d10ed59f398363dda0a5130", "text": "The letters had come—nine costly letters, for which the postman had been paid three and twopence, and Mr. Garth was forgetting his tea and toast while he read his letters and laid them open one above the other, sometimes swaying his head slowly, sometimes screwing up his mouth in inward debate, but not forgetting to cut off a large red seal unbroken, which Letty snatched up like an eager terrier.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02342", "bookId": 145, "start": 860832, "end": 860968, "sha256": "3c30c55443aa658d6b72c16ae00f3e214f988e8223cc88cb039baf6108c243c9", "text": "The talk among the rest went on unrestrainedly, for nothing disturbed Caleb’s absorption except shaking the table when he was writing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02343", "bookId": 145, "start": 860970, "end": 861220, "sha256": "d09d8094302c90a0360b1f6cd6d5b466b42cb9271abfaa96091168aacf0477ae", "text": "Two letters of the nine had been for Mary. After reading them, she had passed them to her mother, and sat playing with her tea-spoon absently, till with a sudden recollection she returned to her sewing, which she had kept on her lap during breakfast.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02344", "bookId": 145, "start": 861222, "end": 861380, "sha256": "c4964c45e9a444c09eab5a480452440c1d87173fa1fa0abdbd62cde541224bf4", "text": "“Oh, don’t sew, Mary!” said Ben, pulling her arm down. “Make me a peacock with this bread-crumb.” He had been kneading a small mass for the purpose.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02345", "bookId": 145, "start": 861382, "end": 861744, "sha256": "e638d8d8e4619865d4e047ae899e563298627851a0ef84876af761a1be62f8b3", "text": "“No, no, Mischief!” said Mary, good-humoredly, while she pricked his hand lightly with her needle. “Try and mould it yourself: you have seen me do it often enough. I must get this sewing done. It is for Rosamond Vincy: she is to be married next week, and she can’t be married without this handkerchief.” Mary ended merrily, amused with the last notion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02346", "bookId": 145, "start": 861746, "end": 861936, "sha256": "651d7c3e91923845b2ec709abc12812cfff18e6d174cb125465d348b216a463c", "text": "“Why can’t she, Mary?” said Letty, seriously interested in this mystery, and pushing her head so close to her sister that Mary now turned the threatening needle towards Letty’s nose.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02347", "bookId": 145, "start": 861938, "end": 862113, "sha256": "6c58e85cb3f6cf820484da66cf0b05cfff3efb42f32e5bdb047e17e5b1e7791e", "text": "“Because this is one of a dozen, and without it there would only be eleven,” said Mary, with a grave air of explanation, so that Letty sank back with a sense of knowledge.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02348", "bookId": 145, "start": 862115, "end": 862199, "sha256": "ad4a6ffc7743dbf91cb17f00d274bedd2e137f82e9f713828b222ee1565db1a8", "text": "“Have you made up your mind, my dear?” said Mrs. Garth, laying the letters down.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02349", "bookId": 145, "start": 862201, "end": 862404, "sha256": "c1539ec97ba2e879f6118b3f625f06b4fef0a5d26a1a7f4ce6860a1d1e7ff67e", "text": "“I shall go to the school at York,” said Mary. “I am less unfit to teach in a school than in a family. I like to teach classes best. And, you see, I must teach: there is nothing else to be done.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02350", "bookId": 145, "start": 862406, "end": 862638, "sha256": "46b9890dcc7259727519ea20546e088d077b32c353309128a4f838fc1a2bf169", "text": "“Teaching seems to me the most delightful work in the world,” said Mrs. Garth, with a touch of rebuke in her tone. “I could understand your objection to it if you had not knowledge enough, Mary, or if you disliked children.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02351", "bookId": 145, "start": 862640, "end": 862861, "sha256": "a9ff748b013f0f462f4f50fd44f714cba1b16445f61b3067e5706784fc72a2b9", "text": "“I suppose we never quite understand why another dislikes what we like, mother,” said Mary, rather curtly. “I am not fond of a schoolroom: I like the outside world better. It is a very inconvenient fault of mine.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02352", "bookId": 145, "start": 862863, "end": 863022, "sha256": "d85b245181debfe70de6556054ea08aa5e7ab105298c6a0a7829170a4482e1f4", "text": "“It must be very stupid to be always in a girls’ school,” said Alfred. “Such a set of nincompoops, like Mrs. Ballard’s pupils walking two and two.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02353", "bookId": 145, "start": 863024, "end": 863163, "sha256": "5fa0994663a1427904d237d040f5ec88003290b63c5a1d3960e0abb9d9c34f5c", "text": "“And they have no games worth playing at,” said Jim. “They can neither throw nor leap. I don’t wonder at Mary’s not liking it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02354", "bookId": 145, "start": 863165, "end": 863299, "sha256": "64de216447d08187b9f9b8e077fdcdf66c2e362762932de3a23cf2befe2a3da7", "text": "“What is that Mary doesn’t like, eh?” said the father, looking over his spectacles and pausing before he opened his next letter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02355", "bookId": 145, "start": 863301, "end": 863358, "sha256": "4a17962bfab6ca4663769d2dff3464f3f75f76ee10e9e6b3c7b87f9797d4fb01", "text": "“Being among a lot of nincompoop girls,” said Alfred.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02356", "bookId": 145, "start": 863360, "end": 863454, "sha256": "406a0aa356ad4bb4e87f7d501ebee023e8c66a1d752cf5bad348974a9c9b3ea7", "text": "“Is it the situation you had heard of, Mary?” said Caleb, gently, looking at his daughter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02357", "bookId": 145, "start": 863456, "end": 863637, "sha256": "787f2988d13260e055086d0bc51877fdeb43457ccbd04202acef5c6a4a67e114", "text": "“Yes, father: the school at York. I have determined to take it. It is quite the best. Thirty-five pounds a-year, and extra pay for teaching the smallest strummers at the piano.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02358", "bookId": 145, "start": 863639, "end": 863747, "sha256": "88a2e0557e78998ab8ab48f5ace66f45ad9903a15ec5302a87e868c7ea818f6f", "text": "“Poor child! I wish she could stay at home with us, Susan,” said Caleb, looking plaintively at his wife.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02359", "bookId": 145, "start": 863749, "end": 863868, "sha256": "50bf066d2045802bc26bc681160d287d1296d75ec46f1cc79090e633d2e5b6b7", "text": "“Mary would not be happy without doing her duty,” said Mrs. Garth, magisterially, conscious of having done her own.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02360", "bookId": 145, "start": 863870, "end": 864029, "sha256": "50aa0ad3859b3049e1011a37f4f02a230dd12f5b8111c152f8504ca58fe9d010", "text": "“It wouldn’t make me happy to do such a nasty duty as that,” said Alfred—at which Mary and her father laughed silently, but Mrs. Garth said, gravely—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02361", "bookId": 145, "start": 864031, "end": 864216, "sha256": "7c7cc574005184884b5376c38e851b6648b6fb1e141247c27968279046ddfc7a", "text": "“Do find a fitter word than nasty, my dear Alfred, for everything that you think disagreeable. And suppose that Mary could help you to go to Mr. Hanmer’s with the money she gets?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02362", "bookId": 145, "start": 864218, "end": 864365, "sha256": "dde3de3584efcf45529188b8731124b56b50de1fc423f4bc8192cba20743fe83", "text": "“That seems to me a great shame. But she’s an old brick,” said Alfred, rising from his chair, and pulling Mary’s head backward to kiss her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02363", "bookId": 145, "start": 864367, "end": 864912, "sha256": "ba11997d0d282087984b455c20c0018320fb662915a010b02c903533334089a5", "text": "Mary colored and laughed, but could not conceal that the tears were coming. Caleb, looking on over his spectacles, with the angles of his eyebrows falling, had an expression of mingled delight and sorrow as he returned to the opening of his letter; and even Mrs. Garth, her lips curling with a calm contentment, allowed that inappropriate language to pass without correction, although Ben immediately took it up, and sang, “She’s an old brick, old brick, old brick!” to a cantering measure, which he beat out with his fist on Mary’s arm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02364", "bookId": 145, "start": 864914, "end": 865395, "sha256": "ec399cdc5a6c15729867896043916e1ad3cd1ce1acdcf8a4f30117575b7b0c46", "text": "But Mrs. Garth’s eyes were now drawn towards her husband, who was already deep in the letter he was reading. His face had an expression of grave surprise, which alarmed her a little, but he did not like to be questioned while he was reading, and she remained anxiously watching till she saw him suddenly shaken by a little joyous laugh as he turned back to the beginning of the letter, and looking at her above his spectacles, said, in a low tone, “What do you think, Susan?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02365", "bookId": 145, "start": 865397, "end": 866132, "sha256": "bfea7fda7eb513b35f0f281816ab8a375c077c396b154ed8a707aced11b016b0", "text": "She went and stood behind him, putting her hand on his shoulder, while they read the letter together. It was from Sir James Chettam, offering to Mr. Garth the management of the family estates at Freshitt and elsewhere, and adding that Sir James had been requested by Mr. Brooke of Tipton to ascertain whether Mr. Garth would be disposed at the same time to resume the agency of the Tipton property. The Baronet added in very obliging words that he himself was particularly desirous of seeing the Freshitt and Tipton estates under the same management, and he hoped to be able to show that the double agency might be held on terms agreeable to Mr. Garth, whom he would be glad to see at the Hall at twelve o’clock on the following day.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02366", "bookId": 145, "start": 866134, "end": 866410, "sha256": "160d38344b228e6d5eef3c81761fbf78338711c2712cd882205624261dbf3ac6", "text": "“He writes handsomely, doesn’t he, Susan?” said Caleb, turning his eyes upward to his wife, who raised her hand from his shoulder to his ear, while she rested her chin on his head. “Brooke didn’t like to ask me himself, I can see,” he continued, laughing silently.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02367", "bookId": 145, "start": 866412, "end": 866692, "sha256": "4c270dc9212706d83fd810621fe035d61031fd2901806cedf5bfc62123a26b1e", "text": "“Here is an honor to your father, children,” said Mrs. Garth, looking round at the five pair of eyes, all fixed on the parents. “He is asked to take a post again by those who dismissed him long ago. That shows that he did his work well, so that they feel the want of him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02368", "bookId": 145, "start": 866694, "end": 866813, "sha256": "7e532376a341885eb6ff55be206c02d7f33cfc13de7fa43303f91b8407874070", "text": "“Like Cincinnatus—hooray!” said Ben, riding on his chair, with a pleasant confidence that discipline was relaxed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02369", "bookId": 145, "start": 866815, "end": 866923, "sha256": "968d901a8fbe0b6c0e0a00ea3bc9037b234ec3ee2ab49a98d53da7e16ccc9823", "text": "“Will they come to fetch him, mother?” said Letty, thinking of the Mayor and Corporation in their robes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02370", "bookId": 145, "start": 866925, "end": 867145, "sha256": "4c6d74bdba62bb6e8959db55b0418e69479a6ef4964a3b50dc3a6d22cbe6b778", "text": "Mrs. Garth patted Letty’s head and smiled, but seeing that her husband was gathering up his letters and likely soon to be out of reach in that sanctuary “business,” she pressed his shoulder and said emphatically—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02371", "bookId": 145, "start": 867147, "end": 867187, "sha256": "0d61dcbb0aa280a33dabef40a6c94a19fb8dc0700a631370036ffb0ca1308c00", "text": "“Now, mind you ask fair pay, Caleb.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02372", "bookId": 145, "start": 867189, "end": 867550, "sha256": "95c038b6141c808615b3abf1fa6be049fddf21a1249963347b7bd6596c0b748b", "text": "“Oh yes,” said Caleb, in a deep voice of assent, as if it would be unreasonable to suppose anything else of him. “It’ll come to between four and five hundred, the two together.” Then with a little start of remembrance he said, “Mary, write and give up that school. Stay and help your mother. I’m as pleased as Punch, now I’ve thought of that.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02373", "bookId": 145, "start": 867552, "end": 867789, "sha256": "d4078e954b6db78ff2f34441e4adb7ebffc94b1a957bf16d23a43edef6fb1b6b", "text": "No manner could have been less like that of Punch triumphant than Caleb’s, but his talents did not lie in finding phrases, though he was very particular about his letter-writing, and regarded his wife as a treasury of correct language.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02374", "bookId": 145, "start": 867791, "end": 868333, "sha256": "9db6221228df8bfa5c0c1087175566a47db0f6c3cb1f065a33ae5e1cda80a000", "text": "There was almost an uproar among the children now, and Mary held up the cambric embroidery towards her mother entreatingly, that it might be put out of reach while the boys dragged her into a dance. Mrs. Garth, in placid joy, began to put the cups and plates together, while Caleb pushing his chair from the table, as if he were going to move to the desk, still sat holding his letters in his hand and looking on the ground meditatively, stretching out the fingers of his left hand, according to a mute language of his own. At last he said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02375", "bookId": 145, "start": 868335, "end": 868935, "sha256": "05c3ebb75f56bc6d534f423002f7d574dc38972f1580b803ab227fc9e28a90ad", "text": "“It’s a thousand pities Christy didn’t take to business, Susan. I shall want help by-and-by. And Alfred must go off to the engineering—I’ve made up my mind to that.” He fell into meditation and finger-rhetoric again for a little while, and then continued: “I shall make Brooke have new agreements with the tenants, and I shall draw up a rotation of crops. And I’ll lay a wager we can get fine bricks out of the clay at Bott’s corner. I must look into that: it would cheapen the repairs. It’s a fine bit of work, Susan! A man without a family would be glad to do it for nothing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02376", "bookId": 145, "start": 868937, "end": 869006, "sha256": "5ca2a7ce8115dbeaad60c96d213d5bcbf02ef20766fdf93dd4b2bf570c4a7320", "text": "“Mind you don’t, though,” said his wife, lifting up her finger.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02377", "bookId": 145, "start": 869008, "end": 869698, "sha256": "d2e5707ad1ce0e41433ad3966eda7d17016bb20d51832c490cf0343c1a118f32", "text": "“No, no; but it’s a fine thing to come to a man when he’s seen into the nature of business: to have the chance of getting a bit of the country into good fettle, as they say, and putting men into the right way with their farming, and getting a bit of good contriving and solid building done—that those who are living and those who come after will be the better for. I’d sooner have it than a fortune. I hold it the most honorable work that is.” Here Caleb laid down his letters, thrust his fingers between the buttons of his waistcoat, and sat upright, but presently proceeded with some awe in his voice and moving his head slowly aside—“It’s a great gift of God, Susan.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02378", "bookId": 145, "start": 869700, "end": 869972, "sha256": "73c7ed146cf9b27834d9ebb07f8c1c36afc6157d46e50f73c4d97846eb845a33", "text": "“That it is, Caleb,” said his wife, with answering fervor. “And it will be a blessing to your children to have had a father who did such work: a father whose good work remains though his name may be forgotten.” She could not say any more to him then about the pay.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02379", "bookId": 145, "start": 869974, "end": 871330, "sha256": "52a5511d852ec348430d8e156beb94f90aaf50f09e132b0ccb45fb77958f8ff7", "text": "In the evening, when Caleb, rather tired with his day’s work, was seated in silence with his pocket-book open on his knee, while Mrs. Garth and Mary were at their sewing, and Letty in a corner was whispering a dialogue with her doll, Mr. Farebrother came up the orchard walk, dividing the bright August lights and shadows with the tufted grass and the apple-tree boughs. We know that he was fond of his parishioners the Garths, and had thought Mary worth mentioning to Lydgate. He used to the full the clergyman’s privilege of disregarding the Middlemarch discrimination of ranks, and always told his mother that Mrs. Garth was more of a lady than any matron in the town. Still, you see, he spent his evenings at the Vincys’, where the matron, though less of a lady, presided over a well-lit drawing-room and whist. In those days human intercourse was not determined solely by respect. But the Vicar did heartily respect the Garths, and a visit from him was no surprise to that family. Nevertheless he accounted for it even while he was shaking hands, by saying, “I come as an envoy, Mrs. Garth: I have something to say to you and Garth on behalf of Fred Vincy. The fact is, poor fellow,” he continued, as he seated himself and looked round with his bright glance at the three who were listening to him, “he has taken me into his confidence.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02380", "bookId": 145, "start": 871332, "end": 871418, "sha256": "7e8aa0180f3d597545bc9d4a770f22c6bb60e1d3ff174132e1bf4b6c206537ee", "text": "Mary’s heart beat rather quickly: she wondered how far Fred’s confidence had gone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02381", "bookId": 145, "start": 871420, "end": 871524, "sha256": "d2154ffba9c13889ccff14716bb41168e25df57508b012ded23cdac212e51729", "text": "“We haven’t seen the lad for months,” said Caleb. “I couldn’t think what was become of him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02382", "bookId": 145, "start": 871526, "end": 872182, "sha256": "838fa1325f8bd010a1b946e7364b20af030a2b35cf4ad4abc68d02bac1811319", "text": "“He has been away on a visit,” said the Vicar, “because home was a little too hot for him, and Lydgate told his mother that the poor fellow must not begin to study yet. But yesterday he came and poured himself out to me. I am very glad he did, because I have seen him grow up from a youngster of fourteen, and I am so much at home in the house that the children are like nephews and nieces to me. But it is a difficult case to advise upon. However, he has asked me to come and tell you that he is going away, and that he is so miserable about his debt to you, and his inability to pay, that he can’t bear to come himself even to bid you good by.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02383", "bookId": 145, "start": 872184, "end": 872354, "sha256": "4f50a027ca8eb68ce381bc9e6b779c121ac821a79001b7ca2e1678f791601199", "text": "“Tell him it doesn’t signify a farthing,” said Caleb, waving his hand. “We’ve had the pinch and have got over it. And now I’m going to be as rich as a Jew.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02384", "bookId": 145, "start": 872356, "end": 872504, "sha256": "a4a8979ae2e03c1b4db5affb94ae010ba4eb9e790979505d3fa826fcb3daa194", "text": "“Which means,” said Mrs. Garth, smiling at the Vicar, “that we are going to have enough to bring up the boys well and to keep Mary at home.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02385", "bookId": 145, "start": 872506, "end": 872561, "sha256": "27b2595acdd3d2894668b5817491f9eccb7eabfb38e6a4d028d641123c953e66", "text": "“What is the treasure-trove?” said Mr. Farebrother.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02386", "bookId": 145, "start": 872563, "end": 873369, "sha256": "46f3ede3277320cee65b555597291a79719556ff2e2ce1bb882243a82ecbfb2e", "text": "“I’m going to be agent for two estates, Freshitt and Tipton; and perhaps for a pretty little bit of land in Lowick besides: it’s all the same family connection, and employment spreads like water if it’s once set going. It makes me very happy, Mr. Farebrother”—here Caleb threw back his head a little, and spread his arms on the elbows of his chair—“that I’ve got an opportunity again with the letting of the land, and carrying out a notion or two with improvements. It’s a most uncommonly cramping thing, as I’ve often told Susan, to sit on horseback and look over the hedges at the wrong thing, and not be able to put your hand to it to make it right. What people do who go into politics I can’t think: it drives me almost mad to see mismanagement over only a few hundred acres.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02387", "bookId": 145, "start": 873371, "end": 873532, "sha256": "16836be42ea0ad0d1665611a014f655cc2f5df12f7caa87dbe83ed9e0a994e1c", "text": "It was seldom that Caleb volunteered so long a speech, but his happiness had the effect of mountain air: his eyes were bright, and the words came without effort.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02388", "bookId": 145, "start": 873534, "end": 873936, "sha256": "0abe9525795e86bf0aa099279449037a0eed3dcfe6edb3e2d9858f55fb60aaa1", "text": "“I congratulate you heartily, Garth,” said the Vicar. “This is the best sort of news I could have had to carry to Fred Vincy, for he dwelt a good deal on the injury he had done you in causing you to part with money—robbing you of it, he said—which you wanted for other purposes. I wish Fred were not such an idle dog; he has some very good points, and his father is a little hard upon him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02389", "bookId": 145, "start": 873938, "end": 873994, "sha256": "c25804c1ae9ff56d1e5cf42c941a1112825a3c4370b5c6e934fc592f2e46a8a3", "text": "“Where is he going?” said Mrs. Garth, rather coldly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02390", "bookId": 145, "start": 873996, "end": 874901, "sha256": "86c7d975dbd7b770e980f6e7858aae04048fd35e2e8127b45d1f9e799a23cc76", "text": "“He means to try again for his degree, and he is going up to study before term. I have advised him to do that. I don’t urge him to enter the Church—on the contrary. But if he will go and work so as to pass, that will be some guarantee that he has energy and a will; and he is quite at sea; he doesn’t know what else to do. So far he will please his father, and I have promised in the mean time to try and reconcile Vincy to his son’s adopting some other line of life. Fred says frankly he is not fit for a clergyman, and I would do anything I could to hinder a man from the fatal step of choosing the wrong profession. He quoted to me what you said, Miss Garth—do you remember it?” (Mr. Farebrother used to say “Mary” instead of “Miss Garth,” but it was part of his delicacy to treat her with the more deference because, according to Mrs. Vincy’s phrase, she worked for her bread.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02391", "bookId": 145, "start": 874903, "end": 875073, "sha256": "b0df89e28adf1c2f7ca4e7fc6deb51ddcd17989267f52c610495eeed50ceb974", "text": "Mary felt uncomfortable, but, determined to take the matter lightly, answered at once, “I have said so many impertinent things to Fred—we are such old playfellows.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02392", "bookId": 145, "start": 875075, "end": 875266, "sha256": "412a31bb05dcb2d4f44bbf0c4507b078009e869bf500ad6f92a11fd2c885112b", "text": "“You said, according to him, that he would be one of those ridiculous clergymen who help to make the whole clergy ridiculous. Really, that was so cutting that I felt a little cut myself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02393", "bookId": 145, "start": 875268, "end": 875355, "sha256": "ebc23bdb1683492cd034441977a62d401e8e0e129ff9f39960a5b517be01ce29", "text": "Caleb laughed. “She gets her tongue from you, Susan,” he said, with some enjoyment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02394", "bookId": 145, "start": 875357, "end": 875540, "sha256": "30ecce023e2c569c9abcef89d2970a5f98757e94a1c7fadb3765bf45a1b23080", "text": "“Not its flippancy, father,” said Mary, quickly, fearing that her mother would be displeased. “It is rather too bad of Fred to repeat my flippant speeches to Mr. Farebrother.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02395", "bookId": 145, "start": 875542, "end": 875770, "sha256": "a800d18847ef8a70c96420646176ae79d6e4875a6fdecb2aefab8dec3e1769b9", "text": "“It was certainly a hasty speech, my dear,” said Mrs. Garth, with whom speaking evil of dignities was a high misdemeanor. “We should not value our Vicar the less because there was a ridiculous curate in the next parish.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02396", "bookId": 145, "start": 875772, "end": 876085, "sha256": "ab5b27c8960cc65b9c09e1c724fcf3388199ade5ab2e20908c0ad64afb4dda25", "text": "“There’s something in what she says, though,” said Caleb, not disposed to have Mary’s sharpness undervalued. “A bad workman of any sort makes his fellows mistrusted. Things hang together,” he added, looking on the floor and moving his feet uneasily with a sense that words were scantier than thoughts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02397", "bookId": 145, "start": 876087, "end": 876670, "sha256": "d1cf89350c4408520d41a87a789a950650c0c8ed0c815d91c3b84807ca1d9d2a", "text": "“Clearly,” said the Vicar, amused. “By being contemptible we set men’s minds to the tune of contempt. I certainly agree with Miss Garth’s view of the matter, whether I am condemned by it or not. But as to Fred Vincy, it is only fair he should be excused a little: old Featherstone’s delusive behavior did help to spoil him. There was something quite diabolical in not leaving him a farthing after all. But Fred has the good taste not to dwell on that. And what he cares most about is having offended you, Mrs. Garth; he supposes you will never think well of him again.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02398", "bookId": 145, "start": 876672, "end": 876836, "sha256": "3062831c7d0254fd352951b3bdcf831bce010239d8f477623fa9c6e55a39e16c", "text": "“I have been disappointed in Fred,” said Mrs. Garth, with decision. “But I shall be ready to think well of him again when he gives me good reason to do so.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02399", "bookId": 145, "start": 876838, "end": 876901, "sha256": "7feb60fb26407dae43c00bdc730578641c3f7085712c553c8cb5430fce420522", "text": "At this point Mary went out of the room, taking Letty with her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02400", "bookId": 145, "start": 876903, "end": 878203, "sha256": "1453fa830854eacf71c5ffdd37ac78f2e9b75272163e92a452a7dc8f2a965b1a", "text": "“Oh, we must forgive young people when they’re sorry,” said Caleb, watching Mary close the door. “And as you say, Mr. Farebrother, there was the very devil in that old man. Now Mary’s gone out, I must tell you a thing—it’s only known to Susan and me, and you’ll not tell it again. The old scoundrel wanted Mary to burn one of the wills the very night he died, when she was sitting up with him by herself, and he offered her a sum of money that he had in the box by him if she would do it. But Mary, you understand, could do no such thing—would not be handling his iron chest, and so on. Now, you see, the will he wanted burnt was this last, so that if Mary had done what he wanted, Fred Vincy would have had ten thousand pounds. The old man did turn to him at the last. That touches poor Mary close; she couldn’t help it—she was in the right to do what she did, but she feels, as she says, much as if she had knocked down somebody’s property and broken it against her will, when she was rightfully defending herself. I feel with her, somehow, and if I could make any amends to the poor lad, instead of bearing him a grudge for the harm he did us, I should be glad to do it. Now, what is your opinion, sir? Susan doesn’t agree with me; she says—tell what you say, Susan.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02401", "bookId": 145, "start": 878205, "end": 878375, "sha256": "c76e8f47cc8fd738517daf6b9b7baaa2608289bc3c210d81b5703961c79a636e", "text": "“Mary could not have acted otherwise, even if she had known what would be the effect on Fred,” said Mrs. Garth, pausing from her work, and looking at Mr. Farebrother.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02402", "bookId": 145, "start": 878377, "end": 878524, "sha256": "b99f7ecf1e6e29b91bac4972fbc5548cb1011634e338ef44e9ee6d8dac0bf51e", "text": "“And she was quite ignorant of it. It seems to me, a loss which falls on another because we have done right is not to lie upon our conscience.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02403", "bookId": 145, "start": 878526, "end": 878782, "sha256": "d36174926d85e7cfff772e16dd16399013343faa14845d385ef4f3cfd499a2e3", "text": "The Vicar did not answer immediately, and Caleb said, “It’s the feeling. The child feels in that way, and I feel with her. You don’t mean your horse to tread on a dog when you’re backing out of the way; but it goes through you, when it’s done.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02404", "bookId": 145, "start": 878784, "end": 879081, "sha256": "d4567ad3039acb2e981fe31d8535bec323abe1f2e4c0937691c35e2b248d3b5c", "text": "“I am sure Mrs. Garth would agree with you there,” said Mr. Farebrother, who for some reason seemed more inclined to ruminate than to speak. “One could hardly say that the feeling you mention about Fred is wrong—or rather, mistaken—though no man ought to make a claim on such feeling.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02405", "bookId": 145, "start": 879083, "end": 879159, "sha256": "6b451d98be0d68ce8a51a0df63d6f79e6dfb416395169f0ff6b068a7fb014e3b", "text": "“Well, well,” said Caleb, “it’s a secret. You will not tell Fred.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02406", "bookId": 145, "start": 879161, "end": 879265, "sha256": "5165249216e5e6624ac9833c7f9baab818751af66d9f3071b1a9c5743b2bc3fd", "text": "“Certainly not. But I shall carry the other good news—that you can afford the loss he caused you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02407", "bookId": 145, "start": 879267, "end": 881614, "sha256": "600b670a73ce574fe8768f571ee5515b7f86c84ca55ab1b1ef16acf160da1029", "text": "Mr. Farebrother left the house soon after, and seeing Mary in the orchard with Letty, went to say good-by to her. They made a pretty picture in the western light which brought out the brightness of the apples on the old scant-leaved boughs—Mary in her lavender gingham and black ribbons holding a basket, while Letty in her well-worn nankin picked up the fallen apples. If you want to know more particularly how Mary looked, ten to one you will see a face like hers in the crowded street to-morrow, if you are there on the watch: she will not be among those daughters of Zion who are haughty, and walk with stretched-out necks and wanton eyes, mincing as they go: let all those pass, and fix your eyes on some small plump brownish person of firm but quiet carriage, who looks about her, but does not suppose that anybody is looking at her. If she has a broad face and square brow, well-marked eyebrows and curly dark hair, a certain expression of amusement in her glance which her mouth keeps the secret of, and for the rest features entirely insignificant—take that ordinary but not disagreeable person for a portrait of Mary Garth. If you made her smile, she would show you perfect little teeth; if you made her angry, she would not raise her voice, but would probably say one of the bitterest things you have ever tasted the flavor of; if you did her a kindness, she would never forget it. Mary admired the keen-faced handsome little Vicar in his well-brushed threadbare clothes more than any man she had had the opportunity of knowing. She had never heard him say a foolish thing, though she knew that he did unwise ones; and perhaps foolish sayings were more objectionable to her than any of Mr. Farebrother’s unwise doings. At least, it was remarkable that the actual imperfections of the Vicar’s clerical character never seemed to call forth the same scorn and dislike which she showed beforehand for the predicted imperfections of the clerical character sustained by Fred Vincy. These irregularities of judgment, I imagine, are found even in riper minds than Mary Garth’s: our impartiality is kept for abstract merit and demerit, which none of us ever saw. Will any one guess towards which of those widely different men Mary had the peculiar woman’s tenderness?—the one she was most inclined to be severe on, or the contrary?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02408", "bookId": 145, "start": 881616, "end": 881877, "sha256": "586ee8c50e9ce11f4d976653d5352aa835bfa37e81a99ef6ecdd2a426273568b", "text": "“Have you any message for your old playfellow, Miss Garth?” said the Vicar, as he took a fragrant apple from the basket which she held towards him, and put it in his pocket. “Something to soften down that harsh judgment? I am going straight to see him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02409", "bookId": 145, "start": 881879, "end": 882120, "sha256": "e2b5d85e0a59b99b67cfd38c171a5b514e35efec7df7ed9f9253120bb1b020e6", "text": "“No,” said Mary, shaking her head, and smiling. “If I were to say that he would not be ridiculous as a clergyman, I must say that he would be something worse than ridiculous. But I am very glad to hear that he is going away to work.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02410", "bookId": 145, "start": 882122, "end": 882442, "sha256": "7298528e5fb23f0b74eb8d37e0310a7ec616161560dd4bd8bce01bc2d5fa7af9", "text": "“On the other hand, I am very glad to hear that _you_ are not going away to work. My mother, I am sure, will be all the happier if you will come to see her at the vicarage: you know she is fond of having young people to talk to, and she has a great deal to tell about old times. You will really be doing a kindness.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02411", "bookId": 145, "start": 882444, "end": 882725, "sha256": "84c83b6099cab6b2c311c5b9500e15ea60c3e4495b85e056ce54f3d17e7f6007", "text": "“I should like it very much, if I may,” said Mary. “Everything seems too happy for me all at once. I thought it would always be part of my life to long for home, and losing that grievance makes me feel rather empty: I suppose it served instead of sense to fill up my mind?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02412", "bookId": 145, "start": 882727, "end": 882982, "sha256": "5f950a3bc0c9d02922410ab736cc27b33c82af1290c2deab9c76f189dee657b2", "text": "“May I go with you, Mary?” whispered Letty—a most inconvenient child, who listened to everything. But she was made exultant by having her chin pinched and her cheek kissed by Mr. Farebrother—an incident which she narrated to her mother and father.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02413", "bookId": 145, "start": 882984, "end": 883911, "sha256": "07bacccd060cbfb80a94521da831b308653a12d2aecce8240d99916f1b357e7b", "text": "As the Vicar walked to Lowick, any one watching him closely might have seen him twice shrug his shoulders. I think that the rare Englishmen who have this gesture are never of the heavy type—for fear of any lumbering instance to the contrary, I will say, hardly ever; they have usually a fine temperament and much tolerance towards the smaller errors of men (themselves inclusive). The Vicar was holding an inward dialogue in which he told himself that there was probably something more between Fred and Mary Garth than the regard of old playfellows, and replied with a question whether that bit of womanhood were not a great deal too choice for that crude young gentleman. The rejoinder to this was the first shrug. Then he laughed at himself for being likely to have felt jealous, as if he had been a man able to marry, which, added he, it is as clear as any balance-sheet that I am not. Whereupon followed the second shrug.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02414", "bookId": 145, "start": 883913, "end": 884406, "sha256": "20ea4562d7c103ff16d55d531837194bfc69f4c807e043938f1a939bddbf5c4a", "text": "What could two men, so different from each other, see in this “brown patch,” as Mary called herself? It was certainly not her plainness that attracted them (and let all plain young ladies be warned against the dangerous encouragement given them by Society to confide in their want of beauty). A human being in this aged nation of ours is a very wonderful whole, the slow creation of long interchanging influences: and charm is a result of two such wholes, the one loving and the one loved.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02415", "bookId": 145, "start": 884408, "end": 884506, "sha256": "63dcc34af89b3e3a434a292358e5680dd691e974f3f6db2d942fbfdb8aed1fed", "text": "When Mr. and Mrs. Garth were sitting alone, Caleb said, “Susan, guess what I’m thinking of.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02416", "bookId": 145, "start": 884508, "end": 884642, "sha256": "17cb12241043faa2ee1c6501072247d15fba7d3f6cd994a2ead27be6a05165a7", "text": "“The rotation of crops,” said Mrs. Garth, smiling at him, above her knitting, “or else the back-doors of the Tipton cottages.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02417", "bookId": 145, "start": 884644, "end": 885044, "sha256": "47f64824b550780403334eb00e3180fe438f832282a60837b6e7f247e98195f6", "text": "“No,” said Caleb, gravely; “I am thinking that I could do a great turn for Fred Vincy. Christy’s gone, Alfred will be gone soon, and it will be five years before Jim is ready to take to business. I shall want help, and Fred might come in and learn the nature of things and act under me, and it might be the making of him into a useful man, if he gives up being a parson. What do you think?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02418", "bookId": 145, "start": 885046, "end": 885158, "sha256": "7078c644b35454065fd0f074bcf393e11dc05e308505a29ff1f06567017e1530", "text": "“I think, there is hardly anything honest that his family would object to more,” said Mrs. Garth, decidedly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02419", "bookId": 145, "start": 885160, "end": 885479, "sha256": "10d1b703840cd2a2686e5fbe508d0542c332611bd8bba2127e65b833aceaa0db", "text": "“What care I about their objecting?” said Caleb, with a sturdiness which he was apt to show when he had an opinion. “The lad is of age and must get his bread. He has sense enough and quickness enough; he likes being on the land, and it’s my belief that he could learn business well if he gave his mind to it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02420", "bookId": 145, "start": 885481, "end": 885738, "sha256": "076b55d339ad8ad9821d2c77760ba6d5090ffc5e50d5e4ae2ce9220a116a5e75", "text": "“But would he? His father and mother wanted him to be a fine gentleman, and I think he has the same sort of feeling himself. They all think us beneath them. And if the proposal came from you, I am sure Mrs. Vincy would say that we wanted Fred for Mary.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02421", "bookId": 145, "start": 885740, "end": 885841, "sha256": "65e0753fd092401eb0b1f5240539251159d56790ec3af54a985568ac2b220108", "text": "“Life is a poor tale, if it is to be settled by nonsense of that sort,” said Caleb, with disgust.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02422", "bookId": 145, "start": 885843, "end": 885906, "sha256": "07364e47e29a6dad27cb6cd8a52c9ed82acc262c61181a2955168c7ba17ebd5d", "text": "“Yes, but there is a certain pride which is proper, Caleb.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02423", "bookId": 145, "start": 885908, "end": 886270, "sha256": "586e731cf47f7ced9cfe5486c86031bf37e26d34396aee980c2adec41946ea0c", "text": "“I call it improper pride to let fools’ notions hinder you from doing a good action. There’s no sort of work,” said Caleb, with fervor, putting out his hand and moving it up and down to mark his emphasis, “that could ever be done well, if you minded what fools say. You must have it inside you that your plan is right, and that plan you must follow.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02424", "bookId": 145, "start": 886272, "end": 886735, "sha256": "97869daedb9b7f4bf7e1f8207d6d99fc5ab1683758bacb5b941c999115f3481c", "text": "“I will not oppose any plan you have set your mind on, Caleb,” said Mrs. Garth, who was a firm woman, but knew that there were some points on which her mild husband was yet firmer. “Still, it seems to be fixed that Fred is to go back to college: will it not be better to wait and see what he will choose to do after that? It is not easy to keep people against their will. And you are not yet quite sure enough of your own position, or what you will want.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02425", "bookId": 145, "start": 886737, "end": 887380, "sha256": "fb4a26096d8250d92bae9c40815cd4aac42414e67b35d9efa852c5e3d3be29de", "text": "“Well, it may be better to wait a bit. But as to my getting plenty of work for two, I’m pretty sure of that. I’ve always had my hands full with scattered things, and there’s always something fresh turning up. Why, only yesterday—bless me, I don’t think I told you!—it was rather odd that two men should have been at me on different sides to do the same bit of valuing. And who do you think they were?” said Caleb, taking a pinch of snuff and holding it up between his fingers, as if it were a part of his exposition. He was fond of a pinch when it occurred to him, but he usually forgot that this indulgence was at his command.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02426", "bookId": 145, "start": 887382, "end": 887435, "sha256": "649f2113747979cbe22f96e23a362efb311011335b092a48ffdec72ad018d57d", "text": "His wife held down her knitting and looked attentive.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02427", "bookId": 145, "start": 887437, "end": 887635, "sha256": "dabc1792a045313117942bc1db0b63f79b187074dd3e373b1bb8ca959b8ab0ad", "text": "“Why, that Rigg, or Rigg Featherstone, was one. But Bulstrode was before him, so I’m going to do it for Bulstrode. Whether it’s mortgage or purchase they’re going for, I can’t tell yet.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02428", "bookId": 145, "start": 887637, "end": 887747, "sha256": "45f809f4cb4b9fba2120cd5e55f0c45d826546bbaad764b93a8de7ae29e50b4e", "text": "“Can that man be going to sell the land just left him—which he has taken the name for?” said Mrs. Garth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02429", "bookId": 145, "start": 887749, "end": 888044, "sha256": "658034e8f4034945a8b4320fb3a901a900931f3910b5ce7fd39fb23a200972be", "text": "“Deuce knows,” said Caleb, who never referred the knowledge of discreditable doings to any higher power than the deuce. “But Bulstrode has long been wanting to get a handsome bit of land under his fingers—that I know. And it’s a difficult matter to get, in this part of the country.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02430", "bookId": 145, "start": 888046, "end": 888611, "sha256": "a548879455150566c785f37ec3dd0968de62b75db8e4096057c47c90a9c7353e", "text": "Caleb scattered his snuff carefully instead of taking it, and then added, “The ins and outs of things are curious. Here is the land they’ve been all along expecting for Fred, which it seems the old man never meant to leave him a foot of, but left it to this side-slip of a son that he kept in the dark, and thought of his sticking there and vexing everybody as well as he could have vexed ’em himself if he could have kept alive. I say, it would be curious if it got into Bulstrode’s hands after all. The old man hated him, and never would bank with him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02431", "bookId": 145, "start": 888613, "end": 888730, "sha256": "ee689f0ef191d67d713b7a3e1988b1f80014ac15686d46be1bc836580d9982fe", "text": "“What reason could the miserable creature have for hating a man whom he had nothing to do with?” said Mrs. Garth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02432", "bookId": 145, "start": 888732, "end": 889071, "sha256": "6e9fd05a97a4a04a76daf8905df45c0d74cc017aea0c68159ce738e1892c539a", "text": "“Pooh! where’s the use of asking for such fellows’ reasons? The soul of man,” said Caleb, with the deep tone and grave shake of the head which always came when he used this phrase—“The soul of man, when it gets fairly rotten, will bear you all sorts of poisonous toad-stools, and no eye can see whence came the seed thereof.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02433", "bookId": 145, "start": 889073, "end": 889421, "sha256": "5925b73801d6eb2151379ad608e96bb96c99a8d4e2576b369907d486b97ba4e1", "text": "It was one of Caleb’s quaintnesses, that in his difficulty of finding speech for his thought, he caught, as it were, snatches of diction which he associated with various points of view or states of mind; and whenever he had a feeling of awe, he was haunted by a sense of Biblical phraseology, though he could hardly have given a strict quotation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02434", "bookId": 145, "start": 889426, "end": 889438, "sha256": "5441143001fa928de47eb16f2c5d5e57ad8fda5828718f2e6eef63cf32c679e7", "text": "CHAPTER XLI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02435", "bookId": 145, "start": 889440, "end": 889530, "sha256": "0c0132d660d8d00d3c02bc384b70a1e215246bf3436c3cda3379131b29028484", "text": "By swaggering could I never thrive, For the rain it raineth every day. —_Twelfth Night_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02436", "bookId": 145, "start": 889533, "end": 889775, "sha256": "c38e5126d3fa778feb00354c1452834a32193baa48e489ba41a0d5718a91f216", "text": "The transactions referred to by Caleb Garth as having gone forward between Mr. Bulstrode and Mr. Joshua Rigg Featherstone concerning the land attached to Stone Court, had occasioned the interchange of a letter or two between these personages.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02437", "bookId": 145, "start": 889777, "end": 890789, "sha256": "1e313e1235b20e729f39c5a2a84f9b7fa87098b497f9f40f0ae4ef650d43bb67", "text": "Who shall tell what may be the effect of writing? If it happens to have been cut in stone, though it lie face down-most for ages on a forsaken beach, or “rest quietly under the drums and tramplings of many conquests,” it may end by letting us into the secret of usurpations and other scandals gossiped about long empires ago:—this world being apparently a huge whispering-gallery. Such conditions are often minutely represented in our petty lifetimes. As the stone which has been kicked by generations of clowns may come by curious little links of effect under the eyes of a scholar, through whose labors it may at last fix the date of invasions and unlock religions, so a bit of ink and paper which has long been an innocent wrapping or stop-gap may at last be laid open under the one pair of eyes which have knowledge enough to turn it into the opening of a catastrophe. To Uriel watching the progress of planetary history from the sun, the one result would be just as much of a coincidence as the other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02438", "bookId": 145, "start": 890791, "end": 891889, "sha256": "9b21db5b74541402648ffd67104c21f796439d102eb95e5401ef6ab93e2855d2", "text": "Having made this rather lofty comparison I am less uneasy in calling attention to the existence of low people by whose interference, however little we may like it, the course of the world is very much determined. It would be well, certainly, if we could help to reduce their number, and something might perhaps be done by not lightly giving occasion to their existence. Socially speaking, Joshua Rigg would have been generally pronounced a superfluity. But those who like Peter Featherstone never had a copy of themselves demanded, are the very last to wait for such a request either in prose or verse. The copy in this case bore more of outside resemblance to the mother, in whose sex frog-features, accompanied with fresh-colored cheeks and a well-rounded figure, are compatible with much charm for a certain order of admirers. The result is sometimes a frog-faced male, desirable, surely, to no order of intelligent beings. Especially when he is suddenly brought into evidence to frustrate other people’s expectations—the very lowest aspect in which a social superfluity can present himself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02439", "bookId": 145, "start": 891891, "end": 892922, "sha256": "a9853277d663e0a5d44d74d577bef8a479550f8dbffe6f210a3535ec5101e9de", "text": "But Mr. Rigg Featherstone’s low characteristics were all of the sober, water-drinking kind. From the earliest to the latest hour of the day he was always as sleek, neat, and cool as the frog he resembled, and old Peter had secretly chuckled over an offshoot almost more calculating, and far more imperturbable, than himself. I will add that his finger-nails were scrupulously attended to, and that he meant to marry a well-educated young lady (as yet unspecified) whose person was good, and whose connections, in a solid middle-class way, were undeniable. Thus his nails and modesty were comparable to those of most gentlemen; though his ambition had been educated only by the opportunities of a clerk and accountant in the smaller commercial houses of a seaport. He thought the rural Featherstones very simple absurd people, and they in their turn regarded his “bringing up” in a seaport town as an exaggeration of the monstrosity that their brother Peter, and still more Peter’s property, should have had such belongings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02440", "bookId": 145, "start": 892924, "end": 893884, "sha256": "d75ab3bfbd42a7b37345fffdb49831edc4a99b48074c18f0f07dd3500f0253b2", "text": "The garden and gravel approach, as seen from the two windows of the wainscoted parlor at Stone Court, were never in better trim than now, when Mr. Rigg Featherstone stood, with his hands behind him, looking out on these grounds as their master. But it seemed doubtful whether he looked out for the sake of contemplation or of turning his back to a person who stood in the middle of the room, with his legs considerably apart and his hands in his trouser-pockets: a person in all respects a contrast to the sleek and cool Rigg. He was a man obviously on the way towards sixty, very florid and hairy, with much gray in his bushy whiskers and thick curly hair, a stoutish body which showed to disadvantage the somewhat worn joinings of his clothes, and the air of a swaggerer, who would aim at being noticeable even at a show of fireworks, regarding his own remarks on any other person’s performance as likely to be more interesting than the performance itself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02441", "bookId": 145, "start": 893886, "end": 894339, "sha256": "d607931a09af46f86058ae90d59bce1ae9cfe342fdb115a9135acb4f07cb2ef1", "text": "His name was John Raffles, and he sometimes wrote jocosely W.A.G. after his signature, observing when he did so, that he was once taught by Leonard Lamb of Finsbury who wrote B.A. after his name, and that he, Raffles, originated the witticism of calling that celebrated principal Ba-Lamb. Such were the appearance and mental flavor of Mr. Raffles, both of which seemed to have a stale odor of travellers’ rooms in the commercial hotels of that period.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02442", "bookId": 145, "start": 894341, "end": 894559, "sha256": "abb504105aff62733ce1bfd708f890c09f086037293a0979e252d9758ed97f40", "text": "“Come, now, Josh,” he was saying, in a full rumbling tone, “look at it in this light: here is your poor mother going into the vale of years, and you could afford something handsome now to make her comfortable.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02443", "bookId": 145, "start": 894561, "end": 894714, "sha256": "cf28786ce9be07341bf49f7e79e32f7fd33887c461fea5dad0615b8f366776cf", "text": "“Not while you live. Nothing would make her comfortable while you live,” returned Rigg, in his cool high voice. “What I give her, you’ll take.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02444", "bookId": 145, "start": 894716, "end": 895655, "sha256": "b488e42b0ce4e3b5f8fe8244f85879b8ae95f44dd081f61341c20f50eaf1089f", "text": "“You bear me a grudge, Josh, that I know. But come, now—as between man and man—without humbug—a little capital might enable me to make a first-rate thing of the shop. The tobacco trade is growing. I should cut my own nose off in not doing the best I could at it. I should stick to it like a flea to a fleece for my own sake. I should always be on the spot. And nothing would make your poor mother so happy. I’ve pretty well done with my wild oats—turned fifty-five. I want to settle down in my chimney-corner. And if I once buckled to the tobacco trade, I could bring an amount of brains and experience to bear on it that would not be found elsewhere in a hurry. I don’t want to be bothering you one time after another, but to get things once for all into the right channel. Consider that, Josh—as between man and man—and with your poor mother to be made easy for her life. I was always fond of the old woman, by Jove!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02445", "bookId": 145, "start": 895657, "end": 895739, "sha256": "c603eb5aa9567bb7c9cb6525fa625541198ac10b213e29fe237b355106658165", "text": "“Have you done?” said Mr. Rigg, quietly, without looking away from the window.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02446", "bookId": 145, "start": 895741, "end": 895881, "sha256": "1d567a9ef734a70ec30445d8c975ecc17a2db44d755691be05186beef4b97051", "text": "“Yes, _I_’ve done,” said Raffles, taking hold of his hat which stood before him on the table, and giving it a sort of oratorical push.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02447", "bookId": 145, "start": 895883, "end": 896753, "sha256": "eba7e538972e694ef1cf365d6460c67295ef691072f6dc909e3b3b605f2efc23", "text": "“Then just listen to me. The more you say anything, the less I shall believe it. The more you want me to do a thing, the more reason I shall have for never doing it. Do you think I mean to forget your kicking me when I was a lad, and eating all the best victual away from me and my mother? Do you think I forget your always coming home to sell and pocket everything, and going off again leaving us in the lurch? I should be glad to see you whipped at the cart-tail. My mother was a fool to you: she’d no right to give me a father-in-law, and she’s been punished for it. She shall have her weekly allowance paid and no more: and that shall be stopped if you dare to come on to these premises again, or to come into this country after me again. The next time you show yourself inside the gates here, you shall be driven off with the dogs and the wagoner’s whip.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02448", "bookId": 145, "start": 896755, "end": 897385, "sha256": "b147238cc58c0a4d3309d728b5350ecd0a2516fbc64095e21cce4587bdcbc161", "text": "As Rigg pronounced the last words he turned round and looked at Raffles with his prominent frozen eyes. The contrast was as striking as it could have been eighteen years before, when Rigg was a most unengaging kickable boy, and Raffles was the rather thick-set Adonis of bar-rooms and back-parlors. But the advantage now was on the side of Rigg, and auditors of this conversation might probably have expected that Raffles would retire with the air of a defeated dog. Not at all. He made a grimace which was habitual with him whenever he was “out” in a game; then subsided into a laugh, and drew a brandy-flask from his pocket.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02449", "bookId": 145, "start": 897387, "end": 897571, "sha256": "e06077d9ec5a0dd684c30d8c15c577f8045713b693b9b7a273983cad73ebc4bc", "text": "“Come, Josh,” he said, in a cajoling tone, “give us a spoonful of brandy, and a sovereign to pay the way back, and I’ll go. Honor bright! I’ll go like a bullet, _by_ Jove!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02450", "bookId": 145, "start": 897573, "end": 897859, "sha256": "9f5c338c95105bc82309eb305f49eb2370813267fbbd56b4f9252ad8af19a5c3", "text": "“Mind,” said Rigg, drawing out a bunch of keys, “if I ever see you again, I shan’t speak to you. I don’t own you any more than if I saw a crow; and if you want to own me you’ll get nothing by it but a character for being what you are—a spiteful, brassy, bullying rogue.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02451", "bookId": 145, "start": 897861, "end": 898196, "sha256": "66b9beaf9942d708c44a21cc25b00d68e378a38da167e2af4160555d31065a93", "text": "“That’s a pity, now, Josh,” said Raffles, affecting to scratch his head and wrinkle his brows upward as if he were nonplussed. “I’m very fond of you; _by_ Jove, I am! There’s nothing I like better than plaguing you—you’re so like your mother, and I must do without it. But the brandy and the sovereign’s a bargain.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02452", "bookId": 145, "start": 898198, "end": 898558, "sha256": "be3dfce5a5e7cd4c3384d3709c3dd2a7df997bd2f87456c1bd31f0c4534d28f2", "text": "He jerked forward the flask and Rigg went to a fine old oaken bureau with his keys. But Raffles had reminded himself by his movement with the flask that it had become dangerously loose from its leather covering, and catching sight of a folded paper which had fallen within the fender, he took it up and shoved it under the leather so as to make the glass firm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02453", "bookId": 145, "start": 898560, "end": 899015, "sha256": "53ea44f07518ce581dd6b59c876cebedefaba932eb27aeb4b4d8257cf27260a5", "text": "By that time Rigg came forward with a brandy-bottle, filled the flask, and handed Raffles a sovereign, neither looking at him nor speaking to him. After locking up the bureau again, he walked to the window and gazed out as impassibly as he had done at the beginning of the interview, while Raffles took a small allowance from the flask, screwed it up, and deposited it in his side-pocket, with provoking slowness, making a grimace at his stepson’s back.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02454", "bookId": 145, "start": 899017, "end": 899114, "sha256": "c996fc9b17080640548643b4a9ca717759bfd5809006a9b8676fe8ab81c4939b", "text": "“Farewell, Josh—and if forever!” said Raffles, turning back his head as he opened the door.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02455", "bookId": 145, "start": 899116, "end": 899754, "sha256": "76e8b87c3f94f9515efa89e0bb0eb3380af7ce66ed850cfc862af57d33019d6a", "text": "Rigg saw him leave the grounds and enter the lane. The gray day had turned to a light drizzling rain, which freshened the hedgerows and the grassy borders of the by-roads, and hastened the laborers who were loading the last shocks of corn. Raffles, walking with the uneasy gait of a town loiterer obliged to do a bit of country journeying on foot, looked as incongruous amid this moist rural quiet and industry as if he had been a baboon escaped from a menagerie. But there were none to stare at him except the long-weaned calves, and none to show dislike of his appearance except the little water-rats which rustled away at his approach.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02456", "bookId": 145, "start": 899756, "end": 900361, "sha256": "94ea5974e1719196ed5355129422839e6443eb63840fac8e5a1648ea4a1ef330", "text": "He was fortunate enough when he got on to the highroad to be overtaken by the stage-coach, which carried him to Brassing; and there he took the new-made railway, observing to his fellow-passengers that he considered it pretty well seasoned now it had done for Huskisson. Mr. Raffles on most occasions kept up the sense of having been educated at an academy, and being able, if he chose, to pass well everywhere; indeed, there was not one of his fellow-men whom he did not feel himself in a position to ridicule and torment, confident of the entertainment which he thus gave to all the rest of the company.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02457", "bookId": 145, "start": 900363, "end": 900655, "sha256": "8f9d0b1336f3002c7ecf399b24f5272ffbdc23215132f2616c551af8bbb59651", "text": "He played this part now with as much spirit as if his journey had been entirely successful, resorting at frequent intervals to his flask. The paper with which he had wedged it was a letter signed _Nicholas Bulstrode_, but Raffles was not likely to disturb it from its present useful position.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02458", "bookId": 145, "start": 900660, "end": 900673, "sha256": "43f45714ee0ef43346898d36e608a14a354de9bbf59be14d9c628b42e0dc5c99", "text": "CHAPTER XLII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02459", "bookId": 145, "start": 900675, "end": 900789, "sha256": "64118c49e9c275b05f6fcef3b9203827e374f72c99f702080de4dcd696eaee17", "text": "How much, methinks, I could despise this man Were I not bound in charity against it! —SHAKESPEARE: _Henry VIII_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02460", "bookId": 145, "start": 900792, "end": 900985, "sha256": "36d9e11231d941041d7c23b213df08e3cfa404c0236b602ea1fcd9ac3fcb65b4", "text": "One of the professional calls made by Lydgate soon after his return from his wedding-journey was to Lowick Manor, in consequence of a letter which had requested him to fix a time for his visit.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02461", "bookId": 145, "start": 900987, "end": 901691, "sha256": "7063e682e8009056e65969bc36e1b69327f41f6323564cb110980f50f05cb91d", "text": "Mr. Casaubon had never put any question concerning the nature of his illness to Lydgate, nor had he even to Dorothea betrayed any anxiety as to how far it might be likely to cut short his labors or his life. On this point, as on all others, he shrank from pity; and if the suspicion of being pitied for anything in his lot surmised or known in spite of himself was embittering, the idea of calling forth a show of compassion by frankly admitting an alarm or a sorrow was necessarily intolerable to him. Every proud mind knows something of this experience, and perhaps it is only to be overcome by a sense of fellowship deep enough to make all efforts at isolation seem mean and petty instead of exalting.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02462", "bookId": 145, "start": 901693, "end": 902694, "sha256": "02689b74e0ca03b182d9f7d5c86bfd801c0d7db996937fce8c15a6b8d3349d25", "text": "But Mr. Casaubon was now brooding over something through which the question of his health and life haunted his silence with a more harassing importunity even than through the autumnal unripeness of his authorship. It is true that this last might be called his central ambition; but there are some kinds of authorship in which by far the largest result is the uneasy susceptibility accumulated in the consciousness of the author—one knows of the river by a few streaks amid a long-gathered deposit of uncomfortable mud. That was the way with Mr. Casaubon’s hard intellectual labors. Their most characteristic result was not the “Key to all Mythologies,” but a morbid consciousness that others did not give him the place which he had not demonstrably merited—a perpetual suspicious conjecture that the views entertained of him were not to his advantage—a melancholy absence of passion in his efforts at achievement, and a passionate resistance to the confession that he had achieved nothing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02463", "bookId": 145, "start": 902696, "end": 903019, "sha256": "f61d7650ec9f5928a877a8de029fa1fbd4e92fd649574a20aa1a2713a65fef5e", "text": "Thus his intellectual ambition which seemed to others to have absorbed and dried him, was really no security against wounds, least of all against those which came from Dorothea. And he had begun now to frame possibilities for the future which were somehow more embittering to him than anything his mind had dwelt on before.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02464", "bookId": 145, "start": 903021, "end": 904329, "sha256": "3eba75b35c3628e541b8a10d871ba7bc0797608a3c7163dd11c49a79b4e3b40e", "text": "Against certain facts he was helpless: against Will Ladislaw’s existence, his defiant stay in the neighborhood of Lowick, and his flippant state of mind with regard to the possessors of authentic, well-stamped erudition: against Dorothea’s nature, always taking on some new shape of ardent activity, and even in submission and silence covering fervid reasons which it was an irritation to think of: against certain notions and likings which had taken possession of her mind in relation to subjects that he could not possibly discuss with her. There was no denying that Dorothea was as virtuous and lovely a young lady as he could have obtained for a wife; but a young lady turned out to be something more troublesome than he had conceived. She nursed him, she read to him, she anticipated his wants, and was solicitous about his feelings; but there had entered into the husband’s mind the certainty that she judged him, and that her wifely devotedness was like a penitential expiation of unbelieving thoughts—was accompanied with a power of comparison by which himself and his doings were seen too luminously as a part of things in general. His discontent passed vapor-like through all her gentle loving manifestations, and clung to that inappreciative world which she had only brought nearer to him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02465", "bookId": 145, "start": 904331, "end": 905132, "sha256": "f6b5c6a15bc36c148dfeea2b255fdca4dc1070957296b76674d22815f254e562", "text": "Poor Mr. Casaubon! This suffering was the harder to bear because it seemed like a betrayal: the young creature who had worshipped him with perfect trust had quickly turned into the critical wife; and early instances of criticism and resentment had made an impression which no tenderness and submission afterwards could remove. To his suspicious interpretation Dorothea’s silence now was a suppressed rebellion; a remark from her which he had not in any way anticipated was an assertion of conscious superiority; her gentle answers had an irritating cautiousness in them; and when she acquiesced it was a self-approved effort of forbearance. The tenacity with which he strove to hide this inward drama made it the more vivid for him; as we hear with the more keenness what we wish others not to hear.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02466", "bookId": 145, "start": 905134, "end": 905934, "sha256": "0fe93e478935f71228dfb45b7daa3cd4454a9a037161ce7ad484ecc2eadd967d", "text": "Instead of wondering at this result of misery in Mr. Casaubon, I think it quite ordinary. Will not a tiny speck very close to our vision blot out the glory of the world, and leave only a margin by which we see the blot? I know no speck so troublesome as self. And who, if Mr. Casaubon had chosen to expound his discontents—his suspicions that he was not any longer adored without criticism—could have denied that they were founded on good reasons? On the contrary, there was a strong reason to be added, which he had not himself taken explicitly into account—namely, that he was not unmixedly adorable. He suspected this, however, as he suspected other things, without confessing it, and like the rest of us, felt how soothing it would have been to have a companion who would never find it out.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02467", "bookId": 145, "start": 905936, "end": 908065, "sha256": "e12fd7ed15085ca4389c917a773c6e65c2d2c302a4c58fc96ed1f5753eaeadf9", "text": "This sore susceptibility in relation to Dorothea was thoroughly prepared before Will Ladislaw had returned to Lowick, and what had occurred since then had brought Mr. Casaubon’s power of suspicious construction into exasperated activity. To all the facts which he knew, he added imaginary facts both present and future which became more real to him than those because they called up a stronger dislike, a more predominating bitterness. Suspicion and jealousy of Will Ladislaw’s intentions, suspicion and jealousy of Dorothea’s impressions, were constantly at their weaving work. It would be quite unjust to him to suppose that he could have entered into any coarse misinterpretation of Dorothea: his own habits of mind and conduct, quite as much as the open elevation of her nature, saved him from any such mistake. What he was jealous of was her opinion, the sway that might be given to her ardent mind in its judgments, and the future possibilities to which these might lead her. As to Will, though until his last defiant letter he had nothing definite which he would choose formally to allege against him, he felt himself warranted in believing that he was capable of any design which could fascinate a rebellious temper and an undisciplined impulsiveness. He was quite sure that Dorothea was the cause of Will’s return from Rome, and his determination to settle in the neighborhood; and he was penetrating enough to imagine that Dorothea had innocently encouraged this course. It was as clear as possible that she was ready to be attached to Will and to be pliant to his suggestions: they had never had a _tête-à-tête_ without her bringing away from it some new troublesome impression, and the last interview that Mr. Casaubon was aware of (Dorothea, on returning from Freshitt Hall, had for the first time been silent about having seen Will) had led to a scene which roused an angrier feeling against them both than he had ever known before. Dorothea’s outpouring of her notions about money, in the darkness of the night, had done nothing but bring a mixture of more odious foreboding into her husband’s mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02468", "bookId": 145, "start": 908067, "end": 909587, "sha256": "bc6f9dabcb33addbe59ef9a422641ae77aa9c287f226c84f6f1d1d3812c13ce9", "text": "And there was the shock lately given to his health always sadly present with him. He was certainly much revived; he had recovered all his usual power of work: the illness might have been mere fatigue, and there might still be twenty years of achievement before him, which would justify the thirty years of preparation. That prospect was made the sweeter by a flavor of vengeance against the hasty sneers of Carp & Company; for even when Mr. Casaubon was carrying his taper among the tombs of the past, those modern figures came athwart the dim light, and interrupted his diligent exploration. To convince Carp of his mistake, so that he would have to eat his own words with a good deal of indigestion, would be an agreeable accident of triumphant authorship, which the prospect of living to future ages on earth and to all eternity in heaven could not exclude from contemplation. Since, thus, the prevision of his own unending bliss could not nullify the bitter savors of irritated jealousy and vindictiveness, it is the less surprising that the probability of a transient earthly bliss for other persons, when he himself should have entered into glory, had not a potently sweetening effect. If the truth should be that some undermining disease was at work within him, there might be large opportunity for some people to be the happier when he was gone; and if one of those people should be Will Ladislaw, Mr. Casaubon objected so strongly that it seemed as if the annoyance would make part of his disembodied existence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02469", "bookId": 145, "start": 909589, "end": 911858, "sha256": "88753dc1b2b64ebb0f73adf63bc64260607533190138d9281c6578c658b9db9a", "text": "This is a very bare and therefore a very incomplete way of putting the case. The human soul moves in many channels, and Mr. Casaubon, we know, had a sense of rectitude and an honorable pride in satisfying the requirements of honor, which compelled him to find other reasons for his conduct than those of jealousy and vindictiveness. The way in which Mr. Casaubon put the case was this:—“In marrying Dorothea Brooke I had to care for her well-being in case of my death. But well-being is not to be secured by ample, independent possession of property; on the contrary, occasions might arise in which such possession might expose her to the more danger. She is ready prey to any man who knows how to play adroitly either on her affectionate ardor or her Quixotic enthusiasm; and a man stands by with that very intention in his mind—a man with no other principle than transient caprice, and who has a personal animosity towards me—I am sure of it—an animosity which is fed by the consciousness of his ingratitude, and which he has constantly vented in ridicule of which I am as well assured as if I had heard it. Even if I live I shall not be without uneasiness as to what he may attempt through indirect influence. This man has gained Dorothea’s ear: he has fascinated her attention; he has evidently tried to impress her mind with the notion that he has claims beyond anything I have done for him. If I die—and he is waiting here on the watch for that—he will persuade her to marry him. That would be calamity for her and success for him. _She_ would not think it calamity: he would make her believe anything; she has a tendency to immoderate attachment which she inwardly reproaches me for not responding to, and already her mind is occupied with his fortunes. He thinks of an easy conquest and of entering into my nest. That I will hinder! Such a marriage would be fatal to Dorothea. Has he ever persisted in anything except from contradiction? In knowledge he has always tried to be showy at small cost. In religion he could be, as long as it suited him, the facile echo of Dorothea’s vagaries. When was sciolism ever dissociated from laxity? I utterly distrust his morals, and it is my duty to hinder to the utmost the fulfilment of his designs.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02470", "bookId": 145, "start": 911860, "end": 912226, "sha256": "a30995f73c4c1a1bb9166de39db88c2e4e4ec8a3bc659d1e5e16a8c93fe602ef", "text": "The arrangements made by Mr. Casaubon on his marriage left strong measures open to him, but in ruminating on them his mind inevitably dwelt so much on the probabilities of his own life that the longing to get the nearest possible calculation had at last overcome his proud reticence, and had determined him to ask Lydgate’s opinion as to the nature of his illness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02471", "bookId": 145, "start": 912228, "end": 912611, "sha256": "69bc24d93d84ef7286ed08731e9a66a265eb2f4728eeb4ab4d62d9baf25e582c", "text": "He had mentioned to Dorothea that Lydgate was coming by appointment at half-past three, and in answer to her anxious question, whether he had felt ill, replied,—“No, I merely wish to have his opinion concerning some habitual symptoms. You need not see him, my dear. I shall give orders that he may be sent to me in the Yew-tree Walk, where I shall be taking my usual exercise.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02472", "bookId": 145, "start": 912613, "end": 913520, "sha256": "171e9b5199aef66ff9a04192b3ffdb0c5b8839c70807a6c43c9591b74883ba52", "text": "When Lydgate entered the Yew-tree Walk he saw Mr. Casaubon slowly receding with his hands behind him according to his habit, and his head bent forward. It was a lovely afternoon; the leaves from the lofty limes were falling silently across the sombre evergreens, while the lights and shadows slept side by side: there was no sound but the cawing of the rooks, which to the accustomed ear is a lullaby, or that last solemn lullaby, a dirge. Lydgate, conscious of an energetic frame in its prime, felt some compassion when the figure which he was likely soon to overtake turned round, and in advancing towards him showed more markedly than ever the signs of premature age—the student’s bent shoulders, the emaciated limbs, and the melancholy lines of the mouth. “Poor fellow,” he thought, “some men with his years are like lions; one can tell nothing of their age except that they are full grown.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02473", "bookId": 145, "start": 913522, "end": 913724, "sha256": "56e700ccdec43c2a1005acf9cfc968a65443d61b2ddb4b59d41023b2c8addd37", "text": "“Mr. Lydgate,” said Mr. Casaubon, with his invariably polite air, “I am exceedingly obliged to you for your punctuality. We will, if you please, carry on our conversation in walking to and fro.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02474", "bookId": 145, "start": 913726, "end": 913841, "sha256": "ebea108bfe29acf2666ddc44f345c29cacbaf66620f34041731aa65d2f3ed73b", "text": "“I hope your wish to see me is not due to the return of unpleasant symptoms,” said Lydgate, filling up a pause.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02475", "bookId": 145, "start": 913843, "end": 914494, "sha256": "a3ca6233fbf8b1ac929aff2c658365d99c228d84c21c0a280516ef11110a24e2", "text": "“Not immediately—no. In order to account for that wish I must mention—what it were otherwise needless to refer to—that my life, on all collateral accounts insignificant, derives a possible importance from the incompleteness of labors which have extended through all its best years. In short, I have long had on hand a work which I would fain leave behind me in such a state, at least, that it might be committed to the press by—others. Were I assured that this is the utmost I can reasonably expect, that assurance would be a useful circumscription of my attempts, and a guide in both the positive and negative determination of my course.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02476", "bookId": 145, "start": 914496, "end": 915459, "sha256": "51ca192ebb61f1ae4ab0ac59e4ccfb88f951ba21ea648cd32a68f7068a70a6c4", "text": "Here Mr. Casaubon paused, removed one hand from his back and thrust it between the buttons of his single-breasted coat. To a mind largely instructed in the human destiny hardly anything could be more interesting than the inward conflict implied in his formal measured address, delivered with the usual sing-song and motion of the head. Nay, are there many situations more sublimely tragic than the struggle of the soul with the demand to renounce a work which has been all the significance of its life—a significance which is to vanish as the waters which come and go where no man has need of them? But there was nothing to strike others as sublime about Mr. Casaubon, and Lydgate, who had some contempt at hand for futile scholarship, felt a little amusement mingling with his pity. He was at present too ill acquainted with disaster to enter into the pathos of a lot where everything is below the level of tragedy except the passionate egoism of the sufferer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02477", "bookId": 145, "start": 915461, "end": 915630, "sha256": "d50264d7ec476dcb0f3492776e499c96315e67a9a0f5083427747bf0e14f6635", "text": "“You refer to the possible hindrances from want of health?” he said, wishing to help forward Mr. Casaubon’s purpose, which seemed to be clogged by some hesitation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02478", "bookId": 145, "start": 915632, "end": 916183, "sha256": "87f081666c706a4342c7145497091105822e29216cad5025390305a9e9cd69a4", "text": "“I do. You have not implied to me that the symptoms which—I am bound to testify—you watched with scrupulous care, were those of a fatal disease. But were it so, Mr. Lydgate, I should desire to know the truth without reservation, and I appeal to you for an exact statement of your conclusions: I request it as a friendly service. If you can tell me that my life is not threatened by anything else than ordinary casualties, I shall rejoice, on grounds which I have already indicated. If not, knowledge of the truth is even more important to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02479", "bookId": 145, "start": 916185, "end": 916559, "sha256": "3f3359d901fe93cdd493bdc7075497f1b48b9289f49318d16d80f570eef096cc", "text": "“Then I can no longer hesitate as to my course,” said Lydgate; “but the first thing I must impress on you is that my conclusions are doubly uncertain—uncertain not only because of my fallibility, but because diseases of the heart are eminently difficult to found predictions on. In any case, one can hardly increase appreciably the tremendous uncertainty of life.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02480", "bookId": 145, "start": 916561, "end": 916604, "sha256": "a18570799b46c7218bce0b889888fd677b75deaa0138b1c50ad69822840b8817", "text": "Mr. Casaubon winced perceptibly, but bowed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02481", "bookId": 145, "start": 916606, "end": 917462, "sha256": "6c99d776aee1b9baabec596c65637d9ad7b64d26ea5a2668ed86607dd301712a", "text": "“I believe that you are suffering from what is called fatty degeneration of the heart, a disease which was first divined and explored by Laennec, the man who gave us the stethoscope, not so very many years ago. A good deal of experience—a more lengthened observation—is wanting on the subject. But after what you have said, it is my duty to tell you that death from this disease is often sudden. At the same time, no such result can be predicted. Your condition may be consistent with a tolerably comfortable life for another fifteen years, or even more. I could add no information to this beyond anatomical or medical details, which would leave expectation at precisely the same point.” Lydgate’s instinct was fine enough to tell him that plain speech, quite free from ostentatious caution, would be felt by Mr. Casaubon as a tribute of respect.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02482", "bookId": 145, "start": 917464, "end": 917646, "sha256": "8dff675c9ee3ca40d6d6b2be0da410ef437b0df60ba4d2f2c0398e895efcf4b2", "text": "“I thank you, Mr. Lydgate,” said Mr. Casaubon, after a moment’s pause. “One thing more I have still to ask: did you communicate what you have now told me to Mrs. Casaubon?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02483", "bookId": 145, "start": 917648, "end": 917935, "sha256": "bf3446da6524e3fcddda5aad49e76c0af99309307d963c1bb24d56ca9cbc68ea", "text": "“Partly—I mean, as to the possible issues.” Lydgate was going to explain why he had told Dorothea, but Mr. Casaubon, with an unmistakable desire to end the conversation, waved his hand slightly, and said again, “I thank you,” proceeding to remark on the rare beauty of the day.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02484", "bookId": 145, "start": 917937, "end": 920008, "sha256": "ea41bbffc99843bf1217efc7d776c90efc99bcbc5e81f4e1726c9238c08eb708", "text": "Lydgate, certain that his patient wished to be alone, soon left him; and the black figure with hands behind and head bent forward continued to pace the walk where the dark yew-trees gave him a mute companionship in melancholy, and the little shadows of bird or leaf that fleeted across the isles of sunlight, stole along in silence as in the presence of a sorrow. Here was a man who now for the first time found himself looking into the eyes of death—who was passing through one of those rare moments of experience when we feel the truth of a commonplace, which is as different from what we call knowing it, as the vision of waters upon the earth is different from the delirious vision of the water which cannot be had to cool the burning tongue. When the commonplace “We must all die” transforms itself suddenly into the acute consciousness “I must die—and soon,” then death grapples us, and his fingers are cruel; afterwards, he may come to fold us in his arms as our mother did, and our last moment of dim earthly discerning may be like the first. To Mr. Casaubon now, it was as if he suddenly found himself on the dark river-brink and heard the plash of the oncoming oar, not discerning the forms, but expecting the summons. In such an hour the mind does not change its lifelong bias, but carries it onward in imagination to the other side of death, gazing backward—perhaps with the divine calm of beneficence, perhaps with the petty anxieties of self-assertion. What was Mr. Casaubon’s bias his acts will give us a clew to. He held himself to be, with some private scholarly reservations, a believing Christian, as to estimates of the present and hopes of the future. But what we strive to gratify, though we may call it a distant hope, is an immediate desire: the future estate for which men drudge up city alleys exists already in their imagination and love. And Mr. Casaubon’s immediate desire was not for divine communion and light divested of earthly conditions; his passionate longings, poor man, clung low and mist-like in very shady places.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02485", "bookId": 145, "start": 920010, "end": 920785, "sha256": "797c7fb98bc7078390a12ce04639c04be2529d159149fdc9ca5f2fcf14e15da8", "text": "Dorothea had been aware when Lydgate had ridden away, and she had stepped into the garden, with the impulse to go at once to her husband. But she hesitated, fearing to offend him by obtruding herself; for her ardor, continually repulsed, served, with her intense memory, to heighten her dread, as thwarted energy subsides into a shudder; and she wandered slowly round the nearer clumps of trees until she saw him advancing. Then she went towards him, and might have represented a heaven-sent angel coming with a promise that the short hours remaining should yet be filled with that faithful love which clings the closer to a comprehended grief. His glance in reply to hers was so chill that she felt her timidity increased; yet she turned and passed her hand through his arm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02486", "bookId": 145, "start": 920787, "end": 920900, "sha256": "cb3f9bcad42eca8de254ad4fe6d732cc3d05869daa5cf9737ab65c813f615f78", "text": "Mr. Casaubon kept his hands behind him and allowed her pliant arm to cling with difficulty against his rigid arm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02487", "bookId": 145, "start": 920902, "end": 921862, "sha256": "f84264bacadfd660f69f004b5096a36904d4bb0d326d226c50be4a913abebeed", "text": "There was something horrible to Dorothea in the sensation which this unresponsive hardness inflicted on her. That is a strong word, but not too strong: it is in these acts called trivialities that the seeds of joy are forever wasted, until men and women look round with haggard faces at the devastation their own waste has made, and say, the earth bears no harvest of sweetness—calling their denial knowledge. You may ask why, in the name of manliness, Mr. Casaubon should have behaved in that way. Consider that his was a mind which shrank from pity: have you ever watched in such a mind the effect of a suspicion that what is pressing it as a grief may be really a source of contentment, either actual or future, to the being who already offends by pitying? Besides, he knew little of Dorothea’s sensations, and had not reflected that on such an occasion as the present they were comparable in strength to his own sensibilities about Carp’s criticisms.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02488", "bookId": 145, "start": 921864, "end": 922269, "sha256": "3004c0c8894542530358474a3c02cb7f09e487cfa87ea47516921c2ce3ee7eb1", "text": "Dorothea did not withdraw her arm, but she could not venture to speak. Mr. Casaubon did not say, “I wish to be alone,” but he directed his steps in silence towards the house, and as they entered by the glass door on this eastern side, Dorothea withdrew her arm and lingered on the matting, that she might leave her husband quite free. He entered the library and shut himself in, alone with his sorrow.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02489", "bookId": 145, "start": 922271, "end": 922637, "sha256": "9d1b242343d7fa6abc9a4ab59850ce5f75d7b9dd71407585a37d94cddcfda9c0", "text": "She went up to her boudoir. The open bow-window let in the serene glory of the afternoon lying in the avenue, where the lime-trees cast long shadows. But Dorothea knew nothing of the scene. She threw herself on a chair, not heeding that she was in the dazzling sun-rays: if there were discomfort in that, how could she tell that it was not part of her inward misery?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02490", "bookId": 145, "start": 922639, "end": 922773, "sha256": "e0229bd3347fefa61e9760e68e641f7173d3ad6712c306d1ad65bf9ebec998c1", "text": "She was in the reaction of a rebellious anger stronger than any she had felt since her marriage. Instead of tears there came words:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02491", "bookId": 145, "start": 922775, "end": 922960, "sha256": "cfd84c29c32f1e724edb60de9d5320339349616d73fbbced1cf566387f63e475", "text": "“What have I done—what am I—that he should treat me so? He never knows what is in my mind—he never cares. What is the use of anything I do? He wishes he had never married me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02492", "bookId": 145, "start": 922962, "end": 923952, "sha256": "76538ec1faa97cb43fe6032af6e08b5c7388d1ae01f9df633869188ad54f5bbb", "text": "She began to hear herself, and was checked into stillness. Like one who has lost his way and is weary, she sat and saw as in one glance all the paths of her young hope which she should never find again. And just as clearly in the miserable light she saw her own and her husband’s solitude—how they walked apart so that she was obliged to survey him. If he had drawn her towards him, she would never have surveyed him—never have said, “Is he worth living for?” but would have felt him simply a part of her own life. Now she said bitterly, “It is his fault, not mine.” In the jar of her whole being, Pity was overthrown. Was it her fault that she had believed in him—had believed in his worthiness?—And what, exactly, was he?— She was able enough to estimate him—she who waited on his glances with trembling, and shut her best soul in prison, paying it only hidden visits, that she might be petty enough to please him. In such a crisis as this, some women begin to hate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02493", "bookId": 145, "start": 923954, "end": 924698, "sha256": "3ecee7004b306e3d0ba6120762759a9e989f88c2be02a7e74132e643cc62afb8", "text": "The sun was low when Dorothea was thinking that she would not go down again, but would send a message to her husband saying that she was not well and preferred remaining up-stairs. She had never deliberately allowed her resentment to govern her in this way before, but she believed now that she could not see him again without telling him the truth about her feeling, and she must wait till she could do it without interruption. He might wonder and be hurt at her message. It was good that he should wonder and be hurt. Her anger said, as anger is apt to say, that God was with her—that all heaven, though it were crowded with spirits watching them, must be on her side. She had determined to ring her bell, when there came a rap at the door.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02494", "bookId": 145, "start": 924700, "end": 924837, "sha256": "ab05843e902b9db0ba6fcb9cc2f07a93577ca3fcb2bbe0eb791c630dbc7c86f3", "text": "Mr. Casaubon had sent to say that he would have his dinner in the library. He wished to be quite alone this evening, being much occupied.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02495", "bookId": 145, "start": 924839, "end": 924878, "sha256": "fa07d027213290fee0b893dda8977309b32afccd470427182217d5911c4dffab", "text": "“I shall not dine, then, Tantripp.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02496", "bookId": 145, "start": 924880, "end": 924933, "sha256": "bbc033770168566db163f2caa59dea37e68a5deed06db127b7a3bdc88ccb1450", "text": "“Oh, madam, let me bring you a little something?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02497", "bookId": 145, "start": 924935, "end": 925035, "sha256": "f4fc7da585d1ce6973bc5fc9bccdda464e56939385b552dea6d9c46740bf3904", "text": "“No; I am not well. Get everything ready in my dressing room, but pray do not disturb me again.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02498", "bookId": 145, "start": 925037, "end": 926586, "sha256": "09e76a309e724c52cc6a66b0dd2bd2d31d402d3160977b97af1cdc8981751fc9", "text": "Dorothea sat almost motionless in her meditative struggle, while the evening slowly deepened into night. But the struggle changed continually, as that of a man who begins with a movement towards striking and ends with conquering his desire to strike. The energy that would animate a crime is not more than is wanted to inspire a resolved submission, when the noble habit of the soul reasserts itself. That thought with which Dorothea had gone out to meet her husband—her conviction that he had been asking about the possible arrest of all his work, and that the answer must have wrung his heart, could not be long without rising beside the image of him, like a shadowy monitor looking at her anger with sad remonstrance. It cost her a litany of pictured sorrows and of silent cries that she might be the mercy for those sorrows—but the resolved submission did come; and when the house was still, and she knew that it was near the time when Mr. Casaubon habitually went to rest, she opened her door gently and stood outside in the darkness waiting for his coming up-stairs with a light in his hand. If he did not come soon she thought that she would go down and even risk incurring another pang. She would never again expect anything else. But she did hear the library door open, and slowly the light advanced up the staircase without noise from the footsteps on the carpet. When her husband stood opposite to her, she saw that his face was more haggard. He started slightly on seeing her, and she looked up at him beseechingly, without speaking.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02499", "bookId": 145, "start": 926588, "end": 926679, "sha256": "aa936a1f814b1c6fef5707c26cdcd4c5531206ec91d978a4ba1bb7ef54e6de73", "text": "“Dorothea!” he said, with a gentle surprise in his tone. “Were you waiting for me?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02500", "bookId": 145, "start": 926681, "end": 926722, "sha256": "9860ed08d8793e7c1335056560cda1797878d6875d568a4676901934efe72d16", "text": "“Yes, I did not like to disturb you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02501", "bookId": 145, "start": 926724, "end": 926811, "sha256": "d0fabad4612693b4298120ce3a09fe12ff478a18e23c991819d89dd3f2e0de7b", "text": "“Come, my dear, come. You are young, and need not to extend your life by watching.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02502", "bookId": 145, "start": 926813, "end": 927092, "sha256": "09af335efc6ec0603eedb8bea30fb83a1e42a668c742a408e71cf969aa481270", "text": "When the kind quiet melancholy of that speech fell on Dorothea’s ears, she felt something like the thankfulness that might well up in us if we had narrowly escaped hurting a lamed creature. She put her hand into her husband’s, and they went along the broad corridor together.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02503", "bookId": 145, "start": 927097, "end": 927119, "sha256": "fbae2b7d26e4116bfcbb15332f0906c0963f8c3b1bac21d717a3e83962ea860d", "text": "BOOK V. THE DEAD HAND.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02504", "bookId": 145, "start": 927124, "end": 927138, "sha256": "deb58c28847c488fb7796a138b984e45cccd1bec06930d79b8040c1b391d1eb7", "text": "CHAPTER XLIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02505", "bookId": 145, "start": 927140, "end": 927491, "sha256": "0779b3dd0137ef347bab9c690b17a1c40a64df1626f5dc64d1df4539bcc13e28", "text": "“This figure hath high price: ’t was wrought with love Ages ago in finest ivory; Nought modish in it, pure and noble lines Of generous womanhood that fits all time That too is costly ware; majolica Of deft design, to please a lordly eye: The smile, you see, is perfect—wonderful As mere Faience! a table ornament To suit the richest mounting.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02506", "bookId": 145, "start": 927494, "end": 928488, "sha256": "554169527fcdd8fbc3c73e739a7544b93f758650da53afee46d331b29fada4f7", "text": "Dorothea seldom left home without her husband, but she did occasionally drive into Middlemarch alone, on little errands of shopping or charity such as occur to every lady of any wealth when she lives within three miles of a town. Two days after that scene in the Yew-tree Walk, she determined to use such an opportunity in order if possible to see Lydgate, and learn from him whether her husband had really felt any depressing change of symptoms which he was concealing from her, and whether he had insisted on knowing the utmost about himself. She felt almost guilty in asking for knowledge about him from another, but the dread of being without it—the dread of that ignorance which would make her unjust or hard—overcame every scruple. That there had been some crisis in her husband’s mind she was certain: he had the very next day begun a new method of arranging his notes, and had associated her quite newly in carrying out his plan. Poor Dorothea needed to lay up stores of patience.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02507", "bookId": 145, "start": 928490, "end": 928682, "sha256": "77d768ce23db86a07afbeb7c60165780122891685ad0753f1e47abf9af760e7a", "text": "It was about four o’clock when she drove to Lydgate’s house in Lowick Gate, wishing, in her immediate doubt of finding him at home, that she had written beforehand. And he was not at home.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02508", "bookId": 145, "start": 928684, "end": 928853, "sha256": "163803aceac940916dac07816e267f9618e4ab416c9dbf539f58ef3eef767000", "text": "“Is Mrs. Lydgate at home?” said Dorothea, who had never, that she knew of, seen Rosamond, but now remembered the fact of the marriage. Yes, Mrs. Lydgate was at home.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02509", "bookId": 145, "start": 928855, "end": 928988, "sha256": "5340534be44cfbd0aa35dfb449fc13f3d0ea25a11a92d899e1029e4163ff617f", "text": "“I will go in and speak to her, if she will allow me. Will you ask her if she can see me—see Mrs. Casaubon, for a few minutes?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02510", "bookId": 145, "start": 928990, "end": 929305, "sha256": "137967adfe14b808ff4ed8527ff9ff16781f11d6cf82cef1d7e0163136b94210", "text": "When the servant had gone to deliver that message, Dorothea could hear sounds of music through an open window—a few notes from a man’s voice and then a piano bursting into roulades. But the roulades broke off suddenly, and then the servant came back saying that Mrs. Lydgate would be happy to see Mrs. Casaubon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02511", "bookId": 145, "start": 929307, "end": 931700, "sha256": "4aac00038c04711b897e579e0d643289420f0bc1c6791ae5e88dbe7cb7078b81", "text": "When the drawing-room door opened and Dorothea entered, there was a sort of contrast not infrequent in country life when the habits of the different ranks were less blent than now. Let those who know, tell us exactly what stuff it was that Dorothea wore in those days of mild autumn—that thin white woollen stuff soft to the touch and soft to the eye. It always seemed to have been lately washed, and to smell of the sweet hedges—was always in the shape of a pelisse with sleeves hanging all out of the fashion. Yet if she had entered before a still audience as Imogene or Cato’s daughter, the dress might have seemed right enough: the grace and dignity were in her limbs and neck; and about her simply parted hair and candid eyes the large round poke which was then in the fate of women, seemed no more odd as a head-dress than the gold trencher we call a halo. By the present audience of two persons, no dramatic heroine could have been expected with more interest than Mrs. Casaubon. To Rosamond she was one of those county divinities not mixing with Middlemarch mortality, whose slightest marks of manner or appearance were worthy of her study; moreover, Rosamond was not without satisfaction that Mrs. Casaubon should have an opportunity of studying _her_. What is the use of being exquisite if you are not seen by the best judges? and since Rosamond had received the highest compliments at Sir Godwin Lydgate’s, she felt quite confident of the impression she must make on people of good birth. Dorothea put out her hand with her usual simple kindness, and looked admiringly at Lydgate’s lovely bride—aware that there was a gentleman standing at a distance, but seeing him merely as a coated figure at a wide angle. The gentleman was too much occupied with the presence of the one woman to reflect on the contrast between the two—a contrast that would certainly have been striking to a calm observer. They were both tall, and their eyes were on a level; but imagine Rosamond’s infantine blondness and wondrous crown of hair-plaits, with her pale-blue dress of a fit and fashion so perfect that no dressmaker could look at it without emotion, a large embroidered collar which it was to be hoped all beholders would know the price of, her small hands duly set off with rings, and that controlled self-consciousness of manner which is the expensive substitute for simplicity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02512", "bookId": 145, "start": 931702, "end": 931985, "sha256": "707bbd3ab5db4685e01fa9da73f2d4da1edc0f878a32a335cde3c785b1b2400c", "text": "“Thank you very much for allowing me to interrupt you,” said Dorothea, immediately. “I am anxious to see Mr. Lydgate, if possible, before I go home, and I hoped that you might possibly tell me where I could find him, or even allow me to wait for him, if you expect him soon.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02513", "bookId": 145, "start": 931987, "end": 932106, "sha256": "4c9c2ac6095c60c1491389be85c9a6ccafee097a43e1c7a24e527682b954c72a", "text": "“He is at the New Hospital,” said Rosamond; “I am not sure how soon he will come home. But I can send for him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02514", "bookId": 145, "start": 932108, "end": 932337, "sha256": "07b21fdc3f4790d4593512050211f1e8c7b6fe8577d086d3b9ffb8056040f311", "text": "“Will you let me go and fetch him?” said Will Ladislaw, coming forward. He had already taken up his hat before Dorothea entered. She colored with surprise, but put out her hand with a smile of unmistakable pleasure, saying—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02515", "bookId": 145, "start": 932339, "end": 932408, "sha256": "812d813a7f7a7227b8a03ac027499f4fa5be7a0c792d60fea83fc42035312384", "text": "“I did not know it was you: I had no thought of seeing you here.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02516", "bookId": 145, "start": 932410, "end": 932498, "sha256": "dece958c8c3609c5e9d612ad52d8b3cf4366770f6e6c311ab263455d5b1cc597", "text": "“May I go to the Hospital and tell Mr. Lydgate that you wish to see him?” said Will.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02517", "bookId": 145, "start": 932500, "end": 932640, "sha256": "259bb4cf76cea7ea89a7f2b78e70ae74d0ea960898f2ecf8d0294b10268d3545", "text": "“It would be quicker to send the carriage for him,” said Dorothea, “if you will be kind enough to give the message to the coachman.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02518", "bookId": 145, "start": 932642, "end": 932978, "sha256": "196304a44e835ef93ca150aaad74f1817b0f33c5a608c7f36cc517894f3486d4", "text": "Will was moving to the door when Dorothea, whose mind had flashed in an instant over many connected memories, turned quickly and said, “I will go myself, thank you. I wish to lose no time before getting home again. I will drive to the Hospital and see Mr. Lydgate there. Pray excuse me, Mrs. Lydgate. I am very much obliged to you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02519", "bookId": 145, "start": 932980, "end": 933421, "sha256": "8a3af4d1e205a3091f597aef8b1f966aa2e4ea58fa690857f5759e4ba8df9e7c", "text": "Her mind was evidently arrested by some sudden thought, and she left the room hardly conscious of what was immediately around her—hardly conscious that Will opened the door for her and offered her his arm to lead her to the carriage. She took the arm but said nothing. Will was feeling rather vexed and miserable, and found nothing to say on his side. He handed her into the carriage in silence, they said good-by, and Dorothea drove away.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02520", "bookId": 145, "start": 933423, "end": 935137, "sha256": "49e53e2729eed4b35db841c008bb4937a0d1ef47492aa7049234dfff47d8af7f", "text": "In the five minutes’ drive to the Hospital she had time for some reflections that were quite new to her. Her decision to go, and her preoccupation in leaving the room, had come from the sudden sense that there would be a sort of deception in her voluntarily allowing any further intercourse between herself and Will which she was unable to mention to her husband, and already her errand in seeking Lydgate was a matter of concealment. That was all that had been explicitly in her mind; but she had been urged also by a vague discomfort. Now that she was alone in her drive, she heard the notes of the man’s voice and the accompanying piano, which she had not noted much at the time, returning on her inward sense; and she found herself thinking with some wonder that Will Ladislaw was passing his time with Mrs. Lydgate in her husband’s absence. And then she could not help remembering that he had passed some time with her under like circumstances, so why should there be any unfitness in the fact? But Will was Mr. Casaubon’s relative, and one towards whom she was bound to show kindness. Still there had been signs which perhaps she ought to have understood as implying that Mr. Casaubon did not like his cousin’s visits during his own absence. “Perhaps I have been mistaken in many things,” said poor Dorothea to herself, while the tears came rolling and she had to dry them quickly. She felt confusedly unhappy, and the image of Will which had been so clear to her before was mysteriously spoiled. But the carriage stopped at the gate of the Hospital. She was soon walking round the grass plots with Lydgate, and her feelings recovered the strong bent which had made her seek for this interview.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02521", "bookId": 145, "start": 935139, "end": 937244, "sha256": "9408187837d29333cc3095564df76701c67e5d76c3148557d54770304812b615", "text": "Will Ladislaw, meanwhile, was mortified, and knew the reason of it clearly enough. His chances of meeting Dorothea were rare; and here for the first time there had come a chance which had set him at a disadvantage. It was not only, as it had been hitherto, that she was not supremely occupied with him, but that she had seen him under circumstances in which he might appear not to be supremely occupied with her. He felt thrust to a new distance from her, amongst the circles of Middlemarchers who made no part of her life. But that was not his fault: of course, since he had taken his lodgings in the town, he had been making as many acquaintances as he could, his position requiring that he should know everybody and everything. Lydgate was really better worth knowing than any one else in the neighborhood, and he happened to have a wife who was musical and altogether worth calling upon. Here was the whole history of the situation in which Diana had descended too unexpectedly on her worshipper. It was mortifying. Will was conscious that he should not have been at Middlemarch but for Dorothea; and yet his position there was threatening to divide him from her with those barriers of habitual sentiment which are more fatal to the persistence of mutual interest than all the distance between Rome and Britain. Prejudices about rank and status were easy enough to defy in the form of a tyrannical letter from Mr. Casaubon; but prejudices, like odorous bodies, have a double existence both solid and subtle—solid as the pyramids, subtle as the twentieth echo of an echo, or as the memory of hyacinths which once scented the darkness. And Will was of a temperament to feel keenly the presence of subtleties: a man of clumsier perceptions would not have felt, as he did, that for the first time some sense of unfitness in perfect freedom with him had sprung up in Dorothea’s mind, and that their silence, as he conducted her to the carriage, had had a chill in it. Perhaps Casaubon, in his hatred and jealousy, had been insisting to Dorothea that Will had slid below her socially. Confound Casaubon!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02522", "bookId": 145, "start": 937246, "end": 937405, "sha256": "311ad0a226470c213b0a57703dc1b4257b129051433214c89a21b942f19c3e5a", "text": "Will re-entered the drawing-room, took up his hat, and looking irritated as he advanced towards Mrs. Lydgate, who had seated herself at her work-table, said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02523", "bookId": 145, "start": 937407, "end": 937557, "sha256": "9553245544808d54ce6120dfe392a4826b1ea07c509a14a92b85081a4b829604", "text": "“It is always fatal to have music or poetry interrupted. May I come another day and just finish about the rendering of ‘Lungi dal caro bene’?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02524", "bookId": 145, "start": 937559, "end": 937785, "sha256": "7c21008263b68582f759c55c9f6f90aeef01cc1f8244a33d572916e5b1f3244e", "text": "“I shall be happy to be taught,” said Rosamond. “But I am sure you admit that the interruption was a very beautiful one. I quite envy your acquaintance with Mrs. Casaubon. Is she very clever? She looks as if she were.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02525", "bookId": 145, "start": 937787, "end": 937846, "sha256": "fb6b448cc1c05a4d296e76a4dc6b26303a72896ca38c6fec118286bf537e2058", "text": "“Really, I never thought about it,” said Will, sulkily.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02526", "bookId": 145, "start": 937848, "end": 938018, "sha256": "4ff048fb61b322198494263b3101fa088fb8a3b270b5d556346a54f200d6c567", "text": "“That is just the answer Tertius gave me, when I first asked him if she were handsome. What is it that you gentlemen are thinking of when you are with Mrs. Casaubon?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02527", "bookId": 145, "start": 938020, "end": 938206, "sha256": "052b1195b8dc8cca73fa6efa9c6e3802f4302d5b3711979db9e9d8ae2f0bc40b", "text": "“Herself,” said Will, not indisposed to provoke the charming Mrs. Lydgate. “When one sees a perfect woman, one never thinks of her attributes—one is conscious of her presence.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02528", "bookId": 145, "start": 938208, "end": 938369, "sha256": "eddd6583fd75a8bd1f0efffd4037d250e70592be8b126a9b260ab2ce4bb361a4", "text": "“I shall be jealous when Tertius goes to Lowick,” said Rosamond, dimpling, and speaking with aery lightness. “He will come back and think nothing of me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02529", "bookId": 145, "start": 938371, "end": 938514, "sha256": "1107c1a92f0c4aecfc4ebd2c4cbc1a98e35f3093f8d830d5a65a9a55753220b6", "text": "“That does not seem to have been the effect on Lydgate hitherto. Mrs. Casaubon is too unlike other women for them to be compared with her.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02530", "bookId": 145, "start": 938516, "end": 938592, "sha256": "f50a314f9fbae5e8b6e85bd12ca9ad110c8d40582590d04612341ba59f7ecde2", "text": "“You are a devout worshipper, I perceive. You often see her, I suppose.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02531", "bookId": 145, "start": 938594, "end": 938788, "sha256": "ec4c861e529432f1c8cb6609baf28df2dc4213a3dc594b1fe510f473066e03d3", "text": "“No,” said Will, almost pettishly. “Worship is usually a matter of theory rather than of practice. But I am practising it to excess just at this moment—I must really tear myself away.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02532", "bookId": 145, "start": 938790, "end": 938909, "sha256": "b163f88f9141b607bf98fa6eb5ff84b807fb7cef8c1756e49db1f76e7b2910f1", "text": "“Pray come again some evening: Mr. Lydgate will like to hear the music, and I cannot enjoy it so well without him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02533", "bookId": 145, "start": 938911, "end": 939274, "sha256": "da2f3660217ceede173da5531b45bf91047e569ea2c51486495a7875790b6215", "text": "When her husband was at home again, Rosamond said, standing in front of him and holding his coat-collar with both her hands, “Mr. Ladislaw was here singing with me when Mrs. Casaubon came in. He seemed vexed. Do you think he disliked her seeing him at our house? Surely your position is more than equal to his—whatever may be his relation to the Casaubons.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02534", "bookId": 145, "start": 939276, "end": 939412, "sha256": "8a6479a554a3529945f7da60e17a53fef2310eba9058fe475d9b89eb4aeac7fa", "text": "“No, no; it must be something else if he were really vexed. Ladislaw is a sort of gypsy; he thinks nothing of leather and prunella.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02535", "bookId": 145, "start": 939414, "end": 939482, "sha256": "4baabd6d1eaf403a71d84f914b1da6e4f13811a52e00ec86a715dcf4f27b307d", "text": "“Music apart, he is not always very agreeable. Do you like him?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02536", "bookId": 145, "start": 939484, "end": 939574, "sha256": "50606086123a5f62f70318064561c8d603cd2c4727d30e78b91b89a11815ed21", "text": "“Yes: I think he is a good fellow: rather miscellaneous and bric-a-brac, but likable.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02537", "bookId": 145, "start": 939576, "end": 939627, "sha256": "18b28d0eafbb513226b92b5162a91e501c574a91564d4cdcf5a50ffe553b4b3b", "text": "“Do you know, I think he adores Mrs. Casaubon.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02538", "bookId": 145, "start": 939629, "end": 939700, "sha256": "d9c3cdeceb4dc3bd7b587e9be65c83fa69d4f0063384600cfd05ee75c5f40e9d", "text": "“Poor devil!” said Lydgate, smiling and pinching his wife’s ears.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02539", "bookId": 145, "start": 939702, "end": 940832, "sha256": "a16f1444347e34c8bf61b869ffb07cb5b904523d61b9a6bac421a514b4702a3c", "text": "Rosamond felt herself beginning to know a great deal of the world, especially in discovering what when she was in her unmarried girlhood had been inconceivable to her except as a dim tragedy in by-gone costumes—that women, even after marriage, might make conquests and enslave men. At that time young ladies in the country, even when educated at Mrs. Lemon’s, read little French literature later than Racine, and public prints had not cast their present magnificent illumination over the scandals of life. Still, vanity, with a woman’s whole mind and day to work in, can construct abundantly on slight hints, especially on such a hint as the possibility of indefinite conquests. How delightful to make captives from the throne of marriage with a husband as crown-prince by your side—himself in fact a subject—while the captives look up forever hopeless, losing their rest probably, and if their appetite too, so much the better! But Rosamond’s romance turned at present chiefly on her crown-prince, and it was enough to enjoy his assured subjection. When he said, “Poor devil!” she asked, with playful curiosity—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02540", "bookId": 145, "start": 940834, "end": 940847, "sha256": "6119b6ff25ffdc7f3e20014760ed742440148548046790ba7b9675ac06c6b681", "text": "“Why so?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02541", "bookId": 145, "start": 940849, "end": 940968, "sha256": "5536358eb019e0ad95f137417ace47a392139a232fe02b199a756ce4d352bbc1", "text": "“Why, what can a man do when he takes to adoring one of you mermaids? He only neglects his work and runs up bills.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02542", "bookId": 145, "start": 940970, "end": 941235, "sha256": "e0ff4ac808abf75339d193c83f7270d32a296c974adf3e9f798b1972a5a6d2e1", "text": "“I am sure you do not neglect your work. You are always at the Hospital, or seeing poor patients, or thinking about some doctor’s quarrel; and then at home you always want to pore over your microscope and phials. Confess you like those things better than me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02543", "bookId": 145, "start": 941237, "end": 941527, "sha256": "50dd417e053401e02219fac8b7aefe0e386b7b9519cce49319d6d44ab0b0ef44", "text": "“Haven’t you ambition enough to wish that your husband should be something better than a Middlemarch doctor?” said Lydgate, letting his hands fall on to his wife’s shoulders, and looking at her with affectionate gravity. “I shall make you learn my favorite bit from an old poet—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02544", "bookId": 145, "start": 941529, "end": 941702, "sha256": "0c9d73952a332d06b982f3f4c83e1939d66cde3006e50a0a3ac83b824db7fe83", "text": "‘Why should our pride make such a stir to be And be forgot? What good is like to this, To do worthy the writing, and to write Worthy the reading and the worlds delight?’", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02545", "bookId": 145, "start": 941705, "end": 941836, "sha256": "27676d265e05da54822b05d8e6a99ada225b95acb3d7a27d7ae34563873b4d4b", "text": "What I want, Rosy, is to do worthy the writing,—and to write out myself what I have done. A man must work, to do that, my pet.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02546", "bookId": 145, "start": 941838, "end": 942120, "sha256": "4ca2151f8f6c1e237efbf437bed98e55d70a07c83d2627462f200952a8afcb80", "text": "“Of course, I wish you to make discoveries: no one could more wish you to attain a high position in some better place than Middlemarch. You cannot say that I have ever tried to hinder you from working. But we cannot live like hermits. You are not discontented with me, Tertius?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02547", "bookId": 145, "start": 942122, "end": 942170, "sha256": "7bdbdae7e6b062136a46904ddb1d4e05fd1cea78959f37babd72f4b70d403b54", "text": "“No, dear, no. I am too entirely contented.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02548", "bookId": 145, "start": 942172, "end": 942224, "sha256": "1084ef660d2eaf8f33e9d9ec3345f582d54529b71afd691b22041db55f7ddd8e", "text": "“But what did Mrs. Casaubon want to say to you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02549", "bookId": 145, "start": 942226, "end": 942381, "sha256": "121cbec1e2b614d2e04bf30f443da2c919b5c1119f9a4a3cf5c5721670d8b054", "text": "“Merely to ask about her husband’s health. But I think she is going to be splendid to our New Hospital: I think she will give us two hundred a-year.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02550", "bookId": 145, "start": 942386, "end": 942399, "sha256": "85770e544e66f03f30ffeee8b374a02ae5f63bed45a93d094a33aca10612678b", "text": "CHAPTER XLIV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02551", "bookId": 145, "start": 942401, "end": 942486, "sha256": "b09931436a42d34e2e655480206485fe386a9beea1253f7145527ece8a9a3a8a", "text": "I would not creep along the coast but steer Out in mid-sea, by guidance of the stars.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02552", "bookId": 145, "start": 942489, "end": 942950, "sha256": "7d8030c7750e75cf844a0671d8c5e7788292338df0df68a2360616f90bc08560", "text": "When Dorothea, walking round the laurel-planted plots of the New Hospital with Lydgate, had learned from him that there were no signs of change in Mr. Casaubon’s bodily condition beyond the mental sign of anxiety to know the truth about his illness, she was silent for a few moments, wondering whether she had said or done anything to rouse this new anxiety. Lydgate, not willing to let slip an opportunity of furthering a favorite purpose, ventured to say—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02553", "bookId": 145, "start": 942952, "end": 943522, "sha256": "10e2c7e487ad0ea0e80dcf299f24df8529366b67720e0eafb2d2dbb1eea8f0b7", "text": "“I don’t know whether your or Mr. Casaubon’s attention has been drawn to the needs of our New Hospital. Circumstances have made it seem rather egotistic in me to urge the subject; but that is not my fault: it is because there is a fight being made against it by the other medical men. I think you are generally interested in such things, for I remember that when I first had the pleasure of seeing you at Tipton Grange before your marriage, you were asking me some questions about the way in which the health of the poor was affected by their miserable housing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02554", "bookId": 145, "start": 943524, "end": 944014, "sha256": "9ab91a375e26fc9ab028620f263be49601428493a5edb1f61b22b74e74ee73e6", "text": "“Yes, indeed,” said Dorothea, brightening. “I shall be quite grateful to you if you will tell me how I can help to make things a little better. Everything of that sort has slipped away from me since I have been married. I mean,” she said, after a moment’s hesitation, “that the people in our village are tolerably comfortable, and my mind has been too much taken up for me to inquire further. But here—in such a place as Middlemarch—there must be a great deal to be done.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02555", "bookId": 145, "start": 944016, "end": 944442, "sha256": "a5baacfcf834bb379725ab2b5f9dd163ea3538fb18fc7e292dd18ee9d0ba92c5", "text": "“There is everything to be done,” said Lydgate, with abrupt energy. “And this Hospital is a capital piece of work, due entirely to Mr. Bulstrode’s exertions, and in a great degree to his money. But one man can’t do everything in a scheme of this sort. Of course he looked forward to help. And now there’s a mean, petty feud set up against the thing in the town, by certain persons who want to make it a failure.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02556", "bookId": 145, "start": 944444, "end": 944512, "sha256": "bfa1d2670162ab358beda5252eac312f784d68fa62f087235765d3bc102ff054", "text": "“What can be their reasons?” said Dorothea, with naive surprise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02557", "bookId": 145, "start": 944514, "end": 945342, "sha256": "c8b77ae481d403ed1dcdc1d5b354bf4b4eb74b395da045911953cc86b103f323", "text": "“Chiefly Mr. Bulstrode’s unpopularity, to begin with. Half the town would almost take trouble for the sake of thwarting him. In this stupid world most people never consider that a thing is good to be done unless it is done by their own set. I had no connection with Bulstrode before I came here. I look at him quite impartially, and I see that he has some notions—that he has set things on foot—which I can turn to good public purpose. If a fair number of the better educated men went to work with the belief that their observations might contribute to the reform of medical doctrine and practice, we should soon see a change for the better. That’s my point of view. I hold that by refusing to work with Mr. Bulstrode I should be turning my back on an opportunity of making my profession more generally serviceable.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02558", "bookId": 145, "start": 945344, "end": 945545, "sha256": "9721925b6112d42d3c8732805e10675938c5a8750c612bb1c65c9599cf0f6900", "text": "“I quite agree with you,” said Dorothea, at once fascinated by the situation sketched in Lydgate’s words. “But what is there against Mr. Bulstrode? I know that my uncle is friendly with him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02559", "bookId": 145, "start": 945547, "end": 945626, "sha256": "07556799c6aa1316c5827984b555f0fb94ae1768c80c9ba9790cf04313489f0b", "text": "“People don’t like his religious tone,” said Lydgate, breaking off there.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02560", "bookId": 145, "start": 945628, "end": 945792, "sha256": "96ab3513be5a5f4a1a6e325480f777ec6af2feea04c040112a9eab73e97a9d60", "text": "“That is all the stronger reason for despising such an opposition,” said Dorothea, looking at the affairs of Middlemarch by the light of the great persecutions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02561", "bookId": 145, "start": 945794, "end": 946643, "sha256": "59a0eef9b859a62ef9df61b02d1b654ca7336441cc09dafe962c269a982a5341", "text": "“To put the matter quite fairly, they have other objections to him:—he is masterful and rather unsociable, and he is concerned with trade, which has complaints of its own that I know nothing about. But what has that to do with the question whether it would not be a fine thing to establish here a more valuable hospital than any they have in the county? The immediate motive to the opposition, however, is the fact that Bulstrode has put the medical direction into my hands. Of course I am glad of that. It gives me an opportunity of doing some good work,—and I am aware that I have to justify his choice of me. But the consequence is, that the whole profession in Middlemarch have set themselves tooth and nail against the Hospital, and not only refuse to cooperate themselves, but try to blacken the whole affair and hinder subscriptions.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02562", "bookId": 145, "start": 946645, "end": 946699, "sha256": "773fa6c437eb0715f24f7b790b55d683614d94ca5d03cfc4e3448f7b8bd2bf67", "text": "“How very petty!” exclaimed Dorothea, indignantly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02563", "bookId": 145, "start": 946701, "end": 947511, "sha256": "90c5362d5e4b39cc601bad4c3a7c309e5f28b7786a5cad70ec1af518cf1ecd18", "text": "“I suppose one must expect to fight one’s way: there is hardly anything to be done without it. And the ignorance of people about here is stupendous. I don’t lay claim to anything else than having used some opportunities which have not come within everybody’s reach; but there is no stifling the offence of being young, and a new-comer, and happening to know something more than the old inhabitants. Still, if I believe that I can set going a better method of treatment—if I believe that I can pursue certain observations and inquiries which may be a lasting benefit to medical practice, I should be a base truckler if I allowed any consideration of personal comfort to hinder me. And the course is all the clearer from there being no salary in question to put my persistence in an equivocal light.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02564", "bookId": 145, "start": 947513, "end": 948014, "sha256": "5c9a1de71af253de898af1c6dcc0deadeadb0b8135813dcb319a03df90fc10c8", "text": "“I am glad you have told me this, Mr. Lydgate,” said Dorothea, cordially. “I feel sure I can help a little. I have some money, and don’t know what to do with it—that is often an uncomfortable thought to me. I am sure I can spare two hundred a-year for a grand purpose like this. How happy you must be, to know things that you feel sure will do great good! I wish I could awake with that knowledge every morning. There seems to be so much trouble taken that one can hardly see the good of!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02565", "bookId": 145, "start": 948016, "end": 948261, "sha256": "59e80b1eda590661fe26fd0c043973bd142b9221a59b4fef069fd1b635ef81bd", "text": "There was a melancholy cadence in Dorothea’s voice as she spoke these last words. But she presently added, more cheerfully, “Pray come to Lowick and tell us more of this. I will mention the subject to Mr. Casaubon. I must hasten home now.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02566", "bookId": 145, "start": 948263, "end": 948869, "sha256": "042ddcbe35240faa9bc816e8801f7a3067e379749a506bd98ae389d9172c741f", "text": "She did mention it that evening, and said that she should like to subscribe two hundred a-year—she had seven hundred a-year as the equivalent of her own fortune, settled on her at her marriage. Mr. Casaubon made no objection beyond a passing remark that the sum might be disproportionate in relation to other good objects, but when Dorothea in her ignorance resisted that suggestion, he acquiesced. He did not care himself about spending money, and was not reluctant to give it. If he ever felt keenly any question of money it was through the medium of another passion than the love of material property.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02567", "bookId": 145, "start": 948871, "end": 949353, "sha256": "fede00d3295e553f198e65b119d51829a3e813dfe5857ea153dce7d63ba82ad5", "text": "Dorothea told him that she had seen Lydgate, and recited the gist of her conversation with him about the Hospital. Mr. Casaubon did not question her further, but he felt sure that she had wished to know what had passed between Lydgate and himself. “She knows that I know,” said the ever-restless voice within; but that increase of tacit knowledge only thrust further off any confidence between them. He distrusted her affection; and what loneliness is more lonely than distrust?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02568", "bookId": 145, "start": 949358, "end": 949370, "sha256": "9fb5a0cf8798d782e125f31fd6b7a99a0481297d7066deb9e171efab668aa45d", "text": "CHAPTER XLV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02569", "bookId": 145, "start": 949372, "end": 949920, "sha256": "769ce9e460f6d3d86a608e084a6e760403f97571e59d8891ebcbb5f2f67ebfdd", "text": "It is the humor of many heads to extol the days of their forefathers, and declaim against the wickedness of times present. Which notwithstanding they cannot handsomely do, without the borrowed help and satire of times past; condemning the vices of their own times, by the expressions of vices in times which they commend, which cannot but argue the community of vice in both. Horace, therefore, Juvenal, and Persius, were no prophets, although their lines did seem to indigitate and point at our times.—SIR THOMAS BROWNE: _Pseudodoxia Epidemica_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02570", "bookId": 145, "start": 949923, "end": 951095, "sha256": "4ac3898d38a6baa71b64d88b916523f1a40f3a26592d03840cfe4c92d94baafb", "text": "That opposition to the New Fever Hospital which Lydgate had sketched to Dorothea was, like other oppositions, to be viewed in many different lights. He regarded it as a mixture of jealousy and dunderheaded prejudice. Mr. Bulstrode saw in it not only medical jealousy but a determination to thwart himself, prompted mainly by a hatred of that vital religion of which he had striven to be an effectual lay representative—a hatred which certainly found pretexts apart from religion such as were only too easy to find in the entanglements of human action. These might be called the ministerial views. But oppositions have the illimitable range of objections at command, which need never stop short at the boundary of knowledge, but can draw forever on the vasts of ignorance. What the opposition in Middlemarch said about the New Hospital and its administration had certainly a great deal of echo in it, for heaven has taken care that everybody shall not be an originator; but there were differences which represented every social shade between the polished moderation of Dr. Minchin and the trenchant assertion of Mrs. Dollop, the landlady of the Tankard in Slaughter Lane.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02571", "bookId": 145, "start": 951097, "end": 952026, "sha256": "cbf807b43889345fa6f443cd688ee1382beb95164ecdfaadf509045355a1474e", "text": "Mrs. Dollop became more and more convinced by her own asseveration, that Dr. Lydgate meant to let the people die in the Hospital, if not to poison them, for the sake of cutting them up without saying by your leave or with your leave; for it was a known “fac” that he had wanted to cut up Mrs. Goby, as respectable a woman as any in Parley Street, who had money in trust before her marriage—a poor tale for a doctor, who if he was good for anything should know what was the matter with you before you died, and not want to pry into your inside after you were gone. If that was not reason, Mrs. Dollop wished to know what was; but there was a prevalent feeling in her audience that her opinion was a bulwark, and that if it were overthrown there would be no limits to the cutting-up of bodies, as had been well seen in Burke and Hare with their pitch-plaisters—such a hanging business as that was not wanted in Middlemarch!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02572", "bookId": 145, "start": 952028, "end": 952933, "sha256": "9451358a41e3b57e35aa54b1a0c613c29476aaa36740146534a828141181e88c", "text": "And let it not be supposed that opinion at the Tankard in Slaughter Lane was unimportant to the medical profession: that old authentic public-house—the original Tankard, known by the name of Dollop’s—was the resort of a great Benefit Club, which had some months before put to the vote whether its long-standing medical man, “Doctor Gambit,” should not be cashiered in favor of “this Doctor Lydgate,” who was capable of performing the most astonishing cures, and rescuing people altogether given up by other practitioners. But the balance had been turned against Lydgate by two members, who for some private reasons held that this power of resuscitating persons as good as dead was an equivocal recommendation, and might interfere with providential favors. In the course of the year, however, there had been a change in the public sentiment, of which the unanimity at Dollop’s was an index.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02573", "bookId": 145, "start": 952935, "end": 954388, "sha256": "15a08e34d3b0602e6181a0c6b378d65a6dda8e67cb82066842ad9ae597b27094", "text": "A good deal more than a year ago, before anything was known of Lydgate’s skill, the judgments on it had naturally been divided, depending on a sense of likelihood, situated perhaps in the pit of the stomach or in the pineal gland, and differing in its verdicts, but not the less valuable as a guide in the total deficit of evidence. Patients who had chronic diseases or whose lives had long been worn threadbare, like old Featherstone’s, had been at once inclined to try him; also, many who did not like paying their doctor’s bills, thought agreeably of opening an account with a new doctor and sending for him without stint if the children’s temper wanted a dose, occasions when the old practitioners were often crusty; and all persons thus inclined to employ Lydgate held it likely that he was clever. Some considered that he might do more than others “where there was liver;”—at least there would be no harm in getting a few bottles of “stuff” from him, since if these proved useless it would still be possible to return to the Purifying Pills, which kept you alive if they did not remove the yellowness. But these were people of minor importance. Good Middlemarch families were of course not going to change their doctor without reason shown; and everybody who had employed Mr. Peacock did not feel obliged to accept a new man merely in the character of his successor, objecting that he was “not likely to be equal to Peacock.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02574", "bookId": 145, "start": 954390, "end": 955060, "sha256": "7bc7b91f73adff0fdef8c7f9494c1d6351700bc459349eed15cc2b2f1568d54d", "text": "But Lydgate had not been long in the town before there were particulars enough reported of him to breed much more specific expectations and to intensify differences into partisanship; some of the particulars being of that impressive order of which the significance is entirely hidden, like a statistical amount without a standard of comparison, but with a note of exclamation at the end. The cubic feet of oxygen yearly swallowed by a full-grown man—what a shudder they might have created in some Middlemarch circles! “Oxygen! nobody knows what that may be—is it any wonder the cholera has got to Dantzic? And yet there are people who say quarantine is no good!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02575", "bookId": 145, "start": 955062, "end": 956071, "sha256": "9fdcebe94a3ce7ef25b5cba2039cfb3c19453510c4bdcbc795741261523b3332", "text": "One of the facts quickly rumored was that Lydgate did not dispense drugs. This was offensive both to the physicians whose exclusive distinction seemed infringed on, and to the surgeon-apothecaries with whom he ranged himself; and only a little while before, they might have counted on having the law on their side against a man who without calling himself a London-made M.D. dared to ask for pay except as a charge on drugs. But Lydgate had not been experienced enough to foresee that his new course would be even more offensive to the laity; and to Mr. Mawmsey, an important grocer in the Top Market, who, though not one of his patients, questioned him in an affable manner on the subject, he was injudicious enough to give a hasty popular explanation of his reasons, pointing out to Mr. Mawmsey that it must lower the character of practitioners, and be a constant injury to the public, if their only mode of getting paid for their work was by their making out long bills for draughts, boluses, and mixtures.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02576", "bookId": 145, "start": 956073, "end": 956373, "sha256": "c0ab64fd1e79a7b4e90d5a196a14188b99f7f3ee449d23f9dd6efbc3dff1fefe", "text": "“It is in that way that hard-working medical men may come to be almost as mischievous as quacks,” said Lydgate, rather thoughtlessly. “To get their own bread they must overdose the king’s lieges; and that’s a bad sort of treason, Mr. Mawmsey—undermines the constitution in a fatal way.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02577", "bookId": 145, "start": 956375, "end": 957161, "sha256": "61091c55b3d4f6b93c58b232b0eab84c4042d7ce33e9862f6e460a23b05c2e77", "text": "Mr. Mawmsey was not only an overseer (it was about a question of outdoor pay that he was having an interview with Lydgate), he was also asthmatic and had an increasing family: thus, from a medical point of view, as well as from his own, he was an important man; indeed, an exceptional grocer, whose hair was arranged in a flame-like pyramid, and whose retail deference was of the cordial, encouraging kind—jocosely complimentary, and with a certain considerate abstinence from letting out the full force of his mind. It was Mr. Mawmsey’s friendly jocoseness in questioning him which had set the tone of Lydgate’s reply. But let the wise be warned against too great readiness at explanation: it multiplies the sources of mistake, lengthening the sum for reckoners sure to go wrong.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02578", "bookId": 145, "start": 957163, "end": 958338, "sha256": "4b0707ba8f62383a1bbeebadf779a898f7f4abd4118e0a5e59abb2349bb2bd53", "text": "Lydgate smiled as he ended his speech, putting his foot into the stirrup, and Mr. Mawmsey laughed more than he would have done if he had known who the king’s lieges were, giving his “Good morning, sir, good-morning, sir,” with the air of one who saw everything clearly enough. But in truth his views were perturbed. For years he had been paying bills with strictly made items, so that for every half-crown and eighteen-pence he was certain something measurable had been delivered. He had done this with satisfaction, including it among his responsibilities as a husband and father, and regarding a longer bill than usual as a dignity worth mentioning. Moreover, in addition to the massive benefit of the drugs to “self and family,” he had enjoyed the pleasure of forming an acute judgment as to their immediate effects, so as to give an intelligent statement for the guidance of Mr. Gambit—a practitioner just a little lower in status than Wrench or Toller, and especially esteemed as an accoucheur, of whose ability Mr. Mawmsey had the poorest opinion on all other points, but in doctoring, he was wont to say in an undertone, he placed Gambit above any of them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02579", "bookId": 145, "start": 958340, "end": 958696, "sha256": "00ec6aad84c0d49af8164045abf274ff10235105735d0f01ef64fef5e14ec903", "text": "Here were deeper reasons than the superficial talk of a new man, which appeared still flimsier in the drawing-room over the shop, when they were recited to Mrs. Mawmsey, a woman accustomed to be made much of as a fertile mother,—generally under attendance more or less frequent from Mr. Gambit, and occasionally having attacks which required Dr. Minchin.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02580", "bookId": 145, "start": 958698, "end": 959407, "sha256": "39e9c6eaa2739b995e812397f6c4d6935bc4a5ca3608ecbae5f9b11bdeb2718b", "text": "“Does this Mr. Lydgate mean to say there is no use in taking medicine?” said Mrs. Mawmsey, who was slightly given to drawling. “I should like him to tell me how I could bear up at Fair time, if I didn’t take strengthening medicine for a month beforehand. Think of what I have to provide for calling customers, my dear!”—here Mrs. Mawmsey turned to an intimate female friend who sat by—“a large veal pie—a stuffed fillet—a round of beef—ham, tongue, et cetera, et cetera! But what keeps me up best is the pink mixture, not the brown. I wonder, Mr. Mawmsey, with _your_ experience, you could have patience to listen. I should have told him at once that I knew a little better than that.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02581", "bookId": 145, "start": 959409, "end": 959865, "sha256": "458a445daa20963fff82c828b19c36de82074a837ce914d7a848937cf2951b4e", "text": "“No, no, no,” said Mr. Mawmsey; “I was not going to tell him my opinion. Hear everything and judge for yourself is my motto. But he didn’t know who he was talking to. I was not to be turned on _his_ finger. People often pretend to tell me things, when they might as well say, ‘Mawmsey, you’re a fool.’ But I smile at it: I humor everybody’s weak place. If physic had done harm to self and family, I should have found it out by this time.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02582", "bookId": 145, "start": 959867, "end": 959952, "sha256": "7edae2606ae6ed67bbcdcd98f85c02c70179f4288097c5e46733a8cb3536d0ba", "text": "The next day Mr. Gambit was told that Lydgate went about saying physic was of no use.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02583", "bookId": 145, "start": 959954, "end": 960131, "sha256": "32ce6fc5c857a6aa25bc98662933edf760951bc7e1a46571ce02317a8729616e", "text": "“Indeed!” said he, lifting his eyebrows with cautious surprise. (He was a stout husky man with a large ring on his fourth finger.) “How will he cure his patients, then?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02584", "bookId": 145, "start": 960133, "end": 960346, "sha256": "7bde9bb1cdd9a49df036ba9464653258e7982cfb3815a8d0e1c6e457b1b08b8c", "text": "“That is what I say,” returned Mrs. Mawmsey, who habitually gave weight to her speech by loading her pronouns. “Does _he_ suppose that people will pay him only to come and sit with them and go away again?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02585", "bookId": 145, "start": 960348, "end": 960643, "sha256": "f5dc38c140061fef12ef56d2db852f47f42fd9b8fa5f11c6366059d84b570ef5", "text": "Mrs. Mawmsey had had a great deal of sitting from Mr. Gambit, including very full accounts of his own habits of body and other affairs; but of course he knew there was no innuendo in her remark, since his spare time and personal narrative had never been charged for. So he replied, humorously—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02586", "bookId": 145, "start": 960645, "end": 960706, "sha256": "e80357059d6a5929f71359743d6c45d4d7db840ba115e68108581e29fdb382b2", "text": "“Well, Lydgate is a good-looking young fellow, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02587", "bookId": 145, "start": 960708, "end": 960801, "sha256": "ac901b1aa26d3ac6e6c941fa5f8f325656869b476e896cee44b4f2f2d2c22ff8", "text": "“Not one that _I_ would employ,” said Mrs. Mawmsey. “_Others_ may do as they please.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02588", "bookId": 145, "start": 960803, "end": 961524, "sha256": "2a379f35d2d4cf51e9bf64808ec8aa15045a6a77b4230c42a457381400e84816", "text": "Hence Mr. Gambit could go away from the chief grocer’s without fear of rivalry, but not without a sense that Lydgate was one of those hypocrites who try to discredit others by advertising their own honesty, and that it might be worth some people’s while to show him up. Mr. Gambit, however, had a satisfactory practice, much pervaded by the smells of retail trading which suggested the reduction of cash payments to a balance. And he did not think it worth his while to show Lydgate up until he knew how. He had not indeed great resources of education, and had had to work his own way against a good deal of professional contempt; but he made none the worse accoucheur for calling the breathing apparatus “longs.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02589", "bookId": 145, "start": 961526, "end": 962723, "sha256": "d5de6a511d03d6c8738a4ffa03411f54156c67b5b82c67f3ceee9187a86206cd", "text": "Other medical men felt themselves more capable. Mr. Toller shared the highest practice in the town and belonged to an old Middlemarch family: there were Tollers in the law and everything else above the line of retail trade. Unlike our irascible friend Wrench, he had the easiest way in the world of taking things which might be supposed to annoy him, being a well-bred, quietly facetious man, who kept a good house, was very fond of a little sporting when he could get it, very friendly with Mr. Hawley, and hostile to Mr. Bulstrode. It may seem odd that with such pleasant habits he should have been given to the heroic treatment, bleeding and blistering and starving his patients, with a dispassionate disregard to his personal example; but the incongruity favored the opinion of his ability among his patients, who commonly observed that Mr. Toller had lazy manners, but his treatment was as active as you could desire: no man, said they, carried more seriousness into his profession: he was a little slow in coming, but when he came, he _did_ something. He was a great favorite in his own circle, and whatever he implied to any one’s disadvantage told doubly from his careless ironical tone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02590", "bookId": 145, "start": 962725, "end": 963078, "sha256": "79bb30312556b94cba145ae7efc329e8d7d3bc97fb36ddd9ee895a1ffe5f80a1", "text": "He naturally got tired of smiling and saying, “Ah!” when he was told that Mr. Peacock’s successor did not mean to dispense medicines; and Mr. Hackbutt one day mentioning it over the wine at a dinner-party, Mr. Toller said, laughingly, “Dibbitts will get rid of his stale drugs, then. I’m fond of little Dibbitts—I’m glad he’s in luck.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02591", "bookId": 145, "start": 963080, "end": 963506, "sha256": "35779d4984926507d734f593b6973d4f18fc1622288a2074497e642c0cacca77", "text": "“I see your meaning, Toller,” said Mr. Hackbutt, “and I am entirely of your opinion. I shall take an opportunity of expressing myself to that effect. A medical man should be responsible for the quality of the drugs consumed by his patients. That is the rationale of the system of charging which has hitherto obtained; and nothing is more offensive than this ostentation of reform, where there is no real amelioration.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02592", "bookId": 145, "start": 963508, "end": 963872, "sha256": "c74e1ea4e052ea1d7abb29192f7dd3add3c0313fcfe277222de2e9641fd20c40", "text": "“Ostentation, Hackbutt?” said Mr. Toller, ironically. “I don’t see that. A man can’t very well be ostentatious of what nobody believes in. There’s no reform in the matter: the question is, whether the profit on the drugs is paid to the medical man by the druggist or by the patient, and whether there shall be extra pay under the name of attendance.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02593", "bookId": 145, "start": 963874, "end": 963995, "sha256": "8455f6365d8f556306119937ff15f981e1d62657a4d2d21a87636add754207a2", "text": "“Ah, to be sure; one of your damned new versions of old humbug,” said Mr. Hawley, passing the decanter to Mr. Wrench.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02594", "bookId": 145, "start": 963997, "end": 964116, "sha256": "08fd8bfb8b1c963beaef9718bf82f3a408083570c14c4d8618e80c55b551aa5a", "text": "Mr. Wrench, generally abstemious, often drank wine rather freely at a party, getting the more irritable in consequence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02595", "bookId": 145, "start": 964118, "end": 964741, "sha256": "c3a6ecca12bff9bd07ee7e290afff5ce1eec6142bd07563cdfb5d0b276337efa", "text": "“As to humbug, Hawley,” he said, “that’s a word easy to fling about. But what I contend against is the way medical men are fouling their own nest, and setting up a cry about the country as if a general practitioner who dispenses drugs couldn’t be a gentleman. I throw back the imputation with scorn. I say, the most ungentlemanly trick a man can be guilty of is to come among the members of his profession with innovations which are a libel on their time-honored procedure. That is my opinion, and I am ready to maintain it against any one who contradicts me.” Mr. Wrench’s voice had become exceedingly sharp.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02596", "bookId": 145, "start": 964743, "end": 964847, "sha256": "403c77f47d2527e5b57d40a16675f910a89501c0d6348c14469b0a605ae706ea", "text": "“I can’t oblige you there, Wrench,” said Mr. Hawley, thrusting his hands into his trouser-pockets.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02597", "bookId": 145, "start": 964849, "end": 965071, "sha256": "94652b8d104e5909d45c422780c14bdfe4d522fbd2eb1fa4504217968359e801", "text": "“My dear fellow,” said Mr. Toller, striking in pacifically, and looking at Mr. Wrench, “the physicians have their toes trodden on more than we have. If you come to dignity it is a question for Minchin and Sprague.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02598", "bookId": 145, "start": 965073, "end": 965260, "sha256": "ab3605dc879b9f36eb4735a362830387c46d27b203a928e3fa7d9ab913f8ff9b", "text": "“Does medical jurisprudence provide nothing against these infringements?” said Mr. Hackbutt, with a disinterested desire to offer his lights. “How does the law stand, eh, Hawley?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02599", "bookId": 145, "start": 965262, "end": 965412, "sha256": "cf645e24a9ed83193ab456b9aa076bcc4f2ac5b19b357c807d19ec64c09979d7", "text": "“Nothing to be done there,” said Mr. Hawley. “I looked into it for Sprague. You’d only break your nose against a damned judge’s decision.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02600", "bookId": 145, "start": 965414, "end": 965626, "sha256": "b44b86fdcdf59252051465152fa9ac7714e3b4ad5e9a6692db958d02ecb4e6de", "text": "“Pooh! no need of law,” said Mr. Toller. “So far as practice is concerned the attempt is an absurdity. No patient will like it—certainly not Peacock’s, who have been used to depletion. Pass the wine.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02601", "bookId": 145, "start": 965628, "end": 966987, "sha256": "ec970cd52bf1d41c406196fc692fad36f2e18dc11bf0fbc071a3fbb78caf7ec1", "text": "Mr. Toller’s prediction was partly verified. If Mr. and Mrs. Mawmsey, who had no idea of employing Lydgate, were made uneasy by his supposed declaration against drugs, it was inevitable that those who called him in should watch a little anxiously to see whether he did “use all the means he might use” in the case. Even good Mr. Powderell, who in his constant charity of interpretation was inclined to esteem Lydgate the more for what seemed a conscientious pursuit of a better plan, had his mind disturbed with doubts during his wife’s attack of erysipelas, and could not abstain from mentioning to Lydgate that Mr. Peacock on a similar occasion had administered a series of boluses which were not otherwise definable than by their remarkable effect in bringing Mrs. Powderell round before Michaelmas from an illness which had begun in a remarkably hot August. At last, indeed, in the conflict between his desire not to hurt Lydgate and his anxiety that no “means” should be lacking, he induced his wife privately to take Widgeon’s Purifying Pills, an esteemed Middlemarch medicine, which arrested every disease at the fountain by setting to work at once upon the blood. This co-operative measure was not to be mentioned to Lydgate, and Mr. Powderell himself had no certain reliance on it, only hoping that it might be attended with a blessing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02602", "bookId": 145, "start": 966989, "end": 968066, "sha256": "d59c3ea24bd78fd140385f674eb2744f8c2a35f2b397ea99c61b2de50fa25b3c", "text": "But in this doubtful stage of Lydgate’s introduction he was helped by what we mortals rashly call good fortune. I suppose no doctor ever came newly to a place without making cures that surprised somebody—cures which may be called fortune’s testimonials, and deserve as much credit as the written or printed kind. Various patients got well while Lydgate was attending them, some even of dangerous illnesses; and it was remarked that the new doctor with his new ways had at least the merit of bringing people back from the brink of death. The trash talked on such occasions was the more vexatious to Lydgate, because it gave precisely the sort of prestige which an incompetent and unscrupulous man would desire, and was sure to be imputed to him by the simmering dislike of the other medical men as an encouragement on his own part of ignorant puffing. But even his proud outspokenness was checked by the discernment that it was as useless to fight against the interpretations of ignorance as to whip the fog; and “good fortune” insisted on using those interpretations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02603", "bookId": 145, "start": 968068, "end": 969095, "sha256": "f9e78409eaf28dbee6888981d364ef47aedfc5025fdefa67723df2b8f0942dd8", "text": "Mrs. Larcher having just become charitably concerned about alarming symptoms in her charwoman, when Dr. Minchin called, asked him to see her then and there, and to give her a certificate for the Infirmary; whereupon after examination he wrote a statement of the case as one of tumor, and recommended the bearer Nancy Nash as an out-patient. Nancy, calling at home on her way to the Infirmary, allowed the stay maker and his wife, in whose attic she lodged, to read Dr. Minchin’s paper, and by this means became a subject of compassionate conversation in the neighboring shops of Churchyard Lane as being afflicted with a tumor at first declared to be as large and hard as a duck’s egg, but later in the day to be about the size of “your fist.” Most hearers agreed that it would have to be cut out, but one had known of oil and another of “squitchineal” as adequate to soften and reduce any lump in the body when taken enough of into the inside—the oil by gradually “soopling,” the squitchineal by eating away.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02604", "bookId": 145, "start": 969097, "end": 969547, "sha256": "3cbdd9a2843ac2df5a7d18ac5a585eaddf27f146f5469f14025fa95721cb97c1", "text": "Meanwhile when Nancy presented herself at the Infirmary, it happened to be one of Lydgate’s days there. After questioning and examining her, Lydgate said to the house-surgeon in an undertone, “It’s not tumor: it’s cramp.” He ordered her a blister and some steel mixture, and told her to go home and rest, giving her at the same time a note to Mrs. Larcher, who, she said, was her best employer, to testify that she was in need of good food.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02605", "bookId": 145, "start": 969549, "end": 971387, "sha256": "1576c5af82ca8b621dd47c3db806d146c3f191a7d57eba1c414efe757acf09ca", "text": "But by-and-by Nancy, in her attic, became portentously worse, the supposed tumor having indeed given way to the blister, but only wandered to another region with angrier pain. The staymaker’s wife went to fetch Lydgate, and he continued for a fortnight to attend Nancy in her own home, until under his treatment she got quite well and went to work again. But the case continued to be described as one of tumor in Churchyard Lane and other streets—nay, by Mrs. Larcher also; for when Lydgate’s remarkable cure was mentioned to Dr. Minchin, he naturally did not like to say, “The case was not one of tumor, and I was mistaken in describing it as such,” but answered, “Indeed! ah! I saw it was a surgical case, not of a fatal kind.” He had been inwardly annoyed, however, when he had asked at the Infirmary about the woman he had recommended two days before, to hear from the house-surgeon, a youngster who was not sorry to vex Minchin with impunity, exactly what had occurred: he privately pronounced that it was indecent in a general practitioner to contradict a physician’s diagnosis in that open manner, and afterwards agreed with Wrench that Lydgate was disagreeably inattentive to etiquette. Lydgate did not make the affair a ground for valuing himself or (very particularly) despising Minchin, such rectification of misjudgments often happening among men of equal qualifications. But report took up this amazing case of tumor, not clearly distinguished from cancer, and considered the more awful for being of the wandering sort; till much prejudice against Lydgate’s method as to drugs was overcome by the proof of his marvellous skill in the speedy restoration of Nancy Nash after she had been rolling and rolling in agonies from the presence of a tumor both hard and obstinate, but nevertheless compelled to yield.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02606", "bookId": 145, "start": 971389, "end": 971792, "sha256": "392c34219293031107e585bda4a57605e2b432b4f5ba09d5bb0bf7c38c7827ad", "text": "How could Lydgate help himself? It is offensive to tell a lady when she is expressing her amazement at your skill, that she is altogether mistaken and rather foolish in her amazement. And to have entered into the nature of diseases would only have added to his breaches of medical propriety. Thus he had to wince under a promise of success given by that ignorant praise which misses every valid quality.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02607", "bookId": 145, "start": 971794, "end": 973005, "sha256": "ccaf28b9d77bcdf3022491a78aefd0791fb748e643351a8d156614e9bcf0d945", "text": "In the case of a more conspicuous patient, Mr. Borthrop Trumbull, Lydgate was conscious of having shown himself something better than an every-day doctor, though here too it was an equivocal advantage that he won. The eloquent auctioneer was seized with pneumonia, and having been a patient of Mr. Peacock’s, sent for Lydgate, whom he had expressed his intention to patronize. Mr Trumbull was a robust man, a good subject for trying the expectant theory upon—watching the course of an interesting disease when left as much as possible to itself, so that the stages might be noted for future guidance; and from the air with which he described his sensations Lydgate surmised that he would like to be taken into his medical man’s confidence, and be represented as a partner in his own cure. The auctioneer heard, without much surprise, that his was a constitution which (always with due watching) might be left to itself, so as to offer a beautiful example of a disease with all its phases seen in clear delineation, and that he probably had the rare strength of mind voluntarily to become the test of a rational procedure, and thus make the disorder of his pulmonary functions a general benefit to society.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02608", "bookId": 145, "start": 973007, "end": 973143, "sha256": "6ee38530ba5da55025e1dc93d427086d8255577b7f139db04f55f8f051deedcc", "text": "Mr. Trumbull acquiesced at once, and entered strongly into the view that an illness of his was no ordinary occasion for medical science.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02609", "bookId": 145, "start": 973145, "end": 973728, "sha256": "831e2f9959a6c402ad2b4710065b163b5c41a9a902b93230b81184ea73542dec", "text": "“Never fear, sir; you are not speaking to one who is altogether ignorant of the _vis medicatrix_,” said he, with his usual superiority of expression, made rather pathetic by difficulty of breathing. And he went without shrinking through his abstinence from drugs, much sustained by application of the thermometer which implied the importance of his temperature, by the sense that he furnished objects for the microscope, and by learning many new words which seemed suited to the dignity of his secretions. For Lydgate was acute enough to indulge him with a little technical talk.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02610", "bookId": 145, "start": 973730, "end": 974430, "sha256": "554305a539a7798a12fc97425a2a72699fb75f657125130024a4587f1848c475", "text": "It may be imagined that Mr. Trumbull rose from his couch with a disposition to speak of an illness in which he had manifested the strength of his mind as well as constitution; and he was not backward in awarding credit to the medical man who had discerned the quality of patient he had to deal with. The auctioneer was not an ungenerous man, and liked to give others their due, feeling that he could afford it. He had caught the words “expectant method,” and rang chimes on this and other learned phrases to accompany the assurance that Lydgate “knew a thing or two more than the rest of the doctors—was far better versed in the secrets of his profession than the majority of his compeers.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02611", "bookId": 145, "start": 974432, "end": 975571, "sha256": "c1f18d65940031cf9fa2193a32b80e3498f8cca78caf47a54e2ac4aa7bfa72d6", "text": "This had happened before the affair of Fred Vincy’s illness had given to Mr. Wrench’s enmity towards Lydgate more definite personal ground. The new-comer already threatened to be a nuisance in the shape of rivalry, and was certainly a nuisance in the shape of practical criticism or reflections on his hard-driven elders, who had had something else to do than to busy themselves with untried notions. His practice had spread in one or two quarters, and from the first the report of his high family had led to his being pretty generally invited, so that the other medical men had to meet him at dinner in the best houses; and having to meet a man whom you dislike is not observed always to end in a mutual attachment. There was hardly ever so much unanimity among them as in the opinion that Lydgate was an arrogant young fellow, and yet ready for the sake of ultimately predominating to show a crawling subservience to Bulstrode. That Mr. Farebrother, whose name was a chief flag of the anti-Bulstrode party, always defended Lydgate and made a friend of him, was referred to Farebrother’s unaccountable way of fighting on both sides.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02612", "bookId": 145, "start": 975573, "end": 977761, "sha256": "becf3bec88dcbe0fe3e48bde53a180ce00e66f9ce799a1265e51969cb29d6162", "text": "Here was plenty of preparation for the outburst of professional disgust at the announcement of the laws Mr. Bulstrode was laying down for the direction of the New Hospital, which were the more exasperating because there was no present possibility of interfering with his will and pleasure, everybody except Lord Medlicote having refused help towards the building, on the ground that they preferred giving to the Old Infirmary. Mr. Bulstrode met all the expenses, and had ceased to be sorry that he was purchasing the right to carry out his notions of improvement without hindrance from prejudiced coadjutors; but he had had to spend large sums, and the building had lingered. Caleb Garth had undertaken it, had failed during its progress, and before the interior fittings were begun had retired from the management of the business; and when referring to the Hospital he often said that however Bulstrode might ring if you tried him, he liked good solid carpentry and masonry, and had a notion both of drains and chimneys. In fact, the Hospital had become an object of intense interest to Bulstrode, and he would willingly have continued to spare a large yearly sum that he might rule it dictatorially without any Board; but he had another favorite object which also required money for its accomplishment: he wished to buy some land in the neighborhood of Middlemarch, and therefore he wished to get considerable contributions towards maintaining the Hospital. Meanwhile he framed his plan of management. The Hospital was to be reserved for fever in all its forms; Lydgate was to be chief medical superintendent, that he might have free authority to pursue all comparative investigations which his studies, particularly in Paris, had shown him the importance of, the other medical visitors having a consultative influence, but no power to contravene Lydgate’s ultimate decisions; and the general management was to be lodged exclusively in the hands of five directors associated with Mr. Bulstrode, who were to have votes in the ratio of their contributions, the Board itself filling up any vacancy in its numbers, and no mob of small contributors being admitted to a share of government.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02613", "bookId": 145, "start": 977763, "end": 977881, "sha256": "ad9205fdbe4f77dcc219222b0337b0835155769eaae956ad47fb67d6c25eff33", "text": "There was an immediate refusal on the part of every medical man in the town to become a visitor at the Fever Hospital.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02614", "bookId": 145, "start": 977883, "end": 978528, "sha256": "61f8c773752d4a3ad115802720644fb5f25e4a38bf1f96203f9f11d2118711c9", "text": "“Very well,” said Lydgate to Mr. Bulstrode, “we have a capital house-surgeon and dispenser, a clear-headed, neat-handed fellow; we’ll get Webbe from Crabsley, as good a country practitioner as any of them, to come over twice a-week, and in case of any exceptional operation, Protheroe will come from Brassing. I must work the harder, that’s all, and I have given up my post at the Infirmary. The plan will flourish in spite of them, and then they’ll be glad to come in. Things can’t last as they are: there must be all sorts of reform soon, and then young fellows may be glad to come and study here.” Lydgate was in high spirits.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02615", "bookId": 145, "start": 978530, "end": 979118, "sha256": "f9956f8c7b283501f16921304e5490cbab034e539d607105a529e2edb177b867", "text": "“I shall not flinch, you may depend upon it, Mr. Lydgate,” said Mr. Bulstrode. “While I see you carrying out high intentions with vigor, you shall have my unfailing support. And I have humble confidence that the blessing which has hitherto attended my efforts against the spirit of evil in this town will not be withdrawn. Suitable directors to assist me I have no doubt of securing. Mr. Brooke of Tipton has already given me his concurrence, and a pledge to contribute yearly: he has not specified the sum—probably not a great one. But he will be a useful member of the board.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02616", "bookId": 145, "start": 979120, "end": 979233, "sha256": "2913ca99a7d1a80d49a02739dcf84fb9dd0184f357bb1d38f7114a630df530e4", "text": "A useful member was perhaps to be defined as one who would originate nothing, and always vote with Mr. Bulstrode.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02617", "bookId": 145, "start": 979235, "end": 979654, "sha256": "b0e02b335945cd62a1db34fa241c7a993da32ab8f8492732fea45196484114b1", "text": "The medical aversion to Lydgate was hardly disguised now. Neither Dr. Sprague nor Dr. Minchin said that he disliked Lydgate’s knowledge, or his disposition to improve treatment: what they disliked was his arrogance, which nobody felt to be altogether deniable. They implied that he was insolent, pretentious, and given to that reckless innovation for the sake of noise and show which was the essence of the charlatan.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02618", "bookId": 145, "start": 979656, "end": 979914, "sha256": "c82df67a562337c6c080ba52a9dc38b17c035bf3009ad7667405ac7367c197d9", "text": "The word charlatan once thrown on the air could not be let drop. In those days the world was agitated about the wondrous doings of Mr. St. John Long, “noblemen and gentlemen” attesting his extraction of a fluid like mercury from the temples of a patient.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02619", "bookId": 145, "start": 979916, "end": 980097, "sha256": "313d0ca78fd0bdffef710e1fa0f5c561f41f6accb9764c62ed63ae23b7d1221d", "text": "Mr. Toller remarked one day, smilingly, to Mrs. Taft, that “Bulstrode had found a man to suit him in Lydgate; a charlatan in religion is sure to like other sorts of charlatans.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02620", "bookId": 145, "start": 980099, "end": 980374, "sha256": "38e6335fb2af513c16516c58fa1203b4f4d780b5bcc96929ce069f952c9e743f", "text": "“Yes, indeed, I can imagine,” said Mrs. Taft, keeping the number of thirty stitches carefully in her mind all the while; “there are so many of that sort. I remember Mr. Cheshire, with his irons, trying to make people straight when the Almighty had made them crooked.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02621", "bookId": 145, "start": 980376, "end": 980764, "sha256": "36e22d2d16d3a590965850aee461bb8f9885e2ff6e61552f95f859435e7c3467", "text": "“No, no,” said Mr. Toller, “Cheshire was all right—all fair and above board. But there’s St. John Long—that’s the kind of fellow we call a charlatan, advertising cures in ways nobody knows anything about: a fellow who wants to make a noise by pretending to go deeper than other people. The other day he was pretending to tap a man’s brain and get quicksilver out of it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02622", "bookId": 145, "start": 980766, "end": 980856, "sha256": "69101a2ac9d6153b5dc1fa10d9dbf998d6d522bd41a929457b509369483618b7", "text": "“Good gracious! what dreadful trifling with people’s constitutions!” said Mrs. Taft.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02623", "bookId": 145, "start": 980858, "end": 981628, "sha256": "fe141fe2efec9d0dee25b54d7793564008e5829ad8f318c4316848a221f669cb", "text": "After this, it came to be held in various quarters that Lydgate played even with respectable constitutions for his own purposes, and how much more likely that in his flighty experimenting he should make sixes and sevens of hospital patients. Especially it was to be expected, as the landlady of the Tankard had said, that he would recklessly cut up their dead bodies. For Lydgate having attended Mrs. Goby, who died apparently of a heart-disease not very clearly expressed in the symptoms, too daringly asked leave of her relatives to open the body, and thus gave an offence quickly spreading beyond Parley Street, where that lady had long resided on an income such as made this association of her body with the victims of Burke and Hare a flagrant insult to her memory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02624", "bookId": 145, "start": 981630, "end": 981859, "sha256": "e0b2bfe2489ceeb918e83fbe0c360c9e005f803f1e1f7878df9ea2ae60d81bdd", "text": "Affairs were in this stage when Lydgate opened the subject of the Hospital to Dorothea. We see that he was bearing enmity and silly misconception with much spirit, aware that they were partly created by his good share of success.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02625", "bookId": 145, "start": 981861, "end": 982373, "sha256": "2a2ac94d824875bee92ccf94068aca6af60af6bef898bf798809a4172ab82188", "text": "“They will not drive me away,” he said, talking confidentially in Mr. Farebrother’s study. “I have got a good opportunity here, for the ends I care most about; and I am pretty sure to get income enough for our wants. By-and-by I shall go on as quietly as possible: I have no seductions now away from home and work. And I am more and more convinced that it will be possible to demonstrate the homogeneous origin of all the tissues. Raspail and others are on the same track, and I have been losing time.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02626", "bookId": 145, "start": 982375, "end": 982588, "sha256": "f74557841e109ffc84e6d2c8b97ce48a96911d6cc1cb51b9b8721b8b2db601be", "text": "“I have no power of prophecy there,” said Mr. Farebrother, who had been puffing at his pipe thoughtfully while Lydgate talked; “but as to the hostility in the town, you’ll weather it if you are prudent.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02627", "bookId": 145, "start": 982590, "end": 982847, "sha256": "f65f3e4980c36258b468560140eeb6d93373cf1503bd0b30a946169302aa151e", "text": "“How am I to be prudent?” said Lydgate, “I just do what comes before me to do. I can’t help people’s ignorance and spite, any more than Vesalius could. It isn’t possible to square one’s conduct to silly conclusions which nobody can foresee.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02628", "bookId": 145, "start": 982849, "end": 983283, "sha256": "c4de8ca6a790e5cc1669b7d78a92a4db05bde44fc35205013436ff9ee6b889d9", "text": "“Quite true; I didn’t mean that. I meant only two things. One is, keep yourself as separable from Bulstrode as you can: of course, you can go on doing good work of your own by his help; but don’t get tied. Perhaps it seems like personal feeling in me to say so—and there’s a good deal of that, I own—but personal feeling is not always in the wrong if you boil it down to the impressions which make it simply an opinion.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02629", "bookId": 145, "start": 983285, "end": 983602, "sha256": "fcb2b27e4a992c8921d653a8bb457d745c0e8ea8be31b88b3d8fdda3df7fad48", "text": "“Bulstrode is nothing to me,” said Lydgate, carelessly, “except on public grounds. As to getting very closely united to him, I am not fond enough of him for that. But what was the other thing you meant?” said Lydgate, who was nursing his leg as comfortably as possible, and feeling in no great need of advice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02630", "bookId": 145, "start": 983604, "end": 984047, "sha256": "c603f6104e4bde09e451d93ca97bd1bbebf001736e0955b359e4aac38cac03c9", "text": "“Why, this. Take care—_experto crede_—take care not to get hampered about money matters. I know, by a word you let fall one day, that you don’t like my playing at cards so much for money. You are right enough there. But try and keep clear of wanting small sums that you haven’t got. I am perhaps talking rather superfluously; but a man likes to assume superiority over himself, by holding up his bad example and sermonizing on it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02631", "bookId": 145, "start": 984049, "end": 984433, "sha256": "579f2d16cd4279b909f0c62a4adcde2adef4cc630990b1945673001448b269bf", "text": "Lydgate took Mr. Farebrother’s hints very cordially, though he would hardly have borne them from another man. He could not help remembering that he had lately made some debts, but these had seemed inevitable, and he had no intention now to do more than keep house in a simple way. The furniture for which he owed would not want renewing; nor even the stock of wine for a long while.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02632", "bookId": 145, "start": 984435, "end": 985143, "sha256": "5cb7546d85ab3efb45cf2c72eebb59d0ba9cd2617b3da6dc4aad63d6203897f1", "text": "Many thoughts cheered him at that time—and justly. A man conscious of enthusiasm for worthy aims is sustained under petty hostilities by the memory of great workers who had to fight their way not without wounds, and who hover in his mind as patron saints, invisibly helping. At home, that same evening when he had been chatting with Mr. Farebrother, he had his long legs stretched on the sofa, his head thrown back, and his hands clasped behind it according to his favorite ruminating attitude, while Rosamond sat at the piano, and played one tune after another, of which her husband only knew (like the emotional elephant he was!) that they fell in with his mood as if they had been melodious sea-breezes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02633", "bookId": 145, "start": 985145, "end": 985494, "sha256": "17eca35382eb6e94f00f35c6b88c33551bac7511c7171a329875763588bf347f", "text": "There was something very fine in Lydgate’s look just then, and any one might have been encouraged to bet on his achievement. In his dark eyes and on his mouth and brow there was that placidity which comes from the fulness of contemplative thought—the mind not searching, but beholding, and the glance seeming to be filled with what is behind it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02634", "bookId": 145, "start": 985496, "end": 985612, "sha256": "21ba79242d946360f47ada271139059a56c415e92a91d63505a28a74b972ebca", "text": "Presently Rosamond left the piano and seated herself on a chair close to the sofa and opposite her husband’s face.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02635", "bookId": 145, "start": 985614, "end": 985738, "sha256": "46e3c0b4fc22399e81525325672b21ebf80e06ea3d274094364dd6033defbfab", "text": "“Is that enough music for you, my lord?” she said, folding her hands before her and putting on a little air of meekness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02636", "bookId": 145, "start": 985740, "end": 986014, "sha256": "15358bb5346d05bf48ca35c9b466a01c5c0d15cb15eda54ca42aff2b74a53a60", "text": "“Yes, dear, if you are tired,” said Lydgate, gently, turning his eyes and resting them on her, but not otherwise moving. Rosamond’s presence at that moment was perhaps no more than a spoonful brought to the lake, and her woman’s instinct in this matter was not dull.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02637", "bookId": 145, "start": 986016, "end": 986107, "sha256": "9c98858ac74b68e0b5d15c5a4488229b2dbd5a04c33a7f491dd891c52f2d70d8", "text": "“What is absorbing you?” she said, leaning forward and bringing her face nearer to his.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02638", "bookId": 145, "start": 986109, "end": 986172, "sha256": "a51a922284bdd68048b038ce2293b6e6770b76678dc3ab898e19dcb384af8107", "text": "He moved his hands and placed them gently behind her shoulders.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02639", "bookId": 145, "start": 986174, "end": 986310, "sha256": "fb68765049bb0dd8774d3aa7dc2986ae026e5003ca5c9c3c68e834093dbb75f2", "text": "“I am thinking of a great fellow, who was about as old as I am three hundred years ago, and had already begun a new era in anatomy.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02640", "bookId": 145, "start": 986312, "end": 986462, "sha256": "b6e49a856ec29e3382b9599ef0071bb9d30678e33d9dc8d36c976f1436d58401", "text": "“I can’t guess,” said Rosamond, shaking her head. “We used to play at guessing historical characters at Mrs. Lemon’s, but not anatomists.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02641", "bookId": 145, "start": 986464, "end": 986647, "sha256": "683877ca293cd91fb03323b824dfd98b19917229049f59aadd2cbaace15a1f3b", "text": "“I’ll tell you. His name was Vesalius. And the only way he could get to know anatomy as he did, was by going to snatch bodies at night, from graveyards and places of execution.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02642", "bookId": 145, "start": 986649, "end": 986829, "sha256": "66c013f60444327f8f86b4fabfeb47cd099b826fd1ec2f4afdeb112c80c2e522", "text": "“Oh!” said Rosamond, with a look of disgust on her pretty face, “I am very glad you are not Vesalius. I should have thought he might find some less horrible way than that.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02643", "bookId": 145, "start": 986831, "end": 987116, "sha256": "8ffc556c00adf072bf20d5f375ab329b548ad2ca195c5414d3cc05c6976c1ee1", "text": "“No, he couldn’t,” said Lydgate, going on too earnestly to take much notice of her answer. “He could only get a complete skeleton by snatching the whitened bones of a criminal from the gallows, and burying them, and fetching them away by bits secretly, in the dead of night.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02644", "bookId": 145, "start": 987118, "end": 987397, "sha256": "659ba522c0af6d58d7f137ca2883949aa2a1a8e303c28cd3a3a0ac3d1d3e7976", "text": "“I hope he is not one of your great heroes,” said Rosamond, half playfully, half anxiously, “else I shall have you getting up in the night to go to St. Peter’s churchyard. You know how angry you told me the people were about Mrs. Goby. You have enemies enough already.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02645", "bookId": 145, "start": 987399, "end": 987756, "sha256": "ccef36d6f20887b3f55b45a780ca2ebfa63d3f0b10879e9039f1d3d7a9805229", "text": "“So had Vesalius, Rosy. No wonder the medical fogies in Middlemarch are jealous, when some of the greatest doctors living were fierce upon Vesalius because they had believed in Galen, and he showed that Galen was wrong. They called him a liar and a poisonous monster. But the facts of the human frame were on his side; and so he got the better of them.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02646", "bookId": 145, "start": 987758, "end": 987835, "sha256": "dc4444e67becd41b0ca2f587360b03a7a07410745a8e3502e4b45d51cdf4707b", "text": "“And what happened to him afterwards?” said Rosamond, with some interest.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02647", "bookId": 145, "start": 987837, "end": 988098, "sha256": "23126b4cec086d8550b108a5cbf944b1f01c70666c55ac275700c3e8e8659c00", "text": "“Oh, he had a good deal of fighting to the last. And they did exasperate him enough at one time to make him burn a good deal of his work. Then he got shipwrecked just as he was coming from Jerusalem to take a great chair at Padua. He died rather miserably.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02648", "bookId": 145, "start": 988100, "end": 988223, "sha256": "9fed09ac0fc7a10b98f798d9b8456cfbd123561e8608cdf5e84a1d372261dca0", "text": "There was a moment’s pause before Rosamond said, “Do you know, Tertius, I often wish you had not been a medical man.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02649", "bookId": 145, "start": 988225, "end": 988364, "sha256": "c4fbbaf19fba881cb1ac41c696e608476b0b3ac0fb5440e344bea9fa84ce4a7e", "text": "“Nay, Rosy, don’t say that,” said Lydgate, drawing her closer to him. “That is like saying you wish you had married another man.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02650", "bookId": 145, "start": 988366, "end": 988566, "sha256": "85e2fcab6e34aac185f3e8936d205c52b2f3edc7d43d3d8e102e99680e5000cc", "text": "“Not at all; you are clever enough for anything: you might easily have been something else. And your cousins at Quallingham all think that you have sunk below them in your choice of a profession.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02651", "bookId": 145, "start": 988568, "end": 988723, "sha256": "0b68c6d30ad9498f024bd3df0541ab4466510d741311bbcb2adaa7e31ca99a7a", "text": "“The cousins at Quallingham may go to the devil!” said Lydgate, with scorn. “It was like their impudence if they said anything of the sort to you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02652", "bookId": 145, "start": 988725, "end": 988867, "sha256": "3e28d5dcf6101805f330319f09e1f56974c2e1f84105dc14d9f5a5e2d8eb1522", "text": "“Still,” said Rosamond, “I do _not_ think it is a nice profession, dear.” We know that she had much quiet perseverance in her opinion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02653", "bookId": 145, "start": 988869, "end": 989160, "sha256": "675a03b138629613818b2b1beada09a8262835514bb016596218b31669075b2d", "text": "“It is the grandest profession in the world, Rosamond,” said Lydgate, gravely. “And to say that you love me without loving the medical man in me, is the same sort of thing as to say that you like eating a peach but don’t like its flavor. Don’t say that again, dear, it pains me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02654", "bookId": 145, "start": 989162, "end": 989388, "sha256": "454c7e34f37f3f0a1d1241110621f6263d3a8d4a7901e220448c3ac1f53f0f90", "text": "“Very well, Doctor Grave-face,” said Rosy, dimpling, “I will declare in future that I dote on skeletons, and body-snatchers, and bits of things in phials, and quarrels with everybody, that end in your dying miserably.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02655", "bookId": 145, "start": 989390, "end": 989488, "sha256": "93d1f527d1f0356727149876eefbae7426dd33a7f6bb6b640408355feff1858f", "text": "“No, no, not so bad as that,” said Lydgate, giving up remonstrance and petting her resignedly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02656", "bookId": 145, "start": 989493, "end": 989506, "sha256": "d67a05ca2103ff4b80feb495dfa341befa413049cf1a418a579b35c8aed78fb5", "text": "CHAPTER XLVI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02657", "bookId": 145, "start": 989508, "end": 989582, "sha256": "57e5530970dbe379cd7c00e3d3bfd227151164fb69320ce1c1d3faa48e812bb0", "text": "Pues no podemos haber aquello que queremos, queramos aquello que podremos.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02658", "bookId": 145, "start": 989584, "end": 989667, "sha256": "f6f480aecb88e33562070bcc22e5fd16e281678574f67454ba4be838f2d17743", "text": "Since we cannot get what we like, let us like what we can get.—_Spanish Proverb_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02659", "bookId": 145, "start": 989670, "end": 989906, "sha256": "e178e6dbadbd731dc8c51e30e247addbbd6f407eee12b44b8e4c61f4a8a2b273", "text": "While Lydgate, safely married and with the Hospital under his command, felt himself struggling for Medical Reform against Middlemarch, Middlemarch was becoming more and more conscious of the national struggle for another kind of Reform.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02660", "bookId": 145, "start": 989908, "end": 990420, "sha256": "b57afa31eb2427eb25c51bc264c1b373e680120a0d05b64164fb2c5596bbd121", "text": "By the time that Lord John Russell’s measure was being debated in the House of Commons, there was a new political animation in Middlemarch, and a new definition of parties which might show a decided change of balance if a new election came. And there were some who already predicted this event, declaring that a Reform Bill would never be carried by the actual Parliament. This was what Will Ladislaw dwelt on to Mr. Brooke as a reason for congratulation that he had not yet tried his strength at the hustings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02661", "bookId": 145, "start": 990422, "end": 990784, "sha256": "e91508b0f35a047d8202284f8c230b113ef09df03c6a432e0569e9f9ec22b2c3", "text": "“Things will grow and ripen as if it were a comet year,” said Will. “The public temper will soon get to a cometary heat, now the question of Reform has set in. There is likely to be another election before long, and by that time Middlemarch will have got more ideas into its head. What we have to work at now is the ‘Pioneer’ and political meetings.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02662", "bookId": 145, "start": 990786, "end": 991143, "sha256": "3564622a32a386fa197f04376e6672fa2fe5451c2825f5252dc09e2672cda657", "text": "“Quite right, Ladislaw; we shall make a new thing of opinion here,” said Mr. Brooke. “Only I want to keep myself independent about Reform, you know; I don’t want to go too far. I want to take up Wilberforce’s and Romilly’s line, you know, and work at Negro Emancipation, Criminal Law—that kind of thing. But of course I should support Grey.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02663", "bookId": 145, "start": 991145, "end": 991365, "sha256": "bc461d860d876dca9d4fde156fc44339af90922e4da9cbc3b7f67f14cb56f8ef", "text": "“If you go in for the principle of Reform, you must be prepared to take what the situation offers,” said Will. “If everybody pulled for his own bit against everybody else, the whole question would go to tatters.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02664", "bookId": 145, "start": 991367, "end": 991592, "sha256": "8e0ccb9d5a910eb0c13a0b62b0477b8fee95788a78a0b2ab8031b0341ab6b776", "text": "“Yes, yes, I agree with you—I quite take that point of view. I should put it in that light. I should support Grey, you know. But I don’t want to change the balance of the constitution, and I don’t think Grey would.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02665", "bookId": 145, "start": 991594, "end": 992026, "sha256": "da196690c0b99b7dd68e3ee38ea4eae264ce0918456399ab40216ad752622c3b", "text": "“But that is what the country wants,” said Will. “Else there would be no meaning in political unions or any other movement that knows what it’s about. It wants to have a House of Commons which is not weighted with nominees of the landed class, but with representatives of the other interests. And as to contending for a reform short of that, it is like asking for a bit of an avalanche which has already begun to thunder.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02666", "bookId": 145, "start": 992028, "end": 992225, "sha256": "f33265d2a5f1b638893b0bbc0bb58f8c8ddfe02a2c182f08a39ca9cec1e74775", "text": "“That is fine, Ladislaw: that is the way to put it. Write that down, now. We must begin to get documents about the feeling of the country, as well as the machine-breaking and general distress.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02667", "bookId": 145, "start": 992227, "end": 992453, "sha256": "6424f8b4aa6d52c6bbce31ff3e3640d618b1ac0d4daecd0dceb9445ccf98701b", "text": "“As to documents,” said Will, “a two-inch card will hold plenty. A few rows of figures are enough to deduce misery from, and a few more will show the rate at which the political determination of the people is growing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02668", "bookId": 145, "start": 992455, "end": 993094, "sha256": "84cd01e7ed3ba252f88b04275b7b5c0327cfee120aa24acf6452eda55445c61c", "text": "“Good: draw that out a little more at length, Ladislaw. That is an idea, now: write it out in the ‘Pioneer.’ Put the figures and deduce the misery, you know; and put the other figures and deduce—and so on. You have a way of putting things. Burke, now:—when I think of Burke, I can’t help wishing somebody had a pocket-borough to give you, Ladislaw. You’d never get elected, you know. And we shall always want talent in the House: reform as we will, we shall always want talent. That avalanche and the thunder, now, was really a little like Burke. I want that sort of thing—not ideas, you know, but a way of putting them.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02669", "bookId": 145, "start": 993096, "end": 993241, "sha256": "b7e76f53160860c1377ad9b3d6ef7afa1a14c31407fc8edc8bfbe069736ed134", "text": "“Pocket-boroughs would be a fine thing,” said Ladislaw, “if they were always in the right pocket, and there were always a Burke at hand.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02670", "bookId": 145, "start": 993243, "end": 994792, "sha256": "fef4f2fe14acaf56c891679c1471ac0a93175edcbb892662e9cfa1f9541384b2", "text": "Will was not displeased with that complimentary comparison, even from Mr. Brooke; for it is a little too trying to human flesh to be conscious of expressing one’s self better than others and never to have it noticed, and in the general dearth of admiration for the right thing, even a chance bray of applause falling exactly in time is rather fortifying. Will felt that his literary refinements were usually beyond the limits of Middlemarch perception; nevertheless, he was beginning thoroughly to like the work of which when he began he had said to himself rather languidly, “Why not?”—and he studied the political situation with as ardent an interest as he had ever given to poetic metres or mediaevalism. It is undeniable that but for the desire to be where Dorothea was, and perhaps the want of knowing what else to do, Will would not at this time have been meditating on the needs of the English people or criticising English statesmanship: he would probably have been rambling in Italy sketching plans for several dramas, trying prose and finding it too jejune, trying verse and finding it too artificial, beginning to copy “bits” from old pictures, leaving off because they were “no good,” and observing that, after all, self-culture was the principal point; while in politics he would have been sympathizing warmly with liberty and progress in general. Our sense of duty must often wait for some work which shall take the place of dilettanteism and make us feel that the quality of our action is not a matter of indifference.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02671", "bookId": 145, "start": 994794, "end": 995469, "sha256": "37c0d724ede4fdf69dc2d27487eec902b01f7cf7bdb48980d07dcf253eed93a2", "text": "Ladislaw had now accepted his bit of work, though it was not that indeterminate loftiest thing which he had once dreamed of as alone worthy of continuous effort. His nature warmed easily in the presence of subjects which were visibly mixed with life and action, and the easily stirred rebellion in him helped the glow of public spirit. In spite of Mr. Casaubon and the banishment from Lowick, he was rather happy; getting a great deal of fresh knowledge in a vivid way and for practical purposes, and making the “Pioneer” celebrated as far as Brassing (never mind the smallness of the area; the writing was not worse than much that reaches the four corners of the earth).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02672", "bookId": 145, "start": 995471, "end": 995678, "sha256": "9bdc9461a0c4f01e8be4b604d934dc16db9df52fd638ce36d17a336c5382438a", "text": "Mr. Brooke was occasionally irritating; but Will’s impatience was relieved by the division of his time between visits to the Grange and retreats to his Middlemarch lodgings, which gave variety to his life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02673", "bookId": 145, "start": 995680, "end": 996116, "sha256": "2d268de0a4d7baf5982948522f159a77afe2167a8c5879cafdb97a71ae81d341", "text": "“Shift the pegs a little,” he said to himself, “and Mr. Brooke might be in the Cabinet, while I was Under-Secretary. That is the common order of things: the little waves make the large ones and are of the same pattern. I am better here than in the sort of life Mr. Casaubon would have trained me for, where the doing would be all laid down by a precedent too rigid for me to react upon. I don’t care for prestige or high pay.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02674", "bookId": 145, "start": 996118, "end": 996858, "sha256": "c4ae75c683672867b993883bbcbecd90c0d04f70101f1726b87eee15359ca90d", "text": "As Lydgate had said of him, he was a sort of gypsy, rather enjoying the sense of belonging to no class; he had a feeling of romance in his position, and a pleasant consciousness of creating a little surprise wherever he went. That sort of enjoyment had been disturbed when he had felt some new distance between himself and Dorothea in their accidental meeting at Lydgate’s, and his irritation had gone out towards Mr. Casaubon, who had declared beforehand that Will would lose caste. “I never had any caste,” he would have said, if that prophecy had been uttered to him, and the quick blood would have come and gone like breath in his transparent skin. But it is one thing to like defiance, and another thing to like its consequences.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02675", "bookId": 145, "start": 996860, "end": 997266, "sha256": "c7f9abf6c5a38b4c22575f9d61e49658763959e84cfe155dba8db89c3fff12ca", "text": "Meanwhile, the town opinion about the new editor of the “Pioneer” was tending to confirm Mr. Casaubon’s view. Will’s relationship in that distinguished quarter did not, like Lydgate’s high connections, serve as an advantageous introduction: if it was rumored that young Ladislaw was Mr. Casaubon’s nephew or cousin, it was also rumored that “Mr. Casaubon would have nothing to do with him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02676", "bookId": 145, "start": 997268, "end": 997596, "sha256": "589f3e3ed55e5bc0cdeb08e33c5cd9197b38cd5e3999c879f2f2cf1166be3533", "text": "“Brooke has taken him up,” said Mr. Hawley, “because that is what no man in his senses could have expected. Casaubon has devilish good reasons, you may be sure, for turning the cold shoulder on a young fellow whose bringing-up he paid for. Just like Brooke—one of those fellows who would praise a cat to sell a horse.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02677", "bookId": 145, "start": 997598, "end": 998567, "sha256": "ee330864162ede57ba18d9448d22baf1da1026124c3d444b3e7b62aa242e7e27", "text": "And some oddities of Will’s, more or less poetical, appeared to support Mr. Keck, the editor of the “Trumpet,” in asserting that Ladislaw, if the truth were known, was not only a Polish emissary but crack-brained, which accounted for the preternatural quickness and glibness of his speech when he got on to a platform—as he did whenever he had an opportunity, speaking with a facility which cast reflections on solid Englishmen generally. It was disgusting to Keck to see a strip of a fellow, with light curls round his head, get up and speechify by the hour against institutions “which had existed when he was in his cradle.” And in a leading article of the “Trumpet,” Keck characterized Ladislaw’s speech at a Reform meeting as “the violence of an energumen—a miserable effort to shroud in the brilliancy of fireworks the daring of irresponsible statements and the poverty of a knowledge which was of the cheapest and most recent description.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02678", "bookId": 145, "start": 998569, "end": 998696, "sha256": "ee70026d9560908dede64eb149c8134df2e65338148c2644e7e012e037bcdd80", "text": "“That was a rattling article yesterday, Keck,” said Dr. Sprague, with sarcastic intentions. “But what is an energumen?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02679", "bookId": 145, "start": 998698, "end": 998764, "sha256": "30a35685270e6414a117c747f7d57bc557e5685d085154e17146531759d9a4b6", "text": "“Oh, a term that came up in the French Revolution,” said Keck.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02680", "bookId": 145, "start": 998766, "end": 999199, "sha256": "a441ee6256772b050bf912c94d7fbb48f17c461dfdd47791b55f57dc8b1c315a", "text": "This dangerous aspect of Ladislaw was strangely contrasted with other habits which became matter of remark. He had a fondness, half artistic, half affectionate, for little children—the smaller they were on tolerably active legs, and the funnier their clothing, the better Will liked to surprise and please them. We know that in Rome he was given to ramble about among the poor people, and the taste did not quit him in Middlemarch.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02681", "bookId": 145, "start": 999201, "end": 1000129, "sha256": "fd6959cf3b347d37f70b8e4a4ec5c86ce50813a7d1403f58ec4763fec1ded9ba", "text": "He had somehow picked up a troop of droll children, little hatless boys with their galligaskins much worn and scant shirting to hang out, little girls who tossed their hair out of their eyes to look at him, and guardian brothers at the mature age of seven. This troop he had led out on gypsy excursions to Halsell Wood at nutting-time, and since the cold weather had set in he had taken them on a clear day to gather sticks for a bonfire in the hollow of a hillside, where he drew out a small feast of gingerbread for them, and improvised a Punch-and-Judy drama with some private home-made puppets. Here was one oddity. Another was, that in houses where he got friendly, he was given to stretch himself at full length on the rug while he talked, and was apt to be discovered in this attitude by occasional callers for whom such an irregularity was likely to confirm the notions of his dangerously mixed blood and general laxity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02682", "bookId": 145, "start": 1000131, "end": 1000550, "sha256": "fff66564ff036a64f72b8d59854c386356a7a2caf13c3e0270af260bf3b23bec", "text": "But Will’s articles and speeches naturally recommended him in families which the new strictness of party division had marked off on the side of Reform. He was invited to Mr. Bulstrode’s; but here he could not lie down on the rug, and Mrs. Bulstrode felt that his mode of talking about Catholic countries, as if there were any truce with Antichrist, illustrated the usual tendency to unsoundness in intellectual men.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02683", "bookId": 145, "start": 1000552, "end": 1001021, "sha256": "e5defda75910775b78a2172e4afb6f01f3eecc995446907ac1e87f3c6a6e07ba", "text": "At Mr. Farebrother’s, however, whom the irony of events had brought on the same side with Bulstrode in the national movement, Will became a favorite with the ladies; especially with little Miss Noble, whom it was one of his oddities to escort when he met her in the street with her little basket, giving her his arm in the eyes of the town, and insisting on going with her to pay some call where she distributed her small filchings from her own share of sweet things.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02684", "bookId": 145, "start": 1001023, "end": 1001801, "sha256": "dda6ddcd597177d0e6e023014e016989f3189a5a2b9cf286922bb5b75fcb60b0", "text": "But the house where he visited oftenest and lay most on the rug was Lydgate’s. The two men were not at all alike, but they agreed none the worse. Lydgate was abrupt but not irritable, taking little notice of megrims in healthy people; and Ladislaw did not usually throw away his susceptibilities on those who took no notice of them. With Rosamond, on the other hand, he pouted and was wayward—nay, often uncomplimentary, much to her inward surprise; nevertheless he was gradually becoming necessary to her entertainment by his companionship in her music, his varied talk, and his freedom from the grave preoccupation which, with all her husband’s tenderness and indulgence, often made his manners unsatisfactory to her, and confirmed her dislike of the medical profession.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02685", "bookId": 145, "start": 1001803, "end": 1002827, "sha256": "a57f643af6cf639fe27b113fe0bdb0c638e4cfee7927ffa496765fc027def6a6", "text": "Lydgate, inclined to be sarcastic on the superstitious faith of the people in the efficacy of “the bill,” while nobody cared about the low state of pathology, sometimes assailed Will with troublesome questions. One evening in March, Rosamond in her cherry-colored dress with swansdown trimming about the throat sat at the tea-table; Lydgate, lately come in tired from his outdoor work, was seated sideways on an easy-chair by the fire with one leg over the elbow, his brow looking a little troubled as his eyes rambled over the columns of the “Pioneer,” while Rosamond, having noticed that he was perturbed, avoided looking at him, and inwardly thanked heaven that she herself had not a moody disposition. Will Ladislaw was stretched on the rug contemplating the curtain-pole abstractedly, and humming very low the notes of “When first I saw thy face;” while the house spaniel, also stretched out with small choice of room, looked from between his paws at the usurper of the rug with silent but strong objection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02686", "bookId": 145, "start": 1002829, "end": 1002957, "sha256": "54da2dc9773fdc2b73a6e0ed83a5bc81bb83ffacf2f182353ca2b8cc9651226c", "text": "Rosamond bringing Lydgate his cup of tea, he threw down the paper, and said to Will, who had started up and gone to the table—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02687", "bookId": 145, "start": 1002959, "end": 1003097, "sha256": "d3ecaa159dca4bf8512958b466d92831143730f82d25558589094874e9cbd3e4", "text": "“It’s no use your puffing Brooke as a reforming landlord, Ladislaw: they only pick the more holes in his coat in the ‘Trumpet.’”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02688", "bookId": 145, "start": 1003099, "end": 1003477, "sha256": "8577e712a28af188744e0e2c6ba8c2b6ca58b7d1f59ce41bac05024fe9dc6d70", "text": "“No matter; those who read the ‘Pioneer’ don’t read the ‘Trumpet,’” said Will, swallowing his tea and walking about. “Do you suppose the public reads with a view to its own conversion? We should have a witches’ brewing with a vengeance then—‘Mingle, mingle, mingle, mingle, You that mingle may’—and nobody would know which side he was going to take.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02689", "bookId": 145, "start": 1003479, "end": 1003675, "sha256": "81ca2f4b09afe524c043454b4f5ca10f7615105d000065bca9db4f2aa421f99d", "text": "“Farebrother says, he doesn’t believe Brooke would get elected if the opportunity came: the very men who profess to be for him would bring another member out of the bag at the right moment.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02690", "bookId": 145, "start": 1003677, "end": 1003749, "sha256": "5433df86c43310d0ab54fdebf70139b3ec5453f0b549871683e85881f5adeca9", "text": "“There’s no harm in trying. It’s good to have resident members.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02691", "bookId": 145, "start": 1003751, "end": 1003840, "sha256": "42c64cb38fdded68ec427ecf2cde1e971d8e38cdf814e20af749da90d1e8a8b1", "text": "“Why?” said Lydgate, who was much given to use that inconvenient word in a curt tone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02692", "bookId": 145, "start": 1003842, "end": 1004140, "sha256": "b5e8ab26f3c48467d29c2da6272b6bb9468eef002642fcd755215bc34d52dffe", "text": "“They represent the local stupidity better,” said Will, laughing, and shaking his curls; “and they are kept on their best behavior in the neighborhood. Brooke is not a bad fellow, but he has done some good things on his estate that he never would have done but for this Parliamentary bite.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02693", "bookId": 145, "start": 1004142, "end": 1004369, "sha256": "ed5594d88a0923c15d91c0eb15c1e62f4037d8237a1e81bcafa5d4e7a8359b63", "text": "“He’s not fitted to be a public man,” said Lydgate, with contemptuous decision. “He would disappoint everybody who counted on him: I can see that at the Hospital. Only, there Bulstrode holds the reins and drives him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02694", "bookId": 145, "start": 1004371, "end": 1004606, "sha256": "cbd92f729723ecf3cc69bb81fdf40709b667f671a034cd904d1c59113262a60f", "text": "“That depends on how you fix your standard of public men,” said Will. “He’s good enough for the occasion: when the people have made up their mind as they are making it up now, they don’t want a man—they only want a vote.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02695", "bookId": 145, "start": 1004608, "end": 1004792, "sha256": "a54ea4663e4c77cca45ec99ae2f2539ee2038e3a89a45fd9c03cb6038293209b", "text": "“That is the way with you political writers, Ladislaw—crying up a measure as if it were a universal cure, and crying up men who are a part of the very disease that wants curing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02696", "bookId": 145, "start": 1004794, "end": 1004980, "sha256": "d82808c183a6035c31a383827f5c7ab25228d9381dd2c075bdffc17f1903185c", "text": "“Why not? Men may help to cure themselves off the face of the land without knowing it,” said Will, who could find reasons impromptu, when he had not thought of a question beforehand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02697", "bookId": 145, "start": 1004982, "end": 1005354, "sha256": "f102d5a31a3e67fd5c037b592ede366cf0f2f0cb94a549861f9872edf6eec949", "text": "“That is no excuse for encouraging the superstitious exaggeration of hopes about this particular measure, helping the cry to swallow it whole and to send up voting popinjays who are good for nothing but to carry it. You go against rottenness, and there is nothing more thoroughly rotten than making people believe that society can be cured by a political hocus-pocus.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02698", "bookId": 145, "start": 1005356, "end": 1006131, "sha256": "d49918f20ef0ed8856f2734d2edf2a2f092e06cb90e6f982d07b95c8b8c98946", "text": "“That’s very fine, my dear fellow. But your cure must begin somewhere, and put it that a thousand things which debase a population can never be reformed without this particular reform to begin with. Look what Stanley said the other day—that the House had been tinkering long enough at small questions of bribery, inquiring whether this or that voter has had a guinea when everybody knows that the seats have been sold wholesale. Wait for wisdom and conscience in public agents—fiddlestick! The only conscience we can trust to is the massive sense of wrong in a class, and the best wisdom that will work is the wisdom of balancing claims. That’s my text—which side is injured? I support the man who supports their claims; not the virtuous upholder of the wrong.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02699", "bookId": 145, "start": 1006133, "end": 1006329, "sha256": "7b7cfdd1fe1853de122a2213f56dd349212aa2f8df86d0166ae09f990c1946a0", "text": "“That general talk about a particular case is mere question begging, Ladislaw. When I say, I go in for the dose that cures, it doesn’t follow that I go in for opium in a given case of gout.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02700", "bookId": 145, "start": 1006331, "end": 1006651, "sha256": "c44e16807be5f4e96f6d8b979876dcf070965559aae3354dcd844d1967db77c4", "text": "“I am not begging the question we are upon—whether we are to try for nothing till we find immaculate men to work with. Should you go on that plan? If there were one man who would carry you a medical reform and another who would oppose it, should you inquire which had the better motives or even the better brains?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02701", "bookId": 145, "start": 1006653, "end": 1007309, "sha256": "c2d70645e3a10b82bcbf8682c03eb0c32384232e6518b85230771b5d3623aa0e", "text": "“Oh, of course,” said Lydgate, seeing himself checkmated by a move which he had often used himself, “if one did not work with such men as are at hand, things must come to a dead-lock. Suppose the worst opinion in the town about Bulstrode were a true one, that would not make it less true that he has the sense and the resolution to do what I think ought to be done in the matters I know and care most about; but that is the only ground on which I go with him,” Lydgate added rather proudly, bearing in mind Mr. Farebrother’s remarks. “He is nothing to me otherwise; I would not cry him up on any personal ground—I would keep clear of that.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02702", "bookId": 145, "start": 1007311, "end": 1007599, "sha256": "4516d257a324543052db34805380a9648c643556b65a2ffd114c6e653d33be3e", "text": "“Do you mean that I cry up Brooke on any personal ground?” said Will Ladislaw, nettled, and turning sharp round. For the first time he felt offended with Lydgate; not the less so, perhaps, because he would have declined any close inquiry into the growth of his relation to Mr. Brooke.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02703", "bookId": 145, "start": 1007601, "end": 1007910, "sha256": "52d5284264be80c6d1501267110c95d41d91a3453288503f1b14e9205d58d3ca", "text": "“Not at all,” said Lydgate, “I was simply explaining my own action. I meant that a man may work for a special end with others whose motives and general course are equivocal, if he is quite sure of his personal independence, and that he is not working for his private interest—either place or money.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02704", "bookId": 145, "start": 1007912, "end": 1008458, "sha256": "ead86dacb2f284fcf5da37c49746835cdf1efd04b2b8f8d3aff55172c24aedad", "text": "“Then, why don’t you extend your liberality to others?” said Will, still nettled. “My personal independence is as important to me as yours is to you. You have no more reason to imagine that I have personal expectations from Brooke, than I have to imagine that you have personal expectations from Bulstrode. Motives are points of honor, I suppose—nobody can prove them. But as to money and place in the world,” Will ended, tossing back his head, “I think it is pretty clear that I am not determined by considerations of that sort.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02705", "bookId": 145, "start": 1008460, "end": 1008859, "sha256": "4b6ceac3c0d96b6d6673ca49144a8206d2c3b2f292542b663987073acdcd68b7", "text": "“You quite mistake me, Ladislaw,” said Lydgate, surprised. He had been preoccupied with his own vindication, and had been blind to what Ladislaw might infer on his own account. “I beg your pardon for unintentionally annoying you. In fact, I should rather attribute to you a romantic disregard of your own worldly interests. On the political question, I referred simply to intellectual bias.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02706", "bookId": 145, "start": 1008861, "end": 1009159, "sha256": "701bf910b010ee16b18e66816d145ee7704a18426a00065a57abfa72ac5616e2", "text": "“How very unpleasant you both are this evening!” said Rosamond. “I cannot conceive why money should have been referred to. Politics and Medicine are sufficiently disagreeable to quarrel upon. You can both of you go on quarrelling with all the world and with each other on those two topics.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02707", "bookId": 145, "start": 1009161, "end": 1009271, "sha256": "557b247a758fd4b77675ef2ca93630a8592d1ecb333d3f75edfdfbfd7b62283c", "text": "Rosamond looked mildly neutral as she said this, rising to ring the bell, and then crossing to her work-table.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02708", "bookId": 145, "start": 1009273, "end": 1009448, "sha256": "66e8b0c6400fbcd525d4695930a0e8b7bbaa136b126ed121406fafa154c6368e", "text": "“Poor Rosy!” said Lydgate, putting out his hand to her as she was passing him. “Disputation is not amusing to cherubs. Have some music. Ask Ladislaw to sing with you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02709", "bookId": 145, "start": 1009450, "end": 1009554, "sha256": "f4aa68540f1f5e16a3fb031f1acb7792ef1e43ec2be3d4f5a52ef7869bb29965", "text": "When Will was gone Rosamond said to her husband, “What put you out of temper this evening, Tertius?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02710", "bookId": 145, "start": 1009556, "end": 1009632, "sha256": "75510584aeafd9e7b767cae5c1382457dc244f11a93670a13dfec56244f3689e", "text": "“Me? It was Ladislaw who was out of temper. He is like a bit of tinder.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02711", "bookId": 145, "start": 1009634, "end": 1009829, "sha256": "5d84d26bbfc4b25a257d5d1c6cb40993afa7248341ef97b72dbf62c50f922237", "text": "“But I mean, before that. Something had vexed you before you came in, you looked cross. And that made you begin to dispute with Mr. Ladislaw. You hurt me very much when you look so, Tertius.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02712", "bookId": 145, "start": 1009831, "end": 1009901, "sha256": "315b231ab3dc8c6c3f7c28645abf294a3c8d37c2721ae2790b31754f1797e18d", "text": "“Do I? Then I am a brute,” said Lydgate, caressing her penitently.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02713", "bookId": 145, "start": 1009903, "end": 1009924, "sha256": "3bfa038fc8405ea7fcd0a574c2ca11eb78ac3ab1d08c4e5b890fb89b84eef655", "text": "“What vexed you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02714", "bookId": 145, "start": 1009926, "end": 1010132, "sha256": "2a7665125b30127610b525dba31ec73a5251a6b4e178126a7efd533a28a99107", "text": "“Oh, outdoor things—business.” It was really a letter insisting on the payment of a bill for furniture. But Rosamond was expecting to have a baby, and Lydgate wished to save her from any perturbation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02715", "bookId": 145, "start": 1010137, "end": 1010151, "sha256": "a7193d0b3b859f297bd8914512818c357c22b591715e5c960a95c5054d48dfb5", "text": "CHAPTER XLVII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02716", "bookId": 145, "start": 1010153, "end": 1010409, "sha256": "13b46b4de70c9725efeb60be1ad5cd3f93a9f84ab5ec5f2bf695dfb84312742b", "text": "Was never true love loved in vain, For truest love is highest gain. No art can make it: it must spring Where elements are fostering. So in heaven’s spot and hour Springs the little native flower, Downward root and upward eye, Shapen by the earth and sky.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02717", "bookId": 145, "start": 1010412, "end": 1011108, "sha256": "337e244905aa44cfff98e60bd9239e58c5201a6f039412360050a453ee075ee3", "text": "It happened to be on a Saturday evening that Will Ladislaw had that little discussion with Lydgate. Its effect when he went to his own rooms was to make him sit up half the night, thinking over again, under a new irritation, all that he had before thought of his having settled in Middlemarch and harnessed himself with Mr. Brooke. Hesitations before he had taken the step had since turned into susceptibility to every hint that he would have been wiser not to take it; and hence came his heat towards Lydgate—a heat which still kept him restless. Was he not making a fool of himself?—and at a time when he was more than ever conscious of being something better than a fool? And for what end?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02718", "bookId": 145, "start": 1011110, "end": 1014131, "sha256": "2f6a60a653eaf27b7046a427e37d44f85cc7d3e854ef9c9fc740ea22a7e2c647", "text": "Well, for no definite end. True, he had dreamy visions of possibilities: there is no human being who having both passions and thoughts does not think in consequence of his passions—does not find images rising in his mind which soothe the passion with hope or sting it with dread. But this, which happens to us all, happens to some with a wide difference; and Will was not one of those whose wit “keeps the roadway:” he had his bypaths where there were little joys of his own choosing, such as gentlemen cantering on the highroad might have thought rather idiotic. The way in which he made a sort of happiness for himself out of his feeling for Dorothea was an example of this. It may seem strange, but it is the fact, that the ordinary vulgar vision of which Mr. Casaubon suspected him—namely, that Dorothea might become a widow, and that the interest he had established in her mind might turn into acceptance of him as a husband—had no tempting, arresting power over him; he did not live in the scenery of such an event, and follow it out, as we all do with that imagined “otherwise” which is our practical heaven. It was not only that he was unwilling to entertain thoughts which could be accused of baseness, and was already uneasy in the sense that he had to justify himself from the charge of ingratitude—the latent consciousness of many other barriers between himself and Dorothea besides the existence of her husband, had helped to turn away his imagination from speculating on what might befall Mr. Casaubon. And there were yet other reasons. Will, we know, could not bear the thought of any flaw appearing in his crystal: he was at once exasperated and delighted by the calm freedom with which Dorothea looked at him and spoke to him, and there was something so exquisite in thinking of her just as she was, that he could not long for a change which must somehow change her. Do we not shun the street version of a fine melody?—or shrink from the news that the rarity—some bit of chiselling or engraving perhaps—which we have dwelt on even with exultation in the trouble it has cost us to snatch glimpses of it, is really not an uncommon thing, and may be obtained as an every-day possession? Our good depends on the quality and breadth of our emotion; and to Will, a creature who cared little for what are called the solid things of life and greatly for its subtler influences, to have within him such a feeling as he had towards Dorothea, was like the inheritance of a fortune. What others might have called the futility of his passion, made an additional delight for his imagination: he was conscious of a generous movement, and of verifying in his own experience that higher love-poetry which had charmed his fancy. Dorothea, he said to himself, was forever enthroned in his soul: no other woman could sit higher than her footstool; and if he could have written out in immortal syllables the effect she wrought within him, he might have boasted after the example of old Drayton, that,—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02719", "bookId": 145, "start": 1014133, "end": 1014218, "sha256": "d43a7fe5ad6d787c1bf59f59efa45621395f9a4e5ab0b76a11c6c07a9698376b", "text": "“Queens hereafter might be glad to live Upon the alms of her superfluous praise.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02720", "bookId": 145, "start": 1014221, "end": 1014636, "sha256": "a3c5a0a5708f2211cd8cc08f1b5cb59d9e3b7088f6b66d62d663669ad4d5042b", "text": "But this result was questionable. And what else could he do for Dorothea? What was his devotion worth to her? It was impossible to tell. He would not go out of her reach. He saw no creature among her friends to whom he could believe that she spoke with the same simple confidence as to him. She had once said that she would like him to stay; and stay he would, whatever fire-breathing dragons might hiss around her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02721", "bookId": 145, "start": 1014638, "end": 1015284, "sha256": "316e1d7b491f4dcb9ede9cd9a4b3e00c820607e1fd93bee1ab87ccee6d42d88b", "text": "This had always been the conclusion of Will’s hesitations. But he was not without contradictoriness and rebellion even towards his own resolve. He had often got irritated, as he was on this particular night, by some outside demonstration that his public exertions with Mr. Brooke as a chief could not seem as heroic as he would like them to be, and this was always associated with the other ground of irritation—that notwithstanding his sacrifice of dignity for Dorothea’s sake, he could hardly ever see her. Whereupon, not being able to contradict these unpleasant facts, he contradicted his own strongest bias and said, “I am a fool.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02722", "bookId": 145, "start": 1015286, "end": 1015665, "sha256": "74208256b5e243d759db400afd29ca50397768f6b1d6b04b01e5b65d3b30f06b", "text": "Nevertheless, since the inward debate necessarily turned on Dorothea, he ended, as he had done before, only by getting a livelier sense of what her presence would be to him; and suddenly reflecting that the morrow would be Sunday, he determined to go to Lowick Church and see her. He slept upon that idea, but when he was dressing in the rational morning light, Objection said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02723", "bookId": 145, "start": 1015667, "end": 1015786, "sha256": "2adf2b96509bec1e17305b833dae7d360bed595b938d8f7c015212003acce0f9", "text": "“That will be a virtual defiance of Mr. Casaubon’s prohibition to visit Lowick, and Dorothea will be displeased.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02724", "bookId": 145, "start": 1015788, "end": 1015966, "sha256": "e756058d2ba0e504ecf418afdce6009276001f1a858fd3e069b871ea8821c872", "text": "“Nonsense!” argued Inclination, “it would be too monstrous for him to hinder me from going out to a pretty country church on a spring morning. And Dorothea will be glad.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02725", "bookId": 145, "start": 1015968, "end": 1016065, "sha256": "4a6b5a38b54b5a706c7824b4f2d810269ad67911cbcc80b01cbafc5344a3a6e3", "text": "“It will be clear to Mr. Casaubon that you have come either to annoy him or to see Dorothea.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02726", "bookId": 145, "start": 1016067, "end": 1016397, "sha256": "dc54bce5bdff0f512b796aad3dbe2c3525a987a78a37835706d4a87d9761aeee", "text": "“It is not true that I go to annoy him, and why should I not go to see Dorothea? Is he to have everything to himself and be always comfortable? Let him smart a little, as other people are obliged to do. I have always liked the quaintness of the church and congregation; besides, I know the Tuckers: I shall go into their pew.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02727", "bookId": 145, "start": 1016399, "end": 1017661, "sha256": "c73573d052221f2ad189913a5ec8fc2996c99a3549058f9bc91a3cd14db7b7d8", "text": "Having silenced Objection by force of unreason, Will walked to Lowick as if he had been on the way to Paradise, crossing Halsell Common and skirting the wood, where the sunlight fell broadly under the budding boughs, bringing out the beauties of moss and lichen, and fresh green growths piercing the brown. Everything seemed to know that it was Sunday, and to approve of his going to Lowick Church. Will easily felt happy when nothing crossed his humor, and by this time the thought of vexing Mr. Casaubon had become rather amusing to him, making his face break into its merry smile, pleasant to see as the breaking of sunshine on the water—though the occasion was not exemplary. But most of us are apt to settle within ourselves that the man who blocks our way is odious, and not to mind causing him a little of the disgust which his personality excites in ourselves. Will went along with a small book under his arm and a hand in each side-pocket, never reading, but chanting a little, as he made scenes of what would happen in church and coming out. He was experimenting in tunes to suit some words of his own, sometimes trying a ready-made melody, sometimes improvising. The words were not exactly a hymn, but they certainly fitted his Sunday experience:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02728", "bookId": 145, "start": 1017663, "end": 1017784, "sha256": "154cbe9984a0c410f0ec6ff534ab1429aa3969cfc639ddb50674250a86e8cb51", "text": "“O me, O me, what frugal cheer My love doth feed upon! A touch, a ray, that is not here, A shadow that is gone:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02729", "bookId": 145, "start": 1017786, "end": 1017926, "sha256": "5615621e73da68501531d5bbd5f8eff2ecf9b90e3a4fd8a61b676c4dfc406c2b", "text": "“A dream of breath that might be near, An inly-echoed tone, The thought that one may think me dear, The place where one was known,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02730", "bookId": 145, "start": 1017928, "end": 1018055, "sha256": "84bea772a7b9f2c5bc8240589c0ca1499d3660412a03b2bd7d6db33ec0e15dce", "text": "“The tremor of a banished fear, An ill that was not done— O me, O me, what frugal cheer My love doth feed upon!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02731", "bookId": 145, "start": 1018058, "end": 1018290, "sha256": "594129d9e745a18e37f7811765cb8deb91b9064226772020305fc7ec7faf866d", "text": "Sometimes, when he took off his hat, shaking his head backward, and showing his delicate throat as he sang, he looked like an incarnation of the spring whose spirit filled the air—a bright creature, abundant in uncertain promises.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02732", "bookId": 145, "start": 1018292, "end": 1019733, "sha256": "b27ea0e1a830aa7023c5e559d292e24eb0c86b7cb93976ed83996208bc49aafe", "text": "The bells were still ringing when he got to Lowick, and he went into the curate’s pew before any one else arrived there. But he was still left alone in it when the congregation had assembled. The curate’s pew was opposite the rector’s at the entrance of the small chancel, and Will had time to fear that Dorothea might not come while he looked round at the group of rural faces which made the congregation from year to year within the white-washed walls and dark old pews, hardly with more change than we see in the boughs of a tree which breaks here and there with age, but yet has young shoots. Mr. Rigg’s frog-face was something alien and unaccountable, but notwithstanding this shock to the order of things, there were still the Waules and the rural stock of the Powderells in their pews side by side; brother Samuel’s cheek had the same purple round as ever, and the three generations of decent cottagers came as of old with a sense of duty to their betters generally—the smaller children regarding Mr. Casaubon, who wore the black gown and mounted to the highest box, as probably the chief of all betters, and the one most awful if offended. Even in 1831 Lowick was at peace, not more agitated by Reform than by the solemn tenor of the Sunday sermon. The congregation had been used to seeing Will at church in former days, and no one took much note of him except the choir, who expected him to make a figure in the singing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02733", "bookId": 145, "start": 1019735, "end": 1021539, "sha256": "7a15f689e275dfc190c422545a9855a3b00a7a9ec55495dd084af25979cd085d", "text": "Dorothea did at last appear on this quaint background, walking up the short aisle in her white beaver bonnet and gray cloak—the same she had worn in the Vatican. Her face being, from her entrance, towards the chancel, even her shortsighted eyes soon discerned Will, but there was no outward show of her feeling except a slight paleness and a grave bow as she passed him. To his own surprise Will felt suddenly uncomfortable, and dared not look at her after they had bowed to each other. Two minutes later, when Mr. Casaubon came out of the vestry, and, entering the pew, seated himself in face of Dorothea, Will felt his paralysis more complete. He could look nowhere except at the choir in the little gallery over the vestry-door: Dorothea was perhaps pained, and he had made a wretched blunder. It was no longer amusing to vex Mr. Casaubon, who had the advantage probably of watching him and seeing that he dared not turn his head. Why had he not imagined this beforehand?—but he could not expect that he should sit in that square pew alone, unrelieved by any Tuckers, who had apparently departed from Lowick altogether, for a new clergyman was in the desk. Still he called himself stupid now for not foreseeing that it would be impossible for him to look towards Dorothea—nay, that she might feel his coming an impertinence. There was no delivering himself from his cage, however; and Will found his places and looked at his book as if he had been a school-mistress, feeling that the morning service had never been so immeasurably long before, that he was utterly ridiculous, out of temper, and miserable. This was what a man got by worshipping the sight of a woman! The clerk observed with surprise that Mr. Ladislaw did not join in the tune of Hanover, and reflected that he might have a cold.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02734", "bookId": 145, "start": 1021541, "end": 1022330, "sha256": "2cec6c35022f32c046937a8030012b1cb896c8305bd1dec14ea9bc1554668bf1", "text": "Mr. Casaubon did not preach that morning, and there was no change in Will’s situation until the blessing had been pronounced and every one rose. It was the fashion at Lowick for “the betters” to go out first. With a sudden determination to break the spell that was upon him, Will looked straight at Mr. Casaubon. But that gentleman’s eyes were on the button of the pew-door, which he opened, allowing Dorothea to pass, and following her immediately without raising his eyelids. Will’s glance had caught Dorothea’s as she turned out of the pew, and again she bowed, but this time with a look of agitation, as if she were repressing tears. Will walked out after them, but they went on towards the little gate leading out of the churchyard into the shrubbery, never looking round.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02735", "bookId": 145, "start": 1022332, "end": 1022546, "sha256": "ae1221defe46b9955016ad9125d3aa7f86a9f75ddc69981a697c91058b45cf68", "text": "It was impossible for him to follow them, and he could only walk back sadly at mid-day along the same road which he had trodden hopefully in the morning. The lights were all changed for him both without and within.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02736", "bookId": 145, "start": 1022551, "end": 1022566, "sha256": "41dde4a32f593f2f66536adefea779543a2e54dd0bc8ded76491b085896d2baa", "text": "CHAPTER XLVIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02737", "bookId": 145, "start": 1022568, "end": 1022800, "sha256": "90b6093f67d55f01e5df0a07ef49e9eeea494c2a6b9d13a89856228648542a06", "text": "Surely the golden hours are turning gray And dance no more, and vainly strive to run: I see their white locks streaming in the wind— Each face is haggard as it looks at me, Slow turning in the constant clasping round Storm-driven.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02738", "bookId": 145, "start": 1022803, "end": 1023573, "sha256": "f41c9d886975dcd2ff736f941672dfd080cd0cee8a63a4efc76daa4dfcaeaa69", "text": "Dorothea’s distress when she was leaving the church came chiefly from the perception that Mr. Casaubon was determined not to speak to his cousin, and that Will’s presence at church had served to mark more strongly the alienation between them. Will’s coming seemed to her quite excusable, nay, she thought it an amiable movement in him towards a reconciliation which she herself had been constantly wishing for. He had probably imagined, as she had, that if Mr. Casaubon and he could meet easily, they would shake hands and friendly intercourse might return. But now Dorothea felt quite robbed of that hope. Will was banished further than ever, for Mr. Casaubon must have been newly embittered by this thrusting upon him of a presence which he refused to recognize.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02739", "bookId": 145, "start": 1023575, "end": 1026276, "sha256": "fb4838388cfb366a4575d0bd5c7f82fd374b288f8eaaa216978cded098e4b539", "text": "He had not been very well that morning, suffering from some difficulty in breathing, and had not preached in consequence; she was not surprised, therefore, that he was nearly silent at luncheon, still less that he made no allusion to Will Ladislaw. For her own part she felt that she could never again introduce that subject. They usually spent apart the hours between luncheon and dinner on a Sunday; Mr. Casaubon in the library dozing chiefly, and Dorothea in her boudoir, where she was wont to occupy herself with some of her favorite books. There was a little heap of them on the table in the bow-window—of various sorts, from Herodotus, which she was learning to read with Mr. Casaubon, to her old companion Pascal, and Keble’s “Christian Year.” But to-day she opened one after another, and could read none of them. Everything seemed dreary: the portents before the birth of Cyrus—Jewish antiquities—oh dear!—devout epigrams—the sacred chime of favorite hymns—all alike were as flat as tunes beaten on wood: even the spring flowers and the grass had a dull shiver in them under the afternoon clouds that hid the sun fitfully; even the sustaining thoughts which had become habits seemed to have in them the weariness of long future days in which she would still live with them for her sole companions. It was another or rather a fuller sort of companionship that poor Dorothea was hungering for, and the hunger had grown from the perpetual effort demanded by her married life. She was always trying to be what her husband wished, and never able to repose on his delight in what she was. The thing that she liked, that she spontaneously cared to have, seemed to be always excluded from her life; for if it was only granted and not shared by her husband it might as well have been denied. About Will Ladislaw there had been a difference between them from the first, and it had ended, since Mr. Casaubon had so severely repulsed Dorothea’s strong feeling about his claims on the family property, by her being convinced that she was in the right and her husband in the wrong, but that she was helpless. This afternoon the helplessness was more wretchedly benumbing than ever: she longed for objects who could be dear to her, and to whom she could be dear. She longed for work which would be directly beneficent like the sunshine and the rain, and now it appeared that she was to live more and more in a virtual tomb, where there was the apparatus of a ghastly labor producing what would never see the light. Today she had stood at the door of the tomb and seen Will Ladislaw receding into the distant world of warm activity and fellowship—turning his face towards her as he went.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02740", "bookId": 145, "start": 1026278, "end": 1026557, "sha256": "1e8bc99186a6975df67d2044b37ef2dbc6daae563e1f197bd2a5d333518d9ad2", "text": "Books were of no use. Thinking was of no use. It was Sunday, and she could not have the carriage to go to Celia, who had lately had a baby. There was no refuge now from spiritual emptiness and discontent, and Dorothea had to bear her bad mood, as she would have borne a headache.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02741", "bookId": 145, "start": 1026559, "end": 1026788, "sha256": "2de01238755a7ec82df83688581111f594b9f2aae50815e11ad5c108f9ae2538", "text": "After dinner, at the hour when she usually began to read aloud, Mr. Casaubon proposed that they should go into the library, where, he said, he had ordered a fire and lights. He seemed to have revived, and to be thinking intently.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02742", "bookId": 145, "start": 1026790, "end": 1026996, "sha256": "0c143cf01f5d202c522ef8b88e2941ca6cfc5116e8f7d9bb8d4427223798a236", "text": "In the library Dorothea observed that he had newly arranged a row of his note-books on a table, and now he took up and put into her hand a well-known volume, which was a table of contents to all the others.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02743", "bookId": 145, "start": 1026998, "end": 1027466, "sha256": "b75524bce2afc16e638db60c932894e1ea735d329c8ad65209f451447469602b", "text": "“You will oblige me, my dear,” he said, seating himself, “if instead of other reading this evening, you will go through this aloud, pencil in hand, and at each point where I say ‘mark,’ will make a cross with your pencil. This is the first step in a sifting process which I have long had in view, and as we go on I shall be able to indicate to you certain principles of selection whereby you will, I trust, have an intelligent participation in my purpose.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02744", "bookId": 145, "start": 1027468, "end": 1027731, "sha256": "1915088e6163365edb4aff9fa5c5baba5faaf9da23ba3e4b486c191cec9acee4", "text": "This proposal was only one more sign added to many since his memorable interview with Lydgate, that Mr. Casaubon’s original reluctance to let Dorothea work with him had given place to the contrary disposition, namely, to demand much interest and labor from her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02745", "bookId": 145, "start": 1027733, "end": 1027969, "sha256": "8010367872d0fd9cdc58e3c5c1b7a27383662fe5940ed373f66e474a0b542f96", "text": "After she had read and marked for two hours, he said, “We will take the volume up-stairs—and the pencil, if you please—and in case of reading in the night, we can pursue this task. It is not wearisome to you, I trust, Dorothea?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02746", "bookId": 145, "start": 1027971, "end": 1028175, "sha256": "ee3dcdf192225ee028933e7c788cae08afaedebab6781176fcf1c1cbf7982423", "text": "“I prefer always reading what you like best to hear,” said Dorothea, who told the simple truth; for what she dreaded was to exert herself in reading or anything else which left him as joyless as ever.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02747", "bookId": 145, "start": 1028177, "end": 1028586, "sha256": "cbd9dc509d28fb3e557d0e916ef1a43843a822f2d1c77ff96af0894aaeeedf8a", "text": "It was a proof of the force with which certain characteristics in Dorothea impressed those around her, that her husband, with all his jealousy and suspicion, had gathered implicit trust in the integrity of her promises, and her power of devoting herself to her idea of the right and best. Of late he had begun to feel that these qualities were a peculiar possession for himself, and he wanted to engross them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02748", "bookId": 145, "start": 1028588, "end": 1029079, "sha256": "1d5e01b938675958f25a169d3b6f3459ddc28c2a82d46cd919a6761ceac01809", "text": "The reading in the night did come. Dorothea in her young weariness had slept soon and fast: she was awakened by a sense of light, which seemed to her at first like a sudden vision of sunset after she had climbed a steep hill: she opened her eyes and saw her husband wrapped in his warm gown seating himself in the arm-chair near the fire-place where the embers were still glowing. He had lit two candles, expecting that Dorothea would awake, but not liking to rouse her by more direct means.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02749", "bookId": 145, "start": 1029081, "end": 1029137, "sha256": "2b617cee9a97aa18a9860a3a43653528e120e6069ef406685da87560fdc77794", "text": "“Are you ill, Edward?” she said, rising immediately.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02750", "bookId": 145, "start": 1029139, "end": 1029317, "sha256": "c7c2da89fdb770e2a09159fda82d728faef63e0a183ae540e55adf28043797a0", "text": "“I felt some uneasiness in a reclining posture. I will sit here for a time.” She threw wood on the fire, wrapped herself up, and said, “You would like me to read to you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02751", "bookId": 145, "start": 1029319, "end": 1029503, "sha256": "9f63430c9aee837cb53d54a872543bfa2e00476103520d9f8c2e07bef8fd43b8", "text": "“You would oblige me greatly by doing so, Dorothea,” said Mr. Casaubon, with a shade more meekness than usual in his polite manner. “I am wakeful: my mind is remarkably lucid.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02752", "bookId": 145, "start": 1029505, "end": 1029612, "sha256": "411e7a9d05c91afd0d890030726c56a8dda2a41d94bdcfc3bbd68edd5cdcec92", "text": "“I fear that the excitement may be too great for you,” said Dorothea, remembering Lydgate’s cautions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02753", "bookId": 145, "start": 1029614, "end": 1030226, "sha256": "5cb8b52c55426c0ea67d48980f4660ceb29e818ad289cf30f0e9817b0caf76a9", "text": "“No, I am not conscious of undue excitement. Thought is easy.” Dorothea dared not insist, and she read for an hour or more on the same plan as she had done in the evening, but getting over the pages with more quickness. Mr. Casaubon’s mind was more alert, and he seemed to anticipate what was coming after a very slight verbal indication, saying, “That will do—mark that”—or “Pass on to the next head—I omit the second excursus on Crete.” Dorothea was amazed to think of the bird-like speed with which his mind was surveying the ground where it had been creeping for years. At last he said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02754", "bookId": 145, "start": 1030228, "end": 1030609, "sha256": "16a001d5e97e9a37c6457fac07da3444f24eeb6c7fd465cf4403b8a6b47547b5", "text": "“Close the book now, my dear. We will resume our work to-morrow. I have deferred it too long, and would gladly see it completed. But you observe that the principle on which my selection is made, is to give adequate, and not disproportionate illustration to each of the theses enumerated in my introduction, as at present sketched. You have perceived that distinctly, Dorothea?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02755", "bookId": 145, "start": 1030611, "end": 1030680, "sha256": "09ff413b6ad9a33e59f9627a6111bf383f3c02dfc2f80b36ec099cdcac583d96", "text": "“Yes,” said Dorothea, rather tremulously. She felt sick at heart.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02756", "bookId": 145, "start": 1030682, "end": 1030914, "sha256": "c7f14adf1e0adf190f2d798ae3085b84dbdb3f178e75f2cf7ffb16d61a8bbd8e", "text": "“And now I think that I can take some repose,” said Mr. Casaubon. He laid down again and begged her to put out the lights. When she had lain down too, and there was a darkness only broken by a dull glow on the hearth, he said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02757", "bookId": 145, "start": 1030916, "end": 1030973, "sha256": "9d4884f8975775c4ea835806ce28354f04bf1e5cd9004e9dd980ea26d852e441", "text": "“Before I sleep, I have a request to make, Dorothea.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02758", "bookId": 145, "start": 1030975, "end": 1031031, "sha256": "9c34d212e9d951141027ff4ce026f71d70ef007d235b08ed8b0db9738581e2cc", "text": "“What is it?” said Dorothea, with dread in her mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02759", "bookId": 145, "start": 1031033, "end": 1031246, "sha256": "edfcb3b587fee07f6cc44190ea056d1fd3a1f3a5d0ae97584413a78eaba8cd84", "text": "“It is that you will let me know, deliberately, whether, in case of my death, you will carry out my wishes: whether you will avoid doing what I should deprecate, and apply yourself to do what I should desire.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02760", "bookId": 145, "start": 1031248, "end": 1031448, "sha256": "4020c67aa78e109b8101c7e0ab7f162cec8aa94cfc6fdf806b2c57e768bc71d3", "text": "Dorothea was not taken by surprise: many incidents had been leading her to the conjecture of some intention on her husband’s part which might make a new yoke for her. She did not answer immediately.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02761", "bookId": 145, "start": 1031450, "end": 1031514, "sha256": "6e3404c9e6a1a4188486229af72643663d269e97cf64a2d67030d65727f7b7bc", "text": "“You refuse?” said Mr. Casaubon, with more edge in his tone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02762", "bookId": 145, "start": 1031516, "end": 1031803, "sha256": "4f145650557ae85e42f8b78f933b937be759c18e4861a73cc193388b32acc0cd", "text": "“No, I do not yet refuse,” said Dorothea, in a clear voice, the need of freedom asserting itself within her; “but it is too solemn—I think it is not right—to make a promise when I am ignorant what it will bind me to. Whatever affection prompted I would do without promising.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02763", "bookId": 145, "start": 1031805, "end": 1031883, "sha256": "52653f7a5572e1cbcf604dab1f0f48f0d830a5d98ab98c8c0309f5792af5e1d2", "text": "“But you would use your own judgment: I ask you to obey mine; you refuse.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02764", "bookId": 145, "start": 1031885, "end": 1032149, "sha256": "3fd658f2c803979bf7dd2a8bb4d605ac40ec1f82529985125d6ea7b7eefd032a", "text": "“No, dear, no!” said Dorothea, beseechingly, crushed by opposing fears. “But may I wait and reflect a little while? I desire with my whole soul to do what will comfort you; but I cannot give any pledge suddenly—still less a pledge to do I know not what.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02765", "bookId": 145, "start": 1032151, "end": 1032208, "sha256": "9ca846a2b91c9aa4375bcbc43a9f44ed2dba9e58d41cc4e629b7a9f35ac7bd38", "text": "“You cannot then confide in the nature of my wishes?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02766", "bookId": 145, "start": 1032210, "end": 1032269, "sha256": "f3aced6cb7fccc1e10d25ace84d0ef60a9aba5e8d655e1db578e71ee94c3b578", "text": "“Grant me till to-morrow,” said Dorothea, beseechingly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02767", "bookId": 145, "start": 1032271, "end": 1032316, "sha256": "99021a9cc55baa5b13c48d3fa806adb1b19d1b4720c6901effc70fc4370a8441", "text": "“Till to-morrow then,” said Mr. Casaubon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02768", "bookId": 145, "start": 1032318, "end": 1035026, "sha256": "291e1dfbb7bec0173ab34182a3a20d41daef960ccf7fee3981d01bb5f9a4d914", "text": "Soon she could hear that he was sleeping, but there was no more sleep for her. While she constrained herself to lie still lest she should disturb him, her mind was carrying on a conflict in which imagination ranged its forces first on one side and then on the other. She had no presentiment that the power which her husband wished to establish over her future action had relation to anything else than his work. But it was clear enough to her that he would expect her to devote herself to sifting those mixed heaps of material, which were to be the doubtful illustration of principles still more doubtful. The poor child had become altogether unbelieving as to the trustworthiness of that Key which had made the ambition and the labor of her husband’s life. It was not wonderful that, in spite of her small instruction, her judgment in this matter was truer than his: for she looked with unbiassed comparison and healthy sense at probabilities on which he had risked all his egoism. And now she pictured to herself the days, and months, and years which she must spend in sorting what might be called shattered mummies, and fragments of a tradition which was itself a mosaic wrought from crushed ruins—sorting them as food for a theory which was already withered in the birth like an elfin child. Doubtless a vigorous error vigorously pursued has kept the embryos of truth a-breathing: the quest of gold being at the same time a questioning of substances, the body of chemistry is prepared for its soul, and Lavoisier is born. But Mr. Casaubon’s theory of the elements which made the seed of all tradition was not likely to bruise itself unawares against discoveries: it floated among flexible conjectures no more solid than those etymologies which seemed strong because of likeness in sound until it was shown that likeness in sound made them impossible: it was a method of interpretation which was not tested by the necessity of forming anything which had sharper collisions than an elaborate notion of Gog and Magog: it was as free from interruption as a plan for threading the stars together. And Dorothea had so often had to check her weariness and impatience over this questionable riddle-guessing, as it revealed itself to her instead of the fellowship in high knowledge which was to make life worthier! She could understand well enough now why her husband had come to cling to her, as possibly the only hope left that his labors would ever take a shape in which they could be given to the world. At first it had seemed that he wished to keep even her aloof from any close knowledge of what he was doing; but gradually the terrible stringency of human need—the prospect of a too speedy death—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02769", "bookId": 145, "start": 1035028, "end": 1035688, "sha256": "3a2c21ce65338028087590f15c55524edbc18e8b78d635059b6a57134574a0d6", "text": "And here Dorothea’s pity turned from her own future to her husband’s past—nay, to his present hard struggle with a lot which had grown out of that past: the lonely labor, the ambition breathing hardly under the pressure of self-distrust; the goal receding, and the heavier limbs; and now at last the sword visibly trembling above him! And had she not wished to marry him that she might help him in his life’s labor?—But she had thought the work was to be something greater, which she could serve in devoutly for its own sake. Was it right, even to soothe his grief—would it be possible, even if she promised—to work as in a treadmill fruitlessly?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02770", "bookId": 145, "start": 1035690, "end": 1036002, "sha256": "3821a8799dec3a656e8a55ed16f4f4a92151d7ceb0e5c5162a4c8e804754709a", "text": "And yet, could she deny him? Could she say, “I refuse to content this pining hunger?” It would be refusing to do for him dead, what she was almost sure to do for him living. If he lived as Lydgate had said he might, for fifteen years or more, her life would certainly be spent in helping him and obeying him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02771", "bookId": 145, "start": 1036004, "end": 1036637, "sha256": "7e0ab0ff0848a4bfa3ef9e025539507a575c4dc7b5197df5669007092725ded5", "text": "Still, there was a deep difference between that devotion to the living and that indefinite promise of devotion to the dead. While he lived, he could claim nothing that she would not still be free to remonstrate against, and even to refuse. But—the thought passed through her mind more than once, though she could not believe in it—might he not mean to demand something more from her than she had been able to imagine, since he wanted her pledge to carry out his wishes without telling her exactly what they were? No; his heart was bound up in his work only: that was the end for which his failing life was to be eked out by hers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02772", "bookId": 145, "start": 1036639, "end": 1036783, "sha256": "2542b507c46b225f5d982a8308016fa3c415449a3a1110c10e8c649e6f87f6f8", "text": "And now, if she were to say, “No! if you die, I will put no finger to your work”—it seemed as if she would be crushing that bruised heart.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02773", "bookId": 145, "start": 1036785, "end": 1037122, "sha256": "735955fc16770d4fda6012e4fc44f28f881af4cfbb3ba9924474b11efa5df760", "text": "For four hours Dorothea lay in this conflict, till she felt ill and bewildered, unable to resolve, praying mutely. Helpless as a child which has sobbed and sought too long, she fell into a late morning sleep, and when she waked Mr. Casaubon was already up. Tantripp told her that he had read prayers, breakfasted, and was in the library.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02774", "bookId": 145, "start": 1037124, "end": 1037246, "sha256": "549c168803d3214eaee99f5dd8dc42a1b58c2969318cd4ba9cfcb6349afef63d", "text": "“I never saw you look so pale, madam,” said Tantripp, a solid-figured woman who had been with the sisters at Lausanne.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02775", "bookId": 145, "start": 1037248, "end": 1037320, "sha256": "968f2f56215452eedf12e48ac12bb862ae7660c988fdac6c365e6966d5be2dec", "text": "“Was I ever high-colored, Tantripp?” said Dorothea, smiling faintly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02776", "bookId": 145, "start": 1037322, "end": 1037562, "sha256": "77d34e63f79fe2c6798739aca74e221a7909b99e126462f1204f93457a28c606", "text": "“Well, not to say high-colored, but with a bloom like a Chiny rose. But always smelling those leather books, what can be expected? Do rest a little this morning, madam. Let me say you are ill and not able to go into that close library.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02777", "bookId": 145, "start": 1037564, "end": 1037656, "sha256": "607fdccc39e5f140d50bb31aa8cdb548e3bf5bbe5594e4999e139cf9b11eb140", "text": "“Oh no, no! let me make haste,” said Dorothea. “Mr. Casaubon wants me particularly.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02778", "bookId": 145, "start": 1037658, "end": 1037782, "sha256": "c876042a5989743bd9dca50bd94fdb22dd7c28e61fc5ca9601d1ff22804a3079", "text": "When she went down she felt sure that she should promise to fulfil his wishes; but that would be later in the day—not yet.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02779", "bookId": 145, "start": 1037784, "end": 1037907, "sha256": "1c77ae0e1a442ac42a662b088cf909e68b53b0b0871e979073254480d92ddf8a", "text": "As Dorothea entered the library, Mr. Casaubon turned round from the table where he had been placing some books, and said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02780", "bookId": 145, "start": 1037909, "end": 1038169, "sha256": "6e51ceb5f9705fb45e9b739911401fb89c663fa484849514717264f33d3e3d55", "text": "“I was waiting for your appearance, my dear. I had hoped to set to work at once this morning, but I find myself under some indisposition, probably from too much excitement yesterday. I am going now to take a turn in the shrubbery, since the air is milder.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02781", "bookId": 145, "start": 1038171, "end": 1038269, "sha256": "bf42021df7047cd06cf027eddad5356816abc5f46687cf84bcfc1ad85aed317f", "text": "“I am glad to hear that,” said Dorothea. “Your mind, I feared, was too active last night.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02782", "bookId": 145, "start": 1038271, "end": 1038389, "sha256": "20f9300af53ccb0158e78ee9b0cdf577d02438dff34e699d08c1561bd79ead1d", "text": "“I would fain have it set at rest on the point I last spoke of, Dorothea. You can now, I hope, give me an answer.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02783", "bookId": 145, "start": 1038391, "end": 1038504, "sha256": "70013f1bdddbd75cc5e1da640dc0ed0263214b7bb39e1dc7cafcbd6584e475cb", "text": "“May I come out to you in the garden presently?” said Dorothea, winning a little breathing space in that way.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02784", "bookId": 145, "start": 1038506, "end": 1038608, "sha256": "4ff988f69a973e4c1995e809dd9c52c4a65924429c6c9cdc1f69aa264283b5e7", "text": "“I shall be in the Yew-tree Walk for the next half-hour,” said Mr. Casaubon, and then he left her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02785", "bookId": 145, "start": 1038610, "end": 1039121, "sha256": "f743f177e2da4a138d1940f4f9d406dc749891278ad11a04ecea233f813a1c45", "text": "Dorothea, feeling very weary, rang and asked Tantripp to bring her some wraps. She had been sitting still for a few minutes, but not in any renewal of the former conflict: she simply felt that she was going to say “Yes” to her own doom: she was too weak, too full of dread at the thought of inflicting a keen-edged blow on her husband, to do anything but submit completely. She sat still and let Tantripp put on her bonnet and shawl, a passivity which was unusual with her, for she liked to wait on herself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02786", "bookId": 145, "start": 1039123, "end": 1039333, "sha256": "bbbbef42ae2540221c96805ef0ac854e8bcc2ab297945cbabc42d327ef4bc39f", "text": "“God bless you, madam!” said Tantripp, with an irrepressible movement of love towards the beautiful, gentle creature for whom she felt unable to do anything more, now that she had finished tying the bonnet.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02787", "bookId": 145, "start": 1039335, "end": 1039549, "sha256": "e01ad63abfb79b434803f2494c663e64630bd3d1bebe32df01d8a0e56cfbe607", "text": "This was too much for Dorothea’s highly-strung feeling, and she burst into tears, sobbing against Tantripp’s arm. But soon she checked herself, dried her eyes, and went out at the glass door into the shrubbery.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02788", "bookId": 145, "start": 1039551, "end": 1039880, "sha256": "1ff570b3c6708808796ab484ca782709e2d55d88c7a784ae76726370d1d6b4a2", "text": "“I wish every book in that library was built into a caticom for your master,” said Tantripp to Pratt, the butler, finding him in the breakfast-room. She had been at Rome, and visited the antiquities, as we know; and she always declined to call Mr. Casaubon anything but “your master,” when speaking to the other servants.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02789", "bookId": 145, "start": 1039882, "end": 1039957, "sha256": "92696b57ac0a9fdab04047cd8aad3e9401a77ed3f071994b9021b8e8890d810c", "text": "Pratt laughed. He liked his master very well, but he liked Tantripp better.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02790", "bookId": 145, "start": 1039959, "end": 1041289, "sha256": "3b7283f3001caf33dc445299cef9477fbd33b6aca215e1c9cf883331033272f9", "text": "When Dorothea was out on the gravel walks, she lingered among the nearer clumps of trees, hesitating, as she had done once before, though from a different cause. Then she had feared lest her effort at fellowship should be unwelcome; now she dreaded going to the spot where she foresaw that she must bind herself to a fellowship from which she shrank. Neither law nor the world’s opinion compelled her to this—only her husband’s nature and her own compassion, only the ideal and not the real yoke of marriage. She saw clearly enough the whole situation, yet she was fettered: she could not smite the stricken soul that entreated hers. If that were weakness, Dorothea was weak. But the half-hour was passing, and she must not delay longer. When she entered the Yew-tree Walk she could not see her husband; but the walk had bends, and she went, expecting to catch sight of his figure wrapped in a blue cloak, which, with a warm velvet cap, was his outer garment on chill days for the garden. It occurred to her that he might be resting in the summer-house, towards which the path diverged a little. Turning the angle, she could see him seated on the bench, close to a stone table. His arms were resting on the table, and his brow was bowed down on them, the blue cloak being dragged forward and screening his face on each side.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02791", "bookId": 145, "start": 1041291, "end": 1041758, "sha256": "8c09b9138c2c2097f23fffeadfa959ffe73add0250c09acb6f6117cb70dc7293", "text": "“He exhausted himself last night,” Dorothea said to herself, thinking at first that he was asleep, and that the summer-house was too damp a place to rest in. But then she remembered that of late she had seen him take that attitude when she was reading to him, as if he found it easier than any other; and that he would sometimes speak, as well as listen, with his face down in that way. She went into the summerhouse and said, “I am come, Edward; I am ready.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02792", "bookId": 145, "start": 1041760, "end": 1042068, "sha256": "21ef9577ee85c8338b792349ded87dbcf73b61fb1dafec874b4be24966e4dc85", "text": "He took no notice, and she thought that he must be fast asleep. She laid her hand on his shoulder, and repeated, “I am ready!” Still he was motionless; and with a sudden confused fear, she leaned down to him, took off his velvet cap, and leaned her cheek close to his head, crying in a distressed tone—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02793", "bookId": 145, "start": 1042070, "end": 1042164, "sha256": "c9979331064e1cdbdf5ca3da11eedb1499465979cc1a47228188c0ad35d00057", "text": "“Wake, dear, wake! Listen to me. I am come to answer.” But Dorothea never gave her answer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02794", "bookId": 145, "start": 1042166, "end": 1042517, "sha256": "f1c7c20ec33e58c3a9c557e814dcf94345210904432d974c29297cf1537b276e", "text": "Later in the day, Lydgate was seated by her bedside, and she was talking deliriously, thinking aloud, and recalling what had gone through her mind the night before. She knew him, and called him by his name, but appeared to think it right that she should explain everything to him; and again, and again, begged him to explain everything to her husband.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02795", "bookId": 145, "start": 1042519, "end": 1042697, "sha256": "22d24cf5efdd320b0f5e26f22a4a9f4353fc1aa4a24a902191bce7c1c64855dd", "text": "“Tell him I shall go to him soon: I am ready to promise. Only, thinking about it was so dreadful—it has made me ill. Not very ill. I shall soon be better. Go and tell him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02796", "bookId": 145, "start": 1042699, "end": 1042766, "sha256": "bc8014bcf34ff476e39bdafc415bf4e445f97a28dad50ff5de0dfc1246364bad", "text": "But the silence in her husband’s ear was never more to be broken.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02797", "bookId": 145, "start": 1042771, "end": 1042784, "sha256": "24d973e67d87ea6652fab14142abed3165426a56883c6d31228a5d500b4475a7", "text": "CHAPTER XLIX.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02798", "bookId": 145, "start": 1042786, "end": 1042925, "sha256": "1b7b61c0fd0da025e1a1c4b6dc43bcacc5a08bd7a0836a02838d1544c62c083c", "text": "“A task too strong for wizard spells This squire had brought about; ’T is easy dropping stones in wells, But who shall get them out?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02799", "bookId": 145, "start": 1042928, "end": 1043102, "sha256": "2b5fa0c9ed58782f9e2c787ae5d2ddca5110a910a444f4d27a519f40883a2152", "text": "“I wish to God we could hinder Dorothea from knowing this,” said Sir James Chettam, with a little frown on his brow, and an expression of intense disgust about his mouth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02800", "bookId": 145, "start": 1043104, "end": 1043298, "sha256": "59ad6c0f8215c9e89012d9a83b70618e2a94ace1c153d4c8b04dd6714d84e518", "text": "He was standing on the hearth-rug in the library at Lowick Grange, and speaking to Mr. Brooke. It was the day after Mr. Casaubon had been buried, and Dorothea was not yet able to leave her room.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02801", "bookId": 145, "start": 1043300, "end": 1043769, "sha256": "eb0dd3122bc1668cc8384bea77322b0a03d600741f77b81ff917d265d7c53d86", "text": "“That would be difficult, you know, Chettam, as she is an executrix, and she likes to go into these things—property, land, that kind of thing. She has her notions, you know,” said Mr. Brooke, sticking his eye-glasses on nervously, and exploring the edges of a folded paper which he held in his hand; “and she would like to act—depend upon it, as an executrix Dorothea would want to act. And she was twenty-one last December, you know. I can hinder nothing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02802", "bookId": 145, "start": 1043771, "end": 1044305, "sha256": "d6b369dbe8787485f67e81fbf9f5cc5b2cc5c36e09ff6babba742067853c8e11", "text": "Sir James looked at the carpet for a minute in silence, and then lifting his eyes suddenly fixed them on Mr. Brooke, saying, “I will tell you what we can do. Until Dorothea is well, all business must be kept from her, and as soon as she is able to be moved she must come to us. Being with Celia and the baby will be the best thing in the world for her, and will pass away the time. And meanwhile you must get rid of Ladislaw: you must send him out of the country.” Here Sir James’s look of disgust returned in all its intensity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02803", "bookId": 145, "start": 1044307, "end": 1044429, "sha256": "0d02871dce88274f515725e48b08d5798665447e00612d553d02a0e2be8dcce9", "text": "Mr. Brooke put his hands behind him, walked to the window and straightened his back with a little shake before he replied.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02804", "bookId": 145, "start": 1044431, "end": 1044489, "sha256": "35239c452665065f6c15880fb29768b4dab123677c4610e748401a639b004c39", "text": "“That is easily said, Chettam, easily said, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02805", "bookId": 145, "start": 1044491, "end": 1044689, "sha256": "64e59f03e32dcabecd742b3d743576b60e2e312ebd6974de8704bfef782fe3c7", "text": "“My dear sir,” persisted Sir James, restraining his indignation within respectful forms, “it was you who brought him here, and you who keep him here—I mean by the occupation you give him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02806", "bookId": 145, "start": 1044691, "end": 1044997, "sha256": "50ca9c69d6c56d3b7b1fbed751442ca1afd18d7bfe0b29ead9d20549530e5586", "text": "“Yes, but I can’t dismiss him in an instant without assigning reasons, my dear Chettam. Ladislaw has been invaluable, most satisfactory. I consider that I have done this part of the country a service by bringing him—by bringing him, you know.” Mr. Brooke ended with a nod, turning round to give it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02807", "bookId": 145, "start": 1044999, "end": 1045357, "sha256": "cfb1f73d136ca1daf95fbbad17b47431b338083987abd96e427de4fb3edcaa43", "text": "“It’s a pity this part of the country didn’t do without him, that’s all I have to say about it. At any rate, as Dorothea’s brother-in-law, I feel warranted in objecting strongly to his being kept here by any action on the part of her friends. You admit, I hope, that I have a right to speak about what concerns the dignity of my wife’s sister?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02808", "bookId": 145, "start": 1045359, "end": 1045386, "sha256": "ac7e6ef286221be78ceb08b6928518ad0fd54f6a31a27a289f273db0d47597c7", "text": "Sir James was getting warm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02809", "bookId": 145, "start": 1045388, "end": 1045482, "sha256": "d7521c9a1cacc770b1a5175577ea8f6880a603b40b400e38da2ce6052c22903d", "text": "“Of course, my dear Chettam, of course. But you and I have different ideas—different—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02810", "bookId": 145, "start": 1045484, "end": 1045855, "sha256": "ecbc99ad21eec365bc58c2cc5fc7c57c31e3822262270e4092ed3ee723cb4413", "text": "“Not about this action of Casaubon’s, I should hope,” interrupted Sir James. “I say that he has most unfairly compromised Dorothea. I say that there never was a meaner, more ungentlemanly action than this—a codicil of this sort to a will which he made at the time of his marriage with the knowledge and reliance of her family—a positive insult to Dorothea!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02811", "bookId": 145, "start": 1045857, "end": 1046293, "sha256": "1d357476cf98975cb742222daa8c1025743beb482c126e5edb058ad9f15e82e0", "text": "“Well, you know, Casaubon was a little twisted about Ladislaw. Ladislaw has told me the reason—dislike of the bent he took, you know—Ladislaw didn’t think much of Casaubon’s notions, Thoth and Dagon—that sort of thing: and I fancy that Casaubon didn’t like the independent position Ladislaw had taken up. I saw the letters between them, you know. Poor Casaubon was a little buried in books—he didn’t know the world.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02812", "bookId": 145, "start": 1046295, "end": 1046599, "sha256": "d4bea395ec6d3b0a5a62d09052a67882898b7744476f1279a59e479d0c6dc14c", "text": "“It’s all very well for Ladislaw to put that color on it,” said Sir James. “But I believe Casaubon was only jealous of him on Dorothea’s account, and the world will suppose that she gave him some reason; and that is what makes it so abominable—coupling her name with this young fellow’s.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02813", "bookId": 145, "start": 1046601, "end": 1047053, "sha256": "ac7f1d979e5907279b2da225fefd6a9daea3e512c5d4a96e9c9bbdc2b19713de", "text": "“My dear Chettam, it won’t lead to anything, you know,” said Mr. Brooke, seating himself and sticking on his eye-glass again. “It’s all of a piece with Casaubon’s oddity. This paper, now, ‘Synoptical Tabulation’ and so on, ‘for the use of Mrs. Casaubon,’ it was locked up in the desk with the will. I suppose he meant Dorothea to publish his researches, eh? and she’ll do it, you know; she has gone into his studies uncommonly.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02814", "bookId": 145, "start": 1047055, "end": 1047235, "sha256": "2af4fce21ccaf887feeee6512a801ebd14386b117e6c5f7ccdca8a1a1d59b3d1", "text": "“My dear sir,” said Sir James, impatiently, “that is neither here nor there. The question is, whether you don’t see with me the propriety of sending young Ladislaw away?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02815", "bookId": 145, "start": 1047237, "end": 1047771, "sha256": "c00ebba8d31fb362e58b4c88421f90a51c7614da6fdbb154f6dbfc8b7b33338a", "text": "“Well, no, not the urgency of the thing. By-and-by, perhaps, it may come round. As to gossip, you know, sending him away won’t hinder gossip. People say what they like to say, not what they have chapter and verse for,” said Mr Brooke, becoming acute about the truths that lay on the side of his own wishes. “I might get rid of Ladislaw up to a certain point—take away the ‘Pioneer’ from him, and that sort of thing; but I couldn’t send him out of the country if he didn’t choose to go—didn’t choose, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02816", "bookId": 145, "start": 1047773, "end": 1047959, "sha256": "488d7222b4acf8dcafa956b088b59d9fc29b6d63b90a9dcb2a4f55082b5eca6c", "text": "Mr. Brooke, persisting as quietly as if he were only discussing the nature of last year’s weather, and nodding at the end with his usual amenity, was an exasperating form of obstinacy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02817", "bookId": 145, "start": 1047961, "end": 1048205, "sha256": "1e619ebd5f3beafc3900cde40d876c435420d2ed5c0ce7f13034764e43b77a02", "text": "“Good God!” said Sir James, with as much passion as he ever showed, “let us get him a post; let us spend money on him. If he could go in the suite of some Colonial Governor! Grampus might take him—and I could write to Fulke about it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02818", "bookId": 145, "start": 1048207, "end": 1048560, "sha256": "6f54019728bf59f26beb8280c9e47296071b2054a970b9b6fe65c5b42934d6e4", "text": "“But Ladislaw won’t be shipped off like a head of cattle, my dear fellow; Ladislaw has his ideas. It’s my opinion that if he were to part from me to-morrow, you’d only hear the more of him in the country. With his talent for speaking and drawing up documents, there are few men who could come up to him as an agitator—an agitator, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02819", "bookId": 145, "start": 1048562, "end": 1048720, "sha256": "5c11f8a7abbf6ca0ea42169c465e554b958960ee09a52fb777cd058c43c0e79a", "text": "“Agitator!” said Sir James, with bitter emphasis, feeling that the syllables of this word properly repeated were a sufficient exposure of its hatefulness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02820", "bookId": 145, "start": 1048722, "end": 1049136, "sha256": "2fda47a929b2938226de8648c699c0de85eae1d46b00ed5f1f937c9f577e9287", "text": "“But be reasonable, Chettam. Dorothea, now. As you say, she had better go to Celia as soon as possible. She can stay under your roof, and in the mean time things may come round quietly. Don’t let us be firing off our guns in a hurry, you know. Standish will keep our counsel, and the news will be old before it’s known. Twenty things may happen to carry off Ladislaw—without my doing anything, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02821", "bookId": 145, "start": 1049138, "end": 1049198, "sha256": "e047a5eed5b883dc95a3bc177c2b993eece205eaaf689a3d6f515f1a835497d6", "text": "“Then I am to conclude that you decline to do anything?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02822", "bookId": 145, "start": 1049200, "end": 1049321, "sha256": "d6723de3d38f4f538a06dcdef22840c39ca8aafc55d2b5a5ecc8f65cb1c7dda8", "text": "“Decline, Chettam?—no—I didn’t say decline. But I really don’t see what I could do. Ladislaw is a gentleman.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02823", "bookId": 145, "start": 1049323, "end": 1049451, "sha256": "a058b88d49894bf464236f370ced57bf2039a425d5ff3e9d9c9a5276dbc5da38", "text": "“I am glad to hear it!” said Sir James, his irritation making him forget himself a little. “I am sure Casaubon was not.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02824", "bookId": 145, "start": 1049453, "end": 1049568, "sha256": "7de65b73220d8266c6771a8b88b70a7f734d1aa3263ce69aec4ef2367c289e30", "text": "“Well, it would have been worse if he had made the codicil to hinder her from marrying again at all, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02825", "bookId": 145, "start": 1049570, "end": 1049654, "sha256": "910fd60866c80cfed3e4c44de3757fca91c295177957d0ed2f6b0c1b741ff394", "text": "“I don’t know that,” said Sir James. “It would have been less indelicate.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02826", "bookId": 145, "start": 1049656, "end": 1049797, "sha256": "d8bfe425a4171861397e27cb59a3d3abfe65b6008825fbc8fd849d51e55550d7", "text": "“One of poor Casaubon’s freaks! That attack upset his brain a little. It all goes for nothing. She doesn’t _want_ to marry Ladislaw.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02827", "bookId": 145, "start": 1049799, "end": 1050036, "sha256": "eed80835e3e8e5862ea1020199e8beae889aa21906bd0014f4f7989e24321d38", "text": "“But this codicil is framed so as to make everybody believe that she did. I don’t believe anything of the sort about Dorothea,” said Sir James—then frowningly, “but I suspect Ladislaw. I tell you frankly, I suspect Ladislaw.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02828", "bookId": 145, "start": 1050038, "end": 1050339, "sha256": "bddb14a9a9cd9b81b32c392afcbf8db1ba028004047ea3f85793ded2449eee25", "text": "“I couldn’t take any immediate action on that ground, Chettam. In fact, if it were possible to pack him off—send him to Norfolk Island—that sort of thing—it would look all the worse for Dorothea to those who knew about it. It would seem as if we distrusted her—distrusted her, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02829", "bookId": 145, "start": 1050341, "end": 1050547, "sha256": "7d7f5b7c0e93d6b51fb934147dc4c20d5e6326d6fe2fdb2382ec3c762c49b55e", "text": "That Mr. Brooke had hit on an undeniable argument, did not tend to soothe Sir James. He put out his hand to reach his hat, implying that he did not mean to contend further, and said, still with some heat—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02830", "bookId": 145, "start": 1050549, "end": 1050716, "sha256": "244320264882d32d4ee29c3afb6814157155affd8414cfd6a1d42cc1ab169a14", "text": "“Well, I can only say that I think Dorothea was sacrificed once, because her friends were too careless. I shall do what I can, as her brother, to protect her now.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02831", "bookId": 145, "start": 1050718, "end": 1051275, "sha256": "a567f28d9770dbf79322c01e5324ec29914973eec83a16bcb3aee379cbe0abc9", "text": "“You can’t do better than get her to Freshitt as soon as possible, Chettam. I approve that plan altogether,” said Mr. Brooke, well pleased that he had won the argument. It would have been highly inconvenient to him to part with Ladislaw at that time, when a dissolution might happen any day, and electors were to be convinced of the course by which the interests of the country would be best served. Mr. Brooke sincerely believed that this end could be secured by his own return to Parliament: he offered the forces of his mind honestly to the nation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02832", "bookId": 145, "start": 1051280, "end": 1051290, "sha256": "9c1511a06dfa34104de4036e0b971fc77d93b95a83358923f47b941510e25c19", "text": "CHAPTER L.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02833", "bookId": 145, "start": 1051292, "end": 1051583, "sha256": "a967e05e18fc1b3eb8414f3f1a770119db85eba8709679fab4c1c209d8062e6d", "text": "“This Loller here wol precilen us somewhat.” “Nay by my father’s soule! that schal he nat,” Sayde the Schipman, ‘here schal he not preche, We schal no gospel glosen here ne teche. We leven all in the gret God,’ quod he. He wolden sowen some diffcultee.”—_Canterbury Tales_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02834", "bookId": 145, "start": 1051586, "end": 1052473, "sha256": "f7ad59eacf0c74590ff7f2e3b8a99fb3fc75106da60e29b2f40eaa6f5272bba8", "text": "Dorothea had been safe at Freshitt Hall nearly a week before she had asked any dangerous questions. Every morning now she sat with Celia in the prettiest of up-stairs sitting-rooms, opening into a small conservatory—Celia all in white and lavender like a bunch of mixed violets, watching the remarkable acts of the baby, which were so dubious to her inexperienced mind that all conversation was interrupted by appeals for their interpretation made to the oracular nurse. Dorothea sat by in her widow’s dress, with an expression which rather provoked Celia, as being much too sad; for not only was baby quite well, but really when a husband had been so dull and troublesome while he lived, and besides that had—well, well! Sir James, of course, had told Celia everything, with a strong representation how important it was that Dorothea should not know it sooner than was inevitable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02835", "bookId": 145, "start": 1052475, "end": 1052876, "sha256": "8b23611f388d3898bfc4a5c57bfffce8fd0a6a3325308d34995df9938f71d11b", "text": "But Mr. Brooke had been right in predicting that Dorothea would not long remain passive where action had been assigned to her; she knew the purport of her husband’s will made at the time of their marriage, and her mind, as soon as she was clearly conscious of her position, was silently occupied with what she ought to do as the owner of Lowick Manor with the patronage of the living attached to it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02836", "bookId": 145, "start": 1052878, "end": 1053094, "sha256": "d4a26c3a095714d5005bd24d76c0f02e0bcdef36b913980efb6ab720e60ee2e9", "text": "One morning when her uncle paid his usual visit, though with an unusual alacrity in his manner which he accounted for by saying that it was now pretty certain Parliament would be dissolved forthwith, Dorothea said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02837", "bookId": 145, "start": 1053096, "end": 1053471, "sha256": "c4a20c220c528cb8c95c03216cd51ef943a83a2640413f3dde062aa51851694d", "text": "“Uncle, it is right now that I should consider who is to have the living at Lowick. After Mr. Tucker had been provided for, I never heard my husband say that he had any clergyman in his mind as a successor to himself. I think I ought to have the keys now and go to Lowick to examine all my husband’s papers. There may be something that would throw light on his wishes.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02838", "bookId": 145, "start": 1053473, "end": 1054023, "sha256": "20923134e49bc211a531bd2767236843e8e4e8752f7fd431faac80ec74a74d0d", "text": "“No hurry, my dear,” said Mr. Brooke, quietly. “By-and-by, you know, you can go, if you like. But I cast my eyes over things in the desks and drawers—there was nothing—nothing but deep subjects, you know—besides the will. Everything can be done by-and-by. As to the living, I have had an application for interest already—I should say rather good. Mr. Tyke has been strongly recommended to me—I had something to do with getting him an appointment before. An apostolic man, I believe—the sort of thing that would suit you, my dear.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02839", "bookId": 145, "start": 1054025, "end": 1054363, "sha256": "deb76e1b0c2017ea34d3e5b5f79ad599e7a41799099c5c9511b290dba8c6129f", "text": "“I should like to have fuller knowledge about him, uncle, and judge for myself, if Mr. Casaubon has not left any expression of his wishes. He has perhaps made some addition to his will—there may be some instructions for me,” said Dorothea, who had all the while had this conjecture in her mind with relation to her husband’s work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02840", "bookId": 145, "start": 1054365, "end": 1054555, "sha256": "43891498e0e8f0d0393f9349400c12eb69e031dff38252c1179a8312434224d3", "text": "“Nothing about the rectory, my dear—nothing,” said Mr. Brooke, rising to go away, and putting out his hand to his nieces: “nor about his researches, you know. Nothing in the will.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02841", "bookId": 145, "start": 1054557, "end": 1054583, "sha256": "c3e4c4077747472ea6a42686cb92d40280fb42b970b77d2aff5b33911c4f4229", "text": "Dorothea’s lip quivered.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02842", "bookId": 145, "start": 1054585, "end": 1054666, "sha256": "c9ec920ae06acd89a54f3f4bc2fd79c76db94ac197e2f2444982156f81a89137", "text": "“Come, you must not think of these things yet, my dear. By-and-by, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02843", "bookId": 145, "start": 1054668, "end": 1054725, "sha256": "7a0906fa0f2411f54ccbd7de897d71a6e16b2c82a373ccc2d2ab9bda980f4ad5", "text": "“I am quite well now, uncle; I wish to exert myself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02844", "bookId": 145, "start": 1054727, "end": 1055133, "sha256": "d4686c1b61c800ffc5e9e81b397e606ce2d2c4ab5cde9c62e68041104c0a7851", "text": "“Well, well, we shall see. But I must run away now—I have no end of work now—it’s a crisis—a political crisis, you know. And here is Celia and her little man—you are an aunt, you know, now, and I am a sort of grandfather,” said Mr. Brooke, with placid hurry, anxious to get away and tell Chettam that it would not be his (Mr. Brooke’s) fault if Dorothea insisted on looking into everything.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02845", "bookId": 145, "start": 1055135, "end": 1055258, "sha256": "d6199d2d1c9d62d673f6b25ceb6b8b2a4d4ee5c67d8ee99114dc1ad749bf4f81", "text": "Dorothea sank back in her chair when her uncle had left the room, and cast her eyes down meditatively on her crossed hands.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02846", "bookId": 145, "start": 1055260, "end": 1055368, "sha256": "3e0bcc25d33be496ccdd4237b09ddeb1f19ce453c360e5ead75ffef8985cc2ec", "text": "“Look, Dodo! look at him! Did you ever see anything like that?” said Celia, in her comfortable staccato.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02847", "bookId": 145, "start": 1055370, "end": 1055437, "sha256": "4934c3f84c1c418f519ab72466b715d7038ea05f43f9c5d82ed0f5d8fae1138f", "text": "“What, Kitty?” said Dorothea, lifting her eyes rather absently.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02848", "bookId": 145, "start": 1055439, "end": 1055627, "sha256": "239564c2b70f028615454f7b412999132e4ae8e064091efef5248c712b3f4e36", "text": "“What? why, his upper lip; see how he is drawing it down, as if he meant to make a face. Isn’t it wonderful! He may have his little thoughts. I wish nurse were here. Do look at him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02849", "bookId": 145, "start": 1055629, "end": 1055749, "sha256": "58ff10659bcf031ba732e44a9c17d0ffce1427a0c8b5ea91c50139775df24e5a", "text": "A large tear which had been for some time gathering, rolled down Dorothea’s cheek as she looked up and tried to smile.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02850", "bookId": 145, "start": 1055751, "end": 1055902, "sha256": "fa172d4a40ce6fd1897ef70de2bab5196c8c2da12a1738c9c7197739d5cd3a4d", "text": "“Don’t be sad, Dodo; kiss baby. What are you brooding over so? I am sure you did everything, and a great deal too much. You should be happy now.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02851", "bookId": 145, "start": 1055904, "end": 1056037, "sha256": "f07aa9862caed24582f90e5dc80c6d01471a4978077f6f155dd90b2286732ad3", "text": "“I wonder if Sir James would drive me to Lowick. I want to look over everything—to see if there were any words written for me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02852", "bookId": 145, "start": 1056039, "end": 1056286, "sha256": "587b605ac5f9fc13dc13544af2a805ccd4ff46688d5677265c69765a7c7a77c6", "text": "“You are not to go till Mr. Lydgate says you may go. And he has not said so yet (here you are, nurse; take baby and walk up and down the gallery). Besides, you have got a wrong notion in your head as usual, Dodo—I can see that: it vexes me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02853", "bookId": 145, "start": 1056288, "end": 1056841, "sha256": "6023802b29a78ea507b1d933c5a157cd5d44d580db3235bd107e1aaca56fb2a2", "text": "“Where am I wrong, Kitty?” said Dorothea, quite meekly. She was almost ready now to think Celia wiser than herself, and was really wondering with some fear what her wrong notion was. Celia felt her advantage, and was determined to use it. None of them knew Dodo as well as she did, or knew how to manage her. Since Celia’s baby was born, she had had a new sense of her mental solidity and calm wisdom. It seemed clear that where there was a baby, things were right enough, and that error, in general, was a mere lack of that central poising force.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02854", "bookId": 145, "start": 1056843, "end": 1057262, "sha256": "39e5a71d50a0fd5f91688410032cac9f6b1701f414ab6c44bd02a1d58cf8c71e", "text": "“I can see what you are thinking of as well as can be, Dodo,” said Celia. “You are wanting to find out if there is anything uncomfortable for you to do now, only because Mr. Casaubon wished it. As if you had not been uncomfortable enough before. And he doesn’t deserve it, and you will find that out. He has behaved very badly. James is as angry with him as can be. And I had better tell you, to prepare you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02855", "bookId": 145, "start": 1057264, "end": 1057483, "sha256": "88f706e61fd3690b9fc51d6eb0798757cb19145658936b3aced55340532c220e", "text": "“Celia,” said Dorothea, entreatingly, “you distress me. Tell me at once what you mean.” It glanced through her mind that Mr. Casaubon had left the property away from her—which would not be so very distressing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02856", "bookId": 145, "start": 1057485, "end": 1057605, "sha256": "572e088e627e115fbfb73a4c1db036d7925c33b4b424c08769a403712f23b1b6", "text": "“Why, he has made a codicil to his will, to say the property was all to go away from you if you married—I mean—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02857", "bookId": 145, "start": 1057607, "end": 1057679, "sha256": "f1d18c8bd34427099df4e8bb3dcae56c8b4bf8ce5f97e7a94fe60c8e9d2b1064", "text": "“That is of no consequence,” said Dorothea, breaking in impetuously.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02858", "bookId": 145, "start": 1057681, "end": 1057917, "sha256": "ab34e1bc157ba1590e7b2576d3f39d12b36f9908ca9498aec8346917285ac721", "text": "“But if you married Mr. Ladislaw, not anybody else,” Celia went on with persevering quietude. “Of course that is of no consequence in one way—you never _would_ marry Mr. Ladislaw; but that only makes it worse of Mr. Casaubon.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02859", "bookId": 145, "start": 1057919, "end": 1058199, "sha256": "2ce401540d8eb68bc27837a8d6063f0f69c3f9708bb81b32de40a6af30cb3cb9", "text": "The blood rushed to Dorothea’s face and neck painfully. But Celia was administering what she thought a sobering dose of fact. It was taking up notions that had done Dodo’s health so much harm. So she went on in her neutral tone, as if she had been remarking on baby’s robes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02860", "bookId": 145, "start": 1058201, "end": 1058794, "sha256": "68a7e7c11c517b7566c92d3d865a7c292f9a69800dbc6be734289f91c6ae2d0d", "text": "“James says so. He says it is abominable, and not like a gentleman. And there never was a better judge than James. It is as if Mr. Casaubon wanted to make people believe that you would wish to marry Mr. Ladislaw—which is ridiculous. Only James says it was to hinder Mr. Ladislaw from wanting to marry you for your money—just as if he ever would think of making you an offer. Mrs. Cadwallader said you might as well marry an Italian with white mice! But I must just go and look at baby,” Celia added, without the least change of tone, throwing a light shawl over her, and tripping away.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02861", "bookId": 145, "start": 1058796, "end": 1060141, "sha256": "98bcae4f7f81fc2a5fb3a5e8113a4a0828848a3fcbd3e3d6521c53d3a5f23843", "text": "Dorothea by this time had turned cold again, and now threw herself back helplessly in her chair. She might have compared her experience at that moment to the vague, alarmed consciousness that her life was taking on a new form, that she was undergoing a metamorphosis in which memory would not adjust itself to the stirring of new organs. Everything was changing its aspect: her husband’s conduct, her own duteous feeling towards him, every struggle between them—and yet more, her whole relation to Will Ladislaw. Her world was in a state of convulsive change; the only thing she could say distinctly to herself was, that she must wait and think anew. One change terrified her as if it had been a sin; it was a violent shock of repulsion from her departed husband, who had had hidden thoughts, perhaps perverting everything she said and did. Then again she was conscious of another change which also made her tremulous; it was a sudden strange yearning of heart towards Will Ladislaw. It had never before entered her mind that he could, under any circumstances, be her lover: conceive the effect of the sudden revelation that another had thought of him in that light—that perhaps he himself had been conscious of such a possibility,—and this with the hurrying, crowding vision of unfitting conditions, and questions not soon to be solved.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02862", "bookId": 145, "start": 1060143, "end": 1061128, "sha256": "934b283b0c5bf23fa705ad466b29430b893aa3236becb0cea40ea3280edfaf82", "text": "It seemed a long while—she did not know how long—before she heard Celia saying, “That will do, nurse; he will be quiet on my lap now. You can go to lunch, and let Garratt stay in the next room. What I think, Dodo,” Celia went on, observing nothing more than that Dorothea was leaning back in her chair, and likely to be passive, “is that Mr. Casaubon was spiteful. I never did like him, and James never did. I think the corners of his mouth were dreadfully spiteful. And now he has behaved in this way, I am sure religion does not require you to make yourself uncomfortable about him. If he has been taken away, that is a mercy, and you ought to be grateful. We should not grieve, should we, baby?” said Celia confidentially to that unconscious centre and poise of the world, who had the most remarkable fists all complete even to the nails, and hair enough, really, when you took his cap off, to make—you didn’t know what:—in short, he was Bouddha in a Western form.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02863", "bookId": 145, "start": 1061130, "end": 1061366, "sha256": "19258494a6d6589f51263e234bdf0de26f080ff507d2dfd56388f4a2320b4782", "text": "At this crisis Lydgate was announced, and one of the first things he said was, “I fear you are not so well as you were, Mrs. Casaubon; have you been agitated? allow me to feel your pulse.” Dorothea’s hand was of a marble coldness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02864", "bookId": 145, "start": 1061368, "end": 1061465, "sha256": "830557b12daaf94754aa7de459a228a6deffd86e6b374332ea3466a0bb3faaef", "text": "“She wants to go to Lowick, to look over papers,” said Celia. “She ought not, ought she?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02865", "bookId": 145, "start": 1061467, "end": 1061708, "sha256": "66740bbf252dd56d8ccbfa375a9c2ee0716b03dfc431ed33b3fd8d73f8162b46", "text": "Lydgate did not speak for a few moments. Then he said, looking at Dorothea. “I hardly know. In my opinion Mrs. Casaubon should do what would give her the most repose of mind. That repose will not always come from being forbidden to act.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02866", "bookId": 145, "start": 1061710, "end": 1062246, "sha256": "14a598068a12ec206f7497e0a058a0c9b5138e75a830d67abe7d9440f8e10550", "text": "“Thank you,” said Dorothea, exerting herself, “I am sure that is wise. There are so many things which I ought to attend to. Why should I sit here idle?” Then, with an effort to recall subjects not connected with her agitation, she added, abruptly, “You know every one in Middlemarch, I think, Mr. Lydgate. I shall ask you to tell me a great deal. I have serious things to do now. I have a living to give away. You know Mr. Tyke and all the—” But Dorothea’s effort was too much for her; she broke off and burst into sobs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02867", "bookId": 145, "start": 1062248, "end": 1062294, "sha256": "8552b782e8a6c900619a1760e58761944f95267ddbdf2a9aa243ce1b003dd0ec", "text": "Lydgate made her drink a dose of sal volatile.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02868", "bookId": 145, "start": 1062296, "end": 1062482, "sha256": "97752661ce522ac87f8c7186c0b523efbe9a7408ab77e1e6094151a7ef58c017", "text": "“Let Mrs. Casaubon do as she likes,” he said to Sir James, whom he asked to see before quitting the house. “She wants perfect freedom, I think, more than any other prescription.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02869", "bookId": 145, "start": 1062484, "end": 1062830, "sha256": "eee0401091c0d832d7b500efd9f3f73a48b164a1651878ce03f94b871f714e45", "text": "His attendance on Dorothea while her brain was excited, had enabled him to form some true conclusions concerning the trials of her life. He felt sure that she had been suffering from the strain and conflict of self-repression; and that she was likely now to feel herself only in another sort of pinfold than that from which she had been released.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02870", "bookId": 145, "start": 1062832, "end": 1063179, "sha256": "e8da8d89a77f1f479281d814a0dcf07b2459774cfbfe62ca2faefd37244aae9f", "text": "Lydgate’s advice was all the easier for Sir James to follow when he found that Celia had already told Dorothea the unpleasant fact about the will. There was no help for it now—no reason for any further delay in the execution of necessary business. And the next day Sir James complied at once with her request that he would drive her to Lowick.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02871", "bookId": 145, "start": 1063181, "end": 1063555, "sha256": "8ea424a2dd15f482bff5418a482a1f4e6d2862016cd6f04e4b7095eb5a41ed3b", "text": "“I have no wish to stay there at present,” said Dorothea; “I could hardly bear it. I am much happier at Freshitt with Celia. I shall be able to think better about what should be done at Lowick by looking at it from a distance. And I should like to be at the Grange a little while with my uncle, and go about in all the old walks and among the people in the village.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02872", "bookId": 145, "start": 1063557, "end": 1064945, "sha256": "2a6a6b83fa9d44f0779c0ec41da697ea97b6519721e5854e80e77994f374438a", "text": "“Not yet, I think. Your uncle is having political company, and you are better out of the way of such doings,” said Sir James, who at that moment thought of the Grange chiefly as a haunt of young Ladislaw’s. But no word passed between him and Dorothea about the objectionable part of the will; indeed, both of them felt that the mention of it between them would be impossible. Sir James was shy, even with men, about disagreeable subjects; and the one thing that Dorothea would have chosen to say, if she had spoken on the matter at all, was forbidden to her at present because it seemed to be a further exposure of her husband’s injustice. Yet she did wish that Sir James could know what had passed between her and her husband about Will Ladislaw’s moral claim on the property: it would then, she thought, be apparent to him as it was to her, that her husband’s strange indelicate proviso had been chiefly urged by his bitter resistance to that idea of claim, and not merely by personal feelings more difficult to talk about. Also, it must be admitted, Dorothea wished that this could be known for Will’s sake, since her friends seemed to think of him as simply an object of Mr. Casaubon’s charity. Why should he be compared with an Italian carrying white mice? That word quoted from Mrs. Cadwallader seemed like a mocking travesty wrought in the dark by an impish finger.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02873", "bookId": 145, "start": 1064947, "end": 1066099, "sha256": "478a7a7f8343912f2a3f48ed96bd980eea0c673a904a572c7ca8062751b6484e", "text": "At Lowick Dorothea searched desk and drawer—searched all her husband’s places of deposit for private writing, but found no paper addressed especially to her, except that “Synoptical Tabulation,” which was probably only the beginning of many intended directions for her guidance. In carrying out this bequest of labor to Dorothea, as in all else, Mr. Casaubon had been slow and hesitating, oppressed in the plan of transmitting his work, as he had been in executing it, by the sense of moving heavily in a dim and clogging medium: distrust of Dorothea’s competence to arrange what he had prepared was subdued only by distrust of any other redactor. But he had come at last to create a trust for himself out of Dorothea’s nature: she could do what she resolved to do: and he willingly imagined her toiling under the fetters of a promise to erect a tomb with his name upon it. (Not that Mr. Casaubon called the future volumes a tomb; he called them the Key to all Mythologies.) But the months gained on him and left his plans belated: he had only had time to ask for that promise by which he sought to keep his cold grasp on Dorothea’s life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02874", "bookId": 145, "start": 1066101, "end": 1067582, "sha256": "1e6a28dcdf161a78869775d7c5c25f9b250fc2d5c1ed5547a45bf0b3544a944b", "text": "The grasp had slipped away. Bound by a pledge given from the depths of her pity, she would have been capable of undertaking a toil which her judgment whispered was vain for all uses except that consecration of faithfulness which is a supreme use. But now her judgment, instead of being controlled by duteous devotion, was made active by the imbittering discovery that in her past union there had lurked the hidden alienation of secrecy and suspicion. The living, suffering man was no longer before her to awaken her pity: there remained only the retrospect of painful subjection to a husband whose thoughts had been lower than she had believed, whose exorbitant claims for himself had even blinded his scrupulous care for his own character, and made him defeat his own pride by shocking men of ordinary honor. As for the property which was the sign of that broken tie, she would have been glad to be free from it and have nothing more than her original fortune which had been settled on her, if there had not been duties attached to ownership, which she ought not to flinch from. About this property many troublous questions insisted on rising: had she not been right in thinking that the half of it ought to go to Will Ladislaw?—but was it not impossible now for her to do that act of justice? Mr. Casaubon had taken a cruelly effective means of hindering her: even with indignation against him in her heart, any act that seemed a triumphant eluding of his purpose revolted her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02875", "bookId": 145, "start": 1067584, "end": 1067995, "sha256": "ccb81f9d9829050d75688c40874fd2b02a0434c741c213b499a7f246434684bb", "text": "After collecting papers of business which she wished to examine, she locked up again the desks and drawers—all empty of personal words for her—empty of any sign that in her husband’s lonely brooding his heart had gone out to her in excuse or explanation; and she went back to Freshitt with the sense that around his last hard demand and his last injurious assertion of his power, the silence was unbroken.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02876", "bookId": 145, "start": 1067997, "end": 1069018, "sha256": "02d258949bd90dfe5e7195ea6fb4f5d10d38de00e4d7a2726b88468e17273c26", "text": "Dorothea tried now to turn her thoughts towards immediate duties, and one of these was of a kind which others were determined to remind her of. Lydgate’s ear had caught eagerly her mention of the living, and as soon as he could, he reopened the subject, seeing here a possibility of making amends for the casting-vote he had once given with an ill-satisfied conscience. “Instead of telling you anything about Mr. Tyke,” he said, “I should like to speak of another man—Mr. Farebrother, the Vicar of St. Botolph’s. His living is a poor one, and gives him a stinted provision for himself and his family. His mother, aunt, and sister all live with him, and depend upon him. I believe he has never married because of them. I never heard such good preaching as his—such plain, easy eloquence. He would have done to preach at St. Paul’s Cross after old Latimer. His talk is just as good about all subjects: original, simple, clear. I think him a remarkable fellow: he ought to have done more than he has done.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02877", "bookId": 145, "start": 1069020, "end": 1069131, "sha256": "de59b6c588936ef89565f5545cb9e83097b6a394fd55ea35276c7c1a7a0419ef", "text": "“Why has he not done more?” said Dorothea, interested now in all who had slipped below their own intention.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02878", "bookId": 145, "start": 1069133, "end": 1070085, "sha256": "6c77170860dfe4ea55d4a6dc70b465f257811c13602b37daf5bc04fd5bc01976", "text": "“That’s a hard question,” said Lydgate. “I find myself that it’s uncommonly difficult to make the right thing work: there are so many strings pulling at once. Farebrother often hints that he has got into the wrong profession; he wants a wider range than that of a poor clergyman, and I suppose he has no interest to help him on. He is very fond of Natural History and various scientific matters, and he is hampered in reconciling these tastes with his position. He has no money to spare—hardly enough to use; and that has led him into card-playing—Middlemarch is a great place for whist. He does play for money, and he wins a good deal. Of course that takes him into company a little beneath him, and makes him slack about some things; and yet, with all that, looking at him as a whole, I think he is one of the most blameless men I ever knew. He has neither venom nor doubleness in him, and those often go with a more correct outside.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02879", "bookId": 145, "start": 1070087, "end": 1070232, "sha256": "40e506a319ace4d98b11ebc61674ad32f2705d31e389fb3b42646bd2fddca441", "text": "“I wonder whether he suffers in his conscience because of that habit,” said Dorothea; “I wonder whether he wishes he could leave it off.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02880", "bookId": 145, "start": 1070234, "end": 1070362, "sha256": "961ef82aeb9f764482e7db6c32549c4b9c4a81c615889fc860b2f7275961b31d", "text": "“I have no doubt he would leave it off, if he were transplanted into plenty: he would be glad of the time for other things.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02881", "bookId": 145, "start": 1070364, "end": 1070634, "sha256": "3596bd93a3fb5f55458f0e6826e9dc90cf19f8bda9f60e6bd67f8958b36a9b24", "text": "“My uncle says that Mr. Tyke is spoken of as an apostolic man,” said Dorothea, meditatively. She was wishing it were possible to restore the times of primitive zeal, and yet thinking of Mr. Farebrother with a strong desire to rescue him from his chance-gotten money.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02882", "bookId": 145, "start": 1070636, "end": 1071271, "sha256": "f01f77e777f8bbbbfcbcf1712f366f88e6f2c4a0fcc288fbef8776a42575c586", "text": "“I don’t pretend to say that Farebrother is apostolic,” said Lydgate. “His position is not quite like that of the Apostles: he is only a parson among parishioners whose lives he has to try and make better. Practically I find that what is called being apostolic now, is an impatience of everything in which the parson doesn’t cut the principal figure. I see something of that in Mr. Tyke at the Hospital: a good deal of his doctrine is a sort of pinching hard to make people uncomfortably aware of him. Besides, an apostolic man at Lowick!—he ought to think, as St. Francis did, that it is needful to preach to the birds.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02883", "bookId": 145, "start": 1071273, "end": 1071995, "sha256": "ec15159276f4ad13d88e906e5c07bb912986463abec6e3a7f00cd7b0ab9239d3", "text": "“True,” said Dorothea. “It is hard to imagine what sort of notions our farmers and laborers get from their teaching. I have been looking into a volume of sermons by Mr. Tyke: such sermons would be of no use at Lowick—I mean, about imputed righteousness and the prophecies in the Apocalypse. I have always been thinking of the different ways in which Christianity is taught, and whenever I find one way that makes it a wider blessing than any other, I cling to that as the truest—I mean that which takes in the most good of all kinds, and brings in the most people as sharers in it. It is surely better to pardon too much, than to condemn too much. But I should like to see Mr. Farebrother and hear him preach.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02884", "bookId": 145, "start": 1071997, "end": 1072886, "sha256": "a6d8c4a4fc07c0ab134e5c4c09299a10c59b10f99e6396edfa0388a679ee93d5", "text": "“Do,” said Lydgate; “I trust to the effect of that. He is very much beloved, but he has his enemies too: there are always people who can’t forgive an able man for differing from them. And that money-winning business is really a blot. You don’t, of course, see many Middlemarch people: but Mr. Ladislaw, who is constantly seeing Mr. Brooke, is a great friend of Mr. Farebrother’s old ladies, and would be glad to sing the Vicar’s praises. One of the old ladies—Miss Noble, the aunt—is a wonderfully quaint picture of self-forgetful goodness, and Ladislaw gallants her about sometimes. I met them one day in a back street: you know Ladislaw’s look—a sort of Daphnis in coat and waistcoat; and this little old maid reaching up to his arm—they looked like a couple dropped out of a romantic comedy. But the best evidence about Farebrother is to see him and hear him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02885", "bookId": 145, "start": 1072888, "end": 1074184, "sha256": "8a35125e378ef86ac6b0bd36ac76699780bfbe35a5adbe7242431a4b31da6add", "text": "Happily Dorothea was in her private sitting-room when this conversation occurred, and there was no one present to make Lydgate’s innocent introduction of Ladislaw painful to her. As was usual with him in matters of personal gossip, Lydgate had quite forgotten Rosamond’s remark that she thought Will adored Mrs. Casaubon. At that moment he was only caring for what would recommend the Farebrother family; and he had purposely given emphasis to the worst that could be said about the Vicar, in order to forestall objections. In the weeks since Mr. Casaubon’s death he had hardly seen Ladislaw, and he had heard no rumor to warn him that Mr. Brooke’s confidential secretary was a dangerous subject with Mrs. Casaubon. When he was gone, his picture of Ladislaw lingered in her mind and disputed the ground with that question of the Lowick living. What was Will Ladislaw thinking about her? Would he hear of that fact which made her cheeks burn as they never used to do? And how would he feel when he heard it?—But she could see as well as possible how he smiled down at the little old maid. An Italian with white mice!—on the contrary, he was a creature who entered into every one’s feelings, and could take the pressure of their thought instead of urging his own with iron resistance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02886", "bookId": 145, "start": 1074189, "end": 1074200, "sha256": "af8447fdf8254f4fb69df179b44e41217ad026a464210cf4e894e9751273e5e3", "text": "CHAPTER LI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02887", "bookId": 145, "start": 1074202, "end": 1074613, "sha256": "bc48e0448902edc93c8dd3a142a2caa3471763adf0b0271bd647b64345004c3e", "text": "Party is Nature too, and you shall see By force of Logic how they both agree: The Many in the One, the One in Many; All is not Some, nor Some the same as Any: Genus holds species, both are great or small; One genus highest, one not high at all; Each species has its differentia too, This is not That, and He was never You, Though this and that are AYES, and you and he Are like as one to one, or three to three.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02888", "bookId": 145, "start": 1074616, "end": 1075327, "sha256": "c9fde2dc54a3c9dcfb492703ca4df18b209680bf0902edacbb6bd30f2bc20784", "text": "No gossip about Mr. Casaubon’s will had yet reached Ladislaw: the air seemed to be filled with the dissolution of Parliament and the coming election, as the old wakes and fairs were filled with the rival clatter of itinerant shows; and more private noises were taken little notice of. The famous “dry election” was at hand, in which the depths of public feeling might be measured by the low flood-mark of drink. Will Ladislaw was one of the busiest at this time; and though Dorothea’s widowhood was continually in his thought, he was so far from wishing to be spoken to on the subject, that when Lydgate sought him out to tell him what had passed about the Lowick living, he answered rather waspishly—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02889", "bookId": 145, "start": 1075329, "end": 1075573, "sha256": "39c8bd31f41f99d0d8e6e28c0543601e17c7fd04b7688f992afbb19f585d255a", "text": "“Why should you bring me into the matter? I never see Mrs. Casaubon, and am not likely to see her, since she is at Freshitt. I never go there. It is Tory ground, where I and the ‘Pioneer’ are no more welcome than a poacher and his gun.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02890", "bookId": 145, "start": 1075575, "end": 1076301, "sha256": "31a4633783af6e9180060d5ff855026688a3acfcdfbbea4db919529a1c0b3472", "text": "The fact was that Will had been made the more susceptible by observing that Mr. Brooke, instead of wishing him, as before, to come to the Grange oftener than was quite agreeable to himself, seemed now to contrive that he should go there as little as possible. This was a shuffling concession of Mr. Brooke’s to Sir James Chettam’s indignant remonstrance; and Will, awake to the slightest hint in this direction, concluded that he was to be kept away from the Grange on Dorothea’s account. Her friends, then, regarded him with some suspicion? Their fears were quite superfluous: they were very much mistaken if they imagined that he would put himself forward as a needy adventurer trying to win the favor of a rich woman.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02891", "bookId": 145, "start": 1076303, "end": 1076732, "sha256": "5d876bc1eb50a0417613e4869be44a81bb8f27653cfb72554422f314e6f61da0", "text": "Until now Will had never fully seen the chasm between himself and Dorothea—until now that he was come to the brink of it, and saw her on the other side. He began, not without some inward rage, to think of going away from the neighborhood: it would be impossible for him to show any further interest in Dorothea without subjecting himself to disagreeable imputations—perhaps even in her mind, which others might try to poison.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02892", "bookId": 145, "start": 1076734, "end": 1078487, "sha256": "8d271c29875ada6c1b8ac22df57721f36a2ed1ff603c3af6e1c1429c9409d279", "text": "“We are forever divided,” said Will. “I might as well be at Rome; she would be no farther from me.” But what we call our despair is often only the painful eagerness of unfed hope. There were plenty of reasons why he should not go—public reasons why he should not quit his post at this crisis, leaving Mr. Brooke in the lurch when he needed “coaching” for the election, and when there was so much canvassing, direct and indirect, to be carried on. Will could not like to leave his own chessmen in the heat of a game; and any candidate on the right side, even if his brain and marrow had been as soft as was consistent with a gentlemanly bearing, might help to turn a majority. To coach Mr. Brooke and keep him steadily to the idea that he must pledge himself to vote for the actual Reform Bill, instead of insisting on his independence and power of pulling up in time, was not an easy task. Mr. Farebrother’s prophecy of a fourth candidate “in the bag” had not yet been fulfilled, neither the Parliamentary Candidate Society nor any other power on the watch to secure a reforming majority seeing a worthy nodus for interference while there was a second reforming candidate like Mr. Brooke, who might be returned at his own expense; and the fight lay entirely between Pinkerton the old Tory member, Bagster the new Whig member returned at the last election, and Brooke the future independent member, who was to fetter himself for this occasion only. Mr. Hawley and his party would bend all their forces to the return of Pinkerton, and Mr. Brooke’s success must depend either on plumpers which would leave Bagster in the rear, or on the new minting of Tory votes into reforming votes. The latter means, of course, would be preferable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02893", "bookId": 145, "start": 1078489, "end": 1078783, "sha256": "6ed13382d9ac3708daad1061ddb6d572bd95cd072a964cdeaab6acd37c610ff4", "text": "This prospect of converting votes was a dangerous distraction to Mr. Brooke: his impression that waverers were likely to be allured by wavering statements, and also the liability of his mind to stick afresh at opposing arguments as they turned up in his memory, gave Will Ladislaw much trouble.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02894", "bookId": 145, "start": 1078785, "end": 1079312, "sha256": "a7883a1ca6a636220ebd7c27872060c3a48390bb6e82894f1ad292ea49191adf", "text": "“You know there are tactics in these things,” said Mr. Brooke; “meeting people half-way—tempering your ideas—saying, ‘Well now, there’s something in that,’ and so on. I agree with you that this is a peculiar occasion—the country with a will of its own—political unions—that sort of thing—but we sometimes cut with rather too sharp a knife, Ladislaw. These ten-pound householders, now: why ten? Draw the line somewhere—yes: but why just at ten? That’s a difficult question, now, if you go into it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02895", "bookId": 145, "start": 1079314, "end": 1079568, "sha256": "9c36bb4cfab9d6d17d9d5a709491499f5ffe55f535ba337d92d3153bfc60cfab", "text": "“Of course it is,” said Will, impatiently. “But if you are to wait till we get a logical Bill, you must put yourself forward as a revolutionist, and then Middlemarch would not elect you, I fancy. As for trimming, this is not a time for trimming.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02896", "bookId": 145, "start": 1079570, "end": 1081310, "sha256": "75ff091234e83bcd7bee5859aae1853df38a9a80b139192062643ed5e1ec7df6", "text": "Mr. Brooke always ended by agreeing with Ladislaw, who still appeared to him a sort of Burke with a leaven of Shelley; but after an interval the wisdom of his own methods reasserted itself, and he was again drawn into using them with much hopefulness. At this stage of affairs he was in excellent spirits, which even supported him under large advances of money; for his powers of convincing and persuading had not yet been tested by anything more difficult than a chairman’s speech introducing other orators, or a dialogue with a Middlemarch voter, from which he came away with a sense that he was a tactician by nature, and that it was a pity he had not gone earlier into this kind of thing. He was a little conscious of defeat, however, with Mr. Mawmsey, a chief representative in Middlemarch of that great social power, the retail trader, and naturally one of the most doubtful voters in the borough—willing for his own part to supply an equal quality of teas and sugars to reformer and anti-reformer, as well as to agree impartially with both, and feeling like the burgesses of old that this necessity of electing members was a great burthen to a town; for even if there were no danger in holding out hopes to all parties beforehand, there would be the painful necessity at last of disappointing respectable people whose names were on his books. He was accustomed to receive large orders from Mr. Brooke of Tipton; but then, there were many of Pinkerton’s committee whose opinions had a great weight of grocery on their side. Mr. Mawmsey thinking that Mr. Brooke, as not too “clever in his intellects,” was the more likely to forgive a grocer who gave a hostile vote under pressure, had become confidential in his back parlor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02897", "bookId": 145, "start": 1081312, "end": 1082052, "sha256": "7da773e1f745f4707c780031525746816fa61b0575a7c93bc5dc4448632f38ce", "text": "“As to Reform, sir, put it in a family light,” he said, rattling the small silver in his pocket, and smiling affably. “Will it support Mrs. Mawmsey, and enable her to bring up six children when I am no more? I put the question _fictiously_, knowing what must be the answer. Very well, sir. I ask you what, as a husband and a father, I am to do when gentlemen come to me and say, ‘Do as you like, Mawmsey; but if you vote against us, I shall get my groceries elsewhere: when I sugar my liquor I like to feel that I am benefiting the country by maintaining tradesmen of the right color.’ Those very words have been spoken to me, sir, in the very chair where you are now sitting. I don’t mean by your honorable self, Mr. Brooke.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02898", "bookId": 145, "start": 1082054, "end": 1082304, "sha256": "35511a61a99baf1ca0f0d90fd20b960f3aa35afc618c304e1f9263e88f42cdf7", "text": "“No, no, no—that’s narrow, you know. Until my butler complains to me of your goods, Mr. Mawmsey,” said Mr. Brooke, soothingly, “until I hear that you send bad sugars, spices—that sort of thing—I shall never order him to go elsewhere.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02899", "bookId": 145, "start": 1082306, "end": 1082528, "sha256": "ac9cc7aea0ba34475efe862bc1a6d85d04e6cb35582c6b5f5d568fb9ab18328e", "text": "“Sir, I am your humble servant, and greatly obliged,” said Mr. Mawmsey, feeling that politics were clearing up a little. “There would be some pleasure in voting for a gentleman who speaks in that honorable manner.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02900", "bookId": 145, "start": 1082530, "end": 1083236, "sha256": "7889d6b22c2756e29b0a5d00890ccda40040e2c79ce715df7c873f8b2e6efbfa", "text": "“Well, you know, Mr. Mawmsey, you would find it the right thing to put yourself on our side. This Reform will touch everybody by-and-by—a thoroughly popular measure—a sort of A, B, C, you know, that must come first before the rest can follow. I quite agree with you that you’ve got to look at the thing in a family light: but public spirit, now. We’re all one family, you know—it’s all one cupboard. Such a thing as a vote, now: why, it may help to make men’s fortunes at the Cape—there’s no knowing what may be the effect of a vote,” Mr. Brooke ended, with a sense of being a little out at sea, though finding it still enjoyable. But Mr. Mawmsey answered in a tone of decisive check.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02901", "bookId": 145, "start": 1083238, "end": 1084229, "sha256": "279aec5aceb269fc28a2a16a4c984ea5ecb4891c27a2406768d855a988685d36", "text": "“I beg your pardon, sir, but I can’t afford that. When I give a vote I must know what I am doing; I must look to what will be the effects on my till and ledger, speaking respectfully. Prices, I’ll admit, are what nobody can know the merits of; and the sudden falls after you’ve bought in currants, which are a goods that will not keep—I’ve never; myself seen into the ins and outs there; which is a rebuke to human pride. But as to one family, there’s debtor and creditor, I hope; they’re not going to reform that away; else I should vote for things staying as they are. Few men have less need to cry for change than I have, personally speaking—that is, for self and family. I am not one of those who have nothing to lose: I mean as to respectability both in parish and private business, and noways in respect of your honorable self and custom, which you was good enough to say you would not withdraw from me, vote or no vote, while the article sent in was satisfactory.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02902", "bookId": 145, "start": 1084231, "end": 1084416, "sha256": "097ab2bc0f8eaa367aae0fd3aeceae075713fb6c62611bd978cca32898db54f7", "text": "After this conversation Mr. Mawmsey went up and boasted to his wife that he had been rather too many for Brooke of Tipton, and that he didn’t mind so much now about going to the poll.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02903", "bookId": 145, "start": 1084418, "end": 1085285, "sha256": "6c0a5cb331e3b7ddd6e47ee19a88b1e24c12c9832d68a00ddbb0acb06c5d3247", "text": "Mr. Brooke on this occasion abstained from boasting of his tactics to Ladislaw, who for his part was glad enough to persuade himself that he had no concern with any canvassing except the purely argumentative sort, and that he worked no meaner engine than knowledge. Mr. Brooke, necessarily, had his agents, who understood the nature of the Middlemarch voter and the means of enlisting his ignorance on the side of the Bill—which were remarkably similar to the means of enlisting it on the side against the Bill. Will stopped his ears. Occasionally Parliament, like the rest of our lives, even to our eating and apparel, could hardly go on if our imaginations were too active about processes. There were plenty of dirty-handed men in the world to do dirty business; and Will protested to himself that his share in bringing Mr. Brooke through would be quite innocent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02904", "bookId": 145, "start": 1085287, "end": 1086146, "sha256": "2182bf7519af6d1ac2799928c9211f1821690e285d0c60af215a0987ea446428", "text": "But whether he should succeed in that mode of contributing to the majority on the right side was very doubtful to him. He had written out various speeches and memoranda for speeches, but he had begun to perceive that Mr. Brooke’s mind, if it had the burthen of remembering any train of thought, would let it drop, run away in search of it, and not easily come back again. To collect documents is one mode of serving your country, and to remember the contents of a document is another. No! the only way in which Mr. Brooke could be coerced into thinking of the right arguments at the right time was to be well plied with them till they took up all the room in his brain. But here there was the difficulty of finding room, so many things having been taken in beforehand. Mr. Brooke himself observed that his ideas stood rather in his way when he was speaking.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02905", "bookId": 145, "start": 1086148, "end": 1087240, "sha256": "29181201ce395593a8a2e14fe5e963bb4f477989a066751e0b12d33278c31675", "text": "However, Ladislaw’s coaching was forthwith to be put to the test, for before the day of nomination Mr. Brooke was to explain himself to the worthy electors of Middlemarch from the balcony of the White Hart, which looked out advantageously at an angle of the market-place, commanding a large area in front and two converging streets. It was a fine May morning, and everything seemed hopeful: there was some prospect of an understanding between Bagster’s committee and Brooke’s, to which Mr. Bulstrode, Mr. Standish as a Liberal lawyer, and such manufacturers as Mr. Plymdale and Mr. Vincy, gave a solidity which almost counterbalanced Mr. Hawley and his associates who sat for Pinkerton at the Green Dragon. Mr. Brooke, conscious of having weakened the blasts of the “Trumpet” against him, by his reforms as a landlord in the last half year, and hearing himself cheered a little as he drove into the town, felt his heart tolerably light under his buff-colored waistcoat. But with regard to critical occasions, it often happens that all moments seem comfortably remote until the last.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02906", "bookId": 145, "start": 1087242, "end": 1087439, "sha256": "4699cc172751f5344ac3fff83d0e30446781eb54bc83a3a2c73355ce7cbd9fe5", "text": "“This looks well, eh?” said Mr. Brooke as the crowd gathered. “I shall have a good audience, at any rate. I like this, now—this kind of public made up of one’s own neighbors, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02907", "bookId": 145, "start": 1087441, "end": 1088223, "sha256": "c79556a86ac732d4fa0ada7e7f61dee0f7f5a250016ee30974b5c80061383282", "text": "The weavers and tanners of Middlemarch, unlike Mr. Mawmsey, had never thought of Mr. Brooke as a neighbor, and were not more attached to him than if he had been sent in a box from London. But they listened without much disturbance to the speakers who introduced the candidate, one of them—a political personage from Brassing, who came to tell Middlemarch its duty—spoke so fully, that it was alarming to think what the candidate could find to say after him. Meanwhile the crowd became denser, and as the political personage neared the end of his speech, Mr. Brooke felt a remarkable change in his sensations while he still handled his eye-glass, trifled with documents before him, and exchanged remarks with his committee, as a man to whom the moment of summons was indifferent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02908", "bookId": 145, "start": 1088225, "end": 1088929, "sha256": "de255610f979cd9dac01b7cebc911fb5b8f123ffe46760eec795b364e5b49c97", "text": "“I’ll take another glass of sherry, Ladislaw,” he said, with an easy air, to Will, who was close behind him, and presently handed him the supposed fortifier. It was ill-chosen; for Mr. Brooke was an abstemious man, and to drink a second glass of sherry quickly at no great interval from the first was a surprise to his system which tended to scatter his energies instead of collecting them. Pray pity him: so many English gentlemen make themselves miserable by speechifying on entirely private grounds! whereas Mr. Brooke wished to serve his country by standing for Parliament—which, indeed, may also be done on private grounds, but being once undertaken does absolutely demand some speechifying.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02909", "bookId": 145, "start": 1088931, "end": 1089431, "sha256": "d1dfd75bebfcfa601cbefd456054351a3d51e1cb5be54f59310357abd3ab641b", "text": "It was not about the beginning of his speech that Mr. Brooke was at all anxious; this, he felt sure, would be all right; he should have it quite pat, cut out as neatly as a set of couplets from Pope. Embarking would be easy, but the vision of open sea that might come after was alarming. “And questions, now,” hinted the demon just waking up in his stomach, “somebody may put questions about the schedules.—Ladislaw,” he continued, aloud, “just hand me the memorandum of the schedules.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02910", "bookId": 145, "start": 1089433, "end": 1090148, "sha256": "45cdca3e032e8d81330227f9201edb0c0e5763ae7d6b736c7acd7300b532d3b3", "text": "When Mr. Brooke presented himself on the balcony, the cheers were quite loud enough to counterbalance the yells, groans, brayings, and other expressions of adverse theory, which were so moderate that Mr. Standish (decidedly an old bird) observed in the ear next to him, “This looks dangerous, by God! Hawley has got some deeper plan than this.” Still, the cheers were exhilarating, and no candidate could look more amiable than Mr. Brooke, with the memorandum in his breast-pocket, his left hand on the rail of the balcony, and his right trifling with his eye-glass. The striking points in his appearance were his buff waistcoat, short-clipped blond hair, and neutral physiognomy. He began with some confidence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02911", "bookId": 145, "start": 1090150, "end": 1090192, "sha256": "0b585615a822f89d2b081560ec59a8d32073e689955bf97b06586a036342826f", "text": "“Gentlemen—Electors of Middlemarch!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02912", "bookId": 145, "start": 1090194, "end": 1090271, "sha256": "bb332615794de2939aed1a43bc8cec8aa29156216dfccf4c54b360e496445359", "text": "This was so much the right thing that a little pause after it seemed natural.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02913", "bookId": 145, "start": 1090273, "end": 1090383, "sha256": "b3e8d19960c801c78bc1b64deee3e25fd069ccfafa6dddd041b030a5168145ed", "text": "“I’m uncommonly glad to be here—I was never so proud and happy in my life—never so happy, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02914", "bookId": 145, "start": 1090385, "end": 1090994, "sha256": "8752b11ebc81c1fc0ff669fdaa87a0eb39ac9be17a07e2f43fcc5b8bb7edc7f3", "text": "This was a bold figure of speech, but not exactly the right thing; for, unhappily, the pat opening had slipped away—even couplets from Pope may be but “fallings from us, vanishings,” when fear clutches us, and a glass of sherry is hurrying like smoke among our ideas. Ladislaw, who stood at the window behind the speaker, thought, “it’s all up now. The only chance is that, since the best thing won’t always do, floundering may answer for once.” Mr. Brooke, meanwhile, having lost other clews, fell back on himself and his qualifications—always an appropriate graceful subject for a candidate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02915", "bookId": 145, "start": 1090996, "end": 1091896, "sha256": "9aa14ccbe394931cc966888db8617f1a6e936351cfb88b128bca20ceea67ec7d", "text": "“I am a close neighbor of yours, my good friends—you’ve known me on the bench a good while—I’ve always gone a good deal into public questions—machinery, now, and machine-breaking—you’re many of you concerned with machinery, and I’ve been going into that lately. It won’t do, you know, breaking machines: everything must go on—trade, manufactures, commerce, interchange of staples—that kind of thing—since Adam Smith, that must go on. We must look all over the globe:—‘Observation with extensive view,’ must look everywhere, ‘from China to Peru,’ as somebody says—Johnson, I think, ‘The Rambler,’ you know. That is what I have done up to a certain point—not as far as Peru; but I’ve not always stayed at home—I saw it wouldn’t do. I’ve been in the Levant, where some of your Middlemarch goods go—and then, again, in the Baltic. The Baltic, now.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02916", "bookId": 145, "start": 1091898, "end": 1093419, "sha256": "f6bf7e73744dc9894a606ea944d0840c4785b4ceff235d82aac80c983ce141f2", "text": "Plying among his recollections in this way, Mr. Brooke might have got along, easily to himself, and would have come back from the remotest seas without trouble; but a diabolical procedure had been set up by the enemy. At one and the same moment there had risen above the shoulders of the crowd, nearly opposite Mr. Brooke, and within ten yards of him, the effigy of himself: buff-colored waistcoat, eye-glass, and neutral physiognomy, painted on rag; and there had arisen, apparently in the air, like the note of the cuckoo, a parrot-like, Punch-voiced echo of his words. Everybody looked up at the open windows in the houses at the opposite angles of the converging streets; but they were either blank, or filled by laughing listeners. The most innocent echo has an impish mockery in it when it follows a gravely persistent speaker, and this echo was not at all innocent; if it did not follow with the precision of a natural echo, it had a wicked choice of the words it overtook. By the time it said, “The Baltic, now,” the laugh which had been running through the audience became a general shout, and but for the sobering effects of party and that great public cause which the entanglement of things had identified with “Brooke of Tipton,” the laugh might have caught his committee. Mr. Bulstrode asked, reprehensively, what the new police was doing; but a voice could not well be collared, and an attack on the effigy of the candidate would have been too equivocal, since Hawley probably meant it to be pelted.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02917", "bookId": 145, "start": 1093421, "end": 1094041, "sha256": "da05de52bd9852859f537b16573407f8d15c553de9df1f6a39650e85bbdc788b", "text": "Mr. Brooke himself was not in a position to be quickly conscious of anything except a general slipping away of ideas within himself: he had even a little singing in the ears, and he was the only person who had not yet taken distinct account of the echo or discerned the image of himself. Few things hold the perceptions more thoroughly captive than anxiety about what we have got to say. Mr. Brooke heard the laughter; but he had expected some Tory efforts at disturbance, and he was at this moment additionally excited by the tickling, stinging sense that his lost exordium was coming back to fetch him from the Baltic.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02918", "bookId": 145, "start": 1094043, "end": 1094386, "sha256": "5fc2ff73aef18cfcaf718112d571a4f732c1d2b49f221bbcd9d3654864c08e7f", "text": "“That reminds me,” he went on, thrusting a hand into his side-pocket, with an easy air, “if I wanted a precedent, you know—but we never want a precedent for the right thing—but there is Chatham, now; I can’t say I should have supported Chatham, or Pitt, the younger Pitt—he was not a man of ideas, and we want ideas, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02919", "bookId": 145, "start": 1094388, "end": 1094475, "sha256": "7e945c52ac98484489c9dd80b33c82735289a79e3a1f3841096b8e8168547479", "text": "“Blast your ideas! we want the Bill,” said a loud rough voice from the crowd below.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02920", "bookId": 145, "start": 1094477, "end": 1094830, "sha256": "b34db7208fb3c1756aaa13b448031cb9e312fbbc8905a1f3cb2655a027c38e67", "text": "Immediately the invisible Punch, who had hitherto followed Mr. Brooke, repeated, “Blast your ideas! we want the Bill.” The laugh was louder than ever, and for the first time Mr. Brooke being himself silent, heard distinctly the mocking echo. But it seemed to ridicule his interrupter, and in that light was encouraging; so he replied with amenity—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02921", "bookId": 145, "start": 1094832, "end": 1095243, "sha256": "ef8bb053dde45277036f2986f4db17655bc5ad6d53a9161d299848515be3f76f", "text": "“There is something in what you say, my good friend, and what do we meet for but to speak our minds—freedom of opinion, freedom of the press, liberty—that kind of thing? The Bill, now—you shall have the Bill”—here Mr. Brooke paused a moment to fix on his eye-glass and take the paper from his breast-pocket, with a sense of being practical and coming to particulars. The invisible Punch followed:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02922", "bookId": 145, "start": 1095245, "end": 1095413, "sha256": "980f84ea648402f108ff4e2a3ae3950522987a5be04795b3f57a6222f14c6543", "text": "“You shall have the Bill, Mr. Brooke, per electioneering contest, and a seat outside Parliament as delivered, five thousand pounds, seven shillings, and fourpence.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02923", "bookId": 145, "start": 1095415, "end": 1095678, "sha256": "74b4037a27d9e1274278816deb2382c0526685ba896babb83711ca98a20880e1", "text": "Mr. Brooke, amid the roars of laughter, turned red, let his eye-glass fall, and looking about him confusedly, saw the image of himself, which had come nearer. The next moment he saw it dolorously bespattered with eggs. His spirit rose a little, and his voice too.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02924", "bookId": 145, "start": 1095680, "end": 1096655, "sha256": "6713d28b894be1df3e3e5c120efc12bacd4f484aa075fe8738b1dd1e5b79a06b", "text": "“Buffoonery, tricks, ridicule the test of truth—all that is very well”—here an unpleasant egg broke on Mr. Brooke’s shoulder, as the echo said, “All that is very well;” then came a hail of eggs, chiefly aimed at the image, but occasionally hitting the original, as if by chance. There was a stream of new men pushing among the crowd; whistles, yells, bellowings, and fifes made all the greater hubbub because there was shouting and struggling to put them down. No voice would have had wing enough to rise above the uproar, and Mr. Brooke, disagreeably anointed, stood his ground no longer. The frustration would have been less exasperating if it had been less gamesome and boyish: a serious assault of which the newspaper reporter “can aver that it endangered the learned gentleman’s ribs,” or can respectfully bear witness to “the soles of that gentleman’s boots having been visible above the railing,” has perhaps more consolations attached to it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02925", "bookId": 145, "start": 1096657, "end": 1097006, "sha256": "7835e2687c9bde4bc7fa6f04b3fc7a1431d97f00225911669a2b3a8701602ef3", "text": "Mr. Brooke re-entered the committee-room, saying, as carelessly as he could, “This is a little too bad, you know. I should have got the ear of the people by-and-by—but they didn’t give me time. I should have gone into the Bill by-and-by, you know,” he added, glancing at Ladislaw. “However, things will come all right at the nomination.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02926", "bookId": 145, "start": 1097008, "end": 1097221, "sha256": "a852240cb5879fe4a7b1136de62fb356c8a802ca8e190c53a878f90719ab151c", "text": "But it was not resolved unanimously that things would come right; on the contrary, the committee looked rather grim, and the political personage from Brassing was writing busily, as if he were brewing new devices.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02927", "bookId": 145, "start": 1097223, "end": 1097501, "sha256": "b5850cf08886ca0018552cd8849c42e6c87066e73e4094c5b5da1d8d41f0a039", "text": "“It was Bowyer who did it,” said Mr. Standish, evasively. “I know it as well as if he had been advertised. He’s uncommonly good at ventriloquism, and he did it uncommonly well, by God! Hawley has been having him to dinner lately: there’s a fund of talent in Bowyer.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02928", "bookId": 145, "start": 1097503, "end": 1097701, "sha256": "a5d7043fd30a95b29f3f20236b7de0d51975f8d0a2083b40b5fa8e2761c99809", "text": "“Well, you know, you never mentioned him to me, Standish, else I would have invited him to dine,” said poor Mr. Brooke, who had gone through a great deal of inviting for the good of his country.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02929", "bookId": 145, "start": 1097703, "end": 1097874, "sha256": "4a231e3bbd419ad4a1a272f51a5f868e278cbc34695b75fd85bfc64c569fa596", "text": "“There’s not a more paltry fellow in Middlemarch than Bowyer,” said Ladislaw, indignantly, “but it seems as if the paltry fellows were always to turn the scale.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02930", "bookId": 145, "start": 1097876, "end": 1099470, "sha256": "9a93323bfc18b5477b566e846ac722dc6537e784ac93974dfb27eecc29acef25", "text": "Will was thoroughly out of temper with himself as well as with his “principal,” and he went to shut himself in his rooms with a half-formed resolve to throw up the “Pioneer” and Mr. Brooke together. Why should he stay? If the impassable gulf between himself and Dorothea were ever to be filled up, it must rather be by his going away and getting into a thoroughly different position than by staying here and slipping into deserved contempt as an understrapper of Brooke’s. Then came the young dream of wonders that he might do—in five years, for example: political writing, political speaking, would get a higher value now public life was going to be wider and more national, and they might give him such distinction that he would not seem to be asking Dorothea to step down to him. Five years:—if he could only be sure that she cared for him more than for others; if he could only make her aware that he stood aloof until he could tell his love without lowering himself—then he could go away easily, and begin a career which at five-and-twenty seemed probable enough in the inward order of things, where talent brings fame, and fame everything else which is delightful. He could speak and he could write; he could master any subject if he chose, and he meant always to take the side of reason and justice, on which he would carry all his ardor. Why should he not one day be lifted above the shoulders of the crowd, and feel that he had won that eminence well? Without doubt he would leave Middlemarch, go to town, and make himself fit for celebrity by “eating his dinners.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02931", "bookId": 145, "start": 1099472, "end": 1099748, "sha256": "b95c2a2c702c6acbdbe077a7bf317155fc24385a5359ba40344ac8e240084dea", "text": "But not immediately: not until some kind of sign had passed between him and Dorothea. He could not be satisfied until she knew why, even if he were the man she would choose to marry, he would not marry her. Hence he must keep his post and bear with Mr. Brooke a little longer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02932", "bookId": 145, "start": 1099750, "end": 1100253, "sha256": "48b34f87aea83e17e502c8da08282a022c398db81541ec9298deb2ecd4db6804", "text": "But he soon had reason to suspect that Mr. Brooke had anticipated him in the wish to break up their connection. Deputations without and voices within had concurred in inducing that philanthropist to take a stronger measure than usual for the good of mankind; namely, to withdraw in favor of another candidate, to whom he left the advantages of his canvassing machinery. He himself called this a strong measure, but observed that his health was less capable of sustaining excitement than he had imagined.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02933", "bookId": 145, "start": 1100255, "end": 1100761, "sha256": "54ae72946ac7ed44dff72043a1a1ec1af803ee782a49359a3e553519846e2d61", "text": "“I have felt uneasy about the chest—it won’t do to carry that too far,” he said to Ladislaw in explaining the affair. “I must pull up. Poor Casaubon was a warning, you know. I’ve made some heavy advances, but I’ve dug a channel. It’s rather coarse work—this electioneering, eh, Ladislaw? dare say you are tired of it. However, we have dug a channel with the ‘Pioneer’—put things in a track, and so on. A more ordinary man than you might carry it on now—more ordinary, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02934", "bookId": 145, "start": 1100763, "end": 1100990, "sha256": "265575ab8bedd3c9cb5ef28063752d0b8aa999a7306f5af18590daf577e94dc2", "text": "“Do you wish me to give it up?” said Will, the quick color coming in his face, as he rose from the writing-table, and took a turn of three steps with his hands in his pockets. “I am ready to do so whenever you wish it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02935", "bookId": 145, "start": 1100992, "end": 1101681, "sha256": "06b1accd4c3cba341a8b14d9a0a0fa9e2a2ef7a6534280c5b5ab28d957f1e4f5", "text": "“As to wishing, my dear Ladislaw, I have the highest opinion of your powers, you know. But about the ‘Pioneer,’ I have been consulting a little with some of the men on our side, and they are inclined to take it into their hands—indemnify me to a certain extent—carry it on, in fact. And under the circumstances, you might like to give up—might find a better field. These people might not take that high view of you which I have always taken, as an alter ego, a right hand—though I always looked forward to your doing something else. I think of having a run into France. But I’ll write you any letters, you know—to Althorpe and people of that kind. I’ve met Althorpe.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02936", "bookId": 145, "start": 1101683, "end": 1101903, "sha256": "4209826e037eabd1d73f1fb212ea698ccbb87f8c415d816707bca0eda032f565", "text": "“I am exceedingly obliged to you,” said Ladislaw, proudly. “Since you are going to part with the ‘Pioneer,’ I need not trouble you about the steps I shall take. I may choose to continue here for the present.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02937", "bookId": 145, "start": 1101905, "end": 1102168, "sha256": "0848a8ec9deed2416c841f603c6c34ef8f35f4a0ef917b689681f82a49e72b1e", "text": "After Mr. Brooke had left him Will said to himself, “The rest of the family have been urging him to get rid of me, and he doesn’t care now about my going. I shall stay as long as I like. I shall go of my own movements and not because they are afraid of me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02938", "bookId": 145, "start": 1102173, "end": 1102185, "sha256": "bb6174cc6ad506bf76cd266bdf18d10fbe285d95c7c4a2050d1b6f72693d02fd", "text": "CHAPTER LII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02939", "bookId": 145, "start": 1102187, "end": 1102256, "sha256": "a4516e49be2ebe4c3a4a5aab7c567144dcd48f806d387e97f0b1484b4eef80a8", "text": "“His heart The lowliest duties on itself did lay.” —WORDSWORTH.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02940", "bookId": 145, "start": 1102259, "end": 1102744, "sha256": "de4ac2205f2baed0594180aff68e618158287ec82966c972df5e0475a6d725dd", "text": "On that June evening when Mr. Farebrother knew that he was to have the Lowick living, there was joy in the old fashioned parlor, and even the portraits of the great lawyers seemed to look on with satisfaction. His mother left her tea and toast untouched, but sat with her usual pretty primness, only showing her emotion by that flush in the cheeks and brightness in the eyes which give an old woman a touching momentary identity with her far-off youthful self, and saying decisively—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02941", "bookId": 145, "start": 1102746, "end": 1102811, "sha256": "628d35c1cd10b931d0610d691b208056ada533f5bf6b73ef069ffe57067432a6", "text": "“The greatest comfort, Camden, is that you have deserved it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02942", "bookId": 145, "start": 1102813, "end": 1103169, "sha256": "b997db1b3b929e839149af740043f59b8276bffa75ecb1ddeb808624344dbe03", "text": "“When a man gets a good berth, mother, half the deserving must come after,” said the son, brimful of pleasure, and not trying to conceal it. The gladness in his face was of that active kind which seems to have energy enough not only to flash outwardly, but to light up busy vision within: one seemed to see thoughts, as well as delight, in his glances.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02943", "bookId": 145, "start": 1103171, "end": 1103500, "sha256": "780b8217081cb5ba6c7021474eafc3ffeea8bfd7fea7f967520151d1666a7590", "text": "“Now, aunt,” he went on, rubbing his hands and looking at Miss Noble, who was making tender little beaver-like noises, “There shall be sugar-candy always on the table for you to steal and give to the children, and you shall have a great many new stockings to make presents of, and you shall darn your own more than ever!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02944", "bookId": 145, "start": 1103502, "end": 1103690, "sha256": "0e5d4fa29fab915717935a4e72cbae773519cf7086df554b3841d4407a1e5891", "text": "Miss Noble nodded at her nephew with a subdued half-frightened laugh, conscious of having already dropped an additional lump of sugar into her basket on the strength of the new preferment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02945", "bookId": 145, "start": 1103692, "end": 1103895, "sha256": "a07c59d3a03c4ba5ed37af867a7e0277533ab2caa838bf8c535dcb93b73bbd7f", "text": "“As for you, Winny”—the Vicar went on—“I shall make no difficulty about your marrying any Lowick bachelor—Mr. Solomon Featherstone, for example, as soon as I find you are in love with him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02946", "bookId": 145, "start": 1103897, "end": 1104111, "sha256": "9b99e1ec548ec8a4573efa2dc4f8324709cc04ab53a857bf118677c33e3f982d", "text": "Miss Winifred, who had been looking at her brother all the while and crying heartily, which was her way of rejoicing, smiled through her tears and said, “You must set me the example, Cam: _you_ must marry now.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02947", "bookId": 145, "start": 1104113, "end": 1104297, "sha256": "321defc72669f0bb435d693853126ccd7fce53c18c5bad5a4170d6f422330529", "text": "“With all my heart. But who is in love with me? I am a seedy old fellow,” said the Vicar, rising, pushing his chair away and looking down at himself. “What do you say, mother?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02948", "bookId": 145, "start": 1104299, "end": 1104408, "sha256": "18ec02132ae24d4bdb1cb1d6e675a93b8d27a220067717cc279e97c708c40f4e", "text": "“You are a handsome man, Camden: though not so fine a figure of a man as your father,” said the old lady.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02949", "bookId": 145, "start": 1104410, "end": 1104524, "sha256": "501d54ca9aae6a23632275aab1b2ad442a45eb4b44372a8485dfb240c289f3a7", "text": "“I wish you would marry Miss Garth, brother,” said Miss Winifred. “She would make us so lively at Lowick.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02950", "bookId": 145, "start": 1104526, "end": 1104712, "sha256": "596531e4a8d875155fa49ac0bbb1521ef3215e40208b36819881d849e9b10e78", "text": "“Very fine! You talk as if young women were tied up to be chosen, like poultry at market; as if I had only to ask and everybody would have me,” said the Vicar, not caring to specify.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02951", "bookId": 145, "start": 1104714, "end": 1104830, "sha256": "1459fccfaf35a2ed48258e464dd96a7aa29b1c26a276d51604844451303ed287", "text": "“We don’t want everybody,” said Miss Winifred. “But _you_ would like Miss Garth, mother, shouldn’t you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02952", "bookId": 145, "start": 1104832, "end": 1105147, "sha256": "64f2b7061e281de0f0196ad4859c4bc6611d27c3a4e860bce63ff06330d820f6", "text": "“My son’s choice shall be mine,” said Mrs. Farebrother, with majestic discretion, “and a wife would be most welcome, Camden. You will want your whist at home when we go to Lowick, and Henrietta Noble never was a whist-player.” (Mrs. Farebrother always called her tiny old sister by that magnificent name.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02953", "bookId": 145, "start": 1105149, "end": 1105192, "sha256": "96e640ea1db9df098afc7d268b9d2e88e582146c6ceaa9b1b4a1d4c7600c29fd", "text": "“I shall do without whist now, mother.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02954", "bookId": 145, "start": 1105194, "end": 1105446, "sha256": "1217d54dde3ba2efa2ff13511c75a8762a81c891cfeeb4a23e57803437c5ef99", "text": "“Why so, Camden? In my time whist was thought an undeniable amusement for a good churchman,” said Mrs. Farebrother, innocent of the meaning that whist had for her son, and speaking rather sharply, as at some dangerous countenancing of new doctrine.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02955", "bookId": 145, "start": 1105448, "end": 1105579, "sha256": "023324d7b048b2a4a0ff2e9983beddc1e6d94fdefc47ed3c9435f9e8f578e975", "text": "“I shall be too busy for whist; I shall have two parishes,” said the Vicar, preferring not to discuss the virtues of that game.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02956", "bookId": 145, "start": 1105581, "end": 1105838, "sha256": "e954f0110a34e9595427de409e0043156893cefcfc89ba4ecd25b34560f4e1db", "text": "He had already said to Dorothea, “I don’t feel bound to give up St. Botolph’s. It is protest enough against the pluralism they want to reform if I give somebody else most of the money. The stronger thing is not to give up power, but to use it well.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02957", "bookId": 145, "start": 1105840, "end": 1106129, "sha256": "5c7fd4d77b435dc51c991efb8f127c2221d58a95e880a1a4c287fd837ce2b867", "text": "“I have thought of that,” said Dorothea. “So far as self is concerned, I think it would be easier to give up power and money than to keep them. It seems very unfitting that I should have this patronage, yet I felt that I ought not to let it be used by some one else instead of me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02958", "bookId": 145, "start": 1106131, "end": 1106226, "sha256": "2eeb3386ab936cd70adfbcfc8196174014bd4a61c116bf6d129008712f69c27b", "text": "“It is I who am bound to act so that you will not regret your power,” said Mr. Farebrother.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02959", "bookId": 145, "start": 1106228, "end": 1106514, "sha256": "2f43900d15177b68b9549d8ae83116382fecdcb3dd4b21b2a049fee133f33ed5", "text": "His was one of the natures in which conscience gets the more active when the yoke of life ceases to gall them. He made no display of humility on the subject, but in his heart he felt rather ashamed that his conduct had shown laches which others who did not get benefices were free from.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02960", "bookId": 145, "start": 1106516, "end": 1106822, "sha256": "3953369276eb3e7ba1265492be98eb073a0f05c5129efd799b6cc5de8903e5d0", "text": "“I used often to wish I had been something else than a clergyman,” he said to Lydgate, “but perhaps it will be better to try and make as good a clergyman out of myself as I can. That is the well-beneficed point of view, you perceive, from which difficulties are much simplified,” he ended, smiling.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02961", "bookId": 145, "start": 1106824, "end": 1107047, "sha256": "9005cfc70f19a6ae7088fc82cbfbb86d26357d8dd6c598d9bc80a39e268ab4a5", "text": "The Vicar did feel then as if his share of duties would be easy. But Duty has a trick of behaving unexpectedly—something like a heavy friend whom we have amiably asked to visit us, and who breaks his leg within our gates.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02962", "bookId": 145, "start": 1107049, "end": 1107202, "sha256": "df3f9965145aa687f56190dd36d843e98efda007237b4731a516960847e38cc3", "text": "Hardly a week later, Duty presented itself in his study under the disguise of Fred Vincy, now returned from Omnibus College with his bachelor’s degree.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02963", "bookId": 145, "start": 1107204, "end": 1107451, "sha256": "3a52687cf6f6566a893b7a227c53fc2f2c5f641aed634f9fd1ff5c79143ad722", "text": "“I am ashamed to trouble you, Mr. Farebrother,” said Fred, whose fair open face was propitiating, “but you are the only friend I can consult. I told you everything once before, and you were so good that I can’t help coming to you again.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02964", "bookId": 145, "start": 1107453, "end": 1107613, "sha256": "586ff166cea764580845396ab4c2c99b5d9fc22035affd1acb7563ce21cc6671", "text": "“Sit down, Fred, I’m ready to hear and do anything I can,” said the Vicar, who was busy packing some small objects for removal, and went on with his work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02965", "bookId": 145, "start": 1107615, "end": 1108037, "sha256": "5fd0ed81862f28182910f82dbc9fcebd8e4923383b61e59db9715cc33b3d0fde", "text": "“I wanted to tell you—” Fred hesitated an instant and then went on plungingly, “I might go into the Church now; and really, look where I may, I can’t see anything else to do. I don’t like it, but I know it’s uncommonly hard on my father to say so, after he has spent a good deal of money in educating me for it.” Fred paused again an instant, and then repeated, “and I can’t see anything else to do.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02966", "bookId": 145, "start": 1108039, "end": 1108215, "sha256": "9936040be5318bb4a6d8059cb78018a151b8298d7448d0fb10c75450659e90c9", "text": "“I did talk to your father about it, Fred, but I made little way with him. He said it was too late. But you have got over one bridge now: what are your other difficulties?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02967", "bookId": 145, "start": 1108217, "end": 1108894, "sha256": "0a5eeb2654c8591bc0663fef25e06bc465941e010487f03194be4712ef693c8e", "text": "“Merely that I don’t like it. I don’t like divinity, and preaching, and feeling obliged to look serious. I like riding across country, and doing as other men do. I don’t mean that I want to be a bad fellow in any way; but I’ve no taste for the sort of thing people expect of a clergyman. And yet what else am I to do? My father can’t spare me any capital, else I might go into farming. And he has no room for me in his trade. And of course I can’t begin to study for law or physic now, when my father wants me to earn something. It’s all very well to say I’m wrong to go into the Church; but those who say so might as well tell me to go into the backwoods.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02968", "bookId": 145, "start": 1108896, "end": 1109080, "sha256": "83387e755bd7a6a53c9eea8f0537e9e06ff513bf9cd4546a3481acde81fc4716", "text": "Fred’s voice had taken a tone of grumbling remonstrance, and Mr. Farebrother might have been inclined to smile if his mind had not been too busy in imagining more than Fred told him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02969", "bookId": 145, "start": 1109082, "end": 1109223, "sha256": "4715c6113a34af1486d3d1d8cf439fb5de5895d4e7f186a7e0415cda526654e8", "text": "“Have you any difficulties about doctrines—about the Articles?” he said, trying hard to think of the question simply for Fred’s sake.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02970", "bookId": 145, "start": 1109225, "end": 1109514, "sha256": "1512caaf150774dbe79465c8ea81b8f2f25916b9bed39751c8dc859e23200753", "text": "“No; I suppose the Articles are right. I am not prepared with any arguments to disprove them, and much better, cleverer fellows than I am go in for them entirely. I think it would be rather ridiculous in me to urge scruples of that sort, as if I were a judge,” said Fred, quite simply.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02971", "bookId": 145, "start": 1109516, "end": 1109632, "sha256": "3a3912585f8124c0a02aae663f21e17f199b344149f9709e5a656daef3927fee", "text": "“I suppose, then, it has occurred to you that you might be a fair parish priest without being much of a divine?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02972", "bookId": 145, "start": 1109634, "end": 1109781, "sha256": "16f88a37a191295de2cfac2d2e161aadc656dd14ffef286ba461e346a228badc", "text": "“Of course, if I am obliged to be a clergyman, I shall try and do my duty, though I mayn’t like it. Do you think any body ought to blame me?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02973", "bookId": 145, "start": 1109783, "end": 1110067, "sha256": "864bdb7836fb2df7ec766adb499e5f2212972833a41bea6a01a07d59e70c28c6", "text": "“For going into the Church under the circumstances? That depends on your conscience, Fred—how far you have counted the cost, and seen what your position will require of you. I can only tell you about myself, that I have always been too lax, and have been uneasy in consequence.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02974", "bookId": 145, "start": 1110069, "end": 1110305, "sha256": "89639ddc4f83202aaa946fedf2431a9d4f6164d55abe52052ba5059026a68392", "text": "“But there is another hindrance,” said Fred, coloring. “I did not tell you before, though perhaps I may have said things that made you guess it. There is somebody I am very fond of: I have loved her ever since we were children.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02975", "bookId": 145, "start": 1110307, "end": 1110387, "sha256": "493d7fa67a230361bc4b3bec27f66855588abd966e2433614548aca060616557", "text": "“Miss Garth, I suppose?” said the Vicar, examining some labels very closely.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02976", "bookId": 145, "start": 1110389, "end": 1110491, "sha256": "724a332a03f69612e57fe926973a16df07d40ac043d402c0f60731107b105e2c", "text": "“Yes. I shouldn’t mind anything if she would have me. And I know I could be a good fellow then.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02977", "bookId": 145, "start": 1110493, "end": 1110537, "sha256": "cc9ab524cc171789e37ae45f2fefcbcc329ead21abe3a00e1ecb25bd17f1ed65", "text": "“And you think she returns the feeling?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02978", "bookId": 145, "start": 1110539, "end": 1110886, "sha256": "b2096e45596eea3608d1642061a798f423db80534453be878ffa6a9b4236d0c4", "text": "“She never will say so; and a good while ago she made me promise not to speak to her about it again. And she has set her mind especially against my being a clergyman; I know that. But I can’t give her up. I do think she cares about me. I saw Mrs. Garth last night, and she said that Mary was staying at Lowick Rectory with Miss Farebrother.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02979", "bookId": 145, "start": 1110888, "end": 1110961, "sha256": "80c6fa2548f23c297f9f4efa6fa1cdf5ffec42af1aeed96c78454ab817a8dbef", "text": "“Yes, she is very kindly helping my sister. Do you wish to go there?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02980", "bookId": 145, "start": 1110963, "end": 1111165, "sha256": "3153c420dcd6095fa1bf59f672c2291609c638d7e2133478043016d6edb7e0ad", "text": "“No, I want to ask a great favor of you. I am ashamed to bother you in this way; but Mary might listen to what you said, if you mentioned the subject to her—I mean about my going into the Church.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02981", "bookId": 145, "start": 1111167, "end": 1111373, "sha256": "00737ca9f0fef85a99f1a86bcb959de5e344a25488ec5f4379101c09d7690ea8", "text": "“That is rather a delicate task, my dear Fred. I shall have to presuppose your attachment to her; and to enter on the subject as you wish me to do, will be asking her to tell me whether she returns it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02982", "bookId": 145, "start": 1111375, "end": 1111503, "sha256": "d659daa721e824b2d68e045dac22e75c4e88122e41cd1f7962f8807a0d52c2a2", "text": "“That is what I want her to tell you,” said Fred, bluntly. “I don’t know what to do, unless I can get at her feeling.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02983", "bookId": 145, "start": 1111505, "end": 1111586, "sha256": "76d8da2bbe9f6a194a9fe9c7ae8b80173fefe84d2aa943e8df509acd240b406c", "text": "“You mean that you would be guided by that as to your going into the Church?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02984", "bookId": 145, "start": 1111588, "end": 1111678, "sha256": "5b65969e400440e4ff935ecafe1c301966f36d695404c3fbbe91bed82ca611e0", "text": "“If Mary said she would never have me I might as well go wrong in one way as another.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02985", "bookId": 145, "start": 1111680, "end": 1111798, "sha256": "ebf286a2064920b7f737cf457bb787d2c86b2ba6a57b5d9e7ad131741a0c4783", "text": "“That is nonsense, Fred. Men outlive their love, but they don’t outlive the consequences of their recklessness.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02986", "bookId": 145, "start": 1111800, "end": 1111941, "sha256": "661025dcb864f3d80e0e656a8254f1509235376d68dacaaf7e0410901988b97e", "text": "“Not my sort of love: I have never been without loving Mary. If I had to give her up, it would be like beginning to live on wooden legs.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02987", "bookId": 145, "start": 1111943, "end": 1111986, "sha256": "1adfb7e597a8dc26b44eeeaa61011009f31aa95daafe9a49b898cc82ded233dd", "text": "“Will she not be hurt at my intrusion?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02988", "bookId": 145, "start": 1111988, "end": 1112463, "sha256": "cea686f77f4be1aceba33ccddc2f6e3879b733127ce6b5296408845d9871d0f1", "text": "“No, I feel sure she will not. She respects you more than any one, and she would not put you off with fun as she does me. Of course I could not have told any one else, or asked any one else to speak to her, but you. There is no one else who could be such a friend to both of us.” Fred paused a moment, and then said, rather complainingly, “And she ought to acknowledge that I have worked in order to pass. She ought to believe that I would exert myself for her sake.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02989", "bookId": 145, "start": 1112465, "end": 1112579, "sha256": "9657b064bac729915b0406eb0c6d246d3c88f76c5af35148a3fbc5d210fde787", "text": "There was a moment’s silence before Mr. Farebrother laid down his work, and putting out his hand to Fred said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02990", "bookId": 145, "start": 1112581, "end": 1112630, "sha256": "cb6872e3836cde8b9a16b67c3b585ebd271f7382901732ef08c77ebde16c6fde", "text": "“Very well, my boy. I will do what you wish.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02991", "bookId": 145, "start": 1112632, "end": 1112816, "sha256": "2c94909924f15889b4c32368228efdc32e6030b6fb36e37330e0eea02b27c6f4", "text": "That very day Mr. Farebrother went to Lowick parsonage on the nag which he had just set up. “Decidedly I am an old stalk,” he thought, “the young growths are pushing me aside.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02992", "bookId": 145, "start": 1112818, "end": 1113568, "sha256": "fb9324db5dd014753c3d4701aad76896d9a96f5f1bbf33a1bb5610a87b41cb35", "text": "He found Mary in the garden gathering roses and sprinkling the petals on a sheet. The sun was low, and tall trees sent their shadows across the grassy walks where Mary was moving without bonnet or parasol. She did not observe Mr. Farebrother’s approach along the grass, and had just stooped down to lecture a small black-and-tan terrier, which would persist in walking on the sheet and smelling at the rose-leaves as Mary sprinkled them. She took his fore-paws in one hand, and lifted up the forefinger of the other, while the dog wrinkled his brows and looked embarrassed. “Fly, Fly, I am ashamed of you,” Mary was saying in a grave contralto. “This is not becoming in a sensible dog; anybody would think you were a silly young gentleman.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02993", "bookId": 145, "start": 1113570, "end": 1113667, "sha256": "7d680b1e44e405f03993121863cdd0e08cd00b303fad82db5a80b4587f9ae2fe", "text": "“You are unmerciful to young gentlemen, Miss Garth,” said the Vicar, within two yards of her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02994", "bookId": 145, "start": 1113669, "end": 1113763, "sha256": "b9c56a0c80e3fec10767a08e1809cc0364f50800f2dd4f5e1daef7fd38602872", "text": "Mary started up and blushed. “It always answers to reason with Fly,” she said, laughingly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02995", "bookId": 145, "start": 1113765, "end": 1113800, "sha256": "fc987583fa2dd503ad58c55b39a2e11e7e0e6c8b085c0a52f67fc128e9cd9046", "text": "“But not with young gentlemen?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02996", "bookId": 145, "start": 1113802, "end": 1113877, "sha256": "3f80b96db66f9b8276fb1d39693a64f76a0afd2f944f5dc9ba38fed5f3347fe7", "text": "“Oh, with some, I suppose; since some of them turn into excellent men.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02997", "bookId": 145, "start": 1113879, "end": 1113986, "sha256": "59270e84b832e694f8959005ade00d0c42b6a19dc25cc0004389d52246ee3591", "text": "“I am glad of that admission, because I want at this very moment to interest you in a young gentleman.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B02998", "bookId": 145, "start": 1113988, "end": 1114107, "sha256": "53759fe9f3b211bb5295bd32faccbabb70a3f5213dc5104f20a0a8ae548d700f", "text": "“Not a silly one, I hope,” said Mary, beginning to pluck the roses again, and feeling her heart beat uncomfortably.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B02999", "bookId": 145, "start": 1114109, "end": 1114342, "sha256": "def5d2980033731561b81d55180f17d14673b5e7cf807cf53fdec85afe52c1d8", "text": "“No; though perhaps wisdom is not his strong point, but rather affection and sincerity. However, wisdom lies more in those two qualities than people are apt to imagine. I hope you know by those marks what young gentleman I mean.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03000", "bookId": 145, "start": 1114344, "end": 1114468, "sha256": "44fe61e609dd2542b6eedda5b875d53aceb72fd9f50698ec37c382a752649b25", "text": "“Yes, I think I do,” said Mary, bravely, her face getting more serious, and her hands cold; “it must be Fred Vincy.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03001", "bookId": 145, "start": 1114470, "end": 1114623, "sha256": "fa4f3896fb767f0a90ad90fc04d4f2a5d4e5e5854efacc52f61b146773bafc30", "text": "“He has asked me to consult you about his going into the Church. I hope you will not think that I consented to take a liberty in promising to do so.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03002", "bookId": 145, "start": 1114625, "end": 1114803, "sha256": "b89070f62bfe4ab821b83443ab72a6655c99b39ca80efaaa4061aac2754f8a75", "text": "“On the contrary, Mr. Farebrother,” said Mary, giving up the roses, and folding her arms, but unable to look up, “whenever you have anything to say to me I feel honored.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03003", "bookId": 145, "start": 1114805, "end": 1115463, "sha256": "704f74cd0c832318010e98c6b87737cda1e64664ecafca060d8a7f9f4aaf1bfd", "text": "“But before I enter on that question, let me just touch a point on which your father took me into confidence; by the way, it was that very evening on which I once before fulfilled a mission from Fred, just after he had gone to college. Mr. Garth told me what happened on the night of Featherstone’s death—how you refused to burn the will; and he said that you had some heart-prickings on that subject, because you had been the innocent means of hindering Fred from getting his ten thousand pounds. I have kept that in mind, and I have heard something that may relieve you on that score—may show you that no sin-offering is demanded from you there.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03004", "bookId": 145, "start": 1115465, "end": 1115794, "sha256": "99fdb49ad6da2fe80f22f2b34b32e9421d90798cdece005e333a1734816bc873", "text": "Mr. Farebrother paused a moment and looked at Mary. He meant to give Fred his full advantage, but it would be well, he thought, to clear her mind of any superstitions, such as women sometimes follow when they do a man the wrong of marrying him as an act of atonement. Mary’s cheeks had begun to burn a little, and she was mute.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03005", "bookId": 145, "start": 1115796, "end": 1116104, "sha256": "023223f2d6824a861244d1e9436f53ed5fd944e0757329c573dffd7e9cad44fb", "text": "“I mean, that your action made no real difference to Fred’s lot. I find that the first will would not have been legally good after the burning of the last; it would not have stood if it had been disputed, and you may be sure it would have been disputed. So, on that score, you may feel your mind free.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03006", "bookId": 145, "start": 1116106, "end": 1116217, "sha256": "8ce9b3d499ec482ae68da76127438565170d75b4e0774fbfa15f7f4707770451", "text": "“Thank you, Mr. Farebrother,” said Mary, earnestly. “I am grateful to you for remembering my feelings.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03007", "bookId": 145, "start": 1116219, "end": 1117204, "sha256": "200e7024375665ad286aa965e85879f611988e666b210868fc78425956d0724c", "text": "“Well, now I may go on. Fred, you know, has taken his degree. He has worked his way so far, and now the question is, what is he to do? That question is so difficult that he is inclined to follow his father’s wishes and enter the Church, though you know better than I do that he was quite set against that formerly. I have questioned him on the subject, and I confess I see no insuperable objection to his being a clergyman, as things go. He says that he could turn his mind to doing his best in that vocation, on one condition. If that condition were fulfilled I would do my utmost in helping Fred on. After a time—not, of course, at first—he might be with me as my curate, and he would have so much to do that his stipend would be nearly what I used to get as vicar. But I repeat that there is a condition without which all this good cannot come to pass. He has opened his heart to me, Miss Garth, and asked me to plead for him. The condition lies entirely in your feeling.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03008", "bookId": 145, "start": 1117206, "end": 1117525, "sha256": "01844a99daa8a0ca942b0cc12efd1c3eb63fafa53cb4da2a26fa11b7755fe243", "text": "Mary looked so much moved, that he said after a moment, “Let us walk a little;” and when they were walking he added, “To speak quite plainly, Fred will not take any course which would lessen the chance that you would consent to be his wife; but with that prospect, he will try his best at anything you approve.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03009", "bookId": 145, "start": 1117527, "end": 1117938, "sha256": "8f96d623020a10d7a1dac95b96259441b2ffae50bcd746b71d610176ba323da9", "text": "“I cannot possibly say that I will ever be his wife, Mr. Farebrother: but I certainly never will be his wife if he becomes a clergyman. What you say is most generous and kind; I don’t mean for a moment to correct your judgment. It is only that I have my girlish, mocking way of looking at things,” said Mary, with a returning sparkle of playfulness in her answer which only made its modesty more charming.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03010", "bookId": 145, "start": 1117940, "end": 1118014, "sha256": "0e15aa4cc670cc66e709c706e5b62b18e3e21e68309a9819a178dc57772edf7e", "text": "“He wishes me to report exactly what you think,” said Mr. Farebrother.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03011", "bookId": 145, "start": 1118016, "end": 1118850, "sha256": "300c57751b62521695d15ace6aad1774d14e151fdb06a9016f77fb02b75ad5b2", "text": "“I could not love a man who is ridiculous,” said Mary, not choosing to go deeper. “Fred has sense and knowledge enough to make him respectable, if he likes, in some good worldly business, but I can never imagine him preaching and exhorting, and pronouncing blessings, and praying by the sick, without feeling as if I were looking at a caricature. His being a clergyman would be only for gentility’s sake, and I think there is nothing more contemptible than such imbecile gentility. I used to think that of Mr. Crowse, with his empty face and neat umbrella, and mincing little speeches. What right have such men to represent Christianity—as if it were an institution for getting up idiots genteelly—as if—” Mary checked herself. She had been carried along as if she had been speaking to Fred instead of Mr. Farebrother.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03012", "bookId": 145, "start": 1118852, "end": 1119044, "sha256": "b1108cb235e2cb522897a6e79dd2341d2d1b90faa86082686b6cba05e694a158", "text": "“Young women are severe: they don’t feel the stress of action as men do, though perhaps I ought to make you an exception there. But you don’t put Fred Vincy on so low a level as that?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03013", "bookId": 145, "start": 1119046, "end": 1119185, "sha256": "1446a3053f81a97f6a65c88cc1bd5f4832a3920e695d80891c1f27d0b45c31cc", "text": "“No, indeed, he has plenty of sense, but I think he would not show it as a clergyman. He would be a piece of professional affectation.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03014", "bookId": 145, "start": 1119187, "end": 1119264, "sha256": "7324c9984aa9e5e998720f060c4904c0b37f5ec0910d529b546d9cd7ba712965", "text": "“Then the answer is quite decided. As a clergyman he could have no hope?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03015", "bookId": 145, "start": 1119266, "end": 1119286, "sha256": "19088a498267fb23cc95f1909fc6dfd319347d73727d3d0a29dd770635c9b991", "text": "Mary shook her head.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03016", "bookId": 145, "start": 1119288, "end": 1119440, "sha256": "ed4c3434da7180f9d0c521b83d97cc0fa1e709fea131784fa9ebdf20b44591f7", "text": "“But if he braved all the difficulties of getting his bread in some other way—will you give him the support of hope? May he count on winning you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03017", "bookId": 145, "start": 1119442, "end": 1119708, "sha256": "8bbf3fe3c28b2e5f65db075d5471c993e24e224aa037ec56adf03ba844849638", "text": "“I think Fred ought not to need telling again what I have already said to him,” Mary answered, with a slight resentment in her manner. “I mean that he ought not to put such questions until he has done something worthy, instead of saying that he could do it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03018", "bookId": 145, "start": 1119710, "end": 1120401, "sha256": "528eb6cab806317d36ce474289832bc379a95394842fabe9b4ea68a2f542141f", "text": "Mr. Farebrother was silent for a minute or more, and then, as they turned and paused under the shadow of a maple at the end of a grassy walk, said, “I understand that you resist any attempt to fetter you, but either your feeling for Fred Vincy excludes your entertaining another attachment, or it does not: either he may count on your remaining single until he shall have earned your hand, or he may in any case be disappointed. Pardon me, Mary—you know I used to catechise you under that name—but when the state of a woman’s affections touches the happiness of another life—of more lives than one—I think it would be the nobler course for her to be perfectly direct and open.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03019", "bookId": 145, "start": 1120403, "end": 1121057, "sha256": "1e52d13c04cd11e104918043b5e20fd3f31976644cbd1eadbadd669003de596d", "text": "Mary in her turn was silent, wondering not at Mr. Farebrother’s manner but at his tone, which had a grave restrained emotion in it. When the strange idea flashed across her that his words had reference to himself, she was incredulous, and ashamed of entertaining it. She had never thought that any man could love her except Fred, who had espoused her with the umbrella ring, when she wore socks and little strapped shoes; still less that she could be of any importance to Mr. Farebrother, the cleverest man in her narrow circle. She had only time to feel that all this was hazy and perhaps illusory; but one thing was clear and determined—her answer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03020", "bookId": 145, "start": 1121059, "end": 1121726, "sha256": "d0b5ce7330ec60a7495ab59675d1e8c24a6dca27500e56573fd0a5db746c52ef", "text": "“Since you think it my duty, Mr. Farebrother, I will tell you that I have too strong a feeling for Fred to give him up for any one else. I should never be quite happy if I thought he was unhappy for the loss of me. It has taken such deep root in me—my gratitude to him for always loving me best, and minding so much if I hurt myself, from the time when we were very little. I cannot imagine any new feeling coming to make that weaker. I should like better than anything to see him worthy of every one’s respect. But please tell him I will not promise to marry him till then: I should shame and grieve my father and mother. He is free to choose some one else.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03021", "bookId": 145, "start": 1121728, "end": 1122025, "sha256": "ec23c29535b941e386eb3b1fd122cf6be2ffffce42060255e707d955e5a78293", "text": "“Then I have fulfilled my commission thoroughly,” said Mr. Farebrother, putting out his hand to Mary, “and I shall ride back to Middlemarch forthwith. With this prospect before him, we shall get Fred into the right niche somehow, and I hope I shall live to join your hands. God bless you!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03022", "bookId": 145, "start": 1122027, "end": 1122349, "sha256": "967585f3f3eb56a61e5392676563b24cc5dd1f10b2df0fc2c283a19a6c68ecf4", "text": "“Oh, please stay, and let me give you some tea,” said Mary. Her eyes filled with tears, for something indefinable, something like the resolute suppression of a pain in Mr. Farebrother’s manner, made her feel suddenly miserable, as she had once felt when she saw her father’s hands trembling in a moment of trouble.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03023", "bookId": 145, "start": 1122351, "end": 1122390, "sha256": "6ad2f9703d359e1667b7d6245516c5ba8688ae763b0b7d6d6c83b95873df71eb", "text": "“No, my dear, no. I must get back.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03024", "bookId": 145, "start": 1122392, "end": 1122580, "sha256": "8efbd3d41d4e908d1597b68b55064733621a60e08b25a3bc319000d8a725019f", "text": "In three minutes the Vicar was on horseback again, having gone magnanimously through a duty much harder than the renunciation of whist, or even than the writing of penitential meditations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03025", "bookId": 145, "start": 1122585, "end": 1122598, "sha256": "15374cf65ae3ce40bf0973d2a16f8a8ff3fac110e55526e08d5053cfc7f470da", "text": "CHAPTER LIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03026", "bookId": 145, "start": 1122600, "end": 1122866, "sha256": "424fe0c21519a42507dbc0522550626734851d6745c10ee74d98fc2ab13a8796", "text": "It is but a shallow haste which concludeth insincerity from what outsiders call inconsistency—putting a dead mechanism of “ifs” and “therefores” for the living myriad of hidden suckers whereby the belief and the conduct are wrought into mutual sustainment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03027", "bookId": 145, "start": 1122869, "end": 1124539, "sha256": "81e0d630260c31f3ac94666822f74d7ce443c5cfc86502641d8062c32b1f409a", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode, when he was hoping to acquire a new interest in Lowick, had naturally had an especial wish that the new clergyman should be one whom he thoroughly approved; and he believed it to be a chastisement and admonition directed to his own shortcomings and those of the nation at large, that just about the time when he came in possession of the deeds which made him the proprietor of Stone Court, Mr. Farebrother “read himself” into the quaint little church and preached his first sermon to the congregation of farmers, laborers, and village artisans. It was not that Mr. Bulstrode intended to frequent Lowick Church or to reside at Stone Court for a good while to come: he had bought the excellent farm and fine homestead simply as a retreat which he might gradually enlarge as to the land and beautify as to the dwelling, until it should be conducive to the divine glory that he should enter on it as a residence, partially withdrawing from his present exertions in the administration of business, and throwing more conspicuously on the side of Gospel truth the weight of local landed proprietorship, which Providence might increase by unforeseen occasions of purchase. A strong leading in this direction seemed to have been given in the surprising facility of getting Stone Court, when every one had expected that Mr. Rigg Featherstone would have clung to it as the Garden of Eden. That was what poor old Peter himself had expected; having often, in imagination, looked up through the sods above him, and, unobstructed by perspective, seen his frog-faced legatee enjoying the fine old place to the perpetual surprise and disappointment of other survivors.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03028", "bookId": 145, "start": 1124541, "end": 1126354, "sha256": "ac06209ba5f4ba7b6aef0e7811e22e27c815aa6b276ecbbba407c4f576831af8", "text": "But how little we know what would make paradise for our neighbors! We judge from our own desires, and our neighbors themselves are not always open enough even to throw out a hint of theirs. The cool and judicious Joshua Rigg had not allowed his parent to perceive that Stone Court was anything less than the chief good in his estimation, and he had certainly wished to call it his own. But as Warren Hastings looked at gold and thought of buying Daylesford, so Joshua Rigg looked at Stone Court and thought of buying gold. He had a very distinct and intense vision of his chief good, the vigorous greed which he had inherited having taken a special form by dint of circumstance: and his chief good was to be a moneychanger. From his earliest employment as an errand-boy in a seaport, he had looked through the windows of the moneychangers as other boys look through the windows of the pastry-cooks; the fascination had wrought itself gradually into a deep special passion; he meant, when he had property, to do many things, one of them being to marry a genteel young person; but these were all accidents and joys that imagination could dispense with. The one joy after which his soul thirsted was to have a money-changer’s shop on a much-frequented quay, to have locks all round him of which he held the keys, and to look sublimely cool as he handled the breeding coins of all nations, while helpless Cupidity looked at him enviously from the other side of an iron lattice. The strength of that passion had been a power enabling him to master all the knowledge necessary to gratify it. And when others were thinking that he had settled at Stone Court for life, Joshua himself was thinking that the moment now was not far off when he should settle on the North Quay with the best appointments in safes and locks.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03029", "bookId": 145, "start": 1126356, "end": 1127109, "sha256": "8a73b214288263c74a7ed978f4b55b086f66227d5f3be4b393801f18a21035e8", "text": "Enough. We are concerned with looking at Joshua Rigg’s sale of his land from Mr. Bulstrode’s point of view, and he interpreted it as a cheering dispensation conveying perhaps a sanction to a purpose which he had for some time entertained without external encouragement; he interpreted it thus, but not too confidently, offering up his thanksgiving in guarded phraseology. His doubts did not arise from the possible relations of the event to Joshua Rigg’s destiny, which belonged to the unmapped regions not taken under the providential government, except perhaps in an imperfect colonial way; but they arose from reflecting that this dispensation too might be a chastisement for himself, as Mr. Farebrother’s induction to the living clearly was.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03030", "bookId": 145, "start": 1127111, "end": 1127491, "sha256": "6149583a32efcdfab831a03bd026361de7bf638325dc30aa6af2b9b07f598d1b", "text": "This was not what Mr. Bulstrode said to any man for the sake of deceiving him: it was what he said to himself—it was as genuinely his mode of explaining events as any theory of yours may be, if you happen to disagree with him. For the egoism which enters into our theories does not affect their sincerity; rather, the more our egoism is satisfied, the more robust is our belief.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03031", "bookId": 145, "start": 1127493, "end": 1128291, "sha256": "a8411310acd5fccc31148089c46a2d3e5a12cbcffc9f5ece4bc288a84e04d4ba", "text": "However, whether for sanction or for chastisement, Mr. Bulstrode, hardly fifteen months after the death of Peter Featherstone, had become the proprietor of Stone Court, and what Peter would say “if he were worthy to know,” had become an inexhaustible and consolatory subject of conversation to his disappointed relatives. The tables were now turned on that dear brother departed, and to contemplate the frustration of his cunning by the superior cunning of things in general was a cud of delight to Solomon. Mrs. Waule had a melancholy triumph in the proof that it did not answer to make false Featherstones and cut off the genuine; and Sister Martha receiving the news in the Chalky Flats said, “Dear, dear! then the Almighty could have been none so pleased with the almshouses after all.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03032", "bookId": 145, "start": 1128293, "end": 1129040, "sha256": "484a08e06f62c79ff4e7b2fecc82e09a876a4a5673366fd7cb408458aa4ef638", "text": "Affectionate Mrs. Bulstrode was particularly glad of the advantage which her husband’s health was likely to get from the purchase of Stone Court. Few days passed without his riding thither and looking over some part of the farm with the bailiff, and the evenings were delicious in that quiet spot, when the new hay-ricks lately set up were sending forth odors to mingle with the breath of the rich old garden. One evening, while the sun was still above the horizon and burning in golden lamps among the great walnut boughs, Mr. Bulstrode was pausing on horseback outside the front gate waiting for Caleb Garth, who had met him by appointment to give an opinion on a question of stable drainage, and was now advising the bailiff in the rick-yard.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03033", "bookId": 145, "start": 1129042, "end": 1130213, "sha256": "c79eb24d14529c7841d9a7b5a53d32f1385fa7792cb7ef1b435e6f4548dea3ef", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode was conscious of being in a good spiritual frame and more than usually serene, under the influence of his innocent recreation. He was doctrinally convinced that there was a total absence of merit in himself; but that doctrinal conviction may be held without pain when the sense of demerit does not take a distinct shape in memory and revive the tingling of shame or the pang of remorse. Nay, it may be held with intense satisfaction when the depth of our sinning is but a measure for the depth of forgiveness, and a clenching proof that we are peculiar instruments of the divine intention. The memory has as many moods as the temper, and shifts its scenery like a diorama. At this moment Mr. Bulstrode felt as if the sunshine were all one with that of far-off evenings when he was a very young man and used to go out preaching beyond Highbury. And he would willingly have had that service of exhortation in prospect now. The texts were there still, and so was his own facility in expounding them. His brief reverie was interrupted by the return of Caleb Garth, who also was on horseback, and was just shaking his bridle before starting, when he exclaimed—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03034", "bookId": 145, "start": 1130215, "end": 1130350, "sha256": "62506066a2070384a1402dc9db354904b9d81add08082e0716ee04ca368e6f8a", "text": "“Bless my heart! what’s this fellow in black coming along the lane? He’s like one of those men one sees about after the races.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03035", "bookId": 145, "start": 1130352, "end": 1130786, "sha256": "acc55807cbcd7d1d451db6269e661795a336a502928c1ea2d39031e2bfda4f35", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode turned his horse and looked along the lane, but made no reply. The comer was our slight acquaintance Mr. Raffles, whose appearance presented no other change than such as was due to a suit of black and a crape hat-band. He was within three yards of the horseman now, and they could see the flash of recognition in his face as he whirled his stick upward, looking all the while at Mr. Bulstrode, and at last exclaiming:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03036", "bookId": 145, "start": 1130788, "end": 1131269, "sha256": "26bd1e603a3263c45c0a61827dbb223f64f2814d242e73a636323ff7a3eac78d", "text": "“By Jove, Nick, it’s you! I couldn’t be mistaken, though the five-and-twenty years have played old Boguy with us both! How are you, eh? you didn’t expect to see _me_ here. Come, shake us by the hand.” To say that Mr. Raffles’ manner was rather excited would be only one mode of saying that it was evening. Caleb Garth could see that there was a moment of struggle and hesitation in Mr. Bulstrode, but it ended in his putting out his hand coldly to Raffles and saying—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03037", "bookId": 145, "start": 1131271, "end": 1131341, "sha256": "8f851dc19cf5052dc6e338ab3b8a93c0544ca0162e471fb42ebe859ab94587ce", "text": "“I did not indeed expect to see you in this remote country place.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03038", "bookId": 145, "start": 1131343, "end": 1131897, "sha256": "a23f7c62af5b9726557a283446e0115c61459ebcd97d320949566c8615a85edb", "text": "“Well, it belongs to a stepson of mine,” said Raffles, adjusting himself in a swaggering attitude. “I came to see him here before. I’m not so surprised at seeing you, old fellow, because I picked up a letter—what you may call a providential thing. It’s uncommonly fortunate I met you, though; for I don’t care about seeing my stepson: he’s not affectionate, and his poor mother’s gone now. To tell the truth, I came out of love to you, Nick: I came to get your address, for—look here!” Raffles drew a crumpled paper from his pocket.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03039", "bookId": 145, "start": 1131899, "end": 1132762, "sha256": "0675244f64951af1f5ed06a9e473f53b9fb9fd56ab56ae29c4e453c7ff2ed2b0", "text": "Almost any other man than Caleb Garth might have been tempted to linger on the spot for the sake of hearing all he could about a man whose acquaintance with Bulstrode seemed to imply passages in the banker’s life so unlike anything that was known of him in Middlemarch that they must have the nature of a secret to pique curiosity. But Caleb was peculiar: certain human tendencies which are commonly strong were almost absent from his mind; and one of these was curiosity about personal affairs. Especially if there was anything discreditable to be found out concerning another man, Caleb preferred not to know it; and if he had to tell anybody under him that his evil doings were discovered, he was more embarrassed than the culprit. He now spurred his horse, and saying, “I wish you good evening, Mr. Bulstrode; I must be getting home,” set off at a trot.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03040", "bookId": 145, "start": 1132764, "end": 1133358, "sha256": "6033f0c3d94a167cf95ebdd86ed730fa08ef14a931de6bed8750ede2237739eb", "text": "“You didn’t put your full address to this letter,” Raffles continued. “That was not like the first-rate man of business you used to be. ‘The Shrubs,’—they may be anywhere: you live near at hand, eh?—have cut the London concern altogether—perhaps turned country squire—have a rural mansion to invite me to. Lord, how many years it is ago! The old lady must have been dead a pretty long while—gone to glory without the pain of knowing how poor her daughter was, eh? But, by Jove! you’re very pale and pasty, Nick. Come, if you’re going home, I’ll walk by your side.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03041", "bookId": 145, "start": 1133360, "end": 1134074, "sha256": "ca24418d4553f3955e4a4fa17c2018e254a5e1d17c591e0744f55195ee07f5d9", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode’s usual paleness had in fact taken an almost deathly hue. Five minutes before, the expanse of his life had been submerged in its evening sunshine which shone backward to its remembered morning: sin seemed to be a question of doctrine and inward penitence, humiliation an exercise of the closet, the bearing of his deeds a matter of private vision adjusted solely by spiritual relations and conceptions of the divine purposes. And now, as if by some hideous magic, this loud red figure had risen before him in unmanageable solidity—an incorporate past which had not entered into his imagination of chastisements. But Mr. Bulstrode’s thought was busy, and he was not a man to act or speak rashly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03042", "bookId": 145, "start": 1134076, "end": 1134187, "sha256": "abd3d48af5fc93bcd20f70bb95ca95ecd5f9103511053271c98335c892bb2df3", "text": "“I was going home,” he said, “but I can defer my ride a little. And you can, if you please, rest here.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03043", "bookId": 145, "start": 1134189, "end": 1134318, "sha256": "d2a612edd6aea7bd3e5a791e790de6926c93b71232fdbc31b620aa0371e16e6c", "text": "“Thank you,” said Raffles, making a grimace. “I don’t care now about seeing my stepson. I’d rather go home with you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03044", "bookId": 145, "start": 1134320, "end": 1134413, "sha256": "fb4f46c9f44ff29e822ecb42d50b72a172b90ad95de549716bfeb4ae04646a3a", "text": "“Your stepson, if Mr. Rigg Featherstone was he, is here no longer. I am master here now.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03045", "bookId": 145, "start": 1134415, "end": 1134997, "sha256": "c73c791279999d8cabe9becb534b0deb9b2db41ebacac40301bf28af749edb28", "text": "Raffles opened wide eyes, and gave a long whistle of surprise, before he said, “Well then, I’ve no objection. I’ve had enough walking from the coach-road. I never was much of a walker, or rider either. What I like is a smart vehicle and a spirited cob. I was always a little heavy in the saddle. What a pleasant surprise it must be to you to see me, old fellow!” he continued, as they turned towards the house. “You don’t say so; but you never took your luck heartily—you were always thinking of improving the occasion—you’d such a gift for improving your luck.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03046", "bookId": 145, "start": 1134999, "end": 1135156, "sha256": "767cb30922d7e50b6ff32e23e2f8f6631a14575381ac8684e4e36571f85e103f", "text": "Mr. Raffles seemed greatly to enjoy his own wit, and swung his leg in a swaggering manner which was rather too much for his companion’s judicious patience.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03047", "bookId": 145, "start": 1135158, "end": 1135554, "sha256": "22d6adf738d025d86a4dafe98b9d533b18fef1397ce72f5de4afad56565ee0b0", "text": "“If I remember rightly,” Mr. Bulstrode observed, with chill anger, “our acquaintance many years ago had not the sort of intimacy which you are now assuming, Mr. Raffles. Any services you desire of me will be the more readily rendered if you will avoid a tone of familiarity which did not lie in our former intercourse, and can hardly be warranted by more than twenty years of separation.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03048", "bookId": 145, "start": 1135556, "end": 1135830, "sha256": "384427a3e7fdc1487e8b62c96ec4c35e4d60514d1e3b4901c2698b3b4eeda162", "text": "“You don’t like being called Nick? Why, I always called you Nick in my heart, and though lost to sight, to memory dear. By Jove! my feelings have ripened for you like fine old cognac. I hope you’ve got some in the house now. Josh filled my flask well the last time.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03049", "bookId": 145, "start": 1135832, "end": 1136207, "sha256": "901f96c2ce35136815773521f499d502a9fa2b8b3238c1c2155ff2a353239bb1", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode had not yet fully learned that even the desire for cognac was not stronger in Raffles than the desire to torment, and that a hint of annoyance always served him as a fresh cue. But it was at least clear that further objection was useless, and Mr. Bulstrode, in giving orders to the housekeeper for the accommodation of the guest, had a resolute air of quietude.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03050", "bookId": 145, "start": 1136209, "end": 1136408, "sha256": "b943f0ab908c14dba064dd01bafdb079eef661b981eed93bd728c477852e7704", "text": "There was the comfort of thinking that this housekeeper had been in the service of Rigg also, and might accept the idea that Mr. Bulstrode entertained Raffles merely as a friend of her former master.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03051", "bookId": 145, "start": 1136410, "end": 1136541, "sha256": "2f236c0d759fca91a96639c34e51f7c6d0fab7d7cebcd9dab633c149b86108b3", "text": "When there was food and drink spread before his visitor in the wainscoted parlor, and no witness in the room, Mr. Bulstrode said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03052", "bookId": 145, "start": 1136543, "end": 1137065, "sha256": "a8635f513ea8111478e72db0e8dcf7cf9c6ab3c0b285f187520ea0eb15437bc4", "text": "“Your habits and mine are so different, Mr. Raffles, that we can hardly enjoy each other’s society. The wisest plan for both of us will therefore be to part as soon as possible. Since you say that you wished to meet me, you probably considered that you had some business to transact with me. But under the circumstances I will invite you to remain here for the night, and I will myself ride over here early to-morrow morning—before breakfast, in fact—when I can receive any communication you have to make to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03053", "bookId": 145, "start": 1137067, "end": 1137458, "sha256": "a1a5835133218670fcbcc960967744fb2565be2da8a7846191e7bccceef5416b", "text": "“With all my heart,” said Raffles; “this is a comfortable place—a little dull for a continuance; but I can put up with it for a night, with this good liquor and the prospect of seeing you again in the morning. You’re a much better host than my stepson was; but Josh owed me a bit of a grudge for marrying his mother; and between you and me there was never anything but kindness.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03054", "bookId": 145, "start": 1137460, "end": 1138834, "sha256": "37bbcabd86cbcdd2fe1b2dcb59b546b866571e8eda57b1a47c8d77e36a7c3976", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode, hoping that the peculiar mixture of joviality and sneering in Raffles’ manner was a good deal the effect of drink, had determined to wait till he was quite sober before he spent more words upon him. But he rode home with a terribly lucid vision of the difficulty there would be in arranging any result that could be permanently counted on with this man. It was inevitable that he should wish to get rid of John Raffles, though his reappearance could not be regarded as lying outside the divine plan. The spirit of evil might have sent him to threaten Mr. Bulstrode’s subversion as an instrument of good; but the threat must have been permitted, and was a chastisement of a new kind. It was an hour of anguish for him very different from the hours in which his struggle had been securely private, and which had ended with a sense that his secret misdeeds were pardoned and his services accepted. Those misdeeds even when committed—had they not been half sanctified by the singleness of his desire to devote himself and all he possessed to the furtherance of the divine scheme? And was he after all to become a mere stone of stumbling and a rock of offence? For who would understand the work within him? Who would not, when there was the pretext of casting disgrace upon him, confound his whole life and the truths he had espoused, in one heap of obloquy?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03055", "bookId": 145, "start": 1138836, "end": 1139667, "sha256": "5b361bb54de7abfcc1093c895eb8bee5a2d0f59fc6d4595fcc18f053daa1e472", "text": "In his closest meditations the life-long habit of Mr. Bulstrode’s mind clad his most egoistic terrors in doctrinal references to superhuman ends. But even while we are talking and meditating about the earth’s orbit and the solar system, what we feel and adjust our movements to is the stable earth and the changing day. And now within all the automatic succession of theoretic phrases—distinct and inmost as the shiver and the ache of oncoming fever when we are discussing abstract pain, was the forecast of disgrace in the presence of his neighbors and of his own wife. For the pain, as well as the public estimate of disgrace, depends on the amount of previous profession. To men who only aim at escaping felony, nothing short of the prisoner’s dock is disgrace. But Mr. Bulstrode had aimed at being an eminent Christian.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03056", "bookId": 145, "start": 1139669, "end": 1140197, "sha256": "3f9a91f00381b2851d5f8dab3bd12ef5ac4ce9c931126714a2ae30a25d096f8a", "text": "It was not more than half-past seven in the morning when he again reached Stone Court. The fine old place never looked more like a delightful home than at that moment; the great white lilies were in flower, the nasturtiums, their pretty leaves all silvered with dew, were running away over the low stone wall; the very noises all around had a heart of peace within them. But everything was spoiled for the owner as he walked on the gravel in front and awaited the descent of Mr. Raffles, with whom he was condemned to breakfast.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03057", "bookId": 145, "start": 1140199, "end": 1140656, "sha256": "ab774a58665effa63d9148b9f3158a6a203784160e543411188d437c9b1ec72e", "text": "It was not long before they were seated together in the wainscoted parlor over their tea and toast, which was as much as Raffles cared to take at that early hour. The difference between his morning and evening self was not so great as his companion had imagined that it might be; the delight in tormenting was perhaps even the stronger because his spirits were rather less highly pitched. Certainly his manners seemed more disagreeable by the morning light.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03058", "bookId": 145, "start": 1140658, "end": 1140982, "sha256": "30ce61fd8c3e8f427a1cd5009c34efccdb538348614a10dd31b15c503f2a5818", "text": "“As I have little time to spare, Mr. Raffles,” said the banker, who could hardly do more than sip his tea and break his toast without eating it, “I shall be obliged if you will mention at once the ground on which you wished to meet with me. I presume that you have a home elsewhere and will be glad to return to it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03059", "bookId": 145, "start": 1140984, "end": 1141532, "sha256": "e72d652ceee8083e2bb13cd97a9d7f40d5976599b9ceaef346d9e8dd8f0bb4cf", "text": "“Why, if a man has got any heart, doesn’t he want to see an old friend, Nick?—I must call you Nick—we always did call you young Nick when we knew you meant to marry the old widow. Some said you had a handsome family likeness to old Nick, but that was your mother’s fault, calling you Nicholas. Aren’t you glad to see me again? I expected an invite to stay with you at some pretty place. My own establishment is broken up now my wife’s dead. I’ve no particular attachment to any spot; I would as soon settle hereabout as anywhere.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03060", "bookId": 145, "start": 1141534, "end": 1141747, "sha256": "d6364d870f68ac054bded46b493c2e1819971662c78c77ba94ba1415aaba008d", "text": "“May I ask why you returned from America? I considered that the strong wish you expressed to go there, when an adequate sum was furnished, was tantamount to an engagement that you would remain there for life.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03061", "bookId": 145, "start": 1141749, "end": 1142005, "sha256": "14763622de651d2f16b438774b410ce7043b1c799c279f5da5c9510b67299414", "text": "“Never knew that a wish to go to a place was the same thing as a wish to stay. But I did stay a matter of ten years; it didn’t suit me to stay any longer. And I’m not going again, Nick.” Here Mr. Raffles winked slowly as he looked at Mr. Bulstrode.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03062", "bookId": 145, "start": 1142007, "end": 1142081, "sha256": "428d3e9f477899735015387f70c7cb18edcd66f811b9a1fbbae035fde8670da4", "text": "“Do you wish to be settled in any business? What is your calling now?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03063", "bookId": 145, "start": 1142083, "end": 1142499, "sha256": "c1bf009dc1ecd319229a76eace17656647863bfb263da38b50f57b38163d283a", "text": "“Thank you, my calling is to enjoy myself as much as I can. I don’t care about working any more. If I did anything it would be a little travelling in the tobacco line—or something of that sort, which takes a man into agreeable company. But not without an independence to fall back upon. That’s what I want: I’m not so strong as I was, Nick, though I’ve got more color than you. I want an independence.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03064", "bookId": 145, "start": 1142501, "end": 1142659, "sha256": "11f777b52c7c6f08ab13af4ccf3d7e31fa4882b96946369ecfb21c54908d2993", "text": "“That could be supplied to you, if you would engage to keep at a distance,” said Mr. Bulstrode, perhaps with a little too much eagerness in his undertone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03065", "bookId": 145, "start": 1142661, "end": 1143410, "sha256": "3e52187351b99f7e80cec8c2d8f45a0373d8c6aa1c7cc8eb8b05cafffeb58715", "text": "“That must be as it suits my convenience,” said Raffles coolly. “I see no reason why I shouldn’t make a few acquaintances hereabout. I’m not ashamed of myself as company for anybody. I dropped my portmanteau at the turnpike when I got down—change of linen—genuine—honor bright—more than fronts and wristbands; and with this suit of mourning, straps and everything, I should do you credit among the nobs here.” Mr. Raffles had pushed away his chair and looked down at himself, particularly at his straps. His chief intention was to annoy Bulstrode, but he really thought that his appearance now would produce a good effect, and that he was not only handsome and witty, but clad in a mourning style which implied solid connections.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03066", "bookId": 145, "start": 1143412, "end": 1143553, "sha256": "155d596f3ecb71ce860cb6e6854d491cb9f5372f74558e98cb0165a3bebc2777", "text": "“If you intend to rely on me in any way, Mr. Raffles,” said Bulstrode, after a moment’s pause, “you will expect to meet my wishes.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03067", "bookId": 145, "start": 1143555, "end": 1144253, "sha256": "0acd73de5e10cce8ab58a82672b4c83052ebdec2320966e2312c4bd052d1e2ef", "text": "“Ah, to be sure,” said Raffles, with a mocking cordiality. “Didn’t I always do it? Lord, you made a pretty thing out of me, and I got but little. I’ve often thought since, I might have done better by telling the old woman that I’d found her daughter and her grandchild: it would have suited my feelings better; I’ve got a soft place in my heart. But you’ve buried the old lady by this time, I suppose—it’s all one to her now. And you’ve got your fortune out of that profitable business which had such a blessing on it. You’ve taken to being a nob, buying land, being a country bashaw. Still in the Dissenting line, eh? Still godly? Or taken to the Church as more genteel?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03068", "bookId": 145, "start": 1144255, "end": 1145101, "sha256": "5156c60beca64de7e52a5a5fe286343c33ffd566e7081008890a55260205c08d", "text": "This time Mr. Raffles’ slow wink and slight protrusion of his tongue was worse than a nightmare, because it held the certitude that it was not a nightmare, but a waking misery. Mr. Bulstrode felt a shuddering nausea, and did not speak, but was considering diligently whether he should not leave Raffles to do as he would, and simply defy him as a slanderer. The man would soon show himself disreputable enough to make people disbelieve him. “But not when he tells any ugly-looking truth about _you_,” said discerning consciousness. And again: it seemed no wrong to keep Raffles at a distance, but Mr. Bulstrode shrank from the direct falsehood of denying true statements. It was one thing to look back on forgiven sins, nay, to explain questionable conformity to lax customs, and another to enter deliberately on the necessity of falsehood.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03069", "bookId": 145, "start": 1145103, "end": 1145189, "sha256": "3f98c9070cfb0a36cb1fea6e2387d1012ba546126fe32c00b063db281c1c8dd2", "text": "But since Bulstrode did not speak, Raffles ran on, by way of using time to the utmost.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03070", "bookId": 145, "start": 1145191, "end": 1146076, "sha256": "b2c32abf6a026ec5586ecd7022e0738ca4921e1a3739101fb0ecd5eae4c7c653", "text": "“I’ve not had such fine luck as you, by Jove! Things went confoundedly with me in New York; those Yankees are cool hands, and a man of gentlemanly feelings has no chance with them. I married when I came back—a nice woman in the tobacco trade—very fond of me—but the trade was restricted, as we say. She had been settled there a good many years by a friend; but there was a son too much in the case. Josh and I never hit it off. However, I made the most of the position, and I’ve always taken my glass in good company. It’s been all on the square with me; I’m as open as the day. You won’t take it ill of me that I didn’t look you up before. I’ve got a complaint that makes me a little dilatory. I thought you were trading and praying away in London still, and didn’t find you there. But you see I was sent to you, Nick—perhaps for a blessing to both of us.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03071", "bookId": 145, "start": 1146078, "end": 1146539, "sha256": "6716cf2cf22115a2bad20e5453c40d2934d45be5734a8eb9b8c226b1727812eb", "text": "Mr. Raffles ended with a jocose snuffle: no man felt his intellect more superior to religious cant. And if the cunning which calculates on the meanest feelings in men could be called intellect, he had his share, for under the blurting rallying tone with which he spoke to Bulstrode, there was an evident selection of statements, as if they had been so many moves at chess. Meanwhile Bulstrode had determined on his move, and he said, with gathered resolution—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03072", "bookId": 145, "start": 1146541, "end": 1147025, "sha256": "88ab83ddec901f484dd7cc91c71d46328c40507611e6458efb739bf36fee250a", "text": "“You will do well to reflect, Mr. Raffles, that it is possible for a man to overreach himself in the effort to secure undue advantage. Although I am not in any way bound to you, I am willing to supply you with a regular annuity—in quarterly payments—so long as you fulfil a promise to remain at a distance from this neighborhood. It is in your power to choose. If you insist on remaining here, even for a short time, you will get nothing from me. I shall decline to know you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03073", "bookId": 145, "start": 1147027, "end": 1147166, "sha256": "7eee477a3b46b4969660751f7270799a19724986803af028f3a4568a2c6c9331", "text": "“Ha, ha!” said Raffles, with an affected explosion, “that reminds me of a droll dog of a thief who declined to know the constable.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03074", "bookId": 145, "start": 1147168, "end": 1147314, "sha256": "66561babc2e24a5e9d68eece64ba20b0cab2e1b140e10d0be400c115c5d7349f", "text": "“Your allusions are lost on me sir,” said Bulstrode, with white heat; “the law has no hold on me either through your agency or any other.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03075", "bookId": 145, "start": 1147316, "end": 1147510, "sha256": "5a423b196077b1278a7f294e55af2d16f67e6328ae90babb7ca645d6bcf7f9e6", "text": "“You can’t understand a joke, my good fellow. I only meant that I should never decline to know you. But let us be serious. Your quarterly payment won’t quite suit me. I like my freedom.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03076", "bookId": 145, "start": 1147512, "end": 1148043, "sha256": "78afaf489769743a0bac5f091f8055c9d8fd6a5c9d55c3d321faa4092c9dfd19", "text": "Here Raffles rose and stalked once or twice up and down the room, swinging his leg, and assuming an air of masterly meditation. At last he stopped opposite Bulstrode, and said, “I’ll tell you what! Give us a couple of hundreds—come, that’s modest—and I’ll go away—honor bright!—pick up my portmanteau and go away. But I shall not give up my liberty for a dirty annuity. I shall come and go where I like. Perhaps it may suit me to stay away, and correspond with a friend; perhaps not. Have you the money with you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03077", "bookId": 145, "start": 1148045, "end": 1148261, "sha256": "b5e2f1ffa2ee5c71c5de401205045f537bcbc5f6c98174c361d31910c390bfcd", "text": "“No, I have one hundred,” said Bulstrode, feeling the immediate riddance too great a relief to be rejected on the ground of future uncertainties. “I will forward you the other if you will mention an address.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03078", "bookId": 145, "start": 1148263, "end": 1148402, "sha256": "1c4d5622fe7012cb2ecc371e8547fad56b40d3bc2ede3a9f2c46e3c220e0eeb0", "text": "“No, I’ll wait here till you bring it,” said Raffles. “I’ll take a stroll and have a snack, and you’ll be back by that time.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03079", "bookId": 145, "start": 1148404, "end": 1148770, "sha256": "2c845a270976e2545c385102df8b3903288434c082308f3a3968e134622aff0d", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode’s sickly body, shattered by the agitations he had gone through since the last evening, made him feel abjectly in the power of this loud invulnerable man. At that moment he snatched at a temporary repose to be won on any terms. He was rising to do what Raffles suggested, when the latter said, lifting up his finger as if with a sudden recollection—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03080", "bookId": 145, "start": 1148772, "end": 1149370, "sha256": "64e1f2bc02164e52d33d56e043d6814e99c0d9cfa6e5fe0bb22c049f5c63bb12", "text": "“I did have another look after Sarah again, though I didn’t tell you; I’d a tender conscience about that pretty young woman. I didn’t find her, but I found out her husband’s name, and I made a note of it. But hang it, I lost my pocketbook. However, if I heard it, I should know it again. I’ve got my faculties as if I was in my prime, but names wear out, by Jove! Sometimes I’m no better than a confounded tax-paper before the names are filled in. However, if I hear of her and her family, you shall know, Nick. You’d like to do something for her, now she’s your step-daughter.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03081", "bookId": 145, "start": 1149372, "end": 1149517, "sha256": "f28f004477f2e8b90ef0d31a37b869907c4a8f518eda2346f11bbd3ad9ae0285", "text": "“Doubtless,” said Mr. Bulstrode, with the usual steady look of his light-gray eyes; “though that might reduce my power of assisting you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03082", "bookId": 145, "start": 1149519, "end": 1149760, "sha256": "4aa97c2fec52c589359aa1933c06dddeae736fb08c110dfae9ef6f3236618356", "text": "As he walked out of the room, Raffles winked slowly at his back, and then turned towards the window to watch the banker riding away—virtually at his command. His lips first curled with a smile and then opened with a short triumphant laugh.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03083", "bookId": 145, "start": 1149762, "end": 1150030, "sha256": "1404628f6044b6734dd025a85332f624b38a35862d497a31fd3b384b5efbf4eb", "text": "“But what the deuce was the name?” he presently said, half aloud, scratching his head, and wrinkling his brows horizontally. He had not really cared or thought about this point of forgetfulness until it occurred to him in his invention of annoyances for Bulstrode.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03084", "bookId": 145, "start": 1150032, "end": 1150550, "sha256": "ac3fc14c08231aef0abe018e8ac31400f7c1d9af0a73a45374ca6eb66eb9b439", "text": "“It began with L; it was almost all l’s I fancy,” he went on, with a sense that he was getting hold of the slippery name. But the hold was too slight, and he soon got tired of this mental chase; for few men were more impatient of private occupation or more in need of making themselves continually heard than Mr. Raffles. He preferred using his time in pleasant conversation with the bailiff and the housekeeper, from whom he gathered as much as he wanted to know about Mr. Bulstrode’s position in Middlemarch.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03085", "bookId": 145, "start": 1150552, "end": 1151375, "sha256": "3db2c7202c12bce70fb41b048be925f954c662aac5e92d16c8edda4b1bbefda2", "text": "After all, however, there was a dull space of time which needed relieving with bread and cheese and ale, and when he was seated alone with these resources in the wainscoted parlor, he suddenly slapped his knee, and exclaimed, “Ladislaw!” That action of memory which he had tried to set going, and had abandoned in despair, had suddenly completed itself without conscious effort—a common experience, agreeable as a completed sneeze, even if the name remembered is of no value. Raffles immediately took out his pocket-book, and wrote down the name, not because he expected to use it, but merely for the sake of not being at a loss if he ever did happen to want it. He was not going to tell Bulstrode: there was no actual good in telling, and to a mind like that of Mr. Raffles there is always probable good in a secret.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03086", "bookId": 145, "start": 1151377, "end": 1151739, "sha256": "da9cd479c29fc8ef81402f41dfc2f2a244186b8535579c6623f8ab38156ec223", "text": "He was satisfied with his present success, and by three o’clock that day he had taken up his portmanteau at the turnpike and mounted the coach, relieving Mr. Bulstrode’s eyes of an ugly black spot on the landscape at Stone Court, but not relieving him of the dread that the black spot might reappear and become inseparable even from the vision of his hearth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03087", "bookId": 145, "start": 1151744, "end": 1151776, "sha256": "68e72a02feacee2903169f96e41dbf9104fe5e306fda3daa75710b28deeb1300", "text": "BOOK VI. THE WIDOW AND THE WIFE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03088", "bookId": 145, "start": 1151781, "end": 1151793, "sha256": "21ad5152a3ea25ea63e6594ff0998acde769e7d05d5e2ccf3397cc521f067709", "text": "CHAPTER LIV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03089", "bookId": 145, "start": 1151795, "end": 1151952, "sha256": "74b2301c9db759257c6d4c195ee156a8a7baeb6530aca1ace470024580688063", "text": "“Negli occhi porta la mia donna Amore; Per che si fa gentil ciò ch’ella mira: Ov’ella passa, ogni uom ver lei si gira, E cui saluta fa tremar lo core.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03090", "bookId": 145, "start": 1151954, "end": 1152102, "sha256": "2680c7c6b7139588175b4c5e51033ce53e39457ddf4a6393a5c35ede9f4b0be2", "text": "Sicchè, bassando il viso, tutto smore, E d’ogni suo difetto allor sospira: Fuggon dinanzi a lei Superbia ed Ira: Aiutatemi, donne, a farle onore.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03091", "bookId": 145, "start": 1152104, "end": 1152353, "sha256": "39dd504ab90b536fe014e5ef85e2c1f909600c694e0aab6dc039fab60efbcf05", "text": "Ogni dolcezza, ogni pensiero umile Nasce nel core a chi parlar la sente; Ond’è beato chi prima la vide. Quel ch’ella par quand’ un poco sorride, Non si può dicer, nè tener a mente, Si è nuovo miracolo gentile.” —DANTE: _La Vita Nuova_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03092", "bookId": 145, "start": 1152356, "end": 1153425, "sha256": "da5e666fc28964677446a5af13a025a8b1078f9b56aa894f6d69a4545aae2a25", "text": "By that delightful morning when the hay-ricks at Stone Court were scenting the air quite impartially, as if Mr. Raffles had been a guest worthy of finest incense, Dorothea had again taken up her abode at Lowick Manor. After three months Freshitt had become rather oppressive: to sit like a model for Saint Catherine looking rapturously at Celia’s baby would not do for many hours in the day, and to remain in that momentous babe’s presence with persistent disregard was a course that could not have been tolerated in a childless sister. Dorothea would have been capable of carrying baby joyfully for a mile if there had been need, and of loving it the more tenderly for that labor; but to an aunt who does not recognize her infant nephew as Bouddha, and has nothing to do for him but to admire, his behavior is apt to appear monotonous, and the interest of watching him exhaustible. This possibility was quite hidden from Celia, who felt that Dorothea’s childless widowhood fell in quite prettily with the birth of little Arthur (baby was named after Mr. Brooke).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03093", "bookId": 145, "start": 1153427, "end": 1153649, "sha256": "14dfcc9e480db799d983344fc300eef0dbc9a0d3b4c04c1ef64c4b933ac61e8f", "text": "“Dodo is just the creature not to mind about having anything of her own—children or anything!” said Celia to her husband. “And if she had had a baby, it never could have been such a dear as Arthur. Could it, James?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03094", "bookId": 145, "start": 1153651, "end": 1153835, "sha256": "6a775c562c1541c7a8a951cb6657b37c75c9c50bb405fe34a3b3731488df0736", "text": "“Not if it had been like Casaubon,” said Sir James, conscious of some indirectness in his answer, and of holding a strictly private opinion as to the perfections of his first-born.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03095", "bookId": 145, "start": 1153837, "end": 1154070, "sha256": "587a99e75a81837d2eade186ff8ddf8b9e3ffee40982ba608849c570b19c718f", "text": "“No! just imagine! Really it was a mercy,” said Celia; “and I think it is very nice for Dodo to be a widow. She can be just as fond of our baby as if it were her own, and she can have as many notions of her own as she likes.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03096", "bookId": 145, "start": 1154072, "end": 1154138, "sha256": "147424fcc1bef5b3026eb8781f4a9993645cf4eb7f828e14b7dcd44da1bb533c", "text": "“It is a pity she was not a queen,” said the devout Sir James.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03097", "bookId": 145, "start": 1154140, "end": 1154312, "sha256": "6dd1645acc4f4d844edb3a2ffdc80a2bbdd6eb5f64cf023d23b1ef42e132a648", "text": "“But what should we have been then? We must have been something else,” said Celia, objecting to so laborious a flight of imagination. “I like her better as she is.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03098", "bookId": 145, "start": 1154314, "end": 1154519, "sha256": "5307dd71c793832461d33e12d8066b4df0aa3a0ab9aa70e96f806f058500be9b", "text": "Hence, when she found that Dorothea was making arrangements for her final departure to Lowick, Celia raised her eyebrows with disappointment, and in her quiet unemphatic way shot a needle-arrow of sarcasm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03099", "bookId": 145, "start": 1154521, "end": 1154898, "sha256": "f86ae5bf59a9bf395a79d67fc7006062b81da20d95e7e1f54e66d95ef74b7139", "text": "“What will you do at Lowick, Dodo? You say yourself there is nothing to be done there: everybody is so clean and well off, it makes you quite melancholy. And here you have been so happy going all about Tipton with Mr. Garth into the worst backyards. And now uncle is abroad, you and Mr. Garth can have it all your own way; and I am sure James does everything you tell him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03100", "bookId": 145, "start": 1154900, "end": 1154992, "sha256": "fab9b1c3519a3eef19ff66ce5bbb3181f74ce7d5857dfcd5cd62eed7867148e8", "text": "“I shall often come here, and I shall see how baby grows all the better,” said Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03101", "bookId": 145, "start": 1154994, "end": 1155203, "sha256": "c2b8b98d8ab1294ff1dc42058edd9bff9010048d374aded835ac7bd8796d0986", "text": "“But you will never see him washed,” said Celia; “and that is quite the best part of the day.” She was almost pouting: it did seem to her very hard in Dodo to go away from the baby when she might stay.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03102", "bookId": 145, "start": 1155205, "end": 1155452, "sha256": "c94db778c2e26f1e406f7f23620de59262bc6ae8e004cc5e3a68f168ca007155", "text": "“Dear Kitty, I will come and stay all night on purpose,” said Dorothea; “but I want to be alone now, and in my own home. I wish to know the Farebrothers better, and to talk to Mr. Farebrother about what there is to be done in Middlemarch.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03103", "bookId": 145, "start": 1155454, "end": 1155931, "sha256": "472f3efb73ed37e6e650b68edc288df9001f7d5c8dc4975c7d2847d51933abd4", "text": "Dorothea’s native strength of will was no longer all converted into resolute submission. She had a great yearning to be at Lowick, and was simply determined to go, not feeling bound to tell all her reasons. But every one around her disapproved. Sir James was much pained, and offered that they should all migrate to Cheltenham for a few months with the sacred ark, otherwise called a cradle: at that period a man could hardly know what to propose if Cheltenham were rejected.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03104", "bookId": 145, "start": 1155933, "end": 1156385, "sha256": "02740411887f65f0b88d5e596390ee5f0edb49076c144764150352869cb51568", "text": "The Dowager Lady Chettam, just returned from a visit to her daughter in town, wished, at least, that Mrs. Vigo should be written to, and invited to accept the office of companion to Mrs. Casaubon: it was not credible that Dorothea as a young widow would think of living alone in the house at Lowick. Mrs. Vigo had been reader and secretary to royal personages, and in point of knowledge and sentiments even Dorothea could have nothing to object to her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03105", "bookId": 145, "start": 1156387, "end": 1157185, "sha256": "dff5313be5ae8e917a30cc5b3912c547311b2f9244e43ac757561410033395d7", "text": "Mrs. Cadwallader said, privately, “You will certainly go mad in that house alone, my dear. You will see visions. We have all got to exert ourselves a little to keep sane, and call things by the same names as other people call them by. To be sure, for younger sons and women who have no money, it is a sort of provision to go mad: they are taken care of then. But you must not run into that. I dare say you are a little bored here with our good dowager; but think what a bore you might become yourself to your fellow-creatures if you were always playing tragedy queen and taking things sublimely. Sitting alone in that library at Lowick you may fancy yourself ruling the weather; you must get a few people round you who wouldn’t believe you if you told them. That is a good lowering medicine.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03106", "bookId": 145, "start": 1157187, "end": 1157293, "sha256": "c618465882fcf69d5c6c2e4bed3cd2362cfa2e744f5a974cec237fda0ec70b58", "text": "“I never called everything by the same name that all the people about me did,” said Dorothea, stoutly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03107", "bookId": 145, "start": 1157295, "end": 1157416, "sha256": "20cf347bbc7b07cc211e849cdfd5ffe9cbcc3adfedb700a8231bd515ae8e9d45", "text": "“But I suppose you have found out your mistake, my dear,” said Mrs. Cadwallader, “and that is a proof of sanity.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03108", "bookId": 145, "start": 1157418, "end": 1157704, "sha256": "e231f04c1a40164b52c012de9e3e810508fe08d3f4c0c0c9081fdcc75090f9b2", "text": "Dorothea was aware of the sting, but it did not hurt her. “No,” she said, “I still think that the greater part of the world is mistaken about many things. Surely one may be sane and yet think so, since the greater part of the world has often had to come round from its opinion.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03109", "bookId": 145, "start": 1157706, "end": 1158211, "sha256": "76c163f13a689bbce8cdaecc21bf7c3b5e40755daef3a3c27013cb52a1a0a5f1", "text": "Mrs. Cadwallader said no more on that point to Dorothea, but to her husband she remarked, “It will be well for her to marry again as soon as it is proper, if one could get her among the right people. Of course the Chettams would not wish it. But I see clearly a husband is the best thing to keep her in order. If we were not so poor I would invite Lord Triton. He will be marquis some day, and there is no denying that she would make a good marchioness: she looks handsomer than ever in her mourning.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03110", "bookId": 145, "start": 1158213, "end": 1158318, "sha256": "f0680014cfffae96ae6b50d178dbc717db5e1558d97dd41189564f001ae6624a", "text": "“My dear Elinor, do let the poor woman alone. Such contrivances are of no use,” said the easy Rector.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03111", "bookId": 145, "start": 1158320, "end": 1158708, "sha256": "9f36760e48b13a1f12262c61ab35a1fa612b4aa9bb6f22ce50d864ae4ca4aad9", "text": "“No use? How are matches made, except by bringing men and women together? And it is a shame that her uncle should have run away and shut up the Grange just now. There ought to be plenty of eligible matches invited to Freshitt and the Grange. Lord Triton is precisely the man: full of plans for making the people happy in a soft-headed sort of way. That would just suit Mrs. Casaubon.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03112", "bookId": 145, "start": 1158710, "end": 1158761, "sha256": "2b201b7d4aafd49ef4a7d36f9669a02a3b7751628928906c42ff98195d416158", "text": "“Let Mrs. Casaubon choose for herself, Elinor.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03113", "bookId": 145, "start": 1158763, "end": 1159060, "sha256": "7fdc402eddb5cdcb8eb938958a1d65c24b341c8617f7034fabf366c8fc314705", "text": "“That is the nonsense you wise men talk! How can she choose if she has no variety to choose from? A woman’s choice usually means taking the only man she can get. Mark my words, Humphrey. If her friends don’t exert themselves, there will be a worse business than the Casaubon business yet.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03114", "bookId": 145, "start": 1159062, "end": 1159235, "sha256": "89b385ea06d5e6710a388f79aa27d5208fa75575247a726c932bfc25ae5cafa9", "text": "“For heaven’s sake don’t touch on that topic, Elinor! It is a very sore point with Sir James. He would be deeply offended if you entered on it to him unnecessarily.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03115", "bookId": 145, "start": 1159237, "end": 1159396, "sha256": "56bbe2bd787f69d73e36286870f23b0f536b1a7ddf9e0cad1fb265b3de31d364", "text": "“I have never entered on it,” said Mrs Cadwallader, opening her hands. “Celia told me all about the will at the beginning, without any asking of mine.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03116", "bookId": 145, "start": 1159398, "end": 1159521, "sha256": "b111e00cafec818dcaaa3eb89e7f31ae1a6e7ed4398693b829c38845bcabc309", "text": "“Yes, yes; but they want the thing hushed up, and I understand that the young fellow is going out of the neighborhood.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03117", "bookId": 145, "start": 1159523, "end": 1159649, "sha256": "e01ef5d7b107aa9d0fed2ff213d9cfea9bbb025574def8233e3085e7a299e5cf", "text": "Mrs. Cadwallader said nothing, but gave her husband three significant nods, with a very sarcastic expression in her dark eyes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03118", "bookId": 145, "start": 1159651, "end": 1161010, "sha256": "448b58ddde7b6b8fdba758f813f0be509743e38d6a1687d1fe5cf001d098edd0", "text": "Dorothea quietly persisted in spite of remonstrance and persuasion. So by the end of June the shutters were all opened at Lowick Manor, and the morning gazed calmly into the library, shining on the rows of note-books as it shines on the weary waste planted with huge stones, the mute memorial of a forgotten faith; and the evening laden with roses entered silently into the blue-green boudoir where Dorothea chose oftenest to sit. At first she walked into every room, questioning the eighteen months of her married life, and carrying on her thoughts as if they were a speech to be heard by her husband. Then, she lingered in the library and could not be at rest till she had carefully ranged all the note-books as she imagined that he would wish to see them, in orderly sequence. The pity which had been the restraining compelling motive in her life with him still clung about his image, even while she remonstrated with him in indignant thought and told him that he was unjust. One little act of hers may perhaps be smiled at as superstitious. The Synoptical Tabulation for the use of Mrs. Casaubon, she carefully enclosed and sealed, writing within the envelope, “I could not use it. Do you not see now that I could not submit my soul to yours, by working hopelessly at what I have no belief in—Dorothea?” Then she deposited the paper in her own desk.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03119", "bookId": 145, "start": 1161012, "end": 1162444, "sha256": "28b88d8c033a6288a8de8da6ccbf589e3400bed10bf0b892886741f779bd85e5", "text": "That silent colloquy was perhaps only the more earnest because underneath and through it all there was always the deep longing which had really determined her to come to Lowick. The longing was to see Will Ladislaw. She did not know any good that could come of their meeting: she was helpless; her hands had been tied from making up to him for any unfairness in his lot. But her soul thirsted to see him. How could it be otherwise? If a princess in the days of enchantment had seen a four-footed creature from among those which live in herds come to her once and again with a human gaze which rested upon her with choice and beseeching, what would she think of in her journeying, what would she look for when the herds passed her? Surely for the gaze which had found her, and which she would know again. Life would be no better than candle-light tinsel and daylight rubbish if our spirits were not touched by what has been, to issues of longing and constancy. It was true that Dorothea wanted to know the Farebrothers better, and especially to talk to the new rector, but also true that remembering what Lydgate had told her about Will Ladislaw and little Miss Noble, she counted on Will’s coming to Lowick to see the Farebrother family. The very first Sunday, _before_ she entered the church, she saw him as she had seen him the last time she was there, alone in the clergyman’s pew; but _when_ she entered his figure was gone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03120", "bookId": 145, "start": 1162446, "end": 1162685, "sha256": "bae126df9dec6f5bbfc4ba0b3c2c3d08c34e25f23fb3024a1360d46955cbe52c", "text": "In the week-days when she went to see the ladies at the Rectory, she listened in vain for some word that they might let fall about Will; but it seemed to her that Mrs. Farebrother talked of every one else in the neighborhood and out of it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03121", "bookId": 145, "start": 1162687, "end": 1162897, "sha256": "3a93cae2667479ae3792c1a65f746bdab6df28e6706f754859d6de60767040e5", "text": "“Probably some of Mr. Farebrother’s Middlemarch hearers may follow him to Lowick sometimes. Do you not think so?” said Dorothea, rather despising herself for having a secret motive in asking the question.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03122", "bookId": 145, "start": 1162899, "end": 1163394, "sha256": "d7659a3be0af01162df37758db6e649e2938b91b452d8a4559bb7a70e0642fb2", "text": "“If they are wise they will, Mrs. Casaubon,” said the old lady. “I see that you set a right value on my son’s preaching. His grandfather on my side was an excellent clergyman, but his father was in the law:—most exemplary and honest nevertheless, which is a reason for our never being rich. They say Fortune is a woman and capricious. But sometimes she is a good woman and gives to those who merit, which has been the case with you, Mrs. Casaubon, who have given a living to my son.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03123", "bookId": 145, "start": 1163396, "end": 1164221, "sha256": "eab60b5249b1fb667f1032058540b16be0943f810c7d61318832d0b41ba21123", "text": "Mrs. Farebrother recurred to her knitting with a dignified satisfaction in her neat little effort at oratory, but this was not what Dorothea wanted to hear. Poor thing! she did not even know whether Will Ladislaw was still at Middlemarch, and there was no one whom she dared to ask, unless it were Lydgate. But just now she could not see Lydgate without sending for him or going to seek him. Perhaps Will Ladislaw, having heard of that strange ban against him left by Mr. Casaubon, had felt it better that he and she should not meet again, and perhaps she was wrong to wish for a meeting that others might find many good reasons against. Still “I do wish it” came at the end of those wise reflections as naturally as a sob after holding the breath. And the meeting did happen, but in a formal way quite unexpected by her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03124", "bookId": 145, "start": 1164223, "end": 1165132, "sha256": "962d22d90c806eac22985e22ca9eb5ce468ba1ffaa06e63815d24cacba9fa0f8", "text": "One morning, about eleven, Dorothea was seated in her boudoir with a map of the land attached to the manor and other papers before her, which were to help her in making an exact statement for herself of her income and affairs. She had not yet applied herself to her work, but was seated with her hands folded on her lap, looking out along the avenue of limes to the distant fields. Every leaf was at rest in the sunshine, the familiar scene was changeless, and seemed to represent the prospect of her life, full of motiveless ease—motiveless, if her own energy could not seek out reasons for ardent action. The widow’s cap of those times made an oval frame for the face, and had a crown standing up; the dress was an experiment in the utmost laying on of crape; but this heavy solemnity of clothing made her face look all the younger, with its recovered bloom, and the sweet, inquiring candor of her eyes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03125", "bookId": 145, "start": 1165134, "end": 1165275, "sha256": "3462422f45e0b16ccfe759857c52e07ad1637cb89b76c434985184f93bb296bd", "text": "Her reverie was broken by Tantripp, who came to say that Mr. Ladislaw was below, and begged permission to see Madam if it were not too early.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03126", "bookId": 145, "start": 1165277, "end": 1165379, "sha256": "e261889234bbff1fc4efba1f3a7929bd5acd755e1966d8b5eb3243510717613c", "text": "“I will see him,” said Dorothea, rising immediately. “Let him be shown into the drawing-room.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03127", "bookId": 145, "start": 1165381, "end": 1166007, "sha256": "112be52f1d810a12059704e396b79c7a923df22d3f38bd7db069c98436e419e3", "text": "The drawing-room was the most neutral room in the house to her—the one least associated with the trials of her married life: the damask matched the wood-work, which was all white and gold; there were two tall mirrors and tables with nothing on them—in brief, it was a room where you had no reason for sitting in one place rather than in another. It was below the boudoir, and had also a bow-window looking out on the avenue. But when Pratt showed Will Ladislaw into it the window was open; and a winged visitor, buzzing in and out now and then without minding the furniture, made the room look less formal and uninhabited.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03128", "bookId": 145, "start": 1166009, "end": 1166088, "sha256": "20b5d1a83a131db45997b771ec6994b0e47bec3eb6d97b6c88410ac3b3505944", "text": "“Glad to see you here again, sir,” said Pratt, lingering to adjust a blind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03129", "bookId": 145, "start": 1166090, "end": 1166255, "sha256": "ca561841d4c981c7a605e99897c19c60bf9c9c537717886711c8bf9224e67552", "text": "“I am only come to say good-by, Pratt,” said Will, who wished even the butler to know that he was too proud to hang about Mrs. Casaubon now she was a rich widow.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03130", "bookId": 145, "start": 1166257, "end": 1166749, "sha256": "b5aece3fbfd8faaf1136f83b2725851fee74893d63ed02e44530e5cf8efa1528", "text": "“Very sorry to hear it, sir,” said Pratt, retiring. Of course, as a servant who was to be told nothing, he knew the fact of which Ladislaw was still ignorant, and had drawn his inferences; indeed, had not differed from his betrothed Tantripp when she said, “Your master was as jealous as a fiend—and no reason. Madam would look higher than Mr. Ladislaw, else I don’t know her. Mrs. Cadwallader’s maid says there’s a lord coming who is to marry her when the mourning’s over.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03131", "bookId": 145, "start": 1166751, "end": 1167853, "sha256": "497a011c5127370334a411937e9132048d76e89a2386060e99e5651588710f4c", "text": "There were not many moments for Will to walk about with his hat in his hand before Dorothea entered. The meeting was very different from that first meeting in Rome when Will had been embarrassed and Dorothea calm. This time he felt miserable but determined, while she was in a state of agitation which could not be hidden. Just outside the door she had felt that this longed-for meeting was after all too difficult, and when she saw Will advancing towards her, the deep blush which was rare in her came with painful suddenness. Neither of them knew how it was, but neither of them spoke. She gave her hand for a moment, and then they went to sit down near the window, she on one settee and he on another opposite. Will was peculiarly uneasy: it seemed to him not like Dorothea that the mere fact of her being a widow should cause such a change in her manner of receiving him; and he knew of no other condition which could have affected their previous relation to each other—except that, as his imagination at once told him, her friends might have been poisoning her mind with their suspicions of him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03132", "bookId": 145, "start": 1167855, "end": 1168024, "sha256": "c62b9e9a162cc460f985a8129f5533780b78d5138e9cccfdb27fb3c37404448d", "text": "“I hope I have not presumed too much in calling,” said Will; “I could not bear to leave the neighborhood and begin a new life without seeing you to say good-by.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03133", "bookId": 145, "start": 1168026, "end": 1168278, "sha256": "15f1a2786a822c63267267231824748031cc65ccd87bd124649c3cfb4e551033", "text": "“Presumed? Surely not. I should have thought it unkind if you had not wished to see me,” said Dorothea, her habit of speaking with perfect genuineness asserting itself through all her uncertainty and agitation. “Are you going away immediately?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03134", "bookId": 145, "start": 1168280, "end": 1168625, "sha256": "01063f1b97eac7f9180cb570bc7f94af37c04c7d828810db3a18fca6740fff2c", "text": "“Very soon, I think. I intend to go to town and eat my dinners as a barrister, since, they say, that is the preparation for all public business. There will be a great deal of political work to be done by-and-by, and I mean to try and do some of it. Other men have managed to win an honorable position for themselves without family or money.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03135", "bookId": 145, "start": 1168627, "end": 1169134, "sha256": "19b90fc93cee15e17759a31fd3a70e190c7f1389129bfa58c8d58eeae96e5ab6", "text": "“And that will make it all the more honorable,” said Dorothea, ardently. “Besides, you have so many talents. I have heard from my uncle how well you speak in public, so that every one is sorry when you leave off, and how clearly you can explain things. And you care that justice should be done to every one. I am so glad. When we were in Rome, I thought you only cared for poetry and art, and the things that adorn life for us who are well off. But now I know you think about the rest of the world.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03136", "bookId": 145, "start": 1169136, "end": 1169312, "sha256": "1d4ce4cb83a9006bd5c9d449a0ffce35024413ab1d4f4f771afb1b804e1f1073", "text": "While she was speaking Dorothea had lost her personal embarrassment, and had become like her former self. She looked at Will with a direct glance, full of delighted confidence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03137", "bookId": 145, "start": 1169314, "end": 1169574, "sha256": "7891f376b1a92805c84b314ac6004082fc69767eab407a8d56b961242bc91574", "text": "“You approve of my going away for years, then, and never coming here again till I have made myself of some mark in the world?” said Will, trying hard to reconcile the utmost pride with the utmost effort to get an expression of strong feeling from Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03138", "bookId": 145, "start": 1169576, "end": 1170575, "sha256": "f8c9a43aba23bee2f236eff7d204f609156fa40ca3f5a988878691da2a193538", "text": "She was not aware how long it was before she answered. She had turned her head and was looking out of the window on the rose-bushes, which seemed to have in them the summers of all the years when Will would be away. This was not judicious behavior. But Dorothea never thought of studying her manners: she thought only of bowing to a sad necessity which divided her from Will. Those first words of his about his intentions had seemed to make everything clear to her: he knew, she supposed, all about Mr. Casaubon’s final conduct in relation to him, and it had come to him with the same sort of shock as to herself. He had never felt more than friendship for her—had never had anything in his mind to justify what she felt to be her husband’s outrage on the feelings of both: and that friendship he still felt. Something which may be called an inward silent sob had gone on in Dorothea before she said with a pure voice, just trembling in the last words as if only from its liquid flexibility—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03139", "bookId": 145, "start": 1170577, "end": 1170761, "sha256": "876f2c1f2e784b8a9bed8321dde5edc5e3bdd42c847b5e0b9181a0f6fdf07d49", "text": "“Yes, it must be right for you to do as you say. I shall be very happy when I hear that you have made your value felt. But you must have patience. It will perhaps be a long while.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03140", "bookId": 145, "start": 1170763, "end": 1171067, "sha256": "7e39a4bed1376511a35f5f5bc0b40ae274777c6f9154696a30ddd54eac9e9164", "text": "Will never quite knew how it was that he saved himself from falling down at her feet, when the “long while” came forth with its gentle tremor. He used to say that the horrible hue and surface of her crape dress was most likely the sufficient controlling force. He sat still, however, and only said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03141", "bookId": 145, "start": 1171069, "end": 1171137, "sha256": "69cdd28719c45b9da2fd7183483b8d585ba10cf1e8070f11bdc5591a3075921c", "text": "“I shall never hear from you. And you will forget all about me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03142", "bookId": 145, "start": 1171139, "end": 1171387, "sha256": "7c466a9a2153390f0b86e5fe7d2955f9927087a376ca4e9d43ec59951ea846e3", "text": "“No,” said Dorothea, “I shall never forget you. I have never forgotten any one whom I once knew. My life has never been crowded, and seems not likely to be so. And I have a great deal of space for memory at Lowick, haven’t I?” She smiled.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03143", "bookId": 145, "start": 1171389, "end": 1172142, "sha256": "a166d8480559ab95bc317b3111966ff3f71a7d7fcbdd1e65fbb6db8df90ef104", "text": "“Good God!” Will burst out passionately, rising, with his hat still in his hand, and walking away to a marble table, where he suddenly turned and leaned his back against it. The blood had mounted to his face and neck, and he looked almost angry. It had seemed to him as if they were like two creatures slowly turning to marble in each other’s presence, while their hearts were conscious and their eyes were yearning. But there was no help for it. It should never be true of him that in this meeting to which he had come with bitter resolution he had ended by a confession which might be interpreted into asking for her fortune. Moreover, it was actually true that he was fearful of the effect which such confessions might have on Dorothea herself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03144", "bookId": 145, "start": 1172144, "end": 1172667, "sha256": "dc2d7a725d99326f75d0f37142aa217222a6784af62f3da95e759c9cd608b243", "text": "She looked at him from that distance in some trouble, imagining that there might have been an offence in her words. But all the while there was a current of thought in her about his probable want of money, and the impossibility of her helping him. If her uncle had been at home, something might have been done through him! It was this preoccupation with the hardship of Will’s wanting money, while she had what ought to have been his share, which led her to say, seeing that he remained silent and looked away from her—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03145", "bookId": 145, "start": 1172669, "end": 1172907, "sha256": "18c9b324e70af0d2dda42b2c30808221a83c24805c46297db94fe4da356119f8", "text": "“I wonder whether you would like to have that miniature which hangs up-stairs—I mean that beautiful miniature of your grandmother. I think it is not right for me to keep it, if you would wish to have it. It is wonderfully like you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03146", "bookId": 145, "start": 1172909, "end": 1173101, "sha256": "55768139545642ed7a2d44bf4097619341c10f23e6a010b67fdcf49a292cbae4", "text": "“You are very good,” said Will, irritably. “No; I don’t mind about it. It is not very consoling to have one’s own likeness. It would be more consoling if others wanted to have it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03147", "bookId": 145, "start": 1173103, "end": 1173345, "sha256": "b83015aae379856e5ba479c7e7d71639ed7ccafe67a36d82caa65ac495316bb2", "text": "“I thought you would like to cherish her memory—I thought—” Dorothea broke off an instant, her imagination suddenly warning her away from Aunt Julia’s history—“you would surely like to have the miniature as a family memorial.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03148", "bookId": 145, "start": 1173347, "end": 1173485, "sha256": "20cc5384fa9e043d251f526428d7aaf9199a8b3f8e80e978f2cef8260815e2dc", "text": "“Why should I have that, when I have nothing else! A man with only a portmanteau for his stowage must keep his memorials in his head.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03149", "bookId": 145, "start": 1173487, "end": 1173771, "sha256": "1c129c52907df7a01275d3a39b25ec33ae9e5aca3a9844b08e627ec183ed0128", "text": "Will spoke at random: he was merely venting his petulance; it was a little too exasperating to have his grandmother’s portrait offered him at that moment. But to Dorothea’s feeling his words had a peculiar sting. She rose and said with a touch of indignation as well as hauteur—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03150", "bookId": 145, "start": 1173773, "end": 1173845, "sha256": "2ef65f92ea2129760b478a77bdbd7c691af99f206bdf4996d40a5e6d9bef99c6", "text": "“You are much the happier of us two, Mr. Ladislaw, to have nothing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03151", "bookId": 145, "start": 1173847, "end": 1174348, "sha256": "a40bdb39656da02833fc5214052b8be43221fef8b162a03d320a8bf8b41fdcad", "text": "Will was startled. Whatever the words might be, the tone seemed like a dismissal; and quitting his leaning posture, he walked a little way towards her. Their eyes met, but with a strange questioning gravity. Something was keeping their minds aloof, and each was left to conjecture what was in the other. Will had really never thought of himself as having a claim of inheritance on the property which was held by Dorothea, and would have required a narrative to make him understand her present feeling.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03152", "bookId": 145, "start": 1174350, "end": 1174508, "sha256": "773067162a6485bc8da0061f12d17f7f143a8bb4514916257a171e83840e5624", "text": "“I never felt it a misfortune to have nothing till now,” he said. “But poverty may be as bad as leprosy, if it divides us from what we most care for.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03153", "bookId": 145, "start": 1174510, "end": 1174609, "sha256": "8ae8e5944875896e2040ee1de96cffae9f6ce90add708fbc266e60eb656b998c", "text": "The words cut Dorothea to the heart, and made her relent. She answered in a tone of sad fellowship.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03154", "bookId": 145, "start": 1174611, "end": 1174992, "sha256": "9964e31d2a5b75a1bb386842fc6bfceee62d7344fce230985e9165b13598e234", "text": "“Sorrow comes in so many ways. Two years ago I had no notion of that—I mean of the unexpected way in which trouble comes, and ties our hands, and makes us silent when we long to speak. I used to despise women a little for not shaping their lives more, and doing better things. I was very fond of doing as I liked, but I have almost given it up,” she ended, smiling playfully.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03155", "bookId": 145, "start": 1174994, "end": 1175390, "sha256": "0da34cf5c824ff845053bcacf06006d200f1dd3773835d80424c4461f86cf6f3", "text": "“I have not given up doing as I like, but I can very seldom do it,” said Will. He was standing two yards from her with his mind full of contradictory desires and resolves—desiring some unmistakable proof that she loved him, and yet dreading the position into which such a proof might bring him. “The thing one most longs for may be surrounded with conditions that would be intolerable.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03156", "bookId": 145, "start": 1175392, "end": 1175480, "sha256": "af7489477194d2a338258139a8a9308bc564533293189569219fef73cc1f719d", "text": "At this moment Pratt entered and said, “Sir James Chettam is in the library, madam.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03157", "bookId": 145, "start": 1175482, "end": 1175729, "sha256": "d7b350d31ff3f8098689fb94c3dda0ceb6a97fa697d8c20afef51f28ea4be8fe", "text": "“Ask Sir James to come in here,” said Dorothea, immediately. It was as if the same electric shock had passed through her and Will. Each of them felt proudly resistant, and neither looked at the other, while they awaited Sir James’s entrance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03158", "bookId": 145, "start": 1175731, "end": 1175887, "sha256": "8a72edaabfb37b02f930c256eaaeeff16ccbb195905fdfc9c21da265866f218c", "text": "After shaking hands with Dorothea, he bowed as slightly as possible to Ladislaw, who repaid the slightness exactly, and then going towards Dorothea, said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03159", "bookId": 145, "start": 1175889, "end": 1175960, "sha256": "f713e7a2b933547f5e71858d50c3153230f3e324f1e8ab984bde58e4c757b91a", "text": "“I must say good-by, Mrs. Casaubon; and probably for a long while.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03160", "bookId": 145, "start": 1175962, "end": 1177113, "sha256": "1c1417b65acb2b9744980d3738883cfc541861fcaf88478b4579eb21d2950ea3", "text": "Dorothea put out her hand and said her good-by cordially. The sense that Sir James was depreciating Will, and behaving rudely to him, roused her resolution and dignity: there was no touch of confusion in her manner. And when Will had left the room, she looked with such calm self-possession at Sir James, saying, “How is Celia?” that he was obliged to behave as if nothing had annoyed him. And what would be the use of behaving otherwise? Indeed, Sir James shrank with so much dislike from the association even in thought of Dorothea with Ladislaw as her possible lover, that he would himself have wished to avoid an outward show of displeasure which would have recognized the disagreeable possibility. If any one had asked him why he shrank in that way, I am not sure that he would at first have said anything fuller or more precise than “_That_ Ladislaw!”—though on reflection he might have urged that Mr. Casaubon’s codicil, barring Dorothea’s marriage with Will, except under a penalty, was enough to cast unfitness over any relation at all between them. His aversion was all the stronger because he felt himself unable to interfere.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03161", "bookId": 145, "start": 1177115, "end": 1177335, "sha256": "a5c794034dc4d58ffd64ec4ea481e887dd8ebbfc2ec67e2a30780b019b29f3ac", "text": "But Sir James was a power in a way unguessed by himself. Entering at that moment, he was an incorporation of the strongest reasons through which Will’s pride became a repellent force, keeping him asunder from Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03162", "bookId": 145, "start": 1177340, "end": 1177351, "sha256": "3195d3310d4513332d1a10d212ca477c91d8b44e807592dee03cb976518d96b4", "text": "CHAPTER LV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03163", "bookId": 145, "start": 1177353, "end": 1177557, "sha256": "cd9894137cdac25117fad847cbd6d9cc4c211410398eaf9e9992c55f1e87f01e", "text": "Hath she her faults? I would you had them too. They are the fruity must of soundest wine; Or say, they are regenerating fire Such as hath turned the dense black element Into a crystal pathway for the sun.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03164", "bookId": 145, "start": 1177560, "end": 1178002, "sha256": "3e9bb565b4554f7d4f2e8ef3bdab97fc02047e717cd9ad31a2e59a075cc2384e", "text": "If youth is the season of hope, it is often so only in the sense that our elders are hopeful about us; for no age is so apt as youth to think its emotions, partings, and resolves are the last of their kind. Each crisis seems final, simply because it is new. We are told that the oldest inhabitants in Peru do not cease to be agitated by the earthquakes, but they probably see beyond each shock, and reflect that there are plenty more to come.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03165", "bookId": 145, "start": 1178004, "end": 1180126, "sha256": "3d06de775b6c30a07530967e593f413bd65e09765f33d0b51dfcd3ce25bbf65c", "text": "To Dorothea, still in that time of youth when the eyes with their long full lashes look out after their rain of tears unsoiled and unwearied as a freshly opened passion-flower, that morning’s parting with Will Ladislaw seemed to be the close of their personal relations. He was going away into the distance of unknown years, and if ever he came back he would be another man. The actual state of his mind—his proud resolve to give the lie beforehand to any suspicion that he would play the needy adventurer seeking a rich woman—lay quite out of her imagination, and she had interpreted all his behavior easily enough by her supposition that Mr. Casaubon’s codicil seemed to him, as it did to her, a gross and cruel interdict on any active friendship between them. Their young delight in speaking to each other, and saying what no one else would care to hear, was forever ended, and become a treasure of the past. For this very reason she dwelt on it without inward check. That unique happiness too was dead, and in its shadowed silent chamber she might vent the passionate grief which she herself wondered at. For the first time she took down the miniature from the wall and kept it before her, liking to blend the woman who had been too hardly judged with the grandson whom her own heart and judgment defended. Can any one who has rejoiced in woman’s tenderness think it a reproach to her that she took the little oval picture in her palm and made a bed for it there, and leaned her cheek upon it, as if that would soothe the creatures who had suffered unjust condemnation? She did not know then that it was Love who had come to her briefly, as in a dream before awaking, with the hues of morning on his wings—that it was Love to whom she was sobbing her farewell as his image was banished by the blameless rigor of irresistible day. She only felt that there was something irrevocably amiss and lost in her lot, and her thoughts about the future were the more readily shapen into resolve. Ardent souls, ready to construct their coming lives, are apt to commit themselves to the fulfilment of their own visions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03166", "bookId": 145, "start": 1180128, "end": 1180803, "sha256": "7ec55ae72fc132b384f2573452fd3beff466c58ba7c177f897a99cdee83ade06", "text": "One day that she went to Freshitt to fulfil her promise of staying all night and seeing baby washed, Mrs. Cadwallader came to dine, the Rector being gone on a fishing excursion. It was a warm evening, and even in the delightful drawing-room, where the fine old turf sloped from the open window towards a lilied pool and well-planted mounds, the heat was enough to make Celia in her white muslin and light curls reflect with pity on what Dodo must feel in her black dress and close cap. But this was not until some episodes with baby were over, and had left her mind at leisure. She had seated herself and taken up a fan for some time before she said, in her quiet guttural—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03167", "bookId": 145, "start": 1180805, "end": 1180889, "sha256": "d22c8894a145d32701d62d17a86d3a1c4b91d7e1f8c14bb36cff5bb72201a022", "text": "“Dear Dodo, do throw off that cap. I am sure your dress must make you feel ill.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03168", "bookId": 145, "start": 1180891, "end": 1181030, "sha256": "4b8264082bdfbb2deaabb5821e5007b2dea4559a87a779dc44ab85827afa832b", "text": "“I am so used to the cap—it has become a sort of shell,” said Dorothea, smiling. “I feel rather bare and exposed when it is off.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03169", "bookId": 145, "start": 1181032, "end": 1181473, "sha256": "b7faefda645d58f81e0c42b9a942e3d49a9ef28abe405fcf53351406fa593d68", "text": "“I must see you without it; it makes us all warm,” said Celia, throwing down her fan, and going to Dorothea. It was a pretty picture to see this little lady in white muslin unfastening the widow’s cap from her more majestic sister, and tossing it on to a chair. Just as the coils and braids of dark-brown hair had been set free, Sir James entered the room. He looked at the released head, and said, “Ah!” in a tone of satisfaction.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03170", "bookId": 145, "start": 1181475, "end": 1181632, "sha256": "ea8bdedc1ddf2f09a40680e5626b35f96095c9542cccd15127d65a130fb60c29", "text": "“It was I who did it, James,” said Celia. “Dodo need not make such a slavery of her mourning; she need not wear that cap any more among her friends.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03171", "bookId": 145, "start": 1181634, "end": 1181727, "sha256": "317b5c2a776d4049a51b2a50e5b4d82649df33b65a9f207bf6876315f982e8a4", "text": "“My dear Celia,” said Lady Chettam, “a widow must wear her mourning at least a year.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03172", "bookId": 145, "start": 1181729, "end": 1181946, "sha256": "6557f25f4e6bd124aa5a31ae0351c6cc28c9890b1cef95d6c795888084cd089a", "text": "“Not if she marries again before the end of it,” said Mrs. Cadwallader, who had some pleasure in startling her good friend the Dowager. Sir James was annoyed, and leaned forward to play with Celia’s Maltese dog.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03173", "bookId": 145, "start": 1181948, "end": 1182385, "sha256": "63d7648a2072b083151e7ec0bda607849113be9e3e1dd4df81d839d3c0913af5", "text": "“That is very rare, I hope,” said Lady Chettam, in a tone intended to guard against such events. “No friend of ours ever committed herself in that way except Mrs. Beevor, and it was very painful to Lord Grinsell when she did so. Her first husband was objectionable, which made it the greater wonder. And severely she was punished for it. They said Captain Beevor dragged her about by the hair, and held up loaded pistols at her.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03174", "bookId": 145, "start": 1182387, "end": 1182674, "sha256": "9c13e786e56263a3f527d5ee2214928d2113c2f0b64b91e083f6e661a82c56cc", "text": "“Oh, if she took the wrong man!” said Mrs. Cadwallader, who was in a decidedly wicked mood. “Marriage is always bad then, first or second. Priority is a poor recommendation in a husband if he has got no other. I would rather have a good second husband than an indifferent first.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03175", "bookId": 145, "start": 1182676, "end": 1182856, "sha256": "d5565763d3628fadfebbc5fb457c5745362d45b159e881b6b26507e543f6a9e9", "text": "“My dear, your clever tongue runs away with you,” said Lady Chettam. “I am sure you would be the last woman to marry again prematurely, if our dear Rector were taken away.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03176", "bookId": 145, "start": 1182858, "end": 1183211, "sha256": "c1b0eae01940a00b3bc21d8cf64046a216ec3a64c91a92f55291e3671546cdc4", "text": "“Oh, I make no vows; it might be a necessary economy. It is lawful to marry again, I suppose; else we might as well be Hindoos instead of Christians. Of course if a woman accepts the wrong man, she must take the consequences, and one who does it twice over deserves her fate. But if she can marry blood, beauty, and bravery—the sooner the better.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03177", "bookId": 145, "start": 1183213, "end": 1183346, "sha256": "b7fb06b0c2122a5ac099b477b3d75e0f1abef687173ca6555a406138b6b5a72c", "text": "“I think the subject of our conversation is very ill-chosen,” said Sir James, with a look of disgust. “Suppose we change it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03178", "bookId": 145, "start": 1183348, "end": 1183864, "sha256": "e63f68c69516708dc5ab8c3b929003271c8086e8347d500ea047b8f60d390562", "text": "“Not on my account, Sir James,” said Dorothea, determined not to lose the opportunity of freeing herself from certain oblique references to excellent matches. “If you are speaking on my behalf, I can assure you that no question can be more indifferent and impersonal to me than second marriage. It is no more to me than if you talked of women going fox-hunting: whether it is admirable in them or not, I shall not follow them. Pray let Mrs. Cadwallader amuse herself on that subject as much as on any other.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03179", "bookId": 145, "start": 1183866, "end": 1184202, "sha256": "08064548c6bb56f8e92eac6dad8ea8459ef64a144d0978c7db87273b60f73994", "text": "“My dear Mrs. Casaubon,” said Lady Chettam, in her stateliest way, “you do not, I hope, think there was any allusion to you in my mentioning Mrs. Beevor. It was only an instance that occurred to me. She was step-daughter to Lord Grinsell: he married Mrs. Teveroy for his second wife. There could be no possible allusion to you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03180", "bookId": 145, "start": 1184204, "end": 1184397, "sha256": "be09e2ac875608e4a49ffd60328769cff39c12b65efa949740ae4758ec15214f", "text": "“Oh no,” said Celia. “Nobody chose the subject; it all came out of Dodo’s cap. Mrs. Cadwallader only said what was quite true. A woman could not be married in a widow’s cap, James.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03181", "bookId": 145, "start": 1184399, "end": 1184653, "sha256": "ec471b4f8cf6642fd7a5b9248bce123e374defb465aea5fef7d1da0fd9c6ae7c", "text": "“Hush, my dear!” said Mrs. Cadwallader. “I will not offend again. I will not even refer to Dido or Zenobia. Only what are we to talk about? I, for my part, object to the discussion of Human Nature, because that is the nature of rectors’ wives.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03182", "bookId": 145, "start": 1184655, "end": 1185007, "sha256": "4f284e3c431ca59612c78cfc35765901f26a47a245a7836cc05b6b8c3e9b9473", "text": "Later in the evening, after Mrs. Cadwallader was gone, Celia said privately to Dorothea, “Really, Dodo, taking your cap off made you like yourself again in more ways than one. You spoke up just as you used to do, when anything was said to displease you. But I could hardly make out whether it was James that you thought wrong, or Mrs. Cadwallader.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03183", "bookId": 145, "start": 1185009, "end": 1185281, "sha256": "0de845bf5f51072b524a3de3d5599fcc84a57900523d200400e0ef4a1b337d3a", "text": "“Neither,” said Dorothea. “James spoke out of delicacy to me, but he was mistaken in supposing that I minded what Mrs. Cadwallader said. I should only mind if there were a law obliging me to take any piece of blood and beauty that she or anybody else recommended.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03184", "bookId": 145, "start": 1185283, "end": 1185526, "sha256": "84062c5d56d04ccd7681f4b81ce508cc1aa16012a7d4827325b3ad58adb45228", "text": "“But you know, Dodo, if you ever did marry, it would be all the better to have blood and beauty,” said Celia, reflecting that Mr. Casaubon had not been richly endowed with those gifts, and that it would be well to caution Dorothea in time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03185", "bookId": 145, "start": 1185528, "end": 1185796, "sha256": "7cedbabcae0a16ccd0a2037f2622091c7114a9bbe0b58e8c70fd04a68dfd806b", "text": "“Don’t be anxious, Kitty; I have quite other thoughts about my life. I shall never marry again,” said Dorothea, touching her sister’s chin, and looking at her with indulgent affection. Celia was nursing her baby, and Dorothea had come to say good-night to her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03186", "bookId": 145, "start": 1185798, "end": 1185892, "sha256": "1fc1a25e71d5d83b68c100a0c1976a14cc36d0f9338274dd86b96b80e363ec77", "text": "“Really—quite?” said Celia. “Not anybody at all—if he were very wonderful indeed?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03187", "bookId": 145, "start": 1185894, "end": 1186290, "sha256": "69f71b0fa53225f74f4804e48987f6f43f71cd828f01360e9866548f3ae99cdb", "text": "Dorothea shook her head slowly. “Not anybody at all. I have delightful plans. I should like to take a great deal of land, and drain it, and make a little colony, where everybody should work, and all the work should be done well. I should know every one of the people and be their friend. I am going to have great consultations with Mr. Garth: he can tell me almost everything I want to know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03188", "bookId": 145, "start": 1186292, "end": 1186449, "sha256": "22e8d71a6c55ebc08db0bacdd9ff05190df825ff1344990e18a7fbaeb45584d2", "text": "“Then you _will_ be happy, if you have a plan, Dodo?” said Celia. “Perhaps little Arthur will like plans when he grows up, and then he can help you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03189", "bookId": 145, "start": 1186451, "end": 1187236, "sha256": "458fd670a0d388ec319ac20e64f383956f69960230520674ce974e91362970b3", "text": "Sir James was informed that same night that Dorothea was really quite set against marrying anybody at all, and was going to take to “all sorts of plans,” just like what she used to have. Sir James made no remark. To his secret feeling there was something repulsive in a woman’s second marriage, and no match would prevent him from feeling it a sort of desecration for Dorothea. He was aware that the world would regard such a sentiment as preposterous, especially in relation to a woman of one-and-twenty; the practice of “the world” being to treat of a young widow’s second marriage as certain and probably near, and to smile with meaning if the widow acts accordingly. But if Dorothea did choose to espouse her solitude, he felt that the resolution would well become her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03190", "bookId": 145, "start": 1187241, "end": 1187253, "sha256": "9948451047e776be4fe6ff2148ba8ad04b7219682ef5444d0d8a42ecd5903afc", "text": "CHAPTER LVI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03191", "bookId": 145, "start": 1187255, "end": 1187570, "sha256": "87e7a2fba4b134a09a866af6cd56c5b95d24b1142b3a868df116bb4e91e3a884", "text": "“How happy is he born and taught That serveth not another’s will; Whose armor is his honest thought, And simple truth his only skill! . . . . . . . This man is freed from servile bands Of hope to rise or fear to fall; Lord of himself though not of lands; And having nothing yet hath all.” —SIR HENRY WOTTON.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03192", "bookId": 145, "start": 1187573, "end": 1188077, "sha256": "0734870713ef606fb935c86301c1015377c7a993fe6af10cbfba73d20f0744d2", "text": "Dorothea’s confidence in Caleb Garth’s knowledge, which had begun on her hearing that he approved of her cottages, had grown fast during her stay at Freshitt, Sir James having induced her to take rides over the two estates in company with himself and Caleb, who quite returned her admiration, and told his wife that Mrs. Casaubon had a head for business most uncommon in a woman. It must be remembered that by “business” Caleb never meant money transactions, but the skilful application of labor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03193", "bookId": 145, "start": 1188079, "end": 1188501, "sha256": "294f90614274f145697d8eb76223441013080ce5c8844626ac674a35ed5d7239", "text": "“Most uncommon!” repeated Caleb. “She said a thing I often used to think myself when I was a lad:—‘Mr. Garth, I should like to feel, if I lived to be old, that I had improved a great piece of land and built a great many good cottages, because the work is of a healthy kind while it is being done, and after it is done, men are the better for it.’ Those were the very words: she sees into things in that way.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03194", "bookId": 145, "start": 1188503, "end": 1188633, "sha256": "685c133dcb7565b2a8c8c653e87e9fb30e114553adb945e2bac0918e7ff9226b", "text": "“But womanly, I hope,” said Mrs. Garth, half suspecting that Mrs. Casaubon might not hold the true principle of subordination.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03195", "bookId": 145, "start": 1188635, "end": 1188994, "sha256": "b8f429fcbfc05a96413b8ede0e53ec51d854960633c38a4f3dbb885ce9f773ec", "text": "“Oh, you can’t think!” said Caleb, shaking his head. “You would like to hear her speak, Susan. She speaks in such plain words, and a voice like music. Bless me! it reminds me of bits in the ‘Messiah’—‘and straightway there appeared a multitude of the heavenly host, praising God and saying;’ it has a tone with it that satisfies your ear.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03196", "bookId": 145, "start": 1188996, "end": 1189308, "sha256": "faba7b22b3ba39ea4b8d594e34a923569180bab48344f8d69665f83a95011358", "text": "Caleb was very fond of music, and when he could afford it went to hear an oratorio that came within his reach, returning from it with a profound reverence for this mighty structure of tones, which made him sit meditatively, looking on the floor and throwing much unutterable language into his outstretched hands.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03197", "bookId": 145, "start": 1189310, "end": 1190987, "sha256": "68669cf2ce112860af17cb7c69eefa3f5b2835025f53a4230714bd516d96f215", "text": "With this good understanding between them, it was natural that Dorothea asked Mr. Garth to undertake any business connected with the three farms and the numerous tenements attached to Lowick Manor; indeed, his expectation of getting work for two was being fast fulfilled. As he said, “Business breeds.” And one form of business which was beginning to breed just then was the construction of railways. A projected line was to run through Lowick parish where the cattle had hitherto grazed in a peace unbroken by astonishment; and thus it happened that the infant struggles of the railway system entered into the affairs of Caleb Garth, and determined the course of this history with regard to two persons who were dear to him. The submarine railway may have its difficulties; but the bed of the sea is not divided among various landed proprietors with claims for damages not only measurable but sentimental. In the hundred to which Middlemarch belonged railways were as exciting a topic as the Reform Bill or the imminent horrors of Cholera, and those who held the most decided views on the subject were women and landholders. Women both old and young regarded travelling by steam as presumptuous and dangerous, and argued against it by saying that nothing should induce them to get into a railway carriage; while proprietors, differing from each other in their arguments as much as Mr. Solomon Featherstone differed from Lord Medlicote, were yet unanimous in the opinion that in selling land, whether to the Enemy of mankind or to a company obliged to purchase, these pernicious agencies must be made to pay a very high price to landowners for permission to injure mankind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03198", "bookId": 145, "start": 1190989, "end": 1191364, "sha256": "a6919a62c849b366c04877e40ffcec4a8dc34f52460171e5eaa8c994afefa088", "text": "But the slower wits, such as Mr. Solomon and Mrs. Waule, who both occupied land of their own, took a long time to arrive at this conclusion, their minds halting at the vivid conception of what it would be to cut the Big Pasture in two, and turn it into three-cornered bits, which would be “nohow;” while accommodation-bridges and high payments were remote and incredible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03199", "bookId": 145, "start": 1191366, "end": 1191778, "sha256": "ef2ecc104b5648488b04ba32f44502e767412a27249d047880700c6fa92da929", "text": "“The cows will all cast their calves, brother,” said Mrs. Waule, in a tone of deep melancholy, “if the railway comes across the Near Close; and I shouldn’t wonder at the mare too, if she was in foal. It’s a poor tale if a widow’s property is to be spaded away, and the law say nothing to it. What’s to hinder ’em from cutting right and left if they begin? It’s well known, _I_ can’t fight.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03200", "bookId": 145, "start": 1191780, "end": 1192265, "sha256": "33363dc0e4800df305118244f8e80dcaf508f04136acdddd4c747daa9135df82", "text": "“The best way would be to say nothing, and set somebody on to send ’em away with a flea in their ear, when they came spying and measuring,” said Solomon. “Folks did that about Brassing, by what I can understand. It’s all a pretence, if the truth was known, about their being forced to take one way. Let ’em go cutting in another parish. And I don’t believe in any pay to make amends for bringing a lot of ruffians to trample your crops. Where’s a company’s pocket?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03201", "bookId": 145, "start": 1192267, "end": 1192452, "sha256": "c75af3725ca2de4a855567515eb187365557fe73d0778ff9c2c981abc7ec6a89", "text": "“Brother Peter, God forgive him, got money out of a company,” said Mrs. Waule. “But that was for the manganese. That wasn’t for railways to blow you to pieces right and left.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03202", "bookId": 145, "start": 1192454, "end": 1192688, "sha256": "4a11b38b52ead0db853f61f0f0c61d39eb5a0b61d1cf60abea7308d9e693bc06", "text": "“Well, there’s this to be said, Jane,” Mr. Solomon concluded, lowering his voice in a cautious manner—“the more spokes we put in their wheel, the more they’ll pay us to let ’em go on, if they must come whether or not.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03203", "bookId": 145, "start": 1192690, "end": 1193287, "sha256": "08e6ecb4f0ab302d7493e5695c99a7e3ef21c24d5705a152edd97d4d00909d34", "text": "This reasoning of Mr. Solomon’s was perhaps less thorough than he imagined, his cunning bearing about the same relation to the course of railways as the cunning of a diplomatist bears to the general chill or catarrh of the solar system. But he set about acting on his views in a thoroughly diplomatic manner, by stimulating suspicion. His side of Lowick was the most remote from the village, and the houses of the laboring people were either lone cottages or were collected in a hamlet called Frick, where a water-mill and some stone-pits made a little centre of slow, heavy-shouldered industry.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03204", "bookId": 145, "start": 1193289, "end": 1194415, "sha256": "ed17077aaa4738907edb497557c76ee579e2292a1c05de78eca53d57beec8756", "text": "In the absence of any precise idea as to what railways were, public opinion in Frick was against them; for the human mind in that grassy corner had not the proverbial tendency to admire the unknown, holding rather that it was likely to be against the poor man, and that suspicion was the only wise attitude with regard to it. Even the rumor of Reform had not yet excited any millennial expectations in Frick, there being no definite promise in it, as of gratuitous grains to fatten Hiram Ford’s pig, or of a publican at the “Weights and Scales” who would brew beer for nothing, or of an offer on the part of the three neighboring farmers to raise wages during winter. And without distinct good of this kind in its promises, Reform seemed on a footing with the bragging of pedlers, which was a hint for distrust to every knowing person. The men of Frick were not ill-fed, and were less given to fanaticism than to a strong muscular suspicion; less inclined to believe that they were peculiarly cared for by heaven, than to regard heaven itself as rather disposed to take them in—a disposition observable in the weather.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03205", "bookId": 145, "start": 1194417, "end": 1195985, "sha256": "ef0a5f9d852cafbe4c2aa41c80efff73a998c9b94f58aef14fe8dd6bc33c878f", "text": "Thus the mind of Frick was exactly of the sort for Mr. Solomon Featherstone to work upon, he having more plenteous ideas of the same order, with a suspicion of heaven and earth which was better fed and more entirely at leisure. Solomon was overseer of the roads at that time, and on his slow-paced cob often took his rounds by Frick to look at the workmen getting the stones there, pausing with a mysterious deliberation, which might have misled you into supposing that he had some other reason for staying than the mere want of impulse to move. After looking for a long while at any work that was going on, he would raise his eyes a little and look at the horizon; finally he would shake his bridle, touch his horse with the whip, and get it to move slowly onward. The hour-hand of a clock was quick by comparison with Mr. Solomon, who had an agreeable sense that he could afford to be slow. He was in the habit of pausing for a cautious, vaguely designing chat with every hedger or ditcher on his way, and was especially willing to listen even to news which he had heard before, feeling himself at an advantage over all narrators in partially disbelieving them. One day, however, he got into a dialogue with Hiram Ford, a wagoner, in which he himself contributed information. He wished to know whether Hiram had seen fellows with staves and instruments spying about: they called themselves railroad people, but there was no telling what they were or what they meant to do. The least they pretended was that they were going to cut Lowick Parish into sixes and sevens.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03206", "bookId": 145, "start": 1195987, "end": 1196100, "sha256": "d79f9cfe47c4839cff6e3debc44e8c062be93515a9da4c473ad6ce20d2b420d9", "text": "“Why, there’ll be no stirrin’ from one pla-ace to another,” said Hiram, thinking of his wagon and horses.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03207", "bookId": 145, "start": 1196102, "end": 1196385, "sha256": "98e5c2c5508b40d062f147f41e8ecbc8a4b228f2c599ae67621d3b25c3075111", "text": "“Not a bit,” said Mr. Solomon. “And cutting up fine land such as this parish! Let ’em go into Tipton, say I. But there’s no knowing what there is at the bottom of it. Traffic is what they put for’ard; but it’s to do harm to the land and the poor man in the long-run.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03208", "bookId": 145, "start": 1196387, "end": 1196515, "sha256": "36c869b25ce1f0bbdfa35e5440d740ca3e6a75d33e8765b17a7883d70c843e61", "text": "“Why, they’re Lunnon chaps, I reckon,” said Hiram, who had a dim notion of London as a centre of hostility to the country.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03209", "bookId": 145, "start": 1196517, "end": 1196751, "sha256": "bf8aa9aafea2464a834c9b26fa9d8582ba1825fd01d40fb7cff7067eae58899e", "text": "“Ay, to be sure. And in some parts against Brassing, by what I’ve heard say, the folks fell on ’em when they were spying, and broke their peep-holes as they carry, and drove ’em away, so as they knew better than come again.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03210", "bookId": 145, "start": 1196753, "end": 1196852, "sha256": "d52a5973598f74b9f1e1372294e5f8719a6bd45cab487b116d87c35ceabf9909", "text": "“It war good foon, I’d be bound,” said Hiram, whose fun was much restricted by circumstances.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03211", "bookId": 145, "start": 1196854, "end": 1197224, "sha256": "ccf6291a4d38ce660a1b3b176856920daef96d319384a44842fc0740d2e23015", "text": "“Well, I wouldn’t meddle with ’em myself,” said Solomon. “But some say this country’s seen its best days, and the sign is, as it’s being overrun with these fellows trampling right and left, and wanting to cut it up into railways; and all for the big traffic to swallow up the little, so as there shan’t be a team left on the land, nor a whip to crack.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03212", "bookId": 145, "start": 1197226, "end": 1197377, "sha256": "9ded33f4c2799d97bd8313f505e56d4b826a5e16ac2c4cb7e455ed75f87bd41d", "text": "“I’ll crack _my_ whip about their ear’n, afore they bring it to that, though,” said Hiram, while Mr. Solomon, shaking his bridle, moved onward.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03213", "bookId": 145, "start": 1197379, "end": 1197639, "sha256": "5790206b0123778d1f2d01a855ad7093494b8b755d0421ffbd28dfb164dae204", "text": "Nettle-seed needs no digging. The ruin of this countryside by railroads was discussed, not only at the “Weights and Scales,” but in the hay-field, where the muster of working hands gave opportunities for talk such as were rarely had through the rural year.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03214", "bookId": 145, "start": 1197641, "end": 1198668, "sha256": "b091f1e7d2ad79bc2db52f60ce0731e4a8e906e57bd69d72769d75c93d7cc325", "text": "One morning, not long after that interview between Mr. Farebrother and Mary Garth, in which she confessed to him her feeling for Fred Vincy, it happened that her father had some business which took him to Yoddrell’s farm in the direction of Frick: it was to measure and value an outlying piece of land belonging to Lowick Manor, which Caleb expected to dispose of advantageously for Dorothea (it must be confessed that his bias was towards getting the best possible terms from railroad companies). He put up his gig at Yoddrell’s, and in walking with his assistant and measuring-chain to the scene of his work, he encountered the party of the company’s agents, who were adjusting their spirit-level. After a little chat he left them, observing that by-and-by they would reach him again where he was going to measure. It was one of those gray mornings after light rains, which become delicious about twelve o’clock, when the clouds part a little, and the scent of the earth is sweet along the lanes and by the hedgerows.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03215", "bookId": 145, "start": 1198670, "end": 1201324, "sha256": "eec10ece8a1ad400146974af7a527aa92e8da90c0b2f377eaf6853df384a7922", "text": "The scent would have been sweeter to Fred Vincy, who was coming along the lanes on horseback, if his mind had not been worried by unsuccessful efforts to imagine what he was to do, with his father on one side expecting him straightway to enter the Church, with Mary on the other threatening to forsake him if he did enter it, and with the working-day world showing no eager need whatever of a young gentleman without capital and generally unskilled. It was the harder to Fred’s disposition because his father, satisfied that he was no longer rebellious, was in good humor with him, and had sent him on this pleasant ride to see after some greyhounds. Even when he had fixed on what he should do, there would be the task of telling his father. But it must be admitted that the fixing, which had to come first, was the more difficult task:—what secular avocation on earth was there for a young man (whose friends could not get him an “appointment”) which was at once gentlemanly, lucrative, and to be followed without special knowledge? Riding along the lanes by Frick in this mood, and slackening his pace while he reflected whether he should venture to go round by Lowick Parsonage to call on Mary, he could see over the hedges from one field to another. Suddenly a noise roused his attention, and on the far side of a field on his left hand he could see six or seven men in smock-frocks with hay-forks in their hands making an offensive approach towards the four railway agents who were facing them, while Caleb Garth and his assistant were hastening across the field to join the threatened group. Fred, delayed a few moments by having to find the gate, could not gallop up to the spot before the party in smock-frocks, whose work of turning the hay had not been too pressing after swallowing their mid-day beer, were driving the men in coats before them with their hay-forks; while Caleb Garth’s assistant, a lad of seventeen, who had snatched up the spirit-level at Caleb’s order, had been knocked down and seemed to be lying helpless. The coated men had the advantage as runners, and Fred covered their retreat by getting in front of the smock-frocks and charging them suddenly enough to throw their chase into confusion. “What do you confounded fools mean?” shouted Fred, pursuing the divided group in a zigzag, and cutting right and left with his whip. “I’ll swear to every one of you before the magistrate. You’ve knocked the lad down and killed him, for what I know. You’ll every one of you be hanged at the next assizes, if you don’t mind,” said Fred, who afterwards laughed heartily as he remembered his own phrases.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03216", "bookId": 145, "start": 1201326, "end": 1201568, "sha256": "b7391e1fc699b66d72df80d9348cadf43b63f116b5f1fc04e26d13fc0ec8012d", "text": "The laborers had been driven through the gate-way into their hay-field, and Fred had checked his horse, when Hiram Ford, observing himself at a safe challenging distance, turned back and shouted a defiance which he did not know to be Homeric.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03217", "bookId": 145, "start": 1201570, "end": 1201782, "sha256": "45f699e591cc4465563fd7ab40c67f2043197c79d20e170bb520df6894af5b3c", "text": "“Yo’re a coward, yo are. Yo git off your horse, young measter, and I’ll have a round wi’ ye, I wull. Yo daredn’t come on wi’out your hoss an’ whip. I’d soon knock the breath out on ye, I would.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03218", "bookId": 145, "start": 1201784, "end": 1202048, "sha256": "0c91ef801033db28bbfde7646310b8bf2ac1246a5748a9746f403531d89f88b6", "text": "“Wait a minute, and I’ll come back presently, and have a round with you all in turn, if you like,” said Fred, who felt confidence in his power of boxing with his dearly beloved brethren. But just now he wanted to hasten back to Caleb and the prostrate youth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03219", "bookId": 145, "start": 1202050, "end": 1202238, "sha256": "e5eb523322538302c60ef556e8f674f9dea906bdf1a94e06777dd77572ac7b95", "text": "The lad’s ankle was strained, and he was in much pain from it, but he was no further hurt, and Fred placed him on the horse that he might ride to Yoddrell’s and be taken care of there.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03220", "bookId": 145, "start": 1202240, "end": 1202384, "sha256": "636482c6b85db1fb248c1caad7d3ceedda48265ca8b5a9303a431aac92f2e934", "text": "“Let them put the horse in the stable, and tell the surveyors they can come back for their traps,” said Fred. “The ground is clear now.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03221", "bookId": 145, "start": 1202386, "end": 1202603, "sha256": "8e755dea206cb4bb942a7acc107c37426555686f3a901cd7c88bb8db62edd973", "text": "“No, no,” said Caleb, “here’s a breakage. They’ll have to give up for to-day, and it will be as well. Here, take the things before you on the horse, Tom. They’ll see you coming, and they’ll turn back.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03222", "bookId": 145, "start": 1202605, "end": 1202786, "sha256": "295c1761f6ce15af866fb742ef0c4e20a1b32aa519c142c7c7557abf687b6b62", "text": "“I’m glad I happened to be here at the right moment, Mr. Garth,” said Fred, as Tom rode away. “No knowing what might have happened if the cavalry had not come up in time.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03223", "bookId": 145, "start": 1202788, "end": 1203333, "sha256": "80c821cd46f60b1b11cf1bbe7686d24f894a0af8eb938bd67a142f198c0212f0", "text": "“Ay, ay, it was lucky,” said Caleb, speaking rather absently, and looking towards the spot where he had been at work at the moment of interruption. “But—deuce take it—this is what comes of men being fools—I’m hindered of my day’s work. I can’t get along without somebody to help me with the measuring-chain. However!” He was beginning to move towards the spot with a look of vexation, as if he had forgotten Fred’s presence, but suddenly he turned round and said quickly, “What have you got to do to-day, young fellow?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03224", "bookId": 145, "start": 1203335, "end": 1203487, "sha256": "3de0342c80af3162abd710d0e44bde1bcddba40adc37b4ae06c2fcbe6105f929", "text": "“Nothing, Mr. Garth. I’ll help you with pleasure—can I?” said Fred, with a sense that he should be courting Mary when he was helping her father.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03225", "bookId": 145, "start": 1203489, "end": 1203545, "sha256": "e6ec520dc8ef164b28572434fb7a76a68a8ddbb6ae2f16a552a6b99fc22130cc", "text": "“Well, you mustn’t mind stooping and getting hot.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03226", "bookId": 145, "start": 1203547, "end": 1203733, "sha256": "8622946df0727174ad84092171969e98ba4480aa28620024f57ad55025bc6623", "text": "“I don’t mind anything. Only I want to go first and have a round with that hulky fellow who turned to challenge me. It would be a good lesson for him. I shall not be five minutes.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03227", "bookId": 145, "start": 1203735, "end": 1203944, "sha256": "523f348c6f7cdb0ec0e31114d511604962698676c46b893a44774734b382520e", "text": "“Nonsense!” said Caleb, with his most peremptory intonation. “I shall go and speak to the men myself. It’s all ignorance. Somebody has been telling them lies. The poor fools don’t know any better.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03228", "bookId": 145, "start": 1203946, "end": 1203989, "sha256": "532f4f2682dc9da8a63041971e3f29aac1b3b7cab017908c584c8156b552cad7", "text": "“I shall go with you, then,” said Fred.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03229", "bookId": 145, "start": 1203991, "end": 1204084, "sha256": "d2f5fe763b0ab9e464383eec8f8151e48d5519a9828c668ca3641cee4c89989f", "text": "“No, no; stay where you are. I don’t want your young blood. I can take care of myself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03230", "bookId": 145, "start": 1204086, "end": 1205061, "sha256": "ca3bf19e818e4ec03425d90a18cefc3938d701eddf521ac274cfd019db29a426", "text": "Caleb was a powerful man and knew little of any fear except the fear of hurting others and the fear of having to speechify. But he felt it his duty at this moment to try and give a little harangue. There was a striking mixture in him—which came from his having always been a hard-working man himself—of rigorous notions about workmen and practical indulgence towards them. To do a good day’s work and to do it well, he held to be part of their welfare, as it was the chief part of his own happiness; but he had a strong sense of fellowship with them. When he advanced towards the laborers they had not gone to work again, but were standing in that form of rural grouping which consists in each turning a shoulder towards the other, at a distance of two or three yards. They looked rather sulkily at Caleb, who walked quickly with one hand in his pocket and the other thrust between the buttons of his waistcoat, and had his every-day mild air when he paused among them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03231", "bookId": 145, "start": 1205063, "end": 1205440, "sha256": "bc98e22e962b1f34734af5e8522bf5ca33c07b810be3fe9662a1290bafabe730", "text": "“Why, my lads, how’s this?” he began, taking as usual to brief phrases, which seemed pregnant to himself, because he had many thoughts lying under them, like the abundant roots of a plant that just manages to peep above the water. “How came you to make such a mistake as this? Somebody has been telling you lies. You thought those men up there wanted to do mischief.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03232", "bookId": 145, "start": 1205442, "end": 1205536, "sha256": "86883c66404ff1d2b3e4f141f04ebd9ab0d94c1dbc933388d6e5d3953a30d77e", "text": "“Aw!” was the answer, dropped at intervals by each according to his degree of unreadiness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03233", "bookId": 145, "start": 1205538, "end": 1206093, "sha256": "45ca98825714b74f918ede362d02d8aa260d1548420ecf8895b3fb37219c6508", "text": "“Nonsense! No such thing! They’re looking out to see which way the railroad is to take. Now, my lads, you can’t hinder the railroad: it will be made whether you like it or not. And if you go fighting against it, you’ll get yourselves into trouble. The law gives those men leave to come here on the land. The owner has nothing to say against it, and if you meddle with them you’ll have to do with the constable and Justice Blakesley, and with the handcuffs and Middlemarch jail. And you might be in for it now, if anybody informed against you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03234", "bookId": 145, "start": 1206095, "end": 1206223, "sha256": "960a4caa6099fbdae4ce8cf10908362f2d78c11f8f8f4f9846430a770332594b", "text": "Caleb paused here, and perhaps the greatest orator could not have chosen either his pause or his images better for the occasion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03235", "bookId": 145, "start": 1206225, "end": 1206458, "sha256": "26faa430100962891b62640ab3f2de9a3b1f79b96ea778785c3138bc8ccc4678", "text": "“But come, you didn’t mean any harm. Somebody told you the railroad was a bad thing. That was a lie. It may do a bit of harm here and there, to this and to that; and so does the sun in heaven. But the railway’s a good thing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03236", "bookId": 145, "start": 1206460, "end": 1207363, "sha256": "3a68c45ef5c130d3c56a85312b7779b0a1e8e716da24cb0a23690e04a2b6790e", "text": "“Aw! good for the big folks to make money out on,” said old Timothy Cooper, who had stayed behind turning his hay while the others had been gone on their spree;—“I’n seen lots o’ things turn up sin’ I war a young un—the war an’ the peace, and the canells, an’ the oald King George, an’ the Regen’, an’ the new King George, an’ the new un as has got a new ne-ame—an’ it’s been all aloike to the poor mon. What’s the canells been t’ him? They’n brought him neyther me-at nor be-acon, nor wage to lay by, if he didn’t save it wi’ clemmin’ his own inside. Times ha’ got wusser for him sin’ I war a young un. An’ so it’ll be wi’ the railroads. They’ll on’y leave the poor mon furder behind. But them are fools as meddle, and so I told the chaps here. This is the big folks’s world, this is. But yo’re for the big folks, Muster Garth, yo are.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03237", "bookId": 145, "start": 1207365, "end": 1208233, "sha256": "541ec8a2592f0babf3836e3bd38612b148da22f8829ee398939bb7c40ea237e0", "text": "Timothy was a wiry old laborer, of a type lingering in those times—who had his savings in a stocking-foot, lived in a lone cottage, and was not to be wrought on by any oratory, having as little of the feudal spirit, and believing as little, as if he had not been totally unacquainted with the Age of Reason and the Rights of Man. Caleb was in a difficulty known to any person attempting in dark times and unassisted by miracle to reason with rustics who are in possession of an undeniable truth which they know through a hard process of feeling, and can let it fall like a giant’s club on your neatly carved argument for a social benefit which they do not feel. Caleb had no cant at command, even if he could have chosen to use it; and he had been accustomed to meet all such difficulties in no other way than by doing his “business” faithfully. He answered—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03238", "bookId": 145, "start": 1208235, "end": 1208594, "sha256": "85eff47802d72e33b9278f9cf0d5d625c9f91d6e788b0136eb770117670dea3c", "text": "“If you don’t think well of me, Tim, never mind; that’s neither here nor there now. Things may be bad for the poor man—bad they are; but I want the lads here not to do what will make things worse for themselves. The cattle may have a heavy load, but it won’t help ’em to throw it over into the roadside pit, when it’s partly their own fodder.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03239", "bookId": 145, "start": 1208596, "end": 1208720, "sha256": "523e628bfd709770dab62e7cdb21333ec1b944483b00fb411a4dfb77f9e17691", "text": "“We war on’y for a bit o’ foon,” said Hiram, who was beginning to see consequences. “That war all we war arter.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03240", "bookId": 145, "start": 1208722, "end": 1208813, "sha256": "71b1f778b4a1c020d45f2dcb477f438e10e399c657e42ece17bea76ba6c30e49", "text": "“Well, promise me not to meddle again, and I’ll see that nobody informs against you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03241", "bookId": 145, "start": 1208815, "end": 1208889, "sha256": "f274d162ff58046f1345ac47792c6ab5c8ef480b14674d2fd043563c883dae57", "text": "“I’n ne’er meddled, an’ I’n no call to promise,” said Timothy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03242", "bookId": 145, "start": 1208891, "end": 1209040, "sha256": "122ef01018c2e8978a77ed3ec9e7efeaa20e947349ca425a290be710cabfca34", "text": "“No, but the rest. Come, I’m as hard at work as any of you to-day, and I can’t spare much time. Say you’ll be quiet without the constable.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03243", "bookId": 145, "start": 1209042, "end": 1209242, "sha256": "d439f4c76eea33473b37a877a52de6274a092a6c579c36dbc55b704a193d26ed", "text": "“Aw, we wooant meddle—they may do as they loike for oos”—were the forms in which Caleb got his pledges; and then he hastened back to Fred, who had followed him, and watched him in the gateway.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03244", "bookId": 145, "start": 1209244, "end": 1210124, "sha256": "2de74c7ec241fbab4eeed84985c036e72cc4e800a2172a4de34fabba78124ce3", "text": "They went to work, and Fred helped vigorously. His spirits had risen, and he heartily enjoyed a good slip in the moist earth under the hedgerow, which soiled his perfect summer trousers. Was it his successful onset which had elated him, or the satisfaction of helping Mary’s father? Something more. The accidents of the morning had helped his frustrated imagination to shape an employment for himself which had several attractions. I am not sure that certain fibres in Mr. Garth’s mind had not resumed their old vibration towards the very end which now revealed itself to Fred. For the effective accident is but the touch of fire where there is oil and tow; and it always appeared to Fred that the railway brought the needed touch. But they went on in silence except when their business demanded speech. At last, when they had finished and were walking away, Mr. Garth said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03245", "bookId": 145, "start": 1210126, "end": 1210202, "sha256": "1cd6fb3c3340be989214ef6faa1246fe9b3d1a7e5c036045c7f214204f4b2a70", "text": "“A young fellow needn’t be a B. A. to do this sort of work, eh, Fred?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03246", "bookId": 145, "start": 1210204, "end": 1210406, "sha256": "01ee824bf52e18fc6daf342f4a0d546c9497163956662a1b13bfcb18979456b8", "text": "“I wish I had taken to it before I had thought of being a B. A.,” said Fred. He paused a moment, and then added, more hesitatingly, “Do you think I am too old to learn your business, Mr. Garth?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03247", "bookId": 145, "start": 1210408, "end": 1210823, "sha256": "164e85cec330a2c22c4780afe289f38888a404f1b3393e3f8ccf784995420c2b", "text": "“My business is of many sorts, my boy,” said Mr. Garth, smiling. “A good deal of what I know can only come from experience: you can’t learn it off as you learn things out of a book. But you are young enough to lay a foundation yet.” Caleb pronounced the last sentence emphatically, but paused in some uncertainty. He had been under the impression lately that Fred had made up his mind to enter the Church.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03248", "bookId": 145, "start": 1210825, "end": 1210914, "sha256": "4825010ca1ae7ebddcb5be001ca55882b3b6628154724d2e3ef5c447a691d8a4", "text": "“You do think I could do some good at it, if I were to try?” said Fred, more eagerly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03249", "bookId": 145, "start": 1210916, "end": 1211775, "sha256": "f90877ae8b8627dd9edda9cd43421e506a6fc309614feef9bdad2e3fce282e92", "text": "“That depends,” said Caleb, turning his head on one side and lowering his voice, with the air of a man who felt himself to be saying something deeply religious. “You must be sure of two things: you must love your work, and not be always looking over the edge of it, wanting your play to begin. And the other is, you must not be ashamed of your work, and think it would be more honorable to you to be doing something else. You must have a pride in your own work and in learning to do it well, and not be always saying, There’s this and there’s that—if I had this or that to do, I might make something of it. No matter what a man is—I wouldn’t give twopence for him”—here Caleb’s mouth looked bitter, and he snapped his fingers—“whether he was the prime minister or the rick-thatcher, if he didn’t do well what he undertook to do.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03250", "bookId": 145, "start": 1211777, "end": 1211890, "sha256": "d507f555f539a877310b16a1ee7d0c699e9d86621ecc6ee46f9406e83e7712de", "text": "“I can never feel that I should do that in being a clergyman,” said Fred, meaning to take a step in argument.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03251", "bookId": 145, "start": 1211892, "end": 1212030, "sha256": "de8bbb48fae5fcf9e90a1fa8b34a0552a1a0ab06b20f46089e1196c10f2ceffe", "text": "“Then let it alone, my boy,” said Caleb, abruptly, “else you’ll never be easy. Or, if you _are_ easy, you’ll be a poor stick.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03252", "bookId": 145, "start": 1212032, "end": 1212305, "sha256": "38123d1c11e6123a27022ea5fea8060725c87e89c85d60c7926753d47755d97e", "text": "“That is very nearly what Mary thinks about it,” said Fred, coloring. “I think you must know what I feel for Mary, Mr. Garth: I hope it does not displease you that I have always loved her better than any one else, and that I shall never love any one as I love her.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03253", "bookId": 145, "start": 1212307, "end": 1212437, "sha256": "61511d8b038584a3da39b3edc18c4d6602952c2c3692bc636dff338dc9f9295a", "text": "The expression of Caleb’s face was visibly softening while Fred spoke. But he swung his head with a solemn slowness, and said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03254", "bookId": 145, "start": 1212439, "end": 1212540, "sha256": "f88082b7307ddcc0ecaa436f7104250252e01739544cb03a3975a924c875d882", "text": "“That makes things more serious, Fred, if you want to take Mary’s happiness into your keeping.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03255", "bookId": 145, "start": 1212542, "end": 1213234, "sha256": "344685bc8e1b39d87a9b25c0a511c2e365a172f048dc38f8498dfc380b30fda7", "text": "“I know that, Mr. Garth,” said Fred, eagerly, “and I would do anything for _her_. She says she will never have me if I go into the Church; and I shall be the most miserable devil in the world if I lose all hope of Mary. Really, if I could get some other profession, business—anything that I am at all fit for, I would work hard, I would deserve your good opinion. I should like to have to do with outdoor things. I know a good deal about land and cattle already. I used to believe, you know—though you will think me rather foolish for it—that I should have land of my own. I am sure knowledge of that sort would come easily to me, especially if I could be under you in any way.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03256", "bookId": 145, "start": 1213236, "end": 1213374, "sha256": "9cad859942bde9f945e49744a69fe2938e4e3fb05442a4e07d5fcd93633b7689", "text": "“Softly, my boy,” said Caleb, having the image of “Susan” before his eyes. “What have you said to your father about all this?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03257", "bookId": 145, "start": 1213376, "end": 1213708, "sha256": "903ad85bfccc9b31d0870c6cd4fdd3d9f8fa9684a3c257741ac706e2602ebbb9", "text": "“Nothing, yet; but I must tell him. I am only waiting to know what I can do instead of entering the Church. I am very sorry to disappoint him, but a man ought to be allowed to judge for himself when he is four-and-twenty. How could I know when I was fifteen, what it would be right for me to do now? My education was a mistake.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03258", "bookId": 145, "start": 1213710, "end": 1213818, "sha256": "ed1c9e08891f13e59cebead3869d6baf6ef0e561efef4ef0550b771a7c812aac", "text": "“But hearken to this, Fred,” said Caleb. “Are you sure Mary is fond of you, or would ever have you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03259", "bookId": 145, "start": 1213820, "end": 1214413, "sha256": "e28c70eea322859e5f4495d3420d6a485c2782272741aaafd27f6fd327b4095b", "text": "“I asked Mr. Farebrother to talk to her, because she had forbidden me—I didn’t know what else to do,” said Fred, apologetically. “And he says that I have every reason to hope, if I can put myself in an honorable position—I mean, out of the Church. I dare say you think it unwarrantable in me, Mr. Garth, to be troubling you and obtruding my own wishes about Mary, before I have done anything at all for myself. Of course I have not the least claim—indeed, I have already a debt to you which will never be discharged, even when I have been able to pay it in the shape of money.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03260", "bookId": 145, "start": 1214415, "end": 1214816, "sha256": "cc0b9f926bbd10fcb5fc782a4e490ec3c9b806eb2e7eba944e0b7ded4da9a4e1", "text": "“Yes, my boy, you have a claim,” said Caleb, with much feeling in his voice. “The young ones have always a claim on the old to help them forward. I was young myself once and had to do without much help; but help would have been welcome to me, if it had been only for the fellow-feeling’s sake. But I must consider. Come to me to-morrow at the office, at nine o’clock. At the office, mind.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03261", "bookId": 145, "start": 1214818, "end": 1215817, "sha256": "d5ff04102a17a267e9012c574b71c9ca7eed2d3bcf0c9ac083e174f2ecc17fcd", "text": "Mr. Garth would take no important step without consulting Susan, but it must be confessed that before he reached home he had taken his resolution. With regard to a large number of matters about which other men are decided or obstinate, he was the most easily manageable man in the world. He never knew what meat he would choose, and if Susan had said that they ought to live in a four-roomed cottage, in order to save, he would have said, “Let us go,” without inquiring into details. But where Caleb’s feeling and judgment strongly pronounced, he was a ruler; and in spite of his mildness and timidity in reproving, every one about him knew that on the exceptional occasions when he chose, he was absolute. He never, indeed, chose to be absolute except on some one else’s behalf. On ninety-nine points Mrs. Garth decided, but on the hundredth she was often aware that she would have to perform the singularly difficult task of carrying out her own principle, and to make herself subordinate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03262", "bookId": 145, "start": 1215819, "end": 1216117, "sha256": "3ac15c037c431bbf04843acfee018cb8cb8af7f932413198e435aabed411a697", "text": "“It is come round as I thought, Susan,” said Caleb, when they were seated alone in the evening. He had already narrated the adventure which had brought about Fred’s sharing in his work, but had kept back the further result. “The children _are_ fond of each other—I mean, Fred and Mary.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03263", "bookId": 145, "start": 1216119, "end": 1216213, "sha256": "177ff54745caeca92d9942b3270156aababe1637891d5b444e51497eb8171e95", "text": "Mrs. Garth laid her work on her knee, and fixed her penetrating eyes anxiously on her husband.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03264", "bookId": 145, "start": 1216215, "end": 1216488, "sha256": "911188698573407e87a6587906925d4d8daf0ca4f4514c3d62fc2a739dca5c0c", "text": "“After we’d done our work, Fred poured it all out to me. He can’t bear to be a clergyman, and Mary says she won’t have him if he is one; and the lad would like to be under me and give his mind to business. And I’ve determined to take him and make a man of him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03265", "bookId": 145, "start": 1216490, "end": 1216577, "sha256": "baad2431daf8f9923b3726d71e0fcae7016f119c90845beffe67fb29bb32605e", "text": "“Caleb!” said Mrs. Garth, in a deep contralto, expressive of resigned astonishment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03266", "bookId": 145, "start": 1216579, "end": 1216891, "sha256": "ca07e7e5e37f914bc8d478b124067b71adaadc715b6782babadb8436bf895066", "text": "“It’s a fine thing to do,” said Mr. Garth, settling himself firmly against the back of his chair, and grasping the elbows. “I shall have trouble with him, but I think I shall carry it through. The lad loves Mary, and a true love for a good woman is a great thing, Susan. It shapes many a rough fellow.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03267", "bookId": 145, "start": 1216893, "end": 1217019, "sha256": "3af9a55e7bc3064996d267f1fcfa7694f089fef450d8202edd9764c0c065e823", "text": "“Has Mary spoken to you on the subject?” said Mrs Garth, secretly a little hurt that she had to be informed on it herself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03268", "bookId": 145, "start": 1217021, "end": 1217506, "sha256": "b87d0efd85aad675a3d64e06531b0512742bb9b4ee90a28e7dc72d5a56181337", "text": "“Not a word. I asked her about Fred once; I gave her a bit of a warning. But she assured me she would never marry an idle self-indulgent man—nothing since. But it seems Fred set on Mr. Farebrother to talk to her, because she had forbidden him to speak himself, and Mr. Farebrother has found out that she is fond of Fred, but says he must not be a clergyman. Fred’s heart is fixed on Mary, that I can see: it gives me a good opinion of the lad—and we always liked him, Susan.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03269", "bookId": 145, "start": 1217508, "end": 1217562, "sha256": "82c4ab4719646a3af29c27544b854354630d73b635167c786184ab21d427d674", "text": "“It is a pity for Mary, I think,” said Mrs. Garth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03270", "bookId": 145, "start": 1217564, "end": 1217583, "sha256": "c355602d7fe434798c65c1c91d3d2a27c5e525547de03db6bab58f633fecf0ad", "text": "“Why—a pity?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03271", "bookId": 145, "start": 1217585, "end": 1217667, "sha256": "2a9f474d897dc3c6f746e8db449d5108e96a500645bccdd8446fa63639ec7ce1", "text": "“Because, Caleb, she might have had a man who is worth twenty Fred Vincy’s.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03272", "bookId": 145, "start": 1217669, "end": 1217705, "sha256": "5f792453489ec632ecb30dca3dcf2204db3403413559e05b9f86e679e6acdee6", "text": "“Ah?” said Caleb, with surprise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03273", "bookId": 145, "start": 1217707, "end": 1218039, "sha256": "eee3b630ab5cddb200374bd937256ac439d7816cbcbe79c39ae12698876a577b", "text": "“I firmly believe that Mr. Farebrother is attached to her, and meant to make her an offer; but of course, now that Fred has used him as an envoy, there is an end to that better prospect.” There was a severe precision in Mrs. Garth’s utterance. She was vexed and disappointed, but she was bent on abstaining from useless words.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03274", "bookId": 145, "start": 1218041, "end": 1218219, "sha256": "a107ad1f7b8ac7b0ea830116e5311ab8990e10a283b3f3d36195d9b617d21208", "text": "Caleb was silent a few moments under a conflict of feelings. He looked at the floor and moved his head and hands in accompaniment to some inward argumentation. At last he said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03275", "bookId": 145, "start": 1218221, "end": 1218442, "sha256": "f52faf2631d7ef383f85f98f79e878b2ebc261a0f567815f4360ab019e7027aa", "text": "“That would have made me very proud and happy, Susan, and I should have been glad for your sake. I’ve always felt that your belongings have never been on a level with you. But you took me, though I was a plain man.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03276", "bookId": 145, "start": 1218444, "end": 1218599, "sha256": "ebad1ab4d0359410ce8503599c1fa7f1f4e5edcd1de91a129edfdcc2db4fef31", "text": "“I took the best and cleverest man I had ever known,” said Mrs. Garth, convinced that _she_ would never have loved any one who came short of that mark.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03277", "bookId": 145, "start": 1218601, "end": 1219078, "sha256": "5634269160294ccf40ac17b5093a4f9cce81c5e8a1d7ceadc1f10723f5af49bc", "text": "“Well, perhaps others thought you might have done better. But it would have been worse for me. And that is what touches me close about Fred. The lad is good at bottom, and clever enough to do, if he’s put in the right way; and he loves and honors my daughter beyond anything, and she has given him a sort of promise according to what he turns out. I say, that young man’s soul is in my hand; and I’ll do the best I can for him, so help me God! It’s my duty, Susan.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03278", "bookId": 145, "start": 1219080, "end": 1219332, "sha256": "9196cc6974a3d99286e1f5979e526b10e3df898a5d85c7618807e6fe6c148b70", "text": "Mrs. Garth was not given to tears, but there was a large one rolling down her face before her husband had finished. It came from the pressure of various feelings, in which there was much affection and some vexation. She wiped it away quickly, saying—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03279", "bookId": 145, "start": 1219334, "end": 1219427, "sha256": "0154cff2698de5a32e28d2df8d79e8079e21297f4945ce6f8f322d16716fb309", "text": "“Few men besides you would think it a duty to add to their anxieties in that way, Caleb.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03280", "bookId": 145, "start": 1219429, "end": 1219657, "sha256": "99cd22902dfdb25dd709993e1c8ccce6ba51087279983c775839829e2b44d896", "text": "“That signifies nothing—what other men would think. I’ve got a clear feeling inside me, and that I shall follow; and I hope your heart will go with me, Susan, in making everything as light as can be to Mary, poor child.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03281", "bookId": 145, "start": 1219659, "end": 1219831, "sha256": "fe05fbe2770204c1046b1251965a387e9068774ab1a6d4b3b3d785620dc156b0", "text": "Caleb, leaning back in his chair, looked with anxious appeal towards his wife. She rose and kissed him, saying, “God bless you, Caleb! Our children have a good father.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03282", "bookId": 145, "start": 1219833, "end": 1220133, "sha256": "ae2f9a836f52a4c4e5f8d04186027531fe7302940fa179b301027eff79828986", "text": "But she went out and had a hearty cry to make up for the suppression of her words. She felt sure that her husband’s conduct would be misunderstood, and about Fred she was rational and unhopeful. Which would turn out to have the more foresight in it—her rationality or Caleb’s ardent generosity?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03283", "bookId": 145, "start": 1220135, "end": 1220248, "sha256": "2445424875d8a14f3f1103b1dd68ded8c338482d844e869a02c3135cd3c07754", "text": "When Fred went to the office the next morning, there was a test to be gone through which he was not prepared for.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03284", "bookId": 145, "start": 1220250, "end": 1220572, "sha256": "1579d9150021a8f413a7aba15911aa78441b9b5d2bfeafac259a036b6704b58d", "text": "“Now Fred,” said Caleb, “you will have some desk-work. I have always done a good deal of writing myself, but I can’t do without help, and as I want you to understand the accounts and get the values into your head, I mean to do without another clerk. So you must buckle to. How are you at writing and arithmetic?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03285", "bookId": 145, "start": 1220574, "end": 1220813, "sha256": "babaa130b345244157cd6de6bdb3d8973435588b1c62546d35ac336b4aa76501", "text": "Fred felt an awkward movement of the heart; he had not thought of desk-work; but he was in a resolute mood, and not going to shrink. “I’m not afraid of arithmetic, Mr. Garth: it always came easily to me. I think you know my writing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03286", "bookId": 145, "start": 1220815, "end": 1221026, "sha256": "6c6199076f9689f023f3814758151fa3a2ba05cd500d02d132723db548419cec", "text": "“Let us see,” said Caleb, taking up a pen, examining it carefully and handing it, well dipped, to Fred with a sheet of ruled paper. “Copy me a line or two of that valuation, with the figures at the end.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03287", "bookId": 145, "start": 1221028, "end": 1221548, "sha256": "ee871de67e1fad124a5a32239e097ee9ac1452b6a7c69468f47916e080ac85bc", "text": "At that time the opinion existed that it was beneath a gentleman to write legibly, or with a hand in the least suitable to a clerk. Fred wrote the lines demanded in a hand as gentlemanly as that of any viscount or bishop of the day: the vowels were all alike and the consonants only distinguishable as turning up or down, the strokes had a blotted solidity and the letters disdained to keep the line—in short, it was a manuscript of that venerable kind easy to interpret when you know beforehand what the writer means.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03288", "bookId": 145, "start": 1221550, "end": 1221790, "sha256": "ba7305ce34eee5b050b349292449394fe7ecb822e2a98532fc56f42573e9ea3d", "text": "As Caleb looked on, his visage showed a growing depression, but when Fred handed him the paper he gave something like a snarl, and rapped the paper passionately with the back of his hand. Bad work like this dispelled all Caleb’s mildness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03289", "bookId": 145, "start": 1221792, "end": 1222119, "sha256": "a3d14337ec2e32e93fe9f0f9722ad551cca277747f5238af665f8945761e3810", "text": "“The deuce!” he exclaimed, snarlingly. “To think that this is a country where a man’s education may cost hundreds and hundreds, and it turns you out this!” Then in a more pathetic tone, pushing up his spectacles and looking at the unfortunate scribe, “The Lord have mercy on us, Fred, I can’t put up with this!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03290", "bookId": 145, "start": 1222121, "end": 1222313, "sha256": "873bc87f6748e9aa81c35ccbc4128f4e8eb3eba442645893dfb1fabf59daa37a", "text": "“What can I do, Mr. Garth?” said Fred, whose spirits had sunk very low, not only at the estimate of his handwriting, but at the vision of himself as liable to be ranked with office clerks.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03291", "bookId": 145, "start": 1222315, "end": 1222833, "sha256": "3e4523b1d02dd26cc07c13976141fe80ebcc1c93a78006317df57bc8fa09db97", "text": "“Do? Why, you must learn to form your letters and keep the line. What’s the use of writing at all if nobody can understand it?” asked Caleb, energetically, quite preoccupied with the bad quality of the work. “Is there so little business in the world that you must be sending puzzles over the country? But that’s the way people are brought up. I should lose no end of time with the letters some people send me, if Susan did not make them out for me. It’s disgusting.” Here Caleb tossed the paper from him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03292", "bookId": 145, "start": 1222835, "end": 1223681, "sha256": "5ac61a74838ac72e24f0af6da9782558ffbebd9120114a3d5c65bb9c2a0973fe", "text": "Any stranger peeping into the office at that moment might have wondered what was the drama between the indignant man of business, and the fine-looking young fellow whose blond complexion was getting rather patchy as he bit his lip with mortification. Fred was struggling with many thoughts. Mr. Garth had been so kind and encouraging at the beginning of their interview, that gratitude and hopefulness had been at a high pitch, and the downfall was proportionate. He had not thought of desk-work—in fact, like the majority of young gentlemen, he wanted an occupation which should be free from disagreeables. I cannot tell what might have been the consequences if he had not distinctly promised himself that he would go to Lowick to see Mary and tell her that he was engaged to work under her father. He did not like to disappoint himself there.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03293", "bookId": 145, "start": 1223683, "end": 1223783, "sha256": "a3f4593ba1d0ee69818e2258dd896f0e9e236b26775fdbd4dc6b64dff5056149", "text": "“I am very sorry,” were all the words that he could muster. But Mr. Garth was already relenting.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03294", "bookId": 145, "start": 1223785, "end": 1224337, "sha256": "a9f484cc0f33e1a6800f78ee6cae10a0615befeb04aacbdba9138fc224be36be", "text": "“We must make the best of it, Fred,” he began, with a return to his usual quiet tone. “Every man can learn to write. I taught myself. Go at it with a will, and sit up at night if the day-time isn’t enough. We’ll be patient, my boy. Callum shall go on with the books for a bit, while you are learning. But now I must be off,” said Caleb, rising. “You must let your father know our agreement. You’ll save me Callum’s salary, you know, when you can write; and I can afford to give you eighty pounds for the first year, and more after.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03295", "bookId": 145, "start": 1224339, "end": 1224903, "sha256": "baa74c2310551466a28fdb5ab4d29a6e4dc768b6c4e84d23496081bdb3d6bcdc", "text": "When Fred made the necessary disclosure to his parents, the relative effect on the two was a surprise which entered very deeply into his memory. He went straight from Mr. Garth’s office to the warehouse, rightly feeling that the most respectful way in which he could behave to his father was to make the painful communication as gravely and formally as possible. Moreover, the decision would be more certainly understood to be final, if the interview took place in his father’s gravest hours, which were always those spent in his private room at the warehouse.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03296", "bookId": 145, "start": 1224905, "end": 1225213, "sha256": "eb977c883faa74060e71f5225e23aa1c27864fd587627cc864d94a48ba0bf59b", "text": "Fred entered on the subject directly, and declared briefly what he had done and was resolved to do, expressing at the end his regret that he should be the cause of disappointment to his father, and taking the blame on his own deficiencies. The regret was genuine, and inspired Fred with strong, simple words.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03297", "bookId": 145, "start": 1225215, "end": 1225684, "sha256": "5e7f442a1591ab9f74ab15dc93deeadda3bfdc4c32481d69dee6341461b725f8", "text": "Mr. Vincy listened in profound surprise without uttering even an exclamation, a silence which in his impatient temperament was a sign of unusual emotion. He had not been in good spirits about trade that morning, and the slight bitterness in his lips grew intense as he listened. When Fred had ended, there was a pause of nearly a minute, during which Mr. Vincy replaced a book in his desk and turned the key emphatically. Then he looked at his son steadily, and said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03298", "bookId": 145, "start": 1225686, "end": 1225735, "sha256": "eb1f80bf2bceada6e31895f80228bf3cce0fbe0b5c29747af8d60c82a2a37fd7", "text": "“So you’ve made up your mind at last, sir?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03299", "bookId": 145, "start": 1225737, "end": 1225755, "sha256": "1acab360c235fda87339d1c90da6e5f5edfd0b07979462f750de2ead9394d78c", "text": "“Yes, father.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03300", "bookId": 145, "start": 1225757, "end": 1225932, "sha256": "daccbe1dc2f94630b7851a5237e25ff59e6178f5b04e009358bda6aebcf323f4", "text": "“Very well; stick to it. I’ve no more to say. You’ve thrown away your education, and gone down a step in life, when I had given you the means of rising, that’s all.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03301", "bookId": 145, "start": 1225934, "end": 1226143, "sha256": "3f2813c6286ca9019a98f04a48519c672e7aa5040d0f68672820a83450fb6f3b", "text": "“I am very sorry that we differ, father. I think I can be quite as much of a gentleman at the work I have undertaken, as if I had been a curate. But I am grateful to you for wishing to do the best for me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03302", "bookId": 145, "start": 1226145, "end": 1226314, "sha256": "c8d80fa62940327954f3eea62f75fc8aceaa6577df26ed74dcc33fe6b49e832e", "text": "“Very well; I have no more to say. I wash my hands of you. I only hope, when you have a son of your own he will make a better return for the pains you spend on him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03303", "bookId": 145, "start": 1226316, "end": 1226750, "sha256": "b2d03d470433ee10564d09e5d17ac58d0f8659fec41d64a4d027f9214d5f5273", "text": "This was very cutting to Fred. His father was using that unfair advantage possessed by us all when we are in a pathetic situation and see our own past as if it were simply part of the pathos. In reality, Mr. Vincy’s wishes about his son had had a great deal of pride, inconsiderateness, and egoistic folly in them. But still the disappointed father held a strong lever; and Fred felt as if he were being banished with a malediction.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03304", "bookId": 145, "start": 1226752, "end": 1226937, "sha256": "26a223965819e286c1b7379ab3c78abf90753080413731f395cfaa987787b4d6", "text": "“I hope you will not object to my remaining at home, sir?” he said, after rising to go; “I shall have a sufficient salary to pay for my board, as of course I should wish to do.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03305", "bookId": 145, "start": 1226939, "end": 1227288, "sha256": "d3620894b9dbda41d8d90372ce3e1a163881cb624c6ca071169165d763d8f781", "text": "“Board be hanged!” said Mr. Vincy, recovering himself in his disgust at the notion that Fred’s keep would be missed at his table. “Of course your mother will want you to stay. But I shall keep no horse for you, you understand; and you will pay your own tailor. You will do with a suit or two less, I fancy, when you have to pay for ’em.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03306", "bookId": 145, "start": 1227290, "end": 1227359, "sha256": "1723d4df514691f630b97fa129a6556d439ea8905d05d6ad223eb13d9317ca2a", "text": "Fred lingered; there was still something to be said. At last it came.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03307", "bookId": 145, "start": 1227361, "end": 1227458, "sha256": "89978f38bd6e610049db394c911cbdd1adfe369bc4868b4a940742491ec5021c", "text": "“I hope you will shake hands with me, father, and forgive me the vexation I have caused you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03308", "bookId": 145, "start": 1227460, "end": 1227632, "sha256": "253e3fe00377eff52d4f6abda0acfadc671396de20c7685f3672a7b48395ae12", "text": "Mr. Vincy from his chair threw a quick glance upward at his son, who had advanced near to him, and then gave his hand, saying hurriedly, “Yes, yes, let us say no more.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03309", "bookId": 145, "start": 1227634, "end": 1228970, "sha256": "f196d96c196d0e47b0c3277fba983855386f4d1210a30fa12baa1696bc39291e", "text": "Fred went through much more narrative and explanation with his mother, but she was inconsolable, having before her eyes what perhaps her husband had never thought of, the certainty that Fred would marry Mary Garth, that her life would henceforth be spoiled by a perpetual infusion of Garths and their ways, and that her darling boy, with his beautiful face and stylish air “beyond anybody else’s son in Middlemarch,” would be sure to get like that family in plainness of appearance and carelessness about his clothes. To her it seemed that there was a Garth conspiracy to get possession of the desirable Fred, but she dared not enlarge on this opinion, because a slight hint of it had made him “fly out” at her as he had never done before. Her temper was too sweet for her to show any anger, but she felt that her happiness had received a bruise, and for several days merely to look at Fred made her cry a little as if he were the subject of some baleful prophecy. Perhaps she was the slower to recover her usual cheerfulness because Fred had warned her that she must not reopen the sore question with his father, who had accepted his decision and forgiven him. If her husband had been vehement against Fred, she would have been urged into defence of her darling. It was the end of the fourth day when Mr. Vincy said to her—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03310", "bookId": 145, "start": 1228972, "end": 1229092, "sha256": "bf17632f88165f38e9502fbb8f1b2cdaf587d40b30fe053b3e4a57adcf062d67", "text": "“Come, Lucy, my dear, don’t be so down-hearted. You always have spoiled the boy, and you must go on spoiling him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03311", "bookId": 145, "start": 1229094, "end": 1229233, "sha256": "7188ed4f4c0a6e9537279ed60a01bba32791219942b5ae1685698a48c90f51da", "text": "“Nothing ever did cut me so before, Vincy,” said the wife, her fair throat and chin beginning to tremble again, “only his illness.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03312", "bookId": 145, "start": 1229235, "end": 1229374, "sha256": "aa20027de1de70f9a4565acace4b90432d19f26c656c014e786a3b4cfce1e45c", "text": "“Pooh, pooh, never mind! We must expect to have trouble with our children. Don’t make it worse by letting me see you out of spirits.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03313", "bookId": 145, "start": 1229376, "end": 1229529, "sha256": "1a58595a22c01860431684b0988d0ce2f5333f527b1129421f9a81e3d04a883b", "text": "“Well, I won’t,” said Mrs. Vincy, roused by this appeal and adjusting herself with a little shake as of a bird which lays down its ruffled plumage.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03314", "bookId": 145, "start": 1229531, "end": 1229708, "sha256": "939596e9c86b4790c2f07b9195e95f8eef0ee42dd9fbbf79ebcd8eae5e1db7d1", "text": "“It won’t do to begin making a fuss about one,” said Mr. Vincy, wishing to combine a little grumbling with domestic cheerfulness. “There’s Rosamond as well as Fred.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03315", "bookId": 145, "start": 1229710, "end": 1229818, "sha256": "52d49c26a234d71d17b238f591417d588fc086cc592ef44bf403e20bd76cf66a", "text": "“Yes, poor thing. I’m sure I felt for her being disappointed of her baby; but she got over it nicely.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03316", "bookId": 145, "start": 1229820, "end": 1230251, "sha256": "a9bad6397d3e8cb5bdae44fcffd05b13e59208339270527071019601509d8584", "text": "“Baby, pooh! I can see Lydgate is making a mess of his practice, and getting into debt too, by what I hear. I shall have Rosamond coming to me with a pretty tale one of these days. But they’ll get no money from me, I know. Let _his_ family help him. I never did like that marriage. But it’s no use talking. Ring the bell for lemons, and don’t look dull any more, Lucy. I’ll drive you and Louisa to Riverston to-morrow.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03317", "bookId": 145, "start": 1230256, "end": 1230269, "sha256": "a0714b5b207a1d0ca76119ee3faf32ee638bcaf47fe6ad45fd611fd7259480e4", "text": "CHAPTER LVII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03318", "bookId": 145, "start": 1230271, "end": 1230920, "sha256": "ae3c4b2228727357ca0b903150d035892d0a11064978fdc85fe1d111d788474d", "text": "They numbered scarce eight summers when a name Rose on their souls and stirred such motions there As thrill the buds and shape their hidden frame At penetration of the quickening air: His name who told of loyal Evan Dhu, Of quaint Bradwardine, and Vich Ian Vor, Making the little world their childhood knew Large with a land of mountain lake and scaur, And larger yet with wonder, love, belief Toward Walter Scott who living far away Sent them this wealth of joy and noble grief. The book and they must part, but day by day, In lines that thwart like portly spiders ran They wrote the tale, from Tully Veolan.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03319", "bookId": 145, "start": 1230923, "end": 1231250, "sha256": "c00ee487863c7961ffc495a701a8dd88c5b46c72f06361b484e6f400d75d9874", "text": "The evening that Fred Vincy walked to Lowick parsonage (he had begun to see that this was a world in which even a spirited young man must sometimes walk for want of a horse to carry him) he set out at five o’clock and called on Mrs. Garth by the way, wishing to assure himself that she accepted their new relations willingly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03320", "bookId": 145, "start": 1231252, "end": 1233035, "sha256": "1d8a43800bf4fe720c99a52ae28602f4f0e01e6ce89bc623d2a0d7e1d596501e", "text": "He found the family group, dogs and cats included, under the great apple-tree in the orchard. It was a festival with Mrs. Garth, for her eldest son, Christy, her peculiar joy and pride, had come home for a short holiday—Christy, who held it the most desirable thing in the world to be a tutor, to study all literatures and be a regenerate Porson, and who was an incorporate criticism on poor Fred, a sort of object-lesson given to him by the educational mother. Christy himself, a square-browed, broad-shouldered masculine edition of his mother not much higher than Fred’s shoulder—which made it the harder that he should be held superior—was always as simple as possible, and thought no more of Fred’s disinclination to scholarship than of a giraffe’s, wishing that he himself were more of the same height. He was lying on the ground now by his mother’s chair, with his straw hat laid flat over his eyes, while Jim on the other side was reading aloud from that beloved writer who has made a chief part in the happiness of many young lives. The volume was “Ivanhoe,” and Jim was in the great archery scene at the tournament, but suffered much interruption from Ben, who had fetched his own old bow and arrows, and was making himself dreadfully disagreeable, Letty thought, by begging all present to observe his random shots, which no one wished to do except Brownie, the active-minded but probably shallow mongrel, while the grizzled Newfoundland lying in the sun looked on with the dull-eyed neutrality of extreme old age. Letty herself, showing as to her mouth and pinafore some slight signs that she had been assisting at the gathering of the cherries which stood in a coral-heap on the tea-table, was now seated on the grass, listening open-eyed to the reading.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03321", "bookId": 145, "start": 1233037, "end": 1233360, "sha256": "f4b8885008b3cf57818ac634cdaf5240628ab70bb54a5901160b1eb37f5d050e", "text": "But the centre of interest was changed for all by the arrival of Fred Vincy. When, seating himself on a garden-stool, he said that he was on his way to Lowick Parsonage, Ben, who had thrown down his bow, and snatched up a reluctant half-grown kitten instead, strode across Fred’s outstretched leg, and said “Take me!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03322", "bookId": 145, "start": 1233362, "end": 1233395, "sha256": "0a7e6b4c5131dfaf4132c1181f673ba4bf003cf6474c08eb3e88d465269407d9", "text": "“Oh, and me too,” said Letty.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03323", "bookId": 145, "start": 1233397, "end": 1233450, "sha256": "2772a2a659ec61a39fd930f19c8e01b3d70d66f453666ac05aa4a21e47437f14", "text": "“You can’t keep up with Fred and me,” said Ben.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03324", "bookId": 145, "start": 1233452, "end": 1233593, "sha256": "5110349beef1502be4b8ebc8da2ba0046e029806db4d63cd8b736c9ac78033ea", "text": "“Yes, I can. Mother, please say that I am to go,” urged Letty, whose life was much checkered by resistance to her depreciation as a girl.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03325", "bookId": 145, "start": 1233595, "end": 1233812, "sha256": "737f116d86af0993bc15f9dcfdfa8a2021c3b9c19b29c6ec060a3aa8317b5a1e", "text": "“I shall stay with Christy,” observed Jim; as much as to say that he had the advantage of those simpletons; whereupon Letty put her hand up to her head and looked with jealous indecision from the one to the other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03326", "bookId": 145, "start": 1233814, "end": 1233879, "sha256": "81b834f89a21aa579697625dceecddbe172718a457331c8bf6e7c56612419c93", "text": "“Let us all go and see Mary,” said Christy, opening his arms.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03327", "bookId": 145, "start": 1233881, "end": 1234134, "sha256": "b6d8b9a4c7096be61404ba41793e703fd9539e7c19068d8cca69b74317fdd31b", "text": "“No, my dear child, we must not go in a swarm to the parsonage. And that old Glasgow suit of yours would never do. Besides, your father will come home. We must let Fred go alone. He can tell Mary that you are here, and she will come back to-morrow.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03328", "bookId": 145, "start": 1234136, "end": 1234406, "sha256": "677c813faac1e141a6d3e8c39bc74e109f7923fc7a8df6365563c404555a504c", "text": "Christy glanced at his own threadbare knees, and then at Fred’s beautiful white trousers. Certainly Fred’s tailoring suggested the advantages of an English university, and he had a graceful way even of looking warm and of pushing his hair back with his handkerchief.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03329", "bookId": 145, "start": 1234408, "end": 1234543, "sha256": "16e0037644643a354e19713981f428bc5c6643d9e05c30e88aeece8bbc516a67", "text": "“Children, run away,” said Mrs. Garth; “it is too warm to hang about your friends. Take your brother and show him the rabbits.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03330", "bookId": 145, "start": 1234545, "end": 1234739, "sha256": "ca13925c85774a794b25f1d060ca79b6fe1ada30b00c8cfa8a024d76c801e73c", "text": "The eldest understood, and led off the children immediately. Fred felt that Mrs. Garth wished to give him an opportunity of saying anything he had to say, but he could only begin by observing—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03331", "bookId": 145, "start": 1234741, "end": 1234789, "sha256": "842be7ccecfee13bdebc68251fffc6d6352abe6fe908010151e9696beee0af94", "text": "“How glad you must be to have Christy here!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03332", "bookId": 145, "start": 1234791, "end": 1235157, "sha256": "cbee77319712dc61a85e41761bd97874d170bde3c17cc9dfbb94be02bc57d49f", "text": "“Yes; he has come sooner than I expected. He got down from the coach at nine o’clock, just after his father went out. I am longing for Caleb to come and hear what wonderful progress Christy is making. He has paid his expenses for the last year by giving lessons, carrying on hard study at the same time. He hopes soon to get a private tutorship and go abroad.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03333", "bookId": 145, "start": 1235159, "end": 1235407, "sha256": "e1c701c05b85ce714a1fcfe6a5daad5d8c7ffc58a15bce54fd2b8e8746fea02a", "text": "“He is a great fellow,” said Fred, to whom these cheerful truths had a medicinal taste, “and no trouble to anybody.” After a slight pause, he added, “But I fear you will think that I am going to be a great deal of trouble to Mr. Garth.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03334", "bookId": 145, "start": 1235409, "end": 1235825, "sha256": "b51dd53f000e21bd19b172ee09fa5c1b1d11fc2e0589362b40033d1078376a89", "text": "“Caleb likes taking trouble: he is one of those men who always do more than any one would have thought of asking them to do,” answered Mrs. Garth. She was knitting, and could either look at Fred or not, as she chose—always an advantage when one is bent on loading speech with salutary meaning; and though Mrs. Garth intended to be duly reserved, she did wish to say something that Fred might be the better for.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03335", "bookId": 145, "start": 1235827, "end": 1236309, "sha256": "4e299d5cd4190705d4806599bb148c42bd263814326a926059b7087f6c00838e", "text": "“I know you think me very undeserving, Mrs. Garth, and with good reason,” said Fred, his spirit rising a little at the perception of something like a disposition to lecture him. “I happen to have behaved just the worst to the people I can’t help wishing for the most from. But while two men like Mr. Garth and Mr. Farebrother have not given me up, I don’t see why I should give myself up.” Fred thought it might be well to suggest these masculine examples to Mrs. Garth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03336", "bookId": 145, "start": 1236311, "end": 1236510, "sha256": "119fa567986f4b4f16fe38a83cb874f48248d406e8686411afd7f5e6603591be", "text": "“Assuredly,” said she, with gathering emphasis. “A young man for whom two such elders had devoted themselves would indeed be culpable if he threw himself away and made their sacrifices vain.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03337", "bookId": 145, "start": 1236512, "end": 1236843, "sha256": "b22456e64f2de4ef4cdc7f4b494a9950d5fa3014d83b79f2ee985a7333243468", "text": "Fred wondered a little at this strong language, but only said, “I hope it will not be so with me, Mrs. Garth, since I have some encouragement to believe that I may win Mary. Mr. Garth has told you about that? You were not surprised, I dare say?” Fred ended, innocently referring only to his own love as probably evident enough.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03338", "bookId": 145, "start": 1236845, "end": 1237134, "sha256": "e922cbec661e7f04d7f9baf073ee5eb24228f266fbd6bb8446a36a900fbdeff9", "text": "“Not surprised that Mary has given you encouragement?” returned Mrs. Garth, who thought it would be well for Fred to be more alive to the fact that Mary’s friends could not possibly have wished this beforehand, whatever the Vincys might suppose. “Yes, I confess I was surprised.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03339", "bookId": 145, "start": 1237136, "end": 1237363, "sha256": "cd0a8f8a828b84021f69cdf08fb775e6ad895cf121db40a806185c7dd83ff277", "text": "“She never did give me any—not the least in the world, when I talked to her myself,” said Fred, eager to vindicate Mary. “But when I asked Mr. Farebrother to speak for me, she allowed him to tell me there was a hope.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03340", "bookId": 145, "start": 1237365, "end": 1238040, "sha256": "0eebd460ba278c94f19a68aa63172b77f7676f54f5504ade2184efbef25f48ba", "text": "The power of admonition which had begun to stir in Mrs. Garth had not yet discharged itself. It was a little too provoking even for _her_ self-control that this blooming youngster should flourish on the disappointments of sadder and wiser people—making a meal of a nightingale and never knowing it—and that all the while his family should suppose that hers was in eager need of this sprig; and her vexation had fermented the more actively because of its total repression towards her husband. Exemplary wives will sometimes find scapegoats in this way. She now said with energetic decision, “You made a great mistake, Fred, in asking Mr. Farebrother to speak for you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03341", "bookId": 145, "start": 1238042, "end": 1238336, "sha256": "1e5ce5f5f65e09990bc9e91ccc44c0ceb4f0fb88441d5b856afdf48e1130b4bb", "text": "“Did I?” said Fred, reddening instantaneously. He was alarmed, but at a loss to know what Mrs. Garth meant, and added, in an apologetic tone, “Mr. Farebrother has always been such a friend of ours; and Mary, I knew, would listen to him gravely; and he took it on himself quite readily.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03342", "bookId": 145, "start": 1238338, "end": 1238658, "sha256": "8712b54aac6e8f87a8638abe4cedeb71802cd4d6470e2d305c531c6a84b84d20", "text": "“Yes, young people are usually blind to everything but their own wishes, and seldom imagine how much those wishes cost others,” said Mrs. Garth. She did not mean to go beyond this salutary general doctrine, and threw her indignation into a needless unwinding of her worsted, knitting her brow at it with a grand air.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03343", "bookId": 145, "start": 1238660, "end": 1238824, "sha256": "627b52ecb0b3cb530ee250721ed174aaa76d5e10df5c5f545c9dc559441c1fe8", "text": "“I cannot conceive how it could be any pain to Mr. Farebrother,” said Fred, who nevertheless felt that surprising conceptions were beginning to form themselves.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03344", "bookId": 145, "start": 1238826, "end": 1238921, "sha256": "771d2504bfe64b6c042df2d8b8dac2099203383635e95f4da5c0620a85e57e09", "text": "“Precisely; you cannot conceive,” said Mrs. Garth, cutting her words as neatly as possible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03345", "bookId": 145, "start": 1238923, "end": 1239049, "sha256": "a1ea6d98b43d49a238d25efe1c5d6a6a4ade0d29a9712fe28d23c47c0c913597", "text": "For a moment Fred looked at the horizon with a dismayed anxiety, and then turning with a quick movement said almost sharply—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03346", "bookId": 145, "start": 1239051, "end": 1239131, "sha256": "6ec9fdddb91ab4c5d4a2e42eafb52578de631268135889e133f5ef695b986bd0", "text": "“Do you mean to say, Mrs. Garth, that Mr. Farebrother is in love with Mary?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03347", "bookId": 145, "start": 1239133, "end": 1239572, "sha256": "b7db7a2ce3399ea8e9c2611d4228352d97489dc70efd324f2467e0a1f95bb0dd", "text": "“And if it were so, Fred, I think you are the last person who ought to be surprised,” returned Mrs. Garth, laying her knitting down beside her and folding her arms. It was an unwonted sign of emotion in her that she should put her work out of her hands. In fact her feelings were divided between the satisfaction of giving Fred his discipline and the sense of having gone a little too far. Fred took his hat and stick and rose quickly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03348", "bookId": 145, "start": 1239574, "end": 1239694, "sha256": "cfd112c64e888df1cf23295e31bf9ce69478418d180329d3b26739ff5bb13344", "text": "“Then you think I am standing in his way, and in Mary’s too?” he said, in a tone which seemed to demand an answer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03349", "bookId": 145, "start": 1239696, "end": 1240159, "sha256": "d0d148cdd96439d3507e1aec693cb9fe0a61bf057ba34b02d7785a8523420bc7", "text": "Mrs. Garth could not speak immediately. She had brought herself into the unpleasant position of being called on to say what she really felt, yet what she knew there were strong reasons for concealing. And to her the consciousness of having exceeded in words was peculiarly mortifying. Besides, Fred had given out unexpected electricity, and he now added, “Mr. Garth seemed pleased that Mary should be attached to me. He could not have known anything of this.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03350", "bookId": 145, "start": 1240161, "end": 1240359, "sha256": "98bed666c05385620ed8020d40a83c0810f367bd390f6e210bcd944e88e440de", "text": "Mrs. Garth felt a severe twinge at this mention of her husband, the fear that Caleb might think her in the wrong not being easily endurable. She answered, wanting to check unintended consequences—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03351", "bookId": 145, "start": 1240361, "end": 1240450, "sha256": "3d1ad5513a987ac8d640baa5d2265fbe2543678584efdadacc582a4e2f881902", "text": "“I spoke from inference only. I am not aware that Mary knows anything of the matter.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03352", "bookId": 145, "start": 1240452, "end": 1241578, "sha256": "291cbfdbcb4b740c459a5abf19c2c2713e4535b08c0785f728cafcd4c231cdb3", "text": "But she hesitated to beg that he would keep entire silence on a subject which she had herself unnecessarily mentioned, not being used to stoop in that way; and while she was hesitating there was already a rush of unintended consequences under the apple-tree where the tea-things stood. Ben, bouncing across the grass with Brownie at his heels, and seeing the kitten dragging the knitting by a lengthening line of wool, shouted and clapped his hands; Brownie barked, the kitten, desperate, jumped on the tea-table and upset the milk, then jumped down again and swept half the cherries with it; and Ben, snatching up the half-knitted sock-top, fitted it over the kitten’s head as a new source of madness, while Letty arriving cried out to her mother against this cruelty—it was a history as full of sensation as “This is the house that Jack built.” Mrs. Garth was obliged to interfere, the other young ones came up and the _tête-à-tête_ with Fred was ended. He got away as soon as he could, and Mrs. Garth could only imply some retractation of her severity by saying “God bless you” when she shook hands with him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03353", "bookId": 145, "start": 1241580, "end": 1242068, "sha256": "4547dd5de72185f0cff01421bd048fede367f3765f8855f1a4f64cf801245f6d", "text": "She was unpleasantly conscious that she had been on the verge of speaking as “one of the foolish women speaketh”—telling first and entreating silence after. But she had not entreated silence, and to prevent Caleb’s blame she determined to blame herself and confess all to him that very night. It was curious what an awful tribunal the mild Caleb’s was to her, whenever he set it up. But she meant to point out to him that the revelation might do Fred Vincy a great deal of good.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03354", "bookId": 145, "start": 1242070, "end": 1243525, "sha256": "61acab2d025ca8c6439e081f32260f2473a3dd08221e5826f15a24c3350bffc5", "text": "No doubt it was having a strong effect on him as he walked to Lowick. Fred’s light hopeful nature had perhaps never had so much of a bruise as from this suggestion that if he had been out of the way Mary might have made a thoroughly good match. Also he was piqued that he had been what he called such a stupid lout as to ask that intervention from Mr. Farebrother. But it was not in a lover’s nature—it was not in Fred’s, that the new anxiety raised about Mary’s feeling should not surmount every other. Notwithstanding his trust in Mr. Farebrother’s generosity, notwithstanding what Mary had said to him, Fred could not help feeling that he had a rival: it was a new consciousness, and he objected to it extremely, not being in the least ready to give up Mary for her good, being ready rather to fight for her with any man whatsoever. But the fighting with Mr. Farebrother must be of a metaphorical kind, which was much more difficult to Fred than the muscular. Certainly this experience was a discipline for Fred hardly less sharp than his disappointment about his uncle’s will. The iron had not entered into his soul, but he had begun to imagine what the sharp edge would be. It did not once occur to Fred that Mrs. Garth might be mistaken about Mr. Farebrother, but he suspected that she might be wrong about Mary. Mary had been staying at the parsonage lately, and her mother might know very little of what had been passing in her mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03355", "bookId": 145, "start": 1243527, "end": 1244483, "sha256": "c796e8430eb090af25f7f52adee34fd1c50104ff3d6ef6fe325c9f3ab98808ae", "text": "He did not feel easier when he found her looking cheerful with the three ladies in the drawing-room. They were in animated discussion on some subject which was dropped when he entered, and Mary was copying the labels from a heap of shallow cabinet drawers, in a minute handwriting which she was skilled in. Mr. Farebrother was somewhere in the village, and the three ladies knew nothing of Fred’s peculiar relation to Mary: it was impossible for either of them to propose that they should walk round the garden, and Fred predicted to himself that he should have to go away without saying a word to her in private. He told her first of Christy’s arrival and then of his own engagement with her father; and he was comforted by seeing that this latter news touched her keenly. She said hurriedly, “I am so glad,” and then bent over her writing to hinder any one from noticing her face. But here was a subject which Mrs. Farebrother could not let pass.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03356", "bookId": 145, "start": 1244485, "end": 1244725, "sha256": "a2832571bae0036693a831cae960b2b388960a820bec4ca009169d7dd8f813e6", "text": "“You don’t mean, my dear Miss Garth, that you are glad to hear of a young man giving up the Church for which he was educated: you only mean that things being so, you are glad that he should be under an excellent man like your father.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03357", "bookId": 145, "start": 1244727, "end": 1244964, "sha256": "76d57ed9ac27bbd3086f65c940e6107ce98c6efb155bce0b96ea672b3f3252c2", "text": "“No, really, Mrs. Farebrother, I am glad of both, I fear,” said Mary, cleverly getting rid of one rebellious tear. “I have a dreadfully secular mind. I never liked any clergyman except the Vicar of Wakefield and Mr. Farebrother.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03358", "bookId": 145, "start": 1244966, "end": 1245262, "sha256": "2c322bd997d3d9c661ceb680e642ccbb8b6231fabf8ad62a5996ab77e9bd6c65", "text": "“Now why, my dear?” said Mrs. Farebrother, pausing on her large wooden knitting-needles and looking at Mary. “You have always a good reason for your opinions, but this astonishes me. Of course I put out of the question those who preach new doctrine. But why should you dislike clergymen?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03359", "bookId": 145, "start": 1245264, "end": 1245397, "sha256": "ab2c6c3ef939007a69d4b3b4063ce1030ee481e146efc549d33543b5ac9cd175", "text": "“Oh dear,” said Mary, her face breaking into merriment as she seemed to consider a moment, “I don’t like their neckcloths.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03360", "bookId": 145, "start": 1245399, "end": 1245481, "sha256": "9aeb403991366684a62929f001cbb9d6b5c10f3187706c156b1943a1bcba0bf0", "text": "“Why, you don’t like Camden’s, then,” said Miss Winifred, in some anxiety.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03361", "bookId": 145, "start": 1245483, "end": 1245601, "sha256": "a0043217a34eac71e32e3d5da686c10c4d5a0c80f27c86a367a86da86f7e4e76", "text": "“Yes, I do,” said Mary. “I don’t like the other clergymen’s neckcloths, because it is they who wear them.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03362", "bookId": 145, "start": 1245603, "end": 1245699, "sha256": "3d4bfb4c756dbdfcccb256070d613361d9b4c40982782f2b338a915be48bc297", "text": "“How very puzzling!” said Miss Noble, feeling that her own intellect was probably deficient.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03363", "bookId": 145, "start": 1245701, "end": 1245854, "sha256": "1f3bcd311265a84bf6fb21fe41516ed84575f8475a8b20167b87d48cb9da53db", "text": "“My dear, you are joking. You would have better reasons than these for slighting so respectable a class of men,” said Mrs. Farebrother, majestically.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03364", "bookId": 145, "start": 1245856, "end": 1245969, "sha256": "3ffaaae40d23d6165679e86cfb1e8eec782b4643c9ff6fab87d810f33ebfc2b9", "text": "“Miss Garth has such severe notions of what people should be that it is difficult to satisfy her,” said Fred.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03365", "bookId": 145, "start": 1245971, "end": 1246068, "sha256": "307b1b7cce9cb3865ba5528b35f828e8622c9b7f342dbec032fbd6daadb54781", "text": "“Well, I am glad at least that she makes an exception in favor of my son,” said the old lady.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03366", "bookId": 145, "start": 1246070, "end": 1246751, "sha256": "2853e846f412611c833d312395999c467a834452777c5909c716d90edc693e84", "text": "Mary was wondering at Fred’s piqued tone, when Mr. Farebrother came in and had to hear the news about the engagement under Mr. Garth. At the end he said with quiet satisfaction, “_That_ is right;” and then bent to look at Mary’s labels and praise her handwriting. Fred felt horribly jealous—was glad, of course, that Mr. Farebrother was so estimable, but wished that he had been ugly and fat as men at forty sometimes are. It was clear what the end would be, since Mary openly placed Farebrother above everybody, and these women were all evidently encouraging the affair. He was feeling sure that he should have no chance of speaking to Mary, when Mr. Farebrother said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03367", "bookId": 145, "start": 1246753, "end": 1246942, "sha256": "301dc53c9a433f06c10e36fd3c11493fdd94923ba4708ca4cc40b2fa3e963023", "text": "“Fred, help me to carry these drawers back into my study—you have never seen my fine new study. Pray come too, Miss Garth. I want you to see a stupendous spider I found this morning.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03368", "bookId": 145, "start": 1246944, "end": 1247500, "sha256": "091b72e25b7c07a038c076eb3b10556a26f782854f47805dc6ddba076db4715c", "text": "Mary at once saw the Vicar’s intention. He had never since the memorable evening deviated from his old pastoral kindness towards her, and her momentary wonder and doubt had quite gone to sleep. Mary was accustomed to think rather rigorously of what was probable, and if a belief flattered her vanity she felt warned to dismiss it as ridiculous, having early had much exercise in such dismissals. It was as she had foreseen: when Fred had been asked to admire the fittings of the study, and she had been asked to admire the spider, Mr. Farebrother said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03369", "bookId": 145, "start": 1247502, "end": 1247722, "sha256": "37cff3c5e4795e9638752587ec72af48c599b667e6c382a1a4e3d2b2b19f36fd", "text": "“Wait here a minute or two. I am going to look out an engraving which Fred is tall enough to hang for me. I shall be back in a few minutes.” And then he went out. Nevertheless, the first word Fred said to Mary was—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03370", "bookId": 145, "start": 1247724, "end": 1247843, "sha256": "acd459e10988cd8e1769e69e8ddc46f90a38449de5d637aa862baf11c356a045", "text": "“It is of no use, whatever I do, Mary. You are sure to marry Farebrother at last.” There was some rage in his tone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03371", "bookId": 145, "start": 1247845, "end": 1247968, "sha256": "64526bd83a8a30c1029b9847403d0e6f0f9a59966acf9445387600a01562cdb8", "text": "“What do you mean, Fred?” Mary exclaimed indignantly, blushing deeply, and surprised out of all her readiness in reply.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03372", "bookId": 145, "start": 1247970, "end": 1248064, "sha256": "dd065889e3da41445d4d6c96a5cc18bbe70356c00c4fbde0e64c2384fde1ea0b", "text": "“It is impossible that you should not see it all clearly enough—you who see everything.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03373", "bookId": 145, "start": 1248066, "end": 1248240, "sha256": "12b0596f6d5b1c614d79129e2a92ea1b02a033f56d26c2415db632aa93ea9832", "text": "“I only see that you are behaving very ill, Fred, in speaking so of Mr. Farebrother after he has pleaded your cause in every way. How can you have taken up such an idea?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03374", "bookId": 145, "start": 1248242, "end": 1248388, "sha256": "916c2a4bf2da038883ffbc132adfef460984bbe06f627bf43208b2814c50ba8f", "text": "Fred was rather deep, in spite of his irritation. If Mary had really been unsuspicious, there was no good in telling her what Mrs. Garth had said.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03375", "bookId": 145, "start": 1248390, "end": 1248577, "sha256": "c7b12b7c601b449c9a24c7bbb43cd299fc43d70aa4050c5f5dda87328aa9beab", "text": "“It follows as a matter of course,” he replied. “When you are continually seeing a man who beats me in everything, and whom you set up above everybody, I can have no fair chance.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03376", "bookId": 145, "start": 1248579, "end": 1248707, "sha256": "e511d870de922211527b55c27b446365799b762ed3925c1f04a4a592136735fb", "text": "“You are very ungrateful, Fred,” said Mary. “I wish I had never told Mr. Farebrother that I cared for you in the least.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03377", "bookId": 145, "start": 1248709, "end": 1248983, "sha256": "1474be039497a4a7824c11141cc524727f076610fa09189a32bf6bbe58339490", "text": "“No, I am not ungrateful; I should be the happiest fellow in the world if it were not for this. I told your father everything, and he was very kind; he treated me as if I were his son. I could go at the work with a will, writing and everything, if it were not for this.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03378", "bookId": 145, "start": 1248985, "end": 1249088, "sha256": "dd03058851b2fc9277cebd8196a50d7480e44e18a1c70aef5d1927eef2de5339", "text": "“For this? for what?” said Mary, imagining now that something specific must have been said or done.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03379", "bookId": 145, "start": 1249090, "end": 1249209, "sha256": "5544cf66529ec71d15e6ff17f9a45611fa5e24823f290d14d78e8c8005ed44fb", "text": "“This dreadful certainty that I shall be bowled out by Farebrother.” Mary was appeased by her inclination to laugh.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03380", "bookId": 145, "start": 1249211, "end": 1249520, "sha256": "6c93c7da46aed2d508056ce843ad61fcef4f2436d8da97f1aa677d1c1a42c676", "text": "“Fred,” she said, peeping round to catch his eyes, which were sulkily turned away from her, “you are too delightfully ridiculous. If you were not such a charming simpleton, what a temptation this would be to play the wicked coquette, and let you suppose that somebody besides you has made love to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03381", "bookId": 145, "start": 1249522, "end": 1249640, "sha256": "4d378fb4fb20408773d4e22778a5bcccbbffaf32ea0750c383145b16f8d66d6d", "text": "“Do you really like me best, Mary?” said Fred, turning eyes full of affection on her, and trying to take her hand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03382", "bookId": 145, "start": 1249642, "end": 1249889, "sha256": "d4ddee1f348607bc28d5f0cc98c061e3c0ed3f2981c5c3f2c4039231eb72986e", "text": "“I don’t like you at all at this moment,” said Mary, retreating, and putting her hands behind her. “I only said that no mortal ever made love to me besides you. And that is no argument that a very wise man ever will,” she ended, merrily.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03383", "bookId": 145, "start": 1249891, "end": 1249979, "sha256": "44220e8dc31d1e8ca84d5ebeb2936d5b757681d93c56be48f22af819032c452c", "text": "“I wish you would tell me that you could not possibly ever think of him,” said Fred.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03384", "bookId": 145, "start": 1249981, "end": 1250300, "sha256": "221b2914133eb7bc0fdd5dcba15aab8dff6d1de516ce985fae4b50604891708c", "text": "“Never dare to mention this any more to me, Fred,” said Mary, getting serious again. “I don’t know whether it is more stupid or ungenerous in you not to see that Mr. Farebrother has left us together on purpose that we might speak freely. I am disappointed that you should be so blind to his delicate feeling.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03385", "bookId": 145, "start": 1250302, "end": 1251300, "sha256": "9a82e766fd92ce147e809c24570ea73ae72cff4674ccf960de1b6d5ad0b938c7", "text": "There was no time to say any more before Mr. Farebrother came back with the engraving; and Fred had to return to the drawing-room still with a jealous dread in his heart, but yet with comforting arguments from Mary’s words and manner. The result of the conversation was on the whole more painful to Mary: inevitably her attention had taken a new attitude, and she saw the possibility of new interpretations. She was in a position in which she seemed to herself to be slighting Mr. Farebrother, and this, in relation to a man who is much honored, is always dangerous to the firmness of a grateful woman. To have a reason for going home the next day was a relief, for Mary earnestly desired to be always clear that she loved Fred best. When a tender affection has been storing itself in us through many of our years, the idea that we could accept any exchange for it seems to be a cheapening of our lives. And we can set a watch over our affections and our constancy as we can over other treasures.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03386", "bookId": 145, "start": 1251302, "end": 1251697, "sha256": "1f1183aeda569edc8f6029a66a2c3a1592af86dbc68727085f06d7d37800a0b3", "text": "“Fred has lost all his other expectations; he must keep this,” Mary said to herself, with a smile curling her lips. It was impossible to help fleeting visions of another kind—new dignities and an acknowledged value of which she had often felt the absence. But these things with Fred outside them, Fred forsaken and looking sad for the want of her, could never tempt her deliberate thought.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03387", "bookId": 145, "start": 1251702, "end": 1251716, "sha256": "7640bef8ed8ca6e0cda5483aa1f80fdd8a024e3c233629f3c72ff6be29891a61", "text": "CHAPTER LVIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03388", "bookId": 145, "start": 1251718, "end": 1252123, "sha256": "fa3e5f44f4b0a72733c334830a68d3b0824376233dbef0b42f55a1e87b3cc7f5", "text": "“For there can live no hatred in thine eye, Therefore in that I cannot know thy change: In many’s looks the false heart’s history Is writ in moods and frowns and wrinkles strange: But Heaven in thy creation did decree That in thy face sweet love should ever dwell: Whate’er thy thoughts or thy heart’s workings be Thy looks should nothing thence but sweetness tell.” —SHAKESPEARE: _Sonnets_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03389", "bookId": 145, "start": 1252126, "end": 1252794, "sha256": "59dbeb7fcdf647d97d9c35a98640d4c04f8e682f285f8e116cb6b657fad17e5c", "text": "At the time when Mr. Vincy uttered that presentiment about Rosamond, she herself had never had the idea that she should be driven to make the sort of appeal which he foresaw. She had not yet had any anxiety about ways and means, although her domestic life had been expensive as well as eventful. Her baby had been born prematurely, and all the embroidered robes and caps had to be laid by in darkness. This misfortune was attributed entirely to her having persisted in going out on horseback one day when her husband had desired her not to do so; but it must not be supposed that she had shown temper on the occasion, or rudely told him that she would do as she liked.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03390", "bookId": 145, "start": 1252796, "end": 1254461, "sha256": "afaba6a3e5b016df68523e614d7b2f1731b01c7e1eae714bb7498877c864e8c5", "text": "What led her particularly to desire horse-exercise was a visit from Captain Lydgate, the baronet’s third son, who, I am sorry to say, was detested by our Tertius of that name as a vapid fop “parting his hair from brow to nape in a despicable fashion” (not followed by Tertius himself), and showing an ignorant security that he knew the proper thing to say on every topic. Lydgate inwardly cursed his own folly that he had drawn down this visit by consenting to go to his uncle’s on the wedding-tour, and he made himself rather disagreeable to Rosamond by saying so in private. For to Rosamond this visit was a source of unprecedented but gracefully concealed exultation. She was so intensely conscious of having a cousin who was a baronet’s son staying in the house, that she imagined the knowledge of what was implied by his presence to be diffused through all other minds; and when she introduced Captain Lydgate to her guests, she had a placid sense that his rank penetrated them as if it had been an odor. The satisfaction was enough for the time to melt away some disappointment in the conditions of marriage with a medical man even of good birth: it seemed now that her marriage was visibly as well as ideally floating her above the Middlemarch level, and the future looked bright with letters and visits to and from Quallingham, and vague advancement in consequence for Tertius. Especially as, probably at the Captain’s suggestion, his married sister, Mrs. Mengan, had come with her maid, and stayed two nights on her way from town. Hence it was clearly worth while for Rosamond to take pains with her music and the careful selection of her lace.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03391", "bookId": 145, "start": 1254463, "end": 1255645, "sha256": "2993e67843e328e88e3004d3acc20e54d6c6b9c2656ffd4d835007adfb5953fa", "text": "As to Captain Lydgate himself, his low brow, his aquiline nose bent on one side, and his rather heavy utterance, might have been disadvantageous in any young gentleman who had not a military bearing and mustache to give him what is doted on by some flower-like blond heads as “style.” He had, moreover, that sort of high-breeding which consists in being free from the petty solicitudes of middle-class gentility, and he was a great critic of feminine charms. Rosamond delighted in his admiration now even more than she had done at Quallingham, and he found it easy to spend several hours of the day in flirting with her. The visit altogether was one of the pleasantest larks he had ever had, not the less so perhaps because he suspected that his queer cousin Tertius wished him away: though Lydgate, who would rather (hyperbolically speaking) have died than have failed in polite hospitality, suppressed his dislike, and only pretended generally not to hear what the gallant officer said, consigning the task of answering him to Rosamond. For he was not at all a jealous husband, and preferred leaving a feather-headed young gentleman alone with his wife to bearing him company.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03392", "bookId": 145, "start": 1255647, "end": 1255969, "sha256": "541a990e852bb6057b87a77151fe44efdfefac1fdac9a4ea8a4bd74d4c758813", "text": "“I wish you would talk more to the Captain at dinner, Tertius,” said Rosamond, one evening when the important guest was gone to Loamford to see some brother officers stationed there. “You really look so absent sometimes—you seem to be seeing through his head into something behind it, instead of looking at him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03393", "bookId": 145, "start": 1255971, "end": 1256170, "sha256": "4d1bc49d3f629925def4860a4cd3d1ba357d1795a67812dd6a1d63e59998866d", "text": "“My dear Rosy, you don’t expect me to talk much to such a conceited ass as that, I hope,” said Lydgate, brusquely. “If he got his head broken, I might look at it with interest, not before.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03394", "bookId": 145, "start": 1256172, "end": 1256368, "sha256": "8396f9e4a41a5c5c19fe1b167399ec01977b17c40a14caa502146f780bcd1190", "text": "“I cannot conceive why you should speak of your cousin so contemptuously,” said Rosamond, her fingers moving at her work while she spoke with a mild gravity which had a touch of disdain in it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03395", "bookId": 145, "start": 1256370, "end": 1256513, "sha256": "cad660f36c9dd701376e83b6573ea2cb0e85fcc23496fe5032116b69b223f43a", "text": "“Ask Ladislaw if he doesn’t think your Captain the greatest bore he ever met with. Ladislaw has almost forsaken the house since he came.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03396", "bookId": 145, "start": 1256515, "end": 1256643, "sha256": "f742b9d66652f5d5e573d091452c876c55a18cdd35b6b4c43cb4a96c63e08942", "text": "Rosamond thought she knew perfectly well why Mr. Ladislaw disliked the Captain: he was jealous, and she liked his being jealous.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03397", "bookId": 145, "start": 1256645, "end": 1256871, "sha256": "9313ef0970a6dd2cc3d94055a0d65854666b874027a2af5bc813ec389bd33a39", "text": "“It is impossible to say what will suit eccentric persons,” she answered, “but in my opinion Captain Lydgate is a thorough gentleman, and I think you ought not, out of respect to Sir Godwin, to treat him with neglect.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03398", "bookId": 145, "start": 1256873, "end": 1256985, "sha256": "749dca5f976cb1288443865c01890a1269bd62b8190d6706df72921fd3f4a596", "text": "“No, dear; but we have had dinners for him. And he comes in and goes out as he likes. He doesn’t want me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03399", "bookId": 145, "start": 1256987, "end": 1257304, "sha256": "63dbc430751305b905a84e35b1b9d7fb506df09ee70e5efa7d3515119dcea49d", "text": "“Still, when he is in the room, you might show him more attention. He may not be a phoenix of cleverness in your sense; his profession is different; but it would be all the better for you to talk a little on his subjects. _I_ think his conversation is quite agreeable. And he is anything but an unprincipled man.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03400", "bookId": 145, "start": 1257306, "end": 1257614, "sha256": "d8eed5e91137088fd8ba6121aa5c672a72c190691df2ef24a1a7c3c1fd5a1ba7", "text": "“The fact is, you would wish me to be a little more like him, Rosy,” said Lydgate, in a sort of resigned murmur, with a smile which was not exactly tender, and certainly not merry. Rosamond was silent and did not smile again; but the lovely curves of her face looked good-tempered enough without smiling.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03401", "bookId": 145, "start": 1257616, "end": 1258192, "sha256": "0fa5540f51933564239ce3dc4f2a20c796365b48f9a4a14cc58f2c15ced13c07", "text": "Those words of Lydgate’s were like a sad milestone marking how far he had travelled from his old dreamland, in which Rosamond Vincy appeared to be that perfect piece of womanhood who would reverence her husband’s mind after the fashion of an accomplished mermaid, using her comb and looking-glass and singing her song for the relaxation of his adored wisdom alone. He had begun to distinguish between that imagined adoration and the attraction towards a man’s talent because it gives him prestige, and is like an order in his button-hole or an Honorable before his name.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03402", "bookId": 145, "start": 1258194, "end": 1258721, "sha256": "8a932424dbe4ddee03eca2811665d62885243989c517f7fe20b2a01107332638", "text": "It might have been supposed that Rosamond had travelled too, since she had found the pointless conversation of Mr. Ned Plymdale perfectly wearisome; but to most mortals there is a stupidity which is unendurable and a stupidity which is altogether acceptable—else, indeed, what would become of social bonds? Captain Lydgate’s stupidity was delicately scented, carried itself with “style,” talked with a good accent, and was closely related to Sir Godwin. Rosamond found it quite agreeable and caught many of its phrases.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03403", "bookId": 145, "start": 1258723, "end": 1259437, "sha256": "a08f48c665607837dc02a3b6901b3fddf9672a57719ff0691899051fdcab41b1", "text": "Therefore since Rosamond, as we know, was fond of horseback, there were plenty of reasons why she should be tempted to resume her riding when Captain Lydgate, who had ordered his man with two horses to follow him and put up at the “Green Dragon,” begged her to go out on the gray which he warranted to be gentle and trained to carry a lady—indeed, he had bought it for his sister, and was taking it to Quallingham. Rosamond went out the first time without telling her husband, and came back before his return; but the ride had been so thorough a success, and she declared herself so much the better in consequence, that he was informed of it with full reliance on his consent that she should go riding again.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03404", "bookId": 145, "start": 1259439, "end": 1259749, "sha256": "1b292edd5b5a5a8df703fbd2be37ba3ab5b9a6ac37ac6130136fc69861f7cbae", "text": "On the contrary Lydgate was more than hurt—he was utterly confounded that she had risked herself on a strange horse without referring the matter to his wish. After the first almost thundering exclamations of astonishment, which sufficiently warned Rosamond of what was coming, he was silent for some moments.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03405", "bookId": 145, "start": 1259751, "end": 1260075, "sha256": "d5bfbf81ff321be58b603f847136fada5b19f2d24de179dcb677c39fc7d782ea", "text": "“However, you have come back safely,” he said, at last, in a decisive tone. “You will not go again, Rosy; that is understood. If it were the quietest, most familiar horse in the world, there would always be the chance of accident. And you know very well that I wished you to give up riding the roan on that account.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03406", "bookId": 145, "start": 1260077, "end": 1260136, "sha256": "8fdaf7ea3399d3783deb1057854fdf12b7bfcdf599b8c0e5df40decd07b3c304", "text": "“But there is the chance of accident indoors, Tertius.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03407", "bookId": 145, "start": 1260138, "end": 1260318, "sha256": "c4431be9cdd16c7642b87135f71f3539ef29e8b066664a679ef77f313960cecb", "text": "“My darling, don’t talk nonsense,” said Lydgate, in an imploring tone; “surely I am the person to judge for you. I think it is enough that I say you are not to go again.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03408", "bookId": 145, "start": 1260320, "end": 1260612, "sha256": "31d9eb19a18903089528f730150f4868c29c6cd396209b600dfbefdd967bc53e", "text": "Rosamond was arranging her hair before dinner, and the reflection of her head in the glass showed no change in its loveliness except a little turning aside of the long neck. Lydgate had been moving about with his hands in his pockets, and now paused near her, as if he awaited some assurance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03409", "bookId": 145, "start": 1260614, "end": 1261226, "sha256": "ed088fbc278392f3d70eebe8c4139dff93b0430284d6ba0b0ecfe0bc3b9339a4", "text": "“I wish you would fasten up my plaits, dear,” said Rosamond, letting her arms fall with a little sigh, so as to make a husband ashamed of standing there like a brute. Lydgate had often fastened the plaits before, being among the deftest of men with his large finely formed fingers. He swept up the soft festoons of plaits and fastened in the tall comb (to such uses do men come!); and what could he do then but kiss the exquisite nape which was shown in all its delicate curves? But when we do what we have done before, it is often with a difference. Lydgate was still angry, and had not forgotten his point.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03410", "bookId": 145, "start": 1261228, "end": 1261346, "sha256": "95d832882a2b221cb4f9a7956c7d5a4990d1e5a54cf19fedc6091708800e5996", "text": "“I shall tell the Captain that he ought to have known better than offer you his horse,” he said, as he moved away.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03411", "bookId": 145, "start": 1261348, "end": 1261587, "sha256": "f3ac734d6634fa04bfc014a3df21757fc748e7f62d37f86d4ab5ffe309dc019f", "text": "“I beg you will not do anything of the kind, Tertius,” said Rosamond, looking at him with something more marked than usual in her speech. “It will be treating me as if I were a child. Promise that you will leave the subject to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03412", "bookId": 145, "start": 1261589, "end": 1261784, "sha256": "cbbccfbb1ed6e5df5165804ceb1569dbe4f5025e95bbf6b16131ce581e0354dd", "text": "There did seem to be some truth in her objection. Lydgate said, “Very well,” with a surly obedience, and thus the discussion ended with his promising Rosamond, and not with her promising him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03413", "bookId": 145, "start": 1261786, "end": 1262661, "sha256": "618a64811a614b7504ab1dadf8c0d00cb7cfeae1ba94f3b4c95383b472824bdc", "text": "In fact, she had been determined not to promise. Rosamond had that victorious obstinacy which never wastes its energy in impetuous resistance. What she liked to do was to her the right thing, and all her cleverness was directed to getting the means of doing it. She meant to go out riding again on the gray, and she did go on the next opportunity of her husband’s absence, not intending that he should know until it was late enough not to signify to her. The temptation was certainly great: she was very fond of the exercise, and the gratification of riding on a fine horse, with Captain Lydgate, Sir Godwin’s son, on another fine horse by her side, and of being met in this position by any one but her husband, was something as good as her dreams before marriage: moreover she was riveting the connection with the family at Quallingham, which must be a wise thing to do.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03414", "bookId": 145, "start": 1262663, "end": 1262993, "sha256": "300694a9ab56ed2dd5182d96bdd5b07b6063f8ce14486dd78ea6dba175eb17ad", "text": "But the gentle gray, unprepared for the crash of a tree that was being felled on the edge of Halsell wood, took fright, and caused a worse fright to Rosamond, leading finally to the loss of her baby. Lydgate could not show his anger towards her, but he was rather bearish to the Captain, whose visit naturally soon came to an end.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03415", "bookId": 145, "start": 1262995, "end": 1263263, "sha256": "15956f9841788e64ab5883e6c780f39c3ad91513e8c426452b81b3ce5a84cccb", "text": "In all future conversations on the subject, Rosamond was mildly certain that the ride had made no difference, and that if she had stayed at home the same symptoms would have come on and would have ended in the same way, because she had felt something like them before.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03416", "bookId": 145, "start": 1263265, "end": 1265101, "sha256": "457c67a094be2113ff50ce69c8675020d9803ecc0ed543aae9dbb5dd1d793a70", "text": "Lydgate could only say, “Poor, poor darling!”—but he secretly wondered over the terrible tenacity of this mild creature. There was gathering within him an amazed sense of his powerlessness over Rosamond. His superior knowledge and mental force, instead of being, as he had imagined, a shrine to consult on all occasions, was simply set aside on every practical question. He had regarded Rosamond’s cleverness as precisely of the receptive kind which became a woman. He was now beginning to find out what that cleverness was—what was the shape into which it had run as into a close network aloof and independent. No one quicker than Rosamond to see causes and effects which lay within the track of her own tastes and interests: she had seen clearly Lydgate’s preeminence in Middlemarch society, and could go on imaginatively tracing still more agreeable social effects when his talent should have advanced him; but for her, his professional and scientific ambition had no other relation to these desirable effects than if they had been the fortunate discovery of an ill-smelling oil. And that oil apart, with which she had nothing to do, of course she believed in her own opinion more than she did in his. Lydgate was astounded to find in numberless trifling matters, as well as in this last serious case of the riding, that affection did not make her compliant. He had no doubt that the affection was there, and had no presentiment that he had done anything to repel it. For his own part he said to himself that he loved her as tenderly as ever, and could make up his mind to her negations; but—well! Lydgate was much worried, and conscious of new elements in his life as noxious to him as an inlet of mud to a creature that has been used to breathe and bathe and dart after its illuminated prey in the clearest of waters.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03417", "bookId": 145, "start": 1265103, "end": 1265542, "sha256": "47b06b172641150fa9dcf65475e64a669a0e251f1a0cb82dda67a7deada9fc6b", "text": "Rosamond was soon looking lovelier than ever at her worktable, enjoying drives in her father’s phaeton and thinking it likely that she might be invited to Quallingham. She knew that she was a much more exquisite ornament to the drawing-room there than any daughter of the family, and in reflecting that the gentlemen were aware of that, did not perhaps sufficiently consider whether the ladies would be eager to see themselves surpassed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03418", "bookId": 145, "start": 1265544, "end": 1267597, "sha256": "942e69d3b3c473cbc71b6956216cd7305adead60beb104e75f377e47a739d852", "text": "Lydgate, relieved from anxiety about her, relapsed into what she inwardly called his moodiness—a name which to her covered his thoughtful preoccupation with other subjects than herself, as well as that uneasy look of the brow and distaste for all ordinary things as if they were mixed with bitter herbs, which really made a sort of weather-glass to his vexation and foreboding. These latter states of mind had one cause amongst others, which he had generously but mistakenly avoided mentioning to Rosamond, lest it should affect her health and spirits. Between him and her indeed there was that total missing of each other’s mental track, which is too evidently possible even between persons who are continually thinking of each other. To Lydgate it seemed that he had been spending month after month in sacrificing more than half of his best intent and best power to his tenderness for Rosamond; bearing her little claims and interruptions without impatience, and, above all, bearing without betrayal of bitterness to look through less and less of interfering illusion at the blank unreflecting surface her mind presented to his ardor for the more impersonal ends of his profession and his scientific study, an ardor which he had fancied that the ideal wife must somehow worship as sublime, though not in the least knowing why. But his endurance was mingled with a self-discontent which, if we know how to be candid, we shall confess to make more than half our bitterness under grievances, wife or husband included. It always remains true that if we had been greater, circumstance would have been less strong against us. Lydgate was aware that his concessions to Rosamond were often little more than the lapse of slackening resolution, the creeping paralysis apt to seize an enthusiasm which is out of adjustment to a constant portion of our lives. And on Lydgate’s enthusiasm there was constantly pressing not a simple weight of sorrow, but the biting presence of a petty degrading care, such as casts the blight of irony over all higher effort.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03419", "bookId": 145, "start": 1267599, "end": 1268339, "sha256": "be19ae1c548c30c8b3fab97c83bc46920ebeaf5504f21538f40ce6bcb49c4c81", "text": "This was the care which he had hitherto abstained from mentioning to Rosamond; and he believed, with some wonder, that it had never entered her mind, though certainly no difficulty could be less mysterious. It was an inference with a conspicuous handle to it, and had been easily drawn by indifferent observers, that Lydgate was in debt; and he could not succeed in keeping out of his mind for long together that he was every day getting deeper into that swamp, which tempts men towards it with such a pretty covering of flowers and verdure. It is wonderful how soon a man gets up to his chin there—in a condition in which, in spite of himself, he is forced to think chiefly of release, though he had a scheme of the universe in his soul.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03420", "bookId": 145, "start": 1268341, "end": 1268802, "sha256": "0e9c14928da1f26e954146e62cb21e3aa821a66d8ab815d444f8da650c9001e6", "text": "Eighteen months ago Lydgate was poor, but had never known the eager want of small sums, and felt rather a burning contempt for any one who descended a step in order to gain them. He was now experiencing something worse than a simple deficit: he was assailed by the vulgar hateful trials of a man who has bought and used a great many things which might have been done without, and which he is unable to pay for, though the demand for payment has become pressing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03421", "bookId": 145, "start": 1268804, "end": 1271838, "sha256": "477e65076d6eacfa318a95d753e20759895805ef3eece62fa3df1eb1761b9f01", "text": "How this came about may be easily seen without much arithmetic or knowledge of prices. When a man in setting up a house and preparing for marriage finds that his furniture and other initial expenses come to between four and five hundred pounds more than he has capital to pay for; when at the end of a year it appears that his household expenses, horses and et caeteras, amount to nearly a thousand, while the proceeds of the practice reckoned from the old books to be worth eight hundred per annum have sunk like a summer pond and make hardly five hundred, chiefly in unpaid entries, the plain inference is that, whether he minds it or not, he is in debt. Those were less expensive times than our own, and provincial life was comparatively modest; but the ease with which a medical man who had lately bought a practice, who thought that he was obliged to keep two horses, whose table was supplied without stint, and who paid an insurance on his life and a high rent for house and garden, might find his expenses doubling his receipts, can be conceived by any one who does not think these details beneath his consideration. Rosamond, accustomed from her childhood to an extravagant household, thought that good housekeeping consisted simply in ordering the best of everything—nothing else “answered;” and Lydgate supposed that “if things were done at all, they must be done properly”—he did not see how they were to live otherwise. If each head of household expenditure had been mentioned to him beforehand, he would have probably observed that “it could hardly come to much,” and if any one had suggested a saving on a particular article—for example, the substitution of cheap fish for dear—it would have appeared to him simply a penny-wise, mean notion. Rosamond, even without such an occasion as Captain Lydgate’s visit, was fond of giving invitations, and Lydgate, though he often thought the guests tiresome, did not interfere. This sociability seemed a necessary part of professional prudence, and the entertainment must be suitable. It is true Lydgate was constantly visiting the homes of the poor and adjusting his prescriptions of diet to their small means; but, dear me! has it not by this time ceased to be remarkable—is it not rather that we expect in men, that they should have numerous strands of experience lying side by side and never compare them with each other? Expenditure—like ugliness and errors—becomes a totally new thing when we attach our own personality to it, and measure it by that wide difference which is manifest (in our own sensations) between ourselves and others. Lydgate believed himself to be careless about his dress, and he despised a man who calculated the effects of his costume; it seemed to him only a matter of course that he had abundance of fresh garments—such things were naturally ordered in sheaves. It must be remembered that he had never hitherto felt the check of importunate debt, and he walked by habit, not by self-criticism. But the check had come.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03422", "bookId": 145, "start": 1271840, "end": 1273415, "sha256": "3e5555be7d1f6a3b594513efe9ed936fdcbb69314315d03814e88d73cb5e92d2", "text": "Its novelty made it the more irritating. He was amazed, disgusted that conditions so foreign to all his purposes, so hatefully disconnected with the objects he cared to occupy himself with, should have lain in ambush and clutched him when he was unaware. And there was not only the actual debt; there was the certainty that in his present position he must go on deepening it. Two furnishing tradesmen at Brassing, whose bills had been incurred before his marriage, and whom uncalculated current expenses had ever since prevented him from paying, had repeatedly sent him unpleasant letters which had forced themselves on his attention. This could hardly have been more galling to any disposition than to Lydgate’s, with his intense pride—his dislike of asking a favor or being under an obligation to any one. He had scorned even to form conjectures about Mr. Vincy’s intentions on money matters, and nothing but extremity could have induced him to apply to his father-in-law, even if he had not been made aware in various indirect ways since his marriage that Mr. Vincy’s own affairs were not flourishing, and that the expectation of help from him would be resented. Some men easily trust in the readiness of friends; it had never in the former part of his life occurred to Lydgate that he should need to do so: he had never thought what borrowing would be to him; but now that the idea had entered his mind, he felt that he would rather incur any other hardship. In the mean time he had no money or prospects of money; and his practice was not getting more lucrative.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03423", "bookId": 145, "start": 1273417, "end": 1274053, "sha256": "b19a48d596251c3e4c794dd0aff7c22862e2ce02eb66240cc7ef4d3edc145e2d", "text": "No wonder that Lydgate had been unable to suppress all signs of inward trouble during the last few months, and now that Rosamond was regaining brilliant health, he meditated taking her entirely into confidence on his difficulties. New conversance with tradesmen’s bills had forced his reasoning into a new channel of comparison: he had begun to consider from a new point of view what was necessary and unnecessary in goods ordered, and to see that there must be some change of habits. How could such a change be made without Rosamond’s concurrence? The immediate occasion of opening the disagreeable fact to her was forced upon him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03424", "bookId": 145, "start": 1274055, "end": 1274916, "sha256": "fb7495517c3b29895e2c9cbc4b9f73414bb5ba466b4d66dd764014c5fce3f8d3", "text": "Having no money, and having privately sought advice as to what security could possibly be given by a man in his position, Lydgate had offered the one good security in his power to the less peremptory creditor, who was a silversmith and jeweller, and who consented to take on himself the upholsterer’s credit also, accepting interest for a given term. The security necessary was a bill of sale on the furniture of his house, which might make a creditor easy for a reasonable time about a debt amounting to less than four hundred pounds; and the silversmith, Mr. Dover, was willing to reduce it by taking back a portion of the plate and any other article which was as good as new. “Any other article” was a phrase delicately implying jewellery, and more particularly some purple amethysts costing thirty pounds, which Lydgate had bought as a bridal present.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03425", "bookId": 145, "start": 1274918, "end": 1275373, "sha256": "97f788674ebb62e7bb3926bdc9c4f72aa21459bbb99fe1b8fac509f693b33990", "text": "Opinions may be divided as to his wisdom in making this present: some may think that it was a graceful attention to be expected from a man like Lydgate, and that the fault of any troublesome consequences lay in the pinched narrowness of provincial life at that time, which offered no conveniences for professional people whose fortune was not proportioned to their tastes; also, in Lydgate’s ridiculous fastidiousness about asking his friends for money.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03426", "bookId": 145, "start": 1275375, "end": 1276365, "sha256": "e7de80eed95c843bfc8af3a9a83dc8647eb7c294b2b8535de2acfdfb35086af0", "text": "However, it had seemed a question of no moment to him on that fine morning when he went to give a final order for plate: in the presence of other jewels enormously expensive, and as an addition to orders of which the amount had not been exactly calculated, thirty pounds for ornaments so exquisitely suited to Rosamond’s neck and arms could hardly appear excessive when there was no ready cash for it to exceed. But at this crisis Lydgate’s imagination could not help dwelling on the possibility of letting the amethysts take their place again among Mr. Dover’s stock, though he shrank from the idea of proposing this to Rosamond. Having been roused to discern consequences which he had never been in the habit of tracing, he was preparing to act on this discernment with some of the rigor (by no means all) that he would have applied in pursuing experiment. He was nerving himself to this rigor as he rode from Brassing, and meditated on the representations he must make to Rosamond.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03427", "bookId": 145, "start": 1276367, "end": 1277524, "sha256": "20a6c50feb98767ff02f5d00f589d9749537a2a17c9356d05dac3990b6c5b4b6", "text": "It was evening when he got home. He was intensely miserable, this strong man of nine-and-twenty and of many gifts. He was not saying angrily within himself that he had made a profound mistake; but the mistake was at work in him like a recognized chronic disease, mingling its uneasy importunities with every prospect, and enfeebling every thought. As he went along the passage to the drawing-room, he heard the piano and singing. Of course, Ladislaw was there. It was some weeks since Will had parted from Dorothea, yet he was still at the old post in Middlemarch. Lydgate had no objection in general to Ladislaw’s coming, but just now he was annoyed that he could not find his hearth free. When he opened the door the two singers went on towards the key-note, raising their eyes and looking at him indeed, but not regarding his entrance as an interruption. To a man galled with his harness as poor Lydgate was, it is not soothing to see two people warbling at him, as he comes in with the sense that the painful day has still pains in store. His face, already paler than usual, took on a scowl as he walked across the room and flung himself into a chair.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03428", "bookId": 145, "start": 1277526, "end": 1277633, "sha256": "e3b938d405847bce8f7ac9758a572a3ee628a7256915b676659561459ad1a05b", "text": "The singers feeling themselves excused by the fact that they had only three bars to sing, now turned round.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03429", "bookId": 145, "start": 1277635, "end": 1277704, "sha256": "99afffbef5b2e6dcb1110cfda22917c2cb21bd0900755fc824acc498f674ad56", "text": "“How are you, Lydgate?” said Will, coming forward to shake hands.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03430", "bookId": 145, "start": 1277706, "end": 1277769, "sha256": "9d69f143c548fb765d46709cbbd939054d5924e491726b9a6a39513723f72b77", "text": "Lydgate took his hand, but did not think it necessary to speak.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03431", "bookId": 145, "start": 1277771, "end": 1277966, "sha256": "ace983e7b00d2e25f37fe29760a98a206649590c51ec6d7a909f5b796ecc8ef2", "text": "“Have you dined, Tertius? I expected you much earlier,” said Rosamond, who had already seen that her husband was in a “horrible humor.” She seated herself in her usual place as she spoke.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03432", "bookId": 145, "start": 1277968, "end": 1278115, "sha256": "7f95e044c803583d0622b99c00c26f8fed045e1a4c1283eed67ed5b00cffe62d", "text": "“I have dined. I should like some tea, please,” said Lydgate, curtly, still scowling and looking markedly at his legs stretched out before him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03433", "bookId": 145, "start": 1278117, "end": 1278198, "sha256": "bc3c2571c2832b47522d01366b29cedbe03db723145961eb8f666b2ecae13cac", "text": "Will was too quick to need more. “I shall be off,” he said, reaching his hat.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03434", "bookId": 145, "start": 1278200, "end": 1278258, "sha256": "109b54951748f225c5f8066f63fab8ea2397236b60b91d0d206bb0197b1adea6", "text": "“Tea is coming,” said Rosamond; “pray don’t go.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03435", "bookId": 145, "start": 1278260, "end": 1278438, "sha256": "17a506d499fb49291f41caced6ff3508a92c74244462397a6022086b4ff5a105", "text": "“Yes, Lydgate is bored,” said Will, who had more comprehension of Lydgate than Rosamond had, and was not offended by his manner, easily imagining outdoor causes of annoyance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03436", "bookId": 145, "start": 1278440, "end": 1278586, "sha256": "c8080e3adb87ba29851e75570f2161e5db3153f5e6406a5cfa3d444aaa582657", "text": "“There is the more need for you to stay,” said Rosamond, playfully, and in her lightest accent; “he will not speak to me all the evening.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03437", "bookId": 145, "start": 1278588, "end": 1278713, "sha256": "70b7346f52ef7b2cf83b2fa7a8ddbef4099234730fd00a103e43dae0c6e78f49", "text": "“Yes, Rosamond, I shall,” said Lydgate, in his strong baritone. “I have some serious business to speak to you about.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03438", "bookId": 145, "start": 1278715, "end": 1278856, "sha256": "aa8cad857b04b899fc3c3b19c25dbc2162d762f0e3036dfe56153097766d198e", "text": "No introduction of the business could have been less like that which Lydgate had intended; but her indifferent manner had been too provoking.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03439", "bookId": 145, "start": 1278858, "end": 1279003, "sha256": "e9e524d234fa01a3d842d09ec4f6533057a7cc1c726db82b9e46d444e9268e31", "text": "“There! you see,” said Will. “I’m going to the meeting about the Mechanics’ Institute. Good-by;” and he went quickly out of the room.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03440", "bookId": 145, "start": 1279005, "end": 1280729, "sha256": "5c33800b2d3244189276619a3cf3f4ebe2a213700d88dd5f1e98d9013774e6d6", "text": "Rosamond did not look at her husband, but presently rose and took her place before the tea-tray. She was thinking that she had never seen him so disagreeable. Lydgate turned his dark eyes on her and watched her as she delicately handled the tea-service with her taper fingers, and looked at the objects immediately before her with no curve in her face disturbed, and yet with an ineffable protest in her air against all people with unpleasant manners. For the moment he lost the sense of his wound in a sudden speculation about this new form of feminine impassibility revealing itself in the sylph-like frame which he had once interpreted as the sign of a ready intelligent sensitiveness. His mind glancing back to Laure while he looked at Rosamond, he said inwardly, “Would _she_ kill me because I wearied her?” and then, “It is the way with all women.” But this power of generalizing which gives men so much the superiority in mistake over the dumb animals, was immediately thwarted by Lydgate’s memory of wondering impressions from the behavior of another woman—from Dorothea’s looks and tones of emotion about her husband when Lydgate began to attend him—from her passionate cry to be taught what would best comfort that man for whose sake it seemed as if she must quell every impulse in her except the yearnings of faithfulness and compassion. These revived impressions succeeded each other quickly and dreamily in Lydgate’s mind while the tea was being brewed. He had shut his eyes in the last instant of reverie while he heard Dorothea saying, “Advise me—think what I can do—he has been all his life laboring and looking forward. He minds about nothing else—and I mind about nothing else.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03441", "bookId": 145, "start": 1280731, "end": 1281576, "sha256": "74a838fcdb87c0eeb1714bdf7636cbe1c5378af1eeab1eb9c1268d88e2179ca0", "text": "That voice of deep-souled womanhood had remained within him as the enkindling conceptions of dead and sceptred genius had remained within him (is there not a genius for feeling nobly which also reigns over human spirits and their conclusions?); the tones were a music from which he was falling away—he had really fallen into a momentary doze, when Rosamond said in her silvery neutral way, “Here is your tea, Tertius,” setting it on the small table by his side, and then moved back to her place without looking at him. Lydgate was too hasty in attributing insensibility to her; after her own fashion, she was sensitive enough, and took lasting impressions. Her impression now was one of offence and repulsion. But then, Rosamond had no scowls and had never raised her voice: she was quite sure that no one could justly find fault with her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03442", "bookId": 145, "start": 1281578, "end": 1282161, "sha256": "e3efd6e87283725682fe23ac5a942c0d55c89bf1b323a6078d13c424c92c755a", "text": "Perhaps Lydgate and she had never felt so far off each other before; but there were strong reasons for not deferring his revelation, even if he had not already begun it by that abrupt announcement; indeed some of the angry desire to rouse her into more sensibility on his account which had prompted him to speak prematurely, still mingled with his pain in the prospect of her pain. But he waited till the tray was gone, the candles were lit, and the evening quiet might be counted on: the interval had left time for repelled tenderness to return into the old course. He spoke kindly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03443", "bookId": 145, "start": 1282163, "end": 1282319, "sha256": "5ac65650fc586492e80ab15888f078f6cc08c336525ede93579afa246ea2ae8e", "text": "“Dear Rosy, lay down your work and come to sit by me,” he said, gently, pushing away the table, and stretching out his arm to draw a chair near his own.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03444", "bookId": 145, "start": 1282321, "end": 1282942, "sha256": "f933e0c21563f67bb5848c2698e71f7ffa10449813e478b014685f3d8e85480f", "text": "Rosamond obeyed. As she came towards him in her drapery of transparent faintly tinted muslin, her slim yet round figure never looked more graceful; as she sat down by him and laid one hand on the elbow of his chair, at last looking at him and meeting his eyes, her delicate neck and cheek and purely cut lips never had more of that untarnished beauty which touches as in spring-time and infancy and all sweet freshness. It touched Lydgate now, and mingled the early moments of his love for her with all the other memories which were stirred in this crisis of deep trouble. He laid his ample hand softly on hers, saying—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03445", "bookId": 145, "start": 1282944, "end": 1283277, "sha256": "0692dfcc4d3af40c605a0ec05d3ec076cb33b2830ad9ec5a261ff7193af15bed", "text": "“Dear!” with the lingering utterance which affection gives to the word. Rosamond too was still under the power of that same past, and her husband was still in part the Lydgate whose approval had stirred delight. She put his hair lightly away from his forehead, then laid her other hand on his, and was conscious of forgiving him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03446", "bookId": 145, "start": 1283279, "end": 1283471, "sha256": "3db1d40b5bde91500d431747eeef4f45419adaf4ce2866318e2843a481b4a518", "text": "“I am obliged to tell you what will hurt you, Rosy. But there are things which husband and wife must think of together. I dare say it has occurred to you already that I am short of money.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03447", "bookId": 145, "start": 1283473, "end": 1283559, "sha256": "22234784e51172e0afbbd2fc0b24d5afd8fcdd207258478d605c661ef3f07264", "text": "Lydgate paused; but Rosamond turned her neck and looked at a vase on the mantel-piece.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03448", "bookId": 145, "start": 1283561, "end": 1284083, "sha256": "4e64a36588b9343b395a98955963a145e6a657928ad520804924f1dac43751a1", "text": "“I was not able to pay for all the things we had to get before we were married, and there have been expenses since which I have been obliged to meet. The consequence is, there is a large debt at Brassing—three hundred and eighty pounds—which has been pressing on me a good while, and in fact we are getting deeper every day, for people don’t pay me the faster because others want the money. I took pains to keep it from you while you were not well; but now we must think together about it, and you must help me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03449", "bookId": 145, "start": 1284085, "end": 1284789, "sha256": "4926aa12b88f0b7608e77ff2995749fcc1f9401fc8b63ee769a67a13af85db99", "text": "“What can _I_ do, Tertius?” said Rosamond, turning her eyes on him again. That little speech of four words, like so many others in all languages, is capable by varied vocal inflections of expressing all states of mind from helpless dimness to exhaustive argumentative perception, from the completest self-devoting fellowship to the most neutral aloofness. Rosamond’s thin utterance threw into the words “What can—I—do!” as much neutrality as they could hold. They fell like a mortal chill on Lydgate’s roused tenderness. He did not storm in indignation—he felt too sad a sinking of the heart. And when he spoke again it was more in the tone of a man who forces himself to fulfil a task.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03450", "bookId": 145, "start": 1284791, "end": 1284932, "sha256": "53df62b3bba4acae07ac5f628ad868887facc1e12ed359f15df471d8696abefe", "text": "“It is necessary for you to know, because I have to give security for a time, and a man must come to make an inventory of the furniture.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03451", "bookId": 145, "start": 1284934, "end": 1285037, "sha256": "8a6808c6de28661f25c0b7f9c80f435d8695596e954eb468057a787c40115be0", "text": "Rosamond colored deeply. “Have you not asked papa for money?” she said, as soon as she could speak.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03452", "bookId": 145, "start": 1285039, "end": 1285048, "sha256": "5d7358f5d297147882a18b021672039ea250258c9f60eafc2a4aa698a193f399", "text": "“No.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03453", "bookId": 145, "start": 1285050, "end": 1285179, "sha256": "211cf3a2f95ef486c49324b5ead49d2b3d414fb983889981d0ce0923872351be", "text": "“Then I must ask him!” she said, releasing her hands from Lydgate’s, and rising to stand at two yards’ distance from him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03454", "bookId": 145, "start": 1285181, "end": 1285507, "sha256": "fd80723ae132f99719e730cdaecf96186f0b8d0c5777f5c5469e9c6fdd06cc1e", "text": "“No, Rosy,” said Lydgate, decisively. “It is too late to do that. The inventory will be begun to-morrow. Remember it is a mere security: it will make no difference: it is a temporary affair. I insist upon it that your father shall not know, unless I choose to tell him,” added Lydgate, with a more peremptory emphasis.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03455", "bookId": 145, "start": 1285509, "end": 1286417, "sha256": "4fdec4b57776023ae3b4125d190b591e75c2056f467173c4390140a6a22b1c80", "text": "This certainly was unkind, but Rosamond had thrown him back on evil expectation as to what she would do in the way of quiet steady disobedience. The unkindness seemed unpardonable to her: she was not given to weeping and disliked it, but now her chin and lips began to tremble and the tears welled up. Perhaps it was not possible for Lydgate, under the double stress of outward material difficulty and of his own proud resistance to humiliating consequences, to imagine fully what this sudden trial was to a young creature who had known nothing but indulgence, and whose dreams had all been of new indulgence, more exactly to her taste. But he did wish to spare her as much as he could, and her tears cut him to the heart. He could not speak again immediately; but Rosamond did not go on sobbing: she tried to conquer her agitation and wiped away her tears, continuing to look before her at the mantel-piece.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03456", "bookId": 145, "start": 1286419, "end": 1287263, "sha256": "536240e9c3f5a7b37dc790201b77897d9529f8f129019d7d62947e2cbc7fcc9f", "text": "“Try not to grieve, darling,” said Lydgate, turning his eyes up towards her. That she had chosen to move away from him in this moment of her trouble made everything harder to say, but he must absolutely go on. “We must brace ourselves to do what is necessary. It is I who have been in fault: I ought to have seen that I could not afford to live in this way. But many things have told against me in my practice, and it really just now has ebbed to a low point. I may recover it, but in the mean time we must pull up—we must change our way of living. We shall weather it. When I have given this security I shall have time to look about me; and you are so clever that if you turn your mind to managing you will school me into carefulness. I have been a thoughtless rascal about squaring prices—but come, dear, sit down and forgive me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03457", "bookId": 145, "start": 1287265, "end": 1287586, "sha256": "cd080fa4e6fff2eedf8dfb455b4712fa400d0fcdc2bb1712900987dd6481da49", "text": "Lydgate was bowing his neck under the yoke like a creature who had talons, but who had Reason too, which often reduces us to meekness. When he had spoken the last words in an imploring tone, Rosamond returned to the chair by his side. His self-blame gave her some hope that he would attend to her opinion, and she said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03458", "bookId": 145, "start": 1287588, "end": 1287696, "sha256": "3cf07b70424e1fa8f9680c94ac2aaf5d963505b87ce46636878f96f53fcfa2c2", "text": "“Why can you not put off having the inventory made? You can send the men away to-morrow when they come.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03459", "bookId": 145, "start": 1287698, "end": 1287808, "sha256": "0dca64eee3c40cf67e8a3cd7f19b763746daf3b5c6533d9b702a4270614caf9e", "text": "“I shall not send them away,” said Lydgate, the peremptoriness rising again. Was it of any use to explain?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03460", "bookId": 145, "start": 1287810, "end": 1287899, "sha256": "c90a85aff776493ab3cbb10fa3b2baa22590e08abcf62140b04eba4add5ee2a1", "text": "“If we left Middlemarch? there would of course be a sale, and that would do as well.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03461", "bookId": 145, "start": 1287901, "end": 1287949, "sha256": "a9a1530a217f98d8f42c3bc16326d165bf767c3c2c237a767954e38f1a80f0d7", "text": "“But we are not going to leave Middlemarch.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03462", "bookId": 145, "start": 1287951, "end": 1288083, "sha256": "010936da8a664fcab59050c224f8092fc78adbc723f30622f7840047818f811c", "text": "“I am sure, Tertius, it would be much better to do so. Why can we not go to London? Or near Durham, where your family is known?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03463", "bookId": 145, "start": 1288085, "end": 1288133, "sha256": "1540391bf62043e19aae721a84e8632545b5675b62564c84edbcc78fdd5d3c2d", "text": "“We can go nowhere without money, Rosamond.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03464", "bookId": 145, "start": 1288135, "end": 1288324, "sha256": "c088d24d6d28bf22e127dae7086bafded41b28aba6e58e7b70dad1d26c5d3c4d", "text": "“Your friends would not wish you to be without money. And surely these odious tradesmen might be made to understand that, and to wait, if you would make proper representations to them.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03465", "bookId": 145, "start": 1288326, "end": 1288616, "sha256": "26c917dff86bd7dfa91ccdf772b6685746a77841d80e5f87c5884a02c82fafb3", "text": "“This is idle Rosamond,” said Lydgate, angrily. “You must learn to take my judgment on questions you don’t understand. I have made necessary arrangements, and they must be carried out. As to friends, I have no expectations whatever from them, and shall not ask them for anything.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03466", "bookId": 145, "start": 1288618, "end": 1288757, "sha256": "cf4316730ce1d6c88d61fed40082cd3a51fbee2bd65d42bcfedc3da181e72c2f", "text": "Rosamond sat perfectly still. The thought in her mind was that if she had known how Lydgate would behave, she would never have married him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03467", "bookId": 145, "start": 1288759, "end": 1289049, "sha256": "cfa4e589ea8f0429f3b78885d585089c86eb2434187da6e7d5b9ce018ca2efe3", "text": "“We have no time to waste now on unnecessary words, dear,” said Lydgate, trying to be gentle again. “There are some details that I want to consider with you. Dover says he will take a good deal of the plate back again, and any of the jewellery we like. He really behaves very well.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03468", "bookId": 145, "start": 1289051, "end": 1289254, "sha256": "c9c9a5fe9da1c92ff56b6e8ce9e9e6c7d1e45e35375bbec7cd051abbecb12bf7", "text": "“Are we to go without spoons and forks then?” said Rosamond, whose very lips seemed to get thinner with the thinness of her utterance. She was determined to make no further resistance or suggestions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03469", "bookId": 145, "start": 1289256, "end": 1289907, "sha256": "122f8df65170fdf0309a6e37e24d4570d917be12cbc4d7f911c18b835eba6dcc", "text": "“Oh no, dear!” said Lydgate. “But look here,” he continued, drawing a paper from his pocket and opening it; “here is Dover’s account. See, I have marked a number of articles, which if we returned them would reduce the amount by thirty pounds and more. I have not marked any of the jewellery.” Lydgate had really felt this point of the jewellery very bitter to himself; but he had overcome the feeling by severe argument. He could not propose to Rosamond that she should return any particular present of his, but he had told himself that he was bound to put Dover’s offer before her, and her inward prompting might make the affair easy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03470", "bookId": 145, "start": 1289909, "end": 1290641, "sha256": "a6d3fa890a3790cc0addd5733339f5e95eed6e044f3f11cbf5cc381e33192ebf", "text": "“It is useless for me to look, Tertius,” said Rosamond, calmly; “you will return what you please.” She would not turn her eyes on the paper, and Lydgate, flushing up to the roots of his hair, drew it back and let it fall on his knee. Meanwhile Rosamond quietly went out of the room, leaving Lydgate helpless and wondering. Was she not coming back? It seemed that she had no more identified herself with him than if they had been creatures of different species and opposing interests. He tossed his head and thrust his hands deep into his pockets with a sort of vengeance. There was still science—there were still good objects to work for. He must give a tug still—all the stronger because other satisfactions were going.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03471", "bookId": 145, "start": 1290643, "end": 1290903, "sha256": "a5b30856d4bd08c088259f9313a99cfc2d84b41b0872a07451addd3b32b20d41", "text": "But the door opened and Rosamond re-entered. She carried the leather box containing the amethysts, and a tiny ornamental basket which contained other boxes, and laying them on the chair where she had been sitting, she said, with perfect propriety in her air—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03472", "bookId": 145, "start": 1290905, "end": 1291099, "sha256": "deaf91920f6aea17b822c1e22622e24ac94c070c21736e67013bf14330b488f8", "text": "“This is all the jewellery you ever gave me. You can return what you like of it, and of the plate also. You will not, of course, expect me to stay at home to-morrow. I shall go to papa’s.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03473", "bookId": 145, "start": 1291101, "end": 1291275, "sha256": "f47ac286b403fba212b45972b7455dfdac37b327bc1512120599e3af6537305f", "text": "To many women the look Lydgate cast at her would have been more terrible than one of anger: it had in it a despairing acceptance of the distance she was placing between them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03474", "bookId": 145, "start": 1291277, "end": 1291361, "sha256": "e5aa08818721fadd5d4c053255452401b8c58af9e5e6dd0c9d38dc2bdb998860", "text": "“And when shall you come back again?” he said, with a bitter edge on his accent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03475", "bookId": 145, "start": 1291363, "end": 1291694, "sha256": "0cbeef5300dad678ef2a81c02bd258433d05c4c72e78ec9596b502a0905be364", "text": "“Oh, in the evening. Of course I shall not mention the subject to mamma.” Rosamond was convinced that no woman could behave more irreproachably than she was behaving; and she went to sit down at her work-table. Lydgate sat meditating a minute or two, and the result was that he said, with some of the old emotion in his tone—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03476", "bookId": 145, "start": 1291696, "end": 1291802, "sha256": "4f1e2a3f3d342f6c2996288d033b0247180c2a3ad256e84c5d6039a5acd3bf77", "text": "“Now we have been united, Rosy, you should not leave me to myself in the first trouble that has come.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03477", "bookId": 145, "start": 1291804, "end": 1291888, "sha256": "1c46c6d14cb9717fd9b0db98e327df7e682ffa509c6e54f1c4aacdf9807572d6", "text": "“Certainly not,” said Rosamond; “I shall do everything it becomes me to do.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03478", "bookId": 145, "start": 1291890, "end": 1292430, "sha256": "dffeaa24386372da1a69ff7c6a84c982bf9758e268c45a6fe0c91ed1fdef9b6b", "text": "“It is not right that the thing should be left to servants, or that I should have to speak to them about it. And I shall be obliged to go out—I don’t know how early. I understand your shrinking from the humiliation of these money affairs. But, my dear Rosamond, as a question of pride, which I feel just as much as you can, it is surely better to manage the thing ourselves, and let the servants see as little of it as possible; and since you are my wife, there is no hindering your share in my disgraces—if there were disgraces.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03479", "bookId": 145, "start": 1292432, "end": 1292528, "sha256": "06853da09f7dd56040faf120c4554286b8c0a1a4714751cd387231535eb89f6d", "text": "Rosamond did not answer immediately, but at last she said, “Very well, I will stay at home.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03480", "bookId": 145, "start": 1292530, "end": 1292696, "sha256": "6ecb5fbdf334f64c316237cc19c1986a67fce97cb1f87db424670c8403804cf5", "text": "“I shall not touch these jewels, Rosy. Take them away again. But I will write out a list of plate that we may return, and that can be packed up and sent at once.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03481", "bookId": 145, "start": 1292698, "end": 1292786, "sha256": "774d6a6e6e9b813ac4bbed464d8ee8211fe1222cc032a0fb2867d4105f9cec11", "text": "“The servants will know _that_,” said Rosamond, with the slightest touch of sarcasm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03482", "bookId": 145, "start": 1292788, "end": 1292967, "sha256": "ed9978e9dbd027b1075d1cd82792fbc980f7e76c0398e32fa7212ff951872617", "text": "“Well, we must meet some disagreeables as necessities. Where is the ink, I wonder?” said Lydgate, rising, and throwing the account on the larger table where he meant to write.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03483", "bookId": 145, "start": 1292969, "end": 1293162, "sha256": "5e3b33aa722e1671cf725d217f56754628e39b613fd96041273a06f17e73f779", "text": "Rosamond went to reach the inkstand, and after setting it on the table was going to turn away, when Lydgate, who was standing close by, put his arm round her and drew her towards him, saying—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03484", "bookId": 145, "start": 1293164, "end": 1293309, "sha256": "4092c9c34990ba8872778014500bad6369c4958038daec6ba24545500594ce9c", "text": "“Come, darling, let us make the best of things. It will only be for a time, I hope, that we shall have to be stingy and particular. Kiss me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03485", "bookId": 145, "start": 1293311, "end": 1293791, "sha256": "4d6d53844c0366c0172e545ddc28de3a94f8c4ab6f567048f0fb1d8d00188150", "text": "His native warm-heartedness took a great deal of quenching, and it is a part of manliness for a husband to feel keenly the fact that an inexperienced girl has got into trouble by marrying him. She received his kiss and returned it faintly, and in this way an appearance of accord was recovered for the time. But Lydgate could not help looking forward with dread to the inevitable future discussions about expenditure and the necessity for a complete change in their way of living.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03486", "bookId": 145, "start": 1293796, "end": 1293808, "sha256": "3e8440645f993bc807277b5346b612d866930e7144ce86a0ee977a81a19476b2", "text": "CHAPTER LIX.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03487", "bookId": 145, "start": 1293810, "end": 1294075, "sha256": "2dd77c1f4d2533c5ec3cdc582284ce06868e3a5c74ce400d00cb112272c1826c", "text": "“They said of old the Soul had human shape, But smaller, subtler than the fleshly self, So wandered forth for airing when it pleased. And see! beside her cherub-face there floats A pale-lipped form aerial whispering Its promptings in that little shell her ear.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03488", "bookId": 145, "start": 1294078, "end": 1295065, "sha256": "fae15d89814f9c5789902f0486ad42ea5776a97acbcf8f7aed44b55492f6e054", "text": "News is often dispersed as thoughtlessly and effectively as that pollen which the bees carry off (having no idea how powdery they are) when they are buzzing in search of their particular nectar. This fine comparison has reference to Fred Vincy, who on that evening at Lowick Parsonage heard a lively discussion among the ladies on the news which their old servant had got from Tantripp concerning Mr. Casaubon’s strange mention of Mr. Ladislaw in a codicil to his will made not long before his death. Miss Winifred was astounded to find that her brother had known the fact before, and observed that Camden was the most wonderful man for knowing things and not telling them; whereupon Mary Garth said that the codicil had perhaps got mixed up with the habits of spiders, which Miss Winifred never would listen to. Mrs. Farebrother considered that the news had something to do with their having only once seen Mr. Ladislaw at Lowick, and Miss Noble made many small compassionate mewings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03489", "bookId": 145, "start": 1295067, "end": 1295771, "sha256": "ece0faf2991b9027844f9ba27331ed4c9f9d9b8139229846df0bafd768292d82", "text": "Fred knew little and cared less about Ladislaw and the Casaubons, and his mind never recurred to that discussion till one day calling on Rosamond at his mother’s request to deliver a message as he passed, he happened to see Ladislaw going away. Fred and Rosamond had little to say to each other now that marriage had removed her from collision with the unpleasantness of brothers, and especially now that he had taken what she held the stupid and even reprehensible step of giving up the Church to take to such a business as Mr. Garth’s. Hence Fred talked by preference of what he considered indifferent news, and “a propos of that young Ladislaw” mentioned what he had heard at Lowick Parsonage.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03490", "bookId": 145, "start": 1295773, "end": 1296741, "sha256": "d536c1950dc7967b795b3503e17c35af33e4402b84594e123d1c6249fe91e85d", "text": "Now Lydgate, like Mr. Farebrother, knew a great deal more than he told, and when he had once been set thinking about the relation between Will and Dorothea his conjectures had gone beyond the fact. He imagined that there was a passionate attachment on both sides, and this struck him as much too serious to gossip about. He remembered Will’s irritability when he had mentioned Mrs. Casaubon, and was the more circumspect. On the whole his surmises, in addition to what he knew of the fact, increased his friendliness and tolerance towards Ladislaw, and made him understand the vacillation which kept him at Middlemarch after he had said that he should go away. It was significant of the separateness between Lydgate’s mind and Rosamond’s that he had no impulse to speak to her on the subject; indeed, he did not quite trust her reticence towards Will. And he was right there; though he had no vision of the way in which her mind would act in urging her to speak.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03491", "bookId": 145, "start": 1296743, "end": 1296947, "sha256": "1effec7a997d5165cc09c515101bb77c0bb410859bdf9032f438255936863272", "text": "When she repeated Fred’s news to Lydgate, he said, “Take care you don’t drop the faintest hint to Ladislaw, Rosy. He is likely to fly out as if you insulted him. Of course it is a painful affair.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03492", "bookId": 145, "start": 1296949, "end": 1297156, "sha256": "23622d5f4e00dc7bc2ea2e24830efbd9a38cecaed5cb83b924a272f8528131c3", "text": "Rosamond turned her neck and patted her hair, looking the image of placid indifference. But the next time Will came when Lydgate was away, she spoke archly about his not going to London as he had threatened.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03493", "bookId": 145, "start": 1297158, "end": 1297380, "sha256": "99c34ce59d07ec77244c85214c200a0adafc02e1c9cc5eb3e1c627745dabe386", "text": "“I know all about it. I have a confidential little bird,” said she, showing very pretty airs of her head over the bit of work held high between her active fingers. “There is a powerful magnet in this neighborhood.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03494", "bookId": 145, "start": 1297382, "end": 1297511, "sha256": "407d4bf923bfe9ed180cd9e0665d29ae1c3963c1a3e5b1722aad71126f670be9", "text": "“To be sure there is. Nobody knows that better than you,” said Will, with light gallantry, but inwardly prepared to be angry.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03495", "bookId": 145, "start": 1297513, "end": 1297936, "sha256": "efde9a5c8f2178c2b54b4ca51602950592b14ab16c276f9547e1f67778e75439", "text": "“It is really the most charming romance: Mr. Casaubon jealous, and foreseeing that there was no one else whom Mrs. Casaubon would so much like to marry, and no one who would so much like to marry her as a certain gentleman; and then laying a plan to spoil all by making her forfeit her property if she did marry that gentleman—and then—and then—and then—oh, I have no doubt the end will be thoroughly romantic.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03496", "bookId": 145, "start": 1297938, "end": 1298120, "sha256": "e1a82dbd1768b770f2354e992060df5c47a69485fc251f0409f2d1dc88696895", "text": "“Great God! what do you mean?” said Will, flushing over face and ears, his features seeming to change as if he had had a violent shake. “Don’t joke; tell me what you mean.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03497", "bookId": 145, "start": 1298122, "end": 1298266, "sha256": "3b6bb44cc1bfbd29d482ddfd657ccc55d6a9994d8d2ebb9b5650151970b38f36", "text": "“You don’t really know?” said Rosamond, no longer playful, and desiring nothing better than to tell in order that she might evoke effects.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03498", "bookId": 145, "start": 1298268, "end": 1298303, "sha256": "a39b237393478d6097b8b1c26053225e3cb671cf9a68006b10f17e60d94b2a2c", "text": "“No!” he returned, impatiently.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03499", "bookId": 145, "start": 1298305, "end": 1298435, "sha256": "4d7f5d920287fa91d6fa7dac9665b5958d7bc70348c2b7fbcfa87202817b2b51", "text": "“Don’t know that Mr. Casaubon has left it in his will that if Mrs. Casaubon marries you she is to forfeit all her property?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03500", "bookId": 145, "start": 1298437, "end": 1298495, "sha256": "efd00ba891ee08abf2844afe1dfa96cd77f64b19ebd88fcb42b230673398048a", "text": "“How do you know that it is true?” said Will, eagerly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03501", "bookId": 145, "start": 1298497, "end": 1298602, "sha256": "fbb5d5e1c0b1f65970b465540097c9b3a45f0cde713c6bbc90cc32cdee978b07", "text": "“My brother Fred heard it from the Farebrothers.” Will started up from his chair and reached his hat.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03502", "bookId": 145, "start": 1298604, "end": 1298707, "sha256": "4b44097d959d4e636ee0cfb97132fdc56d6f57fe8ec3bd7d731ac79bd0a0e6a5", "text": "“I dare say she likes you better than the property,” said Rosamond, looking at him from a distance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03503", "bookId": 145, "start": 1298709, "end": 1298934, "sha256": "ea40ae8f01bcc6cd71ccbadd7ca1d49d2f3954aa008795e6065f29faa7c5423c", "text": "“Pray don’t say any more about it,” said Will, in a hoarse undertone extremely unlike his usual light voice. “It is a foul insult to her and to me.” Then he sat down absently, looking before him, but seeing nothing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03504", "bookId": 145, "start": 1298936, "end": 1299073, "sha256": "4b0f487cd3abda0615de730eeab2b7b3780237dff73ff6176437bf9c4b4be525", "text": "“Now you are angry with _me_,” said Rosamond. “It is too bad to bear _me_ malice. You ought to be obliged to me for telling you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03505", "bookId": 145, "start": 1299075, "end": 1299197, "sha256": "5f5c1db78a9c360f99fde812e5fbe9997edef46b1156cd05ef19f29d71bcd4c7", "text": "“So I am,” said Will, abruptly, speaking with that kind of double soul which belongs to dreamers who answer questions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03506", "bookId": 145, "start": 1299199, "end": 1299264, "sha256": "96aa8147078a540d29a38a711418c9359d1f4cc4b9f841395d61e649e2219ded", "text": "“I expect to hear of the marriage,” said Rosamond, playfully.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03507", "bookId": 145, "start": 1299266, "end": 1299315, "sha256": "5ad5b4236b6937a5f6af4fdf8319a8c24a554bbdc2febae4f916803a0f5cb5eb", "text": "“Never! You will never hear of the marriage!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03508", "bookId": 145, "start": 1299317, "end": 1299448, "sha256": "0b808b1727ee2134a499049011699832c263e01ce194d8b4c6938dc63d892bb3", "text": "With those words uttered impetuously, Will rose, put out his hand to Rosamond, still with the air of a somnambulist, and went away.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03509", "bookId": 145, "start": 1299450, "end": 1300281, "sha256": "3703c8eea87a86c17fcd4957a7b3f0de7e53ecf3eafa3d117135b169bbb3d0ee", "text": "When he was gone, Rosamond left her chair and walked to the other end of the room, leaning when she got there against a chiffonniere, and looking out of the window wearily. She was oppressed by ennui, and by that dissatisfaction which in women’s minds is continually turning into a trivial jealousy, referring to no real claims, springing from no deeper passion than the vague exactingness of egoism, and yet capable of impelling action as well as speech. “There really is nothing to care for much,” said poor Rosamond inwardly, thinking of the family at Quallingham, who did not write to her; and that perhaps Tertius when he came home would tease her about expenses. She had already secretly disobeyed him by asking her father to help them, and he had ended decisively by saying, “I am more likely to want help myself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03510", "bookId": 145, "start": 1300286, "end": 1300297, "sha256": "425a4651ccb0ba49e9527c5379c007d7ff2976a766414f9db658a6fdc5117648", "text": "CHAPTER LX.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03511", "bookId": 145, "start": 1300299, "end": 1300378, "sha256": "2bec0f4ed66da6e70a3160f920ac1d5ea117669db5a0e520a32a137d96dc6936", "text": "Good phrases are surely, and ever were, very commendable. —_Justice Shallow_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03512", "bookId": 145, "start": 1300381, "end": 1301508, "sha256": "16b156062a568ea0687b82f95138af31b55f7b14c85f0e0645d11dc82611fecb", "text": "A few days afterwards—it was already the end of August—there was an occasion which caused some excitement in Middlemarch: the public, if it chose, was to have the advantage of buying, under the distinguished auspices of Mr. Borthrop Trumbull, the furniture, books, and pictures which anybody might see by the handbills to be the best in every kind, belonging to Edwin Larcher, Esq. This was not one of the sales indicating the depression of trade; on the contrary, it was due to Mr. Larcher’s great success in the carrying business, which warranted his purchase of a mansion near Riverston already furnished in high style by an illustrious Spa physician—furnished indeed with such large framefuls of expensive flesh-painting in the dining-room, that Mrs. Larcher was nervous until reassured by finding the subjects to be Scriptural. Hence the fine opportunity to purchasers which was well pointed out in the handbills of Mr. Borthrop Trumbull, whose acquaintance with the history of art enabled him to state that the hall furniture, to be sold without reserve, comprised a piece of carving by a contemporary of Gibbons.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03513", "bookId": 145, "start": 1301510, "end": 1302930, "sha256": "87efbfb3e2778e59621cc324edc05969fa4bfc5c80ed190be5ed57d2f38c3a7f", "text": "At Middlemarch in those times a large sale was regarded as a kind of festival. There was a table spread with the best cold eatables, as at a superior funeral; and facilities were offered for that generous-drinking of cheerful glasses which might lead to generous and cheerful bidding for undesirable articles. Mr. Larcher’s sale was the more attractive in the fine weather because the house stood just at the end of the town, with a garden and stables attached, in that pleasant issue from Middlemarch called the London Road, which was also the road to the New Hospital and to Mr. Bulstrode’s retired residence, known as the Shrubs. In short, the auction was as good as a fair, and drew all classes with leisure at command: to some, who risked making bids in order simply to raise prices, it was almost equal to betting at the races. The second day, when the best furniture was to be sold, “everybody” was there; even Mr. Thesiger, the rector of St. Peter’s, had looked in for a short time, wishing to buy the carved table, and had rubbed elbows with Mr. Bambridge and Mr. Horrock. There was a wreath of Middlemarch ladies accommodated with seats round the large table in the dining-room, where Mr. Borthrop Trumbull was mounted with desk and hammer; but the rows chiefly of masculine faces behind were often varied by incomings and outgoings both from the door and the large bow-window opening on to the lawn.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03514", "bookId": 145, "start": 1302932, "end": 1303686, "sha256": "b3e0899809c6ee6e367785f437b7e5886406795cbd01e1a64e5165028c8f9f30", "text": "“Everybody” that day did not include Mr. Bulstrode, whose health could not well endure crowds and draughts. But Mrs. Bulstrode had particularly wished to have a certain picture—a “Supper at Emmaus,” attributed in the catalogue to Guido; and at the last moment before the day of the sale Mr. Bulstrode had called at the office of the “Pioneer,” of which he was now one of the proprietors, to beg of Mr. Ladislaw as a great favor that he would obligingly use his remarkable knowledge of pictures on behalf of Mrs. Bulstrode, and judge of the value of this particular painting—“if,” added the scrupulously polite banker, “attendance at the sale would not interfere with the arrangements for your departure, which I know is imminent.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03515", "bookId": 145, "start": 1303688, "end": 1305083, "sha256": "3f08f113a70501f012571da81a56e61a95327c529f314b627b4c906dd4a9d54d", "text": "This proviso might have sounded rather satirically in Will’s ear if he had been in a mood to care about such satire. It referred to an understanding entered into many weeks before with the proprietors of the paper, that he should be at liberty any day he pleased to hand over the management to the subeditor whom he had been training; since he wished finally to quit Middlemarch. But indefinite visions of ambition are weak against the ease of doing what is habitual or beguilingly agreeable; and we all know the difficulty of carrying out a resolve when we secretly long that it may turn out to be unnecessary. In such states of mind the most incredulous person has a private leaning towards miracle: impossible to conceive how our wish could be fulfilled, still—very wonderful things have happened! Will did not confess this weakness to himself, but he lingered. What was the use of going to London at that time of the year? The Rugby men who would remember him were not there; and so far as political writing was concerned, he would rather for a few weeks go on with the “Pioneer.” At the present moment, however, when Mr. Bulstrode was speaking to him, he had both a strengthened resolve to go and an equally strong resolve not to go till he had once more seen Dorothea. Hence he replied that he had reasons for deferring his departure a little, and would be happy to go to the sale.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03516", "bookId": 145, "start": 1305085, "end": 1305895, "sha256": "4f78045b602975809787383f64b9883a9ce24cbb2882ed8ee6999fc51755c604", "text": "Will was in a defiant mood, his consciousness being deeply stung with the thought that the people who looked at him probably knew a fact tantamount to an accusation against him as a fellow with low designs which were to be frustrated by a disposal of property. Like most people who assert their freedom with regard to conventional distinction, he was prepared to be sudden and quick at quarrel with any one who might hint that he had personal reasons for that assertion—that there was anything in his blood, his bearing, or his character to which he gave the mask of an opinion. When he was under an irritating impression of this kind he would go about for days with a defiant look, the color changing in his transparent skin as if he were on the _qui vive_, watching for something which he had to dart upon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03517", "bookId": 145, "start": 1305897, "end": 1306698, "sha256": "e53e9cfff6d115635e15386b00b1f35d6d37e9eb0f68941e158411b52b24bbbe", "text": "This expression was peculiarly noticeable in him at the sale, and those who had only seen him in his moods of gentle oddity or of bright enjoyment would have been struck with a contrast. He was not sorry to have this occasion for appearing in public before the Middlemarch tribes of Toller, Hackbutt, and the rest, who looked down on him as an adventurer, and were in a state of brutal ignorance about Dante—who sneered at his Polish blood, and were themselves of a breed very much in need of crossing. He stood in a conspicuous place not far from the auctioneer, with a fore-finger in each side-pocket and his head thrown backward, not caring to speak to anybody, though he had been cordially welcomed as a connoiss_ure_ by Mr. Trumbull, who was enjoying the utmost activity of his great faculties.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03518", "bookId": 145, "start": 1306700, "end": 1307272, "sha256": "9509d3308bf172c69b3f5ee214a556e7bcd9d8b6407345ae4fe1531f84a5a627", "text": "And surely among all men whose vocation requires them to exhibit their powers of speech, the happiest is a prosperous provincial auctioneer keenly alive to his own jokes and sensible of his encyclopedic knowledge. Some saturnine, sour-blooded persons might object to be constantly insisting on the merits of all articles from boot-jacks to “Berghems;” but Mr. Borthrop Trumbull had a kindly liquid in his veins; he was an admirer by nature, and would have liked to have the universe under his hammer, feeling that it would go at a higher figure for his recommendation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03519", "bookId": 145, "start": 1307274, "end": 1307687, "sha256": "730bfebe6b7f453afd1ce0c2fa71bf31da083753e4080128f556e254978f9699", "text": "Meanwhile Mrs. Larcher’s drawing-room furniture was enough for him. When Will Ladislaw had come in, a second fender, said to have been forgotten in its right place, suddenly claimed the auctioneer’s enthusiasm, which he distributed on the equitable principle of praising those things most which were most in need of praise. The fender was of polished steel, with much lancet-shaped open-work and a sharp edge.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03520", "bookId": 145, "start": 1307689, "end": 1308579, "sha256": "4c6ab1f6b8b3bb9305f398742ab1c38a90b0ea5c87ba174f1ff5925a1dca2f9c", "text": "“Now, ladies,” said he, “I shall appeal to you. Here is a fender which at any other sale would hardly be offered with out reserve, being, as I may say, for quality of steel and quaintness of design, a kind of thing”—here Mr. Trumbull dropped his voice and became slightly nasal, trimming his outlines with his left finger—“that might not fall in with ordinary tastes. Allow me to tell you that by-and-by this style of workmanship will be the only one in vogue—half-a-crown, you said? thank you—going at half-a-crown, this characteristic fender; and I have particular information that the antique style is very much sought after in high quarters. Three shillings—three-and-sixpence—hold it well up, Joseph! Look, ladies, at the chastity of the design—I have no doubt myself that it was turned out in the last century! Four shillings, Mr. Mawmsey?—four shillings.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03521", "bookId": 145, "start": 1308581, "end": 1308835, "sha256": "65d124f985ebf27f0e8b1ddb6ccf0af10e7dc25e43587294eebe4723e7bcdefb", "text": "“It’s not a thing I would put in _my_ drawing-room,” said Mrs. Mawmsey, audibly, for the warning of the rash husband. “I wonder _at_ Mrs. Larcher. Every blessed child’s head that fell against it would be cut in two. The edge is like a knife.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03522", "bookId": 145, "start": 1308837, "end": 1309775, "sha256": "da95ee4ae83263f0420351759285ddc27845672584c5d9926aa3057333f9e1c1", "text": "“Quite true,” rejoined Mr. Trumbull, quickly, “and most uncommonly useful to have a fender at hand that will cut, if you have a leather shoe-tie or a bit of string that wants cutting and no knife at hand: many a man has been left hanging because there was no knife to cut him down. Gentlemen, here’s a fender that if you had the misfortune to hang yourselves would cut you down in no time—with astonishing celerity—four-and-sixpence—five—five-and-sixpence—an appropriate thing for a spare bedroom where there was a four-poster and a guest a little out of his mind—six shillings—thank you, Mr. Clintup—going at six shillings—going—gone!” The auctioneer’s glance, which had been searching round him with a preternatural susceptibility to all signs of bidding, here dropped on the paper before him, and his voice too dropped into a tone of indifferent despatch as he said, “Mr. Clintup. Be handy, Joseph.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03523", "bookId": 145, "start": 1309777, "end": 1310054, "sha256": "ba110b5074f4c2f1c6860670b498e014421101fcf72abcbbe3a072d9c33b0756", "text": "“It was worth six shillings to have a fender you could always tell that joke on,” said Mr. Clintup, laughing low and apologetically to his next neighbor. He was a diffident though distinguished nurseryman, and feared that the audience might regard his bid as a foolish one.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03524", "bookId": 145, "start": 1310056, "end": 1311796, "sha256": "9299e77fc03e45cdb96b729c95063303432d43994580db6743693edbaab8082b", "text": "Meanwhile Joseph had brought a trayful of small articles. “Now, ladies,” said Mr. Trumbull, taking up one of the articles, “this tray contains a very recherchy lot—a collection of trifles for the drawing-room table—and trifles make the sum _of_ human things—nothing more important than trifles—(yes, Mr. Ladislaw, yes, by-and-by)—but pass the tray round, Joseph—these bijoux must be examined, ladies. This I have in my hand is an ingenious contrivance—a sort of practical rebus, I may call it: here, you see, it looks like an elegant heart-shaped box, portable—for the pocket; there, again, it becomes like a splendid double flower—an ornament for the table; and now”—Mr. Trumbull allowed the flower to fall alarmingly into strings of heart-shaped leaves—“a book of riddles! No less than five hundred printed in a beautiful red. Gentlemen, if I had less of a conscience, I should not wish you to bid high for this lot—I have a longing for it myself. What can promote innocent mirth, and I may say virtue, more than a good riddle?—it hinders profane language, and attaches a man to the society of refined females. This ingenious article itself, without the elegant domino-box, card-basket, &c., ought alone to give a high price to the lot. Carried in the pocket it might make an individual welcome in any society. Four shillings, sir?—four shillings for this remarkable collection of riddles with the et caeteras. Here is a sample: ‘How must you spell honey to make it catch lady-birds? Answer—money.’ You hear?—lady-birds—honey money. This is an amusement to sharpen the intellect; it has a sting—it has what we call satire, and wit without indecency. Four-and-sixpence—five shillings.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03525", "bookId": 145, "start": 1311798, "end": 1312626, "sha256": "bb3c1ca709fbed41078455d509dde85526d8bf55295560a0a5c96d982c46efc6", "text": "The bidding ran on with warming rivalry. Mr. Bowyer was a bidder, and this was too exasperating. Bowyer couldn’t afford it, and only wanted to hinder every other man from making a figure. The current carried even Mr. Horrock with it, but this committal of himself to an opinion fell from him with so little sacrifice of his neutral expression, that the bid might not have been detected as his but for the friendly oaths of Mr. Bambridge, who wanted to know what Horrock would do with blasted stuff only fit for haberdashers given over to that state of perdition which the horse-dealer so cordially recognized in the majority of earthly existences. The lot was finally knocked down at a guinea to Mr. Spilkins, a young Slender of the neighborhood, who was reckless with his pocket-money and felt his want of memory for riddles.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03526", "bookId": 145, "start": 1312628, "end": 1312847, "sha256": "9d1be965b00fd0ce94eb4443056a14ea0c2acce11f3e1c9771f63cc76132bf22", "text": "“Come, Trumbull, this is too bad—you’ve been putting some old maid’s rubbish into the sale,” murmured Mr. Toller, getting close to the auctioneer. “I want to see how the prints go, and I must be off soon.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03527", "bookId": 145, "start": 1312849, "end": 1313532, "sha256": "dd32ced61f1bb9830bd11c7db2889dde6aeb17c0a5a491c734c32a01177b49d9", "text": "“_Im_mediately, Mr. Toller. It was only an act of benevolence which your noble heart would approve. Joseph! quick with the prints—Lot 235. Now, gentlemen, you who are connoiss_ures_, you are going to have a treat. Here is an engraving of the Duke of Wellington surrounded by his staff on the Field of Waterloo; and notwithstanding recent events which have, as it were, enveloped our great Hero in a cloud, I will be bold to say—for a man in my line must not be blown about by political winds—that a finer subject—of the modern order, belonging to our own time and epoch—the understanding of man could hardly conceive: angels might, perhaps, but not men, sirs, not men.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03528", "bookId": 145, "start": 1313534, "end": 1313591, "sha256": "c3dcb7d9fdf8dad5a476d99723c488a9159953e50cfb9505abb9c345fcf1fd82", "text": "“Who painted it?” said Mr. Powderell, much impressed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03529", "bookId": 145, "start": 1313593, "end": 1313794, "sha256": "97e6796fc636bb66c70668eba26b656062d4342238b3f3cdee22c49800b3e9df", "text": "“It is a proof before the letter, Mr. Powderell—the painter is not known,” answered Trumbull, with a certain gaspingness in his last words, after which he pursed up his lips and stared round him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03530", "bookId": 145, "start": 1313796, "end": 1313978, "sha256": "ccd23a21b600ba9b38bb6a1e5741b752dad840aa120070d1acc0b7fb25462e73", "text": "“I’ll bid a pound!” said Mr. Powderell, in a tone of resolved emotion, as of a man ready to put himself in the breach. Whether from awe or pity, nobody raised the price on him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03531", "bookId": 145, "start": 1313980, "end": 1315127, "sha256": "d9cf1bee0a547bb1df177c64ffa7699d77909d8ba90933d27065b2673150d199", "text": "Next came two Dutch prints which Mr. Toller had been eager for, and after he had secured them he went away. Other prints, and afterwards some paintings, were sold to leading Middlemarchers who had come with a special desire for them, and there was a more active movement of the audience in and out; some, who had bought what they wanted, going away, others coming in either quite newly or from a temporary visit to the refreshments which were spread under the marquee on the lawn. It was this marquee that Mr. Bambridge was bent on buying, and he appeared to like looking inside it frequently, as a foretaste of its possession. On the last occasion of his return from it he was observed to bring with him a new companion, a stranger to Mr. Trumbull and every one else, whose appearance, however, led to the supposition that he might be a relative of the horse-dealer’s—also “given to indulgence.” His large whiskers, imposing swagger, and swing of the leg, made him a striking figure; but his suit of black, rather shabby at the edges, caused the prejudicial inference that he was not able to afford himself as much indulgence as he liked.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03532", "bookId": 145, "start": 1315129, "end": 1315194, "sha256": "ba9118ab6e510d94e1763b2c7a524597a2c0a948220a5050afa060d3811ed7f4", "text": "“Who is it you’ve picked up, Bam?” said Mr. Horrock, aside.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03533", "bookId": 145, "start": 1315196, "end": 1315294, "sha256": "460575c460ded988d6c39d0fdac81cf44c36185aba284ef2619c2bfcfcdeeac2", "text": "“Ask him yourself,” returned Mr. Bambridge. “He said he’d just turned in from the road.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03534", "bookId": 145, "start": 1315296, "end": 1315528, "sha256": "724347fb950f67f13cbe1be0bbb4b4da674ba0dfad406ef8b1c2df1e03c7db2e", "text": "Mr. Horrock eyed the stranger, who was leaning back against his stick with one hand, using his toothpick with the other, and looking about him with a certain restlessness apparently under the silence imposed on him by circumstances.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03535", "bookId": 145, "start": 1315530, "end": 1315947, "sha256": "0e4c32876b51a12ad161227e3019eb23114ccb2e219b4f1d16063faf874faac2", "text": "At length the “Supper at Emmaus” was brought forward, to Will’s immense relief, for he was getting so tired of the proceedings that he had drawn back a little and leaned his shoulder against the wall just behind the auctioneer. He now came forward again, and his eye caught the conspicuous stranger, who, rather to his surprise, was staring at him markedly. But Will was immediately appealed to by Mr. Trumbull.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03536", "bookId": 145, "start": 1315949, "end": 1317141, "sha256": "0bc317df770116866693d2d0f3200a1ff96fcc7134e499da3c569540624cb863", "text": "“Yes, Mr. Ladislaw, yes; this interests you as a connoiss_ure_, I think. It is some pleasure,” the auctioneer went on with a rising fervor, “to have a picture like this to show to a company of ladies and gentlemen—a picture worth any sum to an individual whose means were on a level with his judgment. It is a painting of the Italian school—by the celebrated _Guydo_, the greatest painter in the world, the chief of the Old Masters, as they are called—I take it, because they were up to a thing or two beyond most of us—in possession of secrets now lost to the bulk of mankind. Let me tell you, gentlemen, I have seen a great many pictures by the Old Masters, and they are not all up to this mark—some of them are darker than you might like and not family subjects. But here is a _Guydo_—the frame alone is worth pounds—which any lady might be proud to hang up—a suitable thing for what we call a refectory in a charitable institution, if any gentleman of the Corporation wished to show his munifi_cence_. Turn it a little, sir? yes. Joseph, turn it a little towards Mr. Ladislaw—Mr. Ladislaw, having been abroad, understands the merit of these things, you observe.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03537", "bookId": 145, "start": 1317143, "end": 1317274, "sha256": "b6f8c42a1c6c18dcddd7d8cc1be53e06778dd9a2bec2f231db163ad3540e6e0a", "text": "All eyes were for a moment turned towards Will, who said, coolly, “Five pounds.” The auctioneer burst out in deep remonstrance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03538", "bookId": 145, "start": 1317276, "end": 1318052, "sha256": "d1383a9fad7a24c014f75999aab76f4cb770c369e62754dd2f5ee7c4ed3a6e1e", "text": "“Ah! Mr. Ladislaw! the frame alone is worth that. Ladies and gentlemen, for the credit of the town! Suppose it should be discovered hereafter that a gem of art has been amongst us in this town, and nobody in Middlemarch awake to it. Five guineas—five seven-six—five ten. Still, ladies, still! It is a gem, and ‘Full many a gem,’ as the poet says, has been allowed to go at a nominal price because the public knew no better, because it was offered in circles where there was—I was going to say a low feeling, but no!—Six pounds—six guineas—a _Guydo_ of the first order going at six guineas—it is an insult to religion, ladies; it touches us all as Christians, gentlemen, that a subject like this should go at such a low figure—six pounds ten—seven—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03539", "bookId": 145, "start": 1318054, "end": 1319433, "sha256": "f9a646229b953486b76e557ec08f4ab491d5f6546bcecb7092a8b4bfbb97a670", "text": "The bidding was brisk, and Will continued to share in it, remembering that Mrs. Bulstrode had a strong wish for the picture, and thinking that he might stretch the price to twelve pounds. But it was knocked down to him at ten guineas, whereupon he pushed his way towards the bow-window and went out. He chose to go under the marquee to get a glass of water, being hot and thirsty: it was empty of other visitors, and he asked the woman in attendance to fetch him some fresh water; but before she was well gone he was annoyed to see entering the florid stranger who had stared at him. It struck Will at this moment that the man might be one of those political parasitic insects of the bloated kind who had once or twice claimed acquaintance with him as having heard him speak on the Reform question, and who might think of getting a shilling by news. In this light his person, already rather heating to behold on a summer’s day, appeared the more disagreeable; and Will, half-seated on the elbow of a garden-chair, turned his eyes carefully away from the comer. But this signified little to our acquaintance Mr. Raffles, who never hesitated to thrust himself on unwilling observation, if it suited his purpose to do so. He moved a step or two till he was in front of Will, and said with full-mouthed haste, “Excuse me, Mr. Ladislaw—was your mother’s name Sarah Dunkirk?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03540", "bookId": 145, "start": 1319435, "end": 1319577, "sha256": "fafdebf01fc2dcc5ebf84e5c3f262e2370cbc8aa0fbb2f0227da7d63dfd006e9", "text": "Will, starting to his feet, moved backward a step, frowning, and saying with some fierceness, “Yes, sir, it was. And what is that to you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03541", "bookId": 145, "start": 1319579, "end": 1319862, "sha256": "eab4cb34361a2ac10c7c51e5472865b861ea7bbcfbc8be693fbd74e4b04aee06", "text": "It was in Will’s nature that the first spark it threw out was a direct answer of the question and a challenge of the consequences. To have said, “What is that to you?” in the first instance, would have seemed like shuffling—as if he minded who knew anything about his origin!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03542", "bookId": 145, "start": 1319864, "end": 1320172, "sha256": "0ba025d20785d5e047cf2a7df005888cc4a87f487ca52bad1bfa905376db8a3a", "text": "Raffles on his side had not the same eagerness for a collision which was implied in Ladislaw’s threatening air. The slim young fellow with his girl’s complexion looked like a tiger-cat ready to spring on him. Under such circumstances Mr. Raffles’s pleasure in annoying his company was kept in abeyance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03543", "bookId": 145, "start": 1320174, "end": 1320396, "sha256": "e4136861d2a949597771540a67d0293a9352b1ffe1a98c4f735ac4f228a6a172", "text": "“No offence, my good sir, no offence! I only remember your mother—knew her when she was a girl. But it is your father that you feature, sir. I had the pleasure of seeing your father too. Parents alive, Mr. Ladislaw?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03544", "bookId": 145, "start": 1320398, "end": 1320455, "sha256": "3c8f6e236f54297ff27aceae25e6e58b8bd7391996d64a98406f1b6003124683", "text": "“No!” thundered Will, in the same attitude as before.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03545", "bookId": 145, "start": 1320457, "end": 1320552, "sha256": "427b20a75ad9147ba06461c9bc6e4c69c06c8103c7c3dae0f50d61753312805d", "text": "“Should be glad to do you a service, Mr. Ladislaw—by Jove, I should! Hope to meet again.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03546", "bookId": 145, "start": 1320554, "end": 1320974, "sha256": "e743853375297849457bde600f784d6263e13a6eec08822411cc20313cd107c8", "text": "Hereupon Raffles, who had lifted his hat with the last words, turned himself round with a swing of his leg and walked away. Will looked after him a moment, and could see that he did not re-enter the auction-room, but appeared to be walking towards the road. For an instant he thought that he had been foolish not to let the man go on talking;—but no! on the whole he preferred doing without knowledge from that source.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03547", "bookId": 145, "start": 1320976, "end": 1321394, "sha256": "7a0ee95a464bbb399d214a724277be1c394d3559edda72852aa8192042fd7887", "text": "Later in the evening, however, Raffles overtook him in the street, and appearing either to have forgotten the roughness of his former reception or to intend avenging it by a forgiving familiarity, greeted him jovially and walked by his side, remarking at first on the pleasantness of the town and neighborhood. Will suspected that the man had been drinking and was considering how to shake him off when Raffles said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03548", "bookId": 145, "start": 1321396, "end": 1321854, "sha256": "107cc7aaece505adb62fd6fa9032b2808826b9758b12e2083251ee34a3f248b2", "text": "“I’ve been abroad myself, Mr. Ladislaw—I’ve seen the world—used to parley-vous a little. It was at Boulogne I saw your father—a most uncommon likeness you are of him, by Jove! mouth—nose—eyes—hair turned off your brow just like his—a little in the foreign style. John Bull doesn’t do much of that. But your father was very ill when I saw him. Lord, lord! hands you might see through. You were a small youngster then. Did he get well?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03549", "bookId": 145, "start": 1321856, "end": 1321884, "sha256": "8f4608a9b711bbbeb1371c471b9b5672a50d3be0b0844b64aaf2182da67a6cf2", "text": "“No,” said Will, curtly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03550", "bookId": 145, "start": 1321886, "end": 1322149, "sha256": "f964cd63b0285de0fa3d30961d74f8587e462e50a3549a9b8b2d8cd419c1eb6f", "text": "“Ah! Well! I’ve often wondered what became of your mother. She ran away from her friends when she was a young lass—a proud-spirited lass, and pretty, by Jove! I knew the reason why she ran away,” said Raffles, winking slowly as he looked sideways at Will.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03551", "bookId": 145, "start": 1322151, "end": 1322306, "sha256": "cf60fbb63844b53ca17808727e13fe19d027903b6d589ea0844d162c60432472", "text": "“You know nothing dishonorable of her, sir,” said Will, turning on him rather savagely. But Mr. Raffles just now was not sensitive to shades of manner.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03552", "bookId": 145, "start": 1322308, "end": 1323312, "sha256": "48e9212f3c26cfc44a79abc8116172dc7efa9dbc6f5597b891ea75aa9b06661a", "text": "“Not a bit!” said he, tossing his head decisively. “She was a little too honorable to like her friends—that was it!” Here Raffles again winked slowly. “Lord bless you, I knew all about ’em—a little in what you may call the respectable thieving line—the high style of receiving-house—none of your holes and corners—first-rate. Slap-up shop, high profits and no mistake. But Lord! Sarah would have known nothing about it—a dashing young lady she was—fine boarding-school—fit for a lord’s wife—only Archie Duncan threw it at her out of spite, because she would have nothing to do with him. And so she ran away from the whole concern. I travelled for ’em, sir, in a gentlemanly way—at a high salary. They didn’t mind her running away at first—godly folks, sir, very godly—and she was for the stage. The son was alive then, and the daughter was at a discount. Hallo! here we are at the Blue Bull. What do you say, Mr. Ladislaw?—shall we turn in and have a glass?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03553", "bookId": 145, "start": 1323314, "end": 1323460, "sha256": "2da9117229c85d138cdac6d20d2e3de5a55d68b813c08bb2fb8536e88a115139", "text": "“No, I must say good evening,” said Will, dashing up a passage which led into Lowick Gate, and almost running to get out of Raffles’s reach.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03554", "bookId": 145, "start": 1323462, "end": 1323771, "sha256": "41011af87cee45a87933938e8615eb105adfcf6b172a08963745083025971bf1", "text": "He walked a long while on the Lowick road away from the town, glad of the starlit darkness when it came. He felt as if he had had dirt cast on him amidst shouts of scorn. There was this to confirm the fellow’s statement—that his mother never would tell him the reason why she had run away from her family.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03555", "bookId": 145, "start": 1323773, "end": 1324325, "sha256": "7e5a253500b2a5de395e3b797c67b2ae2eda9c6d040e82b2c52c81714c8e9312", "text": "Well! what was he, Will Ladislaw, the worse, supposing the truth about that family to be the ugliest? His mother had braved hardship in order to separate herself from it. But if Dorothea’s friends had known this story—if the Chettams had known it—they would have had a fine color to give their suspicions a welcome ground for thinking him unfit to come near her. However, let them suspect what they pleased, they would find themselves in the wrong. They would find out that the blood in his veins was as free from the taint of meanness as theirs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03556", "bookId": 145, "start": 1324330, "end": 1324342, "sha256": "b45f7c5ab9cc5fa04d92360e8896c6983fc5257d02e10d45e263c904229f8080", "text": "CHAPTER LXI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03557", "bookId": 145, "start": 1324344, "end": 1324466, "sha256": "9e37c25d36d4999adc4705b3b9572d5d5d5f488b359a9da548b5568449b4cc68", "text": "“Inconsistencies,” answered Imlac, “cannot both be right, but imputed to man they may both be true.”—_Rasselas_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03558", "bookId": 145, "start": 1324469, "end": 1324639, "sha256": "133e3d613b4eadefd0aea430933d0a7bf5d33f951f15f4f34e8e80f2f892ce98", "text": "The same night, when Mr. Bulstrode returned from a journey to Brassing on business, his good wife met him in the entrance-hall and drew him into his private sitting-room.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03559", "bookId": 145, "start": 1324641, "end": 1324812, "sha256": "27e0fa4189f02c0fb7acbd38116c577e728ea732f2b8cc3c448424aa6317f705", "text": "“Nicholas,” she said, fixing her honest eyes upon him anxiously, “there has been such a disagreeable man here asking for you—it has made me quite uncomfortable.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03560", "bookId": 145, "start": 1324814, "end": 1324900, "sha256": "33630286c4d02021bb1c58f0330de3262c066dd412bd7b19a3ca8a0757c045f0", "text": "“What kind of man, my dear,” said Mr. Bulstrode, dreadfully certain of the answer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03561", "bookId": 145, "start": 1324902, "end": 1325528, "sha256": "940141d3427363c34878b8fb2d963ccd528258f1722726527bc69f627f3ce55a", "text": "“A red-faced man with large whiskers, and most impudent in his manner. He declared he was an old friend of yours, and said you would be sorry not to see him. He wanted to wait for you here, but I told him he could see you at the Bank to-morrow morning. Most impudent he was!—stared at me, and said his friend Nick had luck in wives. I don’t believe he would have gone away, if Blucher had not happened to break his chain and come running round on the gravel—for I was in the garden; so I said, ‘You’d better go away—the dog is very fierce, and I can’t hold him.’ Do you really know anything of such a man?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03562", "bookId": 145, "start": 1325530, "end": 1325812, "sha256": "e9bd87698e8cf7d71a9b022bf2e01f7bf881c835035fd4725109e007a5dd82d2", "text": "“I believe I know who he is, my dear,” said Mr. Bulstrode, in his usual subdued voice, “an unfortunate dissolute wretch, whom I helped too much in days gone by. However, I presume you will not be troubled by him again. He will probably come to the Bank—to beg, doubtless.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03563", "bookId": 145, "start": 1325814, "end": 1326179, "sha256": "ebc63fd4efe9655ef5473aa8e3e550bc537ff1e7b4165271d7becc6d025b1f92", "text": "No more was said on the subject until the next day, when Mr. Bulstrode had returned from the town and was dressing for dinner. His wife, not sure that he was come home, looked into his dressing-room and saw him with his coat and cravat off, leaning one arm on a chest of drawers and staring absently at the ground. He started nervously and looked up as she entered.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03564", "bookId": 145, "start": 1326181, "end": 1326245, "sha256": "a3a1dcdc80e29db1564ec91bfb1fc302cdf4fb536806516f45340706d3502a98", "text": "“You look very ill, Nicholas. Is there anything the matter?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03565", "bookId": 145, "start": 1326247, "end": 1326411, "sha256": "750a0d6767a1bee460bb631efc7032891020882ea131894fb404b7c0445c2343", "text": "“I have a good deal of pain in my head,” said Mr. Bulstrode, who was so frequently ailing that his wife was always ready to believe in this cause of depression.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03566", "bookId": 145, "start": 1326413, "end": 1326462, "sha256": "ae19ce86d6e4cbd0794d41436f4d4e725ee77cba743d6f7a9d00a38809e38f96", "text": "“Sit down and let me sponge it with vinegar.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03567", "bookId": 145, "start": 1326464, "end": 1326970, "sha256": "4c1d4ceaf87528608d5b7b8505c3cd8089b7a13c2d7fed17174be51f69c6a06f", "text": "Physically Mr. Bulstrode did not want the vinegar, but morally the affectionate attention soothed him. Though always polite, it was his habit to receive such services with marital coolness, as his wife’s duty. But to-day, while she was bending over him, he said, “You are very good, Harriet,” in a tone which had something new in it to her ear; she did not know exactly what the novelty was, but her woman’s solicitude shaped itself into a darting thought that he might be going to have an illness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03568", "bookId": 145, "start": 1326972, "end": 1327057, "sha256": "a960d16ce12bfb06535334acdae162976cfd8e618d82be12063648c22f7a695f", "text": "“Has anything worried you?” she said. “Did that man come to you at the Bank?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03569", "bookId": 145, "start": 1327059, "end": 1327198, "sha256": "9a172c64c3600e5e07d093042f8368ae2927a6ad70abf60910863de71d91f5e8", "text": "“Yes; it was as I had supposed. He is a man who at one time might have done better. But he has sunk into a drunken debauched creature.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03570", "bookId": 145, "start": 1327200, "end": 1329658, "sha256": "433b206aac6c029a89207b838b8ab308eab98b4aeb3554f1a0e3c8391152ef4e", "text": "“Is he quite gone away?” said Mrs. Bulstrode, anxiously; but for certain reasons she refrained from adding, “It was very disagreeable to hear him calling himself a friend of yours.” At that moment she would not have liked to say anything which implied her habitual consciousness that her husband’s earlier connections were not quite on a level with her own. Not that she knew much about them. That her husband had at first been employed in a bank, that he had afterwards entered into what he called city business and gained a fortune before he was three-and-thirty, that he had married a widow who was much older than himself—a Dissenter, and in other ways probably of that disadvantageous quality usually perceptible in a first wife if inquired into with the dispassionate judgment of a second—was almost as much as she had cared to learn beyond the glimpses which Mr. Bulstrode’s narrative occasionally gave of his early bent towards religion, his inclination to be a preacher, and his association with missionary and philanthropic efforts. She believed in him as an excellent man whose piety carried a peculiar eminence in belonging to a layman, whose influence had turned her own mind toward seriousness, and whose share of perishable good had been the means of raising her own position. But she also liked to think that it was well in every sense for Mr. Bulstrode to have won the hand of Harriet Vincy; whose family was undeniable in a Middlemarch light—a better light surely than any thrown in London thoroughfares or dissenting chapel-yards. The unreformed provincial mind distrusted London; and while true religion was everywhere saving, honest Mrs. Bulstrode was convinced that to be saved in the Church was more respectable. She so much wished to ignore towards others that her husband had ever been a London Dissenter, that she liked to keep it out of sight even in talking to him. He was quite aware of this; indeed in some respects he was rather afraid of this ingenuous wife, whose imitative piety and native worldliness were equally sincere, who had nothing to be ashamed of, and whom he had married out of a thorough inclination still subsisting. But his fears were such as belong to a man who cares to maintain his recognized supremacy: the loss of high consideration from his wife, as from every one else who did not clearly hate him out of enmity to the truth, would be as the beginning of death to him. When she said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03571", "bookId": 145, "start": 1329660, "end": 1329688, "sha256": "f056149907ce6d490815a164e5cbb3a184adc5e626908ef41bc0262bb779ef3d", "text": "“Is he quite gone away?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03572", "bookId": 145, "start": 1329690, "end": 1329799, "sha256": "28678fffea53bc148c6cfc4c1000d8fddb722b814d45cd9bf9934e08cbe47fe4", "text": "“Oh, I trust so,” he answered, with an effort to throw as much sober unconcern into his tone as possible!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03573", "bookId": 145, "start": 1329801, "end": 1330729, "sha256": "6bb14b834ff1842303b92b63ff3b3ba13bd5275cb1e48888927bb0328df64eeb", "text": "But in truth Mr. Bulstrode was very far from a state of quiet trust. In the interview at the Bank, Raffles had made it evident that his eagerness to torment was almost as strong in him as any other greed. He had frankly said that he had turned out of the way to come to Middlemarch, just to look about him and see whether the neighborhood would suit him to live in. He had certainly had a few debts to pay more than he expected, but the two hundred pounds were not gone yet: a cool five-and-twenty would suffice him to go away with for the present. What he had wanted chiefly was to see his friend Nick and family, and know all about the prosperity of a man to whom he was so much attached. By-and-by he might come back for a longer stay. This time Raffles declined to be “seen off the premises,” as he expressed it—declined to quit Middlemarch under Bulstrode’s eyes. He meant to go by coach the next day—if he chose.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03574", "bookId": 145, "start": 1330731, "end": 1331058, "sha256": "88de4543fc960f954b514bc2ff9fb0f54c74a262e813ff07298e642a6b33a275", "text": "Bulstrode felt himself helpless. Neither threats nor coaxing could avail: he could not count on any persistent fear nor on any promise. On the contrary, he felt a cold certainty at his heart that Raffles—unless providence sent death to hinder him—would come back to Middlemarch before long. And that certainty was a terror.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03575", "bookId": 145, "start": 1331060, "end": 1332022, "sha256": "f53558ad16023e81e991aed5eabddd82a7b54ea40c15caeb57b35f64d7b796bb", "text": "It was not that he was in danger of legal punishment or of beggary: he was in danger only of seeing disclosed to the judgment of his neighbors and the mournful perception of his wife certain facts of his past life which would render him an object of scorn and an opprobrium of the religion with which he had diligently associated himself. The terror of being judged sharpens the memory: it sends an inevitable glare over that long-unvisited past which has been habitually recalled only in general phrases. Even without memory, the life is bound into one by a zone of dependence in growth and decay; but intense memory forces a man to own his blameworthy past. With memory set smarting like a reopened wound, a man’s past is not simply a dead history, an outworn preparation of the present: it is not a repented error shaken loose from the life: it is a still quivering part of himself, bringing shudders and bitter flavors and the tinglings of a merited shame.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03576", "bookId": 145, "start": 1332024, "end": 1332655, "sha256": "d59386426144f9b4aea1b0dc34ab43beec3292bd1afa0291c0fd552ca3bf428c", "text": "Into this second life Bulstrode’s past had now risen, only the pleasures of it seeming to have lost their quality. Night and day, without interruption save of brief sleep which only wove retrospect and fear into a fantastic present, he felt the scenes of his earlier life coming between him and everything else, as obstinately as when we look through the window from a lighted room, the objects we turn our backs on are still before us, instead of the grass and the trees. The successive events inward and outward were there in one view: though each might be dwelt on in turn, the rest still kept their hold in the consciousness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03577", "bookId": 145, "start": 1332657, "end": 1333710, "sha256": "29c985d2942494e255045beaa81c345557a3059783c6b61c08d92017bb26d7a7", "text": "Once more he saw himself the young banker’s clerk, with an agreeable person, as clever in figures as he was fluent in speech and fond of theological definition: an eminent though young member of a Calvinistic dissenting church at Highbury, having had striking experience in conviction of sin and sense of pardon. Again he heard himself called for as Brother Bulstrode in prayer meetings, speaking on religious platforms, preaching in private houses. Again he felt himself thinking of the ministry as possibly his vocation, and inclined towards missionary labor. That was the happiest time of his life: that was the spot he would have chosen now to awake in and find the rest a dream. The people among whom Brother Bulstrode was distinguished were very few, but they were very near to him, and stirred his satisfaction the more; his power stretched through a narrow space, but he felt its effect the more intensely. He believed without effort in the peculiar work of grace within him, and in the signs that God intended him for special instrumentality.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03578", "bookId": 145, "start": 1333712, "end": 1334302, "sha256": "d96a83d24252a437106057b2124941851be8f32a216b6c49b45a40d0352e123d", "text": "Then came the moment of transition; it was with the sense of promotion he had when he, an orphan educated at a commercial charity-school, was invited to a fine villa belonging to Mr. Dunkirk, the richest man in the congregation. Soon he became an intimate there, honored for his piety by the wife, marked out for his ability by the husband, whose wealth was due to a flourishing city and west-end trade. That was the setting-in of a new current for his ambition, directing his prospects of “instrumentality” towards the uniting of distinguished religious gifts with successful business.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03579", "bookId": 145, "start": 1334304, "end": 1334961, "sha256": "721d162e441b6bb50530d8c24c6d84eb27ce83a8cce1a3887cffb969e233d6bd", "text": "By-and-by came a decided external leading: a confidential subordinate partner died, and nobody seemed to the principal so well fitted to fill the severely felt vacancy as his young friend Bulstrode, if he would become confidential accountant. The offer was accepted. The business was a pawnbroker’s, of the most magnificent sort both in extent and profits; and on a short acquaintance with it Bulstrode became aware that one source of magnificent profit was the easy reception of any goods offered, without strict inquiry as to where they came from. But there was a branch house at the west end, and no pettiness or dinginess to give suggestions of shame.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03580", "bookId": 145, "start": 1334963, "end": 1335664, "sha256": "040711a292bbbb199534f74cd4e4f81d414948c7e70c525b966a52bc3571fe21", "text": "He remembered his first moments of shrinking. They were private, and were filled with arguments; some of these taking the form of prayer. The business was established and had old roots; is it not one thing to set up a new gin-palace and another to accept an investment in an old one? The profits made out of lost souls—where can the line be drawn at which they begin in human transactions? Was it not even God’s way of saving His chosen? “Thou knowest,”—the young Bulstrode had said then, as the older Bulstrode was saying now—“Thou knowest how loose my soul sits from these things—how I view them all as implements for tilling Thy garden rescued here and there from the wilderness.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03581", "bookId": 145, "start": 1335666, "end": 1336300, "sha256": "64833df5bab3fd1004236e96637f059c403f57705fd36e54dd065bae22fc9e77", "text": "Metaphors and precedents were not wanting; peculiar spiritual experiences were not wanting which at last made the retention of his position seem a service demanded of him: the vista of a fortune had already opened itself, and Bulstrode’s shrinking remained private. Mr. Dunkirk had never expected that there would be any shrinking at all: he had never conceived that trade had anything to do with the scheme of salvation. And it was true that Bulstrode found himself carrying on two distinct lives; his religious activity could not be incompatible with his business as soon as he had argued himself into not feeling it incompatible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03582", "bookId": 145, "start": 1336302, "end": 1336819, "sha256": "a4fbaf80ac7430ba1f9bc20384a14bc07ede06612521ec8dcaf524381d69a5b0", "text": "Mentally surrounded with that past again, Bulstrode had the same pleas—indeed, the years had been perpetually spinning them into intricate thickness, like masses of spider-web, padding the moral sensibility; nay, as age made egoism more eager but less enjoying, his soul had become more saturated with the belief that he did everything for God’s sake, being indifferent to it for his own. And yet—if he could be back in that far-off spot with his youthful poverty—why, then he would choose to be a missionary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03583", "bookId": 145, "start": 1336821, "end": 1338161, "sha256": "3255f3fbe76975067dc3c47348ff7989b7f5fe436ad34a733eaa5839cbc325c0", "text": "But the train of causes in which he had locked himself went on. There was trouble in the fine villa at Highbury. Years before, the only daughter had run away, defied her parents, and gone on the stage; and now the only boy died, and after a short time Mr. Dunkirk died also. The wife, a simple pious woman, left with all the wealth in and out of the magnificent trade, of which she never knew the precise nature, had come to believe in Bulstrode, and innocently adore him as women often adore their priest or “man-made” minister. It was natural that after a time marriage should have been thought of between them. But Mrs. Dunkirk had qualms and yearnings about her daughter, who had long been regarded as lost both to God and her parents. It was known that the daughter had married, but she was utterly gone out of sight. The mother, having lost her boy, imagined a grandson, and wished in a double sense to reclaim her daughter. If she were found, there would be a channel for property—perhaps a wide one—in the provision for several grandchildren. Efforts to find her must be made before Mrs. Dunkirk would marry again. Bulstrode concurred; but after advertisement as well as other modes of inquiry had been tried, the mother believed that her daughter was not to be found, and consented to marry without reservation of property.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03584", "bookId": 145, "start": 1338163, "end": 1338298, "sha256": "6291dda9ff6d4473a806d1cd6ed99c07e39c92e70a0811e9fc336c53e6e66eea", "text": "The daughter had been found; but only one man besides Bulstrode knew it, and he was paid for keeping silence and carrying himself away.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03585", "bookId": 145, "start": 1338300, "end": 1339861, "sha256": "5d9110731ee399506131d798725d6d0461db3bd55fd0c643eaf50ff18412bb76", "text": "That was the bare fact which Bulstrode was now forced to see in the rigid outline with which acts present themselves to onlookers. But for himself at that distant time, and even now in burning memory, the fact was broken into little sequences, each justified as it came by reasonings which seemed to prove it righteous. Bulstrode’s course up to that time had, he thought, been sanctioned by remarkable providences, appearing to point the way for him to be the agent in making the best use of a large property and withdrawing it from perversion. Death and other striking dispositions, such as feminine trustfulness, had come; and Bulstrode would have adopted Cromwell’s words—“Do you call these bare events? The Lord pity you!” The events were comparatively small, but the essential condition was there—namely, that they were in favor of his own ends. It was easy for him to settle what was due from him to others by inquiring what were God’s intentions with regard to himself. Could it be for God’s service that this fortune should in any considerable proportion go to a young woman and her husband who were given up to the lightest pursuits, and might scatter it abroad in triviality—people who seemed to lie outside the path of remarkable providences? Bulstrode had never said to himself beforehand, “The daughter shall not be found”—nevertheless when the moment came he kept her existence hidden; and when other moments followed, he soothed the mother with consolation in the probability that the unhappy young woman might be no more.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03586", "bookId": 145, "start": 1339863, "end": 1340975, "sha256": "dd6c4b92e3386d1a5a76e1235eb49f3932eccd079dcf31690698d2cb52e1a8d6", "text": "There were hours in which Bulstrode felt that his action was unrighteous; but how could he go back? He had mental exercises, called himself nought, laid hold on redemption, and went on in his course of instrumentality. And after five years Death again came to widen his path, by taking away his wife. He did gradually withdraw his capital, but he did not make the sacrifices requisite to put an end to the business, which was carried on for thirteen years afterwards before it finally collapsed. Meanwhile Nicholas Bulstrode had used his hundred thousand discreetly, and was become provincially, solidly important—a banker, a Churchman, a public benefactor; also a sleeping partner in trading concerns, in which his ability was directed to economy in the raw material, as in the case of the dyes which rotted Mr. Vincy’s silk. And now, when this respectability had lasted undisturbed for nearly thirty years—when all that preceded it had long lain benumbed in the consciousness—that past had risen and immersed his thought as if with the terrible irruption of a new sense overburthening the feeble being.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03587", "bookId": 145, "start": 1340977, "end": 1341223, "sha256": "76cf72d14de2d8ecd7a98b935b9075de9f05c3651be9ba68d42de7dbaad0c504", "text": "Meanwhile, in his conversation with Raffles, he had learned something momentous, something which entered actively into the struggle of his longings and terrors. There, he thought, lay an opening towards spiritual, perhaps towards material rescue.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03588", "bookId": 145, "start": 1341225, "end": 1342001, "sha256": "01e5179011bffc65c4721363f3b828be96ef2624008effa9b35f17ae63de5202", "text": "The spiritual kind of rescue was a genuine need with him. There may be coarse hypocrites, who consciously affect beliefs and emotions for the sake of gulling the world, but Bulstrode was not one of them. He was simply a man whose desires had been stronger than his theoretic beliefs, and who had gradually explained the gratification of his desires into satisfactory agreement with those beliefs. If this be hypocrisy, it is a process which shows itself occasionally in us all, to whatever confession we belong, and whether we believe in the future perfection of our race or in the nearest date fixed for the end of the world; whether we regard the earth as a putrefying nidus for a saved remnant, including ourselves, or have a passionate belief in the solidarity of mankind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03589", "bookId": 145, "start": 1342003, "end": 1342813, "sha256": "92299afdd0a7d98bf370e6db18f64d7ca95a34412b987277924eb3dac54df0b2", "text": "The service he could do to the cause of religion had been through life the ground he alleged to himself for his choice of action: it had been the motive which he had poured out in his prayers. Who would use money and position better than he meant to use them? Who could surpass him in self-abhorrence and exaltation of God’s cause? And to Mr. Bulstrode God’s cause was something distinct from his own rectitude of conduct: it enforced a discrimination of God’s enemies, who were to be used merely as instruments, and whom it would be as well if possible to keep out of money and consequent influence. Also, profitable investments in trades where the power of the prince of this world showed its most active devices, became sanctified by a right application of the profits in the hands of God’s servant.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03590", "bookId": 145, "start": 1342815, "end": 1343135, "sha256": "fefc16b8c5bd82252a79a328d1fb823b98bc6341e7593add72ccd5092a8e4167", "text": "This implicit reasoning is essentially no more peculiar to evangelical belief than the use of wide phrases for narrow motives is peculiar to Englishmen. There is no general doctrine which is not capable of eating out our morality if unchecked by the deep-seated habit of direct fellow-feeling with individual fellow-men.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03591", "bookId": 145, "start": 1343137, "end": 1343646, "sha256": "219ce8ed244f9a47329fe004804846988b9329d71151e321f3bff72124fd428e", "text": "But a man who believes in something else than his own greed, has necessarily a conscience or standard to which he more or less adapts himself. Bulstrode’s standard had been his serviceableness to God’s cause: “I am sinful and nought—a vessel to be consecrated by use—but use me!”—had been the mould into which he had constrained his immense need of being something important and predominating. And now had come a moment in which that mould seemed in danger of being broken and utterly cast away.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03592", "bookId": 145, "start": 1343648, "end": 1343951, "sha256": "dfd6029a1e1fb8da349f66d6effc73bbc2c59575dd927616bb2192f1d0ec3d2f", "text": "What if the acts he had reconciled himself to because they made him a stronger instrument of the divine glory, were to become the pretext of the scoffer, and a darkening of that glory? If this were to be the ruling of Providence, he was cast out from the temple as one who had brought unclean offerings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03593", "bookId": 145, "start": 1343953, "end": 1345023, "sha256": "9455729d2c93fdd778d08446ef972442f60150a31652ce81a37e49161b7dab27", "text": "He had long poured out utterances of repentance. But today a repentance had come which was of a bitterer flavor, and a threatening Providence urged him to a kind of propitiation which was not simply a doctrinal transaction. The divine tribunal had changed its aspect for him; self-prostration was no longer enough, and he must bring restitution in his hand. It was really before his God that Bulstrode was about to attempt such restitution as seemed possible: a great dread had seized his susceptible frame, and the scorching approach of shame wrought in him a new spiritual need. Night and day, while the resurgent threatening past was making a conscience within him, he was thinking by what means he could recover peace and trust—by what sacrifice he could stay the rod. His belief in these moments of dread was, that if he spontaneously did something right, God would save him from the consequences of wrong-doing. For religion can only change when the emotions which fill it are changed; and the religion of personal fear remains nearly at the level of the savage.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03594", "bookId": 145, "start": 1345025, "end": 1345833, "sha256": "a9f43576671a99b44d5bf3c6ab3de41cb77618903eaadc666a068fa44a15ba28", "text": "He had seen Raffles actually going away on the Brassing coach, and this was a temporary relief; it removed the pressure of an immediate dread, but did not put an end to the spiritual conflict and the need to win protection. At last he came to a difficult resolve, and wrote a letter to Will Ladislaw, begging him to be at the Shrubs that evening for a private interview at nine o’clock. Will had felt no particular surprise at the request, and connected it with some new notions about the “Pioneer;” but when he was shown into Mr. Bulstrode’s private room, he was struck with the painfully worn look on the banker’s face, and was going to say, “Are you ill?” when, checking himself in that abruptness, he only inquired after Mrs. Bulstrode, and her satisfaction with the picture bought for her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03595", "bookId": 145, "start": 1345835, "end": 1346251, "sha256": "6847f6f3cd74290af60d737f521c4d7ddace6124e351a73d4f30d5c746580753", "text": "“Thank you, she is quite satisfied; she has gone out with her daughters this evening. I begged you to come, Mr. Ladislaw, because I have a communication of a very private—indeed, I will say, of a sacredly confidential nature, which I desire to make to you. Nothing, I dare say, has been farther from your thoughts than that there had been important ties in the past which could connect your history with mine.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03596", "bookId": 145, "start": 1346253, "end": 1346800, "sha256": "cdd78fc03f5769e0b33e1114ae3782e63be629969c44789ed911bf60a9b3f75d", "text": "Will felt something like an electric shock. He was already in a state of keen sensitiveness and hardly allayed agitation on the subject of ties in the past, and his presentiments were not agreeable. It seemed like the fluctuations of a dream—as if the action begun by that loud bloated stranger were being carried on by this pale-eyed sickly looking piece of respectability, whose subdued tone and glib formality of speech were at this moment almost as repulsive to him as their remembered contrast. He answered, with a marked change of color—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03597", "bookId": 145, "start": 1346802, "end": 1346828, "sha256": "f5c2b409559d147eb2cf607eded550ed0b1cd3f080a1a642f6015e29f44096d1", "text": "“No, indeed, nothing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03598", "bookId": 145, "start": 1346830, "end": 1347187, "sha256": "aa40708039bd3037a995bfa0fa5721b8836f32da03b75d6d2fcc8a2a546bdfcd", "text": "“You see before you, Mr. Ladislaw, a man who is deeply stricken. But for the urgency of conscience and the knowledge that I am before the bar of One who seeth not as man seeth, I should be under no compulsion to make the disclosure which has been my object in asking you to come here to-night. So far as human laws go, you have no claim on me whatever.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03599", "bookId": 145, "start": 1347189, "end": 1347377, "sha256": "bb323a5555204841b4f60d044a1126702d93aecf092ede2a5c50ae68282ef445", "text": "Will was even more uncomfortable than wondering. Mr. Bulstrode had paused, leaning his head on his hand, and looking at the floor. But he now fixed his examining glance on Will and said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03600", "bookId": 145, "start": 1347379, "end": 1347611, "sha256": "bc7a856a67268fc928952e77ae1cb219c409edee3e840d5dd2f6e9cb3f8f443e", "text": "“I am told that your mother’s name was Sarah Dunkirk, and that she ran away from her friends to go on the stage. Also, that your father was at one time much emaciated by illness. May I ask if you can confirm these statements?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03601", "bookId": 145, "start": 1347613, "end": 1348037, "sha256": "de72d09c649fabf47379151012d11a902e69b8422c02b2c38584c12fe2dd3b5e", "text": "“Yes, they are all true,” said Will, struck with the order in which an inquiry had come, that might have been expected to be preliminary to the banker’s previous hints. But Mr. Bulstrode had to-night followed the order of his emotions; he entertained no doubt that the opportunity for restitution had come, and he had an overpowering impulse towards the penitential expression by which he was deprecating chastisement.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03602", "bookId": 145, "start": 1348039, "end": 1348113, "sha256": "aa915f52cfde4f568490ea46061c7eeb33e158ba4032f49b9fa10a665de60d06", "text": "“Do you know any particulars of your mother’s family?” he continued.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03603", "bookId": 145, "start": 1348115, "end": 1348227, "sha256": "4633154fd25122c21025c37246c475aeead4366351d892caad24b03212d699b6", "text": "“No; she never liked to speak of them. She was a very generous, honorable woman,” said Will, almost angrily.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03604", "bookId": 145, "start": 1348229, "end": 1348328, "sha256": "695154d9d60a9b946c050c5a43bdce293b6356334f591a69a19c4c6195e3e1fd", "text": "“I do not wish to allege anything against her. Did she never mention her mother to you at all?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03605", "bookId": 145, "start": 1348330, "end": 1348475, "sha256": "62f09d22d07ed932c7f27bf41d1f98403980169a2ed1739fbe1e66cc364e285b", "text": "“I have heard her say that she thought her mother did not know the reason of her running away. She said ‘poor mother’ in a pitying tone.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03606", "bookId": 145, "start": 1348477, "end": 1348913, "sha256": "4db90c8df999dd7bb718bc716e6f741f7fdb8fdede108beacd843215cbcfbb74", "text": "“That mother became my wife,” said Bulstrode, and then paused a moment before he added, “you have a claim on me, Mr. Ladislaw: as I said before, not a legal claim, but one which my conscience recognizes. I was enriched by that marriage—a result which would probably not have taken place—certainly not to the same extent—if your grandmother could have discovered her daughter. That daughter, I gather, is no longer living!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03607", "bookId": 145, "start": 1348915, "end": 1349147, "sha256": "fdd2362a48cb5174cba1cc8ba7752a38815764f2c240c006cd72bb23dfca2b8b", "text": "“No,” said Will, feeling suspicion and repugnance rising so strongly within him, that without quite knowing what he did, he took his hat from the floor and stood up. The impulse within him was to reject the disclosed connection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03608", "bookId": 145, "start": 1349149, "end": 1349361, "sha256": "95629c243fdde5442cf1312e308d802e0692d2fe77552cb9d7c5a63adc0a802d", "text": "“Pray be seated, Mr. Ladislaw,” said Bulstrode, anxiously. “Doubtless you are startled by the suddenness of this discovery. But I entreat your patience with one who is already bowed down by inward trial.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03609", "bookId": 145, "start": 1349363, "end": 1349480, "sha256": "8a3d3c312f2ad91a76c8ddc93353efe690d03a45a26c686f908e836dfa341672", "text": "Will reseated himself, feeling some pity which was half contempt for this voluntary self-abasement of an elderly man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03610", "bookId": 145, "start": 1349482, "end": 1349798, "sha256": "819de681d9f34ee15496dcc37a0ab54d7f9c00b548ef188a4bf04faaa71be61a", "text": "“It is my wish, Mr. Ladislaw, to make amends for the deprivation which befell your mother. I know that you are without fortune, and I wish to supply you adequately from a store which would have probably already been yours had your grandmother been certain of your mother’s existence and been able to find her.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03611", "bookId": 145, "start": 1349800, "end": 1350415, "sha256": "d6a1704b257fc0799cfad9b32734b689a9dc2f0f4d5a87195c35b96d3d568fd9", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode paused. He felt that he was performing a striking piece of scrupulosity in the judgment of his auditor, and a penitential act in the eyes of God. He had no clew to the state of Will Ladislaw’s mind, smarting as it was from the clear hints of Raffles, and with its natural quickness in construction stimulated by the expectation of discoveries which he would have been glad to conjure back into darkness. Will made no answer for several moments, till Mr. Bulstrode, who at the end of his speech had cast his eyes on the floor, now raised them with an examining glance, which Will met fully, saying—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03612", "bookId": 145, "start": 1350417, "end": 1350515, "sha256": "423e0f82bb1490d19334e88388bb93e34816fc815fc2744bc54ce556b482ddc2", "text": "“I suppose you did know of my mother’s existence, and knew where she might have been found.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03613", "bookId": 145, "start": 1350517, "end": 1350881, "sha256": "09737a52a5e3118e20fb5ca0d848cb01d9b91e9eae2225529dc1fca4e0af00a9", "text": "Bulstrode shrank—there was a visible quivering in his face and hands. He was totally unprepared to have his advances met in this way, or to find himself urged into more revelation than he had beforehand set down as needful. But at that moment he dared not tell a lie, and he felt suddenly uncertain of his ground which he had trodden with some confidence before.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03614", "bookId": 145, "start": 1350883, "end": 1351717, "sha256": "ba5c21ed1bf99d40ec1e5438af0bff7fadb406930b0130d8927fd5a2f8b91732", "text": "“I will not deny that you conjecture rightly,” he answered, with a faltering in his tone. “And I wish to make atonement to you as the one still remaining who has suffered a loss through me. You enter, I trust, into my purpose, Mr. Ladislaw, which has a reference to higher than merely human claims, and as I have already said, is entirely independent of any legal compulsion. I am ready to narrow my own resources and the prospects of my family by binding myself to allow you five hundred pounds yearly during my life, and to leave you a proportional capital at my death—nay, to do still more, if more should be definitely necessary to any laudable project on your part.” Mr. Bulstrode had gone on to particulars in the expectation that these would work strongly on Ladislaw, and merge other feelings in grateful acceptance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03615", "bookId": 145, "start": 1351719, "end": 1351875, "sha256": "07ece8780fa5863613ba5e1c0645133a2625c0e27a5edbfc78881c4146f9fe6d", "text": "But Will was looking as stubborn as possible, with his lip pouting and his fingers in his side-pockets. He was not in the least touched, and said firmly,—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03616", "bookId": 145, "start": 1351877, "end": 1352079, "sha256": "1f70b51ddb5c3743e01e9fa4d2871a48c65607e64f8a48b3233a2000ecf1a0c8", "text": "“Before I make any reply to your proposition, Mr. Bulstrode, I must beg you to answer a question or two. Were you connected with the business by which that fortune you speak of was originally made?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03617", "bookId": 145, "start": 1352081, "end": 1352247, "sha256": "f614267dfc8eacb911740d5aa7b6b77e8ea0a46693f4fdb1e1c290f32c430f82", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode’s thought was, “Raffles has told him.” How could he refuse to answer when he had volunteered what drew forth the question? He answered, “Yes.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03618", "bookId": 145, "start": 1352249, "end": 1352444, "sha256": "d9ea9ad60260c2d059ab020a1c5cfbab982dc242f17da906746595fefbc97108", "text": "“And was that business—or was it not—a thoroughly dishonorable one—nay, one that, if its nature had been made public, might have ranked those concerned in it with thieves and convicts?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03619", "bookId": 145, "start": 1352446, "end": 1352542, "sha256": "1b7ecbe2c01ed0eb3f35cf1c0373a5e3890782c8e89aa57112a1d749df9d763a", "text": "Will’s tone had a cutting bitterness: he was moved to put his question as nakedly as he could.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03620", "bookId": 145, "start": 1352544, "end": 1352818, "sha256": "90bffd1a220c830f73edf0545c8c77d2e00d7bae59531730502144c5738002bc", "text": "Bulstrode reddened with irrepressible anger. He had been prepared for a scene of self-abasement, but his intense pride and his habit of supremacy overpowered penitence, and even dread, when this young man, whom he had meant to benefit, turned on him with the air of a judge.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03621", "bookId": 145, "start": 1352820, "end": 1353023, "sha256": "9a532fcf095cb73bcda2954b456b139c9999ce35684c90201efe4edc13648582", "text": "“The business was established before I became connected with it, sir; nor is it for you to institute an inquiry of that kind,” he answered, not raising his voice, but speaking with quick defiantness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03622", "bookId": 145, "start": 1353025, "end": 1353791, "sha256": "b578cd169664f4ad932cb0ba125ee9df20d732105f0a6894e4f0150f45d87557", "text": "“Yes, it is,” said Will, starting up again with his hat in his hand. “It is eminently mine to ask such questions, when I have to decide whether I will have transactions with you and accept your money. My unblemished honor is important to me. It is important to me to have no stain on my birth and connections. And now I find there is a stain which I can’t help. My mother felt it, and tried to keep as clear of it as she could, and so will I. You shall keep your ill-gotten money. If I had any fortune of my own, I would willingly pay it to any one who could disprove what you have told me. What I have to thank you for is that you kept the money till now, when I can refuse it. It ought to lie with a man’s self that he is a gentleman. Good-night, sir.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03623", "bookId": 145, "start": 1353793, "end": 1354258, "sha256": "7fb17a521d2299ac142a09a232b59458c6328e24c4c58612fb98cd6479eeebed", "text": "Bulstrode was going to speak, but Will, with determined quickness, was out of the room in an instant, and in another the hall-door had closed behind him. He was too strongly possessed with passionate rebellion against this inherited blot which had been thrust on his knowledge to reflect at present whether he had not been too hard on Bulstrode—too arrogantly merciless towards a man of sixty, who was making efforts at retrieval when time had rendered them vain.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03624", "bookId": 145, "start": 1354260, "end": 1354778, "sha256": "4c2a385fc11295a5283d0ad9c8c709d3712731c70acf70b231a31b7c29c51713", "text": "No third person listening could have thoroughly understood the impetuosity of Will’s repulse or the bitterness of his words. No one but himself then knew how everything connected with the sentiment of his own dignity had an immediate bearing for him on his relation to Dorothea and to Mr. Casaubon’s treatment of him. And in the rush of impulses by which he flung back that offer of Bulstrode’s there was mingled the sense that it would have been impossible for him ever to tell Dorothea that he had accepted it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03625", "bookId": 145, "start": 1354780, "end": 1355347, "sha256": "080e36f9371fd22f07c5bde54da1f0c7900f7c5e3b4a89125838582f954b3e8a", "text": "As for Bulstrode—when Will was gone he suffered a violent reaction, and wept like a woman. It was the first time he had encountered an open expression of scorn from any man higher than Raffles; and with that scorn hurrying like venom through his system, there was no sensibility left to consolations. But the relief of weeping had to be checked. His wife and daughters soon came home from hearing the address of an Oriental missionary, and were full of regret that papa had not heard, in the first instance, the interesting things which they tried to repeat to him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03626", "bookId": 145, "start": 1355349, "end": 1355521, "sha256": "4263d3dd9e5a93c9189c34e295f12028dcc882fc85c1591a8b99a97a5304257a", "text": "Perhaps, through all other hidden thoughts, the one that breathed most comfort was, that Will Ladislaw at least was not likely to publish what had taken place that evening.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03627", "bookId": 145, "start": 1355526, "end": 1355539, "sha256": "e195703219a54cb9e8f7727697966491e662e5ead74d2716fb80e5473d1d2ae2", "text": "CHAPTER LXII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03628", "bookId": 145, "start": 1355541, "end": 1355634, "sha256": "df87ed4fbc201c8e1ca56abcf5153aff8f35f131df60994076807fcd2941378e", "text": "He was a squyer of lowe degre, That loved the king’s daughter of Hungrie. —_Old Romance_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03629", "bookId": 145, "start": 1355637, "end": 1356237, "sha256": "f6f609e49a66466a92b68f82d6923ebc74ce362f9e6ab93de951ddf9ca1998e3", "text": "Will Ladislaw’s mind was now wholly bent on seeing Dorothea again, and forthwith quitting Middlemarch. The morning after his agitating scene with Bulstrode he wrote a brief letter to her, saying that various causes had detained him in the neighborhood longer than he had expected, and asking her permission to call again at Lowick at some hour which she would mention on the earliest possible day, he being anxious to depart, but unwilling to do so until she had granted him an interview. He left the letter at the office, ordering the messenger to carry it to Lowick Manor, and wait for an answer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03630", "bookId": 145, "start": 1356239, "end": 1357990, "sha256": "de94951a87cf6c3e1e65fd1233a8e2720fe5b55089ab7cb04785d76aa79a17a7", "text": "Ladislaw felt the awkwardness of asking for more last words. His former farewell had been made in the hearing of Sir James Chettam, and had been announced as final even to the butler. It is certainly trying to a man’s dignity to reappear when he is not expected to do so: a first farewell has pathos in it, but to come back for a second lends an opening to comedy, and it was possible even that there might be bitter sneers afloat about Will’s motives for lingering. Still it was on the whole more satisfactory to his feeling to take the directest means of seeing Dorothea, than to use any device which might give an air of chance to a meeting of which he wished her to understand that it was what he earnestly sought. When he had parted from her before, he had been in ignorance of facts which gave a new aspect to the relation between them, and made a more absolute severance than he had then believed in. He knew nothing of Dorothea’s private fortune, and being little used to reflect on such matters, took it for granted that according to Mr. Casaubon’s arrangement marriage to him, Will Ladislaw, would mean that she consented to be penniless. That was not what he could wish for even in his secret heart, or even if she had been ready to meet such hard contrast for his sake. And then, too, there was the fresh smart of that disclosure about his mother’s family, which if known would be an added reason why Dorothea’s friends should look down upon him as utterly below her. The secret hope that after some years he might come back with the sense that he had at least a personal value equal to her wealth, seemed now the dreamy continuation of a dream. This change would surely justify him in asking Dorothea to receive him once more.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03631", "bookId": 145, "start": 1357992, "end": 1358387, "sha256": "1f7f38d44edb68d8c8a3f940f988caa556b3f78da9397c4e72556d344d413c00", "text": "But Dorothea on that morning was not at home to receive Will’s note. In consequence of a letter from her uncle announcing his intention to be at home in a week, she had driven first to Freshitt to carry the news, meaning to go on to the Grange to deliver some orders with which her uncle had intrusted her—thinking, as he said, “a little mental occupation of this sort good for a widow.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03632", "bookId": 145, "start": 1358389, "end": 1359393, "sha256": "388133ee1332bde23cedae106234bb35c4ade9d1e26ba6f673a5e8148857bbb8", "text": "If Will Ladislaw could have overheard some of the talk at Freshitt that morning, he would have felt all his suppositions confirmed as to the readiness of certain people to sneer at his lingering in the neighborhood. Sir James, indeed, though much relieved concerning Dorothea, had been on the watch to learn Ladislaw’s movements, and had an instructed informant in Mr. Standish, who was necessarily in his confidence on this matter. That Ladislaw had stayed in Middlemarch nearly two months after he had declared that he was going immediately, was a fact to embitter Sir James’s suspicions, or at least to justify his aversion to a “young fellow” whom he represented to himself as slight, volatile, and likely enough to show such recklessness as naturally went along with a position unriveted by family ties or a strict profession. But he had just heard something from Standish which, while it justified these surmises about Will, offered a means of nullifying all danger with regard to Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03633", "bookId": 145, "start": 1359395, "end": 1360451, "sha256": "14c8a3a89abf084db24921346df82691d5d93c2404d74dffb8bfc9309019ac80", "text": "Unwonted circumstances may make us all rather unlike ourselves: there are conditions under which the most majestic person is obliged to sneeze, and our emotions are liable to be acted on in the same incongruous manner. Good Sir James was this morning so far unlike himself that he was irritably anxious to say something to Dorothea on a subject which he usually avoided as if it had been a matter of shame to them both. He could not use Celia as a medium, because he did not choose that she should know the kind of gossip he had in his mind; and before Dorothea happened to arrive he had been trying to imagine how, with his shyness and unready tongue, he could ever manage to introduce his communication. Her unexpected presence brought him to utter hopelessness in his own power of saying anything unpleasant; but desperation suggested a resource; he sent the groom on an unsaddled horse across the park with a pencilled note to Mrs. Cadwallader, who already knew the gossip, and would think it no compromise of herself to repeat it as often as required.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03634", "bookId": 145, "start": 1360453, "end": 1360730, "sha256": "09c7103ae9ba9d6479bd633560b437acee469c0555d6bec12c0332d4e094e9bb", "text": "Dorothea was detained on the good pretext that Mr. Garth, whom she wanted to see, was expected at the hall within the hour, and she was still talking to Caleb on the gravel when Sir James, on the watch for the rector’s wife, saw her coming and met her with the needful hints.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03635", "bookId": 145, "start": 1360732, "end": 1360865, "sha256": "39c3c1f8afb892b7d69452ae8906756e053823b8992ac057aefd618aa662648f", "text": "“Enough! I understand,”—said Mrs. Cadwallader. “You shall be innocent. I am such a blackamoor that I cannot smirch myself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03636", "bookId": 145, "start": 1360867, "end": 1361171, "sha256": "cd6ce65d97a4a00f0242c5a11b43478469e858cb6204a624e573a8d450737d74", "text": "“I don’t mean that it’s of any consequence,” said Sir James, disliking that Mrs. Cadwallader should understand too much. “Only it is desirable that Dorothea should know there are reasons why she should not receive him again; and I really can’t say so to her. It will come lightly from you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03637", "bookId": 145, "start": 1361173, "end": 1361808, "sha256": "0de3cd3ea0e6d1817a2223e7d2d3db44e71e29924d0cc0d7a743b33c5a7cf9d3", "text": "It came very lightly indeed. When Dorothea quitted Caleb and turned to meet them, it appeared that Mrs. Cadwallader had stepped across the park by the merest chance in the world, just to chat with Celia in a matronly way about the baby. And so Mr. Brooke was coming back? Delightful!—coming back, it was to be hoped, quite cured of Parliamentary fever and pioneering. Apropos of the “Pioneer”—somebody had prophesied that it would soon be like a dying dolphin, and turn all colors for want of knowing how to help itself, because Mr. Brooke’s protege, the brilliant young Ladislaw, was gone or going. Had Sir James heard that?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03638", "bookId": 145, "start": 1361810, "end": 1361945, "sha256": "eb6169fc8f53a09720d7233f1b288f47456ca958054eec8aea44050f8e678dd1", "text": "The three were walking along the gravel slowly, and Sir James, turning aside to whip a shrub, said he had heard something of that sort.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03639", "bookId": 145, "start": 1361947, "end": 1362412, "sha256": "8ab4da8cab81a46ffe863b22bd7f2243b709e4f376ef89208765440de4d6e91d", "text": "“All false!” said Mrs. Cadwallader. “He is not gone, or going, apparently; the ‘Pioneer’ keeps its color, and Mr. Orlando Ladislaw is making a sad dark-blue scandal by warbling continually with your Mr. Lydgate’s wife, who they tell me is as pretty as pretty can be. It seems nobody ever goes into the house without finding this young gentleman lying on the rug or warbling at the piano. But the people in manufacturing towns are always disreputable.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03640", "bookId": 145, "start": 1362414, "end": 1362703, "sha256": "e0907114f93ba161f7d8826220d46ab41fc81e652b0f014fa9b9323cf6d9c708", "text": "“You began by saying that one report was false, Mrs. Cadwallader, and I believe this is false too,” said Dorothea, with indignant energy; “at least, I feel sure it is a misrepresentation. I will not hear any evil spoken of Mr. Ladislaw; he has already suffered too much injustice.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03641", "bookId": 145, "start": 1362705, "end": 1362988, "sha256": "44be280da5a57eab45edfec9b5c2cf8ae5802a4d0443aafb3af3503ececccc4f", "text": "Dorothea when thoroughly moved cared little what any one thought of her feelings; and even if she had been able to reflect, she would have held it petty to keep silence at injurious words about Will from fear of being herself misunderstood. Her face was flushed and her lip trembled.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03642", "bookId": 145, "start": 1362990, "end": 1363708, "sha256": "9429119545109a1aee544e4acc311230283c4ece7c77d55399a4a4337d867274", "text": "Sir James, glancing at her, repented of his stratagem; but Mrs. Cadwallader, equal to all occasions, spread the palms of her hands outward and said—“Heaven grant it, my dear!—I mean that all bad tales about anybody may be false. But it is a pity that young Lydgate should have married one of these Middlemarch girls. Considering he’s a son of somebody, he might have got a woman with good blood in her veins, and not too young, who would have put up with his profession. There’s Clara Harfager, for instance, whose friends don’t know what to do with her; and she has a portion. Then we might have had her among us. However!—it’s no use being wise for other people. Where is Celia? Pray let us go in.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03643", "bookId": 145, "start": 1363710, "end": 1363800, "sha256": "76accc580840fd3dfc4a05776333f59c653e8436adfa87b0c0e901a552792762", "text": "“I am going on immediately to Tipton,” said Dorothea, rather haughtily. “Good-by.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03644", "bookId": 145, "start": 1363802, "end": 1363987, "sha256": "12be0ac2f76f73a1dff39189978cd26978197c913d553ae6ea7e2b6c552f35c1", "text": "Sir James could say nothing as he accompanied her to the carriage. He was altogether discontented with the result of a contrivance which had cost him some secret humiliation beforehand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03645", "bookId": 145, "start": 1363989, "end": 1364608, "sha256": "ef2648a3686e9998ea8be9e57a25c65dd79281ed2537bf8f3c5c65ad14fd1dfb", "text": "Dorothea drove along between the berried hedgerows and the shorn corn-fields, not seeing or hearing anything around. The tears came and rolled down her cheeks, but she did not know it. The world, it seemed, was turning ugly and hateful, and there was no place for her trustfulness. “It is not true—it is not true!” was the voice within her that she listened to; but all the while a remembrance to which there had always clung a vague uneasiness would thrust itself on her attention—the remembrance of that day when she had found Will Ladislaw with Mrs. Lydgate, and had heard his voice accompanied by the piano.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03646", "bookId": 145, "start": 1364610, "end": 1365506, "sha256": "632cc2b0082e4f01060271d59c716f9edc3074947cbd9c6a4e707fed17790abb", "text": "“He said he would never do anything that I disapproved—I wish I could have told him that I disapproved of that,” said poor Dorothea, inwardly, feeling a strange alternation between anger with Will and the passionate defence of him. “They all try to blacken him before me; but I will care for no pain, if he is not to blame. I always believed he was good.”—These were her last thoughts before she felt that the carriage was passing under the archway of the lodge-gate at the Grange, when she hurriedly pressed her handkerchief to her face and began to think of her errands. The coachman begged leave to take out the horses for half an hour as there was something wrong with a shoe; and Dorothea, having the sense that she was going to rest, took off her gloves and bonnet, while she was leaning against a statue in the entrance-hall, and talking to the housekeeper. At last she said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03647", "bookId": 145, "start": 1365508, "end": 1365671, "sha256": "736af00cdd0ae9f7ebab366f2013d64b1c2073fe997d15175acda84d95d460e1", "text": "“I must stay here a little, Mrs. Kell. I will go into the library and write you some memoranda from my uncle’s letter, if you will open the shutters for me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03648", "bookId": 145, "start": 1365673, "end": 1365831, "sha256": "2782392aaa788e5f9af8c916fecbb422aad58428ed4f1fdaa25ea4d9a4c1c9ae", "text": "“The shutters are open, madam,” said Mrs. Kell, following Dorothea, who had walked along as she spoke. “Mr. Ladislaw is there, looking for something.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03649", "bookId": 145, "start": 1365833, "end": 1365981, "sha256": "d5c5a52dfa8b74f0f3ab9c936b412368ea183ce075c5199465cbc54b0d8445e3", "text": "(Will had come to fetch a portfolio of his own sketches which he had missed in the act of packing his movables, and did not choose to leave behind.)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03650", "bookId": 145, "start": 1365983, "end": 1366272, "sha256": "c7cba549cd548f7bb07ddfd9a394bef80d60e76505bf63738809dd5ba29e9532", "text": "Dorothea’s heart seemed to turn over as if it had had a blow, but she was not perceptibly checked: in truth, the sense that Will was there was for the moment all-satisfying to her, like the sight of something precious that one has lost. When she reached the door she said to Mrs. Kell—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03651", "bookId": 145, "start": 1366274, "end": 1366321, "sha256": "8f937e05d78f8fa604135627a3aff9353fdf0b0151507eff2be5265a8b8e1139", "text": "“Go in first, and tell him that I am here.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03652", "bookId": 145, "start": 1366323, "end": 1366744, "sha256": "94dee80e1c42a3cab1502f539e522d1bb718ac1737a45450ec777392cdb9ffef", "text": "Will had found his portfolio, and had laid it on the table at the far end of the room, to turn over the sketches and please himself by looking at the memorable piece of art which had a relation to nature too mysterious for Dorothea. He was smiling at it still, and shaking the sketches into order with the thought that he might find a letter from her awaiting him at Middlemarch, when Mrs. Kell close to his elbow said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03653", "bookId": 145, "start": 1366746, "end": 1366784, "sha256": "f99039978f77fc1a5b117c6d547a353cb763f95c83e36632a6b0c9a1e6f23e76", "text": "“Mrs. Casaubon is coming in, sir.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03654", "bookId": 145, "start": 1366786, "end": 1367144, "sha256": "00d035ecec69b092c787fb700c97d2cd31c4c5571cdad7e51556f856eded62c6", "text": "Will turned round quickly, and the next moment Dorothea was entering. As Mrs. Kell closed the door behind her they met: each was looking at the other, and consciousness was overflowed by something that suppressed utterance. It was not confusion that kept them silent, for they both felt that parting was near, and there is no shamefacedness in a sad parting.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03655", "bookId": 145, "start": 1367146, "end": 1367321, "sha256": "f68a8a390b9590d6b0ad474ff74302752a81691329a46a08d2c10610a3c4fe3a", "text": "She moved automatically towards her uncle’s chair against the writing-table, and Will, after drawing it out a little for her, went a few paces off and stood opposite to her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03656", "bookId": 145, "start": 1367323, "end": 1368099, "sha256": "a3b4077662c178a88cebfca4db50d421da99be7db073e64c2b432cb4d2296ab5", "text": "“Pray sit down,” said Dorothea, crossing her hands on her lap; “I am very glad you were here.” Will thought that her face looked just as it did when she first shook hands with him in Rome; for her widow’s cap, fixed in her bonnet, had gone off with it, and he could see that she had lately been shedding tears. But the mixture of anger in her agitation had vanished at the sight of him; she had been used, when they were face to face, always to feel confidence and the happy freedom which comes with mutual understanding, and how could other people’s words hinder that effect on a sudden? Let the music which can take possession of our frame and fill the air with joy for us, sound once more—what does it signify that we heard it found fault with in its absence?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03657", "bookId": 145, "start": 1368101, "end": 1368305, "sha256": "74790bae3f4e7796a34f78218e1229ffb838e0be208401131f0e174a34e01f60", "text": "“I have sent a letter to Lowick Manor to-day, asking leave to see you,” said Will, seating himself opposite to her. “I am going away immediately, and I could not go without speaking to you again.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03658", "bookId": 145, "start": 1368307, "end": 1368455, "sha256": "74cf28bffd97ffdbbe2f798838b790d0c906f063c119fbcf6c2dab0416a6aafb", "text": "“I thought we had parted when you came to Lowick many weeks ago—you thought you were going then,” said Dorothea, her voice trembling a little.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03659", "bookId": 145, "start": 1368457, "end": 1368705, "sha256": "a98393090fc82ac76aaf54e4cb2873fce8e36c25615570c83168f2f77342fabf", "text": "“Yes; but I was in ignorance then of things which I know now—things which have altered my feelings about the future. When I saw you before, I was dreaming that I might come back some day. I don’t think I ever shall—now.” Will paused here.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03660", "bookId": 145, "start": 1368707, "end": 1368771, "sha256": "7fa9b4a3262bcbafb8488445fe49b6f2624a500486660d67c9f5a1c62b65e97e", "text": "“You wished me to know the reasons?” said Dorothea, timidly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03661", "bookId": 145, "start": 1368773, "end": 1369346, "sha256": "0424d444006fff5b3c430a54e286e427a0b28e2c3e30ecdf9494f57ff405bae1", "text": "“Yes,” said Will, impetuously, shaking his head backward, and looking away from her with irritation in his face. “Of course I must wish it. I have been grossly insulted in your eyes and in the eyes of others. There has been a mean implication against my character. I wish you to know that under no circumstances would I have lowered myself by—under no circumstances would I have given men the chance of saying that I sought money under the pretext of seeking—something else. There was no need of other safeguard against me—the safeguard of wealth was enough.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03662", "bookId": 145, "start": 1369348, "end": 1369847, "sha256": "d0c93dd508d5a271d78fda67c4cfc83b009bd70be130e6570d87db2db657465e", "text": "Will rose from his chair with the last word and went—he hardly knew where; but it was to the projecting window nearest him, which had been open as now about the same season a year ago, when he and Dorothea had stood within it and talked together. Her whole heart was going out at this moment in sympathy with Will’s indignation: she only wanted to convince him that she had never done him injustice, and he seemed to have turned away from her as if she too had been part of the unfriendly world.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03663", "bookId": 145, "start": 1369849, "end": 1370145, "sha256": "6ef3c83b77f3b93d0d87685367d5790b92eb20b23521070efd04d00751e47255", "text": "“It would be very unkind of you to suppose that I ever attributed any meanness to you,” she began. Then in her ardent way, wanting to plead with him, she moved from her chair and went in front of him to her old place in the window, saying, “Do you suppose that I ever disbelieved in you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03664", "bookId": 145, "start": 1370147, "end": 1370761, "sha256": "8420f7787a60937d5394fcdf5c74230ed6afd34a5fe4e77527e59385422e3a0d", "text": "When Will saw her there, he gave a start and moved backward out of the window, without meeting her glance. Dorothea was hurt by this movement following up the previous anger of his tone. She was ready to say that it was as hard on her as on him, and that she was helpless; but those strange particulars of their relation which neither of them could explicitly mention kept her always in dread of saying too much. At this moment she had no belief that Will would in any case have wanted to marry her, and she feared using words which might imply such a belief. She only said earnestly, recurring to his last word—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03665", "bookId": 145, "start": 1370763, "end": 1370820, "sha256": "e296a1c90393feb70b34c3f8beb4d2c92d4cffe443adc5dabed6b59b55f0caa9", "text": "“I am sure no safeguard was ever needed against you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03666", "bookId": 145, "start": 1370822, "end": 1371515, "sha256": "ca53b8532dde59c21d61d402d6a52421d025e46df4d2b2d68f00a1c076833b33", "text": "Will did not answer. In the stormy fluctuation of his feelings these words of hers seemed to him cruelly neutral, and he looked pale and miserable after his angry outburst. He went to the table and fastened up his portfolio, while Dorothea looked at him from the distance. They were wasting these last moments together in wretched silence. What could he say, since what had got obstinately uppermost in his mind was the passionate love for her which he forbade himself to utter? What could she say, since she might offer him no help—since she was forced to keep the money that ought to have been his?—since to-day he seemed not to respond as he used to do to her thorough trust and liking?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03667", "bookId": 145, "start": 1371517, "end": 1371597, "sha256": "ace889309b126d8e86d996c37cd4dca163801c843fe7284fcb93b8bad00e5c20", "text": "But Will at last turned away from his portfolio and approached the window again.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03668", "bookId": 145, "start": 1371599, "end": 1371775, "sha256": "f3c29cb8694e6b490edd8c4fcd57b23dffce1d04b7396e84ce93cd468ee00c8d", "text": "“I must go,” he said, with that peculiar look of the eyes which sometimes accompanies bitter feeling, as if they had been tired and burned with gazing too close at a light.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03669", "bookId": 145, "start": 1371777, "end": 1371915, "sha256": "efa8468cabff808b17fcc55cacb8df35ee3d0fcd7e82a34879cd46ef173ca4ba", "text": "“What shall you do in life?” said Dorothea, timidly. “Have your intentions remained just the same as when we said good-by before?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03670", "bookId": 145, "start": 1371917, "end": 1372118, "sha256": "aeaf6f910d9ee5800c671b85a2c2d4ff2c0ce5e03bfecc4974e4a9f25c20885b", "text": "“Yes,” said Will, in a tone that seemed to waive the subject as uninteresting. “I shall work away at the first thing that offers. I suppose one gets a habit of doing without happiness or hope.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03671", "bookId": 145, "start": 1372120, "end": 1372295, "sha256": "e022b80436a427e0d010ed34692a8390fc0544b4df5c94410fec4494ff7423bf", "text": "“Oh, what sad words!” said Dorothea, with a dangerous tendency to sob. Then trying to smile, she added, “We used to agree that we were alike in speaking too strongly.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03672", "bookId": 145, "start": 1372297, "end": 1372951, "sha256": "4a7ccfb426bc4e4f8ce63776c6a687297fcd2ef98edf42d33063d6bb596dd6f3", "text": "“I have not spoken too strongly now,” said Will, leaning back against the angle of the wall. “There are certain things which a man can only go through once in his life; and he must know some time or other that the best is over with him. This experience has happened to me while I am very young—that is all. What I care more for than I can ever care for anything else is absolutely forbidden to me—I don’t mean merely by being out of my reach, but forbidden me, even if it were within my reach, by my own pride and honor—by everything I respect myself for. Of course I shall go on living as a man might do who had seen heaven in a trance.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03673", "bookId": 145, "start": 1372953, "end": 1373309, "sha256": "a806cde0596d40d145f159251be4c97c86c0b99a7f524d1c41f9335e75af1334", "text": "Will paused, imagining that it would be impossible for Dorothea to misunderstand this; indeed he felt that he was contradicting himself and offending against his self-approval in speaking to her so plainly; but still—it could not be fairly called wooing a woman to tell her that he would never woo her. It must be admitted to be a ghostly kind of wooing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03674", "bookId": 145, "start": 1373311, "end": 1374279, "sha256": "2a25be030424e9c3ff287a9ad64461d2dbcd062ddb26d70638c78d98eccaac81", "text": "But Dorothea’s mind was rapidly going over the past with quite another vision than his. The thought that she herself might be what Will most cared for did throb through her an instant, but then came doubt: the memory of the little they had lived through together turned pale and shrank before the memory which suggested how much fuller might have been the intercourse between Will and some one else with whom he had had constant companionship. Everything he had said might refer to that other relation, and whatever had passed between him and herself was thoroughly explained by what she had always regarded as their simple friendship and the cruel obstruction thrust upon it by her husband’s injurious act. Dorothea stood silent, with her eyes cast down dreamily, while images crowded upon her which left the sickening certainty that Will was referring to Mrs. Lydgate. But why sickening? He wanted her to know that here too his conduct should be above suspicion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03675", "bookId": 145, "start": 1374281, "end": 1374770, "sha256": "4ffc978bd251de9efe31b7c2fbeeb834b6c144bbba8cdeb60bb9c5341557d57b", "text": "Will was not surprised at her silence. His mind also was tumultuously busy while he watched her, and he was feeling rather wildly that something must happen to hinder their parting—some miracle, clearly nothing in their own deliberate speech. Yet, after all, had she any love for him?—he could not pretend to himself that he would rather believe her to be without that pain. He could not deny that a secret longing for the assurance that she loved him was at the root of all his words.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03676", "bookId": 145, "start": 1374772, "end": 1374932, "sha256": "dfde6f9ebf71d1d582dba96cda4d06ce28e6065b4e5796554511ff648057b1ed", "text": "Neither of them knew how long they stood in that way. Dorothea was raising her eyes, and was about to speak, when the door opened and her footman came to say—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03677", "bookId": 145, "start": 1374934, "end": 1374996, "sha256": "667f468a299b49e3bd8879c2ae8e1f2a68b4f6c3ba5749bb58a980ea5f26e45c", "text": "“The horses are ready, madam, whenever you like to start.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03678", "bookId": 145, "start": 1374998, "end": 1375119, "sha256": "f7813624385837efc51f7db5a26b3fae8c512ecfc7c794899cba8f858276be8c", "text": "“Presently,” said Dorothea. Then turning to Will, she said, “I have some memoranda to write for the housekeeper.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03679", "bookId": 145, "start": 1375121, "end": 1375261, "sha256": "7c2b4f79bf4107f5d5bac4152f1f621f13d1f66cb3f5ddfeb95750c8b857a45e", "text": "“I must go,” said Will, when the door had closed again—advancing towards her. “The day after to-morrow I shall leave Middlemarch.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03680", "bookId": 145, "start": 1375263, "end": 1375401, "sha256": "99ba11a48abb927d8ad315fc5ac517b4a400459b0a8aaf34a0fbc32c47f59e96", "text": "“You have acted in every way rightly,” said Dorothea, in a low tone, feeling a pressure at her heart which made it difficult to speak.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03681", "bookId": 145, "start": 1375403, "end": 1375677, "sha256": "d619b10add9dc0d8d5a9bf4704548e7c3619998a7b1dbdfb544aa48c6376faf9", "text": "She put out her hand, and Will took it for an instant without speaking, for her words had seemed to him cruelly cold and unlike herself. Their eyes met, but there was discontent in his, and in hers there was only sadness. He turned away and took his portfolio under his arm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03682", "bookId": 145, "start": 1375679, "end": 1375777, "sha256": "2d227d335e07efdf8754bf4b56eac30e4067553bf17dae5c46f6b44e78bcaae5", "text": "“I have never done you injustice. Please remember me,” said Dorothea, repressing a rising sob.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03683", "bookId": 145, "start": 1375779, "end": 1375901, "sha256": "e8db1e3b9159d8b248cb67ab539355fb220e67fa2df3cedd0ef94b2fb541be63", "text": "“Why should you say that?” said Will, with irritation. “As if I were not in danger of forgetting everything else.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03684", "bookId": 145, "start": 1375903, "end": 1377174, "sha256": "4845c798fa8975680025a780452159513650d43333f55ebd67e8e6949ae3b9b7", "text": "He had really a movement of anger against her at that moment, and it impelled him to go away without pause. It was all one flash to Dorothea—his last words—his distant bow to her as he reached the door—the sense that he was no longer there. She sank into the chair, and for a few moments sat like a statue, while images and emotions were hurrying upon her. Joy came first, in spite of the threatening train behind it—joy in the impression that it was really herself whom Will loved and was renouncing, that there was really no other love less permissible, more blameworthy, which honor was hurrying him away from. They were parted all the same, but—Dorothea drew a deep breath and felt her strength return—she could think of him unrestrainedly. At that moment the parting was easy to bear: the first sense of loving and being loved excluded sorrow. It was as if some hard icy pressure had melted, and her consciousness had room to expand: her past was come back to her with larger interpretation. The joy was not the less—perhaps it was the more complete just then—because of the irrevocable parting; for there was no reproach, no contemptuous wonder to imagine in any eye or from any lips. He had acted so as to defy reproach, and make wonder respectful.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03685", "bookId": 145, "start": 1377176, "end": 1377884, "sha256": "f70f95e85ed85ad88a6f5bc6bc9d34ca42b54fa460ce85ec295d2e2960a61fa9", "text": "Any one watching her might have seen that there was a fortifying thought within her. Just as when inventive power is working with glad ease some small claim on the attention is fully met as if it were only a cranny opened to the sunlight, it was easy now for Dorothea to write her memoranda. She spoke her last words to the housekeeper in cheerful tones, and when she seated herself in the carriage her eyes were bright and her cheeks blooming under the dismal bonnet. She threw back the heavy “weepers,” and looked before her, wondering which road Will had taken. It was in her nature to be proud that he was blameless, and through all her feelings there ran this vein—“I was right to defend him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03686", "bookId": 145, "start": 1377886, "end": 1378407, "sha256": "ee4a320a6ca55a118415b78f6a704483106d0049d23d44862080299a91199804", "text": "The coachman was used to drive his grays at a good pace, Mr. Casaubon being unenjoying and impatient in everything away from his desk, and wanting to get to the end of all journeys; and Dorothea was now bowled along quickly. Driving was pleasant, for rain in the night had laid the dust, and the blue sky looked far off, away from the region of the great clouds that sailed in masses. The earth looked like a happy place under the vast heavens, and Dorothea was wishing that she might overtake Will and see him once more.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03687", "bookId": 145, "start": 1378409, "end": 1379133, "sha256": "bf0735d09905a344d2109fa7a8e936c4f82dd28be19eefc92161b058db12030b", "text": "After a turn of the road, there he was with the portfolio under his arm; but the next moment she was passing him while he raised his hat, and she felt a pang at being seated there in a sort of exaltation, leaving him behind. She could not look back at him. It was as if a crowd of indifferent objects had thrust them asunder, and forced them along different paths, taking them farther and farther away from each other, and making it useless to look back. She could no more make any sign that would seem to say, “Need we part?” than she could stop the carriage to wait for him. Nay, what a world of reasons crowded upon her against any movement of her thought towards a future that might reverse the decision of this day!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03688", "bookId": 145, "start": 1379135, "end": 1379966, "sha256": "8a58ebd3cc17f9ede24674b9b5ebed363e8f7089318e8311c5c90e0b8625d620", "text": "“I only wish I had known before—I wish he knew—then we could be quite happy in thinking of each other, though we are forever parted. And if I could but have given him the money, and made things easier for him!”—were the longings that came back the most persistently. And yet, so heavily did the world weigh on her in spite of her independent energy, that with this idea of Will as in need of such help and at a disadvantage with the world, there came always the vision of that unfittingness of any closer relation between them which lay in the opinion of every one connected with her. She felt to the full all the imperativeness of the motives which urged Will’s conduct. How could he dream of her defying the barrier that her husband had placed between them?—how could she ever say to herself that she would defy it?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03689", "bookId": 145, "start": 1379968, "end": 1380568, "sha256": "a154e6d22b25a994c1b65a2da714f9e87bf545f0730d85b7c0fd8ace4d12122e", "text": "Will’s certainty as the carriage grew smaller in the distance, had much more bitterness in it. Very slight matters were enough to gall him in his sensitive mood, and the sight of Dorothea driving past him while he felt himself plodding along as a poor devil seeking a position in a world which in his present temper offered him little that he coveted, made his conduct seem a mere matter of necessity, and took away the sustainment of resolve. After all, he had no assurance that she loved him: could any man pretend that he was simply glad in such a case to have the suffering all on his own side?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03690", "bookId": 145, "start": 1380570, "end": 1380642, "sha256": "43adc7ef9145a0e1f210dbd8807edf1e0b3eedca06e24cfcf27c7b44e6583b50", "text": "That evening Will spent with the Lydgates; the next evening he was gone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03691", "bookId": 145, "start": 1380647, "end": 1380673, "sha256": "c93968cd8144dfe0c24a164c9a563d8dc93a488f4c064eb372b76888c5360cdb", "text": "BOOK VII. TWO TEMPTATIONS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03692", "bookId": 145, "start": 1380678, "end": 1380692, "sha256": "d48fab2c31ebd39f855c6f857109e32dde91f5f84508fb9797dcf0fba5f8acc8", "text": "CHAPTER LXIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03693", "bookId": 145, "start": 1380694, "end": 1380751, "sha256": "793846535acb723ebe9c913689d4f425cd9e1b9528254c0bdd14e8e6b2fe975d", "text": "These little things are great to little man.—GOLDSMITH.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03694", "bookId": 145, "start": 1380754, "end": 1380926, "sha256": "91d1e0673b6b98943a74c8479910147dde791884c6606fb4e9d8c0f7330226b5", "text": "“Have you seen much of your scientific phoenix, Lydgate, lately?” said Mr. Toller at one of his Christmas dinner-parties, speaking to Mr. Farebrother on his right hand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03695", "bookId": 145, "start": 1380928, "end": 1381113, "sha256": "9c4949956f67506ef62aa055d7c1c8a546bdfddd81bb33211ecdab5d3f9ff0b4", "text": "“Not much, I am sorry to say,” answered the Vicar, accustomed to parry Mr. Toller’s banter about his belief in the new medical light. “I am out of the way and he is too busy.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03696", "bookId": 145, "start": 1381115, "end": 1381202, "sha256": "73d78f1c78707c57df1aea5fb244fa23247477f755a2835669df90f74b2f7bb2", "text": "“Is he? I am glad to hear it,” said Dr. Minchin, with mingled suavity and surprise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03697", "bookId": 145, "start": 1381204, "end": 1381562, "sha256": "d48ec4f38a2358a709461165bb9ac88774e927cb8e3439cbf073a6cfc5977683", "text": "“He gives a great deal of time to the New Hospital,” said Mr. Farebrother, who had his reasons for continuing the subject: “I hear of that from my neighbor, Mrs. Casaubon, who goes there often. She says Lydgate is indefatigable, and is making a fine thing of Bulstrode’s institution. He is preparing a new ward in case of the cholera coming to us.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03698", "bookId": 145, "start": 1381564, "end": 1381657, "sha256": "040630038e401e1186583be6a41db33090e8a6d8fd51c339bc4d2781e70f0382", "text": "“And preparing theories of treatment to try on the patients, I suppose,” said Mr. Toller.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03699", "bookId": 145, "start": 1381659, "end": 1382006, "sha256": "4a08e0667d6cb3215ec5e053376317af5678b6bc027ffc6fe16c3cae2ce8cb35", "text": "“Come, Toller, be candid,” said Mr. Farebrother. “You are too clever not to see the good of a bold fresh mind in medicine, as well as in everything else; and as to cholera, I fancy, none of you are very sure what you ought to do. If a man goes a little too far along a new road, it is usually himself that he harms more than any one else.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03700", "bookId": 145, "start": 1382008, "end": 1382169, "sha256": "2500aa8d89a70b1b63f98b2a9b764c5db4aafdace11cb0c2adccc0c32788e3f7", "text": "“I am sure you and Wrench ought to be obliged to him,” said Dr. Minchin, looking towards Toller, “for he has sent you the cream of Peacock’s patients.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03701", "bookId": 145, "start": 1382171, "end": 1382329, "sha256": "bfd2e0eb8e849ba62e13c39e75bde0c81968e549bd57c5d421f5264a62325d5e", "text": "“Lydgate has been living at a great rate for a young beginner,” said Mr. Harry Toller, the brewer. “I suppose his relations in the North back him up.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03702", "bookId": 145, "start": 1382331, "end": 1382533, "sha256": "998a472fd5da9ea57cb7154d7a233941c1156c706ad430402259f49f7444b433", "text": "“I hope so,” said Mr. Chichely, “else he ought not to have married that nice girl we were all so fond of. Hang it, one has a grudge against a man who carries off the prettiest girl in the town.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03703", "bookId": 145, "start": 1382535, "end": 1382589, "sha256": "b9702eed2fb2f687c94f5798b0727196db4eaa86f4a67b20862a581a1611421c", "text": "“Ay, by God! and the best too,” said Mr. Standish.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03704", "bookId": 145, "start": 1382591, "end": 1382858, "sha256": "1d7c49a460fd2cb927ad8bd1183e28e1e766ece982de239e5d1d6e97520bcc6c", "text": "“My friend Vincy didn’t half like the marriage, I know that,” said Mr. Chichely. “_He_ wouldn’t do much. How the relations on the other side may have come down I can’t say.” There was an emphatic kind of reticence in Mr. Chichely’s manner of speaking.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03705", "bookId": 145, "start": 1382860, "end": 1383019, "sha256": "bf036f90dd9d37f015f4ca9105b2842037437589e3bd1c3c93ef0d663bee78ba", "text": "“Oh, I shouldn’t think Lydgate ever looked to practice for a living,” said Mr. Toller, with a slight touch of sarcasm, and there the subject was dropped.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03706", "bookId": 145, "start": 1383021, "end": 1384583, "sha256": "d4183ef42bb21344b1bcf18bc0886fe608f1e687ce54154645a885e5c1b10789", "text": "This was not the first time that Mr. Farebrother had heard hints of Lydgate’s expenses being obviously too great to be met by his practice, but he thought it not unlikely that there were resources or expectations which excused the large outlay at the time of Lydgate’s marriage, and which might hinder any bad consequences from the disappointment in his practice. One evening, when he took the pains to go to Middlemarch on purpose to have a chat with Lydgate as of old, he noticed in him an air of excited effort quite unlike his usual easy way of keeping silence or breaking it with abrupt energy whenever he had anything to say. Lydgate talked persistently when they were in his work-room, putting arguments for and against the probability of certain biological views; but he had none of those definite things to say or to show which give the waymarks of a patient uninterrupted pursuit, such as he used himself to insist on, saying that “there must be a systole and diastole in all inquiry,” and that “a man’s mind must be continually expanding and shrinking between the whole human horizon and the horizon of an object-glass.” That evening he seemed to be talking widely for the sake of resisting any personal bearing; and before long they went into the drawing room, where Lydgate, having asked Rosamond to give them music, sank back in his chair in silence, but with a strange light in his eyes. “He may have been taking an opiate,” was a thought that crossed Mr. Farebrother’s mind—“tic-douloureux perhaps—or medical worries.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03707", "bookId": 145, "start": 1384585, "end": 1385068, "sha256": "442580b2b36007e5c328e664bbfcf2acfe7f7bcec3f9fc98fa6d40783de67172", "text": "It did not occur to him that Lydgate’s marriage was not delightful: he believed, as the rest did, that Rosamond was an amiable, docile creature, though he had always thought her rather uninteresting—a little too much the pattern-card of the finishing-school; and his mother could not forgive Rosamond because she never seemed to see that Henrietta Noble was in the room. “However, Lydgate fell in love with her,” said the Vicar to himself, “and she must be to his taste.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03708", "bookId": 145, "start": 1385070, "end": 1385680, "sha256": "acfa5d72d4217729ca0c36d35024fdf228eec9abaf5c2cac601c1d9bc17a992b", "text": "Mr. Farebrother was aware that Lydgate was a proud man, but having very little corresponding fibre in himself, and perhaps too little care about personal dignity, except the dignity of not being mean or foolish, he could hardly allow enough for the way in which Lydgate shrank, as from a burn, from the utterance of any word about his private affairs. And soon after that conversation at Mr. Toller’s, the Vicar learned something which made him watch the more eagerly for an opportunity of indirectly letting Lydgate know that if he wanted to open himself about any difficulty there was a friendly ear ready.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03709", "bookId": 145, "start": 1385682, "end": 1387276, "sha256": "757b387be9f26ce6f69f1da552468459fe89ea803cbecc619eff1507a26add69", "text": "The opportunity came at Mr. Vincy’s, where, on New Year’s Day, there was a party, to which Mr. Farebrother was irresistibly invited, on the plea that he must not forsake his old friends on the first new year of his being a greater man, and Rector as well as Vicar. And this party was thoroughly friendly: all the ladies of the Farebrother family were present; the Vincy children all dined at the table, and Fred had persuaded his mother that if she did not invite Mary Garth, the Farebrothers would regard it as a slight to themselves, Mary being their particular friend. Mary came, and Fred was in high spirits, though his enjoyment was of a checkered kind—triumph that his mother should see Mary’s importance with the chief personages in the party being much streaked with jealousy when Mr. Farebrother sat down by her. Fred used to be much more easy about his own accomplishments in the days when he had not begun to dread being “bowled out by Farebrother,” and this terror was still before him. Mrs. Vincy, in her fullest matronly bloom, looked at Mary’s little figure, rough wavy hair, and visage quite without lilies and roses, and wondered; trying unsuccessfully to fancy herself caring about Mary’s appearance in wedding clothes, or feeling complacency in grandchildren who would “feature” the Garths. However, the party was a merry one, and Mary was particularly bright; being glad, for Fred’s sake, that his friends were getting kinder to her, and being also quite willing that they should see how much she was valued by others whom they must admit to be judges.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03710", "bookId": 145, "start": 1387278, "end": 1388525, "sha256": "fd7df3565da83ecb522c86e3e7382d5b8a4bfdda40f7997846ccbf5636dbf391", "text": "Mr. Farebrother noticed that Lydgate seemed bored, and that Mr. Vincy spoke as little as possible to his son-in-law. Rosamond was perfectly graceful and calm, and only a subtle observation such as the Vicar had not been roused to bestow on her would have perceived the total absence of that interest in her husband’s presence which a loving wife is sure to betray, even if etiquette keeps her aloof from him. When Lydgate was taking part in the conversation, she never looked towards him any more than if she had been a sculptured Psyche modelled to look another way: and when, after being called out for an hour or two, he re-entered the room, she seemed unconscious of the fact, which eighteen months before would have had the effect of a numeral before ciphers. In reality, however, she was intensely aware of Lydgate’s voice and movements; and her pretty good-tempered air of unconsciousness was a studied negation by which she satisfied her inward opposition to him without compromise of propriety. When the ladies were in the drawing-room after Lydgate had been called away from the dessert, Mrs. Farebrother, when Rosamond happened to be near her, said—“You have to give up a great deal of your husband’s society, Mrs. Lydgate.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03711", "bookId": 145, "start": 1388527, "end": 1388747, "sha256": "1c3b5a1bba09b2087d42010deb1b4da7376fd9e034f34d3499d22716b0c39e0d", "text": "“Yes, the life of a medical man is very arduous: especially when he is so devoted to his profession as Mr. Lydgate is,” said Rosamond, who was standing, and moved easily away at the end of this correct little speech.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03712", "bookId": 145, "start": 1388749, "end": 1389620, "sha256": "fa80c7bea361e282d22d551cdd100d05d6860dd353dad15be2f2cb218bb764a8", "text": "“It is dreadfully dull for her when there is no company,” said Mrs. Vincy, who was seated at the old lady’s side. “I am sure I thought so when Rosamond was ill, and I was staying with her. You know, Mrs. Farebrother, ours is a cheerful house. I am of a cheerful disposition myself, and Mr. Vincy always likes something to be going on. That is what Rosamond has been used to. Very different from a husband out at odd hours, and never knowing when he will come home, and of a close, proud disposition, _I_ think”—indiscreet Mrs. Vincy did lower her tone slightly with this parenthesis. “But Rosamond always had an angel of a temper; her brothers used very often not to please her, but she was never the girl to show temper; from a baby she was always as good as good, and with a complexion beyond anything. But my children are all good-tempered, thank God.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03713", "bookId": 145, "start": 1389622, "end": 1390317, "sha256": "81b22d86fce248d1327c73e7c4dafe67c5583e503e96a80b3054100b48f539e5", "text": "This was easily credible to any one looking at Mrs. Vincy as she threw back her broad cap-strings, and smiled towards her three little girls, aged from seven to eleven. But in that smiling glance she was obliged to include Mary Garth, whom the three girls had got into a corner to make her tell them stories. Mary was just finishing the delicious tale of Rumpelstiltskin, which she had well by heart, because Letty was never tired of communicating it to her ignorant elders from a favorite red volume. Louisa, Mrs. Vincy’s darling, now ran to her with wide-eyed serious excitement, crying, “Oh mamma, mamma, the little man stamped so hard on the floor he couldn’t get his leg out again!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03714", "bookId": 145, "start": 1390319, "end": 1390621, "sha256": "1fb92a745c77644c697592c7638553ca63796db6ee2db6898007efc041ce677d", "text": "“Bless you, my cherub!” said mamma; “you shall tell me all about it to-morrow. Go and listen!” and then, as her eyes followed Louisa back towards the attractive corner, she thought that if Fred wished her to invite Mary again she would make no objection, the children being so pleased with her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03715", "bookId": 145, "start": 1390623, "end": 1391223, "sha256": "a7db8076a11f5ba0d578710f2a0b93e7390684adf86b513097b0ce2e2218f960", "text": "But presently the corner became still more animated, for Mr. Farebrother came in, and seating himself behind Louisa, took her on his lap; whereupon the girls all insisted that he must hear Rumpelstiltskin, and Mary must tell it over again. He insisted too, and Mary, without fuss, began again in her neat fashion, with precisely the same words as before. Fred, who had also seated himself near, would have felt unmixed triumph in Mary’s effectiveness if Mr. Farebrother had not been looking at her with evident admiration, while he dramatized an intense interest in the tale to please the children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03716", "bookId": 145, "start": 1391225, "end": 1391311, "sha256": "fce2859bca33a9671aade16f48ae71b2da03644e60a3ca8891b5bd1a53510fc5", "text": "“You will never care any more about my one-eyed giant, Loo,” said Fred at the end.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03717", "bookId": 145, "start": 1391313, "end": 1391365, "sha256": "92e1a4364919db807cd223e1b2b4ee340b57d345baded1c0945409e95cd13645", "text": "“Yes, I shall. Tell about him now,” said Louisa.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03718", "bookId": 145, "start": 1391367, "end": 1391429, "sha256": "6e54867767d365cb79c8fed73a9abdaa8b52fb72433df749110b5dbbfa4b9716", "text": "“Oh, I dare say; I am quite cut out. Ask Mr. Farebrother.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03719", "bookId": 145, "start": 1391431, "end": 1391682, "sha256": "14097d47c20767bf7f27a66fe3a288292d9f807183f30f55d82b44b156725195", "text": "“Yes,” added Mary; “ask Mr. Farebrother to tell you about the ants whose beautiful house was knocked down by a giant named Tom, and he thought they didn’t mind because he couldn’t hear them cry, or see them use their pocket-handkerchiefs.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03720", "bookId": 145, "start": 1391684, "end": 1391735, "sha256": "bc5345b837e550d4cacbeb16ea0cc84475415880ef98733718a3284055ec3a0b", "text": "“Please,” said Louisa, looking up at the Vicar.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03721", "bookId": 145, "start": 1391737, "end": 1391939, "sha256": "205ea9bdf44fa37b1ce5118824f00c8b56db82d25c61b2f5ebf13c7cd70724bd", "text": "“No, no, I am a grave old parson. If I try to draw a story out of my bag a sermon comes instead. Shall I preach you a sermon?” said he, putting on his short-sighted glasses, and pursing up his lips.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03722", "bookId": 145, "start": 1391941, "end": 1391977, "sha256": "afd89712e247f9119aa7e85f6d720f6e1696b5ca84b3f6fb9dc66e77c4bb3a50", "text": "“Yes,” said Louisa, falteringly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03723", "bookId": 145, "start": 1391979, "end": 1392096, "sha256": "8cc58ace4e56d2f2a73413855aa6de2d7dc5417b939db2b636e27ef14abdbfd7", "text": "“Let me see, then. Against cakes: how cakes are bad things, especially if they are sweet and have plums in them.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03724", "bookId": 145, "start": 1392098, "end": 1392190, "sha256": "89f9fcc7259eb8f5d4f9cdfc0e8711403a3911653e6bda47977df482825fde3e", "text": "Louisa took the affair rather seriously, and got down from the Vicar’s knee to go to Fred.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03725", "bookId": 145, "start": 1392192, "end": 1392450, "sha256": "41bb7730eef0151e07cc2ef3a42063b0181ca527dd16a1716086e925ac4f62c7", "text": "“Ah, I see it will not do to preach on New Year’s Day,” said Mr. Farebrother, rising and walking away. He had discovered of late that Fred had become jealous of him, and also that he himself was not losing his preference for Mary above all other women.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03726", "bookId": 145, "start": 1392452, "end": 1392566, "sha256": "17594051f2ab210a81d257696af2ff6922370351c13e04bccf2407bf4aa606bb", "text": "“A delightful young person is Miss Garth,” said Mrs. Farebrother, who had been watching her son’s movements.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03727", "bookId": 145, "start": 1392568, "end": 1392702, "sha256": "0b532e7486d8faad75e9879f7350b07d209753efc00b73e0983a74b9624716f2", "text": "“Yes,” said Mrs. Vincy, obliged to reply, as the old lady turned to her expectantly. “It is a pity she is not better-looking.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03728", "bookId": 145, "start": 1392704, "end": 1392992, "sha256": "dc576c8855cc2194244b0efbd4d0796a4dc02d65f0146c6312e9bcc5b6ef2bb1", "text": "“I cannot say that,” said Mrs. Farebrother, decisively. “I like her countenance. We must not always ask for beauty, when a good God has seen fit to make an excellent young woman without it. I put good manners first, and Miss Garth will know how to conduct herself in any station.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03729", "bookId": 145, "start": 1392994, "end": 1393332, "sha256": "41e1250d5466374656266f7ec8ffbfcd4bd8f32ba5956053d4bec9b2222a6070", "text": "The old lady was a little sharp in her tone, having a prospective reference to Mary’s becoming her daughter-in-law; for there was this inconvenience in Mary’s position with regard to Fred, that it was not suitable to be made public, and hence the three ladies at Lowick Parsonage were still hoping that Camden would choose Miss Garth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03730", "bookId": 145, "start": 1393334, "end": 1393836, "sha256": "d174e4c6327539e9a5cab9d971e66e72ce2aa620e6f150dee0266a903a7c5651", "text": "New visitors entered, and the drawing-room was given up to music and games, while whist-tables were prepared in the quiet room on the other side of the hall. Mr. Farebrother played a rubber to satisfy his mother, who regarded her occasional whist as a protest against scandal and novelty of opinion, in which light even a revoke had its dignity. But at the end he got Mr. Chichely to take his place, and left the room. As he crossed the hall, Lydgate had just come in and was taking off his great-coat.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03731", "bookId": 145, "start": 1393838, "end": 1394219, "sha256": "74e4ec53ee5746ce4efaf6074bd2cd3437cd69aaff90332ab859068d8dc7262b", "text": "“You are the man I was going to look for,” said the Vicar; and instead of entering the drawing-room, they walked along the hall and stood against the fireplace, where the frosty air helped to make a glowing bank. “You see, I can leave the whist-table easily enough,” he went on, smiling at Lydgate, “now I don’t play for money. I owe that to you, Mrs. Casaubon says.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03732", "bookId": 145, "start": 1394221, "end": 1394253, "sha256": "372341294d52d374ecf19a73abc0acb0edcc95aadc3b5fa169eefcb811e61ee0", "text": "“How?” said Lydgate, coldly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03733", "bookId": 145, "start": 1394255, "end": 1394579, "sha256": "92b8f5eb297102c2d3f6b26d03ae30786fcb5dfda176eacb051f78c3c1f8d7c8", "text": "“Ah, you didn’t mean me to know it; I call that ungenerous reticence. You should let a man have the pleasure of feeling that you have done him a good turn. I don’t enter into some people’s dislike of being under an obligation: upon my word, I prefer being under an obligation to everybody for behaving well to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03734", "bookId": 145, "start": 1394581, "end": 1394888, "sha256": "7bdc9fb3c4aad5fa83251a301d1931c1336b471de430778ebe9248d204b467a9", "text": "“I can’t tell what you mean,” said Lydgate, “unless it is that I once spoke of you to Mrs. Casaubon. But I did not think that she would break her promise not to mention that I had done so,” said Lydgate, leaning his back against the corner of the mantel-piece, and showing no radiance in his face.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03735", "bookId": 145, "start": 1394890, "end": 1395178, "sha256": "15233fd5b167ddd946e88b3fc1ce3d6004b55aa5e0853ac1b727afd73b986709", "text": "“It was Brooke who let it out, only the other day. He paid me the compliment of saying that he was very glad I had the living though you had come across his tactics, and had praised me up as a Ken and a Tillotson, and that sort of thing, till Mrs. Casaubon would hear of no one else.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03736", "bookId": 145, "start": 1395180, "end": 1395255, "sha256": "9973180020d6d7b3dfeb001f412ec08ea31aff3c360a2a672ac672d1b7d7189d", "text": "“Oh, Brooke is such a leaky-minded fool,” said Lydgate, contemptuously.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03737", "bookId": 145, "start": 1395257, "end": 1395756, "sha256": "b8d77e1363a9d33d067b053ffe93589057373479e0f14fea55b4a355305ad2e2", "text": "“Well, I was glad of the leakiness then. I don’t see why you shouldn’t like me to know that you wished to do me a service, my dear fellow. And you certainly have done me one. It’s rather a strong check to one’s self-complacency to find how much of one’s right doing depends on not being in want of money. A man will not be tempted to say the Lord’s Prayer backward to please the devil, if he doesn’t want the devil’s services. I have no need to hang on the smiles of chance now.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03738", "bookId": 145, "start": 1395758, "end": 1395918, "sha256": "68a74903258b8a54897409252c2ee2e04506b2784b656968d4ab8838fd6b73d3", "text": "“I don’t see that there’s any money-getting without chance,” said Lydgate; “if a man gets it in a profession, it’s pretty sure to come by chance.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03739", "bookId": 145, "start": 1395920, "end": 1396187, "sha256": "c3a3160fb555b904cc3e5622d749d6cd626e3088654891e3b5450a3dc6cd1345", "text": "Mr. Farebrother thought he could account for this speech, in striking contrast with Lydgate’s former way of talking, as the perversity which will often spring from the moodiness of a man ill at ease in his affairs. He answered in a tone of good-humored admission—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03740", "bookId": 145, "start": 1396189, "end": 1396430, "sha256": "47f4753748e41a359201a984fca7fd79e8a907c76f2215cf17f6d4681371ca36", "text": "“Ah, there’s enormous patience wanted with the way of the world. But it is the easier for a man to wait patiently when he has friends who love him, and ask for nothing better than to help him through, so far as it lies in their power.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03741", "bookId": 145, "start": 1396432, "end": 1396599, "sha256": "f404f6d6003b2c7212fc6d8fbe225fc8ef3bc583fc7428c13ab5e06f75b397b2", "text": "“Oh yes,” said Lydgate, in a careless tone, changing his attitude and looking at his watch. “People make much more of their difficulties than they need to do.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03742", "bookId": 145, "start": 1396601, "end": 1397165, "sha256": "bfd53113fba2a60cd1b7bdac30895a1b36ac03b0169fec9834353ccf0899979a", "text": "He knew as distinctly as possible that this was an offer of help to himself from Mr. Farebrother, and he could not bear it. So strangely determined are we mortals, that, after having been long gratified with the sense that he had privately done the Vicar a service, the suggestion that the Vicar discerned his need of a service in return made him shrink into unconquerable reticence. Besides, behind all making of such offers what else must come?—that he should “mention his case,” imply that he wanted specific things. At that moment, suicide seemed easier.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03743", "bookId": 145, "start": 1397167, "end": 1397448, "sha256": "8b4025b131dbdc9ab8b19fb571d8a7a762c9c41225869cb10a7703303a1b6960", "text": "Mr. Farebrother was too keen a man not to know the meaning of that reply, and there was a certain massiveness in Lydgate’s manner and tone, corresponding with his physique, which if he repelled your advances in the first instance seemed to put persuasive devices out of question.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03744", "bookId": 145, "start": 1397450, "end": 1397521, "sha256": "0b5f051af9a70ef8e94001050bf58718734acdb1ca49e2559e42d42d8233f25d", "text": "“What time are you?” said the Vicar, devouring his wounded feeling.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03745", "bookId": 145, "start": 1397523, "end": 1397593, "sha256": "0e158832533a5ec3edeb44aa836b836292f4575db6fe844159b908c6900dda2a", "text": "“After eleven,” said Lydgate. And they went into the drawing-room.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03746", "bookId": 145, "start": 1397598, "end": 1397611, "sha256": "61a6024b7ae725e302bc920f80ba08eaafff23d4050370727e6a21a1aa0a2256", "text": "CHAPTER LXIV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03747", "bookId": 145, "start": 1397613, "end": 1397675, "sha256": "5d58f72de469a01af6ed96d76fa436d51a9a675e600fc0ec917759ece60042e5", "text": "1_st Gent_. Where lies the power, there let the blame lie too.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03748", "bookId": 145, "start": 1397677, "end": 1397992, "sha256": "9f8055891787d0ef1f8cf129c7be95d6ee85bc7261a06b9f7f50bcc6798f5dce", "text": "2_d Gent_. Nay, power is relative; you cannot fright The coming pest with border fortresses, Or catch your carp with subtle argument. All force is twain in one: cause is not cause Unless effect be there; and action’s self Must needs contain a passive. So command Exists but with obedience.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03749", "bookId": 145, "start": 1397995, "end": 1398707, "sha256": "21de22120100ea44b52bdea84faed9a622f575f14cfca524915bc1a1b84a7835", "text": "Even if Lydgate had been inclined to be quite open about his affairs, he knew that it would have hardly been in Mr. Farebrother’s power to give him the help he immediately wanted. With the year’s bills coming in from his tradesmen, with Dover’s threatening hold on his furniture, and with nothing to depend on but slow dribbling payments from patients who must not be offended—for the handsome fees he had had from Freshitt Hall and Lowick Manor had been easily absorbed—nothing less than a thousand pounds would have freed him from actual embarrassment, and left a residue which, according to the favorite phrase of hopefulness in such circumstances, would have given him “time to look about him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03750", "bookId": 145, "start": 1398709, "end": 1399752, "sha256": "532502e989d31a754a5ad213ee4a26305dde5eb24fdc2872398ea2d5c62399ba", "text": "Naturally, the merry Christmas bringing the happy New Year, when fellow-citizens expect to be paid for the trouble and goods they have smilingly bestowed on their neighbors, had so tightened the pressure of sordid cares on Lydgate’s mind that it was hardly possible for him to think unbrokenly of any other subject, even the most habitual and soliciting. He was not an ill-tempered man; his intellectual activity, the ardent kindness of his heart, as well as his strong frame, would always, under tolerably easy conditions, have kept him above the petty uncontrolled susceptibilities which make bad temper. But he was now a prey to that worst irritation which arises not simply from annoyances, but from the second consciousness underlying those annoyances, of wasted energy and a degrading preoccupation, which was the reverse of all his former purposes. “_This_ is what I am thinking of; and _that_ is what I might have been thinking of,” was the bitter incessant murmur within him, making every difficulty a double goad to impatience.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03751", "bookId": 145, "start": 1399754, "end": 1400873, "sha256": "55d19af1ee14f924d2e4112c368347ee4a3b3a038ecb0c31c0d0221e0f0fecc4", "text": "Some gentlemen have made an amazing figure in literature by general discontent with the universe as a trap of dulness into which their great souls have fallen by mistake; but the sense of a stupendous self and an insignificant world may have its consolations. Lydgate’s discontent was much harder to bear: it was the sense that there was a grand existence in thought and effective action lying around him, while his self was being narrowed into the miserable isolation of egoistic fears, and vulgar anxieties for events that might allay such fears. His troubles will perhaps appear miserably sordid, and beneath the attention of lofty persons who can know nothing of debt except on a magnificent scale. Doubtless they were sordid; and for the majority, who are not lofty, there is no escape from sordidness but by being free from money-craving, with all its base hopes and temptations, its watching for death, its hinted requests, its horse-dealer’s desire to make bad work pass for good, its seeking for function which ought to be another’s, its compulsion often to long for Luck in the shape of a wide calamity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03752", "bookId": 145, "start": 1400875, "end": 1401756, "sha256": "99a67a277f64edf68b1ea71a75c194979656ec0075ee388d739643570b9aa817", "text": "It was because Lydgate writhed under the idea of getting his neck beneath this vile yoke that he had fallen into a bitter moody state which was continually widening Rosamond’s alienation from him. After the first disclosure about the bill of sale, he had made many efforts to draw her into sympathy with him about possible measures for narrowing their expenses, and with the threatening approach of Christmas his propositions grew more and more definite. “We two can do with only one servant, and live on very little,” he said, “and I shall manage with one horse.” For Lydgate, as we have seen, had begun to reason, with a more distinct vision, about the expenses of living, and any share of pride he had given to appearances of that sort was meagre compared with the pride which made him revolt from exposure as a debtor, or from asking men to help him with their money.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03753", "bookId": 145, "start": 1401758, "end": 1401992, "sha256": "d70085cf71b3b2a4c308b9cf04028e721973a66b7ba25a274a0526f281c29155", "text": "“Of course you can dismiss the other two servants, if you like,” said Rosamond; “but I should have thought it would be very injurious to your position for us to live in a poor way. You must expect your practice to be lowered.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03754", "bookId": 145, "start": 1401994, "end": 1402519, "sha256": "52dd31ae15fdf014d446caf283498d3a717bd2deaedf139e4733da584009dec4", "text": "“My dear Rosamond, it is not a question of choice. We have begun too expensively. Peacock, you know, lived in a much smaller house than this. It is my fault: I ought to have known better, and I deserve a thrashing—if there were anybody who had a right to give it me—for bringing you into the necessity of living in a poorer way than you have been used to. But we married because we loved each other, I suppose. And that may help us to pull along till things get better. Come, dear, put down that work and come to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03755", "bookId": 145, "start": 1402521, "end": 1403236, "sha256": "abb98853d97b3dc3ac2ba71af8d5487a2f0bc44bc6701d1258f8c82b6d4413b0", "text": "He was really in chill gloom about her at that moment, but he dreaded a future without affection, and was determined to resist the oncoming of division between them. Rosamond obeyed him, and he took her on his knee, but in her secret soul she was utterly aloof from him. The poor thing saw only that the world was not ordered to her liking, and Lydgate was part of that world. But he held her waist with one hand and laid the other gently on both of hers; for this rather abrupt man had much tenderness in his manners towards women, seeming to have always present in his imagination the weakness of their frames and the delicate poise of their health both in body and mind. And he began again to speak persuasively.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03756", "bookId": 145, "start": 1403238, "end": 1403721, "sha256": "816cb899cc6464c04c94908f54b8afb0ee85620af202db37594a6718dbddbd9e", "text": "“I find, now I look into things a little, Rosy, that it is wonderful what an amount of money slips away in our housekeeping. I suppose the servants are careless, and we have had a great many people coming. But there must be many in our rank who manage with much less: they must do with commoner things, I suppose, and look after the scraps. It seems, money goes but a little way in these matters, for Wrench has everything as plain as possible, and he has a very large practice.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03757", "bookId": 145, "start": 1403723, "end": 1403893, "sha256": "dc52ad921798cc95d843ecb1f15cdd3b3120932b7d309a36b58ccce07342cc88", "text": "“Oh, if you think of living as the Wrenches do!” said Rosamond, with a little turn of her neck. “But I have heard you express your disgust at that way of living.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03758", "bookId": 145, "start": 1403895, "end": 1404071, "sha256": "37f439756885b07811844ee41b5f775b0eb7faa8cb5b03f22e12255fca39d308", "text": "“Yes, they have bad taste in everything—they make economy look ugly. We needn’t do that. I only meant that they avoid expenses, although Wrench has a capital practice.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03759", "bookId": 145, "start": 1404073, "end": 1404441, "sha256": "c9feb8b1e828be1223092976007d8861fb6694d2187eb48b4eab9621e6125220", "text": "“Why should not you have a good practice, Tertius? Mr. Peacock had. You should be more careful not to offend people, and you should send out medicines as the others do. I am sure you began well, and you got several good houses. It cannot answer to be eccentric; you should think what will be generally liked,” said Rosamond, in a decided little tone of admonition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03760", "bookId": 145, "start": 1404443, "end": 1404726, "sha256": "b98809ce36a68b3c56321728b669209ccda2c6d9d5801e809a00747f91e9f278", "text": "Lydgate’s anger rose: he was prepared to be indulgent towards feminine weakness, but not towards feminine dictation. The shallowness of a waternixie’s soul may have a charm until she becomes didactic. But he controlled himself, and only said, with a touch of despotic firmness—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03761", "bookId": 145, "start": 1404728, "end": 1405042, "sha256": "89d2278a29ef380ca975faa3fae9f10327c16a596b5d76978bd83d61c2e81179", "text": "“What I am to do in my practice, Rosy, it is for me to judge. That is not the question between us. It is enough for you to know that our income is likely to be a very narrow one—hardly four hundred, perhaps less, for a long time to come, and we must try to re-arrange our lives in accordance with that fact.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03762", "bookId": 145, "start": 1405044, "end": 1405261, "sha256": "ef546f9b6cc26eba3f3c1d21e82c54c9931edb66c09578a37ef7141d5384ad66", "text": "Rosamond was silent for a moment or two, looking before her, and then said, “My uncle Bulstrode ought to allow you a salary for the time you give to the Hospital: it is not right that you should work for nothing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03763", "bookId": 145, "start": 1405263, "end": 1405518, "sha256": "5958f7f343e40dc3274bb3ae1797706fa6e7301b2156792c817d348a817fd93b", "text": "“It was understood from the beginning that my services would be gratuitous. That, again, need not enter into our discussion. I have pointed out what is the only probability,” said Lydgate, impatiently. Then checking himself, he went on more quietly—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03764", "bookId": 145, "start": 1405520, "end": 1405974, "sha256": "0a94c54f89e0368337ccb170cbfb9892ef66cfff94787370f56822220270c128", "text": "“I think I see one resource which would free us from a good deal of the present difficulty. I hear that young Ned Plymdale is going to be married to Miss Sophy Toller. They are rich, and it is not often that a good house is vacant in Middlemarch. I feel sure that they would be glad to take this house from us with most of our furniture, and they would be willing to pay handsomely for the lease. I can employ Trumbull to speak to Plymdale about it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03765", "bookId": 145, "start": 1405976, "end": 1406343, "sha256": "99f16190fa8ffff2d84ed28a139d8fe2b9e758f62ed4650ae3a12d386eae9e98", "text": "Rosamond left her husband’s knee and walked slowly to the other end of the room; when she turned round and walked towards him it was evident that the tears had come, and that she was biting her under-lip and clasping her hands to keep herself from crying. Lydgate was wretched—shaken with anger and yet feeling that it would be unmanly to vent the anger just now.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03766", "bookId": 145, "start": 1406345, "end": 1406401, "sha256": "70fa2eb51d4e0a0a5f0e255c591a0c2d90152eaa99faa26d5d950ff912037094", "text": "“I am very sorry, Rosamond; I know this is painful.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03767", "bookId": 145, "start": 1406403, "end": 1406570, "sha256": "c79be4da184f4319a762848bdca54d441f617e91325af64f514afaee2fa0f3c2", "text": "“I thought, at least, when I had borne to send the plate back and have that man taking an inventory of the furniture—I should have thought _that_ would suffice.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03768", "bookId": 145, "start": 1406572, "end": 1407492, "sha256": "1cfecd13d04000ce9624b7ba4b48ee743587481167a5ea33a8ce1a9c872ee006", "text": "“I explained it to you at the time, dear. That was only a security and behind that security there is a debt. And that debt must be paid within the next few months, else we shall have our furniture sold. If young Plymdale will take our house and most of our furniture, we shall be able to pay that debt, and some others too, and we shall be quit of a place too expensive for us. We might take a smaller house: Trumbull, I know, has a very decent one to let at thirty pounds a-year, and this is ninety.” Lydgate uttered this speech in the curt hammering way with which we usually try to nail down a vague mind to imperative facts. Tears rolled silently down Rosamond’s cheeks; she just pressed her handkerchief against them, and stood looking at the large vase on the mantel-piece. It was a moment of more intense bitterness than she had ever felt before. At last she said, without hurry and with careful emphasis—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03769", "bookId": 145, "start": 1407494, "end": 1407567, "sha256": "254c10b4318d1dc8828e3253402d98b1083b6749457d65ec5ee56704893824fe", "text": "“I never could have believed that you would like to act in that way.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03770", "bookId": 145, "start": 1407569, "end": 1407844, "sha256": "02f795ecd6a436470206b2253b56473f199c7b50b9536fd7cadf8d3d4f7cc03f", "text": "“Like it?” burst out Lydgate, rising from his chair, thrusting his hands in his pockets and stalking away from the hearth; “it’s not a question of liking. Of course, I don’t like it; it’s the only thing I can do.” He wheeled round there, and turned towards her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03771", "bookId": 145, "start": 1407846, "end": 1407986, "sha256": "29cf5081e9ee21c8ec154a2b35d067d7ea68a1e2595686decb37f6a31f4668a5", "text": "“I should have thought there were many other means than that,” said Rosamond. “Let us have a sale and leave Middlemarch altogether.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03772", "bookId": 145, "start": 1407988, "end": 1408173, "sha256": "d75144fa8ff86e1b019156f73b15be5d50ac52dbe4c3849b0561a35f85ce44d6", "text": "“To do what? What is the use of my leaving my work in Middlemarch to go where I have none? We should be just as penniless elsewhere as we are here,” said Lydgate still more angrily.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03773", "bookId": 145, "start": 1408175, "end": 1408672, "sha256": "370eb3b87829400dafed2838baa2ea98f0639802314d6abdfec96c0ed36df2ec", "text": "“If we are to be in that position it will be entirely your own doing, Tertius,” said Rosamond, turning round to speak with the fullest conviction. “You will not behave as you ought to do to your own family. You offended Captain Lydgate. Sir Godwin was very kind to me when we were at Quallingham, and I am sure if you showed proper regard to him and told him your affairs, he would do anything for you. But rather than that, you like giving up our house and furniture to Mr. Ned Plymdale.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03774", "bookId": 145, "start": 1408674, "end": 1408968, "sha256": "b6f12f392d061efd30e57c786739f75f96d30dcd30eb8e83d07dc8fc8c75b69d", "text": "There was something like fierceness in Lydgate’s eyes, as he answered with new violence, “Well, then, if you will have it so, I do like it. I admit that I like it better than making a fool of myself by going to beg where it’s of no use. Understand then, that it is what I _like to do._”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03775", "bookId": 145, "start": 1408970, "end": 1409274, "sha256": "273a027170d2ce60645fe634b0f3b841b878c26b36e4793ec2d7e7b755159984", "text": "There was a tone in the last sentence which was equivalent to the clutch of his strong hand on Rosamond’s delicate arm. But for all that, his will was not a whit stronger than hers. She immediately walked out of the room in silence, but with an intense determination to hinder what Lydgate liked to do.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03776", "bookId": 145, "start": 1409276, "end": 1411068, "sha256": "6614e5e3a4152bb13add876ffe65915a1e313316a1ce9f95345701d3ddc55d31", "text": "He went out of the house, but as his blood cooled he felt that the chief result of the discussion was a deposit of dread within him at the idea of opening with his wife in future subjects which might again urge him to violent speech. It was as if a fracture in delicate crystal had begun, and he was afraid of any movement that might make it fatal. His marriage would be a mere piece of bitter irony if they could not go on loving each other. He had long ago made up his mind to what he thought was her negative character—her want of sensibility, which showed itself in disregard both of his specific wishes and of his general aims. The first great disappointment had been borne: the tender devotedness and docile adoration of the ideal wife must be renounced, and life must be taken up on a lower stage of expectation, as it is by men who have lost their limbs. But the real wife had not only her claims, she had still a hold on his heart, and it was his intense desire that the hold should remain strong. In marriage, the certainty, “She will never love me much,” is easier to bear than the fear, “I shall love her no more.” Hence, after that outburst, his inward effort was entirely to excuse her, and to blame the hard circumstances which were partly his fault. He tried that evening, by petting her, to heal the wound he had made in the morning, and it was not in Rosamond’s nature to be repellent or sulky; indeed, she welcomed the signs that her husband loved her and was under control. But this was something quite distinct from loving _him_. Lydgate would not have chosen soon to recur to the plan of parting with the house; he was resolved to carry it out, and say as little more about it as possible. But Rosamond herself touched on it at breakfast by saying, mildly—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03777", "bookId": 145, "start": 1411070, "end": 1411108, "sha256": "e9d0c21d32d87c60b4bd1ed38576be1d342be8243f092a6175e27a3de18e42dc", "text": "“Have you spoken to Trumbull yet?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03778", "bookId": 145, "start": 1411110, "end": 1411350, "sha256": "09f18e6c80c75882691766348f76dba7cf571b4e11a42225622bca50f4cae39d", "text": "“No,” said Lydgate, “but I shall call on him as I go by this morning. No time must be lost.” He took Rosamond’s question as a sign that she withdrew her inward opposition, and kissed her head caressingly when he got up to go away.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03779", "bookId": 145, "start": 1411352, "end": 1411765, "sha256": "28c14999cde3ee8950b73b0497af1c8b457551c9e16bf95e2a6975cf008db87e", "text": "As soon as it was late enough to make a call, Rosamond went to Mrs. Plymdale, Mr. Ned’s mother, and entered with pretty congratulations into the subject of the coming marriage. Mrs. Plymdale’s maternal view was, that Rosamond might possibly now have retrospective glimpses of her own folly; and feeling the advantages to be at present all on the side of her son, was too kind a woman not to behave graciously.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03780", "bookId": 145, "start": 1411767, "end": 1412360, "sha256": "24021487942eda1be0c2d14f461a920c532cda1e69c2ac57874dbdedd0510e44", "text": "“Yes, Ned is most happy, I must say. And Sophy Toller is all I could desire in a daughter-in-law. Of course her father is able to do something handsome for her—that is only what would be expected with a brewery like his. And the connection is everything we should desire. But that is not what I look at. She is such a very nice girl—no airs, no pretensions, though on a level with the first. I don’t mean with the titled aristocracy. I see very little good in people aiming out of their own sphere. I mean that Sophy is equal to the best in the town, and she is contented with that.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03781", "bookId": 145, "start": 1412362, "end": 1412424, "sha256": "12c70ec5458bdc1523bd23bad7b6e9d7fb865f0f3e5b17d88c0afa669c8ce225", "text": "“I have always thought her very agreeable,” said Rosamond.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03782", "bookId": 145, "start": 1412426, "end": 1413016, "sha256": "71c3adb04b75c2085615d2dde0754af1c11605f4c291fe441afd26183e1e88be", "text": "“I look upon it as a reward for Ned, who never held his head too high, that he should have got into the very best connection,” continued Mrs. Plymdale, her native sharpness softened by a fervid sense that she was taking a correct view. “And such particular people as the Tollers are, they might have objected because some of our friends are not theirs. It is well known that your aunt Bulstrode and I have been intimate from our youth, and Mr. Plymdale has been always on Mr. Bulstrode’s side. And I myself prefer serious opinions. But the Tollers have welcomed Ned all the same.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03783", "bookId": 145, "start": 1413018, "end": 1413183, "sha256": "e70cc88a0ca40d96a38a78e8292aebf5812a881c89ddae5cbd5e343146faa3bf", "text": "“I am sure he is a very deserving, well-principled young man,” said Rosamond, with a neat air of patronage in return for Mrs. Plymdale’s wholesome corrections.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03784", "bookId": 145, "start": 1413185, "end": 1413452, "sha256": "b07064aff8362758cae0e243b33df703b4432c204eec4e58fb4544a5ec9f40f3", "text": "“Oh, he has not the style of a captain in the army, or that sort of carriage as if everybody was beneath him, or that showy kind of talking, and singing, and intellectual talent. But I am thankful he has not. It is a poor preparation both for here and Hereafter.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03785", "bookId": 145, "start": 1413454, "end": 1413635, "sha256": "d6f65ebbbe8998a8fff59fb73a44cff5d3e5d8116b1f791a03c2c30242e7d6d3", "text": "“Oh dear, yes; appearances have very little to do with happiness,” said Rosamond. “I think there is every prospect of their being a happy couple. What house will they take?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03786", "bookId": 145, "start": 1413637, "end": 1413946, "sha256": "bf9ed9ee0162667fc3a6f4c3312fd8c7007c58886d5d335d4e9154ac1cfa9d75", "text": "“Oh, as for that, they must put up with what they can get. They have been looking at the house in St. Peter’s Place, next to Mr. Hackbutt’s; it belongs to him, and he is putting it nicely in repair. I suppose they are not likely to hear of a better. Indeed, I think Ned will decide the matter to-day.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03787", "bookId": 145, "start": 1413948, "end": 1414016, "sha256": "2c8c40f4c7b8fc7934f03219ac2949405aee282ac035f13e5ca40fdfc030fb70", "text": "“I should think it is a nice house; I like St. Peter’s Place.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03788", "bookId": 145, "start": 1414018, "end": 1414308, "sha256": "ccb61f4d7e817e247ac105ab7868df03889e8e5495b5f79d99bab80a5bf57b2e", "text": "“Well, it is near the Church, and a genteel situation. But the windows are narrow, and it is all ups and downs. You don’t happen to know of any other that would be at liberty?” said Mrs. Plymdale, fixing her round black eyes on Rosamond with the animation of a sudden thought in them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03789", "bookId": 145, "start": 1414310, "end": 1414356, "sha256": "7b5d0d2a285a61ab1a7d1a132b35164ba615ab26822b9bd07a70ee954a7c3627", "text": "“Oh no; I hear so little of those things.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03790", "bookId": 145, "start": 1414358, "end": 1415048, "sha256": "db6ee6dd62611ec24e331641eeba844132ae3773d92cf303e96e673a46947446", "text": "Rosamond had not foreseen that question and answer in setting out to pay her visit; she had simply meant to gather any information which would help her to avert the parting with her own house under circumstances thoroughly disagreeable to her. As to the untruth in her reply, she no more reflected on it than she did on the untruth there was in her saying that appearances had very little to do with happiness. Her object, she was convinced, was thoroughly justifiable: it was Lydgate whose intention was inexcusable; and there was a plan in her mind which, when she had carried it out fully, would prove how very false a step it would have been for him to have descended from his position.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03791", "bookId": 145, "start": 1415050, "end": 1415666, "sha256": "d6534ed1fb78a5cafc07505b92dec40ca4605109233fab8b7404041baf59ebcf", "text": "She returned home by Mr. Borthrop Trumbull’s office, meaning to call there. It was the first time in her life that Rosamond had thought of doing anything in the form of business, but she felt equal to the occasion. That she should be obliged to do what she intensely disliked, was an idea which turned her quiet tenacity into active invention. Here was a case in which it could not be enough simply to disobey and be serenely, placidly obstinate: she must act according to her judgment, and she said to herself that her judgment was right—“indeed, if it had not been, she would not have wished to act on it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03792", "bookId": 145, "start": 1415668, "end": 1416418, "sha256": "8cc82fd5e85e693b4a8d1c6cf03a0353a63f1989be73c184e57e4022a9c79d55", "text": "Mr. Trumbull was in the back-room of his office, and received Rosamond with his finest manners, not only because he had much sensibility to her charms, but because the good-natured fibre in him was stirred by his certainty that Lydgate was in difficulties, and that this uncommonly pretty woman—this young lady with the highest personal attractions—was likely to feel the pinch of trouble—to find herself involved in circumstances beyond her control. He begged her to do him the honor to take a seat, and stood before her trimming and comporting himself with an eager solicitude, which was chiefly benevolent. Rosamond’s first question was, whether her husband had called on Mr. Trumbull that morning, to speak about disposing of their house.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03793", "bookId": 145, "start": 1416420, "end": 1416647, "sha256": "18d3d7f8c3ad507201ec0115570f528dd3bc459437aa508a4f287a6bb01f9f55", "text": "“Yes, ma’am, yes, he did; he did so,” said the good auctioneer, trying to throw something soothing into his iteration. “I was about to fulfil his order, if possible, this afternoon. He wished me not to procrastinate.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03794", "bookId": 145, "start": 1416649, "end": 1416799, "sha256": "4a53178bfb42815a38b0a4325d0d5f350ef8c3cc08ca251055de0def48444331", "text": "“I called to tell you not to go any further, Mr. Trumbull; and I beg of you not to mention what has been said on the subject. Will you oblige me?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03795", "bookId": 145, "start": 1416801, "end": 1417076, "sha256": "10a2220a4aa94db10948d86b23cf3024fa07b6d9c89065312ce35b6c738b7e5c", "text": "“Certainly I will, Mrs. Lydgate, certainly. Confidence is sacred with me on business or any other topic. I am then to consider the commission withdrawn?” said Mr. Trumbull, adjusting the long ends of his blue cravat with both hands, and looking at Rosamond deferentially.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03796", "bookId": 145, "start": 1417078, "end": 1417372, "sha256": "eea4140f09d80c02eecec2c5953f04b983103f9e776d36fb89432d774bbe2eb1", "text": "“Yes, if you please. I find that Mr. Ned Plymdale has taken a house—the one in St. Peter’s Place next to Mr. Hackbutt’s. Mr. Lydgate would be annoyed that his orders should be fulfilled uselessly. And besides that, there are other circumstances which render the proposal unnecessary.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03797", "bookId": 145, "start": 1417374, "end": 1417629, "sha256": "a4ddee2de433a485d80cbdc5fc041bc824fd582c7c2c1aec31cc94cf1a427201", "text": "“Very good, Mrs. Lydgate, very good. I am at your commands, whenever you require any service of me,” said Mr. Trumbull, who felt pleasure in conjecturing that some new resources had been opened. “Rely on me, I beg. The affair shall go no further.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03798", "bookId": 145, "start": 1417631, "end": 1418031, "sha256": "cb08dac97e9d08d7359946d304b0de63f2787e97fac2a074ad43c5381c11dc99", "text": "That evening Lydgate was a little comforted by observing that Rosamond was more lively than she had usually been of late, and even seemed interested in doing what would please him without being asked. He thought, “If she will be happy and I can rub through, what does it all signify? It is only a narrow swamp that we have to pass in a long journey. If I can get my mind clear again, I shall do.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03799", "bookId": 145, "start": 1418033, "end": 1418749, "sha256": "ef1446c3d1a80ea8ce8ce12246d5f3f6527096ad30ea8ed083ae1d27fa30f10e", "text": "He was so much cheered that he began to search for an account of experiments which he had long ago meant to look up, and had neglected out of that creeping self-despair which comes in the train of petty anxieties. He felt again some of the old delightful absorption in a far-reaching inquiry, while Rosamond played the quiet music which was as helpful to his meditation as the plash of an oar on the evening lake. It was rather late; he had pushed away all the books, and was looking at the fire with his hands clasped behind his head in forgetfulness of everything except the construction of a new controlling experiment, when Rosamond, who had left the piano and was leaning back in her chair watching him, said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03800", "bookId": 145, "start": 1418751, "end": 1418800, "sha256": "b96e79c2d83c06b7412692e296e3eb290b13ea983432b04ef364bc003b4ba694", "text": "“Mr. Ned Plymdale has taken a house already.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03801", "bookId": 145, "start": 1418802, "end": 1418974, "sha256": "a023598845159042b97fbdc6b099a2c1b1b3748d901b53b085db23015beaf6c1", "text": "Lydgate, startled and jarred, looked up in silence for a moment, like a man who has been disturbed in his sleep. Then flushing with an unpleasant consciousness, he asked—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03802", "bookId": 145, "start": 1418976, "end": 1418998, "sha256": "ce3fc516a748f442c9483e39392dbf2bf19798eb1d87ee81fe9d6b66f50b96c7", "text": "“How do you know?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03803", "bookId": 145, "start": 1419000, "end": 1419143, "sha256": "3dfd1bbcf52ae57915cb543dcc4cca3996a620ecb9b5d3f9905ab72af2a99956", "text": "“I called at Mrs. Plymdale’s this morning, and she told me that he had taken the house in St. Peter’s Place, next to Mr. Hackbutt’s.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03804", "bookId": 145, "start": 1419145, "end": 1419935, "sha256": "8a42516ccf7e109ce725c34063843ac71b7a1764c6ab0ed3daff243ce6998e16", "text": "Lydgate was silent. He drew his hands from behind his head and pressed them against the hair which was hanging, as it was apt to do, in a mass on his forehead, while he rested his elbows on his knees. He was feeling bitter disappointment, as if he had opened a door out of a suffocating place and had found it walled up; but he also felt sure that Rosamond was pleased with the cause of his disappointment. He preferred not looking at her and not speaking, until he had got over the first spasm of vexation. After all, he said in his bitterness, what can a woman care about so much as house and furniture? a husband without them is an absurdity. When he looked up and pushed his hair aside, his dark eyes had a miserable blank non-expectance of sympathy in them, but he only said, coolly—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03805", "bookId": 145, "start": 1419937, "end": 1420043, "sha256": "923da6de9300e1b85aa26b5a4defa95669a4928c301b482474c0de746c777e16", "text": "“Perhaps some one else may turn up. I told Trumbull to be on the look-out if he failed with Plymdale.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03806", "bookId": 145, "start": 1420045, "end": 1420318, "sha256": "c23c76694cfe6c53e78666ca842de6b3b9fbbf70807e2e1037cc50550ece35ed", "text": "Rosamond made no remark. She trusted to the chance that nothing more would pass between her husband and the auctioneer until some issue should have justified her interference; at any rate, she had hindered the event which she immediately dreaded. After a pause, she said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03807", "bookId": 145, "start": 1420320, "end": 1420383, "sha256": "8e057bc33c707bbb466ccbcb0215305c1ac1c6c3a038bb41e5e39fe3e90db418", "text": "“How much money is it that those disagreeable people want?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03808", "bookId": 145, "start": 1420385, "end": 1420416, "sha256": "80b1e939af1df3eb65a8c742cd25b73a8a7723e47f63da83fc06779a5996eff2", "text": "“What disagreeable people?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03809", "bookId": 145, "start": 1420418, "end": 1420550, "sha256": "41eec064774731637dfa7d58b74b3826dc72ff8117528651c93f1fe006ecc7e2", "text": "“Those who took the list—and the others. I mean, how much money would satisfy them so that you need not be troubled any more?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03810", "bookId": 145, "start": 1420552, "end": 1420876, "sha256": "bc147073008304969bdaa799e1475338ed974800ee408e58f0d7627dcf3709e5", "text": "Lydgate surveyed her for a moment, as if he were looking for symptoms, and then said, “Oh, if I could have got six hundred from Plymdale for furniture and as premium, I might have managed. I could have paid off Dover, and given enough on account to the others to make them wait patiently, if we contracted our expenses.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03811", "bookId": 145, "start": 1420878, "end": 1420947, "sha256": "8879c7b2887fee716c144391928d5192966a44b61b324772e7eeb6394b03054b", "text": "“But I mean how much should you want if we stayed in this house?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03812", "bookId": 145, "start": 1420949, "end": 1421176, "sha256": "64527abff559545242b583e3f27dcb4e536faaceea0242dd3602997859c0a38e", "text": "“More than I am likely to get anywhere,” said Lydgate, with rather a grating sarcasm in his tone. It angered him to perceive that Rosamond’s mind was wandering over impracticable wishes instead of facing possible efforts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03813", "bookId": 145, "start": 1421178, "end": 1421292, "sha256": "d493b095ab252fccba24937a889dbb0888ed27092c0123462462d1ac3fd961d5", "text": "“Why should you not mention the sum?” said Rosamond, with a mild indication that she did not like his manners.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03814", "bookId": 145, "start": 1421294, "end": 1421490, "sha256": "5a1fd42067efbefdf75132eb5419b40a08a17b863ea78ff56ead7329f547bd9f", "text": "“Well,” said Lydgate in a guessing tone, “it would take at least a thousand to set me at ease. But,” he added, incisively, “I have to consider what I shall do without it, not with it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03815", "bookId": 145, "start": 1421492, "end": 1421514, "sha256": "e341b54332e2642c72e2d60c9c366094f13fb3ce2d3542bbb59b958841b0e5b7", "text": "Rosamond said no more.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03816", "bookId": 145, "start": 1421516, "end": 1423590, "sha256": "7befa6cc09b307abbed984a5416652f8810d0a60aa0bd2b42c307dfe68a18dab", "text": "But the next day she carried out her plan of writing to Sir Godwin Lydgate. Since the Captain’s visit, she had received a letter from him, and also one from Mrs. Mengan, his married sister, condoling with her on the loss of her baby, and expressing vaguely the hope that they should see her again at Quallingham. Lydgate had told her that this politeness meant nothing; but she was secretly convinced that any backwardness in Lydgate’s family towards him was due to his cold and contemptuous behavior, and she had answered the letters in her most charming manner, feeling some confidence that a specific invitation would follow. But there had been total silence. The Captain evidently was not a great penman, and Rosamond reflected that the sisters might have been abroad. However, the season was come for thinking of friends at home, and at any rate Sir Godwin, who had chucked her under the chin, and pronounced her to be like the celebrated beauty, Mrs. Croly, who had made a conquest of him in 1790, would be touched by any appeal from her, and would find it pleasant for her sake to behave as he ought to do towards his nephew. Rosamond was naively convinced of what an old gentleman ought to do to prevent her from suffering annoyance. And she wrote what she considered the most judicious letter possible—one which would strike Sir Godwin as a proof of her excellent sense—pointing out how desirable it was that Tertius should quit such a place as Middlemarch for one more fitted to his talents, how the unpleasant character of the inhabitants had hindered his professional success, and how in consequence he was in money difficulties, from which it would require a thousand pounds thoroughly to extricate him. She did not say that Tertius was unaware of her intention to write; for she had the idea that his supposed sanction of her letter would be in accordance with what she did say of his great regard for his uncle Godwin as the relative who had always been his best friend. Such was the force of Poor Rosamond’s tactics now she applied them to affairs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03817", "bookId": 145, "start": 1423592, "end": 1424023, "sha256": "5c8d5a85b08bd384d9280fb84a9341a7429706e48150fddcf7799bccc68b52ee", "text": "This had happened before the party on New Year’s Day, and no answer had yet come from Sir Godwin. But on the morning of that day Lydgate had to learn that Rosamond had revoked his order to Borthrop Trumbull. Feeling it necessary that she should be gradually accustomed to the idea of their quitting the house in Lowick Gate, he overcame his reluctance to speak to her again on the subject, and when they were breakfasting said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03818", "bookId": 145, "start": 1424025, "end": 1424472, "sha256": "634944f2c61497297916e454c090ee93d0493a1a4ad7e3643a89c0d358b71e2c", "text": "“I shall try to see Trumbull this morning, and tell him to advertise the house in the ‘Pioneer’ and the ‘Trumpet.’ If the thing were advertised, some one might be inclined to take it who would not otherwise have thought of a change. In these country places many people go on in their old houses when their families are too large for them, for want of knowing where they can find another. And Trumbull seems to have got no bite at all.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03819", "bookId": 145, "start": 1424474, "end": 1424638, "sha256": "53290756095104deafc37c44368acd815a368bc8d7e80342d525de35bee926c1", "text": "Rosamond knew that the inevitable moment was come. “I ordered Trumbull not to inquire further,” she said, with a careful calmness which was evidently defensive.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03820", "bookId": 145, "start": 1424640, "end": 1425219, "sha256": "16ff87572eb341fd427eec5025eaebde03bc9c8205c2bf0de1ba49348c81a9ae", "text": "Lydgate stared at her in mute amazement. Only half an hour before he had been fastening up her plaits for her, and talking the “little language” of affection, which Rosamond, though not returning it, accepted as if she had been a serene and lovely image, now and then miraculously dimpling towards her votary. With such fibres still astir in him, the shock he received could not at once be distinctly anger; it was confused pain. He laid down the knife and fork with which he was carving, and throwing himself back in his chair, said at last, with a cool irony in his tone—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03821", "bookId": 145, "start": 1425221, "end": 1425261, "sha256": "42732e07fa15032d0ced7ed957457fa18e165dfe3666dde8c74b41d41da191d3", "text": "“May I ask when and why you did so?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03822", "bookId": 145, "start": 1425263, "end": 1425632, "sha256": "365ac9a6c6bea078f965fa94136232581609e7879aaa014c3e6d062fb207245d", "text": "“When I knew that the Plymdales had taken a house, I called to tell him not to mention ours to them; and at the same time I told him not to let the affair go on any further. I knew that it would be very injurious to you if it were known that you wished to part with your house and furniture, and I had a very strong objection to it. I think that was reason enough.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03823", "bookId": 145, "start": 1425634, "end": 1425903, "sha256": "010d6b453504c7ce8265755a674204d75e21e175610c2f6a56c615184501b62c", "text": "“It was of no consequence then that I had told you imperative reasons of another kind; of no consequence that I had come to a different conclusion, and given an order accordingly?” said Lydgate, bitingly, the thunder and lightning gathering about his brow and eyes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03824", "bookId": 145, "start": 1425905, "end": 1426143, "sha256": "309d4b87f2e639acbb2065c651b15aa7c3598f612d9d2705a576de0829129095", "text": "The effect of any one’s anger on Rosamond had always been to make her shrink in cold dislike, and to become all the more calmly correct, in the conviction that she was not the person to misbehave whatever others might do. She replied—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03825", "bookId": 145, "start": 1426145, "end": 1426245, "sha256": "4684f9feed11023d5304aeb4128eb8b2d80700581f3e4858e7805eea216d5afe", "text": "“I think I had a perfect right to speak on a subject which concerns me at least as much as you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03826", "bookId": 145, "start": 1426247, "end": 1426616, "sha256": "f6f2919a17b2b9bace64def6478e9d355a32c00aa36ce95a7341457cd325fce3", "text": "“Clearly—you had a right to speak, but only to me. You had no right to contradict my orders secretly, and treat me as if I were a fool,” said Lydgate, in the same tone as before. Then with some added scorn, “Is it possible to make you understand what the consequences will be? Is it of any use for me to tell you again why we must try to part with the house?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03827", "bookId": 145, "start": 1426618, "end": 1427025, "sha256": "ea344543c1b0fe8cf1c7b4619490e8d594d4ba5df6ec57e890d900ee255c4948", "text": "“It is not necessary for you to tell me again,” said Rosamond, in a voice that fell and trickled like cold water-drops. “I remembered what you said. You spoke just as violently as you do now. But that does not alter my opinion that you ought to try every other means rather than take a step which is so painful to me. And as to advertising the house, I think it would be perfectly degrading to you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03828", "bookId": 145, "start": 1427027, "end": 1427092, "sha256": "77834e1dff0fcf9f0fb754dce4676e72f3258215700759e78512211d12e3f594", "text": "“And suppose I disregard your opinion as you disregard mine?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03829", "bookId": 145, "start": 1427094, "end": 1427268, "sha256": "4a1ebbd1678bb0662f7832e44ad0415d478f4c98797e6bddabc8885dad965e51", "text": "“You can do so, of course. But I think you ought to have told me before we were married that you would place me in the worst position, rather than give up your own will.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03830", "bookId": 145, "start": 1427270, "end": 1427844, "sha256": "d15852bb7877c9f8df3cf245141b97305fb5680721d34550c59d18623c6ff458", "text": "Lydgate did not speak, but tossed his head on one side, and twitched the corners of his mouth in despair. Rosamond, seeing that he was not looking at her, rose and set his cup of coffee before him; but he took no notice of it, and went on with an inward drama and argument, occasionally moving in his seat, resting one arm on the table, and rubbing his hand against his hair. There was a conflux of emotions and thoughts in him that would not let him either give thorough way to his anger or persevere with simple rigidity of resolve. Rosamond took advantage of his silence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03831", "bookId": 145, "start": 1427846, "end": 1428125, "sha256": "dc1185d93d0e39b16fac42cb57716f804c694b6f6cb5cb7a5a5a25eb7bd9468e", "text": "“When we were married everyone felt that your position was very high. I could not have imagined then that you would want to sell our furniture, and take a house in Bride Street, where the rooms are like cages. If we are to live in that way let us at least leave Middlemarch.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03832", "bookId": 145, "start": 1428127, "end": 1428389, "sha256": "7583bb9edd339efa49ef949011cc9f6fb28cb23dd649c1faa9b0033451647cc0", "text": "“These would be very strong considerations,” said Lydgate, half ironically—still there was a withered paleness about his lips as he looked at his coffee, and did not drink—“these would be very strong considerations if I did not happen to be in debt.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03833", "bookId": 145, "start": 1428391, "end": 1428656, "sha256": "34300f3ef94238a409dfc6bd35842abb9cb1cc5e014367c5f10c738e4a9acc28", "text": "“Many persons must have been in debt in the same way, but if they are respectable, people trust them. I am sure I have heard papa say that the Torbits were in debt, and they went on very well. It cannot be good to act rashly,” said Rosamond, with serene wisdom.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03834", "bookId": 145, "start": 1428658, "end": 1429542, "sha256": "413d6f9613c7d8c969a0765bf8ad0c65abc39601464300ed4d3aa6729d0a5882", "text": "Lydgate sat paralyzed by opposing impulses: since no reasoning he could apply to Rosamond seemed likely to conquer her assent, he wanted to smash and grind some object on which he could at least produce an impression, or else to tell her brutally that he was master, and she must obey. But he not only dreaded the effect of such extremities on their mutual life—he had a growing dread of Rosamond’s quiet elusive obstinacy, which would not allow any assertion of power to be final; and again, she had touched him in a spot of keenest feeling by implying that she had been deluded with a false vision of happiness in marrying him. As to saying that he was master, it was not the fact. The very resolution to which he had wrought himself by dint of logic and honorable pride was beginning to relax under her torpedo contact. He swallowed half his cup of coffee, and then rose to go.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03835", "bookId": 145, "start": 1429544, "end": 1429883, "sha256": "bebb72ecb0a3b1054245feac199ff3d78e4edb6aee564e565542e67e96a39248", "text": "“I may at least request that you will not go to Trumbull at present—until it has been seen that there are no other means,” said Rosamond. Although she was not subject to much fear, she felt it safer not to betray that she had written to Sir Godwin. “Promise me that you will not go to him for a few weeks, or without telling me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03836", "bookId": 145, "start": 1429885, "end": 1430079, "sha256": "ba62b65b50e7ca19e2ae71dae623e43498ee37a07b5341df089e7a2b11823fa0", "text": "Lydgate gave a short laugh. “I think it is I who should exact a promise that you will do nothing without telling me,” he said, turning his eyes sharply upon her, and then moving to the door.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03837", "bookId": 145, "start": 1430081, "end": 1432487, "sha256": "9f15893faa16d6cfabe2b1699d2fd4f5d7aa2dc590b6210f1583c60cad76c993", "text": "“You remember that we are going to dine at papa’s,” said Rosamond, wishing that he should turn and make a more thorough concession to her. But he only said “Oh yes,” impatiently, and went away. She held it to be very odious in him that he did not think the painful propositions he had had to make to her were enough, without showing so unpleasant a temper. And when she put the moderate request that he would defer going to Trumbull again, it was cruel in him not to assure her of what he meant to do. She was convinced of her having acted in every way for the best; and each grating or angry speech of Lydgate’s served only as an addition to the register of offences in her mind. Poor Rosamond for months had begun to associate her husband with feelings of disappointment, and the terribly inflexible relation of marriage had lost its charm of encouraging delightful dreams. It had freed her from the disagreeables of her father’s house, but it had not given her everything that she had wished and hoped. The Lydgate with whom she had been in love had been a group of airy conditions for her, most of which had disappeared, while their place had been taken by every-day details which must be lived through slowly from hour to hour, not floated through with a rapid selection of favorable aspects. The habits of Lydgate’s profession, his home preoccupation with scientific subjects, which seemed to her almost like a morbid vampire’s taste, his peculiar views of things which had never entered into the dialogue of courtship—all these continually alienating influences, even without the fact of his having placed himself at a disadvantage in the town, and without that first shock of revelation about Dover’s debt, would have made his presence dull to her. There was another presence which ever since the early days of her marriage, until four months ago, had been an agreeable excitement, but that was gone: Rosamond would not confess to herself how much the consequent blank had to do with her utter ennui; and it seemed to her (perhaps she was right) that an invitation to Quallingham, and an opening for Lydgate to settle elsewhere than in Middlemarch—in London, or somewhere likely to be free from unpleasantness—would satisfy her quite well, and make her indifferent to the absence of Will Ladislaw, towards whom she felt some resentment for his exaltation of Mrs. Casaubon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03838", "bookId": 145, "start": 1432489, "end": 1433140, "sha256": "9d070ce3fd70941c5e47174fc17227fa5a1ec2201e247c440d944af5cf1379c9", "text": "That was the state of things with Lydgate and Rosamond on the New Year’s Day when they dined at her father’s, she looking mildly neutral towards him in remembrance of his ill-tempered behavior at breakfast, and he carrying a much deeper effect from the inward conflict in which that morning scene was only one of many epochs. His flushed effort while talking to Mr. Farebrother—his effort after the cynical pretence that all ways of getting money are essentially the same, and that chance has an empire which reduces choice to a fool’s illusion—was but the symptom of a wavering resolve, a benumbed response to the old stimuli of enthusiasm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03839", "bookId": 145, "start": 1433142, "end": 1434641, "sha256": "747e3a5f44705d1eb3fc12ad0a030e865a650abdfdfbb57e9f3b8e4eac4ff4fe", "text": "What was he to do? He saw even more keenly than Rosamond did the dreariness of taking her into the small house in Bride Street, where she would have scanty furniture around her and discontent within: a life of privation and life with Rosamond were two images which had become more and more irreconcilable ever since the threat of privation had disclosed itself. But even if his resolves had forced the two images into combination, the useful preliminaries to that hard change were not visibly within reach. And though he had not given the promise which his wife had asked for, he did not go again to Trumbull. He even began to think of taking a rapid journey to the North and seeing Sir Godwin. He had once believed that nothing would urge him into making an application for money to his uncle, but he had not then known the full pressure of alternatives yet more disagreeable. He could not depend on the effect of a letter; it was only in an interview, however disagreeable this might be to himself, that he could give a thorough explanation and could test the effectiveness of kinship. No sooner had Lydgate begun to represent this step to himself as the easiest than there was a reaction of anger that he—he who had long ago determined to live aloof from such abject calculations, such self-interested anxiety about the inclinations and the pockets of men with whom he had been proud to have no aims in common—should have fallen not simply to their level, but to the level of soliciting them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03840", "bookId": 145, "start": 1434646, "end": 1434658, "sha256": "9cc998aa553c05815de4511150d677fca41fea63fd93f68a2192f05795541d85", "text": "CHAPTER LXV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03841", "bookId": 145, "start": 1434660, "end": 1434806, "sha256": "df52420ad7d28dc12b00f16c7cd1c3a05f283e3e571f01c6f75da8d731b4e6b1", "text": "One of us two must bowen douteless, And, sith a man is more reasonable Than woman is, ye [men] moste be suffrable. —CHAUCER: _Canterbury Tales_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03842", "bookId": 145, "start": 1434809, "end": 1435708, "sha256": "fcece867994102726843f2d5a13c644de0230fbaf9199c4f1d64c4bbe47c700f", "text": "The bias of human nature to be slow in correspondence triumphs even over the present quickening in the general pace of things: what wonder then that in 1832 old Sir Godwin Lydgate was slow to write a letter which was of consequence to others rather than to himself? Nearly three weeks of the new year were gone, and Rosamond, awaiting an answer to her winning appeal, was every day disappointed. Lydgate, in total ignorance of her expectations, was seeing the bills come in, and feeling that Dover’s use of his advantage over other creditors was imminent. He had never mentioned to Rosamond his brooding purpose of going to Quallingham: he did not want to admit what would appear to her a concession to her wishes after indignant refusal, until the last moment; but he was really expecting to set off soon. A slice of the railway would enable him to manage the whole journey and back in four days.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03843", "bookId": 145, "start": 1435710, "end": 1436493, "sha256": "1c7672f8da54c1c97b7e344b1740599ec8ee7b225873ac206d6c59bbb116ecb7", "text": "But one morning after Lydgate had gone out, a letter came addressed to him, which Rosamond saw clearly to be from Sir Godwin. She was full of hope. Perhaps there might be a particular note to her enclosed; but Lydgate was naturally addressed on the question of money or other aid, and the fact that he was written to, nay, the very delay in writing at all, seemed to certify that the answer was thoroughly compliant. She was too much excited by these thoughts to do anything but light stitching in a warm corner of the dining-room, with the outside of this momentous letter lying on the table before her. About twelve she heard her husband’s step in the passage, and tripping to open the door, she said in her lightest tones, “Tertius, come in here—here is a letter for you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03844", "bookId": 145, "start": 1436495, "end": 1436775, "sha256": "056c0c684144d38304f084ab8196f611db25c550ec435a64353197a89c7e5903", "text": "“Ah?” he said, not taking off his hat, but just turning her round within his arm to walk towards the spot where the letter lay. “My uncle Godwin!” he exclaimed, while Rosamond reseated herself, and watched him as he opened the letter. She had expected him to be surprised.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03845", "bookId": 145, "start": 1436777, "end": 1437001, "sha256": "3007182ff4c631c51559cb6904a90d6975de9082fb475e89e0586e9c3f99993c", "text": "While Lydgate’s eyes glanced rapidly over the brief letter, she saw his face, usually of a pale brown, taking on a dry whiteness; with nostrils and lips quivering he tossed down the letter before her, and said violently—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03846", "bookId": 145, "start": 1437003, "end": 1437147, "sha256": "d9388ef62f178989756b5a43cebecc8390984537b3565c6521579e180f8c2a89", "text": "“It will be impossible to endure life with you, if you will always be acting secretly—acting in opposition to me and hiding your actions.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03847", "bookId": 145, "start": 1437149, "end": 1437381, "sha256": "d2964f3e5afe09d68fc1e3da802ac2806047e0a919fbfc016e613e5543763ee7", "text": "He checked his speech and turned his back on her—then wheeled round and walked about, sat down, and got up again restlessly, grasping hard the objects deep down in his pockets. He was afraid of saying something irremediably cruel.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03848", "bookId": 145, "start": 1437383, "end": 1437457, "sha256": "387b805a3a30ee35cde7990b5bd5b1b005773c5d000846ddc3bfee947634f8ac", "text": "Rosamond too had changed color as she read. The letter ran in this way:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03849", "bookId": 145, "start": 1437459, "end": 1438568, "sha256": "f2edab3b02f1354fb1f9a7eab841c0275b37b0124b2f1b060aa5c163d2124170", "text": "“DEAR TERTIUS,—Don’t set your wife to write to me when you have anything to ask. It is a roundabout wheedling sort of thing which I should not have credited you with. I never choose to write to a woman on matters of business. As to my supplying you with a thousand pounds, or only half that sum, I can do nothing of the sort. My own family drains me to the last penny. With two younger sons and three daughters, I am not likely to have cash to spare. You seem to have got through your own money pretty quickly, and to have made a mess where you are; the sooner you go somewhere else the better. But I have nothing to do with men of your profession, and can’t help you there. I did the best I could for you as guardian, and let you have your own way in taking to medicine. You might have gone into the army or the Church. Your money would have held out for that, and there would have been a surer ladder before you. Your uncle Charles has had a grudge against you for not going into his profession, but not I. I have always wished you well, but you must consider yourself on your own legs entirely now.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03850", "bookId": 145, "start": 1438571, "end": 1438614, "sha256": "580ac5246827795fff41c31b7b1aed570c1a36a64e3b19886458940aeb845349", "text": "Your affectionate uncle, GODWIN LYDGATE.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03851", "bookId": 145, "start": 1438617, "end": 1438926, "sha256": "8f85b447e1eecd24a738e8f52a4a42efa181101bed8e7e5a2fa9fc3dce80592f", "text": "When Rosamond had finished reading the letter she sat quite still, with her hands folded before her, restraining any show of her keen disappointment, and intrenching herself in quiet passivity under her husband’s wrath. Lydgate paused in his movements, looked at her again, and said, with biting severity—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03852", "bookId": 145, "start": 1438928, "end": 1439176, "sha256": "6b3527cc758c93d5a99cde98959044c9d54bd216f6d27b7856b272bfd7eeea34", "text": "“Will this be enough to convince you of the harm you may do by secret meddling? Have you sense enough to recognize now your incompetence to judge and act for me—to interfere with your ignorance in affairs which it belongs to me to decide on?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03853", "bookId": 145, "start": 1439178, "end": 1439315, "sha256": "1f16907b58a1173d4a33664ba9310ba0ceed1665f036b3173b31bfd83f8e8175", "text": "The words were hard; but this was not the first time that Lydgate had been frustrated by her. She did not look at him, and made no reply.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03854", "bookId": 145, "start": 1439317, "end": 1439739, "sha256": "d8af3062d31fb01971f6b93464b2f8c3512a89af33e2ffe410a95cbc88a995a8", "text": "“I had nearly resolved on going to Quallingham. It would have cost me pain enough to do it, yet it might have been of some use. But it has been of no use for me to think of anything. You have always been counteracting me secretly. You delude me with a false assent, and then I am at the mercy of your devices. If you mean to resist every wish I express, say so and defy me. I shall at least know what I am doing then.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03855", "bookId": 145, "start": 1439741, "end": 1440694, "sha256": "08c63b498665a0742f0ccb4903d3f20dd8a6ed104a1ad79d780fc71db3204b3c", "text": "It is a terrible moment in young lives when the closeness of love’s bond has turned to this power of galling. In spite of Rosamond’s self-control a tear fell silently and rolled over her lips. She still said nothing; but under that quietude was hidden an intense effect: she was in such entire disgust with her husband that she wished she had never seen him. Sir Godwin’s rudeness towards her and utter want of feeling ranged him with Dover and all other creditors—disagreeable people who only thought of themselves, and did not mind how annoying they were to her. Even her father was unkind, and might have done more for them. In fact there was but one person in Rosamond’s world whom she did not regard as blameworthy, and that was the graceful creature with blond plaits and with little hands crossed before her, who had never expressed herself unbecomingly, and had always acted for the best—the best naturally being what she best liked.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03856", "bookId": 145, "start": 1440696, "end": 1441100, "sha256": "1ae8dd0557d744b175613f72fc22906293ae02ae22ecaa46577661400f88c54f", "text": "Lydgate pausing and looking at her began to feel that half-maddening sense of helplessness which comes over passionate people when their passion is met by an innocent-looking silence whose meek victimized air seems to put them in the wrong, and at last infects even the justest indignation with a doubt of its justice. He needed to recover the full sense that he was in the right by moderating his words.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03857", "bookId": 145, "start": 1441102, "end": 1441633, "sha256": "30784c0786ffe9b13336de5ca6e3ad16356ec0a362baeb2750d9984a16036dd8", "text": "“Can you not see, Rosamond,” he began again, trying to be simply grave and not bitter, “that nothing can be so fatal as a want of openness and confidence between us? It has happened again and again that I have expressed a decided wish, and you have seemed to assent, yet after that you have secretly disobeyed my wish. In that way I can never know what I have to trust to. There would be some hope for us if you would admit this. Am I such an unreasonable, furious brute? Why should you not be open with me?” Still silence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03858", "bookId": 145, "start": 1441635, "end": 1441877, "sha256": "061d58c6b599c72d2533def4337421e292bf3fabb5c00f88b0ff473b080bf8d5", "text": "“Will you only say that you have been mistaken, and that I may depend on your not acting secretly in future?” said Lydgate, urgently, but with something of request in his tone which Rosamond was quick to perceive. She spoke with coolness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03859", "bookId": 145, "start": 1441879, "end": 1442559, "sha256": "310d56aa2963cb1fb8c8cb9be27bd2c5a533bbc5e1bdee955efb8a86063de06c", "text": "“I cannot possibly make admissions or promises in answer to such words as you have used towards me. I have not been accustomed to language of that kind. You have spoken of my ‘secret meddling,’ and my ‘interfering ignorance,’ and my ‘false assent.’ I have never expressed myself in that way to you, and I think that you ought to apologize. You spoke of its being impossible to live with me. Certainly you have not made my life pleasant to me of late. I think it was to be expected that I should try to avert some of the hardships which our marriage has brought on me.” Another tear fell as Rosamond ceased speaking, and she pressed it away as quietly as the first.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03860", "bookId": 145, "start": 1442561, "end": 1443407, "sha256": "f06a1c52dc378963ede004cfbc755fe29b9d7d6c020a1bd5eb0ed1a0c72d9b7c", "text": "Lydgate flung himself into a chair, feeling checkmated. What place was there in her mind for a remonstrance to lodge in? He laid down his hat, flung an arm over the back of his chair, and looked down for some moments without speaking. Rosamond had the double purchase over him of insensibility to the point of justice in his reproach, and of sensibility to the undeniable hardships now present in her married life. Although her duplicity in the affair of the house had exceeded what he knew, and had really hindered the Plymdales from knowing of it, she had no consciousness that her action could rightly be called false. We are not obliged to identify our own acts according to a strict classification, any more than the materials of our grocery and clothes. Rosamond felt that she was aggrieved, and that this was what Lydgate had to recognize.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03861", "bookId": 145, "start": 1443409, "end": 1443871, "sha256": "2864267308c0f9e4f85ee04fef93302dac8a6ba0ede39ded75c6f42ad5bf2583", "text": "As for him, the need of accommodating himself to her nature, which was inflexible in proportion to its negations, held him as with pincers. He had begun to have an alarmed foresight of her irrevocable loss of love for him, and the consequent dreariness of their life. The ready fulness of his emotions made this dread alternate quickly with the first violent movements of his anger. It would assuredly have been a vain boast in him to say that he was her master.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03862", "bookId": 145, "start": 1443873, "end": 1444179, "sha256": "278a20b6eb30acb3347568e3db864cbc3d5edfedf0508fe80abf70df76b92bf3", "text": "“You have not made my life pleasant to me of late”—“the hardships which our marriage has brought on me”—these words were stinging his imagination as a pain makes an exaggerated dream. If he were not only to sink from his highest resolve, but to sink into the hideous fettering of domestic hate?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03863", "bookId": 145, "start": 1444181, "end": 1444693, "sha256": "96fedcf48536beb44233cd6eb453ea924021a4cde9f101cd4440cd51503dd922", "text": "“Rosamond,” he said, turning his eyes on her with a melancholy look, “you should allow for a man’s words when he is disappointed and provoked. You and I cannot have opposite interests. I cannot part my happiness from yours. If I am angry with you, it is that you seem not to see how any concealment divides us. How could I wish to make anything hard to you either by my words or conduct? When I hurt you, I hurt part of my own life. I should never be angry with you if you would be quite open with me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03864", "bookId": 145, "start": 1444695, "end": 1445035, "sha256": "e1052aa337cb4590e323b1ba1ae988f820e6cc8ae10626c83c48530abc68b621", "text": "“I have only wished to prevent you from hurrying us into wretchedness without any necessity,” said Rosamond, the tears coming again from a softened feeling now that her husband had softened. “It is so very hard to be disgraced here among all the people we know, and to live in such a miserable way. I wish I had died with the baby.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03865", "bookId": 145, "start": 1445037, "end": 1445851, "sha256": "2d25579f5f26ed793acfb34f56f505f1f3c40db13da3e639db6e126078bfd5f8", "text": "She spoke and wept with that gentleness which makes such words and tears omnipotent over a loving-hearted man. Lydgate drew his chair near to hers and pressed her delicate head against his cheek with his powerful tender hand. He only caressed her; he did not say anything; for what was there to say? He could not promise to shield her from the dreaded wretchedness, for he could see no sure means of doing so. When he left her to go out again, he told himself that it was ten times harder for her than for him: he had a life away from home, and constant appeals to his activity on behalf of others. He wished to excuse everything in her if he could—but it was inevitable that in that excusing mood he should think of her as if she were an animal of another and feebler species. Nevertheless she had mastered him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03866", "bookId": 145, "start": 1445856, "end": 1445869, "sha256": "4a326ff44117dffbd37f7c4a7d798295bc2356216f571c91a6e1f743b028f237", "text": "CHAPTER LXVI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03867", "bookId": 145, "start": 1445871, "end": 1445960, "sha256": "ade4b81ba99a216208f9b89157cf3ab449b5431c015720bd07fc0d53046db27b", "text": "’Tis one thing to be tempted, Escalus, Another thing to fall. —_Measure for Measure_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03868", "bookId": 145, "start": 1445963, "end": 1447075, "sha256": "05ca8cc18459d7f6bff71ade25335c11b4ceb5f617843e88c6f7a69505de4b46", "text": "Lydgate certainly had good reason to reflect on the service his practice did him in counteracting his personal cares. He had no longer free energy enough for spontaneous research and speculative thinking, but by the bedside of patients, the direct external calls on his judgment and sympathies brought the added impulse needed to draw him out of himself. It was not simply that beneficent harness of routine which enables silly men to live respectably and unhappy men to live calmly—it was a perpetual claim on the immediate fresh application of thought, and on the consideration of another’s need and trial. Many of us looking back through life would say that the kindest man we have ever known has been a medical man, or perhaps that surgeon whose fine tact, directed by deeply informed perception, has come to us in our need with a more sublime beneficence than that of miracle-workers. Some of that twice-blessed mercy was always with Lydgate in his work at the Hospital or in private houses, serving better than any opiate to quiet and sustain him under his anxieties and his sense of mental degeneracy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03869", "bookId": 145, "start": 1447077, "end": 1448343, "sha256": "3fe6fa5b3c4ce830465a2c9ff454f54a1bab4186b1a864bf47cbea9d1257435d", "text": "Mr. Farebrother’s suspicion as to the opiate was true, however. Under the first galling pressure of foreseen difficulties, and the first perception that his marriage, if it were not to be a yoked loneliness, must be a state of effort to go on loving without too much care about being loved, he had once or twice tried a dose of opium. But he had no hereditary constitutional craving after such transient escapes from the hauntings of misery. He was strong, could drink a great deal of wine, but did not care about it; and when the men round him were drinking spirits, he took sugar and water, having a contemptuous pity even for the earliest stages of excitement from drink. It was the same with gambling. He had looked on at a great deal of gambling in Paris, watching it as if it had been a disease. He was no more tempted by such winning than he was by drink. He had said to himself that the only winning he cared for must be attained by a conscious process of high, difficult combination tending towards a beneficent result. The power he longed for could not be represented by agitated fingers clutching a heap of coin, or by the half-barbarous, half-idiotic triumph in the eyes of a man who sweeps within his arms the ventures of twenty chapfallen companions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03870", "bookId": 145, "start": 1448345, "end": 1449140, "sha256": "d22101c1a175a71ea52fc770012ec7aeeb5a2347d38570fb0ca792af2fd032ce", "text": "But just as he had tried opium, so his thought now began to turn upon gambling—not with appetite for its excitement, but with a sort of wistful inward gaze after that easy way of getting money, which implied no asking and brought no responsibility. If he had been in London or Paris at that time, it is probable that such thoughts, seconded by opportunity, would have taken him into a gambling-house, no longer to watch the gamblers, but to watch with them in kindred eagerness. Repugnance would have been surmounted by the immense need to win, if chance would be kind enough to let him. An incident which happened not very long after that airy notion of getting aid from his uncle had been excluded, was a strong sign of the effect that might have followed any extant opportunity of gambling.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03871", "bookId": 145, "start": 1449142, "end": 1450735, "sha256": "ef9cf7fef162f4e20cab5ecfcab352b05d4d1e868833f30b2d5bb554f8339f54", "text": "The billiard-room at the Green Dragon was the constant resort of a certain set, most of whom, like our acquaintance Mr. Bambridge, were regarded as men of pleasure. It was here that poor Fred Vincy had made part of his memorable debt, having lost money in betting, and been obliged to borrow of that gay companion. It was generally known in Middlemarch that a good deal of money was lost and won in this way; and the consequent repute of the Green Dragon as a place of dissipation naturally heightened in some quarters the temptation to go there. Probably its regular visitants, like the initiates of freemasonry, wished that there were something a little more tremendous to keep to themselves concerning it; but they were not a closed community, and many decent seniors as well as juniors occasionally turned into the billiard-room to see what was going on. Lydgate, who had the muscular aptitude for billiards, and was fond of the game, had once or twice in the early days after his arrival in Middlemarch taken his turn with the cue at the Green Dragon; but afterwards he had no leisure for the game, and no inclination for the socialities there. One evening, however, he had occasion to seek Mr. Bambridge at that resort. The horsedealer had engaged to get him a customer for his remaining good horse, for which Lydgate had determined to substitute a cheap hack, hoping by this reduction of style to get perhaps twenty pounds; and he cared now for every small sum, as a help towards feeding the patience of his tradesmen. To run up to the billiard-room, as he was passing, would save time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03872", "bookId": 145, "start": 1450737, "end": 1451855, "sha256": "52efca3de3a1a302a7358c900c56d9c68a9c2bc17571d0a7a41c4ccc1dca4c5e", "text": "Mr. Bambridge was not yet come, but would be sure to arrive by-and-by, said his friend Mr. Horrock; and Lydgate stayed, playing a game for the sake of passing the time. That evening he had the peculiar light in the eyes and the unusual vivacity which had been once noticed in him by Mr. Farebrother. The exceptional fact of his presence was much noticed in the room, where there was a good deal of Middlemarch company; and several lookers-on, as well as some of the players, were betting with animation. Lydgate was playing well, and felt confident; the bets were dropping round him, and with a swift glancing thought of the probable gain which might double the sum he was saving from his horse, he began to bet on his own play, and won again and again. Mr. Bambridge had come in, but Lydgate did not notice him. He was not only excited with his play, but visions were gleaming on him of going the next day to Brassing, where there was gambling on a grander scale to be had, and where, by one powerful snatch at the devil’s bait, he might carry it off without the hook, and buy his rescue from his daily solicitings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03873", "bookId": 145, "start": 1451857, "end": 1452316, "sha256": "f2e581d7f5702a81bca33b6626bdee72a568bfb4aecd605b71bb23c9b315591e", "text": "He was still winning when two new visitors entered. One of them was a young Hawley, just come from his law studies in town, and the other was Fred Vincy, who had spent several evenings of late at this old haunt of his. Young Hawley, an accomplished billiard-player, brought a cool fresh hand to the cue. But Fred Vincy, startled at seeing Lydgate, and astonished to see him betting with an excited air, stood aside, and kept out of the circle round the table.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03874", "bookId": 145, "start": 1452318, "end": 1456021, "sha256": "41577f7d37f645d763abb4b3b3487a7f808e4d41ccada588e0f54bd7c9e9302e", "text": "Fred had been rewarding resolution by a little laxity of late. He had been working heartily for six months at all outdoor occupations under Mr. Garth, and by dint of severe practice had nearly mastered the defects of his handwriting, this practice being, perhaps, a little the less severe that it was often carried on in the evening at Mr. Garth’s under the eyes of Mary. But the last fortnight Mary had been staying at Lowick Parsonage with the ladies there, during Mr. Farebrother’s residence in Middlemarch, where he was carrying out some parochial plans; and Fred, not seeing anything more agreeable to do, had turned into the Green Dragon, partly to play at billiards, partly to taste the old flavor of discourse about horses, sport, and things in general, considered from a point of view which was not strenuously correct. He had not been out hunting once this season, had had no horse of his own to ride, and had gone from place to place chiefly with Mr. Garth in his gig, or on the sober cob which Mr. Garth could lend him. It was a little too bad, Fred began to think, that he should be kept in the traces with more severity than if he had been a clergyman. “I will tell you what, Mistress Mary—it will be rather harder work to learn surveying and drawing plans than it would have been to write sermons,” he had said, wishing her to appreciate what he went through for her sake; “and as to Hercules and Theseus, they were nothing to me. They had sport, and never learned to write a bookkeeping hand.” And now, Mary being out of the way for a little while, Fred, like any other strong dog who cannot slip his collar, had pulled up the staple of his chain and made a small escape, not of course meaning to go fast or far. There could be no reason why he should not play at billiards, but he was determined not to bet. As to money just now, Fred had in his mind the heroic project of saving almost all of the eighty pounds that Mr. Garth offered him, and returning it, which he could easily do by giving up all futile money-spending, since he had a superfluous stock of clothes, and no expense in his board. In that way he could, in one year, go a good way towards repaying the ninety pounds of which he had deprived Mrs. Garth, unhappily at a time when she needed that sum more than she did now. Nevertheless, it must be acknowledged that on this evening, which was the fifth of his recent visits to the billiard-room, Fred had, not in his pocket, but in his mind, the ten pounds which he meant to reserve for himself from his half-year’s salary (having before him the pleasure of carrying thirty to Mrs. Garth when Mary was likely to be come home again)—he had those ten pounds in his mind as a fund from which he might risk something, if there were a chance of a good bet. Why? Well, when sovereigns were flying about, why shouldn’t he catch a few? He would never go far along that road again; but a man likes to assure himself, and men of pleasure generally, what he could do in the way of mischief if he chose, and that if he abstains from making himself ill, or beggaring himself, or talking with the utmost looseness which the narrow limits of human capacity will allow, it is not because he is a spooney. Fred did not enter into formal reasons, which are a very artificial, inexact way of representing the tingling returns of old habit, and the caprices of young blood: but there was lurking in him a prophetic sense that evening, that when he began to play he should also begin to bet—that he should enjoy some punch-drinking, and in general prepare himself for feeling “rather seedy” in the morning. It is in such indefinable movements that action often begins.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03875", "bookId": 145, "start": 1456023, "end": 1457108, "sha256": "9e031ede2fba42a11d662697e7255f8a120a846126a66f18b20b947f3b7c375f", "text": "But the last thing likely to have entered Fred’s expectation was that he should see his brother-in-law Lydgate—of whom he had never quite dropped the old opinion that he was a prig, and tremendously conscious of his superiority—looking excited and betting, just as he himself might have done. Fred felt a shock greater than he could quite account for by the vague knowledge that Lydgate was in debt, and that his father had refused to help him; and his own inclination to enter into the play was suddenly checked. It was a strange reversal of attitudes: Fred’s blond face and blue eyes, usually bright and careless, ready to give attention to anything that held out a promise of amusement, looking involuntarily grave and almost embarrassed as if by the sight of something unfitting; while Lydgate, who had habitually an air of self-possessed strength, and a certain meditativeness that seemed to lie behind his most observant attention, was acting, watching, speaking with that excited narrow consciousness which reminds one of an animal with fierce eyes and retractile claws.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03876", "bookId": 145, "start": 1457110, "end": 1458525, "sha256": "e5b51f88a019ac5cfe9b6fdd7c08af61b95962a9fd0aeccb4cd527479ccc15dd", "text": "Lydgate, by betting on his own strokes, had won sixteen pounds; but young Hawley’s arrival had changed the poise of things. He made first-rate strokes himself, and began to bet against Lydgate’s strokes, the strain of whose nerves was thus changed from simple confidence in his own movements to defying another person’s doubt in them. The defiance was more exciting than the confidence, but it was less sure. He continued to bet on his own play, but began often to fail. Still he went on, for his mind was as utterly narrowed into that precipitous crevice of play as if he had been the most ignorant lounger there. Fred observed that Lydgate was losing fast, and found himself in the new situation of puzzling his brains to think of some device by which, without being offensive, he could withdraw Lydgate’s attention, and perhaps suggest to him a reason for quitting the room. He saw that others were observing Lydgate’s strange unlikeness to himself, and it occurred to him that merely to touch his elbow and call him aside for a moment might rouse him from his absorption. He could think of nothing cleverer than the daring improbability of saying that he wanted to see Rosy, and wished to know if she were at home this evening; and he was going desperately to carry out this weak device, when a waiter came up to him with a message, saying that Mr. Farebrother was below, and begged to speak with him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03877", "bookId": 145, "start": 1458527, "end": 1458724, "sha256": "5cc6751c3fa9bb22cd6e7a175fab04cd7cb0340923c15f0190c8d43c0c60bf8f", "text": "Fred was surprised, not quite comfortably, but sending word that he would be down immediately, he went with a new impulse up to Lydgate, said, “Can I speak to you a moment?” and drew him aside.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03878", "bookId": 145, "start": 1458726, "end": 1458902, "sha256": "1de7a96c0fbd233f3341072212404a15cc4bf19309e6b9320d55e3d28d94f8a4", "text": "“Farebrother has just sent up a message to say that he wants to speak to me. He is below. I thought you might like to know he was there, if you had anything to say to him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03879", "bookId": 145, "start": 1458904, "end": 1459292, "sha256": "b2359627c84d1c9c68853b46d222a5beb5c0f562737eeafaad654d98094f5ddc", "text": "Fred had simply snatched up this pretext for speaking, because he could not say, “You are losing confoundedly, and are making everybody stare at you; you had better come away.” But inspiration could hardly have served him better. Lydgate had not before seen that Fred was present, and his sudden appearance with an announcement of Mr. Farebrother had the effect of a sharp concussion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03880", "bookId": 145, "start": 1459294, "end": 1459442, "sha256": "dde3cbc0c1b44aa64b27cb27fbe18ce6fbdc5479bf3f6e868b2d6e38a10b126d", "text": "“No, no,” said Lydgate; “I have nothing particular to say to him. But—the game is up—I must be going—I came in just to see Bambridge.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03881", "bookId": 145, "start": 1459444, "end": 1459669, "sha256": "38df27503b5eaa8f292dad03217315bd498daeefb339175e3df50b8b741886ed", "text": "“Bambridge is over there, but he is making a row—I don’t think he’s ready for business. Come down with me to Farebrother. I expect he is going to blow me up, and you will shield me,” said Fred, with some adroitness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03882", "bookId": 145, "start": 1459671, "end": 1460160, "sha256": "08ea897ff0d67e6d881f8b2f5072e251b77b11295bd13b5084d13ed7f5272588", "text": "Lydgate felt shame, but could not bear to act as if he felt it, by refusing to see Mr. Farebrother; and he went down. They merely shook hands, however, and spoke of the frost; and when all three had turned into the street, the Vicar seemed quite willing to say good-by to Lydgate. His present purpose was clearly to talk with Fred alone, and he said, kindly, “I disturbed you, young gentleman, because I have some pressing business with you. Walk with me to St. Botolph’s, will you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03883", "bookId": 145, "start": 1460162, "end": 1460337, "sha256": "538aef779d739bcec663663cbbed2d52f6b24f4ffbd21deea3a9db67cd05cd5c", "text": "It was a fine night, the sky thick with stars, and Mr. Farebrother proposed that they should make a circuit to the old church by the London road. The next thing he said was—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03884", "bookId": 145, "start": 1460339, "end": 1460394, "sha256": "d4bae23c08faaf8fb3689eeeacb249b52238d51db412371011d58410d35b59d6", "text": "“I thought Lydgate never went to the Green Dragon?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03885", "bookId": 145, "start": 1460396, "end": 1460471, "sha256": "c052672232eef05eb4767d56d24e80e305ef0e0822ebed5c261b5900ff667d64", "text": "“So did I,” said Fred. “But he said that he went to see Bambridge.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03886", "bookId": 145, "start": 1460473, "end": 1460504, "sha256": "5d8e39ee659090095bb1d01aaf7bd40844ac1ac12dfe0a3d8493d168d4cab17f", "text": "“He was not playing, then?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03887", "bookId": 145, "start": 1460506, "end": 1460666, "sha256": "7ffc2bfca07e17d6fc748e89e06566c2e33e7b633f26d493ef20a8a52a75e434", "text": "Fred had not meant to tell this, but he was obliged now to say, “Yes, he was. But I suppose it was an accidental thing. I have never seen him there before.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03888", "bookId": 145, "start": 1460668, "end": 1460723, "sha256": "525a2c0bff5b3592e04d36251b39fc251efae600c58fc7d6e1791c7cdaddbfd0", "text": "“You have been going often yourself, then, lately?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03889", "bookId": 145, "start": 1460725, "end": 1460759, "sha256": "51ca5d80c5a315c9c257fe3041f011999b6808137859a910b2f5ed55a13e4f33", "text": "“Oh, about five or six times.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03890", "bookId": 145, "start": 1460761, "end": 1460839, "sha256": "ab1765e0beef5fc934e1e47c44cc8cae3f0a28a52c7d5f9024d213e03024bce8", "text": "“I think you had some good reason for giving up the habit of going there?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03891", "bookId": 145, "start": 1460841, "end": 1460962, "sha256": "d92835035999343343d581bd4256400dac1900bd072f35567019ff7c34ce9b97", "text": "“Yes. You know all about it,” said Fred, not liking to be catechised in this way. “I made a clean breast to you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03892", "bookId": 145, "start": 1460964, "end": 1461239, "sha256": "6344bae5f53988eb1e9555fa4f49ec912eff813d3fa49366d62561f8fe249ecb", "text": "“I suppose that gives me a warrant to speak about the matter now. It is understood between us, is it not?—that we are on a footing of open friendship: I have listened to you, and you will be willing to listen to me. I may take my turn in talking a little about myself?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03893", "bookId": 145, "start": 1461241, "end": 1461353, "sha256": "831614463af62e0b88fa354fa7884f7a1ce2e563f66c283778f899a4cdfccc82", "text": "“I am under the deepest obligation to you, Mr. Farebrother,” said Fred, in a state of uncomfortable surmise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03894", "bookId": 145, "start": 1461355, "end": 1461832, "sha256": "1fe4f8153a307cd34b1f9d8e028aea167b3a77e8caa2b9a9b48f94af81328da1", "text": "“I will not affect to deny that you are under some obligation to me. But I am going to confess to you, Fred, that I have been tempted to reverse all that by keeping silence with you just now. When somebody said to me, ‘Young Vincy has taken to being at the billiard-table every night again—he won’t bear the curb long;’ I was tempted to do the opposite of what I am doing—to hold my tongue and wait while you went down the ladder again, betting first and then—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03895", "bookId": 145, "start": 1461834, "end": 1461885, "sha256": "66c853864072fc145290ed3d583ad340bca5b0401a537122f75ac30ff6ed9d91", "text": "“I have not made any bets,” said Fred, hastily.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03896", "bookId": 145, "start": 1461887, "end": 1462302, "sha256": "2ce57c5e4ceacfcf618d8f6733b3714170a49e51d67ac6f756316d0603bf5644", "text": "“Glad to hear it. But I say, my prompting was to look on and see you take the wrong turning, wear out Garth’s patience, and lose the best opportunity of your life—the opportunity which you made some rather difficult effort to secure. You can guess the feeling which raised that temptation in me—I am sure you know it. I am sure you know that the satisfaction of your affections stands in the way of mine.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03897", "bookId": 145, "start": 1462304, "end": 1462515, "sha256": "00c84ee221e47bf9ec2c61a953e63aa00c3903ef52bf21be7dc5dc1402f1b68a", "text": "There was a pause. Mr. Farebrother seemed to wait for a recognition of the fact; and the emotion perceptible in the tones of his fine voice gave solemnity to his words. But no feeling could quell Fred’s alarm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03898", "bookId": 145, "start": 1462517, "end": 1462652, "sha256": "7c0b02e67c2039e44d20372ea30085d191aba898cdfc50d9aaa94d07cd1fc9c5", "text": "“I could not be expected to give her up,” he said, after a moment’s hesitation: it was not a case for any pretence of generosity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03899", "bookId": 145, "start": 1462654, "end": 1463626, "sha256": "6417681f81f72ed9cb2e6b95b3fa2318d94f6d7be26b6bf08416b090ad17b6aa", "text": "“Clearly not, when her affection met yours. But relations of this sort, even when they are of long standing, are always liable to change. I can easily conceive that you might act in a way to loosen the tie she feels towards you—it must be remembered that she is only conditionally bound to you—and that in that case, another man, who may flatter himself that he has a hold on her regard, might succeed in winning that firm place in her love as well as respect which you had let slip. I can easily conceive such a result,” repeated Mr. Farebrother, emphatically. “There is a companionship of ready sympathy, which might get the advantage even over the longest associations.” It seemed to Fred that if Mr. Farebrother had had a beak and talons instead of his very capable tongue, his mode of attack could hardly be more cruel. He had a horrible conviction that behind all this hypothetic statement there was a knowledge of some actual change in Mary’s feeling.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03900", "bookId": 145, "start": 1463628, "end": 1463899, "sha256": "cb858365462538b5f994902060317eb7cb17b5f962cd20ca1e6f1ae3c2ecc241", "text": "“Of course I know it might easily be all up with me,” he said, in a troubled voice. “If she is beginning to compare—” He broke off, not liking to betray all he felt, and then said, by the help of a little bitterness, “But I thought you were friendly to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03901", "bookId": 145, "start": 1463901, "end": 1464409, "sha256": "a7c058fa0e4b3735041a897cafcab98d954a182f9e708e0fbde8718d4773f914", "text": "“So I am; that is why we are here. But I have had a strong disposition to be otherwise. I have said to myself, ‘If there is a likelihood of that youngster doing himself harm, why should you interfere? Aren’t you worth as much as he is, and don’t your sixteen years over and above his, in which you have gone rather hungry, give you more right to satisfaction than he has? If there’s a chance of his going to the dogs, let him—perhaps you could nohow hinder it—and do you take the benefit.’”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03902", "bookId": 145, "start": 1464411, "end": 1464738, "sha256": "7c60a77c58712da175d2f3b407a890869bf2dc281e7a1d61ff0ad8b0e010a859", "text": "There was a pause, in which Fred was seized by a most uncomfortable chill. What was coming next? He dreaded to hear that something had been said to Mary—he felt as if he were listening to a threat rather than a warning. When the Vicar began again there was a change in his tone like the encouraging transition to a major key.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03903", "bookId": 145, "start": 1464740, "end": 1465154, "sha256": "dbd58bfff1204911b42df9c79e838f8d2c88c37749cc47f0a5a60ca1b127846e", "text": "“But I had once meant better than that, and I am come back to my old intention. I thought that I could hardly _secure myself_ in it better, Fred, than by telling you just what had gone on in me. And now, do you understand me? I want you to make the happiness of her life and your own, and if there is any chance that a word of warning from me may turn aside any risk to the contrary—well, I have uttered it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03904", "bookId": 145, "start": 1465156, "end": 1465679, "sha256": "1d46be8a71c141789a6ffa37d1054d1320135beecbb43814398bbb8b69351689", "text": "There was a drop in the Vicar’s voice when he spoke the last words. He paused—they were standing on a patch of green where the road diverged towards St. Botolph’s, and he put out his hand, as if to imply that the conversation was closed. Fred was moved quite newly. Some one highly susceptible to the contemplation of a fine act has said, that it produces a sort of regenerating shudder through the frame, and makes one feel ready to begin a new life. A good degree of that effect was just then present in Fred Vincy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03905", "bookId": 145, "start": 1465681, "end": 1465863, "sha256": "d0b4fa6d39cfe359998d2b141be3aa2bbea6f84b89b8df7f0986a553885c9eef", "text": "“I will try to be worthy,” he said, breaking off before he could say “of you as well as of her.” And meanwhile Mr. Farebrother had gathered the impulse to say something more.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03906", "bookId": 145, "start": 1465865, "end": 1466048, "sha256": "95ce36ad795eba52dabd5c21378242c08743ac3183ca65e7ff86b04c375825a9", "text": "“You must not imagine that I believe there is at present any decline in her preference of you, Fred. Set your heart at rest, that if you keep right, other things will keep right.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03907", "bookId": 145, "start": 1466050, "end": 1466227, "sha256": "01a68af2a79823a760f32ead69a26ec259c1c6b139fe8abe94a0a13c6bc22eef", "text": "“I shall never forget what you have done,” Fred answered. “I can’t say anything that seems worth saying—only I will try that your goodness shall not be thrown away.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03908", "bookId": 145, "start": 1466229, "end": 1466279, "sha256": "b6c9966a889e09cc9aa1b75c4449ca67f0e9609496bc675c12cb572ea9ee0525", "text": "“That’s enough. Good-by, and God bless you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03909", "bookId": 145, "start": 1466281, "end": 1466577, "sha256": "0c6dc08c2c2914035f64c5a6e850ee8ee6dd8ad8425c2547c0cb72627ebfc221", "text": "In that way they parted. But both of them walked about a long while before they went out of the starlight. Much of Fred’s rumination might be summed up in the words, “It certainly would have been a fine thing for her to marry Farebrother—but if she loves me best and I am a good husband?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03910", "bookId": 145, "start": 1466579, "end": 1466847, "sha256": "01d7b20905d3dcc335e1213e8441b54dddbad589c74bd7b537fefc72e6b98ca2", "text": "Perhaps Mr. Farebrother’s might be concentrated into a single shrug and one little speech. “To think of the part one little woman can play in the life of a man, so that to renounce her may be a very good imitation of heroism, and to win her may be a discipline!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03911", "bookId": 145, "start": 1466852, "end": 1466866, "sha256": "f2160a7f4aafd3956fc6810601068e7bd636aecc694fadc94993d3b448bccb90", "text": "CHAPTER LXVII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03912", "bookId": 145, "start": 1466868, "end": 1467098, "sha256": "0c188491643c120b2841f71cad5ab5a69cc6c11c83d9c457af0f4b8409f32415", "text": "Now is there civil war within the soul: Resolve is thrust from off the sacred throne By clamorous Needs, and Pride the grand-vizier Makes humble compact, plays the supple part Of envoy and deft-tongued apologist For hungry rebels.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03913", "bookId": 145, "start": 1467101, "end": 1468266, "sha256": "f3a7b3a88da667e96e54a136c39582ca699153cdd231a4c7d8ae69e596ab8e0c", "text": "Happily Lydgate had ended by losing in the billiard-room, and brought away no encouragement to make a raid on luck. On the contrary, he felt unmixed disgust with himself the next day when he had to pay four or five pounds over and above his gains, and he carried about with him a most unpleasant vision of the figure he had made, not only rubbing elbows with the men at the Green Dragon but behaving just as they did. A philosopher fallen to betting is hardly distinguishable from a Philistine under the same circumstances: the difference will chiefly be found in his subsequent reflections, and Lydgate chewed a very disagreeable cud in that way. His reason told him how the affair might have been magnified into ruin by a slight change of scenery—if it had been a gambling-house that he had turned into, where chance could be clutched with both hands instead of being picked up with thumb and fore-finger. Nevertheless, though reason strangled the desire to gamble, there remained the feeling that, with an assurance of luck to the needful amount, he would have liked to gamble, rather than take the alternative which was beginning to urge itself as inevitable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03914", "bookId": 145, "start": 1468268, "end": 1468973, "sha256": "8b383b6d5dcf1678d50883d90ab057aac2528b780eb55b71bcb5811675eeff02", "text": "That alternative was to apply to Mr. Bulstrode. Lydgate had so many times boasted both to himself and others that he was totally independent of Bulstrode, to whose plans he had lent himself solely because they enabled him to carry out his own ideas of professional work and public benefit—he had so constantly in their personal intercourse had his pride sustained by the sense that he was making a good social use of this predominating banker, whose opinions he thought contemptible and whose motives often seemed to him an absurd mixture of contradictory impressions—that he had been creating for himself strong ideal obstacles to the proffering of any considerable request to him on his own account.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03915", "bookId": 145, "start": 1468975, "end": 1470192, "sha256": "5818fdbf9a771cb0f2f0fa5e74856fd85b19de0c70058807faead66d39dfc164", "text": "Still, early in March his affairs were at that pass in which men begin to say that their oaths were delivered in ignorance, and to perceive that the act which they had called impossible to them is becoming manifestly possible. With Dover’s ugly security soon to be put in force, with the proceeds of his practice immediately absorbed in paying back debts, and with the chance, if the worst were known, of daily supplies being refused on credit, above all with the vision of Rosamond’s hopeless discontent continually haunting him, Lydgate had begun to see that he should inevitably bend himself to ask help from somebody or other. At first he had considered whether he should write to Mr. Vincy; but on questioning Rosamond he found that, as he had suspected, she had already applied twice to her father, the last time being since the disappointment from Sir Godwin; and papa had said that Lydgate must look out for himself. “Papa said he had come, with one bad year after another, to trade more and more on borrowed capital, and had had to give up many indulgences; he could not spare a single hundred from the charges of his family. He said, let Lydgate ask Bulstrode: they have always been hand and glove.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03916", "bookId": 145, "start": 1470194, "end": 1471706, "sha256": "ca7d7cdc9e55232f5dc789fecbfee0c04ea8e3b1affc9aeafde1cd96c6ba2830", "text": "Indeed, Lydgate himself had come to the conclusion that if he must end by asking for a free loan, his relations with Bulstrode, more at least than with any other man, might take the shape of a claim which was not purely personal. Bulstrode had indirectly helped to cause the failure of his practice, and had also been highly gratified by getting a medical partner in his plans:—but who among us ever reduced himself to the sort of dependence in which Lydgate now stood, without trying to believe that he had claims which diminished the humiliation of asking? It was true that of late there had seemed to be a new languor of interest in Bulstrode about the Hospital; but his health had got worse, and showed signs of a deep-seated nervous affection. In other respects he did not appear to be changed: he had always been highly polite, but Lydgate had observed in him from the first a marked coldness about his marriage and other private circumstances, a coldness which he had hitherto preferred to any warmth of familiarity between them. He deferred the intention from day to day, his habit of acting on his conclusions being made infirm by his repugnance to every possible conclusion and its consequent act. He saw Mr. Bulstrode often, but he did not try to use any occasion for his private purpose. At one moment he thought, “I will write a letter: I prefer that to any circuitous talk;” at another he thought, “No; if I were talking to him, I could make a retreat before any signs of disinclination.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03917", "bookId": 145, "start": 1471708, "end": 1472367, "sha256": "ea6f32369e851111b92bf7910ab9cdaba3a9c686b0ee8cef7d1c1e90bc65b42b", "text": "Still the days passed and no letter was written, no special interview sought. In his shrinking from the humiliation of a dependent attitude towards Bulstrode, he began to familiarize his imagination with another step even more unlike his remembered self. He began spontaneously to consider whether it would be possible to carry out that puerile notion of Rosamond’s which had often made him angry, namely, that they should quit Middlemarch without seeing anything beyond that preface. The question came—“Would any man buy the practice of me even now, for as little as it is worth? Then the sale might happen as a necessary preparation for going away.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03918", "bookId": 145, "start": 1472369, "end": 1473276, "sha256": "51d1e00265933e7a49a43c969a51e4554625a6dc50bf2c736012e4e5e73d512f", "text": "But against his taking this step, which he still felt to be a contemptible relinquishment of present work, a guilty turning aside from what was a real and might be a widening channel for worthy activity, to start again without any justified destination, there was this obstacle, that the purchaser, if procurable at all, might not be quickly forthcoming. And afterwards? Rosamond in a poor lodging, though in the largest city or most distant town, would not find the life that could save her from gloom, and save him from the reproach of having plunged her into it. For when a man is at the foot of the hill in his fortunes, he may stay a long while there in spite of professional accomplishment. In the British climate there is no incompatibility between scientific insight and furnished lodgings: the incompatibility is chiefly between scientific ambition and a wife who objects to that kind of residence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03919", "bookId": 145, "start": 1473278, "end": 1474222, "sha256": "43ca492086a403fd00de6c0f3fa4529f0bbd6013fa3ca8e6707ece7d4b688284", "text": "But in the midst of his hesitation, opportunity came to decide him. A note from Mr. Bulstrode requested Lydgate to call on him at the Bank. A hypochondriacal tendency had shown itself in the banker’s constitution of late; and a lack of sleep, which was really only a slight exaggeration of an habitual dyspeptic symptom, had been dwelt on by him as a sign of threatening insanity. He wanted to consult Lydgate without delay on that particular morning, although he had nothing to tell beyond what he had told before. He listened eagerly to what Lydgate had to say in dissipation of his fears, though this too was only repetition; and this moment in which Bulstrode was receiving a medical opinion with a sense of comfort, seemed to make the communication of a personal need to him easier than it had been in Lydgate’s contemplation beforehand. He had been insisting that it would be well for Mr. Bulstrode to relax his attention to business.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03920", "bookId": 145, "start": 1474224, "end": 1474608, "sha256": "63ff8d9b99d4e0f84a2d42c6c1628745004a7b18f2d8b9d2a6a1c862ad7558d2", "text": "“One sees how any mental strain, however slight, may affect a delicate frame,” said Lydgate at that stage of the consultation when the remarks tend to pass from the personal to the general, “by the deep stamp which anxiety will make for a time even on the young and vigorous. I am naturally very strong; yet I have been thoroughly shaken lately by an accumulation of trouble.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03921", "bookId": 145, "start": 1474610, "end": 1474991, "sha256": "a94181012d43d021a9dcc8e7d39fb7bbba15b735509d0799fa40bf9a6f949dc7", "text": "“I presume that a constitution in the susceptible state in which mine at present is, would be especially liable to fall a victim to cholera, if it visited our district. And since its appearance near London, we may well besiege the Mercy-seat for our protection,” said Mr. Bulstrode, not intending to evade Lydgate’s allusion, but really preoccupied with alarms about himself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03922", "bookId": 145, "start": 1474993, "end": 1475623, "sha256": "18b015b2f9c749f98d84ebec7f1765118eea919676775be60a8d8dc08109e7b2", "text": "“You have at all events taken your share in using good practical precautions for the town, and that is the best mode of asking for protection,” said Lydgate, with a strong distaste for the broken metaphor and bad logic of the banker’s religion, somewhat increased by the apparent deafness of his sympathy. But his mind had taken up its long-prepared movement towards getting help, and was not yet arrested. He added, “The town has done well in the way of cleansing, and finding appliances; and I think that if the cholera should come, even our enemies will admit that the arrangements in the Hospital are a public good.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03923", "bookId": 145, "start": 1475625, "end": 1476215, "sha256": "7a474eaf4e310f0a0a1487f4631698890c651cdbbb5952dc6c6365174f0c92a8", "text": "“Truly,” said Mr. Bulstrode, with some coldness. “With regard to what you say, Mr. Lydgate, about the relaxation of my mental labor, I have for some time been entertaining a purpose to that effect—a purpose of a very decided character. I contemplate at least a temporary withdrawal from the management of much business, whether benevolent or commercial. Also I think of changing my residence for a time: probably I shall close or let ‘The Shrubs,’ and take some place near the coast—under advice of course as to salubrity. That would be a measure which you would recommend?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03924", "bookId": 145, "start": 1476217, "end": 1476384, "sha256": "81b6cb1d7584fbf35d7bd03ee965d6874e33bfaa9e576b94e5982f923d07bc71", "text": "“Oh yes,” said Lydgate, falling backward in his chair, with ill-repressed impatience under the banker’s pale earnest eyes and intense preoccupation with himself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03925", "bookId": 145, "start": 1476386, "end": 1477081, "sha256": "27bc9a3ce23e5c9a5dbdd0a23dbe9c25a8a22086770d84bbacf667f371bb1773", "text": "“I have for some time felt that I should open this subject with you in relation to our Hospital,” continued Bulstrode. “Under the circumstances I have indicated, of course I must cease to have any personal share in the management, and it is contrary to my views of responsibility to continue a large application of means to an institution which I cannot watch over and to some extent regulate. I shall therefore, in case of my ultimate decision to leave Middlemarch, consider that I withdraw other support to the New Hospital than that which will subsist in the fact that I chiefly supplied the expenses of building it, and have contributed further large sums to its successful working.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03926", "bookId": 145, "start": 1477083, "end": 1477344, "sha256": "2309a4cba951b5664ca3a79721ee25b7d347334c5c3e208f612feb1eb8d013ba", "text": "Lydgate’s thought, when Bulstrode paused according to his wont, was, “He has perhaps been losing a good deal of money.” This was the most plausible explanation of a speech which had caused rather a startling change in his expectations. He said in reply—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03927", "bookId": 145, "start": 1477346, "end": 1477407, "sha256": "2737c6b21e3b824b50abc078897cc2a5073411c9bff92e41245b182090386dab", "text": "“The loss to the Hospital can hardly be made up, I fear.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03928", "bookId": 145, "start": 1477409, "end": 1477874, "sha256": "efd4b6ca49d3bda11c02524334b8c2bdbead240ccf774ee38f0ed8dac927dd30", "text": "“Hardly,” returned Bulstrode, in the same deliberate, silvery tone; “except by some changes of plan. The only person who may be certainly counted on as willing to increase her contributions is Mrs. Casaubon. I have had an interview with her on the subject, and I have pointed out to her, as I am about to do to you, that it will be desirable to win a more general support to the New Hospital by a change of system.” Another pause, but Lydgate did not speak.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03929", "bookId": 145, "start": 1477876, "end": 1478311, "sha256": "0691a0871a7fdd6239c559bc2b26d5e99e5928cc9ed0a747a2732e6e86da493f", "text": "“The change I mean is an amalgamation with the Infirmary, so that the New Hospital shall be regarded as a special addition to the elder institution, having the same directing board. It will be necessary, also, that the medical management of the two shall be combined. In this way any difficulty as to the adequate maintenance of our new establishment will be removed; the benevolent interests of the town will cease to be divided.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03930", "bookId": 145, "start": 1478313, "end": 1478416, "sha256": "522ff88c6a24f422facd785d9241a8c625368d9b921650b6a4b5a5394b1904ad", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode had lowered his eyes from Lydgate’s face to the buttons of his coat as he again paused.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03931", "bookId": 145, "start": 1478418, "end": 1478724, "sha256": "dc7abe27e21f7f5bbf6167775ef820087a5e24136a68fd2025d53abab73c24f1", "text": "“No doubt that is a good device as to ways and means,” said Lydgate, with an edge of irony in his tone. “But I can’t be expected to rejoice in it at once, since one of the first results will be that the other medical men will upset or interrupt my methods, if it were only because they are mine.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03932", "bookId": 145, "start": 1478726, "end": 1479046, "sha256": "e5d2f083fa8c63be0e5302ec62b493d92e1fabe16d81f0a35af389a543777b0e", "text": "“I myself, as you know, Mr. Lydgate, highly valued the opportunity of new and independent procedure which you have diligently employed: the original plan, I confess, was one which I had much at heart, under submission to the Divine Will. But since providential indications demand a renunciation from me, I renounce.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03933", "bookId": 145, "start": 1479048, "end": 1479387, "sha256": "753b33e69315bafe6755b0a25226d96fa08f927cb2e71b56b508c860dc078656", "text": "Bulstrode showed a rather exasperating ability in this conversation. The broken metaphor and bad logic of motive which had stirred his hearer’s contempt were quite consistent with a mode of putting the facts which made it difficult for Lydgate to vent his own indignation and disappointment. After some rapid reflection, he only asked—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03934", "bookId": 145, "start": 1479389, "end": 1479422, "sha256": "af2cb0f5882e6f68179f72d6261ebc6a3c57e29e6ac12a18a67106d3095dc64c", "text": "“What did Mrs. Casaubon say?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03935", "bookId": 145, "start": 1479424, "end": 1480098, "sha256": "acc5ee30fab7d75990eb846b21c750e99b40f718cd1f09b1f0bd0472657161ba", "text": "“That was the further statement which I wished to make to you,” said Bulstrode, who had thoroughly prepared his ministerial explanation. “She is, you are aware, a woman of most munificent disposition, and happily in possession—not I presume of great wealth, but of funds which she can well spare. She has informed me that though she has destined the chief part of those funds to another purpose, she is willing to consider whether she cannot fully take my place in relation to the Hospital. But she wishes for ample time to mature her thoughts on the subject, and I have told her that there is no need for haste—that, in fact, my own plans are not yet absolute.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03936", "bookId": 145, "start": 1480100, "end": 1480376, "sha256": "c58f68c0390fde797379dbb76a22d570340106be58e3adcf1db52f02d1f91efe", "text": "Lydgate was ready to say, “If Mrs. Casaubon would take your place, there would be gain, instead of loss.” But there was still a weight on his mind which arrested this cheerful candor. He replied, “I suppose, then, that I may enter into the subject with Mrs. Casaubon.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03937", "bookId": 145, "start": 1480378, "end": 1481024, "sha256": "d36cdf6f3efa377000159b8101a5f73a9bd0dcdafb479bb463ebd906d5a456aa", "text": "“Precisely; that is what she expressly desires. Her decision, she says, will much depend on what you can tell her. But not at present: she is, I believe, just setting out on a journey. I have her letter here,” said Mr. Bulstrode, drawing it out, and reading from it. “‘I am immediately otherwise engaged,’ she says. ‘I am going into Yorkshire with Sir James and Lady Chettam; and the conclusions I come to about some land which I am to see there may affect my power of contributing to the Hospital.’ Thus, Mr. Lydgate, there is no haste necessary in this matter; but I wished to apprise you beforehand of what may possibly occur.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03938", "bookId": 145, "start": 1481026, "end": 1481332, "sha256": "a1feee9fff5355e98a6b1885a36c533e5b4cbc93a423a561ff955dda8368003f", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode returned the letter to his side-pocket, and changed his attitude as if his business were closed. Lydgate, whose renewed hope about the Hospital only made him more conscious of the facts which poisoned his hope, felt that his effort after help, if made at all, must be made now and vigorously.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03939", "bookId": 145, "start": 1481334, "end": 1482181, "sha256": "0f2cdacbb705a9951efe56454cb1c03b2aa9593544cfbc748aa2fd99507d11ac", "text": "“I am much obliged to you for giving me full notice,” he said, with a firm intention in his tone, yet with an interruptedness in his delivery which showed that he spoke unwillingly. “The highest object to me is my profession, and I had identified the Hospital with the best use I can at present make of my profession. But the best use is not always the same with monetary success. Everything which has made the Hospital unpopular has helped with other causes—I think they are all connected with my professional zeal—to make me unpopular as a practitioner. I get chiefly patients who can’t pay me. I should like them best, if I had nobody to pay on my own side.” Lydgate waited a little, but Bulstrode only bowed, looking at him fixedly, and he went on with the same interrupted enunciation—as if he were biting an objectional leek.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03940", "bookId": 145, "start": 1482183, "end": 1483049, "sha256": "c744bbab1ef19efe134780b0e19ace566fe973360ca58ff8d348899a72845ae4", "text": "“I have slipped into money difficulties which I can see no way out of, unless some one who trusts me and my future will advance me a sum without other security. I had very little fortune left when I came here. I have no prospects of money from my own family. My expenses, in consequence of my marriage, have been very much greater than I had expected. The result at this moment is that it would take a thousand pounds to clear me. I mean, to free me from the risk of having all my goods sold in security of my largest debt—as well as to pay my other debts—and leave anything to keep us a little beforehand with our small income. I find that it is out of the question that my wife’s father should make such an advance. That is why I mention my position to—to the only other man who may be held to have some personal connection with my prosperity or ruin.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03941", "bookId": 145, "start": 1483051, "end": 1483215, "sha256": "28654a4f98ef6d2b6a1410153ad4ab3d40f9ceaba99c96857a59779110fc6506", "text": "Lydgate hated to hear himself. But he had spoken now, and had spoken with unmistakable directness. Mr. Bulstrode replied without haste, but also without hesitation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03942", "bookId": 145, "start": 1483217, "end": 1483684, "sha256": "74a80d78c0ad030b6bef08cec412622361f935b958e067634a73d22da73a4adf", "text": "“I am grieved, though, I confess, not surprised by this information, Mr. Lydgate. For my own part, I regretted your alliance with my brother-in-law’s family, which has always been of prodigal habits, and which has already been much indebted to me for sustainment in its present position. My advice to you, Mr. Lydgate, would be, that instead of involving yourself in further obligations, and continuing a doubtful struggle, you should simply become a bankrupt.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03943", "bookId": 145, "start": 1483686, "end": 1483827, "sha256": "d26b5cfa74007e13cad985f6208be013803a4d91cee68b23c69696fcf8a6ad0b", "text": "“That would not improve my prospect,” said Lydgate, rising and speaking bitterly, “even if it were a more agreeable thing in itself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03944", "bookId": 145, "start": 1483829, "end": 1484005, "sha256": "cdc1ff3b499dc2419e7dd178fd8c9af2229a7b8e806b878a3ebc645e01988d31", "text": "“It is always a trial,” said Mr. Bulstrode; “but trial, my dear sir, is our portion here, and is a needed corrective. I recommend you to weigh the advice I have given.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03945", "bookId": 145, "start": 1484007, "end": 1484115, "sha256": "9fb8191867b131cab748023e55f276834363f77f9cd52fd98cf7732b0f0aeb27", "text": "“Thank you,” said Lydgate, not quite knowing what he said. “I have occupied you too long. Good-day.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03946", "bookId": 145, "start": 1484120, "end": 1484135, "sha256": "955dabf760ff43028694b025b4a3633d8fe7042bc93dad6ea4a72540e6820257", "text": "CHAPTER LXVIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03947", "bookId": 145, "start": 1484137, "end": 1484669, "sha256": "34aab068bca58184ad1d83c3e6814a5b0ca1f8574ae1be6bd250f7d59f5885f2", "text": "What suit of grace hath Virtue to put on If Vice shall wear as good, and do as well? If Wrong, if Craft, if Indiscretion Act as fair parts with ends as laudable? Which all this mighty volume of events The world, the universal map of deeds, Strongly controls, and proves from all descents, That the directest course still best succeeds. For should not grave and learn’d Experience That looks with the eyes of all the world beside, And with all ages holds intelligence, Go safer than Deceit without a guide! —DANIEL: _Musophilus_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03948", "bookId": 145, "start": 1484672, "end": 1485079, "sha256": "09c4d8f5386cfdf43daff84784b221a40556d63a16db7fa370a3f781db719cff", "text": "That change of plan and shifting of interest which Bulstrode stated or betrayed in his conversation with Lydgate, had been determined in him by some severe experience which he had gone through since the epoch of Mr. Larcher’s sale, when Raffles had recognized Will Ladislaw, and when the banker had in vain attempted an act of restitution which might move Divine Providence to arrest painful consequences.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03949", "bookId": 145, "start": 1485081, "end": 1486451, "sha256": "8422d027e47a9e7c9195511cdb360dd2e08c07aecbe95627576948f29c8cf45f", "text": "His certainty that Raffles, unless he were dead, would return to Middlemarch before long, had been justified. On Christmas Eve he had reappeared at The Shrubs. Bulstrode was at home to receive him, and hinder his communication with the rest of the family, but he could not altogether hinder the circumstances of the visit from compromising himself and alarming his wife. Raffles proved more unmanageable than he had shown himself to be in his former appearances, his chronic state of mental restlessness, the growing effect of habitual intemperance, quickly shaking off every impression from what was said to him. He insisted on staying in the house, and Bulstrode, weighing two sets of evils, felt that this was at least not a worse alternative than his going into the town. He kept him in his own room for the evening and saw him to bed, Raffles all the while amusing himself with the annoyance he was causing this decent and highly prosperous fellow-sinner, an amusement which he facetiously expressed as sympathy with his friend’s pleasure in entertaining a man who had been serviceable to him, and who had not had all his earnings. There was a cunning calculation under this noisy joking—a cool resolve to extract something the handsomer from Bulstrode as payment for release from this new application of torture. But his cunning had a little overcast its mark.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03950", "bookId": 145, "start": 1486453, "end": 1487603, "sha256": "fcc212e90fe66c59e93cd257533a28b77d34121dc6330940d3426ef4bf7ddd31", "text": "Bulstrode was indeed more tortured than the coarse fibre of Raffles could enable him to imagine. He had told his wife that he was simply taking care of this wretched creature, the victim of vice, who might otherwise injure himself; he implied, without the direct form of falsehood, that there was a family tie which bound him to this care, and that there were signs of mental alienation in Raffles which urged caution. He would himself drive the unfortunate being away the next morning. In these hints he felt that he was supplying Mrs. Bulstrode with precautionary information for his daughters and servants, and accounting for his allowing no one but himself to enter the room even with food and drink. But he sat in an agony of fear lest Raffles should be overheard in his loud and plain references to past facts—lest Mrs. Bulstrode should be even tempted to listen at the door. How could he hinder her, how betray his terror by opening the door to detect her? She was a woman of honest direct habits, and little likely to take so low a course in order to arrive at painful knowledge; but fear was stronger than the calculation of probabilities.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03951", "bookId": 145, "start": 1487605, "end": 1488595, "sha256": "876694770a389dc3b03acfcec815b7cfb57de07f65826357ed48820caaceb604", "text": "In this way Raffles had pushed the torture too far, and produced an effect which had not been in his plan. By showing himself hopelessly unmanageable he had made Bulstrode feel that a strong defiance was the only resource left. After taking Raffles to bed that night the banker ordered his closed carriage to be ready at half-past seven the next morning. At six o’clock he had already been long dressed, and had spent some of his wretchedness in prayer, pleading his motives for averting the worst evil if in anything he had used falsity and spoken what was not true before God. For Bulstrode shrank from a direct lie with an intensity disproportionate to the number of his more indirect misdeeds. But many of these misdeeds were like the subtle muscular movements which are not taken account of in the consciousness, though they bring about the end that we fix our mind on and desire. And it is only what we are vividly conscious of that we can vividly imagine to be seen by Omniscience.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03952", "bookId": 145, "start": 1488597, "end": 1489189, "sha256": "c9bf7e268f9f5b84ffd88454a2f308e823472094add38c0454fda6a3216d45f6", "text": "Bulstrode carried his candle to the bedside of Raffles, who was apparently in a painful dream. He stood silent, hoping that the presence of the light would serve to waken the sleeper gradually and gently, for he feared some noise as the consequence of a too sudden awakening. He had watched for a couple of minutes or more the shudderings and pantings which seemed likely to end in waking, when Raffles, with a long half-stifled moan, started up and stared round him in terror, trembling and gasping. But he made no further noise, and Bulstrode, setting down the candle, awaited his recovery.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03953", "bookId": 145, "start": 1489191, "end": 1490431, "sha256": "5c8d9db25ec8bf82bfaf6e9fecd10906e8602ff03c2d68c33274e7e629203aa1", "text": "It was a quarter of an hour later before Bulstrode, with a cold peremptoriness of manner which he had not before shown, said, “I came to call you thus early, Mr. Raffles, because I have ordered the carriage to be ready at half-past seven, and intend myself to conduct you as far as Ilsely, where you can either take the railway or await a coach.” Raffles was about to speak, but Bulstrode anticipated him imperiously with the words, “Be silent, sir, and hear what I have to say. I shall supply you with money now, and I will furnish you with a reasonable sum from time to time, on your application to me by letter; but if you choose to present yourself here again, if you return to Middlemarch, if you use your tongue in a manner injurious to me, you will have to live on such fruits as your malice can bring you, without help from me. Nobody will pay you well for blasting my name: I know the worst you can do against me, and I shall brave it if you dare to thrust yourself upon me again. Get up, sir, and do as I order you, without noise, or I will send for a policeman to take you off my premises, and you may carry your stories into every pothouse in the town, but you shall have no sixpence from me to pay your expenses there.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03954", "bookId": 145, "start": 1490433, "end": 1491753, "sha256": "d7fef1d1e71f7c5124f2328313bacd8ff6db58730b9e62ba4e577c9bdf78e84d", "text": "Bulstrode had rarely in his life spoken with such nervous energy: he had been deliberating on this speech and its probable effects through a large part of the night; and though he did not trust to its ultimately saving him from any return of Raffles, he had concluded that it was the best throw he could make. It succeeded in enforcing submission from the jaded man this morning: his empoisoned system at this moment quailed before Bulstrode’s cold, resolute bearing, and he was taken off quietly in the carriage before the family breakfast time. The servants imagined him to be a poor relation, and were not surprised that a strict man like their master, who held his head high in the world, should be ashamed of such a cousin and want to get rid of him. The banker’s drive of ten miles with his hated companion was a dreary beginning of the Christmas day; but at the end of the drive, Raffles had recovered his spirits, and parted in a contentment for which there was the good reason that the banker had given him a hundred pounds. Various motives urged Bulstrode to this open-handedness, but he did not himself inquire closely into all of them. As he had stood watching Raffles in his uneasy sleep, it had certainly entered his mind that the man had been much shattered since the first gift of two hundred pounds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03955", "bookId": 145, "start": 1491755, "end": 1492366, "sha256": "402732046a54d4bf56777cf7585cc906add1f115888eb69ab60300b991ba95e0", "text": "He had taken care to repeat the incisive statement of his resolve not to be played on any more; and had tried to penetrate Raffles with the fact that he had shown the risks of bribing him to be quite equal to the risks of defying him. But when, freed from his repulsive presence, Bulstrode returned to his quiet home, he brought with him no confidence that he had secured more than a respite. It was as if he had had a loathsome dream, and could not shake off its images with their hateful kindred of sensations—as if on all the pleasant surroundings of his life a dangerous reptile had left his slimy traces.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03956", "bookId": 145, "start": 1492368, "end": 1492535, "sha256": "f04a8477f666363765c3b7264338ff6459d14bc7fcf913c003bd73b3d1b24634", "text": "Who can know how much of his most inward life is made up of the thoughts he believes other men to have about him, until that fabric of opinion is threatened with ruin?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03957", "bookId": 145, "start": 1492537, "end": 1494740, "sha256": "62121c0c2c9db7d4fd67175970e7a2dac88fb068d9c3b3853ec535f1fdbd2cee", "text": "Bulstrode was only the more conscious that there was a deposit of uneasy presentiment in his wife’s mind, because she carefully avoided any allusion to it. He had been used every day to taste the flavor of supremacy and the tribute of complete deference: and the certainty that he was watched or measured with a hidden suspicion of his having some discreditable secret, made his voice totter when he was speaking to edification. Foreseeing, to men of Bulstrode’s anxious temperament, is often worse than seeing; and his imagination continually heightened the anguish of an imminent disgrace. Yes, imminent; for if his defiance of Raffles did not keep the man away—and though he prayed for this result he hardly hoped for it—the disgrace was certain. In vain he said to himself that, if permitted, it would be a divine visitation, a chastisement, a preparation; he recoiled from the imagined burning; and he judged that it must be more for the Divine glory that he should escape dishonor. That recoil had at last urged him to make preparations for quitting Middlemarch. If evil truth must be reported of him, he would then be at a less scorching distance from the contempt of his old neighbors; and in a new scene, where his life would not have gathered the same wide sensibility, the tormentor, if he pursued him, would be less formidable. To leave the place finally would, he knew, be extremely painful to his wife, and on other grounds he would have preferred to stay where he had struck root. Hence he made his preparations at first in a conditional way, wishing to leave on all sides an opening for his return after brief absence, if any favorable intervention of Providence should dissipate his fears. He was preparing to transfer his management of the Bank, and to give up any active control of other commercial affairs in the neighborhood, on the ground of his failing health, but without excluding his future resumption of such work. The measure would cause him some added expense and some diminution of income beyond what he had already undergone from the general depression of trade; and the Hospital presented itself as a principal object of outlay on which he could fairly economize.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03958", "bookId": 145, "start": 1494742, "end": 1495448, "sha256": "ee98d07ada1ebcb840b9e161bd0ea6e784621e6d04377b4024294a75fcce0125", "text": "This was the experience which had determined his conversation with Lydgate. But at this time his arrangements had most of them gone no farther than a stage at which he could recall them if they proved to be unnecessary. He continually deferred the final steps; in the midst of his fears, like many a man who is in danger of shipwreck or of being dashed from his carriage by runaway horses, he had a clinging impression that something would happen to hinder the worst, and that to spoil his life by a late transplantation might be over-hasty—especially since it was difficult to account satisfactorily to his wife for the project of their indefinite exile from the only place where she would like to live.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03959", "bookId": 145, "start": 1495450, "end": 1496210, "sha256": "18032480f74080cdf2297cde03b7c6bdccd56d5df8d813545f7e38748758c07c", "text": "Among the affairs Bulstrode had to care for, was the management of the farm at Stone Court in case of his absence; and on this as well as on all other matters connected with any houses and land he possessed in or about Middlemarch, he had consulted Caleb Garth. Like every one else who had business of that sort, he wanted to get the agent who was more anxious for his employer’s interests than his own. With regard to Stone Court, since Bulstrode wished to retain his hold on the stock, and to have an arrangement by which he himself could, if he chose, resume his favorite recreation of superintendence, Caleb had advised him not to trust to a mere bailiff, but to let the land, stock, and implements yearly, and take a proportionate share of the proceeds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03960", "bookId": 145, "start": 1496212, "end": 1496430, "sha256": "01673778a231460c6329bdab692f9e35792ea2895d736fe42feb1b751e6b4033", "text": "“May I trust to you to find me a tenant on these terms, Mr. Garth?” said Bulstrode. “And will you mention to me the yearly sum which would repay you for managing these affairs which we have discussed together?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03961", "bookId": 145, "start": 1496432, "end": 1496530, "sha256": "8be406046d788c3c69c48b33b031e059a7b6b74075cc693ccda7f8322745fa0a", "text": "“I’ll think about it,” said Caleb, in his blunt way. “I’ll see how I can make it out.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03962", "bookId": 145, "start": 1496532, "end": 1497343, "sha256": "796b80a5603584b04b6993a6b95828dc76fd901b7200e0b4709b7d14e1cf780e", "text": "If it had not been that he had to consider Fred Vincy’s future, Mr. Garth would not probably have been glad of any addition to his work, of which his wife was always fearing an excess for him as he grew older. But on quitting Bulstrode after that conversation, a very alluring idea occurred to him about this said letting of Stone Court. What if Bulstrode would agree to his placing Fred Vincy there on the understanding that he, Caleb Garth, should be responsible for the management? It would be an excellent schooling for Fred; he might make a modest income there, and still have time left to get knowledge by helping in other business. He mentioned his notion to Mrs. Garth with such evident delight that she could not bear to chill his pleasure by expressing her constant fear of his undertaking too much.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03963", "bookId": 145, "start": 1497345, "end": 1498042, "sha256": "7b40bdd78c04e9dc7f374e9d7e879ee33cc2da581ef8d7a6e9e1f32c65614fdb", "text": "“The lad would be as happy as two,” he said, throwing himself back in his chair, and looking radiant, “if I could tell him it was all settled. Think; Susan! His mind had been running on that place for years before old Featherstone died. And it would be as pretty a turn of things as could be that he should hold the place in a good industrious way after all—by his taking to business. For it’s likely enough Bulstrode might let him go on, and gradually buy the stock. He hasn’t made up his mind, I can see, whether or not he shall settle somewhere else as a lasting thing. I never was better pleased with a notion in my life. And then the children might be married by-and-by, Susan.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03964", "bookId": 145, "start": 1498044, "end": 1498277, "sha256": "fed1d3218ea4d68d41a877634d538ba66a1f5b6a388f659b1d33a4f3c07ff02d", "text": "“You will not give any hint of the plan to Fred, until you are sure that Bulstrode would agree to the plan?” said Mrs. Garth, in a tone of gentle caution. “And as to marriage, Caleb, we old people need not help to hasten it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03965", "bookId": 145, "start": 1498279, "end": 1498523, "sha256": "f0184a971b491169a2c7a3fef682c8689c75742696af81982f79c1e6c1fed777", "text": "“Oh, I don’t know,” said Caleb, swinging his head aside. “Marriage is a taming thing. Fred would want less of my bit and bridle. However, I shall say nothing till I know the ground I’m treading on. I shall speak to Bulstrode again.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03966", "bookId": 145, "start": 1498525, "end": 1499597, "sha256": "ded537def6ca6a26b1c344ecd4d4dfee2673e1d150a001a4767cd38486c91a90", "text": "He took his earliest opportunity of doing so. Bulstrode had anything but a warm interest in his nephew Fred Vincy, but he had a strong wish to secure Mr. Garth’s services on many scattered points of business at which he was sure to be a considerable loser, if they were under less conscientious management. On that ground he made no objection to Mr. Garth’s proposal; and there was also another reason why he was not sorry to give a consent which was to benefit one of the Vincy family. It was that Mrs. Bulstrode, having heard of Lydgate’s debts, had been anxious to know whether her husband could not do something for poor Rosamond, and had been much troubled on learning from him that Lydgate’s affairs were not easily remediable, and that the wisest plan was to let them “take their course.” Mrs. Bulstrode had then said for the first time, “I think you are always a little hard towards my family, Nicholas. And I am sure I have no reason to deny any of my relatives. Too worldly they may be, but no one ever had to say that they were not respectable.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03967", "bookId": 145, "start": 1499599, "end": 1499829, "sha256": "3e5fac10d7606dc4c5e5ac9d276ca71f83a93264ce1a687c9dc11aa5614d6c1d", "text": "“My dear Harriet,” said Mr. Bulstrode, wincing under his wife’s eyes, which were filling with tears, “I have supplied your brother with a great deal of capital. I cannot be expected to take care of his married children.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03968", "bookId": 145, "start": 1499831, "end": 1499995, "sha256": "9d55f3d4c7e6caa48986f8e6884a2ce7682cb21f775ff29a0a15b299f80f9bfd", "text": "That seemed to be true, and Mrs. Bulstrode’s remonstrance subsided into pity for poor Rosamond, whose extravagant education she had always foreseen the fruits of.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03969", "bookId": 145, "start": 1499997, "end": 1500383, "sha256": "c59b951fa531a6d112ede1febc7251956e67eac6181885c207d4c9143dfcb447", "text": "But remembering that dialogue, Mr. Bulstrode felt that when he had to talk to his wife fully about his plan of quitting Middlemarch, he should be glad to tell her that he had made an arrangement which might be for the good of her nephew Fred. At present he had merely mentioned to her that he thought of shutting up The Shrubs for a few months, and taking a house on the Southern Coast.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03970", "bookId": 145, "start": 1500385, "end": 1500606, "sha256": "34e89c0df509da99627ac2d67a59fcbecac55182e032706c422d9a9e849aa93d", "text": "Hence Mr. Garth got the assurance he desired, namely, that in case of Bulstrode’s departure from Middlemarch for an indefinite time, Fred Vincy should be allowed to have the tenancy of Stone Court on the terms proposed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03971", "bookId": 145, "start": 1500608, "end": 1501353, "sha256": "9ffec029b84bffd08d1cf611a91827c0fe955c45db250609468b43a28ce25f45", "text": "Caleb was so elated with his hope of this “neat turn” being given to things, that if his self-control had not been braced by a little affectionate wifely scolding, he would have betrayed everything to Mary, wanting “to give the child comfort.” However, he restrained himself, and kept in strict privacy from Fred certain visits which he was making to Stone Court, in order to look more thoroughly into the state of the land and stock, and take a preliminary estimate. He was certainly more eager in these visits than the probable speed of events required him to be; but he was stimulated by a fatherly delight in occupying his mind with this bit of probable happiness which he held in store like a hidden birthday gift for Fred and Mary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03972", "bookId": 145, "start": 1501355, "end": 1501449, "sha256": "278f51150e4488277b93e1921f5d3d67d1931d30174653b4aa52f515fc539bd5", "text": "“But suppose the whole scheme should turn out to be a castle in the air?” said Mrs. Garth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03973", "bookId": 145, "start": 1501451, "end": 1501535, "sha256": "439edf7c90dd9732f35f8d736388cde3d95eea4a832148445bb83868b03f3c60", "text": "“Well, well,” replied Caleb; “the castle will tumble about nobody’s head.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03974", "bookId": 145, "start": 1501540, "end": 1501553, "sha256": "049c26b704fed2596f85625d7bae470069f9378070f610e99233c000105f2b77", "text": "CHAPTER LXIX.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03975", "bookId": 145, "start": 1501555, "end": 1501630, "sha256": "e88e0266da3c37925b20ec2a455be1102b7fcbdbfba4c7793ce623ee2e97e4b5", "text": "“If thou hast heard a word, let it die with thee.” —_Ecclesiasticus_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03976", "bookId": 145, "start": 1501633, "end": 1501902, "sha256": "ee6fca1a9078ece283fe4e21c6f1ad203e5371f4c427f559f646cff21970724e", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode was still seated in his manager’s room at the Bank, about three o’clock of the same day on which he had received Lydgate there, when the clerk entered to say that his horse was waiting, and also that Mr. Garth was outside and begged to speak with him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03977", "bookId": 145, "start": 1501904, "end": 1502033, "sha256": "6745ab3fbc608884820c06d52283f297835dea69861a21144b3fd3fa5dd9cfe1", "text": "“By all means,” said Bulstrode; and Caleb entered. “Pray sit down, Mr. Garth,” continued the banker, in his suavest tone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03978", "bookId": 145, "start": 1502035, "end": 1502128, "sha256": "0f7da5dcf01ade6e703ca9c31a85bbe550d30dae5c76719d6f5438b4384bc530", "text": "“I am glad that you arrived just in time to find me here. I know you count your minutes.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03979", "bookId": 145, "start": 1502130, "end": 1502254, "sha256": "bb6de40c0e31bcc517fbe7a9afa6f7c9859191df4c9c9fdca0ab0e7e5fc0cbcd", "text": "“Oh,” said Caleb, gently, with a slow swing of his head on one side, as he seated himself and laid his hat on the floor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03980", "bookId": 145, "start": 1502256, "end": 1502458, "sha256": "06d457aa91ea3c55209b1a1424811ac228b98ea42a1d9f25b7cd9c17df03c512", "text": "He looked at the ground, leaning forward and letting his long fingers droop between his legs, while each finger moved in succession, as if it were sharing some thought which filled his large quiet brow.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03981", "bookId": 145, "start": 1502460, "end": 1503115, "sha256": "a79eb4150c73b195e5a671e8470eb8fccdccc3c9eb26557a1ed08025799cfe9a", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode, like every one else who knew Caleb, was used to his slowness in beginning to speak on any topic which he felt to be important, and rather expected that he was about to recur to the buying of some houses in Blindman’s Court, for the sake of pulling them down, as a sacrifice of property which would be well repaid by the influx of air and light on that spot. It was by propositions of this kind that Caleb was sometimes troublesome to his employers; but he had usually found Bulstrode ready to meet him in projects of improvement, and they had got on well together. When he spoke again, however, it was to say, in rather a subdued voice—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03982", "bookId": 145, "start": 1503117, "end": 1503177, "sha256": "9ca1bb77b24455145372adac91de6059eb2aad07d0e6f9db15f873550da06a57", "text": "“I have just come away from Stone Court, Mr. Bulstrode.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03983", "bookId": 145, "start": 1503179, "end": 1503321, "sha256": "802897ff89714a764fb68ede960231350b4420e0a73edd6e0507af595c4fa777", "text": "“You found nothing wrong there, I hope,” said the banker; “I was there myself yesterday. Abel has done well with the lambs this year.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03984", "bookId": 145, "start": 1503323, "end": 1503513, "sha256": "49834e484ef568e7c396ec1930907b348151cce29c0abfce2df967f58a2fe8de", "text": "“Why, yes,” said Caleb, looking up gravely, “there is something wrong—a stranger, who is very ill, I think. He wants a doctor, and I came to tell you of that. His name is Raffles.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03985", "bookId": 145, "start": 1503515, "end": 1503719, "sha256": "731676609a8478767aa7502899264d11fdef2916848322df1eb66e3dd4976ac1", "text": "He saw the shock of his words passing through Bulstrode’s frame. On this subject the banker had thought that his fears were too constantly on the watch to be taken by surprise; but he had been mistaken.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03986", "bookId": 145, "start": 1503721, "end": 1503844, "sha256": "eb87312c501dccfbd9b2e7662c129f1387e084e384d653a04ecf9fb5bfb89dc4", "text": "“Poor wretch!” he said in a compassionate tone, though his lips trembled a little. “Do you know how he came there?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03987", "bookId": 145, "start": 1503846, "end": 1504365, "sha256": "0364749c33d67f16f3b8a6bce831fd660d94dd63d627b8e463f5f1c3c177bd0e", "text": "“I took him myself,” said Caleb, quietly—“took him up in my gig. He had got down from the coach, and was walking a little beyond the turning from the toll-house, and I overtook him. He remembered seeing me with you once before, at Stone Court, and he asked me to take him on. I saw he was ill: it seemed to me the right thing to do, to carry him under shelter. And now I think you should lose no time in getting advice for him.” Caleb took up his hat from the floor as he ended, and rose slowly from his seat.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03988", "bookId": 145, "start": 1504367, "end": 1504712, "sha256": "c81807a29bedb42a3ad2474a0ab00dc8823f468c502869a18a59d03eb3118873", "text": "“Certainly,” said Bulstrode, whose mind was very active at this moment. “Perhaps you will yourself oblige me, Mr. Garth, by calling at Mr. Lydgate’s as you pass—or stay! he may at this hour probably be at the Hospital. I will first send my man on the horse there with a note this instant, and then I will myself ride to Stone Court.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03989", "bookId": 145, "start": 1504714, "end": 1505209, "sha256": "41864f4d9d9c117e872c01a60d157aeee062d0463120bcdf580aa43ca00cc534", "text": "Bulstrode quickly wrote a note, and went out himself to give the commission to his man. When he returned, Caleb was standing as before with one hand on the back of the chair, holding his hat with the other. In Bulstrode’s mind the dominant thought was, “Perhaps Raffles only spoke to Garth of his illness. Garth may wonder, as he must have done before, at this disreputable fellow’s claiming intimacy with me; but he will know nothing. And he is friendly to me—I can be of use to him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03990", "bookId": 145, "start": 1505211, "end": 1505369, "sha256": "cdb231a3a182f9ef07456ce293cfd11516c59b6e084b266f9b77300f1772d885", "text": "He longed for some confirmation of this hopeful conjecture, but to have asked any question as to what Raffles had said or done would have been to betray fear.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03991", "bookId": 145, "start": 1505371, "end": 1505655, "sha256": "e01c78cbbab7222a9a43ca5df3f26b3b83869d63b81412cd9ec8595ceb04e3c3", "text": "“I am exceedingly obliged to you, Mr. Garth,” he said, in his usual tone of politeness. “My servant will be back in a few minutes, and I shall then go myself to see what can be done for this unfortunate man. Perhaps you had some other business with me? If so, pray be seated.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03992", "bookId": 145, "start": 1505657, "end": 1506070, "sha256": "ce8c83d007027eb91ec0f5557e7f6d3283e614dae04129d15618dd17da211440", "text": "“Thank you,” said Caleb, making a slight gesture with his right hand to waive the invitation. “I wish to say, Mr. Bulstrode, that I must request you to put your business into some other hands than mine. I am obliged to you for your handsome way of meeting me—about the letting of Stone Court, and all other business. But I must give it up.” A sharp certainty entered like a stab into Bulstrode’s soul.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03993", "bookId": 145, "start": 1506072, "end": 1506135, "sha256": "76f0534a39bd7996163bdf6b1f60733d3836c51802119eb6ddc0e201c4c4f5f3", "text": "“This is sudden, Mr. Garth,” was all he could say at first.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03994", "bookId": 145, "start": 1506137, "end": 1506209, "sha256": "54a3da74541d7d90fc0877379273dbf674a46f95bca20af9c6c29bdd8fdef8f3", "text": "“It is,” said Caleb; “but it is quite fixed. I must give it up.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03995", "bookId": 145, "start": 1506211, "end": 1506556, "sha256": "41a65e8615d5a21ffa64dd506e6e2985125db9d68cbd27ed28fd6706317479bf", "text": "He spoke with a firmness which was very gentle, and yet he could see that Bulstrode seemed to cower under that gentleness, his face looking dried and his eyes swerving away from the glance which rested on him. Caleb felt a deep pity for him, but he could have used no pretexts to account for his resolve, even if they would have been of any use.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03996", "bookId": 145, "start": 1506558, "end": 1506716, "sha256": "5bdc131c2589c878f90fbe6454991c30fc9742542f7f8ef4f1eeae3ec974a84e", "text": "“You have been led to this, I apprehend, by some slanders concerning me uttered by that unhappy creature,” said Bulstrode, anxious now to know the utmost.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03997", "bookId": 145, "start": 1506718, "end": 1506791, "sha256": "3fb986c450e9011d726d49af531f29580721002aee5892560d4c59eba78c6432", "text": "“That is true. I can’t deny that I act upon what I heard from him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B03998", "bookId": 145, "start": 1506793, "end": 1507160, "sha256": "6e7305e0eab691dbb6281754fc42034a454bdf73f5446cb0672a3faf3bbe4d8d", "text": "“You are a conscientious man, Mr. Garth—a man, I trust, who feels himself accountable to God. You would not wish to injure me by being too ready to believe a slander,” said Bulstrode, casting about for pleas that might be adapted to his hearer’s mind. “That is a poor reason for giving up a connection which I think I may say will be mutually beneficial.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B03999", "bookId": 145, "start": 1507162, "end": 1507515, "sha256": "a47ee6bb96043b07747af01cb8a3731ff2db57482d48b7172fe9a3bdcb90dda0", "text": "“I would injure no man if I could help it,” said Caleb; “even if I thought God winked at it. I hope I should have a feeling for my fellow-creature. But, sir—I am obliged to believe that this Raffles has told me the truth. And I can’t be happy in working with you, or profiting by you. It hurts my mind. I must beg you to seek another agent.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04000", "bookId": 145, "start": 1507517, "end": 1507817, "sha256": "b2f5e379750e5515ada6ebee67d1e9fc199458a3785b55b344f967ac574d906d", "text": "“Very well, Mr. Garth. But I must at least claim to know the worst that he has told you. I must know what is the foul speech that I am liable to be the victim of,” said Bulstrode, a certain amount of anger beginning to mingle with his humiliation before this quiet man who renounced his benefits.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04001", "bookId": 145, "start": 1507819, "end": 1508409, "sha256": "455988c286fd2231e55a5a24f721727a1aba906c546af5b6e846aa6639c65960", "text": "“That’s needless,” said Caleb, waving his hand, bowing his head slightly, and not swerving from the tone which had in it the merciful intention to spare this pitiable man. “What he has said to me will never pass from my lips, unless something now unknown forces it from me. If you led a harmful life for gain, and kept others out of their rights by deceit, to get the more for yourself, I dare say you repent—you would like to go back, and can’t: that must be a bitter thing”—Caleb paused a moment and shook his head—“it is not for me to make your life harder to you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04002", "bookId": 145, "start": 1508411, "end": 1508574, "sha256": "4a5b84b36aa9e246a0de3204e0a884dcb5331cecad8bb5c703f84c9faf8baf5a", "text": "“But you do—you do make it harder to me,” said Bulstrode constrained into a genuine, pleading cry. “You make it harder to me by turning your back on me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04003", "bookId": 145, "start": 1508576, "end": 1509137, "sha256": "4dc1910703f7c56b81c0ae0b319bb550cf490ac1689b83aedc1dff8b9c9aea3d", "text": "“That I’m forced to do,” said Caleb, still more gently, lifting up his hand. “I am sorry. I don’t judge you and say, he is wicked, and I am righteous. God forbid. I don’t know everything. A man may do wrong, and his will may rise clear out of it, though he can’t get his life clear. That’s a bad punishment. If it is so with you,—well, I’m very sorry for you. But I have that feeling inside me, that I can’t go on working with you. That’s all, Mr. Bulstrode. Everything else is buried, so far as my will goes. And I wish you good-day.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04004", "bookId": 145, "start": 1509139, "end": 1509433, "sha256": "39c27d66c51f6bc83eac09378cf42875d7dacdf5937e8e2cf8e63aaffef4d9d3", "text": "“One moment, Mr. Garth!” said Bulstrode, hurriedly. “I may trust then to your solemn assurance that you will not repeat either to man or woman what—even if it have any degree of truth in it—is yet a malicious representation?” Caleb’s wrath was stirred, and he said, indignantly—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04005", "bookId": 145, "start": 1509435, "end": 1509560, "sha256": "0356ac10ad06cf060f7bbdbec69ab73c2b417b82456485828f74a46f67159f66", "text": "“Why should I have said it if I didn’t mean it? I am in no fear of you. Such tales as that will never tempt my tongue.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04006", "bookId": 145, "start": 1509562, "end": 1509634, "sha256": "184b1e569f5892d3ad829f40f030e558295493db10cb42aab79bbfda254213db", "text": "“Excuse me—I am agitated—I am the victim of this abandoned man.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04007", "bookId": 145, "start": 1509636, "end": 1509755, "sha256": "82d52f8660f5be7a8c7241daf4c0999480de392a9ab1dd0e99ca4e9d25f887bb", "text": "“Stop a bit! you have got to consider whether you didn’t help to make him worse, when you profited by his vices.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04008", "bookId": 145, "start": 1509757, "end": 1510022, "sha256": "31b0a848afe8b777e5a371bf64c3a5f1e9f72a14c0fa0638523b5fda861311b9", "text": "“You are wronging me by too readily believing him,” said Bulstrode, oppressed, as by a nightmare, with the inability to deny flatly what Raffles might have said; and yet feeling it an escape that Caleb had not so stated it to him as to ask for that flat denial.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04009", "bookId": 145, "start": 1510024, "end": 1510385, "sha256": "6a2cd2476b3e1ac5c75d1254c2f865cf03ab478d1d7edeee4f58adc66fe366fe", "text": "“No,” said Caleb, lifting his hand deprecatingly; “I am ready to believe better, when better is proved. I rob you of no good chance. As to speaking, I hold it a crime to expose a man’s sin unless I’m clear it must be done to save the innocent. That is my way of thinking, Mr. Bulstrode, and what I say, I’ve no need to swear. I wish you good-day.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04010", "bookId": 145, "start": 1510387, "end": 1510650, "sha256": "83314402f7571d3ddec4e483193075fbceb0a2374dc36b064e27abc70b54ce5a", "text": "Some hours later, when he was at home, Caleb said to his wife, incidentally, that he had had some little differences with Bulstrode, and that in consequence, he had given up all notion of taking Stone Court, and indeed had resigned doing further business for him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04011", "bookId": 145, "start": 1510652, "end": 1510873, "sha256": "37a0b640932dea93d63b3be19218556e5a14427dc96e008c8fdd2d080856730b", "text": "“He was disposed to interfere too much, was he?” said Mrs. Garth, imagining that her husband had been touched on his sensitive point, and not been allowed to do what he thought right as to materials and modes of work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04012", "bookId": 145, "start": 1510875, "end": 1511036, "sha256": "62d092a6c59c346c87505dfb41f140bf48363615c8a3441608fd31b8272ff7a7", "text": "“Oh,” said Caleb, bowing his head and waving his hand gravely. And Mrs. Garth knew that this was a sign of his not intending to speak further on the subject.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04013", "bookId": 145, "start": 1511038, "end": 1511174, "sha256": "d660ac3ac42576b36e53079adaadf314deff3955adc052e5041f6fcf2b5d79c8", "text": "As for Bulstrode, he had almost immediately mounted his horse and set off for Stone Court, being anxious to arrive there before Lydgate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04014", "bookId": 145, "start": 1511176, "end": 1512485, "sha256": "d8359f453d5165166791d716fe071fa40d672865467fe925a099b435933475ec", "text": "His mind was crowded with images and conjectures, which were a language to his hopes and fears, just as we hear tones from the vibrations which shake our whole system. The deep humiliation with which he had winced under Caleb Garth’s knowledge of his past and rejection of his patronage, alternated with and almost gave way to the sense of safety in the fact that Garth, and no other, had been the man to whom Raffles had spoken. It seemed to him a sort of earnest that Providence intended his rescue from worse consequences; the way being thus left open for the hope of secrecy. That Raffles should be afflicted with illness, that he should have been led to Stone Court rather than elsewhere—Bulstrode’s heart fluttered at the vision of probabilities which these events conjured up. If it should turn out that he was freed from all danger of disgrace—if he could breathe in perfect liberty—his life should be more consecrated than it had ever been before. He mentally lifted up this vow as if it would urge the result he longed for—he tried to believe in the potency of that prayerful resolution—its potency to determine death. He knew that he ought to say, “Thy will be done;” and he said it often. But the intense desire remained that the will of God might be the death of that hated man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04015", "bookId": 145, "start": 1512487, "end": 1513627, "sha256": "b01fdb7e6b566b6ac2128c4354bd446bff91b2212b0373c4aa66d2b821ad4425", "text": "Yet when he arrived at Stone Court he could not see the change in Raffles without a shock. But for his pallor and feebleness, Bulstrode would have called the change in him entirely mental. Instead of his loud tormenting mood, he showed an intense, vague terror, and seemed to deprecate Bulstrode’s anger, because the money was all gone—he had been robbed—it had half of it been taken from him. He had only come here because he was ill and somebody was hunting him—somebody was after him, he had told nobody anything, he had kept his mouth shut. Bulstrode, not knowing the significance of these symptoms, interpreted this new nervous susceptibility into a means of alarming Raffles into true confessions, and taxed him with falsehood in saying that he had not told anything, since he had just told the man who took him up in his gig and brought him to Stone Court. Raffles denied this with solemn adjurations; the fact being that the links of consciousness were interrupted in him, and that his minute terror-stricken narrative to Caleb Garth had been delivered under a set of visionary impulses which had dropped back into darkness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04016", "bookId": 145, "start": 1513629, "end": 1514736, "sha256": "3ae6e4190d44c073d6421019e8eb44197716f0c169a10e5c2893160cc2526a4a", "text": "Bulstrode’s heart sank again at this sign that he could get no grasp over the wretched man’s mind, and that no word of Raffles could be trusted as to the fact which he most wanted to know, namely, whether or not he had really kept silence to every one in the neighborhood except Caleb Garth. The housekeeper had told him without the least constraint of manner that since Mr. Garth left, Raffles had asked her for beer, and after that had not spoken, seeming very ill. On that side it might be concluded that there had been no betrayal. Mrs. Abel thought, like the servants at The Shrubs, that the strange man belonged to the unpleasant “kin” who are among the troubles of the rich; she had at first referred the kinship to Mr. Rigg, and where there was property left, the buzzing presence of such large blue-bottles seemed natural enough. How he could be “kin” to Bulstrode as well was not so clear, but Mrs. Abel agreed with her husband that there was “no knowing,” a proposition which had a great deal of mental food for her, so that she shook her head over it without further speculation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04017", "bookId": 145, "start": 1514738, "end": 1514855, "sha256": "44115668a726169f56001c833139fc0c114997e6052ea8d2808db9ff348daf91", "text": "In less than an hour Lydgate arrived. Bulstrode met him outside the wainscoted parlor, where Raffles was, and said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04018", "bookId": 145, "start": 1514857, "end": 1515294, "sha256": "b04cc7033b654f4246bc8d3c1321d6b7a822798ee0e77079fae51ba28689d579", "text": "“I have called you in, Mr. Lydgate, to an unfortunate man who was once in my employment, many years ago. Afterwards he went to America, and returned I fear to an idle dissolute life. Being destitute, he has a claim on me. He was slightly connected with Rigg, the former owner of this place, and in consequence found his way here. I believe he is seriously ill: apparently his mind is affected. I feel bound to do the utmost for him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04019", "bookId": 145, "start": 1515296, "end": 1515688, "sha256": "4387a5e1c4a77407105eb47eec99adee223324891ea156e09538944a6cecc22b", "text": "Lydgate, who had the remembrance of his last conversation with Bulstrode strongly upon him, was not disposed to say an unnecessary word to him, and bowed slightly in answer to this account; but just before entering the room he turned automatically and said, “What is his name?”—to know names being as much a part of the medical man’s accomplishment as of the practical politician’s.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04020", "bookId": 145, "start": 1515690, "end": 1515819, "sha256": "8a0328d8924a1446099a30f739b20f04ee25a1660da7628a54ba251a7b828d34", "text": "“Raffles, John Raffles,” said Bulstrode, who hoped that whatever became of Raffles, Lydgate would never know any more of him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04021", "bookId": 145, "start": 1515821, "end": 1516022, "sha256": "f0fcb64ab54cba38910537c855aa5eae0bcf2dbc7efa3fe52dcf36b32436c946", "text": "When he had thoroughly examined and considered the patient, Lydgate ordered that he should go to bed, and be kept there in as complete quiet as possible, and then went with Bulstrode into another room.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04022", "bookId": 145, "start": 1516024, "end": 1516112, "sha256": "4b1b331bedf9014830e90d383586057c0e47067d0d7da726423f27caa6fca907", "text": "“It is a serious case, I apprehend,” said the banker, before Lydgate began to speak.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04023", "bookId": 145, "start": 1516114, "end": 1516446, "sha256": "0c230321b702ee8b47edeadfd9246d3280da091e29fc79dbe316132280af63a7", "text": "“No—and yes,” said Lydgate, half dubiously. “It is difficult to decide as to the possible effect of long-standing complications; but the man had a robust constitution to begin with. I should not expect this attack to be fatal, though of course the system is in a ticklish state. He should be well watched and attended to.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04024", "bookId": 145, "start": 1516448, "end": 1516646, "sha256": "78c780d5239edfc77e704ab6e7fe7fb8dbe173a2ebc70d8adfc2cd828bfc56b2", "text": "“I will remain here myself,” said Bulstrode. “Mrs. Abel and her husband are inexperienced. I can easily remain here for the night, if you will oblige me by taking a note for Mrs. Bulstrode.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04025", "bookId": 145, "start": 1516648, "end": 1516825, "sha256": "a1a34baac75295d679229774aa26cdc90d9a7dc2f6e059537104ae3dd0a370e0", "text": "“I should think that is hardly necessary,” said Lydgate. “He seems tame and terrified enough. He might become more unmanageable. But there is a man here—is there not?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04026", "bookId": 145, "start": 1516827, "end": 1517040, "sha256": "1e000aa23b69eeaeb97c32fb8de21031e3b7f6bb0150e0a7cd0c92ec5c590110", "text": "“I have more than once stayed here a few nights for the sake of seclusion,” said Bulstrode, indifferently; “I am quite disposed to do so now. Mrs. Abel and her husband can relieve or aid me, if necessary.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04027", "bookId": 145, "start": 1517042, "end": 1517176, "sha256": "702f02a59021ea41b57747cae914b9966c48e14ef1e05a9b9d4ad3f12cb9ff08", "text": "“Very well. Then I need give my directions only to you,” said Lydgate, not feeling surprised at a little peculiarity in Bulstrode.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04028", "bookId": 145, "start": 1517178, "end": 1517284, "sha256": "d4200461917adc9ad4d841cec6796650d81aebc0ada8a744a4167d998d390656", "text": "“You think, then, that the case is hopeful?” said Bulstrode, when Lydgate had ended giving his orders.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04029", "bookId": 145, "start": 1517286, "end": 1517799, "sha256": "58f87ca341a192c237d10e0f73f45a3e8e0cd67ecd636da90e96b0655958a3e4", "text": "“Unless there turn out to be further complications, such as I have not at present detected—yes,” said Lydgate. “He may pass on to a worse stage; but I should not wonder if he got better in a few days, by adhering to the treatment I have prescribed. There must be firmness. Remember, if he calls for liquors of any sort, not to give them to him. In my opinion, men in his condition are oftener killed by treatment than by the disease. Still, new symptoms may arise. I shall come again to-morrow morning.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04030", "bookId": 145, "start": 1517801, "end": 1518438, "sha256": "e023a0413cd6ef15c574abfe2b6b32afe3a1554bc9792174bbd29d5189d21b5f", "text": "After waiting for the note to be carried to Mrs. Bulstrode, Lydgate rode away, forming no conjectures, in the first instance, about the history of Raffles, but rehearsing the whole argument, which had lately been much stirred by the publication of Dr. Ware’s abundant experience in America, as to the right way of treating cases of alcoholic poisoning such as this. Lydgate, when abroad, had already been interested in this question: he was strongly convinced against the prevalent practice of allowing alcohol and persistently administering large doses of opium; and he had repeatedly acted on this conviction with a favorable result.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04031", "bookId": 145, "start": 1518440, "end": 1518990, "sha256": "5ea107ef75719808a2e2aaf0ee74fe6bda1ae56fbc0226fb50aa295d3415e79f", "text": "“The man is in a diseased state,” he thought, “but there’s a good deal of wear in him still. I suppose he is an object of charity to Bulstrode. It is curious what patches of hardness and tenderness lie side by side in men’s dispositions. Bulstrode seems the most unsympathetic fellow I ever saw about some people, and yet he has taken no end of trouble, and spent a great deal of money, on benevolent objects. I suppose he has some test by which he finds out whom Heaven cares for—he has made up his mind that it doesn’t care for me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04032", "bookId": 145, "start": 1518992, "end": 1520963, "sha256": "4b0f9fb70fdd50403fd42626b9e8a0b3a782cd80c291692defa12b13297d4374", "text": "This streak of bitterness came from a plenteous source, and kept widening in the current of his thought as he neared Lowick Gate. He had not been there since his first interview with Bulstrode in the morning, having been found at the Hospital by the banker’s messenger; and for the first time he was returning to his home without the vision of any expedient in the background which left him a hope of raising money enough to deliver him from the coming destitution of everything which made his married life tolerable—everything which saved him and Rosamond from that bare isolation in which they would be forced to recognize how little of a comfort they could be to each other. It was more bearable to do without tenderness for himself than to see that his own tenderness could make no amends for the lack of other things to her. The sufferings of his own pride from humiliations past and to come were keen enough, yet they were hardly distinguishable to himself from that more acute pain which dominated them—the pain of foreseeing that Rosamond would come to regard him chiefly as the cause of disappointment and unhappiness to her. He had never liked the makeshifts of poverty, and they had never before entered into his prospects for himself; but he was beginning now to imagine how two creatures who loved each other, and had a stock of thoughts in common, might laugh over their shabby furniture, and their calculations how far they could afford butter and eggs. But the glimpse of that poetry seemed as far off from him as the carelessness of the golden age; in poor Rosamond’s mind there was not room enough for luxuries to look small in. He got down from his horse in a very sad mood, and went into the house, not expecting to be cheered except by his dinner, and reflecting that before the evening closed it would be wise to tell Rosamond of his application to Bulstrode and its failure. It would be well not to lose time in preparing her for the worst.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04033", "bookId": 145, "start": 1520965, "end": 1521400, "sha256": "8c9b1463b937d6edee21306cae4d7c2a910da7244b60fc71ab42d5417a38110c", "text": "But his dinner waited long for him before he was able to eat it. For on entering he found that Dover’s agent had already put a man in the house, and when he asked where Mrs. Lydgate was, he was told that she was in her bedroom. He went up and found her stretched on the bed pale and silent, without an answer even in her face to any word or look of his. He sat down by the bed and leaning over her said with almost a cry of prayer—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04034", "bookId": 145, "start": 1521402, "end": 1521483, "sha256": "681ff47d0742e097dbbaab7311bd4da0e220052e6f0f5aa4aaeef8f3bee3788d", "text": "“Forgive me for this misery, my poor Rosamond! Let us only love one another.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04035", "bookId": 145, "start": 1521485, "end": 1521719, "sha256": "9fb0c0e167e5d7f8bcb7a6c41031e04c57ad1c120e3501200374f591d22200a3", "text": "She looked at him silently, still with the blank despair on her face; but then the tears began to fill her blue eyes, and her lip trembled. The strong man had had too much to bear that day. He let his head fall beside hers and sobbed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04036", "bookId": 145, "start": 1521721, "end": 1522215, "sha256": "d2589c6fc349a3226a9cdaba2627e47910f0319f346ba3b5f4567b95135cd0d3", "text": "He did not hinder her from going to her father early in the morning—it seemed now that he ought not to hinder her from doing as she pleased. In half an hour she came back, and said that papa and mamma wished her to go and stay with them while things were in this miserable state. Papa said he could do nothing about the debt—if he paid this, there would be half-a-dozen more. She had better come back home again till Lydgate had got a comfortable home for her. “Do you object, Tertius?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04037", "bookId": 145, "start": 1522217, "end": 1522328, "sha256": "5ec72713d9abe9e6757ba0051ba0fd15aca65c978fab159c84acc0b0ba4c27a8", "text": "“Do as you like,” said Lydgate. “But things are not coming to a crisis immediately. There is no hurry.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04038", "bookId": 145, "start": 1522330, "end": 1522421, "sha256": "44be33321a0b72396a5927cc415c43addb7c124604d112cc6e772cfdbee9d41c", "text": "“I should not go till to-morrow,” said Rosamond; “I shall want to pack my clothes.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04039", "bookId": 145, "start": 1522423, "end": 1522620, "sha256": "99e9bb5251c61b6e830cb13904b252478e69b25a505bce1151aa3157d634e79f", "text": "“Oh, I would wait a little longer than to-morrow—there is no knowing what may happen,” said Lydgate, with bitter irony. “I may get my neck broken, and that may make things easier to you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04040", "bookId": 145, "start": 1522622, "end": 1523040, "sha256": "70c5e8b1bd7d8769a38401f349cb6d86b80fff99e4509209f38acad237d4da8f", "text": "It was Lydgate’s misfortune and Rosamond’s too, that his tenderness towards her, which was both an emotional prompting and a well-considered resolve, was inevitably interrupted by these outbursts of indignation either ironical or remonstrant. She thought them totally unwarranted, and the repulsion which this exceptional severity excited in her was in danger of making the more persistent tenderness unacceptable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04041", "bookId": 145, "start": 1523042, "end": 1523222, "sha256": "7ea414623ab302e35500ae8fb6cddff36e3787992f8c4479e60ba15b18d94dcd", "text": "“I see you do not wish me to go,” she said, with chill mildness; “why can you not say so, without that kind of violence? I shall stay until you request me to do otherwise.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04042", "bookId": 145, "start": 1523224, "end": 1523495, "sha256": "d00673f4372d4a7954c169e2664e7fc24536eabc0406c6adc80e82d82c57a8ea", "text": "Lydgate said no more, but went out on his rounds. He felt bruised and shattered, and there was a dark line under his eyes which Rosamond had not seen before. She could not bear to look at him. Tertius had a way of taking things which made them a great deal worse for her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04043", "bookId": 145, "start": 1523500, "end": 1523512, "sha256": "a230b8ca72d2d5cc6555e6e4b9c8c4505e141f7e641c816f5bbad310d4715b00", "text": "CHAPTER LXX.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04044", "bookId": 145, "start": 1523514, "end": 1523605, "sha256": "10118786c4d02069805d43dd6098ca71d956860f46595916f4a4de440f10bf8c", "text": "“Our deeds still travel with us from afar, And what we have been makes us what we are.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04045", "bookId": 145, "start": 1523608, "end": 1524590, "sha256": "0843dcff802ee5285133c18f89112e817b9c22fc2689b658d797be6f984b9742", "text": "Bulstrode’s first object after Lydgate had left Stone Court was to examine Raffles’s pockets, which he imagined were sure to carry signs in the shape of hotel-bills of the places he had stopped in, if he had not told the truth in saying that he had come straight from Liverpool because he was ill and had no money. There were various bills crammed into his pocketbook, but none of a later date than Christmas at any other place, except one, which bore date that morning. This was crumpled up with a hand-bill about a horse-fair in one of his tail-pockets, and represented the cost of three days’ stay at an inn at Bilkley, where the fair was held—a town at least forty miles from Middlemarch. The bill was heavy, and since Raffles had no luggage with him, it seemed probable that he had left his portmanteau behind in payment, in order to save money for his travelling fare; for his purse was empty, and he had only a couple of sixpences and some loose pence in his pockets.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04046", "bookId": 145, "start": 1524592, "end": 1526424, "sha256": "d275abbfd1bfadd527e4fab64ee852e33b4e73cf924a23c1063f0d7903b9b971", "text": "Bulstrode gathered a sense of safety from these indications that Raffles had really kept at a distance from Middlemarch since his memorable visit at Christmas. At a distance and among people who were strangers to Bulstrode, what satisfaction could there be to Raffles’s tormenting, self-magnifying vein in telling old scandalous stories about a Middlemarch banker? And what harm if he did talk? The chief point now was to keep watch over him as long as there was any danger of that intelligible raving, that unaccountable impulse to tell, which seemed to have acted towards Caleb Garth; and Bulstrode felt much anxiety lest some such impulse should come over him at the sight of Lydgate. He sat up alone with him through the night, only ordering the housekeeper to lie down in her clothes, so as to be ready when he called her, alleging his own indisposition to sleep, and his anxiety to carry out the doctor’s orders. He did carry them out faithfully, although Raffles was incessantly asking for brandy, and declaring that he was sinking away—that the earth was sinking away from under him. He was restless and sleepless, but still quailing and manageable. On the offer of the food ordered by Lydgate, which he refused, and the denial of other things which he demanded, he seemed to concentrate all his terror on Bulstrode, imploringly deprecating his anger, his revenge on him by starvation, and declaring with strong oaths that he had never told any mortal a word against him. Even this Bulstrode felt that he would not have liked Lydgate to hear; but a more alarming sign of fitful alternation in his delirium was, that in-the morning twilight Raffles suddenly seemed to imagine a doctor present, addressing him and declaring that Bulstrode wanted to starve him to death out of revenge for telling, when he never had told.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04047", "bookId": 145, "start": 1526426, "end": 1528030, "sha256": "8f0f8093c4816af42b4ca36879dacec2e334a77afe5a0060aa01c0db6d874dda", "text": "Bulstrode’s native imperiousness and strength of determination served him well. This delicate-looking man, himself nervously perturbed, found the needed stimulus in his strenuous circumstances, and through that difficult night and morning, while he had the air of an animated corpse returned to movement without warmth, holding the mastery by its chill impassibility, his mind was intensely at work thinking of what he had to guard against and what would win him security. Whatever prayers he might lift up, whatever statements he might inwardly make of this man’s wretched spiritual condition, and the duty he himself was under to submit to the punishment divinely appointed for him rather than to wish for evil to another—through all this effort to condense words into a solid mental state, there pierced and spread with irresistible vividness the images of the events he desired. And in the train of those images came their apology. He could not but see the death of Raffles, and see in it his own deliverance. What was the removal of this wretched creature? He was impenitent—but were not public criminals impenitent?—yet the law decided on their fate. Should Providence in this case award death, there was no sin in contemplating death as the desirable issue—if he kept his hands from hastening it—if he scrupulously did what was prescribed. Even here there might be a mistake: human prescriptions were fallible things: Lydgate had said that treatment had hastened death,—why not his own method of treatment? But of course intention was everything in the question of right and wrong.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04048", "bookId": 145, "start": 1528032, "end": 1528478, "sha256": "6e7320b5d53a0be392928f9bd981c5f6abbecc04bc7e3f238b3bc15ff90958ea", "text": "And Bulstrode set himself to keep his intention separate from his desire. He inwardly declared that he intended to obey orders. Why should he have got into any argument about the validity of these orders? It was only the common trick of desire—which avails itself of any irrelevant scepticism, finding larger room for itself in all uncertainty about effects, in every obscurity that looks like the absence of law. Still, he did obey the orders.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04049", "bookId": 145, "start": 1528480, "end": 1529494, "sha256": "4d6723e6de5cab20e7c0f8b724c3e6666702fa9813d37231b7f411071f09ad78", "text": "His anxieties continually glanced towards Lydgate, and his remembrance of what had taken place between them the morning before was accompanied with sensibilities which had not been roused at all during the actual scene. He had then cared but little about Lydgate’s painful impressions with regard to the suggested change in the Hospital, or about the disposition towards himself which what he held to be his justifiable refusal of a rather exorbitant request might call forth. He recurred to the scene now with a perception that he had probably made Lydgate his enemy, and with an awakened desire to propitiate him, or rather to create in him a strong sense of personal obligation. He regretted that he had not at once made even an unreasonable money-sacrifice. For in case of unpleasant suspicions, or even knowledge gathered from the raving of Raffles, Bulstrode would have felt that he had a defence in Lydgate’s mind by having conferred a momentous benefit on him. But the regret had perhaps come too late.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04050", "bookId": 145, "start": 1529496, "end": 1529861, "sha256": "d5556e580237607d97c6ea43e66a3c713251959917da02d595c2f80f581e0a0d", "text": "Strange, piteous conflict in the soul of this unhappy man, who had longed for years to be better than he was—who had taken his selfish passions into discipline and clad them in severe robes, so that he had walked with them as a devout choir, till now that a terror had risen among them, and they could chant no longer, but threw out their common cries for safety.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04051", "bookId": 145, "start": 1529863, "end": 1530415, "sha256": "d956ea14d7e8347357c9c1459c161c56881bc62f11ec16102caa1f8d51f2a5d4", "text": "It was nearly the middle of the day before Lydgate arrived: he had meant to come earlier, but had been detained, he said; and his shattered looks were noticed by Balstrode. But he immediately threw himself into the consideration of the patient, and inquired strictly into all that had occurred. Raffles was worse, would take hardly any food, was persistently wakeful and restlessly raving; but still not violent. Contrary to Bulstrode’s alarmed expectation, he took little notice of Lydgate’s presence, and continued to talk or murmur incoherently.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04052", "bookId": 145, "start": 1530417, "end": 1530476, "sha256": "c359e00a472478248c090f0755fc0503e4495e86973348c1e428e0ec8410cf7a", "text": "“What do you think of him?” said Bulstrode, in private.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04053", "bookId": 145, "start": 1530478, "end": 1530507, "sha256": "47757512e9dce647f4f01220add30ac1f9cc7cb6e3572f67a45eef63f80baa9e", "text": "“The symptoms are worse.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04054", "bookId": 145, "start": 1530509, "end": 1530536, "sha256": "57b3298d07ca92826b694326746c107c3726a01d21ba049d1c554b8f8a7a2fe6", "text": "“You are less hopeful?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04055", "bookId": 145, "start": 1530538, "end": 1530763, "sha256": "891bf065b767232f6104ec9956ab6ee5a4eb16d55d550e01a995ee68218c7404", "text": "“No; I still think he may come round. Are you going to stay here yourself?” said Lydgate, looking at Bulstrode with an abrupt question, which made him uneasy, though in reality it was not due to any suspicious conjecture.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04056", "bookId": 145, "start": 1530765, "end": 1531116, "sha256": "3f0e46cc6a02959a722b62bf542fef8b20ed8efb18c7d98e978677dcbb8b3110", "text": "“Yes, I think so,” said Bulstrode, governing himself and speaking with deliberation. “Mrs. Bulstrode is advised of the reasons which detain me. Mrs. Abel and her husband are not experienced enough to be left quite alone, and this kind of responsibility is scarcely included in their service of me. You have some fresh instructions, I presume.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04057", "bookId": 145, "start": 1531118, "end": 1531552, "sha256": "4cf318dbc0696b7da7834b51876da0da169b0855b2d1a08afe6e53ea245e2a98", "text": "The chief new instruction that Lydgate had to give was on the administration of extremely moderate doses of opium, in case of the sleeplessness continuing after several hours. He had taken the precaution of bringing opium in his pocket, and he gave minute directions to Bulstrode as to the doses, and the point at which they should cease. He insisted on the risk of not ceasing; and repeated his order that no alcohol should be given.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04058", "bookId": 145, "start": 1531554, "end": 1531746, "sha256": "83fe179a18fcb3e628b72e954a827464fd97d5a1cb8205eed786e312c5f70c99", "text": "“From what I see of the case,” he ended, “narcotism is the only thing I should be much afraid of. He may wear through even without much food. There’s a good deal of strength in him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04059", "bookId": 145, "start": 1531748, "end": 1532070, "sha256": "be903bf694c71bcfd30cfe528c036e47b81318043b847f3c0415a70d30aadf88", "text": "“You look ill yourself, Mr. Lydgate—a most unusual, I may say unprecedented thing in my knowledge of you,” said Bulstrode, showing a solicitude as unlike his indifference the day before, as his present recklessness about his own fatigue was unlike his habitual self-cherishing anxiety. “I fear you are harassed.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04060", "bookId": 145, "start": 1532072, "end": 1532147, "sha256": "26166dde7fd50cb00ba75aa0f67d6b83a934146e16305c03f4cec11b0271ff2f", "text": "“Yes, I am,” said Lydgate, brusquely, holding his hat, and ready to go.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04061", "bookId": 145, "start": 1532149, "end": 1532228, "sha256": "cb717c0d4193867071019a2c6ba0efbdd22169a8cc7445f0fa43bce29751adc3", "text": "“Something new, I fear,” said Bulstrode, inquiringly. “Pray be seated.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04062", "bookId": 145, "start": 1532230, "end": 1532533, "sha256": "250f5e80eac939f6f9b80b24e5803fd230b2009d9727579c1f54e28d0c0534a5", "text": "“No, thank you,” said Lydgate, with some hauteur. “I mentioned to you yesterday what was the state of my affairs. There is nothing to add, except that the execution has since then been actually put into my house. One can tell a good deal of trouble in a short sentence. I will say good morning.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04063", "bookId": 145, "start": 1532535, "end": 1533072, "sha256": "5de6b46a05de079f15363053fe579b6a0c842e545d528428789bd4532b7fe5a0", "text": "“Stay, Mr. Lydgate, stay,” said Bulstrode; “I have been reconsidering this subject. I was yesterday taken by surprise, and saw it superficially. Mrs. Bulstrode is anxious for her niece, and I myself should grieve at a calamitous change in your position. Claims on me are numerous, but on reconsideration, I esteem it right that I should incur a small sacrifice rather than leave you unaided. You said, I think, that a thousand pounds would suffice entirely to free you from your burthens, and enable you to recover a firm stand?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04064", "bookId": 145, "start": 1533074, "end": 1533321, "sha256": "b324e50ae70287d7f9ee272d6dbf176171ef5d60c3f88b9449be26d6fb859472", "text": "“Yes,” said Lydgate, a great leap of joy within him surmounting every other feeling; “that would pay all my debts, and leave me a little on hand. I could set about economizing in our way of living. And by-and-by my practice might look up.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04065", "bookId": 145, "start": 1533323, "end": 1533478, "sha256": "17d449d4493bcaeb4669442e25b20cfc7f7b5d556d2708caffafaac7a87ad026", "text": "“If you will wait a moment, Mr. Lydgate, I will draw a check to that amount. I am aware that help, to be effectual in these cases, should be thorough.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04066", "bookId": 145, "start": 1533480, "end": 1533653, "sha256": "2e7ac3fd30847a207947057ca6f61a99228b78054991f3e431bdd09e50f1d481", "text": "While Bulstrode wrote, Lydgate turned to the window thinking of his home—thinking of his life with its good start saved from frustration, its good purposes still unbroken.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04067", "bookId": 145, "start": 1533655, "end": 1533939, "sha256": "f8935a829f53f8efe30437ba98759203e541bdd5e87adc6896b4a710ec7e666e", "text": "“You can give me a note of hand for this, Mr. Lydgate,” said the banker, advancing towards him with the check. “And by-and-by, I hope, you may be in circumstances gradually to repay me. Meanwhile, I have pleasure in thinking that you will be released from further difficulty.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04068", "bookId": 145, "start": 1533941, "end": 1534087, "sha256": "30b66a06ece79d10923e0a8c922558588f98692ff53f3ab6bce1ea21c1408e32", "text": "“I am deeply obliged to you,” said Lydgate. “You have restored to me the prospect of working with some happiness and some chance of good.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04069", "bookId": 145, "start": 1534089, "end": 1534758, "sha256": "7e1f7c83b1ede7bbb4af1400d768cb6d34a2072da4a401f3e9a69731560e6849", "text": "It appeared to him a very natural movement in Bulstrode that he should have reconsidered his refusal: it corresponded with the more munificent side of his character. But as he put his hack into a canter, that he might get the sooner home, and tell the good news to Rosamond, and get cash at the bank to pay over to Dover’s agent, there crossed his mind, with an unpleasant impression, as from a dark-winged flight of evil augury across his vision, the thought of that contrast in himself which a few months had brought—that he should be overjoyed at being under a strong personal obligation—that he should be overjoyed at getting money for himself from Bulstrode.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04070", "bookId": 145, "start": 1534760, "end": 1536331, "sha256": "44dd4cf3a8b0284876168fbb35899c5b97c1f7e68dccbec7b674f775612812bb", "text": "The banker felt that he had done something to nullify one cause of uneasiness, and yet he was scarcely the easier. He did not measure the quantity of diseased motive which had made him wish for Lydgate’s good-will, but the quantity was none the less actively there, like an irritating agent in his blood. A man vows, and yet will not cast away the means of breaking his vow. Is it that he distinctly means to break it? Not at all; but the desires which tend to break it are at work in him dimly, and make their way into his imagination, and relax his muscles in the very moments when he is telling himself over again the reasons for his vow. Raffles, recovering quickly, returning to the free use of his odious powers—how could Bulstrode wish for that? Raffles dead was the image that brought release, and indirectly he prayed for that way of release, beseeching that, if it were possible, the rest of his days here below might be freed from the threat of an ignominy which would break him utterly as an instrument of God’s service. Lydgate’s opinion was not on the side of promise that this prayer would be fulfilled; and as the day advanced, Bulstrode felt himself getting irritated at the persistent life in this man, whom he would fain have seen sinking into the silence of death: imperious will stirred murderous impulses towards this brute life, over which will, by itself, had no power. He said inwardly that he was getting too much worn; he would not sit up with the patient to-night, but leave him to Mrs. Abel, who, if necessary, could call her husband.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04071", "bookId": 145, "start": 1536333, "end": 1537084, "sha256": "c994f7b770d7768274faebd127992c1bfda644241d5250c0ccd1c1d8a717ed59", "text": "At six o’clock, Raffles, having had only fitful perturbed snatches of sleep, from which he waked with fresh restlessness and perpetual cries that he was sinking away, Bulstrode began to administer the opium according to Lydgate’s directions. At the end of half an hour or more he called Mrs. Abel and told her that he found himself unfit for further watching. He must now consign the patient to her care; and he proceeded to repeat to her Lydgate’s directions as to the quantity of each dose. Mrs. Abel had not before known anything of Lydgate’s prescriptions; she had simply prepared and brought whatever Bulstrode ordered, and had done what he pointed out to her. She began now to ask what else she should do besides administering the opium.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04072", "bookId": 145, "start": 1537086, "end": 1537360, "sha256": "d7f568644d30f13d6c3e50fcfcf5853b4a239aeb65c4ae5d54b015070e7b6495", "text": "“Nothing at present, except the offer of the soup or the soda-water: you can come to me for further directions. Unless there is any important change, I shall not come into the room again to-night. You will ask your husband for help if necessary. I must go to bed early.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04073", "bookId": 145, "start": 1537362, "end": 1537492, "sha256": "378e9dacad9284eda6c5c317a2413ff6d516d7d9e1510cbc06c8fb5bd8e8fb8a", "text": "“You’ve much need, sir, I’m sure,” said Mrs. Abel, “and to take something more strengthening than what you’ve done.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04074", "bookId": 145, "start": 1537494, "end": 1538791, "sha256": "0fa2d7af501aec1cda5c4fae2b3a22cab821f49365e2a57c223303b85bc6dd12", "text": "Bulstrode went away now without anxiety as to what Raffles might say in his raving, which had taken on a muttering incoherence not likely to create any dangerous belief. At any rate he must risk this. He went down into the wainscoted parlor first, and began to consider whether he would not have his horse saddled and go home by the moonlight, and give up caring for earthly consequences. Then, he wished that he had begged Lydgate to come again that evening. Perhaps he might deliver a different opinion, and think that Raffles was getting into a less hopeful state. Should he send for Lydgate? If Raffles were really getting worse, and slowly dying, Bulstrode felt that he could go to bed and sleep in gratitude to Providence. But was he worse? Lydgate might come and simply say that he was going on as he expected, and predict that he would by-and-by fall into a good sleep, and get well. What was the use of sending for him? Bulstrode shrank from that result. No ideas or opinions could hinder him from seeing the one probability to be, that Raffles recovered would be just the same man as before, with his strength as a tormentor renewed, obliging him to drag away his wife to spend her years apart from her friends and native place, carrying an alienating suspicion against him in her heart.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04075", "bookId": 145, "start": 1538793, "end": 1539044, "sha256": "8014f7f82511168d9b14ca184c330cc95a5a1a4022a7d9cbd7d0cbd9f0a43ed2", "text": "He had sat an hour and a half in this conflict by the firelight only, when a sudden thought made him rise and light the bed-candle, which he had brought down with him. The thought was, that he had not told Mrs. Abel when the doses of opium must cease.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04076", "bookId": 145, "start": 1539046, "end": 1539723, "sha256": "75e5d6a99a3d47aba22418ef4f1e6e7f4bfde94d3b5603adfa81487f01744668", "text": "He took hold of the candlestick, but stood motionless for a long while. She might already have given him more than Lydgate had prescribed. But it was excusable in him, that he should forget part of an order, in his present wearied condition. He walked up-stairs, candle in hand, not knowing whether he should straightway enter his own room and go to bed, or turn to the patient’s room and rectify his omission. He paused in the passage, with his face turned towards Raffles’s room, and he could hear him moaning and murmuring. He was not asleep, then. Who could know that Lydgate’s prescription would not be better disobeyed than followed, since there was still no sleep?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04077", "bookId": 145, "start": 1539725, "end": 1539873, "sha256": "357fe1509b37d4df9e740974c40af4c9c778a6c7580eb1a74680ee62b0278b1c", "text": "He turned into his own room. Before he had quite undressed, Mrs. Abel rapped at the door; he opened it an inch, so that he could hear her speak low.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04078", "bookId": 145, "start": 1539875, "end": 1540144, "sha256": "54017ac2e6acfa68ea785b5d0e8194ea717f330155b4494ba0f9c4e577b374b9", "text": "“If you please, sir, should I have no brandy nor nothing to give the poor creetur? He feels sinking away, and nothing else will he swaller—and but little strength in it, if he did—only the opium. And he says more and more he’s sinking down through the earth.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04079", "bookId": 145, "start": 1540146, "end": 1540228, "sha256": "52a1f2034c6b66b995cca1991092a31015afba24526d63703a5bee45891efda2", "text": "To her surprise, Mr. Bulstrode did not answer. A struggle was going on within him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04080", "bookId": 145, "start": 1540230, "end": 1540484, "sha256": "c0a8a25e585669c1327a2b9ebcbbe159eab52a1c4af492fc542dabddcb0638d9", "text": "“I think he must die for want o’ support, if he goes on in that way. When I nursed my poor master, Mr. Robisson, I had to give him port-wine and brandy constant, and a big glass at a time,” added Mrs. Abel, with a touch of remonstrance in her tone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04081", "bookId": 145, "start": 1540486, "end": 1540812, "sha256": "28f6c4b980c79775783de98cf5ec0c961bc6c9e77f55587ac67430dcd4af9288", "text": "But again Mr. Bulstrode did not answer immediately, and she continued, “It’s not a time to spare when people are at death’s door, nor would you wish it, sir, I’m sure. Else I should give him our own bottle o’ rum as we keep by us. But a sitter-up so as you’ve been, and doing everything as laid in your power—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04082", "bookId": 145, "start": 1540814, "end": 1540976, "sha256": "904636f088e7cd40cad95123147a87b8bdf2b5c3e794325fe130662b59a3b229", "text": "Here a key was thrust through the inch of doorway, and Mr. Bulstrode said huskily, “That is the key of the wine-cooler. You will find plenty of brandy there.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04083", "bookId": 145, "start": 1540978, "end": 1541411, "sha256": "e24a339671870e5e21c11b4164724a334104ca2050bff80a3c45a52f1fb7e654", "text": "Early in the morning—about six—Mr. Bulstrode rose and spent some time in prayer. Does any one suppose that private prayer is necessarily candid—necessarily goes to the roots of action? Private prayer is inaudible speech, and speech is representative: who can represent himself just as he is, even in his own reflections? Bulstrode had not yet unravelled in his thought the confused promptings of the last four-and-twenty hours.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04084", "bookId": 145, "start": 1541413, "end": 1541657, "sha256": "d3ec6327f63321a45b88df28a84ff59094715baffa77fab0ceffc306120c61b1", "text": "He listened in the passage, and could hear hard stertorous breathing. Then he walked out in the garden, and looked at the early rime on the grass and fresh spring leaves. When he re-entered the house, he felt startled at the sight of Mrs. Abel.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04085", "bookId": 145, "start": 1541659, "end": 1541757, "sha256": "0ca576f147f07fc1538b94b2c8b03c27d17a1536b9d5dc993e454cf6ece9d4f8", "text": "“How is your patient—asleep, I think?” he said, with an attempt at cheerfulness in his tone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04086", "bookId": 145, "start": 1541759, "end": 1542014, "sha256": "3f2c0f14c92689f133cb8ba94afb81829bec76b80d7c529908c15e340687fd9b", "text": "“He’s gone very deep, sir,” said Mrs. Abel. “He went off gradual between three and four o’clock. Would you please to go and look at him? I thought it no harm to leave him. My man’s gone afield, and the little girl’s seeing to the kettles.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04087", "bookId": 145, "start": 1542016, "end": 1542183, "sha256": "73028d9b1b1a49e367136011b59232269f3d2705b3b5b8c3dc014992080cc12f", "text": "Bulstrode went up. At a glance he knew that Raffles was not in the sleep which brings revival, but in the sleep which streams deeper and deeper into the gulf of death.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04088", "bookId": 145, "start": 1542185, "end": 1542404, "sha256": "4c277704a03bef3acd69f9e447cf929eac53e092be7bdf47d02338bf963e146f", "text": "He looked round the room and saw a bottle with some brandy in it, and the almost empty opium phial. He put the phial out of sight, and carried the brandy-bottle down-stairs with him, locking it again in the wine-cooler.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04089", "bookId": 145, "start": 1542406, "end": 1542627, "sha256": "1e312cd392127166b8fa8c0f2084862c1fddbcc881439a9c91efd1c355bc57f2", "text": "While breakfasting he considered whether he should ride to Middlemarch at once, or wait for Lydgate’s arrival. He decided to wait, and told Mrs. Abel that she might go about her work—he could watch in the bed-chamber.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04090", "bookId": 145, "start": 1542629, "end": 1543765, "sha256": "db74108d60c8e7f0034860af9ed4587d6cb92774484ddddedc0a1d5a0a8b0d73", "text": "As he sat there and beheld the enemy of his peace going irrevocably into silence, he felt more at rest than he had done for many months. His conscience was soothed by the enfolding wing of secrecy, which seemed just then like an angel sent down for his relief. He drew out his pocket-book to review various memoranda there as to the arrangements he had projected and partly carried out in the prospect of quitting Middlemarch, and considered how far he would let them stand or recall them, now that his absence would be brief. Some economies which he felt desirable might still find a suitable occasion in his temporary withdrawal from management, and he hoped still that Mrs. Casaubon would take a large share in the expenses of the Hospital. In that way the moments passed, until a change in the stertorous breathing was marked enough to draw his attention wholly to the bed, and forced him to think of the departing life, which had once been subservient to his own—which he had once been glad to find base enough for him to act on as he would. It was his gladness then which impelled him now to be glad that the life was at an end.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04091", "bookId": 145, "start": 1543767, "end": 1543865, "sha256": "336edf1e694950313e5f3ed6308a5e6d969e97e9b1eda3357af243ad411ddbf8", "text": "And who could say that the death of Raffles had been hastened? Who knew what would have saved him?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04092", "bookId": 145, "start": 1543867, "end": 1544294, "sha256": "d07d26bf383aae000a77b28eb1d6b2ed16fb054cfc505f5d34fa41ee5d4df5f8", "text": "Lydgate arrived at half-past ten, in time to witness the final pause of the breath. When he entered the room Bulstrode observed a sudden expression in his face, which was not so much surprise as a recognition that he had not judged correctly. He stood by the bed in silence for some time, with his eyes turned on the dying man, but with that subdued activity of expression which showed that he was carrying on an inward debate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04093", "bookId": 145, "start": 1544296, "end": 1544360, "sha256": "bfc9bf982a49c2e5edda06d861e41334e61d626d66c921569b81b77b6b0c8c54", "text": "“When did this change begin?” said he, looking at Bulstrode.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04094", "bookId": 145, "start": 1544362, "end": 1544608, "sha256": "1c3657cece3d8d9c3808c7fbc7ee922babe145c6ac671171c8ad311fb0fc4617", "text": "“I did not watch by him last night,” said Bulstrode. “I was over-worn, and left him under Mrs. Abel’s care. She said that he sank into sleep between three and four o’clock. When I came in before eight he was nearly in this condition.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04095", "bookId": 145, "start": 1544610, "end": 1544708, "sha256": "9023d3529e8c2c153f882b5b7cf33be44fcd44ca7fec4b19f99a7336a5d6f7f2", "text": "Lydgate did not ask another question, but watched in silence until he said, “It’s all over.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04096", "bookId": 145, "start": 1544710, "end": 1545365, "sha256": "52988e3cecb708cc5614bd2f44a40915816a60a12c0edae690329fb84f5adea2", "text": "This morning Lydgate was in a state of recovered hope and freedom. He had set out on his work with all his old animation, and felt himself strong enough to bear all the deficiencies of his married life. And he was conscious that Bulstrode had been a benefactor to him. But he was uneasy about this case. He had not expected it to terminate as it had done. Yet he hardly knew how to put a question on the subject to Bulstrode without appearing to insult him; and if he examined the housekeeper—why, the man was dead. There seemed to be no use in implying that somebody’s ignorance or imprudence had killed him. And after all, he himself might be wrong.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04097", "bookId": 145, "start": 1545367, "end": 1545822, "sha256": "8d69a0afd2b58d42faf6e8ab13b29efb9e4167a01fad904a63a904ab698720ae", "text": "He and Bulstrode rode back to Middlemarch together, talking of many things—chiefly cholera and the chances of the Reform Bill in the House of Lords, and the firm resolve of the political Unions. Nothing was said about Raffles, except that Bulstrode mentioned the necessity of having a grave for him in Lowick churchyard, and observed that, so far as he knew, the poor man had no connections, except Rigg, whom he had stated to be unfriendly towards him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04098", "bookId": 145, "start": 1545824, "end": 1547173, "sha256": "ad03366e4ff17fba58e8fc0b7d3e33ad7a301e86f8d0bb908d6aff99334f7ed9", "text": "On returning home Lydgate had a visit from Mr. Farebrother. The Vicar had not been in the town the day before, but the news that there was an execution in Lydgate’s house had got to Lowick by the evening, having been carried by Mr. Spicer, shoemaker and parish-clerk, who had it from his brother, the respectable bell-hanger in Lowick Gate. Since that evening when Lydgate had come down from the billiard room with Fred Vincy, Mr. Farebrother’s thoughts about him had been rather gloomy. Playing at the Green Dragon once or oftener might have been a trifle in another man; but in Lydgate it was one of several signs that he was getting unlike his former self. He was beginning to do things for which he had formerly even an excessive scorn. Whatever certain dissatisfactions in marriage, which some silly tinklings of gossip had given him hints of, might have to do with this change, Mr. Farebrother felt sure that it was chiefly connected with the debts which were being more and more distinctly reported, and he began to fear that any notion of Lydgate’s having resources or friends in the background must be quite illusory. The rebuff he had met with in his first attempt to win Lydgate’s confidence, disinclined him to a second; but this news of the execution being actually in the house, determined the Vicar to overcome his reluctance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04099", "bookId": 145, "start": 1547175, "end": 1547461, "sha256": "461c82c7e5d08580a70595a22e6cf7c44763b5ae9a64b2ed5a1e9259dd60a401", "text": "Lydgate had just dismissed a poor patient, in whom he was much interested, and he came forward to put out his hand—with an open cheerfulness which surprised Mr. Farebrother. Could this too be a proud rejection of sympathy and help? Never mind; the sympathy and help should be offered.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04100", "bookId": 145, "start": 1547463, "end": 1547729, "sha256": "aecf942830394139576a1cc7cf179f0af871529046e7e1b5182905204785d4c3", "text": "“How are you, Lydgate? I came to see you because I had heard something which made me anxious about you,” said the Vicar, in the tone of a good brother, only that there was no reproach in it. They were both seated by this time, and Lydgate answered immediately—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04101", "bookId": 145, "start": 1547731, "end": 1547822, "sha256": "bdded2fdf0fde997d8bf7d5847ce013a600161663c6b678dd2f85432c0144f00", "text": "“I think I know what you mean. You had heard that there was an execution in the house?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04102", "bookId": 145, "start": 1547824, "end": 1547846, "sha256": "9a6a53b1d81948dae147fc0d235dc50a258cb72fab4e409a4e7accb0af2334cf", "text": "“Yes; is it true?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04103", "bookId": 145, "start": 1547848, "end": 1548118, "sha256": "7e2636a9805a5c31ee7df08b51779ea069698a9d35b8051fcbfa1094714dd3ff", "text": "“It was true,” said Lydgate, with an air of freedom, as if he did not mind talking about the affair now. “But the danger is over; the debt is paid. I am out of my difficulties now: I shall be freed from debts, and able, I hope, to start afresh on a better plan.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04104", "bookId": 145, "start": 1548120, "end": 1548392, "sha256": "1edab5d8bfc9b76aacb3f8a6a2e4f744c16c78c97d0ca89d549de624cd98042b", "text": "“I am very thankful to hear it,” said the Vicar, falling back in his chair, and speaking with that low-toned quickness which often follows the removal of a load. “I like that better than all the news in the ‘Times.’ I confess I came to you with a heavy heart.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04105", "bookId": 145, "start": 1548394, "end": 1548716, "sha256": "087e92475174b16b95479c0df1dcf43e16f251038069f7b5c220ad568942e84c", "text": "“Thank you for coming,” said Lydgate, cordially. “I can enjoy the kindness all the more because I am happier. I have certainly been a good deal crushed. I’m afraid I shall find the bruises still painful by-and by,” he added, smiling rather sadly; “but just now I can only feel that the torture-screw is off.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04106", "bookId": 145, "start": 1548718, "end": 1548866, "sha256": "287b1a5d3523dae080d12f669eb2670f32e206b733efe6f4885e94c5231832b6", "text": "Mr. Farebrother was silent for a moment, and then said earnestly, “My dear fellow, let me ask you one question. Forgive me if I take a liberty.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04107", "bookId": 145, "start": 1548868, "end": 1548938, "sha256": "8002e5cb6de9b6de6fa0641b55516c266c4c725f08122d6151ee7b7507a4d6a7", "text": "“I don’t believe you will ask anything that ought to offend me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04108", "bookId": 145, "start": 1548940, "end": 1549117, "sha256": "d22fe367eb8e76e7b2985116472a49d184a88f2677fc73e35aadcb34915f2ffe", "text": "“Then—this is necessary to set my heart quite at rest—you have not—have you?—in order to pay your debts, incurred another debt which may harass you worse hereafter?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04109", "bookId": 145, "start": 1549119, "end": 1549391, "sha256": "6960ff341697c12e3a71a1f95f0f70f98e15c4768d3b76e0caa2578a34393eb9", "text": "“No,” said Lydgate, coloring slightly. “There is no reason why I should not tell you—since the fact is so—that the person to whom I am indebted is Bulstrode. He has made me a very handsome advance—a thousand pounds—and he can afford to wait for repayment.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04110", "bookId": 145, "start": 1549393, "end": 1549906, "sha256": "febf5aed14ff1ca8610680a0ec39743532e6837ef7c57f9c917757cc0d5692e4", "text": "“Well, that is generous,” said Mr. Farebrother, compelling himself to approve of the man whom he disliked. His delicate feeling shrank from dwelling even in his thought on the fact that he had always urged Lydgate to avoid any personal entanglement with Bulstrode. He added immediately, “And Bulstrode must naturally feel an interest in your welfare, after you have worked with him in a way which has probably reduced your income instead of adding to it. I am glad to think that he has acted accordingly.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04111", "bookId": 145, "start": 1549908, "end": 1550514, "sha256": "c727ad5ccd6cd6db5b3b015f29292e4325d191032185e07299b965e55b61839a", "text": "Lydgate felt uncomfortable under these kindly suppositions. They made more distinct within him the uneasy consciousness which had shown its first dim stirrings only a few hours before, that Bulstrode’s motives for his sudden beneficence following close upon the chillest indifference might be merely selfish. He let the kindly suppositions pass. He could not tell the history of the loan, but it was more vividly present with him than ever, as well as the fact which the Vicar delicately ignored—that this relation of personal indebtedness to Bulstrode was what he had once been most resolved to avoid.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04112", "bookId": 145, "start": 1550516, "end": 1550659, "sha256": "d263ab1cbf8d00fd44a37e1dd34193e1c94834b90c288bb5258841ed9baee637", "text": "He began, instead of answering, to speak of his projected economies, and of his having come to look at his life from a different point of view.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04113", "bookId": 145, "start": 1550661, "end": 1551005, "sha256": "3918f899b03a2396b6f94fadfffc431317ea87f2274cfece95be557aa79c12f0", "text": "“I shall set up a surgery,” he said. “I really think I made a mistaken effort in that respect. And if Rosamond will not mind, I shall take an apprentice. I don’t like these things, but if one carries them out faithfully they are not really lowering. I have had a severe galling to begin with: that will make the small rubs seem easy.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04114", "bookId": 145, "start": 1551007, "end": 1551377, "sha256": "2348481e5cd90761721b3cb1b98f714a30be2b1d430a854bf02968cf72d5a999", "text": "Poor Lydgate! the “if Rosamond will not mind,” which had fallen from him involuntarily as part of his thought, was a significant mark of the yoke he bore. But Mr. Farebrother, whose hopes entered strongly into the same current with Lydgate’s, and who knew nothing about him that could now raise a melancholy presentiment, left him with affectionate congratulation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04115", "bookId": 145, "start": 1551382, "end": 1551395, "sha256": "befac6b69c564da6a12008978d8b254e6d95e65ba6746c382943be1b5abe05fd", "text": "CHAPTER LXXI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04116", "bookId": 145, "start": 1551397, "end": 1551645, "sha256": "be39587e365de3458479a29298e76d2b241316584dac41436347af9155123c1f", "text": "_Clown_. . . . ’Twas in the Bunch of Grapes, where, indeed, you have a delight to sit, have you not? _Froth_. I have so: because it is an open room, and good for winter. _Clo_. Why, very well then: I hope here be truths. —_Measure for Measure_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04117", "bookId": 145, "start": 1551648, "end": 1553625, "sha256": "c599be5cd1d377b7bf08c9c5be3fe428fc98aca1fa10dcdbf9fc71b640c68d06", "text": "Five days after the death of Raffles, Mr. Bambridge was standing at his leisure under the large archway leading into the yard of the Green Dragon. He was not fond of solitary contemplation, but he had only just come out of the house, and any human figure standing at ease under the archway in the early afternoon was as certain to attract companionship as a pigeon which has found something worth pecking at. In this case there was no material object to feed upon, but the eye of reason saw a probability of mental sustenance in the shape of gossip. Mr. Hopkins, the meek-mannered draper opposite, was the first to act on this inward vision, being the more ambitious of a little masculine talk because his customers were chiefly women. Mr. Bambridge was rather curt to the draper, feeling that Hopkins was of course glad to talk to _him_, but that he was not going to waste much of his talk on Hopkins. Soon, however, there was a small cluster of more important listeners, who were either deposited from the passers-by, or had sauntered to the spot expressly to see if there were anything going on at the Green Dragon; and Mr. Bambridge was finding it worth his while to say many impressive things about the fine studs he had been seeing and the purchases he had made on a journey in the north from which he had just returned. Gentlemen present were assured that when they could show him anything to cut out a blood mare, a bay, rising four, which was to be seen at Doncaster if they chose to go and look at it, Mr. Bambridge would gratify them by being shot “from here to Hereford.” Also, a pair of blacks which he was going to put into the break recalled vividly to his mind a pair which he had sold to Faulkner in ’19, for a hundred guineas, and which Faulkner had sold for a hundred and sixty two months later—any gent who could disprove this statement being offered the privilege of calling Mr. Bambridge by a very ugly name until the exercise made his throat dry.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04118", "bookId": 145, "start": 1553627, "end": 1554379, "sha256": "67e9730a4f173323493985573ac36c8eabefc213a74ea140824633572334c462", "text": "When the discourse was at this point of animation, came up Mr. Frank Hawley. He was not a man to compromise his dignity by lounging at the Green Dragon, but happening to pass along the High Street and seeing Bambridge on the other side, he took some of his long strides across to ask the horsedealer whether he had found the first-rate gig-horse which he had engaged to look for. Mr. Hawley was requested to wait until he had seen a gray selected at Bilkley: if that did not meet his wishes to a hair, Bambridge did not know a horse when he saw it, which seemed to be the highest conceivable unlikelihood. Mr. Hawley, standing with his back to the street, was fixing a time for looking at the gray and seeing it tried, when a horseman passed slowly by.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04119", "bookId": 145, "start": 1554381, "end": 1554806, "sha256": "b3a7b24edefd5b3704a1df7e3a786f49ca9edec0038146af96494be27f0956e8", "text": "“Bulstrode!” said two or three voices at once in a low tone, one of them, which was the draper’s, respectfully prefixing the “Mr.;” but nobody having more intention in this interjectural naming than if they had said “the Riverston coach” when that vehicle appeared in the distance. Mr. Hawley gave a careless glance round at Bulstrode’s back, but as Bambridge’s eyes followed it he made a sarcastic grimace.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04120", "bookId": 145, "start": 1554808, "end": 1555219, "sha256": "95b3c5d3b759cd3f1632a3abad96f9e317cce75efe45691a981a306dc77c3138", "text": "“By jingo! that reminds me,” he began, lowering his voice a little, “I picked up something else at Bilkley besides your gig-horse, Mr. Hawley. I picked up a fine story about Bulstrode. Do you know how he came by his fortune? Any gentleman wanting a bit of curious information, I can give it him free of expense. If everybody got their deserts, Bulstrode might have had to say his prayers at Botany Bay.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04121", "bookId": 145, "start": 1555221, "end": 1555427, "sha256": "e57d2e96528f4146ec88c153d503b5c577b7943a7f6567f9f819afcba6a616b2", "text": "“What do you mean?” said Mr. Hawley, thrusting his hands into his pockets, and pushing a little forward under the archway. If Bulstrode should turn out to be a rascal, Frank Hawley had a prophetic soul.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04122", "bookId": 145, "start": 1555429, "end": 1556221, "sha256": "2902876c3831b513260fceb72339b2c77fefca52b923cdb2ff1468dcff584054", "text": "“I had it from a party who was an old chum of Bulstrode’s. I’ll tell you where I first picked him up,” said Bambridge, with a sudden gesture of his fore-finger. “He was at Larcher’s sale, but I knew nothing of him then—he slipped through my fingers—was after Bulstrode, no doubt. He tells me he can tap Bulstrode to any amount, knows all his secrets. However, he blabbed to me at Bilkley: he takes a stiff glass. Damme if I think he meant to turn king’s evidence; but he’s that sort of bragging fellow, the bragging runs over hedge and ditch with him, till he’d brag of a spavin as if it ’ud fetch money. A man should know when to pull up.” Mr. Bambridge made this remark with an air of disgust, satisfied that his own bragging showed a fine sense of the marketable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04123", "bookId": 145, "start": 1556223, "end": 1556295, "sha256": "b0655c7673d21373371368f8950e871abfdd2cdbe2a43c8d6cc5adbf6813cb08", "text": "“What’s the man’s name? Where can he be found?” said Mr. Hawley.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04124", "bookId": 145, "start": 1556297, "end": 1556400, "sha256": "9d6448efc844b8a8cb3e398e60ae268188970acdcc6316e2ed046e901f2042e4", "text": "“As to where he is to be found, I left him to it at the Saracen’s Head; but his name is Raffles.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04125", "bookId": 145, "start": 1556402, "end": 1556800, "sha256": "05d6e70270c15ad5eb17f47d5efb7536043aa4a70377f611626d2b33f8a279c6", "text": "“Raffles!” exclaimed Mr. Hopkins. “I furnished his funeral yesterday. He was buried at Lowick. Mr. Bulstrode followed him. A very decent funeral.” There was a strong sensation among the listeners. Mr. Bambridge gave an ejaculation in which “brimstone” was the mildest word, and Mr. Hawley, knitting his brows and bending his head forward, exclaimed, “What?—where did the man die?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04126", "bookId": 145, "start": 1556802, "end": 1556933, "sha256": "bca7d1d6754a7e1912ac8caec707d9042e807f764b522811c8ccce44c8f9cd9f", "text": "“At Stone Court,” said the draper. “The housekeeper said he was a relation of the master’s. He came there ill on Friday.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04127", "bookId": 145, "start": 1556935, "end": 1557012, "sha256": "f08bd90f8973d36f20b25a9976d5c0918f80a0ac5c7f4f6f4384c4554e8e72d4", "text": "“Why, it was on Wednesday I took a glass with him,” interposed Bambridge.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04128", "bookId": 145, "start": 1557014, "end": 1557062, "sha256": "332f86b40b9b536d999d9a22915a558ae92681d331c999f712ab25e4e6e1c8de", "text": "“Did any doctor attend him?” said Mr. Hawley", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04129", "bookId": 145, "start": 1557064, "end": 1557155, "sha256": "a34e6350a5bebdfa01d37dcaf852e72a967f3750ed8583b2a6e397b2066267d8", "text": "“Yes. Mr. Lydgate. Mr. Bulstrode sat up with him one night. He died the third morning.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04130", "bookId": 145, "start": 1557157, "end": 1557258, "sha256": "0791e9780c3480ab7243d8c2d16a6a6d7a4cf06b6b7c2fc0da5bcfcf1bce7860", "text": "“Go on, Bambridge,” said Mr. Hawley, insistently. “What did this fellow say about Bulstrode?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04131", "bookId": 145, "start": 1557260, "end": 1558120, "sha256": "e67a66949660821e9ff5c0d178d35dfbeca6d8d8cf800db471d42cd301b9aa53", "text": "The group had already become larger, the town-clerk’s presence being a guarantee that something worth listening to was going on there; and Mr. Bambridge delivered his narrative in the hearing of seven. It was mainly what we know, including the fact about Will Ladislaw, with some local color and circumstance added: it was what Bulstrode had dreaded the betrayal of—and hoped to have buried forever with the corpse of Raffles—it was that haunting ghost of his earlier life which as he rode past the archway of the Green Dragon he was trusting that Providence had delivered him from. Yes, Providence. He had not confessed to himself yet that he had done anything in the way of contrivance to this end; he had accepted what seemed to have been offered. It was impossible to prove that he had done anything which hastened the departure of that man’s soul.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04132", "bookId": 145, "start": 1558122, "end": 1559360, "sha256": "87a5c1967c74a6e366c8251b223169515650cf3dc90d3fc8d435da4bc437377b", "text": "But this gossip about Bulstrode spread through Middlemarch like the smell of fire. Mr. Frank Hawley followed up his information by sending a clerk whom he could trust to Stone Court on a pretext of inquiring about hay, but really to gather all that could be learned about Raffles and his illness from Mrs. Abel. In this way it came to his knowledge that Mr. Garth had carried the man to Stone Court in his gig; and Mr. Hawley in consequence took an opportunity of seeing Caleb, calling at his office to ask whether he had time to undertake an arbitration if it were required, and then asking him incidentally about Raffles. Caleb was betrayed into no word injurious to Bulstrode beyond the fact which he was forced to admit, that he had given up acting for him within the last week. Mr Hawley drew his inferences, and feeling convinced that Raffles had told his story to Garth, and that Garth had given up Bulstrode’s affairs in consequence, said so a few hours later to Mr. Toller. The statement was passed on until it had quite lost the stamp of an inference, and was taken as information coming straight from Garth, so that even a diligent historian might have concluded Caleb to be the chief publisher of Bulstrode’s misdemeanors.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04133", "bookId": 145, "start": 1559362, "end": 1560626, "sha256": "d86cd321965f3dbfd8ce72dde366d2a8fe1efecbc3f222c4e44aa6243f3201bb", "text": "Mr. Hawley was not slow to perceive that there was no handle for the law either in the revelations made by Raffles or in the circumstances of his death. He had himself ridden to Lowick village that he might look at the register and talk over the whole matter with Mr. Farebrother, who was not more surprised than the lawyer that an ugly secret should have come to light about Bulstrode, though he had always had justice enough in him to hinder his antipathy from turning into conclusions. But while they were talking another combination was silently going forward in Mr. Farebrother’s mind, which foreshadowed what was soon to be loudly spoken of in Middlemarch as a necessary “putting of two and two together.” With the reasons which kept Bulstrode in dread of Raffles there flashed the thought that the dread might have something to do with his munificence towards his medical man; and though he resisted the suggestion that it had been consciously accepted in any way as a bribe, he had a foreboding that this complication of things might be of malignant effect on Lydgate’s reputation. He perceived that Mr. Hawley knew nothing at present of the sudden relief from debt, and he himself was careful to glide away from all approaches towards the subject.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04134", "bookId": 145, "start": 1560628, "end": 1561140, "sha256": "db2fb8fb67a54d4c0d0cbcee63f80b30b52b84edb2f18720c201b40a9d3d70f8", "text": "“Well,” he said, with a deep breath, wanting to wind up the illimitable discussion of what might have been, though nothing could be legally proven, “it is a strange story. So our mercurial Ladislaw has a queer genealogy! A high-spirited young lady and a musical Polish patriot made a likely enough stock for him to spring from, but I should never have suspected a grafting of the Jew pawnbroker. However, there’s no knowing what a mixture will turn out beforehand. Some sorts of dirt serve to clarify.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04135", "bookId": 145, "start": 1561142, "end": 1561280, "sha256": "8eeed09debb36907ba90003f03a6e9034177ff586f02aa5b7d96bf7a36b8ff0a", "text": "“It’s just what I should have expected,” said Mr. Hawley, mounting his horse. “Any cursed alien blood, Jew, Corsican, or Gypsy.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04136", "bookId": 145, "start": 1561282, "end": 1561417, "sha256": "8866023e9b191758de9ceef57f8679c8f735b8bcd84b2af3dd0589e42f7d3639", "text": "“I know he’s one of your black sheep, Hawley. But he is really a disinterested, unworldly fellow,” said Mr. Farebrother, smiling.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04137", "bookId": 145, "start": 1561419, "end": 1561627, "sha256": "311f7d1c9def219a934f81e0060a5a6c8a50d5d33233604aaec6c05a6189cae2", "text": "“Ay, ay, that is your Whiggish twist,” said Mr. Hawley, who had been in the habit of saying apologetically that Farebrother was such a damned pleasant good-hearted fellow you would mistake him for a Tory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04138", "bookId": 145, "start": 1561629, "end": 1563210, "sha256": "81fe3f755caa79a335f2331f907904a928238bea25e0cf6b3cfece91a826e882", "text": "Mr. Hawley rode home without thinking of Lydgate’s attendance on Raffles in any other light than as a piece of evidence on the side of Bulstrode. But the news that Lydgate had all at once become able not only to get rid of the execution in his house but to pay all his debts in Middlemarch was spreading fast, gathering round it conjectures and comments which gave it new body and impetus, and soon filling the ears of other persons besides Mr. Hawley, who were not slow to see a significant relation between this sudden command of money and Bulstrode’s desire to stifle the scandal of Raffles. That the money came from Bulstrode would infallibly have been guessed even if there had been no direct evidence of it; for it had beforehand entered into the gossip about Lydgate’s affairs, that neither his father-in-law nor his own family would do anything for him, and direct evidence was furnished not only by a clerk at the Bank, but by innocent Mrs. Bulstrode herself, who mentioned the loan to Mrs. Plymdale, who mentioned it to her daughter-in-law of the house of Toller, who mentioned it generally. The business was felt to be so public and important that it required dinners to feed it, and many invitations were just then issued and accepted on the strength of this scandal concerning Bulstrode and Lydgate; wives, widows, and single ladies took their work and went out to tea oftener than usual; and all public conviviality, from the Green Dragon to Dollop’s, gathered a zest which could not be won from the question whether the Lords would throw out the Reform Bill.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04139", "bookId": 145, "start": 1563212, "end": 1564952, "sha256": "3b83a992a792779111e5dfcd6aaf7d925d34dbb16052ce2a3eedf79720f01315", "text": "For hardly anybody doubted that some scandalous reason or other was at the bottom of Bulstrode’s liberality to Lydgate. Mr. Hawley indeed, in the first instance, invited a select party, including the two physicians, with Mr Toller and Mr. Wrench, expressly to hold a close discussion as to the probabilities of Raffles’s illness, reciting to them all the particulars which had been gathered from Mrs. Abel in connection with Lydgate’s certificate, that the death was due to delirium tremens; and the medical gentlemen, who all stood undisturbedly on the old paths in relation to this disease, declared that they could see nothing in these particulars which could be transformed into a positive ground of suspicion. But the moral grounds of suspicion remained: the strong motives Bulstrode clearly had for wishing to be rid of Raffles, and the fact that at this critical moment he had given Lydgate the help which he must for some time have known the need for; the disposition, moreover, to believe that Bulstrode would be unscrupulous, and the absence of any indisposition to believe that Lydgate might be as easily bribed as other haughty-minded men when they have found themselves in want of money. Even if the money had been given merely to make him hold his tongue about the scandal of Bulstrode’s earlier life, the fact threw an odious light on Lydgate, who had long been sneered at as making himself subservient to the banker for the sake of working himself into predominance, and discrediting the elder members of his profession. Hence, in spite of the negative as to any direct sign of guilt in relation to the death at Stone Court, Mr. Hawley’s select party broke up with the sense that the affair had “an ugly look.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04140", "bookId": 145, "start": 1564954, "end": 1565608, "sha256": "526ea639e211da359b2a872e854d61eb5383bcec34fc39d304f28ac90d158f48", "text": "But this vague conviction of indeterminable guilt, which was enough to keep up much head-shaking and biting innuendo even among substantial professional seniors, had for the general mind all the superior power of mystery over fact. Everybody liked better to conjecture how the thing was, than simply to know it; for conjecture soon became more confident than knowledge, and had a more liberal allowance for the incompatible. Even the more definite scandal concerning Bulstrode’s earlier life was, for some minds, melted into the mass of mystery, as so much lively metal to be poured out in dialogue, and to take such fantastic shapes as heaven pleased.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04141", "bookId": 145, "start": 1565610, "end": 1566212, "sha256": "c5b3ac5ff413707a32ba0df665f3cd3ec1bde12840e5cf798046e21088172f2c", "text": "This was the tone of thought chiefly sanctioned by Mrs. Dollop, the spirited landlady of the Tankard in Slaughter Lane, who had often to resist the shallow pragmatism of customers disposed to think that their reports from the outer world were of equal force with what had “come up” in her mind. How it had been brought to her she didn’t know, but it was there before her as if it had been “scored with the chalk on the chimney-board—” as Bulstrode should say, “his inside was _that black_ as if the hairs of his head knowed the thoughts of his heart, he’d tear ’em up by the roots.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04142", "bookId": 145, "start": 1566214, "end": 1566441, "sha256": "32d1ca1acdabf797664e2e1bb9f8754839d371868fb079b323b94401d4032746", "text": "“That’s odd,” said Mr. Limp, a meditative shoemaker, with weak eyes and a piping voice. “Why, I read in the ‘Trumpet’ that was what the Duke of Wellington said when he turned his coat and went over to the Romans.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04143", "bookId": 145, "start": 1566443, "end": 1566770, "sha256": "a8c68707dfc94155c5bee23b0542f1a510faad1d3ec4f2bd74977f905ef8f571", "text": "“Very like,” said Mrs. Dollop. “If one raskill said it, it’s more reason why another should. But hypo_crite_ as he’s been, and holding things with that high hand, as there was no parson i’ the country good enough for him, he was forced to take Old Harry into his counsel, and Old Harry’s been too many for him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04144", "bookId": 145, "start": 1566772, "end": 1567054, "sha256": "a8b55f1cf0189bcd7bf538e3d574994682912c3eaff0d0d7e7eadc668ff50c35", "text": "“Ay, ay, he’s a ’complice you can’t send out o’ the country,” said Mr. Crabbe, the glazier, who gathered much news and groped among it dimly. “But by what I can make out, there’s them says Bulstrode was for running away, for fear o’ being found out, before now.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04145", "bookId": 145, "start": 1567056, "end": 1567784, "sha256": "cbb20308c720d74b5b679e962f93ad3ba60b63d60537689d84a8849316650f46", "text": "“He’ll be drove away, whether or no,” said Mr. Dill, the barber, who had just dropped in. “I shaved Fletcher, Hawley’s clerk, this morning—he’s got a bad finger—and he says they’re all of one mind to get rid of Bulstrode. Mr. Thesiger is turned against him, and wants him out o’ the parish. And there’s gentlemen in this town says they’d as soon dine with a fellow from the hulks. ‘And a deal sooner I would,’ says Fletcher; ‘for what’s more against one’s stomach than a man coming and making himself bad company with his religion, and giving out as the Ten Commandments are not enough for him, and all the while he’s worse than half the men at the tread-mill?’ Fletcher said so himself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04146", "bookId": 145, "start": 1567786, "end": 1567902, "sha256": "5478963a4d61e4824874c66b8ee613a45979884351bfb45fba081a9610de17f3", "text": "“It’ll be a bad thing for the town though, if Bulstrode’s money goes out of it,” said Mr. Limp, quaveringly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04147", "bookId": 145, "start": 1567904, "end": 1568056, "sha256": "2394f51e8eb25eacef553dae06218720a6916fc9fe217e8a3e88368b9675ddf0", "text": "“Ah, there’s better folks spend their money worse,” said a firm-voiced dyer, whose crimson hands looked out of keeping with his good-natured face.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04148", "bookId": 145, "start": 1568058, "end": 1568292, "sha256": "4e7625afc5a4e0c83b372e7f53ac063a4c84cda1278a6987499c5e089b96483c", "text": "“But he won’t keep his money, by what I can make out,” said the glazier. “Don’t they say as there’s somebody can strip it off him? By what I can understan’, they could take every penny off him, if they went to lawing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04149", "bookId": 145, "start": 1568294, "end": 1568641, "sha256": "7a0d2abe4d43fccb40d8d2269af1b32d311ed4a6bc281d571177cdcb4ea3c17d", "text": "“No such thing!” said the barber, who felt himself a little above his company at Dollop’s, but liked it none the worse. “Fletcher says it’s no such thing. He says they might prove over and over again whose child this young Ladislaw was, and they’d do no more than if they proved I came out of the Fens—he couldn’t touch a penny.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04150", "bookId": 145, "start": 1568643, "end": 1569270, "sha256": "96f445a586419f7bb9717ef2129623ddc85e65ccb392bbe0e9abc9179a38fc2a", "text": "“Look you there now!” said Mrs. Dollop, indignantly. “I thank the Lord he took my children to Himself, if that’s all the law can do for the motherless. Then by that, it’s o’ no use who your father and mother is. But as to listening to what one lawyer says without asking another—I wonder at a man o’ your cleverness, Mr. Dill. It’s well known there’s always two sides, if no more; else who’d go to law, I should like to know? It’s a poor tale, with all the law as there is up and down, if it’s no use proving whose child you are. Fletcher may say that if he likes, but I say, don’t Fletcher _me_!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04151", "bookId": 145, "start": 1569272, "end": 1569483, "sha256": "4bc682840997e1706e6b337e84d5a0469ff9e2b70a667625aa6d06cc871f96f5", "text": "Mr. Dill affected to laugh in a complimentary way at Mrs. Dollop, as a woman who was more than a match for the lawyers; being disposed to submit to much twitting from a landlady who had a long score against him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04152", "bookId": 145, "start": 1569485, "end": 1569757, "sha256": "d429b855be009971eb9af1a7b1b407c71c502e85d4067f7cc3a6f0160667e6fc", "text": "“If they come to lawing, and it’s all true as folks say, there’s more to be looked to nor money,” said the glazier. “There’s this poor creetur as is dead and gone; by what I can make out, he’d seen the day when he was a deal finer gentleman nor Bulstrode.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04153", "bookId": 145, "start": 1569759, "end": 1570427, "sha256": "57db917189ef0a526c932943eba3fdd696cb3e9300ca28e8ae7254c2c2f17f96", "text": "“Finer gentleman! I’ll warrant him,” said Mrs. Dollop; “and a far personabler man, by what I can hear. As I said when Mr. Baldwin, the tax-gatherer, comes in, a-standing where you sit, and says, ‘Bulstrode got all his money as he brought into this town by thieving and swindling,’—I said, ‘You don’t make me no wiser, Mr. Baldwin: it’s set my blood a-creeping to look at him ever sin’ here he came into Slaughter Lane a-wanting to buy the house over my head: folks don’t look the color o’ the dough-tub and stare at you as if they wanted to see into your backbone for nothingk.’ That was what I said, and Mr. Baldwin can bear me witness.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04154", "bookId": 145, "start": 1570429, "end": 1570789, "sha256": "0f0bb253d3910e05d5f1c04a8b0793fc0ed8f9c414ce62e2300834a05ce67e39", "text": "“And in the rights of it too,” said Mr. Crabbe. “For by what I can make out, this Raffles, as they call him, was a lusty, fresh-colored man as you’d wish to see, and the best o’ company—though dead he lies in Lowick churchyard sure enough; and by what I can understan’, there’s them knows more than they _should_ know about how he got there.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04155", "bookId": 145, "start": 1570791, "end": 1571521, "sha256": "e5b552eb2c51b6f237396ddd934af223801338ff99cb5c421ec051080f112c3e", "text": "“I’ll believe you!” said Mrs. Dollop, with a touch of scorn at Mr. Crabbe’s apparent dimness. “When a man’s been ’ticed to a lone house, and there’s them can pay for hospitals and nurses for half the country-side choose to be sitters-up night and day, and nobody to come near but a doctor as is known to stick at nothingk, and as poor as he can hang together, and after that so flush o’ money as he can pay off Mr. Byles the butcher as his bill has been running on for the best o’ joints since last Michaelmas was a twelvemonth—I don’t want anybody to come and tell me as there’s been more going on nor the Prayer-book’s got a service for—I don’t want to stand winking and blinking and thinking.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04156", "bookId": 145, "start": 1571523, "end": 1571984, "sha256": "ee30156ea45fc70d89d306190e208bc0a73dc3e565a3a9994b875067c0a0b587", "text": "Mrs. Dollop looked round with the air of a landlady accustomed to dominate her company. There was a chorus of adhesion from the more courageous; but Mr. Limp, after taking a draught, placed his flat hands together and pressed them hard between his knees, looking down at them with blear-eyed contemplation, as if the scorching power of Mrs. Dollop’s speech had quite dried up and nullified his wits until they could be brought round again by further moisture.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04157", "bookId": 145, "start": 1571986, "end": 1572167, "sha256": "40da1750a44f4f94b296f7f8efcb7f3c73cfa4675aefb23e02026870377bc079", "text": "“Why shouldn’t they dig the man up and have the Crowner?” said the dyer. “It’s been done many and many’s the time. If there’s been foul play they might find it out.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04158", "bookId": 145, "start": 1572169, "end": 1573137, "sha256": "1a70b573708756c2fee366ead0883e1d84b67bce5e1d08778ac7341c303717f6", "text": "“Not they, Mr. Jonas!” said Mrs Dollop, emphatically. “I know what doctors are. They’re a deal too cunning to be found out. And this Doctor Lydgate that’s been for cutting up everybody before the breath was well out o’ their body—it’s plain enough what use he wanted to make o’ looking into respectable people’s insides. He knows drugs, you may be sure, as you can neither smell nor see, neither before they’re swallowed nor after. Why, I’ve seen drops myself ordered by Doctor Gambit, as is our club doctor and a good charikter, and has brought more live children into the world nor ever another i’ Middlemarch—I say I’ve seen drops myself as made no difference whether they was in the glass or out, and yet have griped you the next day. So I’ll leave your own sense to judge. Don’t tell me! All I say is, it’s a mercy they didn’t take this Doctor Lydgate on to our club. There’s many a mother’s child might ha’ rued it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04159", "bookId": 145, "start": 1573139, "end": 1573965, "sha256": "2bd65954f52313e0db88e0dbd3f220720cc5f21851cb866031eade52c59da2a3", "text": "The heads of this discussion at “Dollop’s” had been the common theme among all classes in the town, had been carried to Lowick Parsonage on one side and to Tipton Grange on the other, had come fully to the ears of the Vincy family, and had been discussed with sad reference to “poor Harriet” by all Mrs. Bulstrode’s friends, before Lydgate knew distinctly why people were looking strangely at him, and before Bulstrode himself suspected the betrayal of his secrets. He had not been accustomed to very cordial relations with his neighbors, and hence he could not miss the signs of cordiality; moreover, he had been taking journeys on business of various kinds, having now made up his mind that he need not quit Middlemarch, and feeling able consequently to determine on matters which he had before left in suspense.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04160", "bookId": 145, "start": 1573967, "end": 1574224, "sha256": "a91f43b104b422314fd11653d3e554135f386f21c05fc2c9e2e14e43f4b02448", "text": "“We will make a journey to Cheltenham in the course of a month or two,” he had said to his wife. “There are great spiritual advantages to be had in that town along with the air and the waters, and six weeks there will be eminently refreshing to us.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04161", "bookId": 145, "start": 1574226, "end": 1574490, "sha256": "dab3394478fb0917453b3b34e4a6d6e3ff1afcbddf402c8e37661afb9c868e9e", "text": "He really believed in the spiritual advantages, and meant that his life henceforth should be the more devoted because of those later sins which he represented to himself as hypothetic, praying hypothetically for their pardon:—“if I have herein transgressed.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04162", "bookId": 145, "start": 1574492, "end": 1575384, "sha256": "d71bb5f588f7778fb59d7ff3af9c905b8a025bca3f9e06ed194e4caa67954e80", "text": "As to the Hospital, he avoided saying anything further to Lydgate, fearing to manifest a too sudden change of plans immediately on the death of Raffles. In his secret soul he believed that Lydgate suspected his orders to have been intentionally disobeyed, and suspecting this he must also suspect a motive. But nothing had been betrayed to him as to the history of Raffles, and Bulstrode was anxious not to do anything which would give emphasis to his undefined suspicions. As to any certainty that a particular method of treatment would either save or kill, Lydgate himself was constantly arguing against such dogmatism; he had no right to speak, and he had every motive for being silent. Hence Bulstrode felt himself providentially secured. The only incident he had strongly winced under had been an occasional encounter with Caleb Garth, who, however, had raised his hat with mild gravity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04163", "bookId": 145, "start": 1575386, "end": 1575482, "sha256": "7118e6963dc23f2866d3d533dbb05e57af687276d89d09f5c0e38e79756fdcd2", "text": "Meanwhile, on the part of the principal townsmen a strong determination was growing against him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04164", "bookId": 145, "start": 1575484, "end": 1576169, "sha256": "f9134a1e606d1225b8c6af207877adf7e1e7e48cdb07239a7c134e74885d8fe5", "text": "A meeting was to be held in the Town-Hall on a sanitary question which had risen into pressing importance by the occurrence of a cholera case in the town. Since the Act of Parliament, which had been hurriedly passed, authorizing assessments for sanitary measures, there had been a Board for the superintendence of such measures appointed in Middlemarch, and much cleansing and preparation had been concurred in by Whigs and Tories. The question now was, whether a piece of ground outside the town should be secured as a burial-ground by means of assessment or by private subscription. The meeting was to be open, and almost everybody of importance in the town was expected to be there.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04165", "bookId": 145, "start": 1576171, "end": 1576737, "sha256": "870fb06d65641c65d11ccfaf998e8ae8c7afc1e5a0cc18ea269cfcf4398ebe4e", "text": "Mr. Bulstrode was a member of the Board, and just before twelve o’clock he started from the Bank with the intention of urging the plan of private subscription. Under the hesitation of his projects, he had for some time kept himself in the background, and he felt that he should this morning resume his old position as a man of action and influence in the public affairs of the town where he expected to end his days. Among the various persons going in the same direction, he saw Lydgate; they joined, talked over the object of the meeting, and entered it together.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04166", "bookId": 145, "start": 1576739, "end": 1577073, "sha256": "637032cf3b7f52f6682834df722d6853666e33e69b6c26ca5fa19a9bfcf8eced", "text": "It seemed that everybody of mark had been earlier than they. But there were still spaces left near the head of the large central table, and they made their way thither. Mr. Farebrother sat opposite, not far from Mr. Hawley; all the medical men were there; Mr. Thesiger was in the chair, and Mr. Brooke of Tipton was on his right hand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04167", "bookId": 145, "start": 1577075, "end": 1577164, "sha256": "8a73f317682ef7dad98095470566a16253181c3c8c8315ee192ba3e5307ad3f2", "text": "Lydgate noticed a peculiar interchange of glances when he and Bulstrode took their seats.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04168", "bookId": 145, "start": 1577166, "end": 1577880, "sha256": "fd09a97a6b35099548c593de9840f44d1d8d897b0d29c33a3ce30f69b3c2c69c", "text": "After the business had been fully opened by the chairman, who pointed out the advantages of purchasing by subscription a piece of ground large enough to be ultimately used as a general cemetery, Mr. Bulstrode, whose rather high-pitched but subdued and fluent voice the town was used to at meetings of this sort, rose and asked leave to deliver his opinion. Lydgate could see again the peculiar interchange of glances before Mr. Hawley started up, and said in his firm resonant voice, “Mr. Chairman, I request that before any one delivers his opinion on this point I may be permitted to speak on a question of public feeling, which not only by myself, but by many gentlemen present, is regarded as preliminary.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04169", "bookId": 145, "start": 1577882, "end": 1578112, "sha256": "d9b5685e1ffe3581b388c8731bad7b1b32115746b177be8ba7e503c49dd2318a", "text": "Mr. Hawley’s mode of speech, even when public decorum repressed his “awful language,” was formidable in its curtness and self-possession. Mr. Thesiger sanctioned the request, Mr. Bulstrode sat down, and Mr. Hawley continued.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04170", "bookId": 145, "start": 1578114, "end": 1579394, "sha256": "20d99f91024d488a9deaff1287acff6faa38ccfd8596f8f37875ef254230cd84", "text": "“In what I have to say, Mr. Chairman, I am not speaking simply on my own behalf: I am speaking with the concurrence and at the express request of no fewer than eight of my fellow-townsmen, who are immediately around us. It is our united sentiment that Mr. Bulstrode should be called upon—and I do now call upon him—to resign public positions which he holds not simply as a tax-payer, but as a gentleman among gentlemen. There are practices and there are acts which, owing to circumstances, the law cannot visit, though they may be worse than many things which are legally punishable. Honest men and gentlemen, if they don’t want the company of people who perpetrate such acts, have got to defend themselves as they best can, and that is what I and the friends whom I may call my clients in this affair are determined to do. I don’t say that Mr. Bulstrode has been guilty of shameful acts, but I call upon him either publicly to deny and confute the scandalous statements made against him by a man now dead, and who died in his house—the statement that he was for many years engaged in nefarious practices, and that he won his fortune by dishonest procedures—or else to withdraw from positions which could only have been allowed him as a gentleman among gentlemen.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04171", "bookId": 145, "start": 1579396, "end": 1579934, "sha256": "86c66bfde486306cd2f0e89025b2b85d168e2bc7d80a1f579abb7060faf200c0", "text": "All eyes in the room were turned on Mr. Bulstrode, who, since the first mention of his name, had been going through a crisis of feeling almost too violent for his delicate frame to support. Lydgate, who himself was undergoing a shock as from the terrible practical interpretation of some faint augury, felt, nevertheless, that his own movement of resentful hatred was checked by that instinct of the Healer which thinks first of bringing rescue or relief to the sufferer, when he looked at the shrunken misery of Bulstrode’s livid face.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04172", "bookId": 145, "start": 1579936, "end": 1580898, "sha256": "855ba52c619fe59a132d4a6e61d71e3f374fb0e0b348077ce4e7b5d0af464513", "text": "The quick vision that his life was after all a failure, that he was a dishonored man, and must quail before the glance of those towards whom he had habitually assumed the attitude of a reprover—that God had disowned him before men and left him unscreened to the triumphant scorn of those who were glad to have their hatred justified—the sense of utter futility in that equivocation with his conscience in dealing with the life of his accomplice, an equivocation which now turned venomously upon him with the full-grown fang of a discovered lie:—all this rushed through him like the agony of terror which fails to kill, and leaves the ears still open to the returning wave of execration. The sudden sense of exposure after the re-established sense of safety came—not to the coarse organization of a criminal, but to the susceptible nerve of a man whose intensest being lay in such mastery and predominance as the conditions of his life had shaped for him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04173", "bookId": 145, "start": 1580900, "end": 1581671, "sha256": "4ad1a265245c8bc5f9e852f5a3945381d2dfc0a23ab9ced762190c7b54025791", "text": "But in that intense being lay the strength of reaction. Through all his bodily infirmity there ran a tenacious nerve of ambitious self-preserving will, which had continually leaped out like a flame, scattering all doctrinal fears, and which, even while he sat an object of compassion for the merciful, was beginning to stir and glow under his ashy paleness. Before the last words were out of Mr. Hawley’s mouth, Bulstrode felt that he should answer, and that his answer would be a retort. He dared not get up and say, “I am not guilty, the whole story is false”—even if he had dared this, it would have seemed to him, under his present keen sense of betrayal, as vain as to pull, for covering to his nakedness, a frail rag which would rend at every little strain.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04174", "bookId": 145, "start": 1581673, "end": 1582191, "sha256": "42b7e4fc4e6f757af175089332811b35bb1eeb5782d3a41338fc6878c45abe0f", "text": "For a few moments there was total silence, while every man in the room was looking at Bulstrode. He sat perfectly still, leaning hard against the back of his chair; he could not venture to rise, and when he began to speak he pressed his hands upon the seat on each side of him. But his voice was perfectly audible, though hoarser than usual, and his words were distinctly pronounced, though he paused between sentence as if short of breath. He said, turning first toward Mr. Thesiger, and then looking at Mr. Hawley—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04175", "bookId": 145, "start": 1582193, "end": 1583035, "sha256": "899a902a6541ffce040a8b8ae8bf6f8c801d35ef6d3c67be1c5fcf95878ba876", "text": "“I protest before you, sir, as a Christian minister, against the sanction of proceedings towards me which are dictated by virulent hatred. Those who are hostile to me are glad to believe any libel uttered by a loose tongue against me. And their consciences become strict against me. Say that the evil-speaking of which I am to be made the victim accuses me of malpractices—” here Bulstrode’s voice rose and took on a more biting accent, till it seemed a low cry—“who shall be my accuser? Not men whose own lives are unchristian, nay, scandalous—not men who themselves use low instruments to carry out their ends—whose profession is a tissue of chicanery—who have been spending their income on their own sensual enjoyments, while I have been devoting mine to advance the best objects with regard to this life and the next.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04176", "bookId": 145, "start": 1583037, "end": 1583306, "sha256": "8598501ffb5dff6abad720bffc4b47abafba0e3e3f67bca06639ee2e3ef820ba", "text": "After the word chicanery there was a growing noise, half of murmurs and half of hisses, while four persons started up at once—Mr. Hawley, Mr. Toller, Mr. Chichely, and Mr. Hackbutt; but Mr. Hawley’s outburst was instantaneous, and left the others behind in silence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04177", "bookId": 145, "start": 1583308, "end": 1584155, "sha256": "b93d7879a95990de6f9b8ed648d9921e0f01af1f1f9bd5011775339452bb7383", "text": "“If you mean me, sir, I call you and every one else to the inspection of my professional life. As to Christian or unchristian, I repudiate your canting palavering Christianity; and as to the way in which I spend my income, it is not my principle to maintain thieves and cheat offspring of their due inheritance in order to support religion and set myself up as a saintly Killjoy. I affect no niceness of conscience—I have not found any nice standards necessary yet to measure your actions by, sir. And I again call upon you to enter into satisfactory explanations concerning the scandals against you, or else to withdraw from posts in which we at any rate decline you as a colleague. I say, sir, we decline to co-operate with a man whose character is not cleared from infamous lights cast upon it, not only by reports but by recent actions.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04178", "bookId": 145, "start": 1584157, "end": 1584313, "sha256": "b74436fb2681825a4e2401fa94cba1b66e8c61b2b30f0bdd7073910abe609323", "text": "“Allow me, Mr. Hawley,” said the chairman; and Mr. Hawley, still fuming, bowed half impatiently, and sat down with his hands thrust deep in his pockets.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04179", "bookId": 145, "start": 1584315, "end": 1585093, "sha256": "0d524dd10f9cbde4e6d201fa5d8a0f4ff0c90101f147e200063f35202d1db735", "text": "“Mr. Bulstrode, it is not desirable, I think, to prolong the present discussion,” said Mr. Thesiger, turning to the pallid trembling man; “I must so far concur with what has fallen from Mr. Hawley in expression of a general feeling, as to think it due to your Christian profession that you should clear yourself, if possible, from unhappy aspersions. I for my part should be willing to give you full opportunity and hearing. But I must say that your present attitude is painfully inconsistent with those principles which you have sought to identify yourself with, and for the honor of which I am bound to care. I recommend you at present, as your clergyman, and one who hopes for your reinstatement in respect, to quit the room, and avoid further hindrance to business.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04180", "bookId": 145, "start": 1585095, "end": 1586136, "sha256": "a7ba13cf603beca4db5910a77f6a000648cd11fd775ad0cd00a52034039b3718", "text": "Bulstrode, after a moment’s hesitation, took his hat from the floor and slowly rose, but he grasped the corner of the chair so totteringly that Lydgate felt sure there was not strength enough in him to walk away without support. What could he do? He could not see a man sink close to him for want of help. He rose and gave his arm to Bulstrode, and in that way led him out of the room; yet this act, which might have been one of gentle duty and pure compassion, was at this moment unspeakably bitter to him. It seemed as if he were putting his sign-manual to that association of himself with Bulstrode, of which he now saw the full meaning as it must have presented itself to other minds. He now felt the conviction that this man who was leaning tremblingly on his arm, had given him the thousand pounds as a bribe, and that somehow the treatment of Raffles had been tampered with from an evil motive. The inferences were closely linked enough; the town knew of the loan, believed it to be a bribe, and believed that he took it as a bribe.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04181", "bookId": 145, "start": 1586138, "end": 1586350, "sha256": "658abbb4c9ff366430b1d690f7049b20cf2f6da1536f7b30db2af89a778bbf6c", "text": "Poor Lydgate, his mind struggling under the terrible clutch of this revelation, was all the while morally forced to take Mr. Bulstrode to the Bank, send a man off for his carriage, and wait to accompany him home.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04182", "bookId": 145, "start": 1586352, "end": 1586515, "sha256": "c1db255034d57e6bc59f54f0bc44a0b3bf82d1ef9ea98a19ab8352b238c4a096", "text": "Meanwhile the business of the meeting was despatched, and fringed off into eager discussion among various groups concerning this affair of Bulstrode—and Lydgate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04183", "bookId": 145, "start": 1586517, "end": 1586873, "sha256": "67429db552d84421480312d71890dbf0d6c5fb0b3166ec0c3a535f2a210d1543", "text": "Mr. Brooke, who had before heard only imperfect hints of it, and was very uneasy that he had “gone a little too far” in countenancing Bulstrode, now got himself fully informed, and felt some benevolent sadness in talking to Mr. Farebrother about the ugly light in which Lydgate had come to be regarded. Mr. Farebrother was going to walk back to Lowick.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04184", "bookId": 145, "start": 1586875, "end": 1587048, "sha256": "a320f5180e719cf8a22bf777cfeb060623d0d59f179adf2e66102f01d2d45edb", "text": "“Step into my carriage,” said Mr. Brooke. “I am going round to see Mrs. Casaubon. She was to come back from Yorkshire last night. She will like to see me, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04185", "bookId": 145, "start": 1587050, "end": 1587508, "sha256": "825080812ed92dc65e86090b21bdd45b75d2292093083dd521c1b92062e35b9f", "text": "So they drove along, Mr. Brooke chatting with good-natured hope that there had not really been anything black in Lydgate’s behavior—a young fellow whom he had seen to be quite above the common mark, when he brought a letter from his uncle Sir Godwin. Mr. Farebrother said little: he was deeply mournful: with a keen perception of human weakness, he could not be confident that under the pressure of humiliating needs Lydgate had not fallen below himself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04186", "bookId": 145, "start": 1587510, "end": 1587618, "sha256": "6de00d31e6f0adff9cb6a9396cb06a0d8e4bba795730882a9a442159ac96f698", "text": "When the carriage drove up to the gate of the Manor, Dorothea was out on the gravel, and came to greet them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04187", "bookId": 145, "start": 1587620, "end": 1587728, "sha256": "6eb442c533b8cbaa04e924ed480255e19c00af4f12aae4f4571e120524c1cd15", "text": "“Well, my dear,” said Mr. Brooke, “we have just come from a meeting—a sanitary meeting, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04188", "bookId": 145, "start": 1587730, "end": 1588003, "sha256": "8e5e276183e12104029d85eb741f697d3794e4bd159530997c3f57dbacdf9525", "text": "“Was Mr. Lydgate there?” said Dorothea, who looked full of health and animation, and stood with her head bare under the gleaming April lights. “I want to see him and have a great consultation with him about the Hospital. I have engaged with Mr. Bulstrode to do so.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04189", "bookId": 145, "start": 1588005, "end": 1588098, "sha256": "103c0f7f3438e0e8dfc7c4e9de901b55f7d847d14a1e4e783d6f69d28d17ef66", "text": "“Oh, my dear,” said Mr. Brooke, “we have been hearing bad news—bad news, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04190", "bookId": 145, "start": 1588100, "end": 1588250, "sha256": "32627e63066476436487a410b16e2d84b4dad4c3df0af20201d7e76d7263beba", "text": "They walked through the garden towards the churchyard gate, Mr. Farebrother wanting to go on to the parsonage; and Dorothea heard the whole sad story.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04191", "bookId": 145, "start": 1588252, "end": 1588473, "sha256": "93a8f824a46de53c31d326e80dee4a5b8ac6b01648fec1af852e60efc91a21d0", "text": "She listened with deep interest, and begged to hear twice over the facts and impressions concerning Lydgate. After a short silence, pausing at the churchyard gate, and addressing Mr. Farebrother, she said energetically—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04192", "bookId": 145, "start": 1588475, "end": 1588609, "sha256": "c353ab3da75c27f8bbc1ff3621559fc32a2e51c2d0bf8d801f69f21fb27ec88d", "text": "“You don’t believe that Mr. Lydgate is guilty of anything base? I will not believe it. Let us find out the truth and clear him!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04193", "bookId": 145, "start": 1588614, "end": 1588644, "sha256": "9c22f3deb0e8c1c47e2dc10c6db3ee9a5b1c7aa3e30393bdfe3f05ce1759a91a", "text": "BOOK VIII. SUNSET AND SUNRISE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04194", "bookId": 145, "start": 1588649, "end": 1588663, "sha256": "0869880fb72c9a852c8e2e430934352e9c10ca12fde709de7f755b3607034148", "text": "CHAPTER LXXII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04195", "bookId": 145, "start": 1588665, "end": 1588773, "sha256": "34cecbf7ce090a7dc266e2d62e1cd64182b649a66b997cfda3766cd453c53ad7", "text": "Full souls are double mirrors, making still An endless vista of fair things before, Repeating things behind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04196", "bookId": 145, "start": 1588776, "end": 1589065, "sha256": "29221d0a7421c6180f6e2dd47f5f89589c7eb103a2f4946e2af393111791e37c", "text": "Dorothea’s impetuous generosity, which would have leaped at once to the vindication of Lydgate from the suspicion of having accepted money as a bribe, underwent a melancholy check when she came to consider all the circumstances of the case by the light of Mr. Farebrother’s experience.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04197", "bookId": 145, "start": 1589067, "end": 1589685, "sha256": "adc2d839313cdf871e9e4761becc844f20bef405a0c9dfb09201ae8d3307c1f7", "text": "“It is a delicate matter to touch,” he said. “How can we begin to inquire into it? It must be either publicly by setting the magistrate and coroner to work, or privately by questioning Lydgate. As to the first proceeding there is no solid ground to go upon, else Hawley would have adopted it; and as to opening the subject with Lydgate, I confess I should shrink from it. He would probably take it as a deadly insult. I have more than once experienced the difficulty of speaking to him on personal matters. And—one should know the truth about his conduct beforehand, to feel very confident of a good result.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04198", "bookId": 145, "start": 1589687, "end": 1590464, "sha256": "bc4fe454aecad563b3a59806ccedc5b90a7079180fca6958e14005b06b2492d2", "text": "“I feel convinced that his conduct has not been guilty: I believe that people are almost always better than their neighbors think they are,” said Dorothea. Some of her intensest experience in the last two years had set her mind strongly in opposition to any unfavorable construction of others; and for the first time she felt rather discontented with Mr. Farebrother. She disliked this cautious weighing of consequences, instead of an ardent faith in efforts of justice and mercy, which would conquer by their emotional force. Two days afterwards, he was dining at the Manor with her uncle and the Chettams, and when the dessert was standing uneaten, the servants were out of the room, and Mr. Brooke was nodding in a nap, she returned to the subject with renewed vivacity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04199", "bookId": 145, "start": 1590466, "end": 1590775, "sha256": "f90eaa26135ec7f215123cb6fb167975973e9201777b874e50aff9a9059564de", "text": "“Mr. Lydgate would understand that if his friends hear a calumny about him their first wish must be to justify him. What do we live for, if it is not to make life less difficult to each other? I cannot be indifferent to the troubles of a man who advised me in _my_ trouble, and attended me in my illness.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04200", "bookId": 145, "start": 1590777, "end": 1591571, "sha256": "b3ee6e667fdc2d50abc1add6533fe2893f3b31173c1e307781257a9b01d42c18", "text": "Dorothea’s tone and manner were not more energetic than they had been when she was at the head of her uncle’s table nearly three years before, and her experience since had given her more right to express a decided opinion. But Sir James Chettam was no longer the diffident and acquiescent suitor: he was the anxious brother-in-law, with a devout admiration for his sister, but with a constant alarm lest she should fall under some new illusion almost as bad as marrying Casaubon. He smiled much less; when he said “Exactly” it was more often an introduction to a dissentient opinion than in those submissive bachelor days; and Dorothea found to her surprise that she had to resolve not to be afraid of him—all the more because he was really her best friend. He disagreed with her now.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04201", "bookId": 145, "start": 1591573, "end": 1591820, "sha256": "54dded9c57bfa31fb498910ca237e895e0c553acb97bc5b1bfe69c325ce1f706", "text": "“But, Dorothea,” he said, remonstrantly, “you can’t undertake to manage a man’s life for him in that way. Lydgate must know—at least he will soon come to know how he stands. If he can clear himself, he will. He must act for himself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04202", "bookId": 145, "start": 1591822, "end": 1592688, "sha256": "ae0e20fd3a5b643d81ef7a3627496ad26a8225d2652ab1fa8f5c184804e8fbf6", "text": "“I think his friends must wait till they find an opportunity,” added Mr. Farebrother. “It is possible—I have often felt so much weakness in myself that I can conceive even a man of honorable disposition, such as I have always believed Lydgate to be, succumbing to such a temptation as that of accepting money which was offered more or less indirectly as a bribe to insure his silence about scandalous facts long gone by. I say, I can conceive this, if he were under the pressure of hard circumstances—if he had been harassed as I feel sure Lydgate has been. I would not believe anything worse of him except under stringent proof. But there is the terrible Nemesis following on some errors, that it is always possible for those who like it to interpret them into a crime: there is no proof in favor of the man outside his own consciousness and assertion.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04203", "bookId": 145, "start": 1592690, "end": 1592939, "sha256": "004a279b39f977ca1e28288cf210c51307aebd517c8d2aebc906c17201ed51be", "text": "“Oh, how cruel!” said Dorothea, clasping her hands. “And would you not like to be the one person who believed in that man’s innocence, if the rest of the world belied him? Besides, there is a man’s character beforehand to speak for him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04204", "bookId": 145, "start": 1592941, "end": 1593186, "sha256": "c59963adc1b9233e0a5ae34a0ca6d24a18e5678579494d17e599726ff65c9b54", "text": "“But, my dear Mrs. Casaubon,” said Mr. Farebrother, smiling gently at her ardor, “character is not cut in marble—it is not something solid and unalterable. It is something living and changing, and may become diseased as our bodies do.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04205", "bookId": 145, "start": 1593188, "end": 1594077, "sha256": "a69427f7590d5f04ece3e79a6768af37caa70de71b7870f0f9d2db74721e2d0f", "text": "“Then it may be rescued and healed,” said Dorothea “I should not be afraid of asking Mr. Lydgate to tell me the truth, that I might help him. Why should I be afraid? Now that I am not to have the land, James, I might do as Mr. Bulstrode proposed, and take his place in providing for the Hospital; and I have to consult Mr. Lydgate, to know thoroughly what are the prospects of doing good by keeping up the present plans. There is the best opportunity in the world for me to ask for his confidence; and he would be able to tell me things which might make all the circumstances clear. Then we would all stand by him and bring him out of his trouble. People glorify all sorts of bravery except the bravery they might show on behalf of their nearest neighbors.” Dorothea’s eyes had a moist brightness in them, and the changed tones of her voice roused her uncle, who began to listen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04206", "bookId": 145, "start": 1594079, "end": 1594263, "sha256": "3f3de23185c61a309654fafa5c53be71409d9c12c94aaa0b599af0e94bff5088", "text": "“It is true that a woman may venture on some efforts of sympathy which would hardly succeed if we men undertook them,” said Mr. Farebrother, almost converted by Dorothea’s ardor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04207", "bookId": 145, "start": 1594265, "end": 1594655, "sha256": "9a2069d814d2e2a499dd29abed89904b2f465842680e902d650d841defabf4db", "text": "“Surely, a woman is bound to be cautious and listen to those who know the world better than she does.” said Sir James, with his little frown. “Whatever you do in the end, Dorothea, you should really keep back at present, and not volunteer any meddling with this Bulstrode business. We don’t know yet what may turn up. You must agree with me?” he ended, looking at Mr. Farebrother.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04208", "bookId": 145, "start": 1594657, "end": 1594718, "sha256": "783057ad766a4391e8d4995d89e2c97b3c02e459b4a36d827eb6c9b88c50f578", "text": "“I do think it would be better to wait,” said the latter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04209", "bookId": 145, "start": 1594720, "end": 1595302, "sha256": "2ab185f0b3d7c51710f1562868b4069f136c33744977ab5ca65c7f7a0212c1c0", "text": "“Yes, yes, my dear,” said Mr. Brooke, not quite knowing at what point the discussion had arrived, but coming up to it with a contribution which was generally appropriate. “It is easy to go too far, you know. You must not let your ideas run away with you. And as to being in a hurry to put money into schemes—it won’t do, you know. Garth has drawn me in uncommonly with repairs, draining, that sort of thing: I’m uncommonly out of pocket with one thing or another. I must pull up. As for you, Chettam, you are spending a fortune on those oak fences round your demesne.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04210", "bookId": 145, "start": 1595304, "end": 1595425, "sha256": "40027c805335d3163a7d4fec6dbf1c3aa056cdb6e69cb8abdaff29eff35ca384", "text": "Dorothea, submitting uneasily to this discouragement, went with Celia into the library, which was her usual drawing-room.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04211", "bookId": 145, "start": 1595427, "end": 1595868, "sha256": "b5e54c748e06eed1078a3801ccbdd9ace81f06cb266a623f3c70289c2aa821e5", "text": "“Now, Dodo, do listen to what James says,” said Celia, “else you will be getting into a scrape. You always did, and you always will, when you set about doing as you please. And I think it is a mercy now after all that you have got James to think for you. He lets you have your plans, only he hinders you from being taken in. And that is the good of having a brother instead of a husband. A husband would not let you have your plans.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04212", "bookId": 145, "start": 1595870, "end": 1596053, "sha256": "38fadbdd2c611c7a536842136c4612e117d410746c3e754d42f912b1e48ff8d3", "text": "“As if I wanted a husband!” said Dorothea. “I only want not to have my feelings checked at every turn.” Mrs. Casaubon was still undisciplined enough to burst into angry tears.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04213", "bookId": 145, "start": 1596055, "end": 1596326, "sha256": "133e1f79eb7ef23b51594599862d2a104fbc4068fb4426db12e0bd2260edb029", "text": "“Now, really, Dodo,” said Celia, with rather a deeper guttural than usual, “you _are_ contradictory: first one thing and then another. You used to submit to Mr. Casaubon quite shamefully: I think you would have given up ever coming to see me if he had asked you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04214", "bookId": 145, "start": 1596328, "end": 1596469, "sha256": "3a5f73f6566889b50f09a7a4e9c6af231c4c89132ce86fa079aee30ccb52e22a", "text": "“Of course I submitted to him, because it was my duty; it was my feeling for him,” said Dorothea, looking through the prism of her tears.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04215", "bookId": 145, "start": 1596471, "end": 1596787, "sha256": "b92ba605da9adc0f38294a1f0111232ccadadb0682e56a37d7339b11b374301e", "text": "“Then why can’t you think it your duty to submit a little to what James wishes?” said Celia, with a sense of stringency in her argument. “Because he only wishes what is for your own good. And, of course, men know best about everything, except what women know better.” Dorothea laughed and forgot her tears.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04216", "bookId": 145, "start": 1596789, "end": 1596952, "sha256": "415718d1da4869f98867082cb25d7ce55c04a32d524b4dc7c33aa95ab6f0b52c", "text": "“Well, I mean about babies and those things,” explained Celia. “I should not give up to James when I knew he was wrong, as you used to do to Mr. Casaubon.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04217", "bookId": 145, "start": 1596957, "end": 1596972, "sha256": "056640e248f6724b346cb194ef8a4017a9e18c91e5f6b743c848dcbc01a8091f", "text": "CHAPTER LXXIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04218", "bookId": 145, "start": 1596974, "end": 1597034, "sha256": "1cdbca6e1160eec46a48be44af2350c4f035956737d051fd36246816f014d61b", "text": "Pity the laden one; this wandering woe May visit you and me.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04219", "bookId": 145, "start": 1597037, "end": 1597392, "sha256": "ba253f031f78b8dab293acdce64f7ecd7e0c9136734da78e8ee3b7cc5d7f14e3", "text": "When Lydgate had allayed Mrs. Bulstrode’s anxiety by telling her that her husband had been seized with faintness at the meeting, but that he trusted soon to see him better and would call again the next day, unless she sent for him earlier, he went directly home, got on his horse, and rode three miles out of the town for the sake of being out of reach.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04220", "bookId": 145, "start": 1597394, "end": 1598895, "sha256": "2d8e1e4b03a652559c0d9b33ba9a626e39d9321002698b8b44b8d155d699acba", "text": "He felt himself becoming violent and unreasonable as if raging under the pain of stings: he was ready to curse the day on which he had come to Middlemarch. Everything that had happened to him there seemed a mere preparation for this hateful fatality, which had come as a blight on his honorable ambition, and must make even people who had only vulgar standards regard his reputation as irrevocably damaged. In such moments a man can hardly escape being unloving. Lydgate thought of himself as the sufferer, and of others as the agents who had injured his lot. He had meant everything to turn out differently; and others had thrust themselves into his life and thwarted his purposes. His marriage seemed an unmitigated calamity; and he was afraid of going to Rosamond before he had vented himself in this solitary rage, lest the mere sight of her should exasperate him and make him behave unwarrantably. There are episodes in most men’s lives in which their highest qualities can only cast a deterring shadow over the objects that fill their inward vision: Lydgate’s tenderheartedness was present just then only as a dread lest he should offend against it, not as an emotion that swayed him to tenderness. For he was very miserable. Only those who know the supremacy of the intellectual life—the life which has a seed of ennobling thought and purpose within it—can understand the grief of one who falls from that serene activity into the absorbing soul-wasting struggle with worldly annoyances.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04221", "bookId": 145, "start": 1598897, "end": 1599143, "sha256": "35601bc264e4e1c5d87af5650d04b104f5e23b1e558e58b4cad513bd072a59eb", "text": "How was he to live on without vindicating himself among people who suspected him of baseness? How could he go silently away from Middlemarch as if he were retreating before a just condemnation? And yet how was he to set about vindicating himself?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04222", "bookId": 145, "start": 1599145, "end": 1600297, "sha256": "deef7e78b52196c9c101dc8d01f207b570561313002dc598e6c62c2d0d84835a", "text": "For that scene at the meeting, which he had just witnessed, although it had told him no particulars, had been enough to make his own situation thoroughly clear to him. Bulstrode had been in dread of scandalous disclosures on the part of Raffles. Lydgate could now construct all the probabilities of the case. “He was afraid of some betrayal in my hearing: all he wanted was to bind me to him by a strong obligation: that was why he passed on a sudden from hardness to liberality. And he may have tampered with the patient—he may have disobeyed my orders. I fear he did. But whether he did or not, the world believes that he somehow or other poisoned the man and that I winked at the crime, if I didn’t help in it. And yet—and yet he may not be guilty of the last offence; and it is just possible that the change towards me may have been a genuine relenting—the effect of second thoughts such as he alleged. What we call the ‘just possible’ is sometimes true and the thing we find it easier to believe is grossly false. In his last dealings with this man Bulstrode may have kept his hands pure, in spite of my suspicion to the contrary.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04223", "bookId": 145, "start": 1600299, "end": 1601307, "sha256": "c88bf21e4d4baf165da7cc89560fae0f17e752aa1ee97a86c3b864175c07b5ff", "text": "There was a benumbing cruelty in his position. Even if he renounced every other consideration than that of justifying himself—if he met shrugs, cold glances, and avoidance as an accusation, and made a public statement of all the facts as he knew them, who would be convinced? It would be playing the part of a fool to offer his own testimony on behalf of himself, and say, “I did not take the money as a bribe.” The circumstances would always be stronger than his assertion. And besides, to come forward and tell everything about himself must include declarations about Bulstrode which would darken the suspicions of others against him. He must tell that he had not known of Raffles’s existence when he first mentioned his pressing need of money to Bulstrode, and that he took the money innocently as a result of that communication, not knowing that a new motive for the loan might have arisen on his being called in to this man. And after all, the suspicion of Bulstrode’s motives might be unjust.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04224", "bookId": 145, "start": 1601309, "end": 1602199, "sha256": "c051e69e733ecd4800191b8424b30a7e491eede25402f58bb9683f606b347d36", "text": "But then came the question whether he should have acted in precisely the same way if he had not taken the money? Certainly, if Raffles had continued alive and susceptible of further treatment when he arrived, and he had then imagined any disobedience to his orders on the part of Bulstrode, he would have made a strict inquiry, and if his conjecture had been verified he would have thrown up the case, in spite of his recent heavy obligation. But if he had not received any money—if Bulstrode had never revoked his cold recommendation of bankruptcy—would he, Lydgate, have abstained from all inquiry even on finding the man dead?—would the shrinking from an insult to Bulstrode—would the dubiousness of all medical treatment and the argument that his own treatment would pass for the wrong with most members of his profession—have had just the same force or significance with him?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04225", "bookId": 145, "start": 1602201, "end": 1603406, "sha256": "27cd0c72b8ba022177503bb7393415c37b96adbe2c71f0f7c2a4193a6164d19c", "text": "That was the uneasy corner of Lydgate’s consciousness while he was reviewing the facts and resisting all reproach. If he had been independent, this matter of a patient’s treatment and the distinct rule that he must do or see done that which he believed best for the life committed to him, would have been the point on which he would have been the sturdiest. As it was, he had rested in the consideration that disobedience to his orders, however it might have arisen, could not be considered a crime, that in the dominant opinion obedience to his orders was just as likely to be fatal, and that the affair was simply one of etiquette. Whereas, again and again, in his time of freedom, he had denounced the perversion of pathological doubt into moral doubt and had said—“the purest experiment in treatment may still be conscientious: my business is to take care of life, and to do the best I can think of for it. Science is properly more scrupulous than dogma. Dogma gives a charter to mistake, but the very breath of science is a contest with mistake, and must keep the conscience alive.” Alas! the scientific conscience had got into the debasing company of money obligation and selfish respects.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04226", "bookId": 145, "start": 1603408, "end": 1603949, "sha256": "eae1aca39883e38949b6bc8357e80fde080efbb39c71cbdf676c9bdd7a8ae07f", "text": "“Is there a medical man of them all in Middlemarch who would question himself as I do?” said poor Lydgate, with a renewed outburst of rebellion against the oppression of his lot. “And yet they will all feel warranted in making a wide space between me and them, as if I were a leper! My practice and my reputation are utterly damned—I can see that. Even if I could be cleared by valid evidence, it would make little difference to the blessed world here. I have been set down as tainted and should be cheapened to them all the same.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04227", "bookId": 145, "start": 1603951, "end": 1604336, "sha256": "7d044d73ce9d3eedd62fa9954fb8c12e710d20acac5dc6f64ad9a2fdf7b4aef6", "text": "Already there had been abundant signs which had hitherto puzzled him, that just when he had been paying off his debts and getting cheerfully on his feet, the townsmen were avoiding him or looking strangely at him, and in two instances it came to his knowledge that patients of his had called in another practitioner. The reasons were too plain now. The general black-balling had begun.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04228", "bookId": 145, "start": 1604338, "end": 1605939, "sha256": "5c77027925f1707d40dd9e8336d670423af864e7d6b07251bfb83aae8acd12e8", "text": "No wonder that in Lydgate’s energetic nature the sense of a hopeless misconstruction easily turned into a dogged resistance. The scowl which occasionally showed itself on his square brow was not a meaningless accident. Already when he was re-entering the town after that ride taken in the first hours of stinging pain, he was setting his mind on remaining in Middlemarch in spite of the worst that could be done against him. He would not retreat before calumny, as if he submitted to it. He would face it to the utmost, and no act of his should show that he was afraid. It belonged to the generosity as well as defiant force of his nature that he resolved not to shrink from showing to the full his sense of obligation to Bulstrode. It was true that the association with this man had been fatal to him—true that if he had had the thousand pounds still in his hands with all his debts unpaid he would have returned the money to Bulstrode, and taken beggary rather than the rescue which had been sullied with the suspicion of a bribe (for, remember, he was one of the proudest among the sons of men)—nevertheless, he would not turn away from this crushed fellow-mortal whose aid he had used, and make a pitiful effort to get acquittal for himself by howling against another. “I shall do as I think right, and explain to nobody. They will try to starve me out, but—” he was going on with an obstinate resolve, but he was getting near home, and the thought of Rosamond urged itself again into that chief place from which it had been thrust by the agonized struggles of wounded honor and pride.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04229", "bookId": 145, "start": 1605941, "end": 1606248, "sha256": "aeff81b823676b15c73aa727dfd84607dea347cb38fbffb3056c180c5e719a35", "text": "How would Rosamond take it all? Here was another weight of chain to drag, and poor Lydgate was in a bad mood for bearing her dumb mastery. He had no impulse to tell her the trouble which must soon be common to them both. He preferred waiting for the incidental disclosure which events must soon bring about.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04230", "bookId": 145, "start": 1606253, "end": 1606267, "sha256": "004504b8397b17348aa05f36ac791ea801b668c70279984e334819586983531c", "text": "CHAPTER LXXIV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04231", "bookId": 145, "start": 1606269, "end": 1606360, "sha256": "9da786430a8269b9e10b6856d0d69e4b89839a125382b7f3075a93c6c4cb5363", "text": "“Mercifully grant that we may grow aged together.” —BOOK OF TOBIT: _Marriage Prayer_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04232", "bookId": 145, "start": 1606363, "end": 1607981, "sha256": "1b764ef2e6cca11c33aca22b8b8abe1b0770a760a5154537addb9451ac3f6211", "text": "In Middlemarch a wife could not long remain ignorant that the town held a bad opinion of her husband. No feminine intimate might carry her friendship so far as to make a plain statement to the wife of the unpleasant fact known or believed about her husband; but when a woman with her thoughts much at leisure got them suddenly employed on something grievously disadvantageous to her neighbors, various moral impulses were called into play which tended to stimulate utterance. Candor was one. To be candid, in Middlemarch phraseology, meant, to use an early opportunity of letting your friends know that you did not take a cheerful view of their capacity, their conduct, or their position; and a robust candor never waited to be asked for its opinion. Then, again, there was the love of truth—a wide phrase, but meaning in this relation, a lively objection to seeing a wife look happier than her husband’s character warranted, or manifest too much satisfaction in her lot—the poor thing should have some hint given her that if she knew the truth she would have less complacency in her bonnet, and in light dishes for a supper-party. Stronger than all, there was the regard for a friend’s moral improvement, sometimes called her soul, which was likely to be benefited by remarks tending to gloom, uttered with the accompaniment of pensive staring at the furniture and a manner implying that the speaker would not tell what was on her mind, from regard to the feelings of her hearer. On the whole, one might say that an ardent charity was at work setting the virtuous mind to make a neighbor unhappy for her good.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04233", "bookId": 145, "start": 1607983, "end": 1609809, "sha256": "2e8b249b0b9648e27e4b70a094413bdff25bc60b8c4f170a7349ccf831ba9e45", "text": "There were hardly any wives in Middlemarch whose matrimonial misfortunes would in different ways be likely to call forth more of this moral activity than Rosamond and her aunt Bulstrode. Mrs. Bulstrode was not an object of dislike, and had never consciously injured any human being. Men had always thought her a handsome comfortable woman, and had reckoned it among the signs of Bulstrode’s hypocrisy that he had chosen a red-blooded Vincy, instead of a ghastly and melancholy person suited to his low esteem for earthly pleasure. When the scandal about her husband was disclosed they remarked of her—“Ah, poor woman! She’s as honest as the day—_she_ never suspected anything wrong in him, you may depend on it.” Women, who were intimate with her, talked together much of “poor Harriet,” imagined what her feelings must be when she came to know everything, and conjectured how much she had already come to know. There was no spiteful disposition towards her; rather, there was a busy benevolence anxious to ascertain what it would be well for her to feel and do under the circumstances, which of course kept the imagination occupied with her character and history from the times when she was Harriet Vincy till now. With the review of Mrs. Bulstrode and her position it was inevitable to associate Rosamond, whose prospects were under the same blight with her aunt’s. Rosamond was more severely criticised and less pitied, though she too, as one of the good old Vincy family who had always been known in Middlemarch, was regarded as a victim to marriage with an interloper. The Vincys had their weaknesses, but then they lay on the surface: there was never anything bad to be “found out” concerning them. Mrs. Bulstrode was vindicated from any resemblance to her husband. Harriet’s faults were her own.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04234", "bookId": 145, "start": 1609811, "end": 1610143, "sha256": "885e37e5f13c8c84781f039eb109b09f2e5499727312a662c1e88c8efbcaabc8", "text": "“She has always been showy,” said Mrs. Hackbutt, making tea for a small party, “though she has got into the way of putting her religion forward, to conform to her husband; she has tried to hold her head up above Middlemarch by making it known that she invites clergymen and heaven-knows-who from Riverston and those places.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04235", "bookId": 145, "start": 1610145, "end": 1610340, "sha256": "e488b7693da52ad5e2bbb1c2fe42f654dcb623cc2a116a8d57a836c7e2e25431", "text": "“We can hardly blame her for that,” said Mrs. Sprague; “because few of the best people in the town cared to associate with Bulstrode, and she must have somebody to sit down at her table.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04236", "bookId": 145, "start": 1610342, "end": 1610445, "sha256": "1ebf98ce8615eb510185c8fedc787049063151f58dd483f121f8fc95830e13b2", "text": "“Mr. Thesiger has always countenanced him,” said Mrs. Hackbutt. “I think he must be sorry now.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04237", "bookId": 145, "start": 1610447, "end": 1610777, "sha256": "5f5333bc18cd8bf43e3ad5dcc87f691320aa80e4b63c98b1176c1d0c692507ce", "text": "“But he was never fond of him in his heart—that every one knows,” said Mrs. Tom Toller. “Mr. Thesiger never goes into extremes. He keeps to the truth in what is evangelical. It is only clergymen like Mr. Tyke, who want to use Dissenting hymn-books and that low kind of religion, who ever found Bulstrode to their taste.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04238", "bookId": 145, "start": 1610779, "end": 1610941, "sha256": "983c50feda0ff9cae4fa491de5eade4bbef21ce32b90fd71c57ab6ab688dfb43", "text": "“I understand, Mr. Tyke is in great distress about him,” said Mrs. Hackbutt. “And well he may be: they say the Bulstrodes have half kept the Tyke family.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04239", "bookId": 145, "start": 1610943, "end": 1611069, "sha256": "c2c7aad0bc80b0d8390b3f6ce9c9a9273594e0e100103fe46fa869726c4bd738", "text": "“And of course it is a discredit to his doctrines,” said Mrs. Sprague, who was elderly, and old-fashioned in her opinions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04240", "bookId": 145, "start": 1611071, "end": 1611169, "sha256": "3c6c9c727e7608b7640f8385b92e6f90a5f4def96078d855e894c776f31a4a24", "text": "“People will not make a boast of being methodistical in Middlemarch for a good while to come.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04241", "bookId": 145, "start": 1611171, "end": 1611313, "sha256": "73d133ebc58ba8f47003ade92fa6bd39670508b0be0a2cf3d7aea7fe338f1dc3", "text": "“I think we must not set down people’s bad actions to their religion,” said falcon-faced Mrs. Plymdale, who had been listening hitherto.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04242", "bookId": 145, "start": 1611315, "end": 1611424, "sha256": "a5040448fba8405e77cd55732ceccfcd252ecb00386dd9882bc587a23e6e7b5a", "text": "“Oh, my dear, we are forgetting,” said Mrs. Sprague. “We ought not to be talking of this before you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04243", "bookId": 145, "start": 1611426, "end": 1612045, "sha256": "0f97e3fd5d15913b353c7e98a558dd2d01e78a89139ad87807341ffba5e5cbe0", "text": "“I am sure I have no reason to be partial,” said Mrs. Plymdale, coloring. “It’s true Mr. Plymdale has always been on good terms with Mr. Bulstrode, and Harriet Vincy was my friend long before she married him. But I have always kept my own opinions and told her where she was wrong, poor thing. Still, in point of religion, I must say, Mr. Bulstrode might have done what he has, and worse, and yet have been a man of no religion. I don’t say that there has not been a little too much of that—I like moderation myself. But truth is truth. The men tried at the assizes are not all over-religious, I suppose.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04244", "bookId": 145, "start": 1612047, "end": 1612166, "sha256": "5a0bb7fda117eded70250fd2ceac6cdf9ce6d410cc2b4d1e08d30dff86f6a8db", "text": "“Well,” said Mrs. Hackbutt, wheeling adroitly, “all I can say is, that I think she ought to separate from him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04245", "bookId": 145, "start": 1612168, "end": 1612262, "sha256": "dd162bc06b9fce2906c2e732c6096e0f7d26ece5874cd3218a7e5fd177e68564", "text": "“I can’t say that,” said Mrs. Sprague. “She took him for better or worse, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04246", "bookId": 145, "start": 1612264, "end": 1612438, "sha256": "6b8fae00e0d9c385dc5e5e8f583b51f08aaac4f8455a47e0392fcd55d1ca033b", "text": "“But ‘worse’ can never mean finding out that your husband is fit for Newgate,” said Mrs. Hackbutt. “Fancy living with such a man! I should expect to be poisoned.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04247", "bookId": 145, "start": 1612440, "end": 1612584, "sha256": "a8af5a70102e503e1d3c4c142abcd0d1086fe7aaafed05e9ea43883ac5605332", "text": "“Yes, I think myself it is an encouragement to crime if such men are to be taken care of and waited on by good wives,” said Mrs. Tom Toller.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04248", "bookId": 145, "start": 1612586, "end": 1612743, "sha256": "29e952c36e4f77fe6467c67de585050a232cf81a7a01e34fe1eaec004a046dee", "text": "“And a good wife poor Harriet has been,” said Mrs. Plymdale. “She thinks her husband the first of men. It’s true he has never denied her anything.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04249", "bookId": 145, "start": 1612745, "end": 1613023, "sha256": "50e82a247f4f3313ac62fa11170887582fb224ea82fe39b0d5a6fb21dc00c974", "text": "“Well, we shall see what she will do,” said Mrs. Hackbutt. “I suppose she knows nothing yet, poor creature. I do hope and trust I shall not see her, for I should be frightened to death lest I should say anything about her husband. Do you think any hint has reached her?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04250", "bookId": 145, "start": 1613025, "end": 1613360, "sha256": "477837d4e662e44e1b59670f444254c9f7bf686ed09c7fd7a55a3f395623fc1f", "text": "“I should hardly think so,” said Mrs. Tom Toller. “We hear that _he_ is ill, and has never stirred out of the house since the meeting on Thursday; but she was with her girls at church yesterday, and they had new Tuscan bonnets. Her own had a feather in it. I have never seen that her religion made any difference in her dress.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04251", "bookId": 145, "start": 1613362, "end": 1613582, "sha256": "4dad01e94ff7185676f735f7caf20f949906b0e68e03877c7685b24520a083e9", "text": "“She wears very neat patterns always,” said Mrs. Plymdale, a little stung. “And that feather I know she got dyed a pale lavender on purpose to be consistent. I must say it of Harriet that she wishes to do right.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04252", "bookId": 145, "start": 1613584, "end": 1613814, "sha256": "2f655b0d66a052c1f55331db4b6b5c945fc70448d3f2188b657599a16a75a4b2", "text": "“As to her knowing what has happened, it can’t be kept from her long,” said Mrs. Hackbutt. “The Vincys know, for Mr. Vincy was at the meeting. It will be a great blow to him. There is his daughter as well as his sister.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04253", "bookId": 145, "start": 1613816, "end": 1614050, "sha256": "51b4d73b259d72ef8a3e04836424937dcbcf082a39c3471cd1643cc79d1dca63", "text": "“Yes, indeed,” said Mrs. Sprague. “Nobody supposes that Mr. Lydgate can go on holding up his head in Middlemarch, things look so black about the thousand pounds he took just at that man’s death. It really makes one shudder.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04254", "bookId": 145, "start": 1614052, "end": 1614101, "sha256": "19e037397488ebf728cd2d6d5429c9e2618db8a5552d9ab88218df561d02d150", "text": "“Pride must have a fall,” said Mrs. Hackbutt.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04255", "bookId": 145, "start": 1614103, "end": 1614223, "sha256": "d678486fb259383e7a30e9adcf39b96f4e6cd2acbc96d8e500acfe7c94d2cdd3", "text": "“I am not so sorry for Rosamond Vincy that was as I am for her aunt,” said Mrs. Plymdale. “She needed a lesson.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04256", "bookId": 145, "start": 1614225, "end": 1614394, "sha256": "9d1d5c585c5862642ef85e47048ae595d60afa47bb90410cc6dcf840ea631ab7", "text": "“I suppose the Bulstrodes will go and live abroad somewhere,” said Mrs. Sprague. “That is what is generally done when there is anything disgraceful in a family.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04257", "bookId": 145, "start": 1614396, "end": 1614853, "sha256": "2389ec3984e90c762a2ad3f02f5d8e591c9ffca64ae2e41fe1b1b8cf12af5727", "text": "“And a most deadly blow it will be to Harriet,” said Mrs. Plymdale. “If ever a woman was crushed, she will be. I pity her from my heart. And with all her faults, few women are better. From a girl she had the neatest ways, and was always good-hearted, and as open as the day. You might look into her drawers when you would—always the same. And so she has brought up Kate and Ellen. You may think how hard it will be for her to go among foreigners.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04258", "bookId": 145, "start": 1614855, "end": 1615007, "sha256": "cc3301df9047560bdae0c0f576635cee3a42738bca0a8c8dab2f036cc1e14cc2", "text": "“The doctor says that is what he should recommend the Lydgates to do,” said Mrs. Sprague. “He says Lydgate ought to have kept among the French.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04259", "bookId": 145, "start": 1615009, "end": 1615302, "sha256": "6f354d751b1d6b44d4e019f01adca7c413d198f9c87e2480456faaac4d128eba", "text": "“That would suit _her_ well enough, I dare say,” said Mrs. Plymdale; “there is that kind of lightness about her. But she got that from her mother; she never got it from her aunt Bulstrode, who always gave her good advice, and to my knowledge would rather have had her marry elsewhere.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04260", "bookId": 145, "start": 1615304, "end": 1616324, "sha256": "bfd2d887db8b8ff71a720865d6036e4c5dc96e12c52829e82cf9883dcf8d9fef", "text": "Mrs. Plymdale was in a situation which caused her some complication of feeling. There had been not only her intimacy with Mrs. Bulstrode, but also a profitable business relation of the great Plymdale dyeing house with Mr. Bulstrode, which on the one hand would have inclined her to desire that the mildest view of his character should be the true one, but on the other, made her the more afraid of seeming to palliate his culpability. Again, the late alliance of her family with the Tollers had brought her in connection with the best circle, which gratified her in every direction except in the inclination to those serious views which she believed to be the best in another sense. The sharp little woman’s conscience was somewhat troubled in the adjustment of these opposing “bests,” and of her griefs and satisfactions under late events, which were likely to humble those who needed humbling, but also to fall heavily on her old friend whose faults she would have preferred seeing on a background of prosperity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04261", "bookId": 145, "start": 1616326, "end": 1617790, "sha256": "9540714b28cfe2617fa70aa8860994c6198f3330a04197a98e00c49ec4e60fb2", "text": "Poor Mrs. Bulstrode, meanwhile, had been no further shaken by the oncoming tread of calamity than in the busier stirring of that secret uneasiness which had always been present in her since the last visit of Raffles to The Shrubs. That the hateful man had come ill to Stone Court, and that her husband had chosen to remain there and watch over him, she allowed to be explained by the fact that Raffles had been employed and aided in earlier-days, and that this made a tie of benevolence towards him in his degraded helplessness; and she had been since then innocently cheered by her husband’s more hopeful speech about his own health and ability to continue his attention to business. The calm was disturbed when Lydgate had brought him home ill from the meeting, and in spite of comforting assurances during the next few days, she cried in private from the conviction that her husband was not suffering from bodily illness merely, but from something that afflicted his mind. He would not allow her to read to him, and scarcely to sit with him, alleging nervous susceptibility to sounds and movements; yet she suspected that in shutting himself up in his private room he wanted to be busy with his papers. Something, she felt sure, had happened. Perhaps it was some great loss of money; and she was kept in the dark. Not daring to question her husband, she said to Lydgate, on the fifth day after the meeting, when she had not left home except to go to church—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04262", "bookId": 145, "start": 1617792, "end": 1617898, "sha256": "1b884014c141a87fc39ed656bcf305589666c57f36eba3bc989f1a3819bd53ad", "text": "“Mr. Lydgate, pray be open with me: I like to know the truth. Has anything happened to Mr. Bulstrode?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04263", "bookId": 145, "start": 1617900, "end": 1618021, "sha256": "06442451acb9ac7cedeb334fcc1fed346df0f646c7f6453769f294b15f8bf650", "text": "“Some little nervous shock,” said Lydgate, evasively. He felt that it was not for him to make the painful revelation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04264", "bookId": 145, "start": 1618023, "end": 1618123, "sha256": "78a60eed9cc624284b176491310b698ad73bcb229f9031d38df183b674b125b8", "text": "“But what brought it on?” said Mrs. Bulstrode, looking directly at him with her large dark eyes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04265", "bookId": 145, "start": 1618125, "end": 1618450, "sha256": "c2266e41185cb235e63073cff1ea9921b1a1c4e538f8222f08d4bf90c76c2cb1", "text": "“There is often something poisonous in the air of public rooms,” said Lydgate. “Strong men can stand it, but it tells on people in proportion to the delicacy of their systems. It is often impossible to account for the precise moment of an attack—or rather, to say why the strength gives way at a particular moment.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04266", "bookId": 145, "start": 1618452, "end": 1618922, "sha256": "f7fd6376932c7b1193668010f488d4c6597d2eafb29c90888d6cb7424f1958f6", "text": "Mrs. Bulstrode was not satisfied with this answer. There remained in her the belief that some calamity had befallen her husband, of which she was to be kept in ignorance; and it was in her nature strongly to object to such concealment. She begged leave for her daughters to sit with their father, and drove into the town to pay some visits, conjecturing that if anything were known to have gone wrong in Mr. Bulstrode’s affairs, she should see or hear some sign of it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04267", "bookId": 145, "start": 1618924, "end": 1619434, "sha256": "72f0db0a02d29f9edd58b3f69667a0e01a99d2521a1363ee2e0a39007cce82d2", "text": "She called on Mrs. Thesiger, who was not at home, and then drove to Mrs. Hackbutt’s on the other side of the churchyard. Mrs. Hackbutt saw her coming from an up-stairs window, and remembering her former alarm lest she should meet Mrs. Bulstrode, felt almost bound in consistency to send word that she was not at home; but against that, there was a sudden strong desire within her for the excitement of an interview in which she was quite determined not to make the slightest allusion to what was in her mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04268", "bookId": 145, "start": 1619436, "end": 1619718, "sha256": "7c007caf126b4c262a6b024d4571c0e81bd2439819537ffe16bd276f80d04076", "text": "Hence Mrs. Bulstrode was shown into the drawing-room, and Mrs. Hackbutt went to her, with more tightness of lip and rubbing of her hands than was usually observable in her, these being precautions adopted against freedom of speech. She was resolved not to ask how Mr. Bulstrode was.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04269", "bookId": 145, "start": 1619720, "end": 1619951, "sha256": "0847bd077b83d57ce7afe5fbf6557d59b0919d8df3063060e2f984fc8e2ff68c", "text": "“I have not been anywhere except to church for nearly a week,” said Mrs. Bulstrode, after a few introductory remarks. “But Mr. Bulstrode was taken so ill at the meeting on Thursday that I have not liked to leave the house.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04270", "bookId": 145, "start": 1619953, "end": 1620098, "sha256": "9bff70aaacc2546f73e8a11935ebef8f07714f5ec4845d237d594b494c59e1da", "text": "Mrs. Hackbutt rubbed the back of one hand with the palm of the other held against her chest, and let her eyes ramble over the pattern on the rug.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04271", "bookId": 145, "start": 1620100, "end": 1620165, "sha256": "b25578ac5d7130acb5b71aef0fa46b5842e8a40e1eb1c44d0c174d78ccc8f8d2", "text": "“Was Mr. Hackbutt at the meeting?” persevered Mrs. Bulstrode.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04272", "bookId": 145, "start": 1620167, "end": 1620288, "sha256": "bac9712c2ec9c0f1a10634a294621081a2c3e822bab2b2fe4292f6eb9380ad5a", "text": "“Yes, he was,” said Mrs. Hackbutt, with the same attitude. “The land is to be bought by subscription, I believe.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04273", "bookId": 145, "start": 1620290, "end": 1620606, "sha256": "1bd6dd3a3ef074ea8c575fc19382c7a35a4e1eb64bad180098a926e776f560e8", "text": "“Let us hope that there will be no more cases of cholera to be buried in it,” said Mrs. Bulstrode. “It is an awful visitation. But I always think Middlemarch a very healthy spot. I suppose it is being used to it from a child; but I never saw the town I should like to live at better, and especially our end.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04274", "bookId": 145, "start": 1620608, "end": 1620900, "sha256": "b13cb1234071e85e2a014241d123d182bd762163382090ee792f92dfed8abfef", "text": "“I am sure I should be glad that you always should live at Middlemarch, Mrs. Bulstrode,” said Mrs. Hackbutt, with a slight sigh. “Still, we must learn to resign ourselves, wherever our lot may be cast. Though I am sure there will always be people in this town who will wish you well.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04275", "bookId": 145, "start": 1620902, "end": 1621809, "sha256": "2dd99938554f76f07fc07ecb57a1e77908521db6d421e2a557617fc4e45df72d", "text": "Mrs. Hackbutt longed to say, “if you take my advice you will part from your husband,” but it seemed clear to her that the poor woman knew nothing of the thunder ready to bolt on her head, and she herself could do no more than prepare her a little. Mrs. Bulstrode felt suddenly rather chill and trembling: there was evidently something unusual behind this speech of Mrs. Hackbutt’s; but though she had set out with the desire to be fully informed, she found herself unable now to pursue her brave purpose, and turning the conversation by an inquiry about the young Hackbutts, she soon took her leave saying that she was going to see Mrs. Plymdale. On her way thither she tried to imagine that there might have been some unusually warm sparring at the meeting between Mr. Bulstrode and some of his frequent opponents—perhaps Mr. Hackbutt might have been one of them. That would account for everything.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04276", "bookId": 145, "start": 1621811, "end": 1623308, "sha256": "eb957b51786da5037a8860da8cf5b4dec20648ae982f858ed1570f59a4590a2a", "text": "But when she was in conversation with Mrs. Plymdale that comforting explanation seemed no longer tenable. “Selina” received her with a pathetic affectionateness and a disposition to give edifying answers on the commonest topics, which could hardly have reference to an ordinary quarrel of which the most important consequence was a perturbation of Mr. Bulstrode’s health. Beforehand Mrs. Bulstrode had thought that she would sooner question Mrs. Plymdale than any one else; but she found to her surprise that an old friend is not always the person whom it is easiest to make a confidant of: there was the barrier of remembered communication under other circumstances—there was the dislike of being pitied and informed by one who had been long wont to allow her the superiority. For certain words of mysterious appropriateness that Mrs. Plymdale let fall about her resolution never to turn her back on her friends, convinced Mrs. Bulstrode that what had happened must be some kind of misfortune, and instead of being able to say with her native directness, “What is it that you have in your mind?” she found herself anxious to get away before she had heard anything more explicit. She began to have an agitating certainty that the misfortune was something more than the mere loss of money, being keenly sensitive to the fact that Selina now, just as Mrs. Hackbutt had done before, avoided noticing what she said about her husband, as they would have avoided noticing a personal blemish.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04277", "bookId": 145, "start": 1623310, "end": 1623803, "sha256": "98d14d4695d49f80d8a82ded4745c13185ad3c047ed5af5111253e24bd25e46d", "text": "She said good-by with nervous haste, and told the coachman to drive to Mr. Vincy’s warehouse. In that short drive her dread gathered so much force from the sense of darkness, that when she entered the private counting-house where her brother sat at his desk, her knees trembled and her usually florid face was deathly pale. Something of the same effect was produced in him by the sight of her: he rose from his seat to meet her, took her by the hand, and said, with his impulsive rashness—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04278", "bookId": 145, "start": 1623805, "end": 1623847, "sha256": "44fff9e2d7837b3e17254cf6ced3a9f282f485d732e62206ac7f8c9485ed6a73", "text": "“God help you, Harriet! you know all.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04279", "bookId": 145, "start": 1623849, "end": 1624782, "sha256": "bfcd11486e2ab9b410a705e8cd4b41524d15936a8c6c8e717c76980d67ad926e", "text": "That moment was perhaps worse than any which came after. It contained that concentrated experience which in great crises of emotion reveals the bias of a nature, and is prophetic of the ultimate act which will end an intermediate struggle. Without that memory of Raffles she might still have thought only of monetary ruin, but now along with her brother’s look and words there darted into her mind the idea of some guilt in her husband—then, under the working of terror came the image of her husband exposed to disgrace—and then, after an instant of scorching shame in which she felt only the eyes of the world, with one leap of her heart she was at his side in mournful but unreproaching fellowship with shame and isolation. All this went on within her in a mere flash of time—while she sank into the chair, and raised her eyes to her brother, who stood over her. “I know nothing, Walter. What is it?” she said, faintly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04280", "bookId": 145, "start": 1624784, "end": 1624942, "sha256": "a50231385e4c4bacaebd5d47eb03d7f16e122ee0674240a39b6daab6990e83c9", "text": "He told her everything, very inartificially, in slow fragments, making her aware that the scandal went much beyond proof, especially as to the end of Raffles.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04281", "bookId": 145, "start": 1624944, "end": 1625420, "sha256": "6209a35f52b996ce1fc3267d295e70126d14c2573da52925b9189837f1a9a398", "text": "“People will talk,” he said. “Even if a man has been acquitted by a jury, they’ll talk, and nod and wink—and as far as the world goes, a man might often as well be guilty as not. It’s a breakdown blow, and it damages Lydgate as much as Bulstrode. I don’t pretend to say what is the truth. I only wish we had never heard the name of either Bulstrode or Lydgate. You’d better have been a Vincy all your life, and so had Rosamond.” Mrs. Bulstrode made no reply.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04282", "bookId": 145, "start": 1625422, "end": 1625631, "sha256": "1a5bc171ad485dab3b45c1d53ebabbc207683232a69a1dcbf4fb0b6a7291dd61", "text": "“But you must bear up as well as you can, Harriet. People don’t blame _you_. And I’ll stand by you whatever you make up your mind to do,” said the brother, with rough but well-meaning affectionateness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04283", "bookId": 145, "start": 1625633, "end": 1625725, "sha256": "54c72c7f61b96135913225993f570da8013e981fc1ccfc28e4490cc113e2fce0", "text": "“Give me your arm to the carriage, Walter,” said Mrs. Bulstrode. “I feel very weak.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04284", "bookId": 145, "start": 1625727, "end": 1625906, "sha256": "5a7ddb9ad1c275d2e5c5395d0718c66654bab41f76e045b9197930552dcc5ad9", "text": "And when she got home she was obliged to say to her daughter, “I am not well, my dear; I must go and lie down. Attend to your papa. Leave me in quiet. I shall take no dinner.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04285", "bookId": 145, "start": 1625908, "end": 1626602, "sha256": "e7eb0602ca61f84ba2c91984a901b399f3466d272e3f6f2a809893a5c5bdcdde", "text": "She locked herself in her room. She needed time to get used to her maimed consciousness, her poor lopped life, before she could walk steadily to the place allotted her. A new searching light had fallen on her husband’s character, and she could not judge him leniently: the twenty years in which she had believed in him and venerated him by virtue of his concealments came back with particulars that made them seem an odious deceit. He had married her with that bad past life hidden behind him, and she had no faith left to protest his innocence of the worst that was imputed to him. Her honest ostentatious nature made the sharing of a merited dishonor as bitter as it could be to any mortal.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04286", "bookId": 145, "start": 1626604, "end": 1627874, "sha256": "667cc519ecf06260197b622a41dabf7a20e5fd3d2d9c4dcfd450d40c78ec6bf6", "text": "But this imperfectly taught woman, whose phrases and habits were an odd patchwork, had a loyal spirit within her. The man whose prosperity she had shared through nearly half a life, and who had unvaryingly cherished her—now that punishment had befallen him it was not possible to her in any sense to forsake him. There is a forsaking which still sits at the same board and lies on the same couch with the forsaken soul, withering it the more by unloving proximity. She knew, when she locked her door, that she should unlock it ready to go down to her unhappy husband and espouse his sorrow, and say of his guilt, I will mourn and not reproach. But she needed time to gather up her strength; she needed to sob out her farewell to all the gladness and pride of her life. When she had resolved to go down, she prepared herself by some little acts which might seem mere folly to a hard onlooker; they were her way of expressing to all spectators visible or invisible that she had begun a new life in which she embraced humiliation. She took off all her ornaments and put on a plain black gown, and instead of wearing her much-adorned cap and large bows of hair, she brushed her hair down and put on a plain bonnet-cap, which made her look suddenly like an early Methodist.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04287", "bookId": 145, "start": 1627876, "end": 1628610, "sha256": "1fedf4eea62fcc21e6c4560f2418fa4eeeb64926d4fd290100d8d8ae4b463f9f", "text": "Bulstrode, who knew that his wife had been out and had come in saying that she was not well, had spent the time in an agitation equal to hers. He had looked forward to her learning the truth from others, and had acquiesced in that probability, as something easier to him than any confession. But now that he imagined the moment of her knowledge come, he awaited the result in anguish. His daughters had been obliged to consent to leave him, and though he had allowed some food to be brought to him, he had not touched it. He felt himself perishing slowly in unpitied misery. Perhaps he should never see his wife’s face with affection in it again. And if he turned to God there seemed to be no answer but the pressure of retribution.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04288", "bookId": 145, "start": 1628612, "end": 1629065, "sha256": "a685b893b23daead4bb32093e9f0e55dbce2363a5d0ed52078a8a7dd64637b41", "text": "It was eight o’clock in the evening before the door opened and his wife entered. He dared not look up at her. He sat with his eyes bent down, and as she went towards him she thought he looked smaller—he seemed so withered and shrunken. A movement of new compassion and old tenderness went through her like a great wave, and putting one hand on his which rested on the arm of the chair, and the other on his shoulder, she said, solemnly but kindly—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04289", "bookId": 145, "start": 1629067, "end": 1629091, "sha256": "4d3bc627f59be256431882047317517b9e74cb71c1d86469ed77f6613d00d5a7", "text": "“Look up, Nicholas.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04290", "bookId": 145, "start": 1629093, "end": 1629870, "sha256": "8a515e7e95fd63bbf1ac1437a1c42b1d37e7e93e959b5001f71929d32e55fa21", "text": "He raised his eyes with a little start and looked at her half amazed for a moment: her pale face, her changed, mourning dress, the trembling about her mouth, all said, “I know;” and her hands and eyes rested gently on him. He burst out crying and they cried together, she sitting at his side. They could not yet speak to each other of the shame which she was bearing with him, or of the acts which had brought it down on them. His confession was silent, and her promise of faithfulness was silent. Open-minded as she was, she nevertheless shrank from the words which would have expressed their mutual consciousness, as she would have shrunk from flakes of fire. She could not say, “How much is only slander and false suspicion?” and he did not say, “I am innocent.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04291", "bookId": 145, "start": 1629875, "end": 1629888, "sha256": "74dcf59218210ac5ccae713ccc7a9c99ce954dad6559d06629e2b79d5ab3ab40", "text": "CHAPTER LXXV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04292", "bookId": 145, "start": 1629890, "end": 1630035, "sha256": "cdd8cbf4c978225989039fb3691b0fbf6a71729f56c47a4b42cf38d5f8ebbd53", "text": "“Le sentiment de la fausseté des plaisirs présents, et l’ignorance de la vanité des plaisirs absents causent l’inconstance.”—PASCAL.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04293", "bookId": 145, "start": 1630038, "end": 1634254, "sha256": "7120b157491f07ff623a74a749bf86c11b89f3cacf11c02dd5009edd5bc4a0df", "text": "Rosamond had a gleam of returning cheerfulness when the house was freed from the threatening figure, and when all the disagreeable creditors were paid. But she was not joyous: her married life had fulfilled none of her hopes, and had been quite spoiled for her imagination. In this brief interval of calm, Lydgate, remembering that he had often been stormy in his hours of perturbation, and mindful of the pain Rosamond had had to bear, was carefully gentle towards her; but he, too, had lost some of his old spirit, and he still felt it necessary to refer to an economical change in their way of living as a matter of course, trying to reconcile her to it gradually, and repressing his anger when she answered by wishing that he would go to live in London. When she did not make this answer, she listened languidly, and wondered what she had that was worth living for. The hard and contemptuous words which had fallen from her husband in his anger had deeply offended that vanity which he had at first called into active enjoyment; and what she regarded as his perverse way of looking at things, kept up a secret repulsion, which made her receive all his tenderness as a poor substitute for the happiness he had failed to give her. They were at a disadvantage with their neighbors, and there was no longer any outlook towards Quallingham—there was no outlook anywhere except in an occasional letter from Will Ladislaw. She had felt stung and disappointed by Will’s resolution to quit Middlemarch, for in spite of what she knew and guessed about his admiration for Dorothea, she secretly cherished the belief that he had, or would necessarily come to have, much more admiration for herself; Rosamond being one of those women who live much in the idea that each man they meet would have preferred them if the preference had not been hopeless. Mrs. Casaubon was all very well; but Will’s interest in her dated before he knew Mrs. Lydgate. Rosamond took his way of talking to herself, which was a mixture of playful fault-finding and hyperbolical gallantry, as the disguise of a deeper feeling; and in his presence she felt that agreeable titillation of vanity and sense of romantic drama which Lydgate’s presence had no longer the magic to create. She even fancied—what will not men and women fancy in these matters?—that Will exaggerated his admiration for Mrs. Casaubon in order to pique herself. In this way poor Rosamond’s brain had been busy before Will’s departure. He would have made, she thought, a much more suitable husband for her than she had found in Lydgate. No notion could have been falser than this, for Rosamond’s discontent in her marriage was due to the conditions of marriage itself, to its demand for self-suppression and tolerance, and not to the nature of her husband; but the easy conception of an unreal Better had a sentimental charm which diverted her ennui. She constructed a little romance which was to vary the flatness of her life: Will Ladislaw was always to be a bachelor and live near her, always to be at her command, and have an understood though never fully expressed passion for her, which would be sending out lambent flames every now and then in interesting scenes. His departure had been a proportionate disappointment, and had sadly increased her weariness of Middlemarch; but at first she had the alternative dream of pleasures in store from her intercourse with the family at Quallingham. Since then the troubles of her married life had deepened, and the absence of other relief encouraged her regretful rumination over that thin romance which she had once fed on. Men and women make sad mistakes about their own symptoms, taking their vague uneasy longings, sometimes for genius, sometimes for religion, and oftener still for a mighty love. Will Ladislaw had written chatty letters, half to her and half to Lydgate, and she had replied: their separation, she felt, was not likely to be final, and the change she now most longed for was that Lydgate should go to live in London; everything would be agreeable in London; and she had set to work with quiet determination to win this result, when there came a sudden, delightful promise which inspirited her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04294", "bookId": 145, "start": 1634256, "end": 1635122, "sha256": "363793176fb4b83eefe9caade6922131482aa3fac032c6d5a205dcd1d6f4a10d", "text": "It came shortly before the memorable meeting at the town-hall, and was nothing less than a letter from Will Ladislaw to Lydgate, which turned indeed chiefly on his new interest in plans of colonization, but mentioned incidentally, that he might find it necessary to pay a visit to Middlemarch within the next few weeks—a very pleasant necessity, he said, almost as good as holidays to a schoolboy. He hoped there was his old place on the rug, and a great deal of music in store for him. But he was quite uncertain as to the time. While Lydgate was reading the letter to Rosamond, her face looked like a reviving flower—it grew prettier and more blooming. There was nothing unendurable now: the debts were paid, Mr. Ladislaw was coming, and Lydgate would be persuaded to leave Middlemarch and settle in London, which was “so different from a provincial town.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04295", "bookId": 145, "start": 1635124, "end": 1636337, "sha256": "0a2bc2aae56ccb5f945fe79a29d0fde73dc290a1b80bd53721bd094ab0825961", "text": "That was a bright bit of morning. But soon the sky became black over poor Rosamond. The presence of a new gloom in her husband, about which he was entirely reserved towards her—for he dreaded to expose his lacerated feeling to her neutrality and misconception—soon received a painfully strange explanation, alien to all her previous notions of what could affect her happiness. In the new gayety of her spirits, thinking that Lydgate had merely a worse fit of moodiness than usual, causing him to leave her remarks unanswered, and evidently to keep out of her way as much as possible, she chose, a few days after the meeting, and without speaking to him on the subject, to send out notes of invitation for a small evening party, feeling convinced that this was a judicious step, since people seemed to have been keeping aloof from them, and wanted restoring to the old habit of intercourse. When the invitations had been accepted, she would tell Lydgate, and give him a wise admonition as to how a medical man should behave to his neighbors; for Rosamond had the gravest little airs possible about other people’s duties. But all the invitations were declined, and the last answer came into Lydgate’s hands.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04296", "bookId": 145, "start": 1636339, "end": 1636540, "sha256": "08d732075392049d7bc234535ee4865cb97c7b11557c2e5ab90f1bb5fd41888f", "text": "“This is Chichely’s scratch. What is he writing to you about?” said Lydgate, wonderingly, as he handed the note to her. She was obliged to let him see it, and, looking at her severely, he said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04297", "bookId": 145, "start": 1636542, "end": 1636778, "sha256": "c68516ee39e89104ac7b254e255ee4eb55a6508a9ebeedb6cefcce687fd9497e", "text": "“Why on earth have you been sending out invitations without telling me, Rosamond? I beg, I insist that you will not invite any one to this house. I suppose you have been inviting others, and they have refused too.” She said nothing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04298", "bookId": 145, "start": 1636780, "end": 1636820, "sha256": "cc756d275631d0513fc498ffac4abadb4deb7a59efd473e20d9c5093590cdfb9", "text": "“Do you hear me?” thundered Lydgate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04299", "bookId": 145, "start": 1636822, "end": 1636942, "sha256": "94a79f2282a73cda17dd798964b34fb5443ddbcc06ac0c755f0d119e7706d058", "text": "“Yes, certainly I hear you,” said Rosamond, turning her head aside with the movement of a graceful long-necked bird.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04300", "bookId": 145, "start": 1636944, "end": 1638210, "sha256": "96c49e118ffcbfe470c56bff17533af66a99ab58a10850bb4d91f8d80540a49f", "text": "Lydgate tossed his head without any grace and walked out of the room, feeling himself dangerous. Rosamond’s thought was, that he was getting more and more unbearable—not that there was any new special reason for this peremptoriness. His indisposition to tell her anything in which he was sure beforehand that she would not be interested was growing into an unreflecting habit, and she was in ignorance of everything connected with the thousand pounds except that the loan had come from her uncle Bulstrode. Lydgate’s odious humors and their neighbors’ apparent avoidance of them had an unaccountable date for her in their relief from money difficulties. If the invitations had been accepted she would have gone to invite her mamma and the rest, whom she had seen nothing of for several days; and she now put on her bonnet to go and inquire what had become of them all, suddenly feeling as if there were a conspiracy to leave her in isolation with a husband disposed to offend everybody. It was after the dinner hour, and she found her father and mother seated together alone in the drawing-room. They greeted her with sad looks, saying “Well, my dear!” and no more. She had never seen her father look so downcast; and seating herself near him she said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04301", "bookId": 145, "start": 1638212, "end": 1638253, "sha256": "9511400fc21523bdacba6d590c3cf22b2769d0a35bdaa0f64de03d227e2c0043", "text": "“Is there anything the matter, papa?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04302", "bookId": 145, "start": 1638255, "end": 1638379, "sha256": "9811d798a84735f878a595d51b71e77c48c36331645a27ed3ee302c0e3cfd02b", "text": "He did not answer, but Mrs. Vincy said, “Oh, my dear, have you heard nothing? It won’t be long before it reaches you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04303", "bookId": 145, "start": 1638381, "end": 1638542, "sha256": "5391e8dd0d286dba00ee50166d54742a2d388b39ee5ca11f5a3abeeb642d1cd8", "text": "“Is it anything about Tertius?” said Rosamond, turning pale. The idea of trouble immediately connected itself with what had been unaccountable to her in him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04304", "bookId": 145, "start": 1638544, "end": 1638657, "sha256": "119e087dfb933a8904206fce6679186d0234b0af4cae13ddc28ff4c876704306", "text": "“Oh, my dear, yes. To think of your marrying into this trouble. Debt was bad enough, but this will be worse.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04305", "bookId": 145, "start": 1638659, "end": 1638765, "sha256": "4355d170dd59b4cf0b0a769cc886f21fa5c2a5bb4f41881c3beebc44d1aa6f59", "text": "“Stay, stay, Lucy,” said Mr. Vincy. “Have you heard nothing about your uncle Bulstrode, Rosamond?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04306", "bookId": 145, "start": 1638767, "end": 1638952, "sha256": "9262588a73da3f97daac7cc08c616e809e324ea25ac18e436585d31d2d2d8ac1", "text": "“No, papa,” said the poor thing, feeling as if trouble were not anything she had before experienced, but some invisible power with an iron grasp that made her soul faint within her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04307", "bookId": 145, "start": 1638954, "end": 1639275, "sha256": "66dfad80b32ee1428798a95fe6c66de09000fdf7a3cdc35bbb02aae592f64968", "text": "Her father told her everything, saying at the end, “It’s better for you to know, my dear. I think Lydgate must leave the town. Things have gone against him. I dare say he couldn’t help it. I don’t accuse him of any harm,” said Mr. Vincy. He had always before been disposed to find the utmost fault with Lydgate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04308", "bookId": 145, "start": 1639277, "end": 1640063, "sha256": "25b8f732dbeb8d0880425a1066214d22dce863f86534d67154e85b2a7fc900e0", "text": "The shock to Rosamond was terrible. It seemed to her that no lot could be so cruelly hard as hers to have married a man who had become the centre of infamous suspicions. In many cases it is inevitable that the shame is felt to be the worst part of crime; and it would have required a great deal of disentangling reflection, such as had never entered into Rosamond’s life, for her in these moments to feel that her trouble was less than if her husband had been certainly known to have done something criminal. All the shame seemed to be there. And she had innocently married this man with the belief that he and his family were a glory to her! She showed her usual reticence to her parents, and only said, that if Lydgate had done as she wished he would have left Middlemarch long ago.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04309", "bookId": 145, "start": 1640065, "end": 1640135, "sha256": "437987c79745565b9279fc882e432e2b597be0ad8d6aad4d1ddd16a62264722e", "text": "“She bears it beyond anything,” said her mother when she was gone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04310", "bookId": 145, "start": 1640137, "end": 1640199, "sha256": "cf6731512d2165773f875a831d1610508339c7a4139ea8d687606fb9b470d56f", "text": "“Ah, thank God!” said Mr. Vincy, who was much broken down.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04311", "bookId": 145, "start": 1640201, "end": 1640772, "sha256": "c76c1a2c3e380ac367db4c3c1cfdc601d5bc75ef5b4ebd2b726d3ccc03baf087", "text": "But Rosamond went home with a sense of justified repugnance towards her husband. What had he really done—how had he really acted? She did not know. Why had he not told her everything? He did not speak to her on the subject, and of course she could not speak to him. It came into her mind once that she would ask her father to let her go home again; but dwelling on that prospect made it seem utter dreariness to her: a married woman gone back to live with her parents—life seemed to have no meaning for her in such a position: she could not contemplate herself in it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04312", "bookId": 145, "start": 1640774, "end": 1641604, "sha256": "133f5e9843e62fa210ccaff63a46750109e0c143c59608047b64d70d55e9b175", "text": "The next two days Lydgate observed a change in her, and believed that she had heard the bad news. Would she speak to him about it, or would she go on forever in the silence which seemed to imply that she believed him guilty? We must remember that he was in a morbid state of mind, in which almost all contact was pain. Certainly Rosamond in this case had equal reason to complain of reserve and want of confidence on his part; but in the bitterness of his soul he excused himself;—was he not justified in shrinking from the task of telling her, since now she knew the truth she had no impulse to speak to him? But a deeper-lying consciousness that he was in fault made him restless, and the silence between them became intolerable to him; it was as if they were both adrift on one piece of wreck and looked away from each other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04313", "bookId": 145, "start": 1641606, "end": 1641736, "sha256": "2e8b0abb718832e0d033a34f26494612015e7a51ce7aa398c7fddbe10ef01f95", "text": "He thought, “I am a fool. Haven’t I given up expecting anything? I have married care, not help.” And that evening he said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04314", "bookId": 145, "start": 1641738, "end": 1641798, "sha256": "102fbe1d2f45e1d9d366494327918004fc5e7be23eca5c6584f9b0b4b9b645af", "text": "“Rosamond, have you heard anything that distresses you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04315", "bookId": 145, "start": 1641800, "end": 1641940, "sha256": "c17ccb96c826829fc49c0908d0e51716880e9b3cb395fc528234e1767d6722e2", "text": "“Yes,” she answered, laying down her work, which she had been carrying on with a languid semi-consciousness, most unlike her usual self.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04316", "bookId": 145, "start": 1641942, "end": 1641968, "sha256": "ce64e7a32431509567bada7513ed9a9427b81585569786700eb1e47a7b16ae1c", "text": "“What have you heard?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04317", "bookId": 145, "start": 1641970, "end": 1642012, "sha256": "e8c348ffa752898f39e9fda62fb44886de5114de9de06bd576ddaae6f1b7a94c", "text": "“Everything, I suppose. Papa told me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04318", "bookId": 145, "start": 1642014, "end": 1642051, "sha256": "62a304d3a7b2259376ae6984f1ba243b05e3ff8b419ab46784e7a47fa0588f6a", "text": "“That people think me disgraced?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04319", "bookId": 145, "start": 1642053, "end": 1642125, "sha256": "cab5d70a4cb3df26bd29b92f82ecc633b8ed76e6c72a2072e2cfb47ff41b96df", "text": "“Yes,” said Rosamond, faintly, beginning to sew again automatically.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04320", "bookId": 145, "start": 1642127, "end": 1642305, "sha256": "f3e1833830d8a727d6210edd8d785aed564458bbc669045b362e2a3610624dd1", "text": "There was silence. Lydgate thought, “If she has any trust in me—any notion of what I am, she ought to speak now and say that she does not believe I have deserved disgrace.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04321", "bookId": 145, "start": 1642307, "end": 1642546, "sha256": "0a1b94efc566f53fb9a0eed0a899c3385eb0d2fa98c6586a37d590028594239c", "text": "But Rosamond on her side went on moving her fingers languidly. Whatever was to be said on the subject she expected to come from Tertius. What did she know? And if he were innocent of any wrong, why did he not do something to clear himself?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04322", "bookId": 145, "start": 1642548, "end": 1644122, "sha256": "9135cd99a89173582fae6e38f539a693bf54fb00eabd9e078e083a01ed44a598", "text": "This silence of hers brought a new rush of gall to that bitter mood in which Lydgate had been saying to himself that nobody believed in him—even Farebrother had not come forward. He had begun to question her with the intent that their conversation should disperse the chill fog which had gathered between them, but he felt his resolution checked by despairing resentment. Even this trouble, like the rest, she seemed to regard as if it were hers alone. He was always to her a being apart, doing what she objected to. He started from his chair with an angry impulse, and thrusting his hands in his pockets, walked up and down the room. There was an underlying consciousness all the while that he should have to master this anger, and tell her everything, and convince her of the facts. For he had almost learned the lesson that he must bend himself to her nature, and that because she came short in her sympathy, he must give the more. Soon he recurred to his intention of opening himself: the occasion must not be lost. If he could bring her to feel with some solemnity that here was a slander which must be met and not run away from, and that the whole trouble had come out of his desperate want of money, it would be a moment for urging powerfully on her that they should be one in the resolve to do with as little money as possible, so that they might weather the bad time and keep themselves independent. He would mention the definite measures which he desired to take, and win her to a willing spirit. He was bound to try this—and what else was there for him to do?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04323", "bookId": 145, "start": 1644124, "end": 1644456, "sha256": "4366bd49a29176d575ff927699ffdfb94e3928787c005dbc93d992cd85e30882", "text": "He did not know how long he had been walking uneasily backwards and forwards, but Rosamond felt that it was long, and wished that he would sit down. She too had begun to think this an opportunity for urging on Tertius what he ought to do. Whatever might be the truth about all this misery, there was one dread which asserted itself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04324", "bookId": 145, "start": 1644458, "end": 1644865, "sha256": "45bb3a911eb821aeafe79fcf754be37a266fb19ac4473e31aef46182383a74b7", "text": "Lydgate at last seated himself, not in his usual chair, but in one nearer to Rosamond, leaning aside in it towards her, and looking at her gravely before he reopened the sad subject. He had conquered himself so far, and was about to speak with a sense of solemnity, as on an occasion which was not to be repeated. He had even opened his lips, when Rosamond, letting her hands fall, looked at him and said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04325", "bookId": 145, "start": 1644867, "end": 1644891, "sha256": "bf78b11c2b70180331e02e0136701bd86148e9b3377818030257d8a06c55624f", "text": "“Surely, Tertius—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04326", "bookId": 145, "start": 1644893, "end": 1644904, "sha256": "0226f79ba13580adaa4581a53c6acd6c97384103b7b97d9988466bcc3111c67c", "text": "“Well?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04327", "bookId": 145, "start": 1644906, "end": 1645156, "sha256": "c99a30badb56af950d2303ff9e75e83848206b8ced4f91f1d6133bfdfa847a6b", "text": "“Surely now at last you have given up the idea of staying in Middlemarch. I cannot go on living here. Let us go to London. Papa, and every one else, says you had better go. Whatever misery I have to put up with, it will be easier away from here.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04328", "bookId": 145, "start": 1645158, "end": 1645411, "sha256": "d5a05d264db7e7b2aa9131401e9f71587bf37bd42e43d43df87a03bad694175c", "text": "Lydgate felt miserably jarred. Instead of that critical outpouring for which he had prepared himself with effort, here was the old round to be gone through again. He could not bear it. With a quick change of countenance he rose and went out of the room.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04329", "bookId": 145, "start": 1645413, "end": 1646032, "sha256": "5d867e0c86e07c3a03a58edcc81cf99ef00fafd25dfc2bae8ccdf75008a49c0c", "text": "Perhaps if he had been strong enough to persist in his determination to be the more because she was less, that evening might have had a better issue. If his energy could have borne down that check, he might still have wrought on Rosamond’s vision and will. We cannot be sure that any natures, however inflexible or peculiar, will resist this effect from a more massive being than their own. They may be taken by storm and for the moment converted, becoming part of the soul which enwraps them in the ardor of its movement. But poor Lydgate had a throbbing pain within him, and his energy had fallen short of its task.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04330", "bookId": 145, "start": 1646034, "end": 1646577, "sha256": "1f3d755396c87c58787df345a3b6faa6aee171e3980696b749b0a3ca290866d1", "text": "The beginning of mutual understanding and resolve seemed as far off as ever; nay, it seemed blocked out by the sense of unsuccessful effort. They lived on from day to day with their thoughts still apart, Lydgate going about what work he had in a mood of despair, and Rosamond feeling, with some justification, that he was behaving cruelly. It was of no use to say anything to Tertius; but when Will Ladislaw came, she was determined to tell him everything. In spite of her general reticence, she needed some one who would recognize her wrongs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04331", "bookId": 145, "start": 1646582, "end": 1646596, "sha256": "5de028963eb1bfc6f518efa0513f4f6b8986635cd52d215617d2fe2358cc1f08", "text": "CHAPTER LXXVI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04332", "bookId": 145, "start": 1646598, "end": 1646894, "sha256": "a4ba4b3efffc10c9f8e61b460465e96c9eeb3d6085a47a7aa068d2b32b293b04", "text": "To mercy, pity, peace, and love All pray in their distress, And to these virtues of delight, Return their thankfulness. . . . . . . For Mercy has a human heart, Pity a human face; And Love, the human form divine; And Peace, the human dress. —WILLIAM BLAKE: _Songs of Innocence_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04333", "bookId": 145, "start": 1646897, "end": 1647599, "sha256": "ddbee6937f83c9f4108f8ce26b2000f4dd3fd4e5d3d197aba90d54e0025ed38e", "text": "Some days later, Lydgate was riding to Lowick Manor, in consequence of a summons from Dorothea. The summons had not been unexpected, since it had followed a letter from Mr. Bulstrode, in which he stated that he had resumed his arrangements for quitting Middlemarch, and must remind Lydgate of his previous communications about the Hospital, to the purport of which he still adhered. It had been his duty, before taking further steps, to reopen the subject with Mrs. Casaubon, who now wished, as before, to discuss the question with Lydgate. “Your views may possibly have undergone some change,” wrote Mr. Bulstrode; “but, in that case also, it is desirable that you should lay them before her.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04334", "bookId": 145, "start": 1647601, "end": 1648710, "sha256": "d76c081ac7a109c513cfc1ff34c107f31374f7db38bf1f9e0292e8f2da8f854c", "text": "Dorothea awaited his arrival with eager interest. Though, in deference to her masculine advisers, she had refrained from what Sir James had called “interfering in this Bulstrode business,” the hardship of Lydgate’s position was continually in her mind, and when Bulstrode applied to her again about the hospital, she felt that the opportunity was come to her which she had been hindered from hastening. In her luxurious home, wandering under the boughs of her own great trees, her thought was going out over the lot of others, and her emotions were imprisoned. The idea of some active good within her reach, “haunted her like a passion,” and another’s need having once come to her as a distinct image, preoccupied her desire with the yearning to give relief, and made her own ease tasteless. She was full of confident hope about this interview with Lydgate, never heeding what was said of his personal reserve; never heeding that she was a very young woman. Nothing could have seemed more irrelevant to Dorothea than insistence on her youth and sex when she was moved to show her human fellowship.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04335", "bookId": 145, "start": 1648712, "end": 1649513, "sha256": "4ae219cf9b670a24e308cdcb2a9d588bdec56569ccb65657540d29925f343293", "text": "As she sat waiting in the library, she could do nothing but live through again all the past scenes which had brought Lydgate into her memories. They all owed their significance to her marriage and its troubles—but no; there were two occasions in which the image of Lydgate had come painfully in connection with his wife and some one else. The pain had been allayed for Dorothea, but it had left in her an awakened conjecture as to what Lydgate’s marriage might be to him, a susceptibility to the slightest hint about Mrs. Lydgate. These thoughts were like a drama to her, and made her eyes bright, and gave an attitude of suspense to her whole frame, though she was only looking out from the brown library on to the turf and the bright green buds which stood in relief against the dark evergreens.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04336", "bookId": 145, "start": 1649515, "end": 1649922, "sha256": "2e79b99eed2245e9ba7146f5b5ded13c1e03a157ab3795272ba7913e62ea88ae", "text": "When Lydgate came in, she was almost shocked at the change in his face, which was strikingly perceptible to her who had not seen him for two months. It was not the change of emaciation, but that effect which even young faces will very soon show from the persistent presence of resentment and despondency. Her cordial look, when she put out her hand to him, softened his expression, but only with melancholy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04337", "bookId": 145, "start": 1649924, "end": 1650428, "sha256": "eae215237b250efa0aab9f729a39c39a2a15425417ba4354249dd2c85d2c4d4b", "text": "“I have wished very much to see you for a long while, Mr. Lydgate,” said Dorothea when they were seated opposite each other; “but I put off asking you to come until Mr. Bulstrode applied to me again about the Hospital. I know that the advantage of keeping the management of it separate from that of the Infirmary depends on you, or, at least, on the good which you are encouraged to hope for from having it under your control. And I am sure you will not refuse to tell me exactly what you think.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04338", "bookId": 145, "start": 1650430, "end": 1650654, "sha256": "73775d3afa886e46f85631676937b6cf79b4f50781340fad4fd59933569e8c4a", "text": "“You want to decide whether you should give a generous support to the Hospital,” said Lydgate. “I cannot conscientiously advise you to do it in dependence on any activity of mine. I may be obliged to leave the town.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04339", "bookId": 145, "start": 1650656, "end": 1650786, "sha256": "5a26e6b05fa5323eee00219e811d80bc5c2090976e59f79a2c01f7abb9cfad40", "text": "He spoke curtly, feeling the ache of despair as to his being able to carry out any purpose that Rosamond had set her mind against.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04340", "bookId": 145, "start": 1650788, "end": 1651079, "sha256": "057f7214c8b7eb887cdf36a9601472a65c637d4cf41afb01002c866412561f4d", "text": "“Not because there is no one to believe in you?” said Dorothea, pouring out her words in clearness from a full heart. “I know the unhappy mistakes about you. I knew them from the first moment to be mistakes. You have never done anything vile. You would not do anything dishonorable.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04341", "bookId": 145, "start": 1651081, "end": 1651352, "sha256": "fdab5b1fab86ab9ee93a73c2e30d3ca606eeb9388ae71667f8e4fd2b70b8908d", "text": "It was the first assurance of belief in him that had fallen on Lydgate’s ears. He drew a deep breath, and said, “Thank you.” He could say no more: it was something very new and strange in his life that these few words of trust from a woman should be so much to him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04342", "bookId": 145, "start": 1651354, "end": 1651479, "sha256": "1e738967f12c2165c8984bca7c403ee0342a6795416a854219276abef58d3fae", "text": "“I beseech you to tell me how everything was,” said Dorothea, fearlessly. “I am sure that the truth would clear you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04343", "bookId": 145, "start": 1651481, "end": 1651992, "sha256": "7c0ba3845d851289f354fecd9c2bb4f019bacaa3be76520f02e126bcdfc7cd1c", "text": "Lydgate started up from his chair and went towards the window, forgetting where he was. He had so often gone over in his mind the possibility of explaining everything without aggravating appearances that would tell, perhaps unfairly, against Bulstrode, and had so often decided against it—he had so often said to himself that his assertions would not change people’s impressions—that Dorothea’s words sounded like a temptation to do something which in his soberness he had pronounced to be unreasonable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04344", "bookId": 145, "start": 1651994, "end": 1652173, "sha256": "94e711ac7f9faecf24340d0be06de79e7168c76c8efad4084b3d8977614b2a6f", "text": "“Tell me, pray,” said Dorothea, with simple earnestness; “then we can consult together. It is wicked to let people think evil of any one falsely, when it can be hindered.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04345", "bookId": 145, "start": 1652175, "end": 1652815, "sha256": "903e25387bd6aee41a1ba56be6feca6f580448cdc505c178c9ff6c682fac2934", "text": "Lydgate turned, remembering where he was, and saw Dorothea’s face looking up at him with a sweet trustful gravity. The presence of a noble nature, generous in its wishes, ardent in its charity, changes the lights for us: we begin to see things again in their larger, quieter masses, and to believe that we too can be seen and judged in the wholeness of our character. That influence was beginning to act on Lydgate, who had for many days been seeing all life as one who is dragged and struggling amid the throng. He sat down again, and felt that he was recovering his old self in the consciousness that he was with one who believed in it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04346", "bookId": 145, "start": 1652817, "end": 1653306, "sha256": "6ca6c09806d0dc329b2ac4f7e41a5dce79c2d78c88d8a8a162923948bc41f035", "text": "“I don’t want,” he said, “to bear hard on Bulstrode, who has lent me money of which I was in need—though I would rather have gone without it now. He is hunted down and miserable, and has only a poor thread of life in him. But I should like to tell you everything. It will be a comfort to me to speak where belief has gone beforehand, and where I shall not seem to be offering assertions of my own honesty. You will feel what is fair to another, as you feel what is fair to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04347", "bookId": 145, "start": 1653308, "end": 1653910, "sha256": "2fb0ad118be3ab83f1a2a8c575fdd117b0ba23855286f44884390483fec41423", "text": "“Do trust me,” said Dorothea; “I will not repeat anything without your leave. But at the very least, I could say that you have made all the circumstances clear to me, and that I know you are not in any way guilty. Mr. Farebrother would believe me, and my uncle, and Sir James Chettam. Nay, there are persons in Middlemarch to whom I could go; although they don’t know much of me, they would believe me. They would know that I could have no other motive than truth and justice. I would take any pains to clear you. I have very little to do. There is nothing better that I can do in the world.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04348", "bookId": 145, "start": 1653912, "end": 1654989, "sha256": "df80e58c78e0ab1dd3a949c59d8162fb16eddf9a2d590b56b4286c57324c5f79", "text": "Dorothea’s voice, as she made this childlike picture of what she would do, might have been almost taken as a proof that she could do it effectively. The searching tenderness of her woman’s tones seemed made for a defence against ready accusers. Lydgate did not stay to think that she was Quixotic: he gave himself up, for the first time in his life, to the exquisite sense of leaning entirely on a generous sympathy, without any check of proud reserve. And he told her everything, from the time when, under the pressure of his difficulties, he unwillingly made his first application to Bulstrode; gradually, in the relief of speaking, getting into a more thorough utterance of what had gone on in his mind—entering fully into the fact that his treatment of the patient was opposed to the dominant practice, into his doubts at the last, his ideal of medical duty, and his uneasy consciousness that the acceptance of the money had made some difference in his private inclination and professional behavior, though not in his fulfilment of any publicly recognized obligation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04349", "bookId": 145, "start": 1654991, "end": 1656447, "sha256": "5633539254fbcafd5c383070a459a2c1e0d9574f485ad777178f3a76ea552bda", "text": "“It has come to my knowledge since,” he added, “that Hawley sent some one to examine the housekeeper at Stone Court, and she said that she gave the patient all the opium in the phial I left, as well as a good deal of brandy. But that would not have been opposed to ordinary prescriptions, even of first-rate men. The suspicions against me had no hold there: they are grounded on the knowledge that I took money, that Bulstrode had strong motives for wishing the man to die, and that he gave me the money as a bribe to concur in some malpractices or other against the patient—that in any case I accepted a bribe to hold my tongue. They are just the suspicions that cling the most obstinately, because they lie in people’s inclination and can never be disproved. How my orders came to be disobeyed is a question to which I don’t know the answer. It is still possible that Bulstrode was innocent of any criminal intention—even possible that he had nothing to do with the disobedience, and merely abstained from mentioning it. But all that has nothing to do with the public belief. It is one of those cases on which a man is condemned on the ground of his character—it is believed that he has committed a crime in some undefined way, because he had the motive for doing it; and Bulstrode’s character has enveloped me, because I took his money. I am simply blighted—like a damaged ear of corn—the business is done and can’t be undone.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04350", "bookId": 145, "start": 1656449, "end": 1656949, "sha256": "e9e137d362346b3449ae2e62f44123bc73e9871728d6dcc6b0e5d27b502fd395", "text": "“Oh, it is hard!” said Dorothea. “I understand the difficulty there is in your vindicating yourself. And that all this should have come to you who had meant to lead a higher life than the common, and to find out better ways—I cannot bear to rest in this as unchangeable. I know you meant that. I remember what you said to me when you first spoke to me about the hospital. There is no sorrow I have thought more about than that—to love what is great, and try to reach it, and yet to fail.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04351", "bookId": 145, "start": 1656951, "end": 1657235, "sha256": "d0fba042e0c6fe8e73b46a01eaf98040e635be8b365a54641ba8297d676addf6", "text": "“Yes,” said Lydgate, feeling that here he had found room for the full meaning of his grief. “I had some ambition. I meant everything to be different with me. I thought I had more strength and mastery. But the most terrible obstacles are such as nobody can see except oneself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04352", "bookId": 145, "start": 1657237, "end": 1657788, "sha256": "b07bf42bb2f34464895f0836a2dcb7096c8e6c5a04e44755d5219fe93fcede44", "text": "“Suppose,” said Dorothea, meditatively,—“suppose we kept on the Hospital according to the present plan, and you stayed here though only with the friendship and support of a few, the evil feeling towards you would gradually die out; there would come opportunities in which people would be forced to acknowledge that they had been unjust to you, because they would see that your purposes were pure. You may still win a great fame like the Louis and Laennec I have heard you speak of, and we shall all be proud of you,” she ended, with a smile.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04353", "bookId": 145, "start": 1657790, "end": 1658090, "sha256": "b952fcf97dcf320b97d4130927ec51c211a6d9f2b520f32fa41b1c5b35294491", "text": "“That might do if I had my old trust in myself,” said Lydgate, mournfully. “Nothing galls me more than the notion of turning round and running away before this slander, leaving it unchecked behind me. Still, I can’t ask any one to put a great deal of money into a plan which depends on me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04354", "bookId": 145, "start": 1658092, "end": 1658983, "sha256": "f0481cd4c87ec5e156fa2a1df9e1f97ca76bb06a12f3773d78f2b6dc85281008", "text": "“It would be quite worth my while,” said Dorothea, simply. “Only think. I am very uncomfortable with my money, because they tell me I have too little for any great scheme of the sort I like best, and yet I have too much. I don’t know what to do. I have seven hundred a-year of my own fortune, and nineteen hundred a-year that Mr. Casaubon left me, and between three and four thousand of ready money in the bank. I wished to raise money and pay it off gradually out of my income which I don’t want, to buy land with and found a village which should be a school of industry; but Sir James and my uncle have convinced me that the risk would be too great. So you see that what I should most rejoice at would be to have something good to do with my money: I should like it to make other people’s lives better to them. It makes me very uneasy—coming all to me who don’t want it.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04355", "bookId": 145, "start": 1658985, "end": 1659417, "sha256": "b8ac39667917b2cffc52d8dcf25e10f6125f25c0b12604daf9ac9967c189b94e", "text": "A smile broke through the gloom of Lydgate’s face. The childlike grave-eyed earnestness with which Dorothea said all this was irresistible—blent into an adorable whole with her ready understanding of high experience. (Of lower experience such as plays a great part in the world, poor Mrs. Casaubon had a very blurred shortsighted knowledge, little helped by her imagination.) But she took the smile as encouragement of her plan.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04356", "bookId": 145, "start": 1659419, "end": 1659616, "sha256": "ef129aa4866327f828721fe24583971ba7263682ba4af55e4bad6e3361f25b7e", "text": "“I think you see now that you spoke too scrupulously,” she said, in a tone of persuasion. “The hospital would be one good; and making your life quite whole and well again would be another.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04357", "bookId": 145, "start": 1659618, "end": 1659758, "sha256": "8c32a6604c2361ca2d88399a0a01642a2c21428928d9836c443d1c8449c3e45c", "text": "Lydgate’s smile had died away. “You have the goodness as well as the money to do all that; if it could be done,” he said. “But—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04358", "bookId": 145, "start": 1659760, "end": 1659913, "sha256": "7bbcb67bafe49fbf5979234f282271d0dec46e64d5cf85c7eac89582cb4afbf8", "text": "He hesitated a little while, looking vaguely towards the window; and she sat in silent expectation. At last he turned towards her and said impetuously—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04359", "bookId": 145, "start": 1659915, "end": 1660021, "sha256": "0ee8451b27b2c43d0a6b30eedf1367b20e83e3f26644fa6366e4c54dfe2a8167", "text": "“Why should I not tell you?—you know what sort of bond marriage is. You will understand everything.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04360", "bookId": 145, "start": 1660023, "end": 1660156, "sha256": "5d0e50ce1202fb0c58d37333e78bc00dceb1aed9a49305d81c71173f5a1ecd01", "text": "Dorothea felt her heart beginning to beat faster. Had he that sorrow too? But she feared to say any word, and he went on immediately.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04361", "bookId": 145, "start": 1660158, "end": 1660497, "sha256": "f6093e29ee1dd9bfe71c7a1c6557005b30e0078fc70c790696d610dc4922b181", "text": "“It is impossible for me now to do anything—to take any step without considering my wife’s happiness. The thing that I might like to do if I were alone, is become impossible to me. I can’t see her miserable. She married me without knowing what she was going into, and it might have been better for her if she had not married me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04362", "bookId": 145, "start": 1660499, "end": 1660633, "sha256": "e49dbff022c64243ffc0fe9a7c247f1d38fc9f04e3315e34e7868b04c0579d29", "text": "“I know, I know—you could not give her pain, if you were not obliged to do it,” said Dorothea, with keen memory of her own life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04363", "bookId": 145, "start": 1660635, "end": 1660811, "sha256": "24523e8783afbb686efd5b4174cfd14613dae7fba185684930f6af752b758c19", "text": "“And she has set her mind against staying. She wishes to go. The troubles she has had here have wearied her,” said Lydgate, breaking off again, lest he should say too much.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04364", "bookId": 145, "start": 1660813, "end": 1661020, "sha256": "fc81a55e6a08d200533857da8113b3fc55b9878443583cae2d157fca4cd337c4", "text": "“But when she saw the good that might come of staying—” said Dorothea, remonstrantly, looking at Lydgate as if he had forgotten the reasons which had just been considered. He did not speak immediately.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04365", "bookId": 145, "start": 1661022, "end": 1661624, "sha256": "ace584094e9ef1999e1f3d1265164d27aaf0081ce3dab58cd06ea5cda4a8ea5c", "text": "“She would not see it,” he said at last, curtly, feeling at first that this statement must do without explanation. “And, indeed, I have lost all spirit about carrying on my life here.” He paused a moment and then, following the impulse to let Dorothea see deeper into the difficulty of his life, he said, “The fact is, this trouble has come upon her confusedly. We have not been able to speak to each other about it. I am not sure what is in her mind about it: she may fear that I have really done something base. It is my fault; I ought to be more open. But I have been suffering cruelly.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04366", "bookId": 145, "start": 1661626, "end": 1661953, "sha256": "cc0ebe3202eef5d91bf2abb609a67d4d6728f5aee53a526ab1bc97b03e151ad6", "text": "“May I go and see her?” said Dorothea, eagerly. “Would she accept my sympathy? I would tell her that you have not been blamable before any one’s judgment but your own. I would tell her that you shall be cleared in every fair mind. I would cheer her heart. Will you ask her if I may go to see her? I did see her once.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04367", "bookId": 145, "start": 1661955, "end": 1662323, "sha256": "d4d040021c1609289e7dca81ea7bb4bc9f21b9d075107a32c0d31002a0696508", "text": "“I am sure you may,” said Lydgate, seizing the proposition with some hope. “She would feel honored—cheered, I think, by the proof that you at least have some respect for me. I will not speak to her about your coming—that she may not connect it with my wishes at all. I know very well that I ought not to have left anything to be told her by others, but—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04368", "bookId": 145, "start": 1662325, "end": 1662667, "sha256": "9bd188f2d01299c79b27120ca6b76eeff4eca0b18530510e3190036b2cc70e67", "text": "He broke off, and there was a moment’s silence. Dorothea refrained from saying what was in her mind—how well she knew that there might be invisible barriers to speech between husband and wife. This was a point on which even sympathy might make a wound. She returned to the more outward aspect of Lydgate’s position, saying cheerfully—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04369", "bookId": 145, "start": 1662669, "end": 1663083, "sha256": "44417c98067243241ef9d147a3506e6253185638fd9c1595e4c906d3da771757", "text": "“And if Mrs. Lydgate knew that there were friends who would believe in you and support you, she might then be glad that you should stay in your place and recover your hopes—and do what you meant to do. Perhaps then you would see that it was right to agree with what I proposed about your continuing at the Hospital. Surely you would, if you still have faith in it as a means of making your knowledge useful?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04370", "bookId": 145, "start": 1663085, "end": 1663155, "sha256": "4ed1e3df82cf86d1db7bd31dbe13acd3693244a15687594eb0e522a44794b2a8", "text": "Lydgate did not answer, and she saw that he was debating with himself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04371", "bookId": 145, "start": 1663157, "end": 1663303, "sha256": "3860c677dec4d26025584c9fc204f069a5c5d0cb2efd1f852d71d64af9556cc4", "text": "“You need not decide immediately,” she said, gently. “A few days hence it will be early enough for me to send my answer to Mr. Bulstrode.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04372", "bookId": 145, "start": 1663305, "end": 1663382, "sha256": "d813cb460cf04285e92af7172bfce9441723dc967454cbe1d7293bf76a028daf", "text": "Lydgate still waited, but at last turned to speak in his most decisive tones.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04373", "bookId": 145, "start": 1663384, "end": 1664182, "sha256": "b152c94fd39076839458bc735815b2a7c12515582ccb67953430026277caeb8f", "text": "“No; I prefer that there should be no interval left for wavering. I am no longer sure enough of myself—I mean of what it would be possible for me to do under the changed circumstances of my life. It would be dishonorable to let others engage themselves to anything serious in dependence on me. I might be obliged to go away after all; I see little chance of anything else. The whole thing is too problematic; I cannot consent to be the cause of your goodness being wasted. No—let the new Hospital be joined with the old Infirmary, and everything go on as it might have done if I had never come. I have kept a valuable register since I have been there; I shall send it to a man who will make use of it,” he ended bitterly. “I can think of nothing for a long while but getting an income.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04374", "bookId": 145, "start": 1664184, "end": 1664672, "sha256": "57874851896b232100fc4eaca591c661928e3ffc733357a6f2d97a00207f6942", "text": "“It hurts me very much to hear you speak so hopelessly,” said Dorothea. “It would be a happiness to your friends, who believe in your future, in your power to do great things, if you would let them save you from that. Think how much money I have; it would be like taking a burthen from me if you took some of it every year till you got free from this fettering want of income. Why should not people do these things? It is so difficult to make shares at all even. This is one way.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04375", "bookId": 145, "start": 1664674, "end": 1665743, "sha256": "f6a74ec2667011c63b1dc80c26801b5bf8f758d0a30682984b472c88a5e8aa35", "text": "“God bless you, Mrs. Casaubon!” said Lydgate, rising as if with the same impulse that made his words energetic, and resting his arm on the back of the great leather chair he had been sitting in. “It is good that you should have such feelings. But I am not the man who ought to allow himself to benefit by them. I have not given guarantees enough. I must not at least sink into the degradation of being pensioned for work that I never achieved. It is very clear to me that I must not count on anything else than getting away from Middlemarch as soon as I can manage it. I should not be able for a long while, at the very best, to get an income here, and—and it is easier to make necessary changes in a new place. I must do as other men do, and think what will please the world and bring in money; look for a little opening in the London crowd, and push myself; set up in a watering-place, or go to some southern town where there are plenty of idle English, and get myself puffed,—that is the sort of shell I must creep into and try to keep my soul alive in.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04376", "bookId": 145, "start": 1665745, "end": 1665818, "sha256": "56b70413de7c299d914b9ad9f91355a3d094ae17055f45d4af83214b487b8bac", "text": "“Now that is not brave,” said Dorothea,—“to give up the fight.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04377", "bookId": 145, "start": 1665820, "end": 1666410, "sha256": "cb758e2d2a491976fb06948c58fd37ad6b5162d6e0fd54d2197650a6dc489f88", "text": "“No, it is not brave,” said Lydgate, “but if a man is afraid of creeping paralysis?” Then, in another tone, “Yet you have made a great difference in my courage by believing in me. Everything seems more bearable since I have talked to you; and if you can clear me in a few other minds, especially in Farebrother’s, I shall be deeply grateful. The point I wish you not to mention is the fact of disobedience to my orders. That would soon get distorted. After all, there is no evidence for me but people’s opinion of me beforehand. You can only repeat my own report of myself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04378", "bookId": 145, "start": 1666412, "end": 1666591, "sha256": "78bffc81b27fff931fb16d8d269e3e142724e9f7f031067f34cff7fbf867ddcf", "text": "“Mr. Farebrother will believe—others will believe,” said Dorothea. “I can say of you what will make it stupidity to suppose that you would be bribed to do a wickedness.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04379", "bookId": 145, "start": 1666593, "end": 1666851, "sha256": "c99526402ee13f34f22eb70ca14a4f22b92913cf7a2a0c9c5c0dc7e22b7fc83e", "text": "“I don’t know,” said Lydgate, with something like a groan in his voice. “I have not taken a bribe yet. But there is a pale shade of bribery which is sometimes called prosperity. You will do me another great kindness, then, and come to see my wife?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04380", "bookId": 145, "start": 1666853, "end": 1667009, "sha256": "df8f55488c8026b06a7aca760eda8b12b86491cc5cf6e63a8312280b3897e65e", "text": "“Yes, I will. I remember how pretty she is,” said Dorothea, into whose mind every impression about Rosamond had cut deep. “I hope she will like me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04381", "bookId": 145, "start": 1667011, "end": 1667772, "sha256": "bc63bfd4eb8412283db982bf4a49ab650b8921911d8370fffba83d478356ad98", "text": "As Lydgate rode away, he thought, “This young creature has a heart large enough for the Virgin Mary. She evidently thinks nothing of her own future, and would pledge away half her income at once, as if she wanted nothing for herself but a chair to sit in from which she can look down with those clear eyes at the poor mortals who pray to her. She seems to have what I never saw in any woman before—a fountain of friendship towards men—a man can make a friend of her. Casaubon must have raised some heroic hallucination in her. I wonder if she could have any other sort of passion for a man? Ladislaw?—there was certainly an unusual feeling between them. And Casaubon must have had a notion of it. Well—her love might help a man more than her money.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04382", "bookId": 145, "start": 1667774, "end": 1668660, "sha256": "d8579fd34f12747cdfa054896b99f8c107bf0a5c12ac7d607f1c36d0de6840f7", "text": "Dorothea on her side had immediately formed a plan of relieving Lydgate from his obligation to Bulstrode, which she felt sure was a part, though small, of the galling pressure he had to bear. She sat down at once under the inspiration of their interview, and wrote a brief note, in which she pleaded that she had more claim than Mr. Bulstrode had to the satisfaction of providing the money which had been serviceable to Lydgate—that it would be unkind in Lydgate not to grant her the position of being his helper in this small matter, the favor being entirely to her who had so little that was plainly marked out for her to do with her superfluous money. He might call her a creditor or by any other name if it did but imply that he granted her request. She enclosed a check for a thousand pounds, and determined to take the letter with her the next day when she went to see Rosamond.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04383", "bookId": 145, "start": 1668665, "end": 1668680, "sha256": "8d00d1c2ec877e3e5f40e9cb8cdeeb10d15b352e279c02f1c6030be2d3a3e97c", "text": "CHAPTER LXXVII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04384", "bookId": 145, "start": 1668682, "end": 1668811, "sha256": "63cea0416de234f5ac43f9498e446544afff7f71be620ab0078755e26e67b9ae", "text": "“And thus thy fall hath left a kind of blot, To mark the full-fraught man and best indued With some suspicion.” —_Henry V_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04385", "bookId": 145, "start": 1668814, "end": 1670890, "sha256": "a73e34e0ec2988912b05da980ef8aa79821ae94defc3f91b1a94f99bf67a64cd", "text": "The next day Lydgate had to go to Brassing, and told Rosamond that he should be away until the evening. Of late she had never gone beyond her own house and garden, except to church, and once to see her papa, to whom she said, “If Tertius goes away, you will help us to move, will you not, papa? I suppose we shall have very little money. I am sure I hope some one will help us.” And Mr. Vincy had said, “Yes, child, I don’t mind a hundred or two. I can see the end of that.” With these exceptions she had sat at home in languid melancholy and suspense, fixing her mind on Will Ladislaw’s coming as the one point of hope and interest, and associating this with some new urgency on Lydgate to make immediate arrangements for leaving Middlemarch and going to London, till she felt assured that the coming would be a potent cause of the going, without at all seeing how. This way of establishing sequences is too common to be fairly regarded as a peculiar folly in Rosamond. And it is precisely this sort of sequence which causes the greatest shock when it is sundered: for to see how an effect may be produced is often to see possible missings and checks; but to see nothing except the desirable cause, and close upon it the desirable effect, rids us of doubt and makes our minds strongly intuitive. That was the process going on in poor Rosamond, while she arranged all objects around her with the same nicety as ever, only with more slowness—or sat down to the piano, meaning to play, and then desisting, yet lingering on the music stool with her white fingers suspended on the wooden front, and looking before her in dreamy ennui. Her melancholy had become so marked that Lydgate felt a strange timidity before it, as a perpetual silent reproach, and the strong man, mastered by his keen sensibilities towards this fair fragile creature whose life he seemed somehow to have bruised, shrank from her look, and sometimes started at her approach, fear of her and fear for her rushing in only the more forcibly after it had been momentarily expelled by exasperation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04386", "bookId": 145, "start": 1670892, "end": 1671385, "sha256": "844bd8e0835868a6f01c3e5caed8b79f30e7a6bfd9ceb4b3c7794519ac15812d", "text": "But this morning Rosamond descended from her room upstairs—where she sometimes sat the whole day when Lydgate was out—equipped for a walk in the town. She had a letter to post—a letter addressed to Mr. Ladislaw and written with charming discretion, but intended to hasten his arrival by a hint of trouble. The servant-maid, their sole house-servant now, noticed her coming down-stairs in her walking dress, and thought “there never did anybody look so pretty in a bonnet poor thing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04387", "bookId": 145, "start": 1671387, "end": 1673024, "sha256": "630308f680bc5879c4ffe92377a8c7cfc76af38ddfde387ce119e4843c9b76b3", "text": "Meanwhile Dorothea’s mind was filled with her project of going to Rosamond, and with the many thoughts, both of the past and the probable future, which gathered round the idea of that visit. Until yesterday when Lydgate had opened to her a glimpse of some trouble in his married life, the image of Mrs. Lydgate had always been associated for her with that of Will Ladislaw. Even in her most uneasy moments—even when she had been agitated by Mrs. Cadwallader’s painfully graphic report of gossip—her effort, nay, her strongest impulsive prompting, had been towards the vindication of Will from any sullying surmises; and when, in her meeting with him afterwards, she had at first interpreted his words as a probable allusion to a feeling towards Mrs. Lydgate which he was determined to cut himself off from indulging, she had had a quick, sad, excusing vision of the charm there might be in his constant opportunities of companionship with that fair creature, who most likely shared his other tastes as she evidently did his delight in music. But there had followed his parting words—the few passionate words in which he had implied that she herself was the object of whom his love held him in dread, that it was his love for her only which he was resolved not to declare but to carry away into banishment. From the time of that parting, Dorothea, believing in Will’s love for her, believing with a proud delight in his delicate sense of honor and his determination that no one should impeach him justly, felt her heart quite at rest as to the regard he might have for Mrs. Lydgate. She was sure that the regard was blameless.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04388", "bookId": 145, "start": 1673026, "end": 1673454, "sha256": "7bb7a6f28b693cd5b12d092a43a5c310307199aa9c096dd53b5baf715385610c", "text": "There are natures in which, if they love us, we are conscious of having a sort of baptism and consecration: they bind us over to rectitude and purity by their pure belief about us; and our sins become that worst kind of sacrilege which tears down the invisible altar of trust. “If you are not good, none is good”—those little words may give a terrific meaning to responsibility, may hold a vitriolic intensity for remorse.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04389", "bookId": 145, "start": 1673456, "end": 1674270, "sha256": "0a34bba4bd38a997449f7ed41c67f9f819801d2a96a54d7a7f8866007267690f", "text": "Dorothea’s nature was of that kind: her own passionate faults lay along the easily counted open channels of her ardent character; and while she was full of pity for the visible mistakes of others, she had not yet any material within her experience for subtle constructions and suspicions of hidden wrong. But that simplicity of hers, holding up an ideal for others in her believing conception of them, was one of the great powers of her womanhood. And it had from the first acted strongly on Will Ladislaw. He felt, when he parted from her, that the brief words by which he had tried to convey to her his feeling about herself and the division which her fortune made between them, would only profit by their brevity when Dorothea had to interpret them: he felt that in her mind he had found his highest estimate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04390", "bookId": 145, "start": 1674272, "end": 1675057, "sha256": "d126a92e8a216784c23ff60a270165adc60a73ceed9941bc6dbfe7ad7ef97e3b", "text": "And he was right there. In the months since their parting Dorothea had felt a delicious though sad repose in their relation to each other, as one which was inwardly whole and without blemish. She had an active force of antagonism within her, when the antagonism turned on the defence either of plans or persons that she believed in; and the wrongs which she felt that Will had received from her husband, and the external conditions which to others were grounds for slighting him, only gave the more tenacity to her affection and admiring judgment. And now with the disclosures about Bulstrode had come another fact affecting Will’s social position, which roused afresh Dorothea’s inward resistance to what was said about him in that part of her world which lay within park palings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04391", "bookId": 145, "start": 1675059, "end": 1676362, "sha256": "fa936580423cb912738e24326882a023c7b92506766c88491da2cb79fe9366d7", "text": "“Young Ladislaw the grandson of a thieving Jew pawnbroker” was a phrase which had entered emphatically into the dialogues about the Bulstrode business, at Lowick, Tipton, and Freshitt, and was a worse kind of placard on poor Will’s back than the “Italian with white mice.” Upright Sir James Chettam was convinced that his own satisfaction was righteous when he thought with some complacency that here was an added league to that mountainous distance between Ladislaw and Dorothea, which enabled him to dismiss any anxiety in that direction as too absurd. And perhaps there had been some pleasure in pointing Mr. Brooke’s attention to this ugly bit of Ladislaw’s genealogy, as a fresh candle for him to see his own folly by. Dorothea had observed the animus with which Will’s part in the painful story had been recalled more than once; but she had uttered no word, being checked now, as she had not been formerly in speaking of Will, by the consciousness of a deeper relation between them which must always remain in consecrated secrecy. But her silence shrouded her resistant emotion into a more thorough glow; and this misfortune in Will’s lot which, it seemed, others were wishing to fling at his back as an opprobrium, only gave something more of enthusiasm to her clinging thought.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04392", "bookId": 145, "start": 1676364, "end": 1677493, "sha256": "3e5946957897b05a00f8add1bfdb18ab591b206a8cb9b36abb5dc33336591398", "text": "She entertained no visions of their ever coming into nearer union, and yet she had taken no posture of renunciation. She had accepted her whole relation to Will very simply as part of her marriage sorrows, and would have thought it very sinful in her to keep up an inward wail because she was not completely happy, being rather disposed to dwell on the superfluities of her lot. She could bear that the chief pleasures of her tenderness should lie in memory, and the idea of marriage came to her solely as a repulsive proposition from some suitor of whom she at present knew nothing, but whose merits, as seen by her friends, would be a source of torment to her:—“somebody who will manage your property for you, my dear,” was Mr. Brooke’s attractive suggestion of suitable characteristics. “I should like to manage it myself, if I knew what to do with it,” said Dorothea. No—she adhered to her declaration that she would never be married again, and in the long valley of her life which looked so flat and empty of waymarks, guidance would come as she walked along the road, and saw her fellow-passengers by the way.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04393", "bookId": 145, "start": 1677495, "end": 1678244, "sha256": "9243d2d34fabdbd8622d05ea25b1afb592f95299f432d2bb75b3c891b18f4482", "text": "This habitual state of feeling about Will Ladislaw had been strong in all her waking hours since she had proposed to pay a visit to Mrs. Lydgate, making a sort of background against which she saw Rosamond’s figure presented to her without hindrances to her interest and compassion. There was evidently some mental separation, some barrier to complete confidence which had arisen between this wife and the husband who had yet made her happiness a law to him. That was a trouble which no third person must directly touch. But Dorothea thought with deep pity of the loneliness which must have come upon Rosamond from the suspicions cast on her husband; and there would surely be help in the manifestation of respect for Lydgate and sympathy with her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04394", "bookId": 145, "start": 1678246, "end": 1678788, "sha256": "14fad3520c6362cd5780c8d01fe03139eae9fa47a88210dd301147739474a341", "text": "“I shall talk to her about her husband,” thought Dorothea, as she was being driven towards the town. The clear spring morning, the scent of the moist earth, the fresh leaves just showing their creased-up wealth of greenery from out their half-opened sheaths, seemed part of the cheerfulness she was feeling from a long conversation with Mr. Farebrother, who had joyfully accepted the justifying explanation of Lydgate’s conduct. “I shall take Mrs. Lydgate good news, and perhaps she will like to talk to me and make a friend of me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04395", "bookId": 145, "start": 1678790, "end": 1679273, "sha256": "97e937d4f7d9e30223e8ac7c8f25fd466353369f37228c798b0259bdd657db15", "text": "Dorothea had another errand in Lowick Gate: it was about a new fine-toned bell for the school-house, and as she had to get out of her carriage very near to Lydgate’s, she walked thither across the street, having told the coachman to wait for some packages. The street door was open, and the servant was taking the opportunity of looking out at the carriage which was pausing within sight when it became apparent to her that the lady who “belonged to it” was coming towards her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04396", "bookId": 145, "start": 1679275, "end": 1679320, "sha256": "a7f69cfd2048ca2a37c2509010247d5e5582de7f3a39bc4de826c3a9c7d0ff58", "text": "“Is Mrs. Lydgate at home?” said Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04397", "bookId": 145, "start": 1679322, "end": 1679644, "sha256": "7f22825e8fa523da4a42d9fc049563d249cbbd8812d78150a21ab6114fcef54e", "text": "“I’m not sure, my lady; I’ll see, if you’ll please to walk in,” said Martha, a little confused on the score of her kitchen apron, but collected enough to be sure that “mum” was not the right title for this queenly young widow with a carriage and pair. “Will you please to walk in, and I’ll go and see.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04398", "bookId": 145, "start": 1679646, "end": 1679835, "sha256": "729375cd61cf21fd4226c977a65e275b69e22d5d3b9d94359edbc41f199d8427", "text": "“Say that I am Mrs. Casaubon,” said Dorothea, as Martha moved forward intending to show her into the drawing-room and then to go up-stairs to see if Rosamond had returned from her walk.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04399", "bookId": 145, "start": 1679837, "end": 1680149, "sha256": "f00d6f5891ffa89552ca8282faff44f70ceb403c1f23fa6abbc72840213d3c6d", "text": "They crossed the broader part of the entrance-hall, and turned up the passage which led to the garden. The drawing-room door was unlatched, and Martha, pushing it without looking into the room, waited for Mrs. Casaubon to enter and then turned away, the door having swung open and swung back again without noise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04400", "bookId": 145, "start": 1680151, "end": 1680737, "sha256": "1f735dd66ef69105db1276e72a5e2d9da6961b1c8d78ad43c9e2e929b35e68df", "text": "Dorothea had less of outward vision than usual this morning, being filled with images of things as they had been and were going to be. She found herself on the other side of the door without seeing anything remarkable, but immediately she heard a voice speaking in low tones which startled her as with a sense of dreaming in daylight, and advancing unconsciously a step or two beyond the projecting slab of a bookcase, she saw, in the terrible illumination of a certainty which filled up all outlines, something which made her pause, motionless, without self-possession enough to speak.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04401", "bookId": 145, "start": 1680739, "end": 1681128, "sha256": "4ec7aecb8db29312ca7facb965ed33eccb04b9ee84c440c9a8349ada5219186e", "text": "Seated with his back towards her on a sofa which stood against the wall on a line with the door by which she had entered, she saw Will Ladislaw: close by him and turned towards him with a flushed tearfulness which gave a new brilliancy to her face sat Rosamond, her bonnet hanging back, while Will leaning towards her clasped both her upraised hands in his and spoke with low-toned fervor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04402", "bookId": 145, "start": 1681130, "end": 1681743, "sha256": "38918946eaa332c74144be608386c0f25c0d3d498ca8a7e2d5ad55e55eb7dd02", "text": "Rosamond in her agitated absorption had not noticed the silently advancing figure; but when Dorothea, after the first immeasurable instant of this vision, moved confusedly backward and found herself impeded by some piece of furniture, Rosamond was suddenly aware of her presence, and with a spasmodic movement snatched away her hands and rose, looking at Dorothea who was necessarily arrested. Will Ladislaw, starting up, looked round also, and meeting Dorothea’s eyes with a new lightning in them, seemed changing to marble. But she immediately turned them away from him to Rosamond and said in a firm voice—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04403", "bookId": 145, "start": 1681745, "end": 1681920, "sha256": "9ae26d11e91cfdd5feaa2096d04b8da2577b076dec313a2480d21481298e0bf5", "text": "“Excuse me, Mrs. Lydgate, the servant did not know that you were here. I called to deliver an important letter for Mr. Lydgate, which I wished to put into your own hands.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04404", "bookId": 145, "start": 1681922, "end": 1682319, "sha256": "e456abbb44fcecc3ad90cc2d20ff5ea6f818ca6f4180ac17dfe031794395cd72", "text": "She laid down the letter on the small table which had checked her retreat, and then including Rosamond and Will in one distant glance and bow, she went quickly out of the room, meeting in the passage the surprised Martha, who said she was sorry the mistress was not at home, and then showed the strange lady out with an inward reflection that grand people were probably more impatient than others.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04405", "bookId": 145, "start": 1682321, "end": 1682420, "sha256": "b902a86ba51dea65a29134e1625f70dfa13ce17b1a2e74b74257a78fb7a714cc", "text": "Dorothea walked across the street with her most elastic step and was quickly in her carriage again.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04406", "bookId": 145, "start": 1682422, "end": 1683578, "sha256": "65cc0bc852566e075f40ef35590ee01e19204ddb69b03ef13fd9da4503d3f1f6", "text": "“Drive on to Freshitt Hall,” she said to the coachman, and any one looking at her might have thought that though she was paler than usual she was never animated by a more self-possessed energy. And that was really her experience. It was as if she had drunk a great draught of scorn that stimulated her beyond the susceptibility to other feelings. She had seen something so far below her belief, that her emotions rushed back from it and made an excited throng without an object. She needed something active to turn her excitement out upon. She felt power to walk and work for a day, without meat or drink. And she would carry out the purpose with which she had started in the morning, of going to Freshitt and Tipton to tell Sir James and her uncle all that she wished them to know about Lydgate, whose married loneliness under his trial now presented itself to her with new significance, and made her more ardent in readiness to be his champion. She had never felt anything like this triumphant power of indignation in the struggle of her married life, in which there had always been a quickly subduing pang; and she took it as a sign of new strength.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04407", "bookId": 145, "start": 1683580, "end": 1683915, "sha256": "7906c213a290ba52a232a9846415fe14596380d8088638c0e71728da06753add", "text": "“Dodo, how very bright your eyes are!” said Celia, when Sir James was gone out of the room. “And you don’t see anything you look at, Arthur or anything. You are going to do something uncomfortable, I know. Is it all about Mr. Lydgate, or has something else happened?” Celia had been used to watch her sister with expectation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04408", "bookId": 145, "start": 1683917, "end": 1683998, "sha256": "0efd0efb216f4408bfa14a4f1034f746db2813aa6be83faf03f9a11d6040ed5b", "text": "“Yes, dear, a great many things have happened,” said Dodo, in her full tones.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04409", "bookId": 145, "start": 1684000, "end": 1684087, "sha256": "518339955821db5d938dc26851c2e48736212aee489d6aa6a565abb5e4c7606e", "text": "“I wonder what,” said Celia, folding her arms cozily and leaning forward upon them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04410", "bookId": 145, "start": 1684089, "end": 1684212, "sha256": "350879a76fa89f3ab56c7acea0d07c7969f54c1edcabbae7aa02a459c6b55823", "text": "“Oh, all the troubles of all people on the face of the earth,” said Dorothea, lifting her arms to the back of her head.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04411", "bookId": 145, "start": 1684214, "end": 1684331, "sha256": "2770a946070222152fc384b3e5dfb827ff732b365e59d212aeae4b24fa928d5f", "text": "“Dear me, Dodo, are you going to have a scheme for them?” said Celia, a little uneasy at this Hamlet-like raving.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04412", "bookId": 145, "start": 1684333, "end": 1684510, "sha256": "011114690a74054258a8947d7da6bf354fad4e3a11a026c5ae321889ee87205c", "text": "But Sir James came in again, ready to accompany Dorothea to the Grange, and she finished her expedition well, not swerving in her resolution until she descended at her own door.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04413", "bookId": 145, "start": 1684515, "end": 1684531, "sha256": "eb5f7db05a445c2efd6d7d46badf051858d0ca24002c6244b649905f2c25bf31", "text": "CHAPTER LXXVIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04414", "bookId": 145, "start": 1684533, "end": 1684625, "sha256": "e9df10d078bf56c507149541efafaca5108e11f13c7ea2ed831f86ec29ca96fb", "text": "“Would it were yesterday and I i’ the grave, With her sweet faith above for monument.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04415", "bookId": 145, "start": 1684628, "end": 1685627, "sha256": "bc06e76a9ba7135048b396ad112d5de6373e4b8918708369213b2a9c4a2ab4d9", "text": "Rosamond and Will stood motionless—they did not know how long—he looking towards the spot where Dorothea had stood, and she looking towards him with doubt. It seemed an endless time to Rosamond, in whose inmost soul there was hardly so much annoyance as gratification from what had just happened. Shallow natures dream of an easy sway over the emotions of others, trusting implicitly in their own petty magic to turn the deepest streams, and confident, by pretty gestures and remarks, of making the thing that is not as though it were. She knew that Will had received a severe blow, but she had been little used to imagining other people’s states of mind except as a material cut into shape by her own wishes; and she believed in her own power to soothe or subdue. Even Tertius, that most perverse of men, was always subdued in the long-run: events had been obstinate, but still Rosamond would have said now, as she did before her marriage, that she never gave up what she had set her mind on.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04416", "bookId": 145, "start": 1685629, "end": 1685706, "sha256": "4455178997e795b6f4e80cf77e9bc4232711b5d288de0d2d326e1391e572b631", "text": "She put out her arm and laid the tips of her fingers on Will’s coat-sleeve.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04417", "bookId": 145, "start": 1685708, "end": 1686132, "sha256": "4d22af33bf6cc667855b2854514b0ef5b85a60f8aec2a286a886f0e8c7f7574d", "text": "“Don’t touch me!” he said, with an utterance like the cut of a lash, darting from her, and changing from pink to white and back again, as if his whole frame were tingling with the pain of the sting. He wheeled round to the other side of the room and stood opposite to her, with the tips of his fingers in his pockets and his head thrown back, looking fiercely not at Rosamond but at a point a few inches away from her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04418", "bookId": 145, "start": 1686134, "end": 1686407, "sha256": "fdca2b9be53109c9372dd665aa7a42721e10af6710227be594b7a898f871a7d1", "text": "She was keenly offended, but the signs she made of this were such as only Lydgate was used to interpret. She became suddenly quiet and seated herself, untying her hanging bonnet and laying it down with her shawl. Her little hands which she folded before her were very cold.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04419", "bookId": 145, "start": 1686409, "end": 1687085, "sha256": "c80c90a637531c99d7a2a7a5c8192759f7100560cf8bce36f8009b1b0f5ff209", "text": "It would have been safer for Will in the first instance to have taken up his hat and gone away; but he had felt no impulse to do this; on the contrary, he had a horrible inclination to stay and shatter Rosamond with his anger. It seemed as impossible to bear the fatality she had drawn down on him without venting his fury as it would be to a panther to bear the javelin-wound without springing and biting. And yet—how could he tell a woman that he was ready to curse her? He was fuming under a repressive law which he was forced to acknowledge: he was dangerously poised, and Rosamond’s voice now brought the decisive vibration. In flute-like tones of sarcasm she said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04420", "bookId": 145, "start": 1687087, "end": 1687159, "sha256": "b433be88779fcf01840965135a2cb100d31378136599785a46e39a2e2aa21377", "text": "“You can easily go after Mrs. Casaubon and explain your preference.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04421", "bookId": 145, "start": 1687161, "end": 1687411, "sha256": "1cdadee11871df5cec221e5d66091192beba178cf0d52076925b57ca66cd7786", "text": "“Go after her!” he burst out, with a sharp edge in his voice. “Do you think she would turn to look at me, or value any word I ever uttered to her again at more than a dirty feather?—Explain! How can a man explain at the expense of a woman?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04422", "bookId": 145, "start": 1687413, "end": 1687484, "sha256": "2f14166bfbc17c38c290067fdc69c0c08de139b3aee467c9642d769234cf42a0", "text": "“You can tell her what you please,” said Rosamond with more tremor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04423", "bookId": 145, "start": 1687486, "end": 1687692, "sha256": "1cbc7a27994ba141ecd52d7b60a6a930a95daf4d60a65f443b3666114ca54f65", "text": "“Do you suppose she would like me better for sacrificing you? She is not a woman to be flattered because I made myself despicable—to believe that I must be true to her because I was a dastard to you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04424", "bookId": 145, "start": 1687694, "end": 1687823, "sha256": "b88951ecf4a62c10e02de1496069694caf595274f141b96f4d465e3798824f98", "text": "He began to move about with the restlessness of a wild animal that sees prey but cannot reach it. Presently he burst out again—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04425", "bookId": 145, "start": 1687825, "end": 1688285, "sha256": "00fb777b202c418165699dc40bedcc41b66c9e3cc11b76a01a2bba149f1e1f32", "text": "“I had no hope before—not much—of anything better to come. But I had one certainty—that she believed in me. Whatever people had said or done about me, she believed in me.—That’s gone! She’ll never again think me anything but a paltry pretence—too nice to take heaven except upon flattering conditions, and yet selling myself for any devil’s change by the sly. She’ll think of me as an incarnate insult to her, from the first moment we—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04426", "bookId": 145, "start": 1688287, "end": 1688517, "sha256": "6eae55470845a32777b3b7964ab2e22c45a2e5e77ac2389c3cdbeb90ba8538c7", "text": "Will stopped as if he had found himself grasping something that must not be thrown and shattered. He found another vent for his rage by snatching up Rosamond’s words again, as if they were reptiles to be throttled and flung off.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04427", "bookId": 145, "start": 1688519, "end": 1688825, "sha256": "5c6a551f99eb8ef409c73c12122a2f3a6bed2306ee77e33b41fca5b7970b7ef9", "text": "“Explain! Tell a man to explain how he dropped into hell! Explain my preference! I never had a _preference_ for her, any more than I have a preference for breathing. No other woman exists by the side of her. I would rather touch her hand if it were dead, than I would touch any other woman’s living.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04428", "bookId": 145, "start": 1688827, "end": 1689733, "sha256": "7684b7dd7b3477a73aa47ab8f69398644aa24120453b247de6516d49d27a76cb", "text": "Rosamond, while these poisoned weapons were being hurled at her, was almost losing the sense of her identity, and seemed to be waking into some new terrible existence. She had no sense of chill resolute repulsion, of reticent self-justification such as she had known under Lydgate’s most stormy displeasure: all her sensibility was turned into a bewildering novelty of pain; she felt a new terrified recoil under a lash never experienced before. What another nature felt in opposition to her own was being burnt and bitten into her consciousness. When Will had ceased to speak she had become an image of sickened misery: her lips were pale, and her eyes had a tearless dismay in them. If it had been Tertius who stood opposite to her, that look of misery would have been a pang to him, and he would have sunk by her side to comfort her, with that strong-armed comfort which she had often held very cheap.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04429", "bookId": 145, "start": 1689735, "end": 1689986, "sha256": "ad5f49a7a68face40d3b3cd22f40e8f03245522f1352fbfe6e0d7a9986f8698d", "text": "Let it be forgiven to Will that he had no such movement of pity. He had felt no bond beforehand to this woman who had spoiled the ideal treasure of his life, and he held himself blameless. He knew that he was cruel, but he had no relenting in him yet.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04430", "bookId": 145, "start": 1689988, "end": 1691408, "sha256": "0cfd4d675a8c45e5b86269be434fab47ee9b48de688b69b1597c5806ccb06e08", "text": "After he had done speaking, he still moved about, half in absence of mind, and Rosamond sat perfectly still. At length Will, seeming to bethink himself, took up his hat, yet stood some moments irresolute. He had spoken to her in a way that made a phrase of common politeness difficult to utter; and yet, now that he had come to the point of going away from her without further speech, he shrank from it as a brutality; he felt checked and stultified in his anger. He walked towards the mantel-piece and leaned his arm on it, and waited in silence for—he hardly knew what. The vindictive fire was still burning in him, and he could utter no word of retractation; but it was nevertheless in his mind that having come back to this hearth where he had enjoyed a caressing friendship he had found calamity seated there—he had had suddenly revealed to him a trouble that lay outside the home as well as within it. And what seemed a foreboding was pressing upon him as with slow pincers:—that his life might come to be enslaved by this helpless woman who had thrown herself upon him in the dreary sadness of her heart. But he was in gloomy rebellion against the fact that his quick apprehensiveness foreshadowed to him, and when his eyes fell on Rosamond’s blighted face it seemed to him that he was the more pitiable of the two; for pain must enter into its glorified life of memory before it can turn into compassion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04431", "bookId": 145, "start": 1691410, "end": 1691883, "sha256": "913bc0ccb88cedf3b6d74f6df70dfc3126e11062ca347dc9b50c06b0b5ad4bfc", "text": "And so they remained for many minutes, opposite each other, far apart, in silence; Will’s face still possessed by a mute rage, and Rosamond’s by a mute misery. The poor thing had no force to fling out any passion in return; the terrible collapse of the illusion towards which all her hope had been strained was a stroke which had too thoroughly shaken her: her little world was in ruins, and she felt herself tottering in the midst as a lonely bewildered consciousness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04432", "bookId": 145, "start": 1691885, "end": 1692205, "sha256": "157c5c374319d0e4ab68981fe687f918936c644159dc638db1e86e5617cd5843", "text": "Will wished that she would speak and bring some mitigating shadow across his own cruel speech, which seemed to stand staring at them both in mockery of any attempt at revived fellowship. But she said nothing, and at last with a desperate effort over himself, he asked, “Shall I come in and see Lydgate this evening?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04433", "bookId": 145, "start": 1692207, "end": 1692258, "sha256": "e0ce089f26b41f46c8d329a8417a490df88260e9fec98a40d4df4f4b6f2c359b", "text": "“If you like,” Rosamond answered, just audibly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04434", "bookId": 145, "start": 1692260, "end": 1692338, "sha256": "a34d8abf22fc7cde8d0fffa236f068f72568b1d5e0b0313ef508ec241ada899c", "text": "And then Will went out of the house, Martha never knowing that he had been in.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04435", "bookId": 145, "start": 1692340, "end": 1692907, "sha256": "e6053637a621c9500d9b0b80b4454cb2002ffe7e4ccf262dc53d5ae07062429e", "text": "After he was gone, Rosamond tried to get up from her seat, but fell back fainting. When she came to herself again, she felt too ill to make the exertion of rising to ring the bell, and she remained helpless until the girl, surprised at her long absence, thought for the first time of looking for her in all the down-stairs rooms. Rosamond said that she had felt suddenly sick and faint, and wanted to be helped up-stairs. When there she threw herself on the bed with her clothes on, and lay in apparent torpor, as she had done once before on a memorable day of grief.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04436", "bookId": 145, "start": 1692909, "end": 1693763, "sha256": "f16341454d3783f698f95cfd5b2e1dd09ddabd6b1890e613277ca35250181596", "text": "Lydgate came home earlier than he had expected, about half-past five, and found her there. The perception that she was ill threw every other thought into the background. When he felt her pulse, her eyes rested on him with more persistence than they had done for a long while, as if she felt some content that he was there. He perceived the difference in a moment, and seating himself by her put his arm gently under her, and bending over her said, “My poor Rosamond! has something agitated you?” Clinging to him she fell into hysterical sobbings and cries, and for the next hour he did nothing but soothe and tend her. He imagined that Dorothea had been to see her, and that all this effect on her nervous system, which evidently involved some new turning towards himself, was due to the excitement of the new impressions which that visit had raised.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04437", "bookId": 145, "start": 1693768, "end": 1693782, "sha256": "8658ad8ab52d1f60e9e97931cef55426c89d3da21ab449c21afe68124fc5c757", "text": "CHAPTER LXXIX.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04438", "bookId": 145, "start": 1693784, "end": 1694036, "sha256": "8f25079edc2f6d3c1233d1721e3cee8bf19e04b97933b9cfbce42ca037c59fef", "text": "“Now, I saw in my dream, that just as they had ended their talk, they drew nigh to a very miry slough, that was in the midst of the plain; and they, being heedless, did both fall suddenly into the bog. The name of the slough was Despond.”—BUNYAN.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04439", "bookId": 145, "start": 1694039, "end": 1694516, "sha256": "f885d85927433687a03b61e2dc36ae7ba5832fbcc1091d9ccf3ddb68668b8295", "text": "When Rosamond was quiet, and Lydgate had left her, hoping that she might soon sleep under the effect of an anodyne, he went into the drawing-room to fetch a book which he had left there, meaning to spend the evening in his work-room, and he saw on the table Dorothea’s letter addressed to him. He had not ventured to ask Rosamond if Mrs. Casaubon had called, but the reading of this letter assured him of the fact, for Dorothea mentioned that it was to be carried by herself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04440", "bookId": 145, "start": 1694518, "end": 1694745, "sha256": "2d84ba2c882a500ce49c6013d9cfe1f3b0ce793b6f865a9faceaa81e0df0de6e", "text": "When Will Ladislaw came in a little later Lydgate met him with a surprise which made it clear that he had not been told of the earlier visit, and Will could not say, “Did not Mrs. Lydgate tell you that I came this morning?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04441", "bookId": 145, "start": 1694747, "end": 1694817, "sha256": "70b9bcfed25715dfff652db87d4d7543564db30da21a0b026deea5c8649fc397", "text": "“Poor Rosamond is ill,” Lydgate added immediately on his greeting.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04442", "bookId": 145, "start": 1694819, "end": 1694858, "sha256": "1ec04b760c23203648e9513724ddedfde662980fea694f14e0e7933fbe31cf92", "text": "“Not seriously, I hope,” said Will.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04443", "bookId": 145, "start": 1694860, "end": 1695261, "sha256": "c91c3043e177bd023222661a72c4d44c888181b2c480f6ecfe72fca3333c0d16", "text": "“No—only a slight nervous shock—the effect of some agitation. She has been overwrought lately. The truth is, Ladislaw, I am an unlucky devil. We have gone through several rounds of purgatory since you left, and I have lately got on to a worse ledge of it than ever. I suppose you are only just come down—you look rather battered—you have not been long enough in the town to hear anything?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04444", "bookId": 145, "start": 1695263, "end": 1695472, "sha256": "e0882ab4118da834ecee0783a8054650d880a5afb21af65f4db8a561cd8b2bb0", "text": "“I travelled all night and got to the White Hart at eight o’clock this morning. I have been shutting myself up and resting,” said Will, feeling himself a sneak, but seeing no alternative to this evasion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04445", "bookId": 145, "start": 1695474, "end": 1695754, "sha256": "a6abea3562909f422adf3fda2166cb6cf86f228d5f77f8fdfeb156e62bfe9b0d", "text": "And then he heard Lydgate’s account of the troubles which Rosamond had already depicted to him in her way. She had not mentioned the fact of Will’s name being connected with the public story—this detail not immediately affecting her—and he now heard it for the first time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04446", "bookId": 145, "start": 1695756, "end": 1696066, "sha256": "328a384f6a430afe5a8474a69e87e81cd385eba02c640a18a285d7e086b7d6a9", "text": "“I thought it better to tell you that your name is mixed up with the disclosures,” said Lydgate, who could understand better than most men how Ladislaw might be stung by the revelation. “You will be sure to hear it as soon as you turn out into the town. I suppose it is true that Raffles spoke to you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04447", "bookId": 145, "start": 1696068, "end": 1696346, "sha256": "95809c7f629a4c339e43b406d91c536d8017d331fb0de958f423a18359a3a934", "text": "“Yes,” said Will, sardonically. “I shall be fortunate if gossip does not make me the most disreputable person in the whole affair. I should think the latest version must be, that I plotted with Raffles to murder Bulstrode, and ran away from Middlemarch for the purpose.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04448", "bookId": 145, "start": 1696348, "end": 1696480, "sha256": "b32f3b21f736a667d3a9d399297ce163448ea75db2b1316bc992c9d0140bea30", "text": "He was thinking “Here is a new ring in the sound of my name to recommend it in her hearing; however—what does it signify now?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04449", "bookId": 145, "start": 1696482, "end": 1696894, "sha256": "e7d3ad95efa8a0c72b18429a2cc6349db096034c694a3a87b588d55b068adad5", "text": "But he said nothing of Bulstrode’s offer to him. Will was very open and careless about his personal affairs, but it was among the more exquisite touches in nature’s modelling of him that he had a delicate generosity which warned him into reticence here. He shrank from saying that he had rejected Bulstrode’s money, in the moment when he was learning that it was Lydgate’s misfortune to have accepted it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04450", "bookId": 145, "start": 1696896, "end": 1697478, "sha256": "218b2a921d96f950251b2c3dfea5116e625e6f10962b7ed4d859c2dc6f54eb18", "text": "Lydgate too was reticent in the midst of his confidence. He made no allusion to Rosamond’s feeling under their trouble, and of Dorothea he only said, “Mrs. Casaubon has been the one person to come forward and say that she had no belief in any of the suspicions against me.” Observing a change in Will’s face, he avoided any further mention of her, feeling himself too ignorant of their relation to each other not to fear that his words might have some hidden painful bearing on it. And it occurred to him that Dorothea was the real cause of the present visit to Middlemarch.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04451", "bookId": 145, "start": 1697480, "end": 1698115, "sha256": "ecc3693f59a36f17480510c2c8897aea4aa7c559cdf129ceb9a140961984ce7d", "text": "The two men were pitying each other, but it was only Will who guessed the extent of his companion’s trouble. When Lydgate spoke with desperate resignation of going to settle in London, and said with a faint smile, “We shall have you again, old fellow,” Will felt inexpressibly mournful, and said nothing. Rosamond had that morning entreated him to urge this step on Lydgate; and it seemed to him as if he were beholding in a magic panorama a future where he himself was sliding into that pleasureless yielding to the small solicitations of circumstance, which is a commoner history of perdition than any single momentous bargain.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04452", "bookId": 145, "start": 1698117, "end": 1698650, "sha256": "8a347ddbe7f9e6ac2d35198dc286e2660a7a037ff6cbd289056129354e01247a", "text": "We are on a perilous margin when we begin to look passively at our future selves, and see our own figures led with dull consent into insipid misdoing and shabby achievement. Poor Lydgate was inwardly groaning on that margin, and Will was arriving at it. It seemed to him this evening as if the cruelty of his outburst to Rosamond had made an obligation for him, and he dreaded the obligation: he dreaded Lydgate’s unsuspecting good-will: he dreaded his own distaste for his spoiled life, which would leave him in motiveless levity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04453", "bookId": 145, "start": 1698655, "end": 1698668, "sha256": "0769d9716f5a8bf649bfcb262a7c711053c61ecbb57d99c16c3d4cc4deb39458", "text": "CHAPTER LXXX.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04454", "bookId": 145, "start": 1698670, "end": 1699017, "sha256": "d13e36c7a111dd46d1ed4e7c7a899a1adb21775f4e45b99d307408226b30381f", "text": "Stern lawgiver! yet thou dost wear The Godhead’s most benignant grace; Nor know we anything so fair As is the smile upon thy face; Flowers laugh before thee on their beds, And fragrance in thy footing treads; Thou dost preserve the Stars from wrong; And the most ancient Heavens, through thee, are fresh and strong. —WORDSWORTH: _Ode to Duty_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04455", "bookId": 145, "start": 1699020, "end": 1700164, "sha256": "6ea5078139dc24710ef6a4b31c99149d895bd7c0f77974332d276666579f4935", "text": "When Dorothea had seen Mr. Farebrother in the morning, she had promised to go and dine at the parsonage on her return from Freshitt. There was a frequent interchange of visits between her and the Farebrother family, which enabled her to say that she was not at all lonely at the Manor, and to resist for the present the severe prescription of a lady companion. When she reached home and remembered her engagement, she was glad of it; and finding that she had still an hour before she could dress for dinner, she walked straight to the schoolhouse and entered into a conversation with the master and mistress about the new bell, giving eager attention to their small details and repetitions, and getting up a dramatic sense that her life was very busy. She paused on her way back to talk to old Master Bunney who was putting in some garden-seeds, and discoursed wisely with that rural sage about the crops that would make the most return on a perch of ground, and the result of sixty years’ experience as to soils—namely, that if your soil was pretty mellow it would do, but if there came wet, wet, wet to make it all of a mummy, why then—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04456", "bookId": 145, "start": 1700166, "end": 1701006, "sha256": "b9dd52ff13e960f7be2ca31341d12aee8e5dbeb96461e4f0964353225b94acd0", "text": "Finding that the social spirit had beguiled her into being rather late, she dressed hastily and went over to the parsonage rather earlier than was necessary. That house was never dull, Mr. Farebrother, like another White of Selborne, having continually something new to tell of his inarticulate guests and _proteges_, whom he was teaching the boys not to torment; and he had just set up a pair of beautiful goats to be pets of the village in general, and to walk at large as sacred animals. The evening went by cheerfully till after tea, Dorothea talking more than usual and dilating with Mr. Farebrother on the possible histories of creatures that converse compendiously with their antennae, and for aught we know may hold reformed parliaments; when suddenly some inarticulate little sounds were heard which called everybody’s attention.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04457", "bookId": 145, "start": 1701008, "end": 1701150, "sha256": "cef927288d1f3e0ec6de5edf95c45c5269db9eb286caefa76d37f3d76dd7b6f2", "text": "“Henrietta Noble,” said Mrs. Farebrother, seeing her small sister moving about the furniture-legs distressfully, “what is the matter?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04458", "bookId": 145, "start": 1701152, "end": 1701310, "sha256": "269c66f1c95b321c3ac5f3ab76953884034855aa9869621c127fba84a5ee314b", "text": "“I have lost my tortoise-shell lozenge-box. I fear the kitten has rolled it away,” said the tiny old lady, involuntarily continuing her beaver-like notes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04459", "bookId": 145, "start": 1701312, "end": 1701419, "sha256": "6c9501c40833911513d0e4748933c347bf3dec339c1d5e3c5d6ed3890fe0d76f", "text": "“Is it a great treasure, aunt?” said Mr. Farebrother, putting up his glasses and looking at the carpet.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04460", "bookId": 145, "start": 1701421, "end": 1701557, "sha256": "3fbf818c97aa40f7c8161f709b26d6ef8ac14ccf5c81a88526d2562c69a340d1", "text": "“Mr. Ladislaw gave it me,” said Miss Noble. “A German box—very pretty, but if it falls it always spins away as far as it can.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04461", "bookId": 145, "start": 1701559, "end": 1701815, "sha256": "ba0cfa666a41e91e28e393b75cc712ea1a58d31fffee1911afb8ecd859973bbc", "text": "“Oh, if it is Ladislaw’s present,” said Mr. Farebrother, in a deep tone of comprehension, getting up and hunting. The box was found at last under a chiffonier, and Miss Noble grasped it with delight, saying, “it was under a fender the last time.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04462", "bookId": 145, "start": 1701817, "end": 1701934, "sha256": "8e426cbfec425c4ed177b60a2dc653f3151c1237cf803c2cba7149ca3c04360b", "text": "“That is an affair of the heart with my aunt,” said Mr. Farebrother, smiling at Dorothea, as he reseated himself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04463", "bookId": 145, "start": 1701936, "end": 1702128, "sha256": "11365b9f8aae34a24d31d85ce1515aec309ce214104018d796d5c53f9743bc2e", "text": "“If Henrietta Noble forms an attachment to any one, Mrs. Casaubon,” said his mother, emphatically,—“she is like a dog—she would take their shoes for a pillow and sleep the better.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04464", "bookId": 145, "start": 1702130, "end": 1702190, "sha256": "904ab0600dea4fef1221dbe2dec9e25eed2ea363dfbea70f4c2e6b8ea4525a3e", "text": "“Mr. Ladislaw’s shoes, I would,” said Henrietta Noble.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04465", "bookId": 145, "start": 1702192, "end": 1702588, "sha256": "423e35b1bb8e71dec7ed18b817df55d124db6a997f9f9d6ca93d608926ab711f", "text": "Dorothea made an attempt at smiling in return. She was surprised and annoyed to find that her heart was palpitating violently, and that it was quite useless to try after a recovery of her former animation. Alarmed at herself—fearing some further betrayal of a change so marked in its occasion, she rose and said in a low voice with undisguised anxiety, “I must go; I have overtired myself.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04466", "bookId": 145, "start": 1702590, "end": 1702787, "sha256": "85dd67218751df997eec2c0019247a53bad80659ccec99f4cbf6fbdb21c812b9", "text": "Mr. Farebrother, quick in perception, rose and said, “It is true; you must have half-exhausted yourself in talking about Lydgate. That sort of work tells upon one after the excitement is over.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04467", "bookId": 145, "start": 1702789, "end": 1702896, "sha256": "35abaa0c67efef63e4f7d5ab935e69c3e55a586e95a2d61b495cbfd135db3a7e", "text": "He gave her his arm back to the Manor, but Dorothea did not attempt to speak, even when he said good-night.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04468", "bookId": 145, "start": 1702898, "end": 1703190, "sha256": "ab6331fee2a453e9b229b6663469048958d87b60636e8984e3fd4df29b4a3165", "text": "The limit of resistance was reached, and she had sunk back helpless within the clutch of inescapable anguish. Dismissing Tantripp with a few faint words, she locked her door, and turning away from it towards the vacant room she pressed her hands hard on the top of her head, and moaned out—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04469", "bookId": 145, "start": 1703192, "end": 1703217, "sha256": "e08d3349b9e8259e625f6e43a02d5b48e48890cf1a07d839b1cef5bdef4f9fff", "text": "“Oh, I did love him!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04470", "bookId": 145, "start": 1703219, "end": 1703822, "sha256": "1faee36da991884dacf08da4c2b3dc009348c63fe5ec2ab7339a17151a1a5341", "text": "Then came the hour in which the waves of suffering shook her too thoroughly to leave any power of thought. She could only cry in loud whispers, between her sobs, after her lost belief which she had planted and kept alive from a very little seed since the days in Rome—after her lost joy of clinging with silent love and faith to one who, misprized by others, was worthy in her thought—after her lost woman’s pride of reigning in his memory—after her sweet dim perspective of hope, that along some pathway they should meet with unchanged recognition and take up the backward years as a yesterday.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04471", "bookId": 145, "start": 1703824, "end": 1704230, "sha256": "b4742391bb0ecc6d5f40b42f254915947baa75c7e4a43cfa61a90bf650186bd1", "text": "In that hour she repeated what the merciful eyes of solitude have looked on for ages in the spiritual struggles of man—she besought hardness and coldness and aching weariness to bring her relief from the mysterious incorporeal might of her anguish: she lay on the bare floor and let the night grow cold around her; while her grand woman’s frame was shaken by sobs as if she had been a despairing child.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04472", "bookId": 145, "start": 1704232, "end": 1704568, "sha256": "83aee78f499a1db2650b743a596e92a9b67370d13a45f5fad8072f624226b79a", "text": "There were two images—two living forms that tore her heart in two, as if it had been the heart of a mother who seems to see her child divided by the sword, and presses one bleeding half to her breast while her gaze goes forth in agony towards the half which is carried away by the lying woman that has never known the mother’s pang.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04473", "bookId": 145, "start": 1704570, "end": 1705085, "sha256": "91bcb8c91679bea0257ee5d885d8c5496393e375455e5122eaf77b811f35b902", "text": "Here, with the nearness of an answering smile, here within the vibrating bond of mutual speech, was the bright creature whom she had trusted—who had come to her like the spirit of morning visiting the dim vault where she sat as the bride of a worn-out life; and now, with a full consciousness which had never awakened before, she stretched out her arms towards him and cried with bitter cries that their nearness was a parting vision: she discovered her passion to herself in the unshrinking utterance of despair.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04474", "bookId": 145, "start": 1705087, "end": 1706025, "sha256": "a9807b0d3244dadbb71f8c7b27ead15dc5e4d0f7cacb09ed4c9bb27fde8c76d9", "text": "And there, aloof, yet persistently with her, moving wherever she moved, was the Will Ladislaw who was a changed belief exhausted of hope, a detected illusion—no, a living man towards whom there could not yet struggle any wail of regretful pity, from the midst of scorn and indignation and jealous offended pride. The fire of Dorothea’s anger was not easily spent, and it flamed out in fitful returns of spurning reproach. Why had he come obtruding his life into hers, hers that might have been whole enough without him? Why had he brought his cheap regard and his lip-born words to her who had nothing paltry to give in exchange? He knew that he was deluding her—wished, in the very moment of farewell, to make her believe that he gave her the whole price of her heart, and knew that he had spent it half before. Why had he not stayed among the crowd of whom she asked nothing—but only prayed that they might be less contemptible?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04475", "bookId": 145, "start": 1706027, "end": 1706183, "sha256": "66b707752594ca1653b7c76208edc896f50a2e0ef76d91393ce3f0937c10a74e", "text": "But she lost energy at last even for her loud-whispered cries and moans: she subsided into helpless sobs, and on the cold floor she sobbed herself to sleep.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04476", "bookId": 145, "start": 1706185, "end": 1707148, "sha256": "fa3d799492d7f358509ea661a0753d018fa8c7252b8942ee9326dd1822770b82", "text": "In the chill hours of the morning twilight, when all was dim around her, she awoke—not with any amazed wondering where she was or what had happened, but with the clearest consciousness that she was looking into the eyes of sorrow. She rose, and wrapped warm things around her, and seated herself in a great chair where she had often watched before. She was vigorous enough to have borne that hard night without feeling ill in body, beyond some aching and fatigue; but she had waked to a new condition: she felt as if her soul had been liberated from its terrible conflict; she was no longer wrestling with her grief, but could sit down with it as a lasting companion and make it a sharer in her thoughts. For now the thoughts came thickly. It was not in Dorothea’s nature, for longer than the duration of a paroxysm, to sit in the narrow cell of her calamity, in the besotted misery of a consciousness that only sees another’s lot as an accident of its own.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04477", "bookId": 145, "start": 1707150, "end": 1708626, "sha256": "c590163bd5d72666652304b4f505a40f8901ca5c9be81a6e79158f60c224757f", "text": "She began now to live through that yesterday morning deliberately again, forcing herself to dwell on every detail and its possible meaning. Was she alone in that scene? Was it her event only? She forced herself to think of it as bound up with another woman’s life—a woman towards whom she had set out with a longing to carry some clearness and comfort into her beclouded youth. In her first outleap of jealous indignation and disgust, when quitting the hateful room, she had flung away all the mercy with which she had undertaken that visit. She had enveloped both Will and Rosamond in her burning scorn, and it seemed to her as if Rosamond were burned out of her sight forever. But that base prompting which makes a women more cruel to a rival than to a faithless lover, could have no strength of recurrence in Dorothea when the dominant spirit of justice within her had once overcome the tumult and had once shown her the truer measure of things. All the active thought with which she had before been representing to herself the trials of Lydgate’s lot, and this young marriage union which, like her own, seemed to have its hidden as well as evident troubles—all this vivid sympathetic experience returned to her now as a power: it asserted itself as acquired knowledge asserts itself and will not let us see as we saw in the day of our ignorance. She said to her own irremediable grief, that it should make her more helpful, instead of driving her back from effort.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04478", "bookId": 145, "start": 1708628, "end": 1709134, "sha256": "73ce7513a61afbb23275d40b48602b55df256010ac971375ef022f1c871e6481", "text": "And what sort of crisis might not this be in three lives whose contact with hers laid an obligation on her as if they had been suppliants bearing the sacred branch? The objects of her rescue were not to be sought out by her fancy: they were chosen for her. She yearned towards the perfect Right, that it might make a throne within her, and rule her errant will. “What should I do—how should I act now, this very day, if I could clutch my own pain, and compel it to silence, and think of those three?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04479", "bookId": 145, "start": 1709136, "end": 1709846, "sha256": "eaf1bde5aa5a7b210980b2ed96ad9f182028bba3386b87a063bc67656caa3287", "text": "It had taken long for her to come to that question, and there was light piercing into the room. She opened her curtains, and looked out towards the bit of road that lay in view, with fields beyond outside the entrance-gates. On the road there was a man with a bundle on his back and a woman carrying her baby; in the field she could see figures moving—perhaps the shepherd with his dog. Far off in the bending sky was the pearly light; and she felt the largeness of the world and the manifold wakings of men to labor and endurance. She was a part of that involuntary, palpitating life, and could neither look out on it from her luxurious shelter as a mere spectator, nor hide her eyes in selfish complaining.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04480", "bookId": 145, "start": 1709848, "end": 1710222, "sha256": "a3f391593a523af2e1d9161e02418f6edf1cf50cd2813128d7e2ef94a7d2106d", "text": "What she would resolve to do that day did not yet seem quite clear, but something that she could achieve stirred her as with an approaching murmur which would soon gather distinctness. She took off the clothes which seemed to have some of the weariness of a hard watching in them, and began to make her toilet. Presently she rang for Tantripp, who came in her dressing-gown.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04481", "bookId": 145, "start": 1710224, "end": 1710565, "sha256": "dd3636be6a9c7e43a37f42ce5de8dd538d844b383850e1347be8a26ea0e67068", "text": "“Why, madam, you’ve never been in bed this blessed night,” burst out Tantripp, looking first at the bed and then at Dorothea’s face, which in spite of bathing had the pale cheeks and pink eyelids of a mater dolorosa. “You’ll kill yourself, you _will_. Anybody might think now you had a right to give yourself a little comfort.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04482", "bookId": 145, "start": 1710567, "end": 1710808, "sha256": "b7784abf1ecf5c9428288a32718c2cb5820567cae60f19b5bdb29a2e41c34edb", "text": "“Don’t be alarmed, Tantripp,” said Dorothea, smiling. “I have slept; I am not ill. I shall be glad of a cup of coffee as soon as possible. And I want you to bring me my new dress; and most likely I shall want my new bonnet to-day.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04483", "bookId": 145, "start": 1710810, "end": 1711510, "sha256": "2dfae8303e2c37be95a455e612d02bec7b54194e88c97e6ed6b52629c1f65a8a", "text": "“They’ve lain there a month and more ready for you, madam, and most thankful I shall be to see you with a couple o’ pounds’ worth less of crape,” said Tantripp, stooping to light the fire. “There’s a reason in mourning, as I’ve always said; and three folds at the bottom of your skirt and a plain quilling in your bonnet—and if ever anybody looked like an angel, it’s you in a net quilling—is what’s consistent for a second year. At least, that’s _my_ thinking,” ended Tantripp, looking anxiously at the fire; “and if anybody was to marry me flattering himself I should wear those hijeous weepers two years for him, he’d be deceived by his own vanity, that’s all.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04484", "bookId": 145, "start": 1711512, "end": 1711669, "sha256": "c7051c49edc19d2310c4ffdf5759ea4edb8cf887c23c6a0e7aeb1106b1c8fd05", "text": "“The fire will do, my good Tan,” said Dorothea, speaking as she used to do in the old Lausanne days, only with a very low voice; “get me the coffee.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04485", "bookId": 145, "start": 1711671, "end": 1712366, "sha256": "d3722a8bd9adf78439b375034f20aaf690992fa0ce04ff2c4150472b009a390c", "text": "She folded herself in the large chair, and leaned her head against it in fatigued quiescence, while Tantripp went away wondering at this strange contrariness in her young mistress—that just the morning when she had more of a widow’s face than ever, she should have asked for her lighter mourning which she had waived before. Tantripp would never have found the clew to this mystery. Dorothea wished to acknowledge that she had not the less an active life before her because she had buried a private joy; and the tradition that fresh garments belonged to all initiation, haunting her mind, made her grasp after even that slight outward help towards calm resolve. For the resolve was not easy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04486", "bookId": 145, "start": 1712368, "end": 1712566, "sha256": "651bd3fdc1a814e0e5de55dadc14c46805858ca715801a647df417db2b05f34c", "text": "Nevertheless at eleven o’clock she was walking towards Middlemarch, having made up her mind that she would make as quietly and unnoticeably as possible her second attempt to see and save Rosamond.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04487", "bookId": 145, "start": 1712571, "end": 1712585, "sha256": "44c228715bd5ca52a1f54b8edebe9b78f71116e68e88efae6bf821c1e0d89c40", "text": "CHAPTER LXXXI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04488", "bookId": 145, "start": 1712587, "end": 1712831, "sha256": "a1c2de85488fd83372f07ed148764ca6e3b487865a02437fb71f225de874c824", "text": "Du Erde warst auch diese Nacht beständig, Und athmest neu erquickt zu meinen Füssen, Beginnest schon mit Lust mich zu umgeben, Du regst und rührst ein kräftiges Beschliessen _Zum höchsten Dasein immerfort zu streben_. —_Faust:_ 2r Theil.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04489", "bookId": 145, "start": 1712834, "end": 1713015, "sha256": "3ae7d16f1b469db7c8bc6bb157a20ee63e730c22d1712d7655b75b99983d3ac0", "text": "When Dorothea was again at Lydgate’s door speaking to Martha, he was in the room close by with the door ajar, preparing to go out. He heard her voice, and immediately came to her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04490", "bookId": 145, "start": 1713017, "end": 1713182, "sha256": "b5d22d7f2a10a05f224ecefccc2a6061a7889229ac886ba207b2433452a3924c", "text": "“Do you think that Mrs. Lydgate can receive me this morning?” she said, having reflected that it would be better to leave out all allusion to her previous visit.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04491", "bookId": 145, "start": 1713184, "end": 1713572, "sha256": "1ac5885244c70399e55c30c2ee83c3f5f510436e0969f8a008ade8dae193e716", "text": "“I have no doubt she will,” said Lydgate, suppressing his thought about Dorothea’s looks, which were as much changed as Rosamond’s, “if you will be kind enough to come in and let me tell her that you are here. She has not been very well since you were here yesterday, but she is better this morning, and I think it is very likely that she will be cheered by seeing you again.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04492", "bookId": 145, "start": 1713574, "end": 1713977, "sha256": "3371b28c4b777d966c4a2d514bb46ff7f80a9348403e73a9cc141552353f43f5", "text": "It was plain that Lydgate, as Dorothea had expected, knew nothing about the circumstances of her yesterday’s visit; nay, he appeared to imagine that she had carried it out according to her intention. She had prepared a little note asking Rosamond to see her, which she would have given to the servant if he had not been in the way, but now she was in much anxiety as to the result of his announcement.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04493", "bookId": 145, "start": 1713979, "end": 1714343, "sha256": "2dacc188fead4acde86a5cf70eeb43fbc99dc1065e2b1d07f2c90ac9dace06e7", "text": "After leading her into the drawing-room, he paused to take a letter from his pocket and put it into her hands, saying, “I wrote this last night, and was going to carry it to Lowick in my ride. When one is grateful for something too good for common thanks, writing is less unsatisfactory than speech—one does not at least _hear_ how inadequate the words are.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04494", "bookId": 145, "start": 1714345, "end": 1714506, "sha256": "03cb05204d01a587f2e3bac3628c28a5a22e02c0a678f95a78fe8ea9ced3564b", "text": "Dorothea’s face brightened. “It is I who have most to thank for, since you have let me take that place. You _have_ consented?” she said, suddenly doubting.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04495", "bookId": 145, "start": 1714508, "end": 1714558, "sha256": "8f8958c4090fa240ffdcc3e7900e12773bd4afd561c809c3e9f894e1167c38ad", "text": "“Yes, the check is going to Bulstrode to-day.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04496", "bookId": 145, "start": 1714560, "end": 1715286, "sha256": "3a0a337c5bb72eefe7a58e6f849e906a424bcc50427596350bee1524906c01f9", "text": "He said no more, but went up-stairs to Rosamond, who had but lately finished dressing herself, and sat languidly wondering what she should do next, her habitual industry in small things, even in the days of her sadness, prompting her to begin some kind of occupation, which she dragged through slowly or paused in from lack of interest. She looked ill, but had recovered her usual quietude of manner, and Lydgate had feared to disturb her by any questions. He had told her of Dorothea’s letter containing the check, and afterwards he had said, “Ladislaw is come, Rosy; he sat with me last night; I dare say he will be here again to-day. I thought he looked rather battered and depressed.” And Rosamond had made no reply.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04497", "bookId": 145, "start": 1715288, "end": 1715657, "sha256": "ef6bf0b919f69be0451d83d6904764e62de63df61960af86a0f411fc1162cfe2", "text": "Now, when he came up, he said to her very gently, “Rosy, dear, Mrs. Casaubon is come to see you again; you would like to see her, would you not?” That she colored and gave rather a startled movement did not surprise him after the agitation produced by the interview yesterday—a beneficent agitation, he thought, since it seemed to have made her turn to him again.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04498", "bookId": 145, "start": 1715659, "end": 1716576, "sha256": "8a1d29804d53517984f4bd6ce710c3dbb562d8b5dbb821e0f75778572d81f9da", "text": "Rosamond dared not say no. She dared not with a tone of her voice touch the facts of yesterday. Why had Mrs. Casaubon come again? The answer was a blank which Rosamond could only fill up with dread, for Will Ladislaw’s lacerating words had made every thought of Dorothea a fresh smart to her. Nevertheless, in her new humiliating uncertainty she dared do nothing but comply. She did not say yes, but she rose and let Lydgate put a light shawl over her shoulders, while he said, “I am going out immediately.” Then something crossed her mind which prompted her to say, “Pray tell Martha not to bring any one else into the drawing-room.” And Lydgate assented, thinking that he fully understood this wish. He led her down to the drawing-room door, and then turned away, observing to himself that he was rather a blundering husband to be dependent for his wife’s trust in him on the influence of another woman.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04499", "bookId": 145, "start": 1716578, "end": 1717556, "sha256": "f3458295c2820d25b3418f2ceb3436883e17a65ef715fec4572fe318a416799d", "text": "Rosamond, wrapping her soft shawl around her as she walked towards Dorothea, was inwardly wrapping her soul in cold reserve. Had Mrs. Casaubon come to say anything to her about Will? If so, it was a liberty that Rosamond resented; and she prepared herself to meet every word with polite impassibility. Will had bruised her pride too sorely for her to feel any compunction towards him and Dorothea: her own injury seemed much the greater. Dorothea was not only the “preferred” woman, but had also a formidable advantage in being Lydgate’s benefactor; and to poor Rosamond’s pained confused vision it seemed that this Mrs. Casaubon—this woman who predominated in all things concerning her—must have come now with the sense of having the advantage, and with animosity prompting her to use it. Indeed, not Rosamond only, but any one else, knowing the outer facts of the case, and not the simple inspiration on which Dorothea acted, might well have wondered why she came.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04500", "bookId": 145, "start": 1717558, "end": 1719033, "sha256": "bcbeaf23f0c1430f688c6c1cf7670661aab19f4c994a119547bda865afa278ca", "text": "Looking like the lovely ghost of herself, her graceful slimness wrapped in her soft white shawl, the rounded infantine mouth and cheek inevitably suggesting mildness and innocence, Rosamond paused at three yards’ distance from her visitor and bowed. But Dorothea, who had taken off her gloves, from an impulse which she could never resist when she wanted a sense of freedom, came forward, and with her face full of a sad yet sweet openness, put out her hand. Rosamond could not avoid meeting her glance, could not avoid putting her small hand into Dorothea’s, which clasped it with gentle motherliness; and immediately a doubt of her own prepossessions began to stir within her. Rosamond’s eye was quick for faces; she saw that Mrs. Casaubon’s face looked pale and changed since yesterday, yet gentle, and like the firm softness of her hand. But Dorothea had counted a little too much on her own strength: the clearness and intensity of her mental action this morning were the continuance of a nervous exaltation which made her frame as dangerously responsive as a bit of finest Venetian crystal; and in looking at Rosamond, she suddenly found her heart swelling, and was unable to speak—all her effort was required to keep back tears. She succeeded in that, and the emotion only passed over her face like the spirit of a sob; but it added to Rosamond’s impression that Mrs. Casaubon’s state of mind must be something quite different from what she had imagined.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04501", "bookId": 145, "start": 1719035, "end": 1719437, "sha256": "3ec95635d03d869396706ed4ac85a9940adce3feef20914540d0943c36ad1814", "text": "So they sat down without a word of preface on the two chairs that happened to be nearest, and happened also to be close together; though Rosamond’s notion when she first bowed was that she should stay a long way off from Mrs. Casaubon. But she ceased thinking how anything would turn out—merely wondering what would come. And Dorothea began to speak quite simply, gathering firmness as she went on.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04502", "bookId": 145, "start": 1719439, "end": 1720031, "sha256": "c16251df281fea516ed90b5e39196054564061e87b02bbfcd8c0710f298c15fb", "text": "“I had an errand yesterday which I did not finish; that is why I am here again so soon. You will not think me too troublesome when I tell you that I came to talk to you about the injustice that has been shown towards Mr. Lydgate. It will cheer you—will it not?—to know a great deal about him, that he may not like to speak about himself just because it is in his own vindication and to his own honor. You will like to know that your husband has warm friends, who have not left off believing in his high character? You will let me speak of this without thinking that I take a liberty?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04503", "bookId": 145, "start": 1720033, "end": 1720531, "sha256": "fbc70b6190919767c8131daf3c600d9ce963994317e638135dd6eed4f89426a6", "text": "The cordial, pleading tones which seemed to flow with generous heedlessness above all the facts which had filled Rosamond’s mind as grounds of obstruction and hatred between her and this woman, came as soothingly as a warm stream over her shrinking fears. Of course Mrs. Casaubon had the facts in her mind, but she was not going to speak of anything connected with them. That relief was too great for Rosamond to feel much else at the moment. She answered prettily, in the new ease of her soul—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04504", "bookId": 145, "start": 1720533, "end": 1720634, "sha256": "b2c818f58ebcf7aa54d45e7a3fd290bbd26d44032602071432c15b133489e126", "text": "“I know you have been very good. I shall like to hear anything you will say to me about Tertius.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04505", "bookId": 145, "start": 1720636, "end": 1721890, "sha256": "27b2e54d032e3dd301a45f0fcce5f828d991db787c108ee02bc1e9daf09a880f", "text": "“The day before yesterday,” said Dorothea, “when I had asked him to come to Lowick to give me his opinion on the affairs of the Hospital, he told me everything about his conduct and feelings in this sad event which has made ignorant people cast suspicions on him. The reason he told me was because I was very bold and asked him. I believed that he had never acted dishonorably, and I begged him to tell me the history. He confessed to me that he had never told it before, not even to you, because he had a great dislike to say, ‘I was not wrong,’ as if that were proof, when there are guilty people who will say so. The truth is, he knew nothing of this man Raffles, or that there were any bad secrets about him; and he thought that Mr. Bulstrode offered him the money because he repented, out of kindness, of having refused it before. All his anxiety about his patient was to treat him rightly, and he was a little uncomfortable that the case did not end as he had expected; but he thought then and still thinks that there may have been no wrong in it on any one’s part. And I have told Mr. Farebrother, and Mr. Brooke, and Sir James Chettam: they all believe in your husband. That will cheer you, will it not? That will give you courage?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04506", "bookId": 145, "start": 1721892, "end": 1722159, "sha256": "7e6e33d68a467dc4ad7aaaf6d8e8c834cd07bc0a365de2d07ad8c721d97c0a08", "text": "Dorothea’s face had become animated, and as it beamed on Rosamond very close to her, she felt something like bashful timidity before a superior, in the presence of this self-forgetful ardor. She said, with blushing embarrassment, “Thank you: you are very kind.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04507", "bookId": 145, "start": 1722161, "end": 1722838, "sha256": "f67d900106e06fd36fd88c4e2683419b98a4df2fce3387f82facea7c4d33d912", "text": "“And he felt that he had been so wrong not to pour out everything about this to you. But you will forgive him. It was because he feels so much more about your happiness than anything else—he feels his life bound into one with yours, and it hurts him more than anything, that his misfortunes must hurt you. He could speak to me because I am an indifferent person. And then I asked him if I might come to see you; because I felt so much for his trouble and yours. That is why I came yesterday, and why I am come to-day. Trouble is so hard to bear, is it not?— How can we live and think that any one has trouble—piercing trouble—and we could help them, and never try?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04508", "bookId": 145, "start": 1722840, "end": 1723277, "sha256": "a89f566e29dda9aa8cab1a165af62d69b4de4dce3e024101f17e99515e94e1fc", "text": "Dorothea, completely swayed by the feeling that she was uttering, forgot everything but that she was speaking from out the heart of her own trial to Rosamond’s. The emotion had wrought itself more and more into her utterance, till the tones might have gone to one’s very marrow, like a low cry from some suffering creature in the darkness. And she had unconsciously laid her hand again on the little hand that she had pressed before.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04509", "bookId": 145, "start": 1723279, "end": 1724648, "sha256": "2c5b324bef0bec3e4b780ea8b431bcedc0deac84b5fa3f96bec71f65f1da8952", "text": "Rosamond, with an overmastering pang, as if a wound within her had been probed, burst into hysterical crying as she had done the day before when she clung to her husband. Poor Dorothea was feeling a great wave of her own sorrow returning over her—her thought being drawn to the possible share that Will Ladislaw might have in Rosamond’s mental tumult. She was beginning to fear that she should not be able to suppress herself enough to the end of this meeting, and while her hand was still resting on Rosamond’s lap, though the hand underneath it was withdrawn, she was struggling against her own rising sobs. She tried to master herself with the thought that this might be a turning-point in three lives—not in her own; no, there the irrevocable had happened, but—in those three lives which were touching hers with the solemn neighborhood of danger and distress. The fragile creature who was crying close to her—there might still be time to rescue her from the misery of false incompatible bonds; and this moment was unlike any other: she and Rosamond could never be together again with the same thrilling consciousness of yesterday within them both. She felt the relation between them to be peculiar enough to give her a peculiar influence, though she had no conception that the way in which her own feelings were involved was fully known to Mrs. Lydgate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04510", "bookId": 145, "start": 1724650, "end": 1725193, "sha256": "c2da6e2584b9bfe86458d189cc654bbf0771c3ff6933a90518f59692c7a4dd2a", "text": "It was a newer crisis in Rosamond’s experience than even Dorothea could imagine: she was under the first great shock that had shattered her dream-world in which she had been easily confident of herself and critical of others; and this strange unexpected manifestation of feeling in a woman whom she had approached with a shrinking aversion and dread, as one who must necessarily have a jealous hatred towards her, made her soul totter all the more with a sense that she had been walking in an unknown world which had just broken in upon her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04511", "bookId": 145, "start": 1725195, "end": 1725590, "sha256": "636c066d18e765deca71fa95518799122184decc255ff3f1c29f58577bf8513c", "text": "When Rosamond’s convulsed throat was subsiding into calm, and she withdrew the handkerchief with which she had been hiding her face, her eyes met Dorothea’s as helplessly as if they had been blue flowers. What was the use of thinking about behavior after this crying? And Dorothea looked almost as childish, with the neglected trace of a silent tear. Pride was broken down between these two.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04512", "bookId": 145, "start": 1725592, "end": 1725932, "sha256": "0d4d1df6add07ebdf287cdd39b29dd91cc95aa5b377f5868962be537a14d4732", "text": "“We were talking about your husband,” Dorothea said, with some timidity. “I thought his looks were sadly changed with suffering the other day. I had not seen him for many weeks before. He said he had been feeling very lonely in his trial; but I think he would have borne it all better if he had been able to be quite open with you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04513", "bookId": 145, "start": 1725934, "end": 1726146, "sha256": "e0f73f0844c482c486d4d30a9c4cc28be9fdeffd2b01c7d20fbae103bced5603", "text": "“Tertius is so angry and impatient if I say anything,” said Rosamond, imagining that he had been complaining of her to Dorothea. “He ought not to wonder that I object to speak to him on painful subjects.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04514", "bookId": 145, "start": 1726148, "end": 1726874, "sha256": "a46cf31db150b207656c1d07c4b66e17536cc29d18f91e1d6d1d598209b28931", "text": "“It was himself he blamed for not speaking,” said Dorothea. “What he said of you was, that he could not be happy in doing anything which made you unhappy—that his marriage was of course a bond which must affect his choice about everything; and for that reason he refused my proposal that he should keep his position at the Hospital, because that would bind him to stay in Middlemarch, and he would not undertake to do anything which would be painful to you. He could say that to me, because he knows that I had much trial in my marriage, from my husband’s illness, which hindered his plans and saddened him; and he knows that I have felt how hard it is to walk always in fear of hurting another who is tied to us.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04515", "bookId": 145, "start": 1726876, "end": 1727676, "sha256": "0b60510bf6ffd5e101c708c4b041e2c48957693ec116c5a79521357091dfe642", "text": "Dorothea waited a little; she had discerned a faint pleasure stealing over Rosamond’s face. But there was no answer, and she went on, with a gathering tremor, “Marriage is so unlike everything else. There is something even awful in the nearness it brings. Even if we loved some one else better than—than those we were married to, it would be no use”—poor Dorothea, in her palpitating anxiety, could only seize her language brokenly—“I mean, marriage drinks up all our power of giving or getting any blessedness in that sort of love. I know it may be very dear—but it murders our marriage—and then the marriage stays with us like a murder—and everything else is gone. And then our husband—if he loved and trusted us, and we have not helped him, but made a curse in his life—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04516", "bookId": 145, "start": 1727678, "end": 1728248, "sha256": "94ffcb375646c77608925ed4c747cfa37a1341b5822eefa86fc5175701cd6fae", "text": "Her voice had sunk very low: there was a dread upon her of presuming too far, and of speaking as if she herself were perfection addressing error. She was too much preoccupied with her own anxiety, to be aware that Rosamond was trembling too; and filled with the need to express pitying fellowship rather than rebuke, she put her hands on Rosamond’s, and said with more agitated rapidity,—“I know, I know that the feeling may be very dear—it has taken hold of us unawares—it is so hard, it may seem like death to part with it—and we are weak—I am weak—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04517", "bookId": 145, "start": 1728250, "end": 1728612, "sha256": "e80be0d8ea5d8f74c29cb1e8abe62bd3d8c3061c45352bb0fe082a330eb1950d", "text": "The waves of her own sorrow, from out of which she was struggling to save another, rushed over Dorothea with conquering force. She stopped in speechless agitation, not crying, but feeling as if she were being inwardly grappled. Her face had become of a deathlier paleness, her lips trembled, and she pressed her hands helplessly on the hands that lay under them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04518", "bookId": 145, "start": 1728614, "end": 1728962, "sha256": "37e1fdb455e09f3d98aafd98a2012a2114febe54d08817af985375ccac1f7dc1", "text": "Rosamond, taken hold of by an emotion stronger than her own—hurried along in a new movement which gave all things some new, awful, undefined aspect—could find no words, but involuntarily she put her lips to Dorothea’s forehead which was very near her, and then for a minute the two women clasped each other as if they had been in a shipwreck.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04519", "bookId": 145, "start": 1728964, "end": 1729217, "sha256": "8b4dafcbb5b13a51bfba65acfa4af6fdc3530b911ec2247616f30829791adac6", "text": "“You are thinking what is not true,” said Rosamond, in an eager half-whisper, while she was still feeling Dorothea’s arms round her—urged by a mysterious necessity to free herself from something that oppressed her as if it were blood guiltiness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04520", "bookId": 145, "start": 1729219, "end": 1729259, "sha256": "52efa791c4a3d530ccee413d5b9e131a3ed016a04ff8e8f36d95690722d9c2f4", "text": "They moved apart, looking at each other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04521", "bookId": 145, "start": 1729261, "end": 1729354, "sha256": "92377fa9d123608f4cfe4834dba8641183480b339d7b73286f6a176b3dc21d9d", "text": "“When you came in yesterday—it was not as you thought,” said Rosamond in the same tone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04522", "bookId": 145, "start": 1729356, "end": 1729460, "sha256": "290c85c497f1467acdb913c5d08f9edc30b2d36bd5068eb84c371dde18b5630a", "text": "There was a movement of surprised attention in Dorothea. She expected a vindication of Rosamond herself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04523", "bookId": 145, "start": 1729462, "end": 1730187, "sha256": "97800ddce998f6bebe4a24886a33f6e32188ddcbd7ff2f473444575bda50c266", "text": "“He was telling me how he loved another woman, that I might know he could never love me,” said Rosamond, getting more and more hurried as she went on. “And now I think he hates me because—because you mistook him yesterday. He says it is through me that you will think ill of him—think that he is a false person. But it shall not be through me. He has never had any love for me—I know he has not—he has always thought slightly of me. He said yesterday that no other woman existed for him beside you. The blame of what happened is entirely mine. He said he could never explain to you—because of me. He said you could never think well of him again. But now I have told you, and he cannot reproach me any more.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04524", "bookId": 145, "start": 1730189, "end": 1730488, "sha256": "518fa6e98e8e23d1f9c6d059c1d15bf4df9f8ef58f94c3938537bf901f0d1037", "text": "Rosamond had delivered her soul under impulses which she had not known before. She had begun her confession under the subduing influence of Dorothea’s emotion; and as she went on she had gathered the sense that she was repelling Will’s reproaches, which were still like a knife-wound within her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04525", "bookId": 145, "start": 1730490, "end": 1730910, "sha256": "e268fc1e9d5c2792abcf176d78084c0230610adb413247b973da7eeda8a1e9ae", "text": "The revulsion of feeling in Dorothea was too strong to be called joy. It was a tumult in which the terrible strain of the night and morning made a resistant pain:—she could only perceive that this would be joy when she had recovered her power of feeling it. Her immediate consciousness was one of immense sympathy without check; she cared for Rosamond without struggle now, and responded earnestly to her last words—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04526", "bookId": 145, "start": 1730912, "end": 1730954, "sha256": "03f4c73c93c6f52edf3132e5d2e736b5312a897888171e30327060392376b6b7", "text": "“No, he cannot reproach you any more.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04527", "bookId": 145, "start": 1730956, "end": 1731246, "sha256": "2ba64bc1688d4819228aa86ef62231d7a877d3165ba7a124c6d7e58df73e7a3a", "text": "With her usual tendency to over-estimate the good in others, she felt a great outgoing of her heart towards Rosamond, for the generous effort which had redeemed her from suffering, not counting that the effort was a reflex of her own energy. After they had been silent a little, she said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04528", "bookId": 145, "start": 1731248, "end": 1731297, "sha256": "34f2faa623ed012d674305fb3d1f74505941c330d16ea990d93f9933d16283a8", "text": "“You are not sorry that I came this morning?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04529", "bookId": 145, "start": 1731299, "end": 1731465, "sha256": "43d997cf91a15efd249fb38a09cc6326a0063d88b13f3eb076cc308d1542aee1", "text": "“No, you have been very good to me,” said Rosamond. “I did not think that you would be so good. I was very unhappy. I am not happy now. Everything is so sad.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04530", "bookId": 145, "start": 1731467, "end": 1731670, "sha256": "288f47d3a5c198cb23d1be1a19466ff2ae18c7a6fe2d6d3dbf02318b93288584", "text": "“But better days will come. Your husband will be rightly valued. And he depends on you for comfort. He loves you best. The worst loss would be to lose that—and you have not lost it,” said Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04531", "bookId": 145, "start": 1731672, "end": 1731849, "sha256": "f04f6f94ffd375af44fc2335fc158a4a37b421b8f32010470740455c0ea21e90", "text": "She tried to thrust away the too overpowering thought of her own relief, lest she should fail to win some sign that Rosamond’s affection was yearning back towards her husband.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04532", "bookId": 145, "start": 1731851, "end": 1732163, "sha256": "e962d9c13dd65b48e17104679c50c56ffc6bdeee2c95a5894b464530699806c0", "text": "“Tertius did not find fault with me, then?” said Rosamond, understanding now that Lydgate might have said anything to Mrs. Casaubon, and that she certainly was different from other women. Perhaps there was a faint taste of jealousy in the question. A smile began to play over Dorothea’s face as she said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04533", "bookId": 145, "start": 1732165, "end": 1732255, "sha256": "0322568da4a20613241337d1371fe5ecff3f60b09d3334921199a57da5176e41", "text": "“No, indeed! How could you imagine it?” But here the door opened, and Lydgate entered.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04534", "bookId": 145, "start": 1732257, "end": 1732708, "sha256": "17419a436f9187ceed04ecc163b91664e515bc8688c070810f5e828b88735adc", "text": "“I am come back in my quality of doctor,” he said. “After I went away, I was haunted by two pale faces: Mrs. Casaubon looked as much in need of care as you, Rosy. And I thought that I had not done my duty in leaving you together; so when I had been to Coleman’s I came home again. I noticed that you were walking, Mrs. Casaubon, and the sky has changed—I think we may have rain. May I send some one to order your carriage to come for you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04535", "bookId": 145, "start": 1732710, "end": 1732952, "sha256": "522bf2bce8ce2fc6b24974402b2fee22903ce0941879451c4156e0a777f98712", "text": "“Oh, no! I am strong: I need the walk,” said Dorothea, rising with animation in her face. “Mrs. Lydgate and I have chatted a great deal, and it is time for me to go. I have always been accused of being immoderate and saying too much.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04536", "bookId": 145, "start": 1732954, "end": 1733167, "sha256": "fb7277a221338b7731f55c57ab707d340d13ba12c07b854963f474a1a5173ee6", "text": "She put out her hand to Rosamond, and they said an earnest, quiet good-by without kiss or other show of effusion: there had been between them too much serious emotion for them to use the signs of it superficially.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04537", "bookId": 145, "start": 1733169, "end": 1733327, "sha256": "1cdd6d6bfd902cb11d30009d0a4878b1fa992836897a4a90edf4f85c612f298a", "text": "As Lydgate took her to the door she said nothing of Rosamond, but told him of Mr. Farebrother and the other friends who had listened with belief to his story.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04538", "bookId": 145, "start": 1733329, "end": 1733424, "sha256": "05f3f062335e5e7e11160129efa86c117e8994263c01e0c5b87771b51c5d592f", "text": "When he came back to Rosamond, she had already thrown herself on the sofa, in resigned fatigue.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04539", "bookId": 145, "start": 1733426, "end": 1733569, "sha256": "ec33e8925e62b3db4f8ea4d2e23b64042082f26c8540ed34757ee8f25e358878", "text": "“Well, Rosy,” he said, standing over her, and touching her hair, “what do you think of Mrs. Casaubon now you have seen so much of her?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04540", "bookId": 145, "start": 1733571, "end": 1733749, "sha256": "a145b0ea284078d879bb7a038f429f660eb9713cd232665c616bab9fb0c55ba6", "text": "“I think she must be better than any one,” said Rosamond, “and she is very beautiful. If you go to talk to her so often, you will be more discontented with me than ever!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04541", "bookId": 145, "start": 1733751, "end": 1733847, "sha256": "45584788b1ac739a31f6b8df63e179787e1bba0528f5c114cf4a91e106458cde", "text": "Lydgate laughed at the “so often.” “But has she made you any less discontented with me?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04542", "bookId": 145, "start": 1733849, "end": 1734447, "sha256": "2db4769d42623d270e45c686bc0311f3723a70fe958bd04dea93713111d7160d", "text": "“I think she has,” said Rosamond, looking up in his face. “How heavy your eyes are, Tertius—and do push your hair back.” He lifted up his large white hand to obey her, and felt thankful for this little mark of interest in him. Poor Rosamond’s vagrant fancy had come back terribly scourged—meek enough to nestle under the old despised shelter. And the shelter was still there: Lydgate had accepted his narrowed lot with sad resignation. He had chosen this fragile creature, and had taken the burthen of her life upon his arms. He must walk as he could, carrying that burthen pitifully.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04543", "bookId": 145, "start": 1734452, "end": 1734467, "sha256": "ce912252870610c44ab74eab181ebefbbd790b2f3453e98f9cccc3cc106dc86e", "text": "CHAPTER LXXXII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04544", "bookId": 145, "start": 1734469, "end": 1734541, "sha256": "a97d7a884dc2e78e2ac4a6ea80581e2a439ca6c27ecabdeeaba12de6fc0931f1", "text": "“My grief lies onward and my joy behind.” —SHAKESPEARE: _Sonnets_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04545", "bookId": 145, "start": 1734544, "end": 1735602, "sha256": "425c5ee79ba0f7e981165c9193495ed93ba7f875543e57d8fb3d60c1296272e3", "text": "Exiles notoriously feed much on hopes, and are unlikely to stay in banishment unless they are obliged. When Will Ladislaw exiled himself from Middlemarch he had placed no stronger obstacle to his return than his own resolve, which was by no means an iron barrier, but simply a state of mind liable to melt into a minuet with other states of mind, and to find itself bowing, smiling, and giving place with polite facility. As the months went on, it had seemed more and more difficult to him to say why he should not run down to Middlemarch—merely for the sake of hearing something about Dorothea; and if on such a flying visit he should chance by some strange coincidence to meet with her, there was no reason for him to be ashamed of having taken an innocent journey which he had beforehand supposed that he should not take. Since he was hopelessly divided from her, he might surely venture into her neighborhood; and as to the suspicious friends who kept a dragon watch over her—their opinions seemed less and less important with time and change of air.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04546", "bookId": 145, "start": 1735604, "end": 1736443, "sha256": "bf23f73cea393f6a8bed15cefde5d956320582ce5c0493bae592808e40e51579", "text": "And there had come a reason quite irrespective of Dorothea, which seemed to make a journey to Middlemarch a sort of philanthropic duty. Will had given a disinterested attention to an intended settlement on a new plan in the Far West, and the need for funds in order to carry out a good design had set him on debating with himself whether it would not be a laudable use to make of his claim on Bulstrode, to urge the application of that money which had been offered to himself as a means of carrying out a scheme likely to be largely beneficial. The question seemed a very dubious one to Will, and his repugnance to again entering into any relation with the banker might have made him dismiss it quickly, if there had not arisen in his imagination the probability that his judgment might be more safely determined by a visit to Middlemarch.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04547", "bookId": 145, "start": 1736445, "end": 1737291, "sha256": "ee141fd84e24f5a5bc11be9a340e09648d427f9d5bb0b57c3c8978f92bcf2de4", "text": "That was the object which Will stated to himself as a reason for coming down. He had meant to confide in Lydgate, and discuss the money question with him, and he had meant to amuse himself for the few evenings of his stay by having a great deal of music and badinage with fair Rosamond, without neglecting his friends at Lowick Parsonage:—if the Parsonage was close to the Manor, that was no fault of his. He had neglected the Farebrothers before his departure, from a proud resistance to the possible accusation of indirectly seeking interviews with Dorothea; but hunger tames us, and Will had become very hungry for the vision of a certain form and the sound of a certain voice. Nothing had done instead—not the opera, or the converse of zealous politicians, or the flattering reception (in dim corners) of his new hand in leading articles.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04548", "bookId": 145, "start": 1737293, "end": 1739806, "sha256": "d61b370ab5e445b6f93e97acd469e7834d3a251a4f118711c8b0169838d31173", "text": "Thus he had come down, foreseeing with confidence how almost everything would be in his familiar little world; fearing, indeed, that there would be no surprises in his visit. But he had found that humdrum world in a terribly dynamic condition, in which even badinage and lyrism had turned explosive; and the first day of this visit had become the most fatal epoch of his life. The next morning he felt so harassed with the nightmare of consequences—he dreaded so much the immediate issues before him—that seeing while he breakfasted the arrival of the Riverston coach, he went out hurriedly and took his place on it, that he might be relieved, at least for a day, from the necessity of doing or saying anything in Middlemarch. Will Ladislaw was in one of those tangled crises which are commoner in experience than one might imagine, from the shallow absoluteness of men’s judgments. He had found Lydgate, for whom he had the sincerest respect, under circumstances which claimed his thorough and frankly declared sympathy; and the reason why, in spite of that claim, it would have been better for Will to have avoided all further intimacy, or even contact, with Lydgate, was precisely of the kind to make such a course appear impossible. To a creature of Will’s susceptible temperament—without any neutral region of indifference in his nature, ready to turn everything that befell him into the collisions of a passionate drama—the revelation that Rosamond had made her happiness in any way dependent on him was a difficulty which his outburst of rage towards her had immeasurably increased for him. He hated his own cruelty, and yet he dreaded to show the fulness of his relenting: he must go to her again; the friendship could not be put to a sudden end; and her unhappiness was a power which he dreaded. And all the while there was no more foretaste of enjoyment in the life before him than if his limbs had been lopped off and he was making his fresh start on crutches. In the night he had debated whether he should not get on the coach, not for Riverston, but for London, leaving a note to Lydgate which would give a makeshift reason for his retreat. But there were strong cords pulling him back from that abrupt departure: the blight on his happiness in thinking of Dorothea, the crushing of that chief hope which had remained in spite of the acknowledged necessity for renunciation, was too fresh a misery for him to resign himself to it and go straightway into a distance which was also despair.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04549", "bookId": 145, "start": 1739808, "end": 1740262, "sha256": "107e55c9d7e8d034e55fd8424a4788cda5fe0b18a09bb66491fd5ebc5fa9b581", "text": "Thus he did nothing more decided than taking the Riverston coach. He came back again by it while it was still daylight, having made up his mind that he must go to Lydgate’s that evening. The Rubicon, we know, was a very insignificant stream to look at; its significance lay entirely in certain invisible conditions. Will felt as if he were forced to cross his small boundary ditch, and what he saw beyond it was not empire, but discontented subjection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04550", "bookId": 145, "start": 1740264, "end": 1740759, "sha256": "2015caaacd2e97938578046492fe0255c0047a37bbfda5e6a5d95de5f27023d3", "text": "But it is given to us sometimes even in our every-day life to witness the saving influence of a noble nature, the divine efficacy of rescue that may lie in a self-subduing act of fellowship. If Dorothea, after her night’s anguish, had not taken that walk to Rosamond—why, she perhaps would have been a woman who gained a higher character for discretion, but it would certainly not have been as well for those three who were on one hearth in Lydgate’s house at half-past seven that evening.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04551", "bookId": 145, "start": 1740761, "end": 1741919, "sha256": "94c645cc844bfc6f6748fa22a94231b395b8b3e8a16aa3cf7258f075f944a7f9", "text": "Rosamond had been prepared for Will’s visit, and she received him with a languid coldness which Lydgate accounted for by her nervous exhaustion, of which he could not suppose that it had any relation to Will. And when she sat in silence bending over a bit of work, he innocently apologized for her in an indirect way by begging her to lean backward and rest. Will was miserable in the necessity for playing the part of a friend who was making his first appearance and greeting to Rosamond, while his thoughts were busy about her feeling since that scene of yesterday, which seemed still inexorably to enclose them both, like the painful vision of a double madness. It happened that nothing called Lydgate out of the room; but when Rosamond poured out the tea, and Will came near to fetch it, she placed a tiny bit of folded paper in his saucer. He saw it and secured it quickly, but as he went back to his inn he had no eagerness to unfold the paper. What Rosamond had written to him would probably deepen the painful impressions of the evening. Still, he opened and read it by his bed-candle. There were only these few words in her neatly flowing hand:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04552", "bookId": 145, "start": 1741921, "end": 1742142, "sha256": "d77614b7788c77dc6a0abddb4984b3d1de038ac8240887c20a7947f39f1b0ca7", "text": "“I have told Mrs. Casaubon. She is not under any mistake about you. I told her because she came to see me and was very kind. You will have nothing to reproach me with now. I shall not have made any difference to you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04553", "bookId": 145, "start": 1742144, "end": 1743137, "sha256": "301a29a87bbae783bd7c91e6b9255cba7a566cc08d3bdb8efe6d5894ccfe07d5", "text": "The effect of these words was not quite all gladness. As Will dwelt on them with excited imagination, he felt his cheeks and ears burning at the thought of what had occurred between Dorothea and Rosamond—at the uncertainty how far Dorothea might still feel her dignity wounded in having an explanation of his conduct offered to her. There might still remain in her mind a changed association with him which made an irremediable difference—a lasting flaw. With active fancy he wrought himself into a state of doubt little more easy than that of the man who has escaped from wreck by night and stands on unknown ground in the darkness. Until that wretched yesterday—except the moment of vexation long ago in the very same room and in the very same presence—all their vision, all their thought of each other, had been as in a world apart, where the sunshine fell on tall white lilies, where no evil lurked, and no other soul entered. But now—would Dorothea meet him in that world again?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04554", "bookId": 145, "start": 1743142, "end": 1743158, "sha256": "5dd50cec97864b636936132795a618470a960803f0440c8855b2805a9d8ef12a", "text": "CHAPTER LXXXIII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04555", "bookId": 145, "start": 1743160, "end": 1743346, "sha256": "7974461d4c57388991272a0151a94e730138785f9eb0226bb58b12c213270fd7", "text": "“And now good-morrow to our waking souls Which watch not one another out of fear; For love all love of other sights controls, And makes one little room, an everywhere.” —DR. DONNE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04556", "bookId": 145, "start": 1743349, "end": 1746309, "sha256": "4249aadbc86af918562dc5e6838450f4e68838dd5afd709bb181bd4ed9fa077b", "text": "On the second morning after Dorothea’s visit to Rosamond, she had had two nights of sound sleep, and had not only lost all traces of fatigue, but felt as if she had a great deal of superfluous strength—that is to say, more strength than she could manage to concentrate on any occupation. The day before, she had taken long walks outside the grounds, and had paid two visits to the Parsonage; but she never in her life told any one the reason why she spent her time in that fruitless manner, and this morning she was rather angry with herself for her childish restlessness. To-day was to be spent quite differently. What was there to be done in the village? Oh dear! nothing. Everybody was well and had flannel; nobody’s pig had died; and it was Saturday morning, when there was a general scrubbing of doors and door-stones, and when it was useless to go into the school. But there were various subjects that Dorothea was trying to get clear upon, and she resolved to throw herself energetically into the gravest of all. She sat down in the library before her particular little heap of books on political economy and kindred matters, out of which she was trying to get light as to the best way of spending money so as not to injure one’s neighbors, or—what comes to the same thing—so as to do them the most good. Here was a weighty subject which, if she could but lay hold of it, would certainly keep her mind steady. Unhappily her mind slipped off it for a whole hour; and at the end she found herself reading sentences twice over with an intense consciousness of many things, but not of any one thing contained in the text. This was hopeless. Should she order the carriage and drive to Tipton? No; for some reason or other she preferred staying at Lowick. But her vagrant mind must be reduced to order: there was an art in self-discipline; and she walked round and round the brown library considering by what sort of manoeuvre she could arrest her wandering thoughts. Perhaps a mere task was the best means—something to which she must go doggedly. Was there not the geography of Asia Minor, in which her slackness had often been rebuked by Mr. Casaubon? She went to the cabinet of maps and unrolled one: this morning she might make herself finally sure that Paphlagonia was not on the Levantine coast, and fix her total darkness about the Chalybes firmly on the shores of the Euxine. A map was a fine thing to study when you were disposed to think of something else, being made up of names that would turn into a chime if you went back upon them. Dorothea set earnestly to work, bending close to her map, and uttering the names in an audible, subdued tone, which often got into a chime. She looked amusingly girlish after all her deep experience—nodding her head and marking the names off on her fingers, with a little pursing of her lip, and now and then breaking off to put her hands on each side of her face and say, “Oh dear! oh dear!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04557", "bookId": 145, "start": 1746311, "end": 1746476, "sha256": "66a6a11429cf36981fd4813a82f53435962592d2d69641765f025a907318c65a", "text": "There was no reason why this should end any more than a merry-go-round; but it was at last interrupted by the opening of the door and the announcement of Miss Noble.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04558", "bookId": 145, "start": 1746478, "end": 1746690, "sha256": "07dc1d97f22917eaad3594fdfdf2b602cbd0e4802a15018f5b6970d144b9ccf2", "text": "The little old lady, whose bonnet hardly reached Dorothea’s shoulder, was warmly welcomed, but while her hand was being pressed she made many of her beaver-like noises, as if she had something difficult to say.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04559", "bookId": 145, "start": 1746692, "end": 1746823, "sha256": "4420e7e4b10b4199260fc517f07dac4b4bf3faad1b9b2b69f16f8d0b0490edbf", "text": "“Do sit down,” said Dorothea, rolling a chair forward. “Am I wanted for anything? I shall be so glad if I can do anything.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04560", "bookId": 145, "start": 1746825, "end": 1747194, "sha256": "2141f837d312206755e28ab169dfa9c627949c3ceac7956480720fa3baea51e4", "text": "“I will not stay,” said Miss Noble, putting her hand into her small basket, and holding some article inside it nervously; “I have left a friend in the churchyard.” She lapsed into her inarticulate sounds, and unconsciously drew forth the article which she was fingering. It was the tortoise-shell lozenge-box, and Dorothea felt the color mounting to her cheeks.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04561", "bookId": 145, "start": 1747196, "end": 1747349, "sha256": "d9aea522cd1781512ab10a3c6da3ec5a388738c7904eb2bf7639236c55a80254", "text": "“Mr. Ladislaw,” continued the timid little woman. “He fears he has offended you, and has begged me to ask if you will see him for a few minutes.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04562", "bookId": 145, "start": 1747351, "end": 1747709, "sha256": "b21f38ff486243498c7d1eb18e16570d8daffcaa2dff0dc4b61fca509dae7890", "text": "Dorothea did not answer on the instant: it was crossing her mind that she could not receive him in this library, where her husband’s prohibition seemed to dwell. She looked towards the window. Could she go out and meet him in the grounds? The sky was heavy, and the trees had begun to shiver as at a coming storm. Besides, she shrank from going out to him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04563", "bookId": 145, "start": 1747711, "end": 1747836, "sha256": "82659cc379ccb0b169bcb09b7c11adb9ead9a4c34aec747db16c6a81312b4c8f", "text": "“Do see him, Mrs. Casaubon,” said Miss Noble, pathetically; “else I must go back and say No, and that will hurt him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04564", "bookId": 145, "start": 1747838, "end": 1747908, "sha256": "ce805730811f38cefcfbb0fc71bf4c10ba4eff40fe6b94255d48be0b7081f9df", "text": "“Yes, I will see him,” said Dorothea. “Pray tell him to come.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04565", "bookId": 145, "start": 1747910, "end": 1748242, "sha256": "e49d69562cb1e5fe5a2e429c540b90baa32cf4ad35aae478616d5110be351b46", "text": "What else was there to be done? There was nothing that she longed for at that moment except to see Will: the possibility of seeing him had thrust itself insistently between her and every other object; and yet she had a throbbing excitement like an alarm upon her—a sense that she was doing something daringly defiant for his sake.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04566", "bookId": 145, "start": 1748244, "end": 1749073, "sha256": "5607a647dd85803ca1033c7e12ba759c76a86307216657d65eb7e8f57e7bc09e", "text": "When the little lady had trotted away on her mission, Dorothea stood in the middle of the library with her hands falling clasped before her, making no attempt to compose herself in an attitude of dignified unconsciousness. What she was least conscious of just then was her own body: she was thinking of what was likely to be in Will’s mind, and of the hard feelings that others had had about him. How could any duty bind her to hardness? Resistance to unjust dispraise had mingled with her feeling for him from the very first, and now in the rebound of her heart after her anguish the resistance was stronger than ever. “If I love him too much it is because he has been used so ill:”—there was a voice within her saying this to some imagined audience in the library, when the door was opened, and she saw Will before her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04567", "bookId": 145, "start": 1749075, "end": 1749700, "sha256": "8f899a1b5ec2c3943ef62d9ca63e20efbdbdcb800c294261abfb59a1284cb5f8", "text": "She did not move, and he came towards her with more doubt and timidity in his face than she had ever seen before. He was in a state of uncertainty which made him afraid lest some look or word of his should condemn him to a new distance from her; and Dorothea was afraid of her _own_ emotion. She looked as if there were a spell upon her, keeping her motionless and hindering her from unclasping her hands, while some intense, grave yearning was imprisoned within her eyes. Seeing that she did not put out her hand as usual, Will paused a yard from her and said with embarrassment, “I am so grateful to you for seeing me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04568", "bookId": 145, "start": 1749702, "end": 1749959, "sha256": "c348204bb9b148304c98536fc70645332994385c05ef243df66aa5569f8c7f2b", "text": "“I wanted to see you,” said Dorothea, having no other words at command. It did not occur to her to sit down, and Will did not give a cheerful interpretation to this queenly way of receiving him; but he went on to say what he had made up his mind to say.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04569", "bookId": 145, "start": 1749961, "end": 1750243, "sha256": "726bdbb958725a885bbcc778ce234ee09f838aa6d8dadf7cc8fc6c57d82383e8", "text": "“I fear you think me foolish and perhaps wrong for coming back so soon. I have been punished for my impatience. You know—every one knows now—a painful story about my parentage. I knew of it before I went away, and I always meant to tell you of it if—if we ever met again.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04570", "bookId": 145, "start": 1750245, "end": 1750359, "sha256": "508a445f3094275b00b8013d9f36282d752d4a83daf6baaf293a611e51cf6ce4", "text": "There was a slight movement in Dorothea, and she unclasped her hands, but immediately folded them over each other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04571", "bookId": 145, "start": 1750361, "end": 1750936, "sha256": "220117917e8c77dd90cd7edb41c151ecf50ad7d90c807300bc5b832cd6026a73", "text": "“But the affair is matter of gossip now,” Will continued. “I wished you to know that something connected with it—something which happened before I went away, helped to bring me down here again. At least I thought it excused my coming. It was the idea of getting Bulstrode to apply some money to a public purpose—some money which he had thought of giving me. Perhaps it is rather to Bulstrode’s credit that he privately offered me compensation for an old injury: he offered to give me a good income to make amends; but I suppose you know the disagreeable story?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04572", "bookId": 145, "start": 1750938, "end": 1751155, "sha256": "d19054192eba34a9c5712452521d806409de52dbd291c9f43dbc94c0901eb748", "text": "Will looked doubtfully at Dorothea, but his manner was gathering some of the defiant courage with which he always thought of this fact in his destiny. He added, “You know that it must be altogether painful to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04573", "bookId": 145, "start": 1751157, "end": 1751206, "sha256": "f225c5275bf241fc236aa0617452ebd244f4865d8f08114445f9839bb16fd9a9", "text": "“Yes—yes—I know,” said Dorothea, hastily.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04574", "bookId": 145, "start": 1751208, "end": 1751495, "sha256": "0e79f8f21bb12dac269d152daa0cef1bd0b1bd669492a8112c45de01942c036b", "text": "“I did not choose to accept an income from such a source. I was sure that you would not think well of me if I did so,” said Will. Why should he mind saying anything of that sort to her now? She knew that he had avowed his love for her. “I felt that”—he broke off, nevertheless.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04575", "bookId": 145, "start": 1751497, "end": 1751651, "sha256": "59769b17ff9ed632e2c693ed15efa302e204ebf0d60c517fc0ef005aa8e33751", "text": "“You acted as I should have expected you to act,” said Dorothea, her face brightening and her head becoming a little more erect on its beautiful stem.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04576", "bookId": 145, "start": 1751653, "end": 1751901, "sha256": "cadb7c70b0ea5d9a29a062f071ca19aad23ba47244fea37cb3c2a10295458225", "text": "“I did not believe that you would let any circumstance of my birth create a prejudice in you against me, though it was sure to do so in others,” said Will, shaking his head backward in his old way, and looking with a grave appeal into her eyes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04577", "bookId": 145, "start": 1751903, "end": 1752262, "sha256": "ee5cbcd57b43df1ec72000beb50c5087944ba9f8d97c43fd4ac392f5adc8edd1", "text": "“If it were a new hardship it would be a new reason for me to cling to you,” said Dorothea, fervidly. “Nothing could have changed me but—” her heart was swelling, and it was difficult to go on; she made a great effort over herself to say in a low tremulous voice, “but thinking that you were different—not so good as I had believed you to be.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04578", "bookId": 145, "start": 1752264, "end": 1752611, "sha256": "b1b77acc1c8ade590ea7d003844d7bd924699cb9d71ebdc676e20b75dc87efb9", "text": "“You are sure to believe me better than I am in everything but one,” said Will, giving way to his own feeling in the evidence of hers. “I mean, in my truth to you. When I thought you doubted of that, I didn’t care about anything that was left. I thought it was all over with me, and there was nothing to try for—only things to endure.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04579", "bookId": 145, "start": 1752613, "end": 1752745, "sha256": "891e9923482a3f9d739ce3f80b67c3c9de0efe75c9660a7ea81f462c1aea1ea8", "text": "“I don’t doubt you any longer,” said Dorothea, putting out her hand; a vague fear for him impelling her unutterable affection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04580", "bookId": 145, "start": 1752747, "end": 1753054, "sha256": "f4c11779a9d632bb5f0afb13bddf4daee2a3ed8d9b739fc59bd77f2b9238ea17", "text": "He took her hand and raised it to his lips with something like a sob. But he stood with his hat and gloves in the other hand, and might have done for the portrait of a Royalist. Still it was difficult to loose the hand, and Dorothea, withdrawing it in a confusion that distressed her, looked and moved away.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04581", "bookId": 145, "start": 1753056, "end": 1753235, "sha256": "54fbec71de87124b3f7fd127acf80defaedae30b6b0e4c7aed763cd3a723f360", "text": "“See how dark the clouds have become, and how the trees are tossed,” she said, walking towards the window, yet speaking and moving with only a dim sense of what she was doing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04582", "bookId": 145, "start": 1753237, "end": 1753658, "sha256": "0fd8c24b51645559741f9c9bb35e5655b2a6ff7f555e4fde4ee6441d43a21b04", "text": "Will followed her at a little distance, and leaned against the tall back of a leather chair, on which he ventured now to lay his hat and gloves, and free himself from the intolerable durance of formality to which he had been for the first time condemned in Dorothea’s presence. It must be confessed that he felt very happy at that moment leaning on the chair. He was not much afraid of anything that she might feel now.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04583", "bookId": 145, "start": 1753660, "end": 1754212, "sha256": "ed9e2cda28a307e03734e3986b6bc6401dd86e6f15bb7bb973dafbfbe63ce360", "text": "They stood silent, not looking at each other, but looking at the evergreens which were being tossed, and were showing the pale underside of their leaves against the blackening sky. Will never enjoyed the prospect of a storm so much: it delivered him from the necessity of going away. Leaves and little branches were hurled about, and the thunder was getting nearer. The light was more and more sombre, but there came a flash of lightning which made them start and look at each other, and then smile. Dorothea began to say what she had been thinking of.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04584", "bookId": 145, "start": 1754214, "end": 1754605, "sha256": "fe24e4241829c8edc57613a1892408c58924d995038763baa43d1e520c7a5eed", "text": "“That was a wrong thing for you to say, that you would have had nothing to try for. If we had lost our own chief good, other people’s good would remain, and that is worth trying for. Some can be happy. I seemed to see that more clearly than ever, when I was the most wretched. I can hardly think how I could have borne the trouble, if that feeling had not come to me to make strength.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04585", "bookId": 145, "start": 1754607, "end": 1754724, "sha256": "bc64b3e33acecc1050c99822805e5b30e3dbb1bd90139845fe802263a4cc98bd", "text": "“You have never felt the sort of misery I felt,” said Will; “the misery of knowing that you must despise me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04586", "bookId": 145, "start": 1754726, "end": 1754831, "sha256": "fbe4e14891163c2956c521356d7270bdb14aa9c930e7494d40260bcd21ad8a08", "text": "“But I have felt worse—it was worse to think ill—” Dorothea had begun impetuously, but broke off.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04587", "bookId": 145, "start": 1754833, "end": 1755002, "sha256": "17f922144ff9ee4a026f0af3ef39589ef360ed075a3eb7a76167787f8f41cc61", "text": "Will colored. He had the sense that whatever she said was uttered in the vision of a fatality that kept them apart. He was silent a moment, and then said passionately—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04588", "bookId": 145, "start": 1755004, "end": 1755197, "sha256": "aeb86ac632a90644b4984a21bb9ad68e6d6cb2c308a50eb02371a4806d975cc9", "text": "“We may at least have the comfort of speaking to each other without disguise. Since I must go away—since we must always be divided—you may think of me as one on the brink of the grave.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04589", "bookId": 145, "start": 1755199, "end": 1755793, "sha256": "1ef9c470d4d9775956b4208cea188a141a362f4cc3c095af708c0534ea99af5d", "text": "While he was speaking there came a vivid flash of lightning which lit each of them up for the other—and the light seemed to be the terror of a hopeless love. Dorothea darted instantaneously from the window; Will followed her, seizing her hand with a spasmodic movement; and so they stood, with their hands clasped, like two children, looking out on the storm, while the thunder gave a tremendous crack and roll above them, and the rain began to pour down. Then they turned their faces towards each other, with the memory of his last words in them, and they did not loose each other’s hands.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04590", "bookId": 145, "start": 1755795, "end": 1756224, "sha256": "484f6a929c9f8c8bf4f326428ce1458d39b17158030a6f201b20076a492d5815", "text": "“There is no hope for me,” said Will. “Even if you loved me as well as I love you—even if I were everything to you—I shall most likely always be very poor: on a sober calculation, one can count on nothing but a creeping lot. It is impossible for us ever to belong to each other. It is perhaps base of me to have asked for a word from you. I meant to go away into silence, but I have not been able to do what I meant.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04591", "bookId": 145, "start": 1756226, "end": 1756350, "sha256": "2242aaf8af5c5920e3c31c95f1ec632ab5cbb3af0138af3fb49fb4bfc510f386", "text": "“Don’t be sorry,” said Dorothea, in her clear tender tones. “I would rather share all the trouble of our parting.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04592", "bookId": 145, "start": 1756352, "end": 1756519, "sha256": "63a0a3c217fad29cd93561faa56424259105e1f6501538d50dc85e9320522c96", "text": "Her lips trembled, and so did his. It was never known which lips were the first to move towards the other lips; but they kissed tremblingly, and then they moved apart.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04593", "bookId": 145, "start": 1756521, "end": 1756741, "sha256": "e345de7635e083afd7ef36bd1b834939fcbc53fc3a11501a8adbbf490761728e", "text": "The rain was dashing against the window-panes as if an angry spirit were within it, and behind it was the great swoop of the wind; it was one of those moments in which both the busy and the idle pause with a certain awe.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04594", "bookId": 145, "start": 1756743, "end": 1757247, "sha256": "4761ebdca42fe8ff3947d9191c479f1e8cf565f2782a3217af4fb6552046c9f2", "text": "Dorothea sat down on the seat nearest to her, a long low ottoman in the middle of the room, and with her hands folded over each other on her lap, looked at the drear outer world. Will stood still an instant looking at her, then seated himself beside her, and laid his hand on hers, which turned itself upward to be clasped. They sat in that way without looking at each other, until the rain abated and began to fall in stillness. Each had been full of thoughts which neither of them could begin to utter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04595", "bookId": 145, "start": 1757249, "end": 1757434, "sha256": "23a2ee1ba61ded4ea2587ef8261f228820329373cfda6eb26f08d35d3d93bba8", "text": "But when the rain was quiet, Dorothea turned to look at Will. With passionate exclamation, as if some torture screw were threatening him, he started up and said, “It is impossible!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04596", "bookId": 145, "start": 1757436, "end": 1757568, "sha256": "8e87a21f77f07395d66765ac80d599cef20bff9f1615c7107b35e41967b26d27", "text": "He went and leaned on the back of the chair again, and seemed to be battling with his own anger, while she looked towards him sadly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04597", "bookId": 145, "start": 1757570, "end": 1757738, "sha256": "f74b5c84aa844f062f5f4fd7278cc64b7c181300e7b23dd085924a2fdf979387", "text": "“It is as fatal as a murder or any other horror that divides people,” he burst out again; “it is more intolerable—to have our life maimed by petty accidents.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04598", "bookId": 145, "start": 1757740, "end": 1757822, "sha256": "076532979a813464a635b729dc7b6262e6cb6644289369419cbdfdf3173f7485", "text": "“No—don’t say that—your life need not be maimed,” said Dorothea, gently.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04599", "bookId": 145, "start": 1757824, "end": 1758139, "sha256": "b5afea1982665414eccee8103a0efea36a5920c3206c61188cbb644a15b14fe5", "text": "“Yes, it must,” said Will, angrily. “It is cruel of you to speak in that way—as if there were any comfort. You may see beyond the misery of it, but I don’t. It is unkind—it is throwing back my love for you as if it were a trifle, to speak in that way in the face of the fact. We can never be married.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04600", "bookId": 145, "start": 1758141, "end": 1758205, "sha256": "bacd2e81cb9a06ce9650a233268e5cf16b0d2dc155b807a808586cacae921290", "text": "“Some time—we might,” said Dorothea, in a trembling voice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04601", "bookId": 145, "start": 1758207, "end": 1758548, "sha256": "fd4d892ea61332156034a48ba52d0fc153baf3ad7d33e383d79ce62dc656f2d5", "text": "“When?” said Will, bitterly. “What is the use of counting on any success of mine? It is a mere toss up whether I shall ever do more than keep myself decently, unless I choose to sell myself as a mere pen and a mouthpiece. I can see that clearly enough. I could not offer myself to any woman, even if she had no luxuries to renounce.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04602", "bookId": 145, "start": 1758550, "end": 1759127, "sha256": "689805dc64f1298937167849fdc346ec3730213a1be5e158447b5745d21c0b86", "text": "There was silence. Dorothea’s heart was full of something that she wanted to say, and yet the words were too difficult. She was wholly possessed by them: at that moment debate was mute within her. And it was very hard that she could not say what she wanted to say. Will was looking out of the window angrily. If he would have looked at her and not gone away from her side, she thought everything would have been easier. At last he turned, still resting against the chair, and stretching his hand automatically towards his hat, said with a sort of exasperation, “Good-by.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04603", "bookId": 145, "start": 1759129, "end": 1759415, "sha256": "5324d15eeae8d3ffbce4640a9020a98ff5eb0a008a0037d7da3f22847178bc2f", "text": "“Oh, I cannot bear it—my heart will break,” said Dorothea, starting from her seat, the flood of her young passion bearing down all the obstructions which had kept her silent—the great tears rising and falling in an instant: “I don’t mind about poverty—I hate my wealth.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04604", "bookId": 145, "start": 1759417, "end": 1759828, "sha256": "14e3e9e265c112d3e8e0ba8156e2cdeaa472227dba7f8f5ab1981ef65e448893", "text": "In an instant Will was close to her and had his arms round her, but she drew her head back and held his away gently that she might go on speaking, her large tear-filled eyes looking at his very simply, while she said in a sobbing childlike way, “We could live quite well on my own fortune—it is too much—seven hundred a-year—I want so little—no new clothes—and I will learn what everything costs.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04605", "bookId": 145, "start": 1759833, "end": 1759848, "sha256": "dc5e7e16f7b06afebf0587b67cbc9982af38b4682399d24729f5322f4a105ca3", "text": "CHAPTER LXXXIV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04606", "bookId": 145, "start": 1759850, "end": 1760020, "sha256": "01ebd370253651e725c4b93c34e610b93af584ed8a15ebb16befb617f907b7ce", "text": "“Though it be songe of old and yonge, That I sholde be to blame, Theyrs be the charge, that spoke so large In hurtynge of my name.” —_The Not-Browne Mayde_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04607", "bookId": 145, "start": 1760023, "end": 1760645, "sha256": "5eac94f871851bdcaa31dc82bd81efdbb817edbae060c7d89a175280093545ae", "text": "It was just after the Lords had thrown out the Reform Bill: that explains how Mr. Cadwallader came to be walking on the slope of the lawn near the great conservatory at Freshitt Hall, holding the “Times” in his hands behind him, while he talked with a trout-fisher’s dispassionateness about the prospects of the country to Sir James Chettam. Mrs. Cadwallader, the Dowager Lady Chettam, and Celia were sometimes seated on garden-chairs, sometimes walking to meet little Arthur, who was being drawn in his chariot, and, as became the infantine Bouddha, was sheltered by his sacred umbrella with handsome silken fringe.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04608", "bookId": 145, "start": 1760647, "end": 1761728, "sha256": "16c3261c9a6a3406a6c2205dee13c6594a2195fff053f7e0e889e67ddfa83d43", "text": "The ladies also talked politics, though more fitfully. Mrs. Cadwallader was strong on the intended creation of peers: she had it for certain from her cousin that Truberry had gone over to the other side entirely at the instigation of his wife, who had scented peerages in the air from the very first introduction of the Reform question, and would sign her soul away to take precedence of her younger sister, who had married a baronet. Lady Chettam thought that such conduct was very reprehensible, and remembered that Mrs. Truberry’s mother was a Miss Walsingham of Melspring. Celia confessed it was nicer to be “Lady” than “Mrs.,” and that Dodo never minded about precedence if she could have her own way. Mrs. Cadwallader held that it was a poor satisfaction to take precedence when everybody about you knew that you had not a drop of good blood in your veins; and Celia again, stopping to look at Arthur, said, “It would be very nice, though, if he were a Viscount—and his lordship’s little tooth coming through! He might have been, if James had been an Earl.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04609", "bookId": 145, "start": 1761730, "end": 1761892, "sha256": "1b12e5b6ecaee0ee8724ee461cb513135568cb6d7cff85ef67fa251ec97c0be1", "text": "“My dear Celia,” said the Dowager, “James’s title is worth far more than any new earldom. I never wished his father to be anything else than Sir James.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04610", "bookId": 145, "start": 1761894, "end": 1762012, "sha256": "a93240dbd2c9a8a4e43382faf76a55a62995f4a8f7861c191e5c1c281b375b89", "text": "“Oh, I only meant about Arthur’s little tooth,” said Celia, comfortably. “But see, here is my uncle coming.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04611", "bookId": 145, "start": 1762014, "end": 1762521, "sha256": "a4cba3a89a9d2a5b898a0646edabdb3616b09c80ffa06f371fe6bf63ddb1f14e", "text": "She tripped off to meet her uncle, while Sir James and Mr. Cadwallader came forward to make one group with the ladies. Celia had slipped her arm through her uncle’s, and he patted her hand with a rather melancholy “Well, my dear!” As they approached, it was evident that Mr. Brooke was looking dejected, but this was fully accounted for by the state of politics; and as he was shaking hands all round without more greeting than a “Well, you’re all here, you know,” the Rector said, laughingly—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04612", "bookId": 145, "start": 1762523, "end": 1762656, "sha256": "6830d30d15ab11a4c2b61785933e561407af9de7a6c0ccf9f2c8a2bc7ccf8f55", "text": "“Don’t take the throwing out of the Bill so much to heart, Brooke; you’ve got all the riff-raff of the country on your side.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04613", "bookId": 145, "start": 1762658, "end": 1762921, "sha256": "88826b9d91056e4a27d7fb5e41e13d9f68457cdcb33cee8955b7c9213f670c7c", "text": "“The Bill, eh? ah!” said Mr. Brooke, with a mild distractedness of manner. “Thrown out, you know, eh? The Lords are going too far, though. They’ll have to pull up. Sad news, you know. I mean, here at home—sad news. But you must not blame me, Chettam.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04614", "bookId": 145, "start": 1762923, "end": 1763091, "sha256": "8e0f5d3258b0aa9e65649df3c4d89b0d446f83f0fe400e0b69bce0d9100393bb", "text": "“What is the matter?” said Sir James. “Not another gamekeeper shot, I hope? It’s what I should expect, when a fellow like Trapping Bass is let off so easily.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04615", "bookId": 145, "start": 1763093, "end": 1763650, "sha256": "2000ae290195f0c22ce7f3a6fc2ce4d77addff9a29303a2ea2ff04998ff5ad9d", "text": "“Gamekeeper? No. Let us go in; I can tell you all in the house, you know,” said Mr. Brooke, nodding at the Cadwalladers, to show that he included them in his confidence. “As to poachers like Trapping Bass, you know, Chettam,” he continued, as they were entering, “when you are a magistrate, you’ll not find it so easy to commit. Severity is all very well, but it’s a great deal easier when you’ve got somebody to do it for you. You have a soft place in your heart yourself, you know—you’re not a Draco, a Jeffreys, that sort of thing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04616", "bookId": 145, "start": 1763652, "end": 1764043, "sha256": "114e70ca8bc6387b8d4c5e086985bf1160ecaf265a6ef438b53909d8878b95b1", "text": "Mr. Brooke was evidently in a state of nervous perturbation. When he had something painful to tell, it was usually his way to introduce it among a number of disjointed particulars, as if it were a medicine that would get a milder flavor by mixing. He continued his chat with Sir James about the poachers until they were all seated, and Mrs. Cadwallader, impatient of this drivelling, said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04617", "bookId": 145, "start": 1764045, "end": 1764147, "sha256": "90bebd62ec8123edd8f767c5e04aa38ae6acf099213a62c7a2a0d758f756b1bd", "text": "“I’m dying to know the sad news. The gamekeeper is not shot: that is settled. What is it, then?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04618", "bookId": 145, "start": 1764149, "end": 1764642, "sha256": "269e32edd6028c2139cdb4f9c99e9f4f62efdb6a92fdd8ddfad45cb0d0c06912", "text": "“Well, it’s a very trying thing, you know,” said Mr. Brooke. “I’m glad you and the Rector are here; it’s a family matter—but you will help us all to bear it, Cadwallader. I’ve got to break it to you, my dear.” Here Mr. Brooke looked at Celia—“You’ve no notion what it is, you know. And, Chettam, it will annoy you uncommonly—but, you see, you have not been able to hinder it, any more than I have. There’s something singular in things: they come round, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04619", "bookId": 145, "start": 1764644, "end": 1764840, "sha256": "619226c4c784c6f31b5656d5be233898ba36cdac359e7e1fb7c4aaa80b2d8eb7", "text": "“It must be about Dodo,” said Celia, who had been used to think of her sister as the dangerous part of the family machinery. She had seated herself on a low stool against her husband’s knee.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04620", "bookId": 145, "start": 1764842, "end": 1764904, "sha256": "81bc5ce4eff9d3f93ee9b275d2d1c8e357b458a9f011e6fa9ff04a9265122b84", "text": "“For God’s sake let us hear what it is!” said Sir James.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04621", "bookId": 145, "start": 1764906, "end": 1765017, "sha256": "4e443cbe501f047064ed7e684280d136a60872599b97d73e303ca9dac48173f0", "text": "“Well, you know, Chettam, I couldn’t help Casaubon’s will: it was a sort of will to make things worse.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04622", "bookId": 145, "start": 1765019, "end": 1765085, "sha256": "23cbe58cb74442bd55d4dbb7727761c44e0336fe5c2d3adb81b3aab766c11e82", "text": "“Exactly,” said Sir James, hastily. “But _what_ is worse?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04623", "bookId": 145, "start": 1765087, "end": 1765339, "sha256": "e6b5aa786a1a240640b7c671b9af27081f55e63398ab009509d15822d629c68c", "text": "“Dorothea is going to be married again, you know,” said Mr. Brooke, nodding towards Celia, who immediately looked up at her husband with a frightened glance, and put her hand on his knee. Sir James was almost white with anger, but he did not speak.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04624", "bookId": 145, "start": 1765341, "end": 1765417, "sha256": "961e258bd3860cf85d708779f133b47d9b63fccc848387b0aab48933288becd0", "text": "“Merciful heaven!” said Mrs. Cadwallader. “Not to _young_ Ladislaw?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04625", "bookId": 145, "start": 1765419, "end": 1765510, "sha256": "a99bdd2af96e75e286f6fc8a0db55554e76f188d781f2a24fbb7434912aea229", "text": "Mr. Brooke nodded, saying, “Yes; to Ladislaw,” and then fell into a prudential silence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04626", "bookId": 145, "start": 1765512, "end": 1765789, "sha256": "04decb7e2e9e804cd889fcc4d0a6f9b220484c9d014fd51467deea8b17a2372b", "text": "“You see, Humphrey!” said Mrs. Cadwallader, waving her arm towards her husband. “Another time you will admit that I have some foresight; or rather you will contradict me and be just as blind as ever. _You_ supposed that the young gentleman was gone out of the country.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04627", "bookId": 145, "start": 1765791, "end": 1765857, "sha256": "b6370f68c16856d8f8635df4faad8a32b758011edf5aca594533e447e2404a4e", "text": "“So he might be, and yet come back,” said the Rector, quietly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04628", "bookId": 145, "start": 1765859, "end": 1765990, "sha256": "cb928466943918bfd8df598859a1b270db21d75f9b1729dd4491e4991b6da6e9", "text": "“When did you learn this?” said Sir James, not liking to hear any one else speak, though finding it difficult to speak himself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04629", "bookId": 145, "start": 1765992, "end": 1766380, "sha256": "fdf32aae624f5155587684c386e85ba87208179d75b09fdbadb8e348b5ac74b1", "text": "“Yesterday,” said Mr. Brooke, meekly. “I went to Lowick. Dorothea sent for me, you know. It had come about quite suddenly—neither of them had any idea two days ago—not any idea, you know. There’s something singular in things. But Dorothea is quite determined—it is no use opposing. I put it strongly to her. I did my duty, Chettam. But she can act as she likes, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04630", "bookId": 145, "start": 1766382, "end": 1766553, "sha256": "78e954cf36b8fb65980a26c8fdb134f75b22484263e2b26eb8e0e7d09f7f6790", "text": "“It would have been better if I had called him out and shot him a year ago,” said Sir James, not from bloody-mindedness, but because he needed something strong to say.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04631", "bookId": 145, "start": 1766555, "end": 1766627, "sha256": "7b268bd55c5516524cdb5a22c01c3ffc1f89b456fe8af6e80ba9008be28eb2b2", "text": "“Really, James, that would have been very disagreeable,” said Celia.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04632", "bookId": 145, "start": 1766629, "end": 1766776, "sha256": "1076b46b4f4a9c9879ca16c0611bdf5448b53305eac334633dc8adb4b50ca3f8", "text": "“Be reasonable, Chettam. Look at the affair more quietly,” said Mr. Cadwallader, sorry to see his good-natured friend so overmastered by anger.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04633", "bookId": 145, "start": 1766778, "end": 1767235, "sha256": "885a656ff8fce27511b34e8f682d4567cd7cc5c5b25096de85727d8b8011ce81", "text": "“That is not so very easy for a man of any dignity—with any sense of right—when the affair happens to be in his own family,” said Sir James, still in his white indignation. “It is perfectly scandalous. If Ladislaw had had a spark of honor he would have gone out of the country at once, and never shown his face in it again. However, I am not surprised. The day after Casaubon’s funeral I said what ought to be done. But I was not listened to.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04634", "bookId": 145, "start": 1767237, "end": 1767490, "sha256": "9f39a015c25bd1b7ba912e00212c41d1fce15dae7d8a861e9bc11ac13e564560", "text": "“You wanted what was impossible, you know, Chettam,” said Mr. Brooke. “You wanted him shipped off. I told you Ladislaw was not to be done as we liked with: he had his ideas. He was a remarkable fellow—I always said he was a remarkable fellow.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04635", "bookId": 145, "start": 1767492, "end": 1768279, "sha256": "f53ebee625bfe5e3e2fe4cc1842a9959ddb10626ae2d04d9e82c1cae78fd149a", "text": "“Yes,” said Sir James, unable to repress a retort, “it is rather a pity you formed that high opinion of him. We are indebted to that for his being lodged in this neighborhood. We are indebted to that for seeing a woman like Dorothea degrading herself by marrying him.” Sir James made little stoppages between his clauses, the words not coming easily. “A man so marked out by her husband’s will, that delicacy ought to have forbidden her from seeing him again—who takes her out of her proper rank—into poverty—has the meanness to accept such a sacrifice—has always had an objectionable position—a bad origin—and, _I believe_, is a man of little principle and light character. That is my opinion.” Sir James ended emphatically, turning aside and crossing his leg.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04636", "bookId": 145, "start": 1768281, "end": 1768758, "sha256": "7afd80c9926a0eefaac57b459a59bdbd058029e41a228997d312ce014d6b6d9f", "text": "“I pointed everything out to her,” said Mr. Brooke, apologetically—“I mean the poverty, and abandoning her position. I said, ‘My dear, you don’t know what it is to live on seven hundred a-year, and have no carriage, and that kind of thing, and go amongst people who don’t know who you are.’ I put it strongly to her. But I advise you to talk to Dorothea herself. The fact is, she has a dislike to Casaubon’s property. You will hear what she says, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04637", "bookId": 145, "start": 1768760, "end": 1768968, "sha256": "c9d04bc5d1ea52d33c132c0d3745e9e70abd9df83a568bc4fe5d12b5c61ceb84", "text": "“No—excuse me—I shall not,” said Sir James, with more coolness. “I cannot bear to see her again; it is too painful. It hurts me too much that a woman like Dorothea should have done what is wrong.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04638", "bookId": 145, "start": 1768970, "end": 1769366, "sha256": "6f6bb1f98f6b8a4adf760e760ffa224da879668e17bfe8afd60cb138d8924b04", "text": "“Be just, Chettam,” said the easy, large-lipped Rector, who objected to all this unnecessary discomfort. “Mrs. Casaubon may be acting imprudently: she is giving up a fortune for the sake of a man, and we men have so poor an opinion of each other that we can hardly call a woman wise who does that. But I think you should not condemn it as a wrong action, in the strict sense of the word.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04639", "bookId": 145, "start": 1769368, "end": 1769477, "sha256": "a51084c39eb97c63cbd3aaec35d985944af9fc4b5db1bceeff1b59f6f923993c", "text": "“Yes, I do,” answered Sir James. “I think that Dorothea commits a wrong action in marrying Ladislaw.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04640", "bookId": 145, "start": 1769479, "end": 1769811, "sha256": "e566ea9451cad4669397f98509484918b1991c402e796559c78caa531416a559", "text": "“My dear fellow, we are rather apt to consider an act wrong because it is unpleasant to us,” said the Rector, quietly. Like many men who take life easily, he had the knack of saying a home truth occasionally to those who felt themselves virtuously out of temper. Sir James took out his handkerchief and began to bite the corner.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04641", "bookId": 145, "start": 1769813, "end": 1769966, "sha256": "3dd6f0a03da59bd3140d4da977dd2063224ccc2653144c470f4e9814e2d7310b", "text": "“It is very dreadful of Dodo, though,” said Celia, wishing to justify her husband. “She said she _never would_ marry again—not anybody at all.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04642", "bookId": 145, "start": 1769968, "end": 1770077, "sha256": "a07c253e7de8821ddbfa5ad336139c5e07b4d8f0291956a53971e7e531647c1e", "text": "“I heard her say the same thing myself,” said Lady Chettam, majestically, as if this were royal evidence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04643", "bookId": 145, "start": 1770079, "end": 1770685, "sha256": "8c5d6ab68f5895aa751860b787ee71302f3abde852717d1207d40ee6f13d1fc7", "text": "“Oh, there is usually a silent exception in such cases,” said Mrs. Cadwallader. “The only wonder to me is, that any of you are surprised. You did nothing to hinder it. If you would have had Lord Triton down here to woo her with his philanthropy, he might have carried her off before the year was over. There was no safety in anything else. Mr. Casaubon had prepared all this as beautifully as possible. He made himself disagreeable—or it pleased God to make him so—and then he dared her to contradict him. It’s the way to make any trumpery tempting, to ticket it at a high price in that way.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04644", "bookId": 145, "start": 1770687, "end": 1771085, "sha256": "94c68597462dffaff59a144865cb87c68a390bbb90a27a50603b686e1d98c6b7", "text": "“I don’t know what you mean by wrong, Cadwallader,” said Sir James, still feeling a little stung, and turning round in his chair towards the Rector. “He’s not a man we can take into the family. At least, I must speak for myself,” he continued, carefully keeping his eyes off Mr. Brooke. “I suppose others will find his society too pleasant to care about the propriety of the thing.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04645", "bookId": 145, "start": 1771087, "end": 1771452, "sha256": "9f99f68fa038943e468d6100f5b2f4b39890c073d2a2df1229c4fc22390ad6b1", "text": "“Well, you know, Chettam,” said Mr. Brooke, good-humoredly, nursing his leg, “I can’t turn my back on Dorothea. I must be a father to her up to a certain point. I said, ‘My dear, I won’t refuse to give you away.’ I had spoken strongly before. But I can cut off the entail, you know. It will cost money and be troublesome; but I can do it, you know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04646", "bookId": 145, "start": 1771454, "end": 1772615, "sha256": "f92ead92df1954559e5b4591ba60364a18990199e096695c95812edbbec8e6ba", "text": "Mr. Brooke nodded at Sir James, and felt that he was both showing his own force of resolution and propitiating what was just in the Baronet’s vexation. He had hit on a more ingenious mode of parrying than he was aware of. He had touched a motive of which Sir James was ashamed. The mass of his feeling about Dorothea’s marriage to Ladislaw was due partly to excusable prejudice, or even justifiable opinion, partly to a jealous repugnance hardly less in Ladislaw’s case than in Casaubon’s. He was convinced that the marriage was a fatal one for Dorothea. But amid that mass ran a vein of which he was too good and honorable a man to like the avowal even to himself: it was undeniable that the union of the two estates—Tipton and Freshitt—lying charmingly within a ring-fence, was a prospect that flattered him for his son and heir. Hence when Mr. Brooke noddingly appealed to that motive, Sir James felt a sudden embarrassment; there was a stoppage in his throat; he even blushed. He had found more words than usual in the first jet of his anger, but Mr. Brooke’s propitiation was more clogging to his tongue than Mr. Cadwallader’s caustic hint.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04647", "bookId": 145, "start": 1772617, "end": 1772898, "sha256": "2bf2ec51fa271eee9321c37faa9de8921c2451bf5f86c36499bb095a25b32721", "text": "But Celia was glad to have room for speech after her uncle’s suggestion of the marriage ceremony, and she said, though with as little eagerness of manner as if the question had turned on an invitation to dinner, “Do you mean that Dodo is going to be married directly, uncle?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04648", "bookId": 145, "start": 1772900, "end": 1773084, "sha256": "71e5e9e483064630873a7dfb08c9fd16667173d0611251dda99a21939d87394c", "text": "“In three weeks, you know,” said Mr. Brooke, helplessly. “I can do nothing to hinder it, Cadwallader,” he added, turning for a little countenance toward the Rector, who said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04649", "bookId": 145, "start": 1773086, "end": 1773644, "sha256": "433f952b59aabd70d6abfe0d7ccc017013999eb9a3af446ed04133708131c1ea", "text": "“_I_ should not make any fuss about it. If she likes to be poor, that is her affair. Nobody would have said anything if she had married the young fellow because he was rich. Plenty of beneficed clergy are poorer than they will be. Here is Elinor,” continued the provoking husband; “she vexed her friends by me: I had hardly a thousand a-year—I was a lout—nobody could see anything in me—my shoes were not the right cut—all the men wondered how a woman could like me. Upon my word, I must take Ladislaw’s part until I hear more harm of him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04650", "bookId": 145, "start": 1773646, "end": 1773910, "sha256": "e0208738df95d2e8cecdcd08b375f9a6cbecb1f699748b5b844d5aae0064ba4a", "text": "“Humphrey, that is all sophistry, and you know it,” said his wife. “Everything is all one—that is the beginning and end with you. As if you had not been a Cadwallader! Does any one suppose that I would have taken such a monster as you by any other name?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04651", "bookId": 145, "start": 1773912, "end": 1774096, "sha256": "755ca3db083cb435f0f873aa3fafc668e3ecae33f642925a2587b904143aa6e9", "text": "“And a clergyman too,” observed Lady Chettam with approbation. “Elinor cannot be said to have descended below her rank. It is difficult to say what Mr. Ladislaw is, eh, James?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04652", "bookId": 145, "start": 1774098, "end": 1774247, "sha256": "b5f4b8e6e750709fa98848837db398b208a9537aaf034e61f0563bda8c7d300c", "text": "Sir James gave a small grunt, which was less respectful than his usual mode of answering his mother. Celia looked up at him like a thoughtful kitten.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04653", "bookId": 145, "start": 1774249, "end": 1774477, "sha256": "4fd49a0a2a777000b80baf3ae8762f56416d5de578e4c3cb7ffebe06c63dbf3f", "text": "“It must be admitted that his blood is a frightful mixture!” said Mrs. Cadwallader. “The Casaubon cuttle-fish fluid to begin with, and then a rebellious Polish fiddler or dancing-master, was it?—and then an old clo—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04654", "bookId": 145, "start": 1774479, "end": 1774558, "sha256": "1935a6e2f9a1236d69a9c38ff012a8268f585df0de6eaab3a74262eaebfff57a", "text": "“Nonsense, Elinor,” said the Rector, rising. “It is time for us to go.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04655", "bookId": 145, "start": 1774560, "end": 1774737, "sha256": "5a3a60177284581210619b36c62e11e76cabf21ef20fd3b460df0f607883c410", "text": "“After all, he is a pretty sprig,” said Mrs. Cadwallader, rising too, and wishing to make amends. “He is like the fine old Crichley portraits before the idiots came in.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04656", "bookId": 145, "start": 1774739, "end": 1774891, "sha256": "50d592063b5795fb9af2938dfdc02666d84ecedf5e06df8ed254226fd80d67b5", "text": "“I’ll go with you,” said Mr. Brooke, starting up with alacrity. “You must all come and dine with me to-morrow, you know—eh, Celia, my dear?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04657", "bookId": 145, "start": 1774893, "end": 1774970, "sha256": "55ca71ff30b09f4f880a943ea538a263387d5c3faed4f3f5dd1ef22d92d51cec", "text": "“You will, James—won’t you?” said Celia, taking her husband’s hand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04658", "bookId": 145, "start": 1774972, "end": 1775156, "sha256": "c71d93e8182a69ab5e279249acc4b1d968a5f37e7c19b59cb4d3a4dfd18800d5", "text": "“Oh, of course, if you like,” said Sir James, pulling down his waistcoat, but unable yet to adjust his face good-humoredly. “That is to say, if it is not to meet anybody else.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04659", "bookId": 145, "start": 1775158, "end": 1775294, "sha256": "0177973a419481d3b7c9a6a3a452bdb04566fff1414b31c5ec62b5d67ee54d4d", "text": "“No, no, no,” said Mr. Brooke, understanding the condition. “Dorothea would not come, you know, unless you had been to see her.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04660", "bookId": 145, "start": 1775296, "end": 1775413, "sha256": "a406154cf47b8dee8ac1f8f9243fc2a9e72073aed15067c634e92aff1774bd3f", "text": "When Sir James and Celia were alone, she said, “Do you mind about my having the carriage to go to Lowick, James?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04661", "bookId": 145, "start": 1775415, "end": 1775474, "sha256": "cb7812788e700b4fffa8add232d2ae0d10c530fda10d7003c94bff0e610a2b2d", "text": "“What, now, directly?” he answered, with some surprise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04662", "bookId": 145, "start": 1775476, "end": 1775520, "sha256": "617726b83dc0b0841d48162ed9b37e961390ce7fb95c7bcc04179df3e6f796d2", "text": "“Yes, it is very important,” said Celia.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04663", "bookId": 145, "start": 1775522, "end": 1775578, "sha256": "73492c398da12339f1f30d88680cb77da3343979b15ec146b6fe8c62644c58d4", "text": "“Remember, Celia, I cannot see her,” said Sir James.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04664", "bookId": 145, "start": 1775580, "end": 1775614, "sha256": "e8569824ebc342b64298375d1b162754e8d51d63ffc7da9a3c90777bf3e93032", "text": "“Not if she gave up marrying?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04665", "bookId": 145, "start": 1775616, "end": 1775740, "sha256": "402a2edfd2d8ea5c106ea280663c719f245cad70695baaa2104eca2587542f57", "text": "“What is the use of saying that?—however, I’m going to the stables. I’ll tell Briggs to bring the carriage round.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04666", "bookId": 145, "start": 1775742, "end": 1776276, "sha256": "46a60c392d81bbe444de1879181abee9c9eaf77b40027f688dc11230acf8551e", "text": "Celia thought it was of great use, if not to say that, at least to take a journey to Lowick in order to influence Dorothea’s mind. All through their girlhood she had felt that she could act on her sister by a word judiciously placed—by opening a little window for the daylight of her own understanding to enter among the strange colored lamps by which Dodo habitually saw. And Celia the matron naturally felt more able to advise her childless sister. How could any one understand Dodo so well as Celia did or love her so tenderly?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04667", "bookId": 145, "start": 1776278, "end": 1776562, "sha256": "dc36e5242fb883f60c5638e2a6ebfbcb8d908558b4e09308c743c665dba9e9e8", "text": "Dorothea, busy in her boudoir, felt a glow of pleasure at the sight of her sister so soon after the revelation of her intended marriage. She had prefigured to herself, even with exaggeration, the disgust of her friends, and she had even feared that Celia might be kept aloof from her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04668", "bookId": 145, "start": 1776564, "end": 1776731, "sha256": "6ad5273415fdeca1151465720fe95971d21d229548213d196d0da4dfd2235660", "text": "“O Kitty, I am delighted to see you!” said Dorothea, putting her hands on Celia’s shoulders, and beaming on her. “I almost thought you would not come to me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04669", "bookId": 145, "start": 1776733, "end": 1776889, "sha256": "db7a84e7f8463385631645c62398c45187b1d038a21ff77632caf89440152c78", "text": "“I have not brought Arthur, because I was in a hurry,” said Celia, and they sat down on two small chairs opposite each other, with their knees touching.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04670", "bookId": 145, "start": 1776891, "end": 1777315, "sha256": "fc85c556093f096667c5f71e01560720f9d2d0bb324fc1ff8930bda033f6f6a4", "text": "“You know, Dodo, it is very bad,” said Celia, in her placid guttural, looking as prettily free from humors as possible. “You have disappointed us all so. And I can’t think that it ever _will_ be—you never can go and live in that way. And then there are all your plans! You never can have thought of that. James would have taken any trouble for you, and you might have gone on all your life doing what you liked.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04671", "bookId": 145, "start": 1777317, "end": 1777445, "sha256": "f7542c5ae2ce46557c50ee1b57efe9db2cdb88f1636196851b7a3fbc5097437f", "text": "“On the contrary, dear,” said Dorothea, “I never could do anything that I liked. I have never carried out any plan yet.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04672", "bookId": 145, "start": 1777447, "end": 1777990, "sha256": "67d2a4dd81945d08d46a6967d4bdce94fac09d57a36a0072a1c1bf06771959b9", "text": "“Because you always wanted things that wouldn’t do. But other plans would have come. And how _can_ you marry Mr. Ladislaw, that we none of us ever thought you _could_ marry? It shocks James so dreadfully. And then it is all so different from what you have always been. You would have Mr. Casaubon because he had such a great soul, and was so old and dismal and learned; and now, to think of marrying Mr. Ladislaw, who has got no estate or anything. I suppose it is because you must be making yourself uncomfortable in some way or other.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04673", "bookId": 145, "start": 1777992, "end": 1778009, "sha256": "8d62f2df784eb0dc54e9b532de39fa353e0d2e952dcbff243d124817941b8945", "text": "Dorothea laughed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04674", "bookId": 145, "start": 1778011, "end": 1778257, "sha256": "524e40e3c4f6bf50a02e96065c99b51f0375547934d46bf0aa716a5488f9ed00", "text": "“Well, it is very serious, Dodo,” said Celia, becoming more impressive. “How will you live? and you will go away among queer people. And I shall never see you—and you won’t mind about little Arthur—and I thought you always would—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04675", "bookId": 145, "start": 1778259, "end": 1778346, "sha256": "30bca6a12ab874f7cfe8f664fd0e390c00452e730b61fd1e2228c63e34a9a411", "text": "Celia’s rare tears had got into her eyes, and the corners of her mouth were agitated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04676", "bookId": 145, "start": 1778348, "end": 1778460, "sha256": "d96123e99c409b7638c1da68f5dea03ab1d589f8e070df04f89a51818ecc2980", "text": "“Dear Celia,” said Dorothea, with tender gravity, “if you don’t ever see me, it will not be my fault.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04677", "bookId": 145, "start": 1778462, "end": 1778825, "sha256": "88456b0721d6368ed65109c43a18ad2d45c8739e6accb210b94f0ef2052a9d2e", "text": "“Yes, it will,” said Celia, with the same touching distortion of her small features. “How can I come to you or have you with me when James can’t bear it?—that is because he thinks it is not right—he thinks you are so wrong, Dodo. But you always were wrong: only I can’t help loving you. And nobody can think where you will live: where can you go?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04678", "bookId": 145, "start": 1778827, "end": 1778869, "sha256": "c2a81833d79cfd815d9c773903bb6fdff682abb41f3607b66f3e0db7bb81e513", "text": "“I am going to London,” said Dorothea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04679", "bookId": 145, "start": 1778871, "end": 1779009, "sha256": "42d361dcc6907e65d1787afd8beff507153357ede7c7c6399d51540cc67a4339", "text": "“How can you always live in a street? And you will be so poor. I could give you half my things, only how can I, when I never see you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04680", "bookId": 145, "start": 1779011, "end": 1779130, "sha256": "469936d32925907f420504f83abbc3bf827a0dba9203b96ff4c01d9cfe331640", "text": "“Bless you, Kitty,” said Dorothea, with gentle warmth. “Take comfort: perhaps James will forgive me some time.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04681", "bookId": 145, "start": 1779132, "end": 1779625, "sha256": "74038892cf1f749fafe6cbc86fca79fa794508d9efd43fefd2d6badb4a53798c", "text": "“But it would be much better if you would not be married,” said Celia, drying her eyes, and returning to her argument; “then there would be nothing uncomfortable. And you would not do what nobody thought you could do. James always said you ought to be a queen; but this is not at all being like a queen. You know what mistakes you have always been making, Dodo, and this is another. Nobody thinks Mr. Ladislaw a proper husband for you. And you _said_ you would never be married again.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04682", "bookId": 145, "start": 1779627, "end": 1779879, "sha256": "a20861df24c24bf3599a69d06c78b6f4fe5bbb212ee3096ca058fdb0aac07092", "text": "“It is quite true that I might be a wiser person, Celia,” said Dorothea, “and that I might have done something better, if I had been better. But this is what I am going to do. I have promised to marry Mr. Ladislaw; and I am going to marry him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04683", "bookId": 145, "start": 1779881, "end": 1780088, "sha256": "dfc3239a1fcf58c6b295dc612e1bc2daf8c4af874f2b001fb23f555100f53e0b", "text": "The tone in which Dorothea said this was a note that Celia had long learned to recognize. She was silent a few moments, and then said, as if she had dismissed all contest, “Is he very fond of you, Dodo?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04684", "bookId": 145, "start": 1780090, "end": 1780129, "sha256": "c64b18175a8d70e0220d7f8ac8a2ffe1a0b1df1a33b270e00499b096814c4d45", "text": "“I hope so. I am very fond of him.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04685", "bookId": 145, "start": 1780131, "end": 1780292, "sha256": "b4eea4649e2ed372dcc356481f8c6f122da2fd6fdca54c535718202532dfcb60", "text": "“That is nice,” said Celia, comfortably. “Only I would rather you had such a sort of husband as James is, with a place very near, that I could drive to.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04686", "bookId": 145, "start": 1780294, "end": 1780464, "sha256": "a029228d1b5574855f1e5d8453e8d83a2119d874e89569c8b65bbfd868be34ed", "text": "Dorothea smiled, and Celia looked rather meditative. Presently she said, “I cannot think how it all came about.” Celia thought it would be pleasant to hear the story.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04687", "bookId": 145, "start": 1780466, "end": 1780605, "sha256": "efabf9aa2c29e235c499a2de50e4cea71deb8205b0a8d5d527d3ac7cd3766676", "text": "“I dare say not,” said Dorothea, pinching her sister’s chin. “If you knew how it came about, it would not seem wonderful to you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04688", "bookId": 145, "start": 1780607, "end": 1780671, "sha256": "9538826049d9c6ce3ac55d296df336a2fe991e9630f14db52308e4efa18cca1e", "text": "“Can’t you tell me?” said Celia, settling her arms cozily.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04689", "bookId": 145, "start": 1780673, "end": 1780747, "sha256": "c399499b9ab8156fa3a1599bc04ad14f8d324954558c856b575812411f0af6ea", "text": "“No, dear, you would have to feel with me, else you would never know.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04690", "bookId": 145, "start": 1780752, "end": 1780766, "sha256": "d065064477bca326a7c343a38532d039c8ddf7f123a47795afd37e96d7a1621f", "text": "CHAPTER LXXXV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04691", "bookId": 145, "start": 1780768, "end": 1781897, "sha256": "894dc0a68561b932a44fe318b449d2d8a9260dea3777d2374575eb50318d9d4c", "text": "“Then went the jury out whose names were Mr. Blindman, Mr. No-good, Mr. Malice, Mr. Love-lust, Mr. Live-loose, Mr. Heady, Mr. High-mind, Mr. Enmity, Mr. Liar, Mr. Cruelty, Mr. Hate-light, Mr. Implacable, who every one gave in his private verdict against him among themselves, and afterwards unanimously concluded to bring him in guilty before the judge. And first among themselves, Mr. Blindman, the foreman, said, I see clearly that this man is a heretic. Then said Mr. No-good, Away with such a fellow from the earth! Ay, said Mr. Malice, for I hate the very look of him. Then said Mr. Love-lust, I could never endure him. Nor I, said Mr. Live-loose; for he would be always condemning my way. Hang him, hang him, said Mr. Heady. A sorry scrub, said Mr. High-mind. My heart riseth against him, said Mr. Enmity. He is a rogue, said Mr. Liar. Hanging is too good for him, said Mr. Cruelty. Let us despatch him out of the way said Mr. Hate-light. Then said Mr. Implacable, Might I have all the world given me, I could not be reconciled to him; therefore let us forthwith bring him in guilty of death.”—_Pilgrim’s Progress_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04692", "bookId": 145, "start": 1781900, "end": 1782502, "sha256": "375b29de51d28a232ff9baccb353bc7368439e054aacad20360a42d7feeb33c3", "text": "When immortal Bunyan makes his picture of the persecuting passions bringing in their verdict of guilty, who pities Faithful? That is a rare and blessed lot which some greatest men have not attained, to know ourselves guiltless before a condemning crowd—to be sure that what we are denounced for is solely the good in us. The pitiable lot is that of the man who could not call himself a martyr even though he were to persuade himself that the men who stoned him were but ugly passions incarnate—who knows that he is stoned, not for professing the Right, but for not being the man he professed to be.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04693", "bookId": 145, "start": 1782504, "end": 1783908, "sha256": "8bb7bb216e6c217d1b2cd0674c2badc28ae00d11eed55b4dcb15bebdc5db09f2", "text": "This was the consciousness that Bulstrode was withering under while he made his preparations for departing from Middlemarch, and going to end his stricken life in that sad refuge, the indifference of new faces. The duteous merciful constancy of his wife had delivered him from one dread, but it could not hinder her presence from being still a tribunal before which he shrank from confession and desired advocacy. His equivocations with himself about the death of Raffles had sustained the conception of an Omniscience whom he prayed to, yet he had a terror upon him which would not let him expose them to judgment by a full confession to his wife: the acts which he had washed and diluted with inward argument and motive, and for which it seemed comparatively easy to win invisible pardon—what name would she call them by? That she should ever silently call his acts Murder was what he could not bear. He felt shrouded by her doubt: he got strength to face her from the sense that she could not yet feel warranted in pronouncing that worst condemnation on him. Some time, perhaps—when he was dying—he would tell her all: in the deep shadow of that time, when she held his hand in the gathering darkness, she might listen without recoiling from his touch. Perhaps: but concealment had been the habit of his life, and the impulse to confession had no power against the dread of a deeper humiliation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04694", "bookId": 145, "start": 1783910, "end": 1784471, "sha256": "b0190512246624c8a980bf9aeed5c2849ab729bf9ffd6b06070eac8b00b752b5", "text": "He was full of timid care for his wife, not only because he deprecated any harshness of judgment from her, but because he felt a deep distress at the sight of her suffering. She had sent her daughters away to board at a school on the coast, that this crisis might be hidden from them as far as possible. Set free by their absence from the intolerable necessity of accounting for her grief or of beholding their frightened wonder, she could live unconstrainedly with the sorrow that was every day streaking her hair with whiteness and making her eyelids languid.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04695", "bookId": 145, "start": 1784473, "end": 1784802, "sha256": "d6a9a9be5f4033cc00709d7e67f49327fcf6fdc93c2e80d651309cf4466890ee", "text": "“Tell me anything that you would like to have me do, Harriet,” Bulstrode had said to her; “I mean with regard to arrangements of property. It is my intention not to sell the land I possess in this neighborhood, but to leave it to you as a safe provision. If you have any wish on such subjects, do not conceal it from me.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04696", "bookId": 145, "start": 1784804, "end": 1784970, "sha256": "f19e641563dd00eadb4bacb4e3b81c9d30451b343cb29da1415abd3d4d5afcca", "text": "A few days afterwards, when she had returned from a visit to her brother’s, she began to speak to her husband on a subject which had for some time been in her mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04697", "bookId": 145, "start": 1784972, "end": 1785368, "sha256": "9bc39322bb7958f69da4a437baa436a3d86429c011c3fdb66814a39c64315da7", "text": "“I _should_ like to do something for my brother’s family, Nicholas; and I think we are bound to make some amends to Rosamond and her husband. Walter says Mr. Lydgate must leave the town, and his practice is almost good for nothing, and they have very little left to settle anywhere with. I would rather do without something for ourselves, to make some amends to my poor brother’s family.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04698", "bookId": 145, "start": 1785370, "end": 1785633, "sha256": "57ba9574087c62a63f536e15d92c0be8ff2a20b00ea5a89f72229b30dc0aecac", "text": "Mrs. Bulstrode did not wish to go nearer to the facts than in the phrase “make some amends;” knowing that her husband must understand her. He had a particular reason, which she was not aware of, for wincing under her suggestion. He hesitated before he said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04699", "bookId": 145, "start": 1785635, "end": 1785906, "sha256": "e2321b7e36aab4863169b137d17d4716192a278ba4945488d34ffa1062d780ea", "text": "“It is not possible to carry out your wish in the way you propose, my dear. Mr. Lydgate has virtually rejected any further service from me. He has returned the thousand pounds which I lent him. Mrs. Casaubon advanced him the sum for that purpose. Here is his letter.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04700", "bookId": 145, "start": 1785908, "end": 1786493, "sha256": "c3b23b3367cb74e4f2403c77d49d2c5795b1fe5bc148413dddb41e5202f7b7ba", "text": "The letter seemed to cut Mrs. Bulstrode severely. The mention of Mrs. Casaubon’s loan seemed a reflection of that public feeling which held it a matter of course that every one would avoid a connection with her husband. She was silent for some time; and the tears fell one after the other, her chin trembling as she wiped them away. Bulstrode, sitting opposite to her, ached at the sight of that grief-worn face, which two months before had been bright and blooming. It had aged to keep sad company with his own withered features. Urged into some effort at comforting her, he said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04701", "bookId": 145, "start": 1786495, "end": 1786741, "sha256": "85c705460d64ac6efd7b91b1960fa9feffe82ba20c094452592b73023d806840", "text": "“There is another means, Harriet, by which I might do a service to your brother’s family, if you like to act in it. And it would, I think, be beneficial to you: it would be an advantageous way of managing the land which I mean to be yours.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04702", "bookId": 145, "start": 1786743, "end": 1786764, "sha256": "13f37c51a4e3d2bdc98f446e7233271a876051d5d9a307aeea4bec9e54395559", "text": "She looked attentive.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04703", "bookId": 145, "start": 1786766, "end": 1787130, "sha256": "4e4e86e3fceea80951214d8a2b7e37e294a8189381af55279c995991fda7692a", "text": "“Garth once thought of undertaking the management of Stone Court in order to place your nephew Fred there. The stock was to remain as it is, and they were to pay a certain share of the profits instead of an ordinary rent. That would be a desirable beginning for the young man, in conjunction with his employment under Garth. Would it be a satisfaction to you?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04704", "bookId": 145, "start": 1787132, "end": 1787347, "sha256": "1665745481c86f7b3e885d7da50f2809fba0a1a5a6579b3ebdc74076bcdcfb2a", "text": "“Yes, it would,” said Mrs. Bulstrode, with some return of energy. “Poor Walter is so cast down; I would try anything in my power to do him some good before I go away. We have always been brother and sister.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04705", "bookId": 145, "start": 1787349, "end": 1787995, "sha256": "1b18be0999d9f5a2825dca18a29f6d5d7c842468166be9ca95ae76e3674a2a12", "text": "“You must make the proposal to Garth yourself, Harriet,” said Mr. Bulstrode, not liking what he had to say, but desiring the end he had in view, for other reasons besides the consolation of his wife. “You must state to him that the land is virtually yours, and that he need have no transactions with me. Communications can be made through Standish. I mention this, because Garth gave up being my agent. I can put into your hands a paper which he himself drew up, stating conditions; and you can propose his renewed acceptance of them. I think it is not unlikely that he will accept when you propose the thing for the sake of your nephew.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04706", "bookId": 145, "start": 1788000, "end": 1788015, "sha256": "273c5342bf0e6374524663b67a7ea1b1e402d24977f992504b6609a9f6fb3c7b", "text": "CHAPTER LXXXVI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04707", "bookId": 145, "start": 1788017, "end": 1788425, "sha256": "98a034ec871e86d1729043e8d30bfa8fa07b2d172118848908be5b9140633c68", "text": "“Le cœur se sature d’amour comme d’un sel divin qui le conserve; de là l’incorruptible adhérence de ceux qui se sont aimés dès l’aube de la vie, et la fraîcheur des vielles amours prolongées. Il existe un embaumement d’amour. C’est de Daphnis et Chloé que sont faits Philémon et Baucis. Cette vieillesse-là, ressemblance du soir avec l’aurore.”—VICTOR HUGO: _L’homme qui rit_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04708", "bookId": 145, "start": 1788428, "end": 1788638, "sha256": "2530727e74488933c33d53cc5757eae7915254becd4c9657e80e2f87d1fc1f54", "text": "Mrs. Garth, hearing Caleb enter the passage about tea-time, opened the parlor-door and said, “There you are, Caleb. Have you had your dinner?” (Mr. Garth’s meals were much subordinated to “business.”)", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04709", "bookId": 145, "start": 1788640, "end": 1788721, "sha256": "3428502156b7f0ee25059259d8732d51f9ceeb775f73141913cf89c68f2e51a0", "text": "“Oh yes, a good dinner—cold mutton and I don’t know what. Where is Mary?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04710", "bookId": 145, "start": 1788723, "end": 1788763, "sha256": "e5d2dceeaa4973f30cb6da630e2807499ca5b30ec80e417444df422d247e26c5", "text": "“In the garden with Letty, I think.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04711", "bookId": 145, "start": 1788765, "end": 1788792, "sha256": "910a8332c893d4184d371cf2b88a89847666cc4fd3dfc3f733ba1d5c479f2090", "text": "“Fred is not come yet?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04712", "bookId": 145, "start": 1788794, "end": 1788967, "sha256": "c269998c4f27cb576506265adc9101951ec3f00c01764194c86ed9b6a9783d7d", "text": "“No. Are you going out again without taking tea, Caleb?” said Mrs. Garth, seeing that her absent-minded husband was putting on again the hat which he had just taken off.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04713", "bookId": 145, "start": 1788969, "end": 1789017, "sha256": "9f0825243d31cb72b34f28325127e639e19a6a939f7f33f21f782358940ff1ee", "text": "“No, no; I’m only going to Mary a minute.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04714", "bookId": 145, "start": 1789019, "end": 1789311, "sha256": "41b38d8649b471fabae9afc1c2cfd89e2bd19ff421fd9deb7d5c8909386b3767", "text": "Mary was in a grassy corner of the garden, where there was a swing loftily hung between two pear-trees. She had a pink kerchief tied over her head, making a little poke to shade her eyes from the level sunbeams, while she was giving a glorious swing to Letty, who laughed and screamed wildly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04715", "bookId": 145, "start": 1789313, "end": 1789479, "sha256": "b338dc1ac00b366a9457c354ddaa1b24b014a2a788cd2cfbe09a6a4f23b3e9d2", "text": "Seeing her father, Mary left the swing and went to meet him, pushing back the pink kerchief and smiling afar off at him with the involuntary smile of loving pleasure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04716", "bookId": 145, "start": 1789481, "end": 1789563, "sha256": "6649b42aac46893445368dfae71c49a54300671c1bfdd70d816f87a61d3086cc", "text": "“I came to look for you, Mary,” said Mr. Garth. “Let us walk about a bit.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04717", "bookId": 145, "start": 1789565, "end": 1789851, "sha256": "66c3027705714613fffc9de4f188afaf201366d2ec6e86a22c5c4a0f40e1ab49", "text": "Mary knew quite well that her father had something particular to say: his eyebrows made their pathetic angle, and there was a tender gravity in his voice: these things had been signs to her when she was Letty’s age. She put her arm within his, and they turned by the row of nut-trees.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04718", "bookId": 145, "start": 1789853, "end": 1790012, "sha256": "22834d070478bc7a40fe8f88b071b6bf7fa12986f23135cda3df9c9d476fe930", "text": "“It will be a sad while before you can be married, Mary,” said her father, not looking at her, but at the end of the stick which he held in his other hand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04719", "bookId": 145, "start": 1790014, "end": 1790343, "sha256": "38ad52e75d563e71e7fbd34288f8c81220bdce4efc97fb5d224652fe95a249c2", "text": "“Not a sad while, father—I mean to be merry,” said Mary, laughingly. “I have been single and merry for four-and-twenty years and more: I suppose it will not be quite as long again as that.” Then, after a little pause, she said, more gravely, bending her face before her father’s, “If you are contented with Fred?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04720", "bookId": 145, "start": 1790345, "end": 1790405, "sha256": "7c33da66caf725f2bd8cf6558c14ba422bef15594113f544b3c98877a164904c", "text": "Caleb screwed up his mouth and turned his head aside wisely.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04721", "bookId": 145, "start": 1790407, "end": 1790532, "sha256": "2c2b84162d387b6a541467b110400cba65c446a2055979376704a5267acc0525", "text": "“Now, father, you did praise him last Wednesday. You said he had an uncommon notion of stock, and a good eye for things.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04722", "bookId": 145, "start": 1790534, "end": 1790572, "sha256": "08ae03ff7a046176bea4875d01ec62f99557e37fc6a81b89759c1b00838fb6a2", "text": "“Did I?” said Caleb, rather slyly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04723", "bookId": 145, "start": 1790574, "end": 1790847, "sha256": "4b410c87006b59a59bf1e95039f7ae2c795acea169da3412f0f282e0abd91d4e", "text": "“Yes, I put it all down, and the date, _anno Domini_, and everything,” said Mary. “You like things to be neatly booked. And then his behavior to you, father, is really good; he has a deep respect for you; and it is impossible to have a better temper than Fred has.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04724", "bookId": 145, "start": 1790849, "end": 1790914, "sha256": "68a6c483653a9f39d92cfd9485b47bb17e88179603f8c5e0635e2652ffe908aa", "text": "“Ay, ay; you want to coax me into thinking him a fine match.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04725", "bookId": 145, "start": 1790916, "end": 1790988, "sha256": "900e0f12e7e712f5a0e4c07902cda9fbaaa55bbab0a201a590e31ee2a1a82ef0", "text": "“No, indeed, father. I don’t love him because he is a fine match.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04726", "bookId": 145, "start": 1790990, "end": 1791011, "sha256": "32dbb4c6982ff4ea44a961ba596e1151e2a8e4c245ed84f422e31b801259f9aa", "text": "“What for, then?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04727", "bookId": 145, "start": 1791013, "end": 1791163, "sha256": "9187b3d133e5b5ceaa3e499e7542a0fd7d607f4d575b0ce3387cf803148cd4e5", "text": "“Oh, dear, because I have always loved him. I should never like scolding any one else so well; and that is a point to be thought of in a husband.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04728", "bookId": 145, "start": 1791165, "end": 1791511, "sha256": "cd2d34f43aea5ead23aa106611c6e867e3ad868389e094e04f409291b34934ab", "text": "“Your mind is quite settled, then, Mary?” said Caleb, returning to his first tone. “There’s no other wish come into it since things have been going on as they have been of late?” (Caleb meant a great deal in that vague phrase;) “because, better late than never. A woman must not force her heart—she’ll do a man no good by that.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04729", "bookId": 145, "start": 1791513, "end": 1791944, "sha256": "a1bef5b490f45b5650fa9bb91275fdb9c35653ac85960e76b805b63b4daf36a4", "text": "“My feelings have not changed, father,” said Mary, calmly. “I shall be constant to Fred as long as he is constant to me. I don’t think either of us could spare the other, or like any one else better, however much we might admire them. It would make too great a difference to us—like seeing all the old places altered, and changing the name for everything. We must wait for each other a long while; but Fred knows that.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04730", "bookId": 145, "start": 1791946, "end": 1792202, "sha256": "4b3309078fab063b33e15b56ec0f2d8307e62bce9e547a17da743bec7917717d", "text": "Instead of speaking immediately, Caleb stood still and screwed his stick on the grassy walk. Then he said, with emotion in his voice, “Well, I’ve got a bit of news. What do you think of Fred going to live at Stone Court, and managing the land there?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04731", "bookId": 145, "start": 1792204, "end": 1792263, "sha256": "19a50c20ec7f44adf715efae62c2bd8b83a90dbddf2ed075f7c26adb66983fe2", "text": "“How can that ever be, father?” said Mary, wonderingly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04732", "bookId": 145, "start": 1792265, "end": 1792510, "sha256": "df4755336547103ec2cfd0ee2cb78418acf93f4519fbc8a9f5e9165dbd7af252", "text": "“He would manage it for his aunt Bulstrode. The poor woman has been to me begging and praying. She wants to do the lad good, and it might be a fine thing for him. With saving, he might gradually buy the stock, and he has a turn for farming.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04733", "bookId": 145, "start": 1792512, "end": 1792572, "sha256": "941cb52b9a57f5296ed4b9bd4c63c2b5a3281971bf9196018b605600a5d7a56f", "text": "“Oh, Fred would be so happy! It is too good to believe.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04734", "bookId": 145, "start": 1792574, "end": 1792817, "sha256": "094af5d50580031756b70bffa422dd333b79612f05d79dbe3845d1664b5f1e1e", "text": "“Ah, but mind you,” said Caleb, turning his head warningly, “I must take it on _my_ shoulders, and be responsible, and see after everything; and that will grieve your mother a bit, though she mayn’t say so. Fred had need be careful.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04735", "bookId": 145, "start": 1792819, "end": 1792956, "sha256": "bd6ebc24546161e3cab0f6cdb54f37f6e146f902a55509885e3509aff68a3438", "text": "“Perhaps it is too much, father,” said Mary, checked in her joy. “There would be no happiness in bringing you any fresh trouble.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04736", "bookId": 145, "start": 1792958, "end": 1793494, "sha256": "3e91bc85ce36269fdc00f67cd138b5f8f37a9115b3595b440f90ace8a26fefaa", "text": "“Nay, nay; work is my delight, child, when it doesn’t vex your mother. And then, if you and Fred get married,” here Caleb’s voice shook just perceptibly, “he’ll be steady and saving; and you’ve got your mother’s cleverness, and mine too, in a woman’s sort of way; and you’ll keep him in order. He’ll be coming by-and-by, so I wanted to tell you first, because I think you’d like to tell _him_ by yourself. After that, I could talk it well over with him, and we could go into business and the nature of things.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04737", "bookId": 145, "start": 1793496, "end": 1793719, "sha256": "dd037f0b21b6865a12a10bb5dfecdb3442aab5a2f65a4ff98cc4a47e3d07ff90", "text": "“Oh, you dear good father!” cried Mary, putting her hands round her father’s neck, while he bent his head placidly, willing to be caressed. “I wonder if any other girl thinks her father the best man in the world!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04738", "bookId": 145, "start": 1793721, "end": 1793779, "sha256": "68a94f43d515907528902850225886b3afddb92e693adaf62b11bce1e2163834", "text": "“Nonsense, child; you’ll think your husband better.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04739", "bookId": 145, "start": 1793781, "end": 1793915, "sha256": "c58528a961e76f91961864be3d134a6e1752e7f0e14e6b1d76d9c0d8fe1998fc", "text": "“Impossible,” said Mary, relapsing into her usual tone; “husbands are an inferior class of men, who require keeping in order.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04740", "bookId": 145, "start": 1793917, "end": 1794045, "sha256": "12aaa1717f55ec788ddbdca0c3bcbb44588a7bbe9964f57db830f6e09ecd64ae", "text": "When they were entering the house with Letty, who had run to join them, Mary saw Fred at the orchard-gate, and went to meet him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04741", "bookId": 145, "start": 1794047, "end": 1794220, "sha256": "b6ab240648e7575a3153d2c27697e183b457ed456e59d37588755d7df24c85a0", "text": "“What fine clothes you wear, you extravagant youth!” said Mary, as Fred stood still and raised his hat to her with playful formality. “You are not learning economy.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04742", "bookId": 145, "start": 1794222, "end": 1794429, "sha256": "00a39e33ba930cc84732d4f98f0291eac764cd1526a697d61d9d2f83f9596fb7", "text": "“Now that is too bad, Mary,” said Fred. “Just look at the edges of these coat-cuffs! It is only by dint of good brushing that I look respectable. I am saving up three suits—one for a wedding-suit.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04743", "bookId": 145, "start": 1794431, "end": 1794509, "sha256": "ec5d75c5a27c176fa311a6e328feb2f85f769f32cb0cec78d55e25fe03ea7cdb", "text": "“How very droll you will look!—like a gentleman in an old fashion-book.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04744", "bookId": 145, "start": 1794511, "end": 1794549, "sha256": "8654d0e31116fb49be21f318bba924381d7a4dbe9fad8d54209ccaa1069ba316", "text": "“Oh no, they will keep two years.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04745", "bookId": 145, "start": 1794551, "end": 1794665, "sha256": "0110565b0bdc527f13f3e30a80116cc7fa67e1583844f8e45861b821261ad1e8", "text": "“Two years! be reasonable, Fred,” said Mary, turning to walk. “Don’t encourage flattering expectations.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04746", "bookId": 145, "start": 1794667, "end": 1794822, "sha256": "7ae666def9e52d7dbfb35248263add0e3c54bd53882916c9131474cced63fbb3", "text": "“Why not? One lives on them better than on unflattering ones. If we can’t be married in two years, the truth will be quite bad enough when it comes.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04747", "bookId": 145, "start": 1794824, "end": 1794939, "sha256": "75f780346d0768e3cb5fcdba1e5e6b4772e8b5e832128b005e42bb9632247256", "text": "“I have heard a story of a young gentleman who once encouraged flattering expectations, and they did him harm.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04748", "bookId": 145, "start": 1794941, "end": 1795162, "sha256": "7462b681d5e7b8833b4ada2cab4cbf34c14a3a65c5820f1cfc588825fef04674", "text": "“Mary, if you’ve got something discouraging to tell me, I shall bolt; I shall go into the house to Mr. Garth. I am out of spirits. My father is so cut up—home is not like itself. I can’t bear any more bad news.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04749", "bookId": 145, "start": 1795164, "end": 1795524, "sha256": "1930b0d96b0d21e0df0927fd436c25fe4680332452766e54d21c7f70cca9b989", "text": "“Should you call it bad news to be told that you were to live at Stone Court, and manage the farm, and be remarkably prudent, and save money every year till all the stock and furniture were your own, and you were a distinguished agricultural character, as Mr. Borthrop Trumbull says—rather stout, I fear, and with the Greek and Latin sadly weather-worn?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04750", "bookId": 145, "start": 1795526, "end": 1795623, "sha256": "c93a06f54b3fda4eff4b6bdb98eaa34e98e9f800ec50ed71236e2cd7166b7a86", "text": "“You don’t mean anything except nonsense, Mary?” said Fred, coloring slightly nevertheless.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04751", "bookId": 145, "start": 1795625, "end": 1795852, "sha256": "cc3ad8523b3fbdc43723ad80fd0cb5c969dab42c013bdef23ae56834dfad1128", "text": "“That is what my father has just told me of as what may happen, and he never talks nonsense,” said Mary, looking up at Fred now, while he grasped her hand as they walked, till it rather hurt her; but she would not complain.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04752", "bookId": 145, "start": 1795854, "end": 1795947, "sha256": "a954bb211f02be6f338867d4219f564d7f1590cdcb107bbfcbd8425114a39e07", "text": "“Oh, I could be a tremendously good fellow then, Mary, and we could be married directly.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04753", "bookId": 145, "start": 1795949, "end": 1796170, "sha256": "c9bdf9c2b24c78a6dc92340e3e802234d990d581bfaa6c66227c2ed1621681fe", "text": "“Not so fast, sir; how do you know that I would not rather defer our marriage for some years? That would leave you time to misbehave, and then if I liked some one else better, I should have an excuse for jilting you.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04754", "bookId": 145, "start": 1796172, "end": 1796346, "sha256": "23b66f2a2ba8954b8b00c9f769785aa98886cb02f054080376295fabe65a12a1", "text": "“Pray don’t joke, Mary,” said Fred, with strong feeling. “Tell me seriously that all this is true, and that you are happy because of it—because you love me best.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04755", "bookId": 145, "start": 1796348, "end": 1796476, "sha256": "e152404ad691c70f4b61239553921d8a6143e68094914182404c99f80e929d47", "text": "“It is all true, Fred, and I am happy because of it—because I love you best,” said Mary, in a tone of obedient recitation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04756", "bookId": 145, "start": 1796478, "end": 1796575, "sha256": "bdafe573c9f65738a3514ed7f7e9c660634ba8f774e504c99478a1062c8d65bf", "text": "They lingered on the door-step under the steep-roofed porch, and Fred almost in a whisper said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04757", "bookId": 145, "start": 1796577, "end": 1796655, "sha256": "5a4f799a952d02eb208915f68ab8bcc8ad6f8df9b4c640541468781eae76e724", "text": "“When we were first engaged, with the umbrella-ring, Mary, you used to—”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04758", "bookId": 145, "start": 1796657, "end": 1796834, "sha256": "2b32de8ecb383ede184b12e50598418e271a81f96379e9daf66f52ac2660aeb3", "text": "The spirit of joy began to laugh more decidedly in Mary’s eyes, but the fatal Ben came running to the door with Brownie yapping behind him, and, bouncing against them, said—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04759", "bookId": 145, "start": 1796836, "end": 1796906, "sha256": "5fff86f3795c020757f773aa1de09d19cb3904408c7b959a7628700c7a418899", "text": "“Fred and Mary! are you ever coming in?—or may I eat your cake?”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04760", "bookId": 145, "start": 1796911, "end": 1796918, "sha256": "c71834c2f8c9d19eb633405221deeede28152ad103bb76b5d142443fee8c18de", "text": "FINALE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG145.B04761", "bookId": 145, "start": 1796920, "end": 1797346, "sha256": "6ba485cd4a96cc5a116c9db6733f45107fca6aa5ce9b127dc5bb73950fecdcdc", "text": "Every limit is a beginning as well as an ending. Who can quit young lives after being long in company with them, and not desire to know what befell them in their after-years? For the fragment of a life, however typical, is not the sample of an even web: promises may not be kept, and an ardent outset may be followed by declension; latent powers may find their long-waited opportunity; a past error may urge a grand retrieval.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04762", "bookId": 145, "start": 1797348, "end": 1797776, "sha256": "f8824cd1c82713fc063b8513a4578a180fa23d107f009b7feeaf8043bd6fedbd", "text": "Marriage, which has been the bourne of so many narratives, is still a great beginning, as it was to Adam and Eve, who kept their honeymoon in Eden, but had their first little one among the thorns and thistles of the wilderness. It is still the beginning of the home epic—the gradual conquest or irremediable loss of that complete union which makes the advancing years a climax, and age the harvest of sweet memories in common.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04763", "bookId": 145, "start": 1797778, "end": 1797938, "sha256": "42d5ab052fdf5e8a9380eb0429f46faecee8181ebf3f4c6093baa6399f90b77a", "text": "Some set out, like Crusaders of old, with a glorious equipment of hope and enthusiasm and get broken by the way, wanting patience with each other and the world.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04764", "bookId": 145, "start": 1797940, "end": 1798605, "sha256": "11fbee6a45fd994a28550aaffee5a8c27af19af39f26b9e1c2df81f849347f40", "text": "All who have cared for Fred Vincy and Mary Garth will like to know that these two made no such failure, but achieved a solid mutual happiness. Fred surprised his neighbors in various ways. He became rather distinguished in his side of the county as a theoretic and practical farmer, and produced a work on the “Cultivation of Green Crops and the Economy of Cattle-Feeding” which won him high congratulations at agricultural meetings. In Middlemarch admiration was more reserved: most persons there were inclined to believe that the merit of Fred’s authorship was due to his wife, since they had never expected Fred Vincy to write on turnips and mangel-wurzel.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04765", "bookId": 145, "start": 1798607, "end": 1798982, "sha256": "3113eac146a8c60cc09b68e0b4540acd3baab9cf0b12d3d008643bd138926fed", "text": "But when Mary wrote a little book for her boys, called “Stories of Great Men, taken from Plutarch,” and had it printed and published by Gripp & Co., Middlemarch, every one in the town was willing to give the credit of this work to Fred, observing that he had been to the University, “where the ancients were studied,” and might have been a clergyman if he had chosen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04766", "bookId": 145, "start": 1798984, "end": 1799163, "sha256": "fb158feec6efd35c980024be2955b1a0db85da6cdeb91547d4da0e8ef0e3039e", "text": "In this way it was made clear that Middlemarch had never been deceived, and that there was no need to praise anybody for writing a book, since it was always done by somebody else.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04767", "bookId": 145, "start": 1799165, "end": 1800013, "sha256": "ff47ce369397490d66b055776224b0e37a360568c3ec7dd031ef1cbe26344bce", "text": "Moreover, Fred remained unswervingly steady. Some years after his marriage he told Mary that his happiness was half owing to Farebrother, who gave him a strong pull-up at the right moment. I cannot say that he was never again misled by his hopefulness: the yield of crops or the profits of a cattle sale usually fell below his estimate; and he was always prone to believe that he could make money by the purchase of a horse which turned out badly—though this, Mary observed, was of course the fault of the horse, not of Fred’s judgment. He kept his love of horsemanship, but he rarely allowed himself a day’s hunting; and when he did so, it was remarkable that he submitted to be laughed at for cowardliness at the fences, seeming to see Mary and the boys sitting on the five-barred gate, or showing their curly heads between hedge and ditch.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04768", "bookId": 145, "start": 1800015, "end": 1800687, "sha256": "edc50b2a001a155b26b005361c51832f8bfb2fbd2d2224304496cff6c4f05e21", "text": "There were three boys: Mary was not discontented that she brought forth men-children only; and when Fred wished to have a girl like her, she said, laughingly, “that would be too great a trial to your mother.” Mrs. Vincy in her declining years, and in the diminished lustre of her housekeeping, was much comforted by her perception that two at least of Fred’s boys were real Vincys, and did not “feature the Garths.” But Mary secretly rejoiced that the youngest of the three was very much what her father must have been when he wore a round jacket, and showed a marvellous nicety of aim in playing at marbles, or in throwing stones to bring down the mellow pears.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04769", "bookId": 145, "start": 1800689, "end": 1801745, "sha256": "dedac50dbef6e414e7e7c563f2c4c3bad8d9f4193618f9c69017179a063bd502", "text": "Ben and Letty Garth, who were uncle and aunt before they were well in their teens, disputed much as to whether nephews or nieces were more desirable; Ben contending that it was clear girls were good for less than boys, else they would not be always in petticoats, which showed how little they were meant for; whereupon Letty, who argued much from books, got angry in replying that God made coats of skins for both Adam and Eve alike—also it occurred to her that in the East the men too wore petticoats. But this latter argument, obscuring the majesty of the former, was one too many, for Ben answered contemptuously, “The more spooneys they!” and immediately appealed to his mother whether boys were not better than girls. Mrs. Garth pronounced that both were alike naughty, but that boys were undoubtedly stronger, could run faster, and throw with more precision to a greater distance. With this oracular sentence Ben was well satisfied, not minding the naughtiness; but Letty took it ill, her feeling of superiority being stronger than her muscles.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04770", "bookId": 145, "start": 1801747, "end": 1802961, "sha256": "a80efeeb1f9a96cdc3210a7e3b2ac6393a972b970b1eeb805769cb8788f0a53f", "text": "Fred never became rich—his hopefulness had not led him to expect that; but he gradually saved enough to become owner of the stock and furniture at Stone Court, and the work which Mr. Garth put into his hands carried him in plenty through those “bad times” which are always present with farmers. Mary, in her matronly days, became as solid in figure as her mother; but, unlike her, gave the boys little formal teaching, so that Mrs. Garth was alarmed lest they should never be well grounded in grammar and geography. Nevertheless, they were found quite forward enough when they went to school; perhaps, because they had liked nothing so well as being with their mother. When Fred was riding home on winter evenings he had a pleasant vision beforehand of the bright hearth in the wainscoted parlor, and was sorry for other men who could not have Mary for their wife; especially for Mr. Farebrother. “He was ten times worthier of you than I was,” Fred could now say to her, magnanimously. “To be sure he was,” Mary answered; “and for that reason he could do better without me. But you—I shudder to think what you would have been—a curate in debt for horse-hire and cambric pocket-handkerchiefs!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04771", "bookId": 145, "start": 1802963, "end": 1803451, "sha256": "3124e52834c3d8cdcc96b306bd3edc22c0cd92734efcc05508a4363c8ef400e0", "text": "On inquiry it might possibly be found that Fred and Mary still inhabit Stone Court—that the creeping plants still cast the foam of their blossoms over the fine stone-wall into the field where the walnut-trees stand in stately row—and that on sunny days the two lovers who were first engaged with the umbrella-ring may be seen in white-haired placidity at the open window from which Mary Garth, in the days of old Peter Featherstone, had often been ordered to look out for Mr. Lydgate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04772", "bookId": 145, "start": 1803453, "end": 1805845, "sha256": "f272f9d35f52417e75dd9a445f84a7feef846734ca93011c0d39b3645c3c16e8", "text": "Lydgate’s hair never became white. He died when he was only fifty, leaving his wife and children provided for by a heavy insurance on his life. He had gained an excellent practice, alternating, according to the season, between London and a Continental bathing-place; having written a treatise on Gout, a disease which has a good deal of wealth on its side. His skill was relied on by many paying patients, but he always regarded himself as a failure: he had not done what he once meant to do. His acquaintances thought him enviable to have so charming a wife, and nothing happened to shake their opinion. Rosamond never committed a second compromising indiscretion. She simply continued to be mild in her temper, inflexible in her judgment, disposed to admonish her husband, and able to frustrate him by stratagem. As the years went on he opposed her less and less, whence Rosamond concluded that he had learned the value of her opinion; on the other hand, she had a more thorough conviction of his talents now that he gained a good income, and instead of the threatened cage in Bride Street provided one all flowers and gilding, fit for the bird of paradise that she resembled. In brief, Lydgate was what is called a successful man. But he died prematurely of diphtheria, and Rosamond afterwards married an elderly and wealthy physician, who took kindly to her four children. She made a very pretty show with her daughters, driving out in her carriage, and often spoke of her happiness as “a reward”—she did not say for what, but probably she meant that it was a reward for her patience with Tertius, whose temper never became faultless, and to the last occasionally let slip a bitter speech which was more memorable than the signs he made of his repentance. He once called her his basil plant; and when she asked for an explanation, said that basil was a plant which had flourished wonderfully on a murdered man’s brains. Rosamond had a placid but strong answer to such speeches. Why then had he chosen her? It was a pity he had not had Mrs. Ladislaw, whom he was always praising and placing above her. And thus the conversation ended with the advantage on Rosamond’s side. But it would be unjust not to tell, that she never uttered a word in depreciation of Dorothea, keeping in religious remembrance the generosity which had come to her aid in the sharpest crisis of her life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04773", "bookId": 145, "start": 1805847, "end": 1807376, "sha256": "d34650408c1beda9e32a66595bec5478d2e64a39d7ec5b258a6b6861b8014bac", "text": "Dorothea herself had no dreams of being praised above other women, feeling that there was always something better which she might have done, if she had only been better and known better. Still, she never repented that she had given up position and fortune to marry Will Ladislaw, and he would have held it the greatest shame as well as sorrow to him if she had repented. They were bound to each other by a love stronger than any impulses which could have marred it. No life would have been possible to Dorothea which was not filled with emotion, and she had now a life filled also with a beneficent activity which she had not the doubtful pains of discovering and marking out for herself. Will became an ardent public man, working well in those times when reforms were begun with a young hopefulness of immediate good which has been much checked in our days, and getting at last returned to Parliament by a constituency who paid his expenses. Dorothea could have liked nothing better, since wrongs existed, than that her husband should be in the thick of a struggle against them, and that she should give him wifely help. Many who knew her, thought it a pity that so substantive and rare a creature should have been absorbed into the life of another, and be only known in a certain circle as a wife and mother. But no one stated exactly what else that was in her power she ought rather to have done—not even Sir James Chettam, who went no further than the negative prescription that she ought not to have married Will Ladislaw.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04774", "bookId": 145, "start": 1807378, "end": 1808346, "sha256": "b3ee73955a54d845c47a67105264429e7f9a905973c90614764b1001c7ca96bb", "text": "But this opinion of his did not cause a lasting alienation; and the way in which the family was made whole again was characteristic of all concerned. Mr. Brooke could not resist the pleasure of corresponding with Will and Dorothea; and one morning when his pen had been remarkably fluent on the prospects of Municipal Reform, it ran off into an invitation to the Grange, which, once written, could not be done away with at less cost than the sacrifice (hardly to be conceived) of the whole valuable letter. During the months of this correspondence Mr. Brooke had continually, in his talk with Sir James Chettam, been presupposing or hinting that the intention of cutting off the entail was still maintained; and the day on which his pen gave the daring invitation, he went to Freshitt expressly to intimate that he had a stronger sense than ever of the reasons for taking that energetic step as a precaution against any mixture of low blood in the heir of the Brookes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04775", "bookId": 145, "start": 1808348, "end": 1808633, "sha256": "49f53f467483b37a522b50766d81fa4c29f85bd93d673a375d5310ee2047b390", "text": "But that morning something exciting had happened at the Hall. A letter had come to Celia which made her cry silently as she read it; and when Sir James, unused to see her in tears, asked anxiously what was the matter, she burst out in a wail such as he had never heard from her before.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04776", "bookId": 145, "start": 1808635, "end": 1809010, "sha256": "cd709ba5c67a12592db40ac8eb6d2d8d54059e7515078e5dc2199f8693d5625c", "text": "“Dorothea has a little boy. And you will not let me go and see her. And I am sure she wants to see me. And she will not know what to do with the baby—she will do wrong things with it. And they thought she would die. It is very dreadful! Suppose it had been me and little Arthur, and Dodo had been hindered from coming to see me! I wish you would be less unkind, James!”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04777", "bookId": 145, "start": 1809012, "end": 1809199, "sha256": "b5fa62bf92fb757a5eae39d713ac5c056806cfbbecc310e8cb60608371d73e2f", "text": "“Good heavens, Celia!” said Sir James, much wrought upon, “what do you wish? I will do anything you like. I will take you to town to-morrow if you wish it.” And Celia did wish it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04778", "bookId": 145, "start": 1809201, "end": 1809595, "sha256": "4506113c18a69082b985b47c7cd79e9dda2d0728975903e1f3d27b7dae6e5474", "text": "It was after this that Mr. Brooke came, and meeting the Baronet in the grounds, began to chat with him in ignorance of the news, which Sir James for some reason did not care to tell him immediately. But when the entail was touched on in the usual way, he said, “My dear sir, it is not for me to dictate to you, but for my part I would let that alone. I would let things remain as they are.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04779", "bookId": 145, "start": 1809597, "end": 1809756, "sha256": "db0252e9e1a9b8a6047375fb000c5f58de5c105cd5768488164b70a779fc516f", "text": "Mr. Brooke felt so much surprised that he did not at once find out how much he was relieved by the sense that he was not expected to do anything in particular.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04780", "bookId": 145, "start": 1809758, "end": 1810197, "sha256": "2a7ffb61873bbf7063dd79878508561c7182375f453c0c5cb6d3b5d48cb293a0", "text": "Such being the bent of Celia’s heart, it was inevitable that Sir James should consent to a reconciliation with Dorothea and her husband. Where women love each other, men learn to smother their mutual dislike. Sir James never liked Ladislaw, and Will always preferred to have Sir James’s company mixed with another kind: they were on a footing of reciprocal tolerance which was made quite easy only when Dorothea and Celia were present.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04781", "bookId": 145, "start": 1810199, "end": 1810506, "sha256": "c8587bcdd59b782f8784ad66bb826ab49547a0d4a5e16d9af4c0859bc97003a8", "text": "It became an understood thing that Mr. and Mrs. Ladislaw should pay at least two visits during the year to the Grange, and there came gradually a small row of cousins at Freshitt who enjoyed playing with the two cousins visiting Tipton as much as if the blood of these cousins had been less dubiously mixed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04782", "bookId": 145, "start": 1810508, "end": 1810736, "sha256": "ba6f3b55f858418e4331699326bf819b2d225fe4e3f4814566688ab271b677d9", "text": "Mr. Brooke lived to a good old age, and his estate was inherited by Dorothea’s son, who might have represented Middlemarch, but declined, thinking that his opinions had less chance of being stifled if he remained out of doors.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04783", "bookId": 145, "start": 1810738, "end": 1811337, "sha256": "43176920caac7046598f407cf4d15ea4cda147625ee9bad8bf596d110e95d5a9", "text": "Sir James never ceased to regard Dorothea’s second marriage as a mistake; and indeed this remained the tradition concerning it in Middlemarch, where she was spoken of to a younger generation as a fine girl who married a sickly clergyman, old enough to be her father, and in little more than a year after his death gave up her estate to marry his cousin—young enough to have been his son, with no property, and not well-born. Those who had not seen anything of Dorothea usually observed that she could not have been “a nice woman,” else she would not have married either the one or the other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04784", "bookId": 145, "start": 1811339, "end": 1812197, "sha256": "fbc4bc959d3b08fbf7f8180d68a8c0d1ef79587499c8aba00a7c2b7c5c1a2c37", "text": "Certainly those determining acts of her life were not ideally beautiful. They were the mixed result of young and noble impulse struggling amidst the conditions of an imperfect social state, in which great feelings will often take the aspect of error, and great faith the aspect of illusion. For there is no creature whose inward being is so strong that it is not greatly determined by what lies outside it. A new Theresa will hardly have the opportunity of reforming a conventual life, any more than a new Antigone will spend her heroic piety in daring all for the sake of a brother’s burial: the medium in which their ardent deeds took shape is forever gone. But we insignificant people with our daily words and acts are preparing the lives of many Dorotheas, some of which may present a far sadder sacrifice than that of the Dorothea whose story we know.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04785", "bookId": 145, "start": 1812199, "end": 1812734, "sha256": "8692f1c9bee59ca415bdb3a55693f53603bea9c55b323fea16b44e659d7424fe", "text": "Her finely touched spirit had still its fine issues, though they were not widely visible. Her full nature, like that river of which Cyrus broke the strength, spent itself in channels which had no great name on the earth. But the effect of her being on those around her was incalculably diffusive: for the growing good of the world is partly dependent on unhistoric acts; and that things are not so ill with you and me as they might have been, is half owing to the number who lived faithfully a hidden life, and rest in unvisited tombs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG145.B04786", "bookId": 145, "start": 1812736, "end": 1812743, "sha256": "34a70d32ee976ccf59d2ef10404e3d8fb34a17f5bc2d459e9a8651e90cd5fa74", "text": "THE END", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00001", "bookId": 1228, "start": 981, "end": 1149, "sha256": "2bc32c40527fda0cd2f39ce01ea457195cfdea29294c8ec2a4e8d5e8fa8124a1", "text": "There are several editions of this ebook in the Project Gutenberg collection. Various characteristics of each ebook are listed to aid in selecting the preferred file.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00002", "bookId": 1228, "start": 1153, "end": 1218, "sha256": "dc4650a6fdef5c4b27fb9eb280faa0ce472cc7ed30cbf93509adb2626b45021c", "text": "Click on any of the filenumbers below to quickly view each ebook.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00003", "bookId": 1228, "start": 1222, "end": 1344, "sha256": "1e3096fd1d778443d96dcb6fde657691be4fb96a829ee87af5c6b784b301790b", "text": "1228 1859, First Edition 22764 1860, Second Edition 2009 1872, Sixth Edition, considered the definitive edition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00004", "bookId": 1228, "start": 1354, "end": 1379, "sha256": "633bd105be2f50f0e2113a9ba872dafddc646193871fb592c4d0aad21b83754b", "text": "On the Origin of Species", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00005", "bookId": 1228, "start": 1383, "end": 1413, "sha256": "6352c8a860907acf03ac5159fa18975d1e04df7bee75732c3c9d044233b0ca47", "text": "BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00006", "bookId": 1228, "start": 1417, "end": 1481, "sha256": "d7b99216b6b851722a4b4c7b3ecd31c4617e748f73ed14c52b1a944dc5706353", "text": "OR THE PRESERVATION OF FAVOURED RACES IN THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00007", "bookId": 1228, "start": 1485, "end": 1509, "sha256": "b74344bf28035409465d6221aff1110a9e9444c3eaa5fd1f8b3df1b91abea31b", "text": "By Charles Darwin, M.A.,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00008", "bookId": 1228, "start": 1513, "end": 1661, "sha256": "b7583e456f2c867ea01aa65955d08ffae7cc2071250d243a370e0f0e3e7d9f94", "text": "Fellow Of The Royal, Geological, Linnæan, Etc., Societies; Author Of ‘Journal Of Researches During H.M.S. Beagle’s Voyage Round The World.’", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00009", "bookId": 1228, "start": 1665, "end": 1711, "sha256": "b4a52eebd4ac7bff552070e6fef2e3c749a41560a21dd2c5fc756c6b0cc5935f", "text": "LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 1859.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00010", "bookId": 1228, "start": 1715, "end": 1968, "sha256": "fb9390cc86f2308340cfc5d9d6f7e340d9c3f67454e06c9ac5b2b81130994f68", "text": "“But with regard to the material world, we can at least go so far as this—we can perceive that events are brought about not by insulated interpositions of Divine power, exerted in each particular case, but by the establishment of general laws.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00011", "bookId": 1228, "start": 1972, "end": 2007, "sha256": "9a0ea4df451dcd7c36b79856f7a41680e93c0013e6f356a968e54559c5a3a78d", "text": "W. WHEWELL: _Bridgewater Treatise_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00012", "bookId": 1228, "start": 2011, "end": 2351, "sha256": "01b77617cfad77d501dfcb1e572bbb4a144d715906d2cb6d833d47f1b02373ce", "text": "“To conclude, therefore, let no man out of a weak conceit of sobriety, or an ill-applied moderation, think or maintain, that a man can search too far or be too well studied in the book of God’s word, or in the book of God’s works; divinity or philosophy; but rather let men endeavour an endless progress or proficience in both.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00013", "bookId": 1228, "start": 2355, "end": 2388, "sha256": "f33fed6dba52842e1c5f7a34c327404dc97bd738fe3061b3c8c77211556a1c54", "text": "BACON: _Advancement of Learning_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00014", "bookId": 1228, "start": 2392, "end": 2441, "sha256": "db71eab952411dd696a87847f1c3f36aee023ea15475a8b2ef29a5962a848f92", "text": "_Down, Bromley, Kent, October_, 1_st_, 1859.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00015", "bookId": 1228, "start": 2447, "end": 2455, "sha256": "437aea62a5bd6ad4762e494c81b88532809a231477c82bdecf6fd6636908b7ab", "text": "Contents", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00016", "bookId": 1228, "start": 2460, "end": 2960, "sha256": "a82ba66246f33874cb366b1a28b7e9734653464a4892d13b49e79058275697c3", "text": "INTRODUCTION. 1. VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION. 2. VARIATION UNDER NATURE. 3. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE. 4. NATURAL SELECTION. 5. LAWS OF VARIATION. 6. DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY. 7. INSTINCT. 8. HYBRIDISM. 9. ON THE IMPERFECTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD. 10. ON THE GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF ORGANIC BEINGS. 11. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 12. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION—_continued_. 13. MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF ORGANIC BEINGS: MORPHOLOGY: 14. RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION. INDEX", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00017", "bookId": 1228, "start": 2964, "end": 3009, "sha256": "766327fed7fdfca2b6b41d4fdf5ee88a63383a274fd45783e982da3600ab90f1", "text": "DETEAILED CONTENTS. ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00018", "bookId": 1228, "start": 3013, "end": 3026, "sha256": "762d10af887f2b4a9299813419b04ed2821b36dd51e9dedd6d11353d8443c3bd", "text": "INTRODUCTION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00019", "bookId": 1228, "start": 3036, "end": 3077, "sha256": "b8f033707f3c58e0b4792c610bb8627735ce6079757938affdf9b27b34e4dc72", "text": "CHAPTER I. VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00020", "bookId": 1228, "start": 3083, "end": 3582, "sha256": "4e9106a22084195a5d2b30416c70a4b6c3a8d391d61a0c6f6f43b3f895104030", "text": "Causes of Variability. Effects of Habit. Correlation of Growth. Inheritance. Character of Domestic Varieties. Difficulty of distinguishing between Varieties and Species. Origin of Domestic Varieties from one or more Species. Domestic Pigeons, their Differences and Origin. Principle of Selection anciently followed, its Effects. Methodical and Unconscious Selection. Unknown Origin of our Domestic Productions. Circumstances favourable to Man’s power of Selection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00021", "bookId": 1228, "start": 3586, "end": 3620, "sha256": "a344bf6ba9ca0f413d21ec0ec972022adfe0c30d068d429cfff36f4c1ea095ab", "text": "CHAPTER 2. VARIATION UNDER NATURE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00022", "bookId": 1228, "start": 3626, "end": 4011, "sha256": "2fa9713fe55e975ae96c40b10c4318c0e2b4e73764bca18f45e79f3ffd26c38e", "text": "Variability. Individual Differences. Doubtful species. Wide ranging, much diffused, and common species vary most. Species of the larger genera in any country vary more than the species of the smaller genera. Many of the species of the larger genera resemble varieties in being very closely, but unequally, related to each other, and in having restricted ranges.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00023", "bookId": 1228, "start": 4015, "end": 4049, "sha256": "5e7c936a319c1c3245db8d1935e2db173fe49082ed1d4d75219ec2c07f5d55a7", "text": "CHAPTER 3. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00024", "bookId": 1228, "start": 4055, "end": 4621, "sha256": "2e66909551ba8d9c0a2a1c807fbf02e1980e162b951e769d64d3a4254eb368e7", "text": "Bears on natural selection. The term used in a wide sense. Geometrical powers of increase. Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants. Nature of the checks to increase. Competition universal. Effects of climate. Protection from the number of individuals. Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature. Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus. The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00025", "bookId": 1228, "start": 4625, "end": 4654, "sha256": "e8f46d63e7fcc30b8694c337e6d064040ef45bc9949695e373f6d6b4845a8e06", "text": "CHAPTER 4. NATURAL SELECTION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00026", "bookId": 1228, "start": 4660, "end": 5389, "sha256": "b4a52907b38fd1b52467eec058f9e0039104b9e4444daab2849a5d934d0d6047", "text": "Natural Selection: its power compared with man’s selection, its power on characters of trifling importance, its power at all ages and on both sexes. Sexual Selection. On the generality of intercrosses between individuals of the same species. Circumstances favourable and unfavourable to Natural Selection, namely, intercrossing, isolation, number of individuals. Slow action. Extinction caused by Natural Selection. Divergence of Character, related to the diversity of inhabitants of any small area, and to naturalisation. Action of Natural Selection, through Divergence of Character and Extinction, on the descendants from a common parent. Explains the Grouping of all organic beings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00027", "bookId": 1228, "start": 5393, "end": 5422, "sha256": "c3b96b5b4e674219678b9522db89501bc385a7192e37d003c067c853d39313d0", "text": "CHAPTER 5. LAWS OF VARIATION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00028", "bookId": 1228, "start": 5428, "end": 5983, "sha256": "6bc5ed9efcbb68c089831ebada1aad1f36538b9a82e2eabb0970555eed1217b7", "text": "Effects of external conditions. Use and disuse, combined with natural selection; organs of flight and of vision. Acclimatisation. Correlation of growth. Compensation and economy of growth. False correlations. Multiple, rudimentary, and lowly organised structures variable. Parts developed in an unusual manner are highly variable: specific characters more variable than generic: secondary sexual characters variable. Species of the same genus vary in an analogous manner. Reversions to long-lost characters. Summary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00029", "bookId": 1228, "start": 5987, "end": 6021, "sha256": "9acc70f8349b885def0866576ebb3560af6257e3cd94c61729a97325c5cccba3", "text": "CHAPTER 6. DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00030", "bookId": 1228, "start": 6027, "end": 6590, "sha256": "aa2da2c7ddc5509cb4e9c0184fec74236b9e5eb0119c0e11cc0850fcd15120c9", "text": "Difficulties on the theory of descent with modification. Transitions. Absence or rarity of transitional varieties. Transitions in habits of life. Diversified habits in the same species. Species with habits widely different from those of their allies. Organs of extreme perfection. Means of transition. Cases of difficulty. Natura non facit saltum. Organs of small importance. Organs not in all cases absolutely perfect. The law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence embraced by the theory of Natural Selection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00031", "bookId": 1228, "start": 6594, "end": 6614, "sha256": "e6d20b5a8192b75079fc13afc2008d9a38b646c45f21cdec613d88f06a7cdcd2", "text": "CHAPTER 7. INSTINCT.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00032", "bookId": 1228, "start": 6620, "end": 7026, "sha256": "ebaffe95b0991f322871a7ca1722fce57565eff24ad8ea8fcaab5d3b6e8e810f", "text": "Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin. Instincts graduated. Aphides and ants. Instincts variable. Domestic instincts, their origin. Natural instincts of the cuckoo, ostrich, and parasitic bees. Slave-making ants. Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct. Difficulties on the theory of the Natural Selection of instincts. Neuter or sterile insects. Summary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00033", "bookId": 1228, "start": 7030, "end": 7051, "sha256": "bf47ff420bd1385dc1f7a570ecf6097ba3520859cab90826bfef91c8c762b331", "text": "CHAPTER 8. HYBRIDISM.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00034", "bookId": 1228, "start": 7057, "end": 7663, "sha256": "07dadfbe8db04f87931ac4c7cdc7ef4287e2effedc965162355112b1beb7a7ed", "text": "Distinction between the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids. Sterility various in degree, not universal, affected by close interbreeding, removed by domestication. Laws governing the sterility of hybrids. Sterility not a special endowment, but incidental on other differences. Causes of the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids. Parallelism between the effects of changed conditions of life and crossing. Fertility of varieties when crossed and of their mongrel offspring not universal. Hybrids and mongrels compared independently of their fertility. Summary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00035", "bookId": 1228, "start": 7667, "end": 7723, "sha256": "a6ac3df9a8069f886ee43fd62abfbbedd5a1f9a678d9129713f955fefe0c9843", "text": "CHAPTER 9. ON THE IMPERFECTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00036", "bookId": 1228, "start": 7729, "end": 8244, "sha256": "15f00420efabf3b627e198938160e475595442a5edbfd56460fa6a2d0414fb35", "text": "On the absence of intermediate varieties at the present day. On the nature of extinct intermediate varieties; on their number. On the vast lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of deposition and of denudation. On the poorness of our palæontological collections. On the intermittence of geological formations. On the absence of intermediate varieties in any one formation. On the sudden appearance of groups of species. On their sudden appearance in the lowest known fossiliferous strata.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00037", "bookId": 1228, "start": 8248, "end": 8307, "sha256": "e22a0097a51b0cbf20026ec28babdef0332b0d02637dad1fe07abe5767cbbce7", "text": "CHAPTER 10. ON THE GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF ORGANIC BEINGS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00038", "bookId": 1228, "start": 8313, "end": 8882, "sha256": "a6951e65415dd5a599a262db488acc0eab64c37adab01554d06087f046a4be1c", "text": "On the slow and successive appearance of new species. On their different rates of change. Species once lost do not reappear. Groups of species follow the same general rules in their appearance and disappearance as do single species. On Extinction. On simultaneous changes in the forms of life throughout the world. On the affinities of extinct species to each other and to living species. On the state of development of ancient forms. On the succession of the same types within the same areas. Summary of preceding and present chapters.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00039", "bookId": 1228, "start": 8886, "end": 8924, "sha256": "7b5399ea87c37d25ff9ca8269df3ea1c0f20f27d6d907ade121bb7ea33154073", "text": "CHAPTER 11. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00040", "bookId": 1228, "start": 8930, "end": 9292, "sha256": "f99f054209b1563d80942591084b5249b1098a3ceb229237943f8f8690e754de", "text": "Present distribution cannot be accounted for by differences in physical conditions. Importance of barriers. Affinity of the productions of the same continent. Centres of creation. Means of dispersal, by changes of climate and of the level of the land, and by occasional means. Dispersal during the Glacial period co-extensive with the world.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00041", "bookId": 1228, "start": 9296, "end": 9348, "sha256": "661142773d7f4ea7999caf4d4c3dafd3f669e30e27ea23ed8252f113fd336e41", "text": "CHAPTER 12. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION—_continued_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00042", "bookId": 1228, "start": 9354, "end": 9694, "sha256": "59c72011e9ec7dd34bd5481a9cd7265361ee07402bad513bef9c8b4d5312ee7d", "text": "Distribution of fresh-water productions. On the inhabitants of oceanic islands. Absence of Batrachians and of terrestrial Mammals. On the relation of the inhabitants of islands to those of the nearest mainland. On colonisation from the nearest source with subsequent modification. Summary of the last and present chapters.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00043", "bookId": 1228, "start": 9698, "end": 9791, "sha256": "197457d938ebf91ac10e7a3cb005e7ef5848d5d08e0b95e039ac39c16bb51fe2", "text": "CHAPTER 13. MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF ORGANIC BEINGS: MORPHOLOGY: EMBRYOLOGY: RUDIMENTARY ORGANS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00044", "bookId": 1228, "start": 9797, "end": 10444, "sha256": "8bf02803d4d9818eba89b3a395835fd8c49147d08557670781e65380b5815b9f", "text": "CLASSIFICATION, groups subordinate to groups. Natural system. Rules and difficulties in classification, explained on the theory of descent with modification. Classification of varieties. Descent always used in classification. Analogical or adaptive characters. Affinities, general, complex and radiating. Extinction separates and defines groups. MORPHOLOGY, between members of the same class, between parts of the same individual. EMBRYOLOGY, laws of, explained by variations not supervening at an early age, and being inherited at a corresponding age. RUDIMENTARY ORGANS; their origin explained. Summary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00045", "bookId": 1228, "start": 10448, "end": 10490, "sha256": "a75583f2e1311bbcee6deb24cf80510dabb6e7c3c009af357d849e1369c0e8e2", "text": "CHAPTER 14. RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00046", "bookId": 1228, "start": 10496, "end": 10853, "sha256": "1832a3565b0c8a5e14ae1764104e540150fd403b5663dacceebaed34d9012421", "text": "Recapitulation of the difficulties on the theory of Natural Selection. Recapitulation of the general and special circumstances in its favour. Causes of the general belief in the immutability of species. How far the theory of natural selection may be extended. Effects of its adoption on the study of Natural history. Concluding remarks.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00047", "bookId": 1228, "start": 10857, "end": 10882, "sha256": "fd96260a17b873e484d2a4f7a570ab7c91424e8520d17501421bd8555049bd64", "text": "ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00048", "bookId": 1228, "start": 10892, "end": 10905, "sha256": "762d10af887f2b4a9299813419b04ed2821b36dd51e9dedd6d11353d8443c3bd", "text": "INTRODUCTION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00049", "bookId": 1228, "start": 10911, "end": 11944, "sha256": "721272513948e4250fde4af43e4bd6a32df0ae2ede9d183301a41586dacdeda5", "text": "When on board H.M.S. ‘Beagle,’ as naturalist, I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the inhabitants of South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent. These facts seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species—that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers. On my return home, it occurred to me, in 1837, that something might perhaps be made out on this question by patiently accumulating and reflecting on all sorts of facts which could possibly have any bearing on it. After five years’ work I allowed myself to speculate on the subject, and drew up some short notes; these I enlarged in 1844 into a sketch of the conclusions, which then seemed to me probable: from that period to the present day I have steadily pursued the same object. I hope that I may be excused for entering on these personal details, as I give them to show that I have not been hasty in coming to a decision.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00050", "bookId": 1228, "start": 11948, "end": 12809, "sha256": "9fd572ef474c2ef1d2b64c06099b95195c29970e340e7290d5c758010002f1e9", "text": "My work is now nearly finished; but as it will take me two or three more years to complete it, and as my health is far from strong, I have been urged to publish this Abstract. I have more especially been induced to do this, as Mr. Wallace, who is now studying the natural history of the Malay archipelago, has arrived at almost exactly the same general conclusions that I have on the origin of species. Last year he sent to me a memoir on this subject, with a request that I would forward it to Sir Charles Lyell, who sent it to the Linnean Society, and it is published in the third volume of the Journal of that Society. Sir C. Lyell and Dr. Hooker, who both knew of my work—the latter having read my sketch of 1844—honoured me by thinking it advisable to publish, with Mr. Wallace’s excellent memoir, some brief extracts from my manuscripts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00051", "bookId": 1228, "start": 12813, "end": 13877, "sha256": "72fc704af2729c4e93e4737a09fee13944019dfd27ecdd0b8cc0c01406f7af86", "text": "This Abstract, which I now publish, must necessarily be imperfect. I cannot here give references and authorities for my several statements; and I must trust to the reader reposing some confidence in my accuracy. No doubt errors will have crept in, though I hope I have always been cautious in trusting to good authorities alone. I can here give only the general conclusions at which I have arrived, with a few facts in illustration, but which, I hope, in most cases will suffice. No one can feel more sensible than I do of the necessity of hereafter publishing in detail all the facts, with references, on which my conclusions have been grounded; and I hope in a future work to do this. For I am well aware that scarcely a single point is discussed in this volume on which facts cannot be adduced, often apparently leading to conclusions directly opposite to those at which I have arrived. A fair result can be obtained only by fully stating and balancing the facts and arguments on both sides of each question; and this cannot possibly be here done.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00052", "bookId": 1228, "start": 13881, "end": 14311, "sha256": "d9e630dccf6bb1e00c69986439d71e91a20c27a87cf9e8a33f67dc8d897ad4fa", "text": "I much regret that want of space prevents my having the satisfaction of acknowledging the generous assistance which I have received from very many naturalists, some of them personally unknown to me. I cannot, however, let this opportunity pass without expressing my deep obligations to Dr. Hooker, who for the last fifteen years has aided me in every possible way by his large stores of knowledge and his excellent judgment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00053", "bookId": 1228, "start": 14315, "end": 15910, "sha256": "c45758f94a28507f07bb32cfa70e63020444697ef89a67f496ff63a771cb2336", "text": "In considering the Origin of Species, it is quite conceivable that a naturalist, reflecting on the mutual affinities of organic beings, on their embryological relations, their geographical distribution, geological succession, and other such facts, might come to the conclusion that each species had not been independently created, but had descended, like varieties, from other species. Nevertheless, such a conclusion, even if well founded, would be unsatisfactory, until it could be shown how the innumerable species inhabiting this world have been modified, so as to acquire that perfection of structure and coadaptation which most justly excites our admiration. Naturalists continually refer to external conditions, such as climate, food, etc., as the only possible cause of variation. In one very limited sense, as we shall hereafter see, this may be true; but it is preposterous to attribute to mere external conditions, the structure, for instance, of the woodpecker, with its feet, tail, beak, and tongue, so admirably adapted to catch insects under the bark of trees. In the case of the misseltoe, which draws its nourishment from certain trees, which has seeds that must be transported by certain birds, and which has flowers with separate sexes absolutely requiring the agency of certain insects to bring pollen from one flower to the other, it is equally preposterous to account for the structure of this parasite, with its relations to several distinct organic beings, by the effects of external conditions, or of habit, or of the volition of the plant itself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00054", "bookId": 1228, "start": 15914, "end": 16375, "sha256": "abea274cc9d5ce0ac5ee817dd681d0047cc8acf01c49c12c927e76be83eeb414", "text": "The author of the ‘Vestiges of Creation’ would, I presume, say that, after a certain unknown number of generations, some bird had given birth to a woodpecker, and some plant to the misseltoe, and that these had been produced perfect as we now see them; but this assumption seems to me to be no explanation, for it leaves the case of the coadaptations of organic beings to each other and to their physical conditions of life, untouched and unexplained.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00055", "bookId": 1228, "start": 16379, "end": 17049, "sha256": "e93bfa041495b1fc0d323a9cf34c5eb4a7537a269bcd3a7a12e2e04c985173d2", "text": "It is, therefore, of the highest importance to gain a clear insight into the means of modification and coadaptation. At the commencement of my observations it seemed to me probable that a careful study of domesticated animals and of cultivated plants would offer the best chance of making out this obscure problem. Nor have I been disappointed; in this and in all other perplexing cases I have invariably found that our knowledge, imperfect though it be, of variation under domestication, afforded the best and safest clue. I may venture to express my conviction of the high value of such studies, although they have been very commonly neglected by naturalists.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00056", "bookId": 1228, "start": 17053, "end": 18500, "sha256": "5880b17c12018895ab26efae6d9f711d89eb665fc2e20f2e8defedeb61c1d97c", "text": "From these considerations, I shall devote the first chapter of this Abstract to Variation under Domestication. We shall thus see that a large amount of hereditary modification is at least possible, and, what is equally or more important, we shall see how great is the power of man in accumulating by his Selection successive slight variations. I will then pass on to the variability of species in a state of nature; but I shall, unfortunately, be compelled to treat this subject far too briefly, as it can be treated properly only by giving long catalogues of facts. We shall, however, be enabled to discuss what circumstances are most favourable to variation. In the next chapter the Struggle for Existence amongst all organic beings throughout the world, which inevitably follows from their high geometrical powers of increase, will be treated of. This is the doctrine of Malthus, applied to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms. As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive; and as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving, and thus be _naturally selected_. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00057", "bookId": 1228, "start": 18504, "end": 19830, "sha256": "1a37d24d3edd142b93452686049ad2402173e7101e256a863891110bf13cb68a", "text": "This fundamental subject of Natural Selection will be treated at some length in the fourth chapter; and we shall then see how Natural Selection almost inevitably causes much Extinction of the less improved forms of life and induces what I have called Divergence of Character. In the next chapter I shall discuss the complex and little known laws of variation and of correlation of growth. In the four succeeding chapters, the most apparent and gravest difficulties on the theory will be given: namely, first, the difficulties of transitions, or in understanding how a simple being or a simple organ can be changed and perfected into a highly developed being or elaborately constructed organ; secondly the subject of Instinct, or the mental powers of animals, thirdly, Hybridism, or the infertility of species and the fertility of varieties when intercrossed; and fourthly, the imperfection of the Geological Record. In the next chapter I shall consider the geological succession of organic beings throughout time; in the eleventh and twelfth, their geographical distribution throughout space; in the thirteenth, their classification or mutual affinities, both when mature and in an embryonic condition. In the last chapter I shall give a brief recapitulation of the whole work, and a few concluding remarks.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00058", "bookId": 1228, "start": 19834, "end": 21275, "sha256": "977a9bd5bc36bad061d53407471b334849a2860320d3ad2f73484a9394393255", "text": "No one ought to feel surprise at much remaining as yet unexplained in regard to the origin of species and varieties, if he makes due allowance for our profound ignorance in regard to the mutual relations of all the beings which live around us. Who can explain why one species ranges widely and is very numerous, and why another allied species has a narrow range and is rare? Yet these relations are of the highest importance, for they determine the present welfare, and, as I believe, the future success and modification of every inhabitant of this world. Still less do we know of the mutual relations of the innumerable inhabitants of the world during the many past geological epochs in its history. Although much remains obscure, and will long remain obscure, I can entertain no doubt, after the most deliberate study and dispassionate judgment of which I am capable, that the view which most naturalists entertain, and which I formerly entertained—namely, that each species has been independently created—is erroneous. I am fully convinced that species are not immutable; but that those belonging to what are called the same genera are lineal descendants of some other and generally extinct species, in the same manner as the acknowledged varieties of any one species are the descendants of that species. Furthermore, I am convinced that Natural Selection has been the main but not exclusive means of modification.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00059", "bookId": 1228, "start": 21285, "end": 21327, "sha256": "9eca796fa431b70303e7f1f06c76a9eb04096ed1748ed2b21efc9f7331def4c1", "text": "CHAPTER I. VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00060", "bookId": 1228, "start": 21333, "end": 21805, "sha256": "471cf94342a82a0b275264e71d637466d314863099be496f04abfd19ab03af23", "text": "Causes of Variability. Effects of Habit. Correlation of Growth. Inheritance. Character of Domestic Varieties. Difficulty of distinguishing between Varieties and Species. Origin of Domestic Varieties from one or more Species. Domestic Pigeons, their Differences and Origin. Principle of Selection anciently followed, its Effects. Methodical and Unconscious Selection. Unknown Origin of our Domestic Productions. Circumstances favourable to Man’s power of Selection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00061", "bookId": 1228, "start": 21811, "end": 23228, "sha256": "5196723ab06099e029221f39c739c63b2d75b4a2f20a47e028979db34a3d57dd", "text": "When we look to the individuals of the same variety or sub-variety of our older cultivated plants and animals, one of the first points which strikes us, is, that they generally differ much more from each other, than do the individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature. When we reflect on the vast diversity of the plants and animals which have been cultivated, and which have varied during all ages under the most different climates and treatment, I think we are driven to conclude that this greater variability is simply due to our domestic productions having been raised under conditions of life not so uniform as, and somewhat different from, those to which the parent-species have been exposed under nature. There is, also, I think, some probability in the view propounded by Andrew Knight, that this variability may be partly connected with excess of food. It seems pretty clear that organic beings must be exposed during several generations to the new conditions of life to cause any appreciable amount of variation; and that when the organisation has once begun to vary, it generally continues to vary for many generations. No case is on record of a variable being ceasing to be variable under cultivation. Our oldest cultivated plants, such as wheat, still often yield new varieties: our oldest domesticated animals are still capable of rapid improvement or modification.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00062", "bookId": 1228, "start": 23232, "end": 25991, "sha256": "df44b43fa4d665f37296c205dd092476c34cf87c48c04093942778331adc5410", "text": "It has been disputed at what period of life the causes of variability, whatever they may be, generally act; whether during the early or late period of development of the embryo, or at the instant of conception. Geoffroy St. Hilaire’s experiments show that unnatural treatment of the embryo causes monstrosities; and monstrosities cannot be separated by any clear line of distinction from mere variations. But I am strongly inclined to suspect that the most frequent cause of variability may be attributed to the male and female reproductive elements having been affected prior to the act of conception. Several reasons make me believe in this; but the chief one is the remarkable effect which confinement or cultivation has on the functions of the reproductive system; this system appearing to be far more susceptible than any other part of the organisation, to the action of any change in the conditions of life. Nothing is more easy than to tame an animal, and few things more difficult than to get it to breed freely under confinement, even in the many cases when the male and female unite. How many animals there are which will not breed, though living long under not very close confinement in their native country! This is generally attributed to vitiated instincts; but how many cultivated plants display the utmost vigour, and yet rarely or never seed! In some few such cases it has been found out that very trifling changes, such as a little more or less water at some particular period of growth, will determine whether or not the plant sets a seed. I cannot here enter on the copious details which I have collected on this curious subject; but to show how singular the laws are which determine the reproduction of animals under confinement, I may just mention that carnivorous animals, even from the tropics, breed in this country pretty freely under confinement, with the exception of the plantigrades or bear family; whereas, carnivorous birds, with the rarest exceptions, hardly ever lay fertile eggs. Many exotic plants have pollen utterly worthless, in the same exact condition as in the most sterile hybrids. When, on the one hand, we see domesticated animals and plants, though often weak and sickly, yet breeding quite freely under confinement; and when, on the other hand, we see individuals, though taken young from a state of nature, perfectly tamed, long-lived, and healthy (of which I could give numerous instances), yet having their reproductive system so seriously affected by unperceived causes as to fail in acting, we need not be surprised at this system, when it does act under confinement, acting not quite regularly, and producing offspring not perfectly like their parents or variable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00063", "bookId": 1228, "start": 25995, "end": 26574, "sha256": "ed14afa68c71fb49cddf3cd8f061600fc9a9dd1dd7e2ed035d493007edf5fd14", "text": "Sterility has been said to be the bane of horticulture; but on this view we owe variability to the same cause which produces sterility; and variability is the source of all the choicest productions of the garden. I may add, that as some organisms will breed most freely under the most unnatural conditions (for instance, the rabbit and ferret kept in hutches), showing that their reproductive system has not been thus affected; so will some animals and plants withstand domestication or cultivation, and vary very slightly—perhaps hardly more than in a state of nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00064", "bookId": 1228, "start": 26578, "end": 27570, "sha256": "89a5ea6e8c0dbd9c5e6f0b23110bb645a44f06d4c6fa340b87e592321fc9fcf6", "text": "A long list could easily be given of “sporting plants;” by this term gardeners mean a single bud or offset, which suddenly assumes a new and sometimes very different character from that of the rest of the plant. Such buds can be propagated by grafting, etc., and sometimes by seed. These “sports” are extremely rare under nature, but far from rare under cultivation; and in this case we see that the treatment of the parent has affected a bud or offset, and not the ovules or pollen. But it is the opinion of most physiologists that there is no essential difference between a bud and an ovule in their earliest stages of formation; so that, in fact, “sports” support my view, that variability may be largely attributed to the ovules or pollen, or to both, having been affected by the treatment of the parent prior to the act of conception. These cases anyhow show that variation is not necessarily connected, as some authors have supposed, with the act of generation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00065", "bookId": 1228, "start": 27574, "end": 29055, "sha256": "c67c251361d8aca646b1e45379655700c68126cf239ff589cae0075fab951a34", "text": "Seedlings from the same fruit, and the young of the same litter, sometimes differ considerably from each other, though both the young and the parents, as Müller has remarked, have apparently been exposed to exactly the same conditions of life; and this shows how unimportant the direct effects of the conditions of life are in comparison with the laws of reproduction, and of growth, and of inheritance; for had the action of the conditions been direct, if any of the young had varied, all would probably have varied in the same manner. To judge how much, in the case of any variation, we should attribute to the direct action of heat, moisture, light, food, etc., is most difficult: my impression is, that with animals such agencies have produced very little direct effect, though apparently more in the case of plants. Under this point of view, Mr. Buckman’s recent experiments on plants seem extremely valuable. When all or nearly all the individuals exposed to certain conditions are affected in the same way, the change at first appears to be directly due to such conditions; but in some cases it can be shown that quite opposite conditions produce similar changes of structure. Nevertheless some slight amount of change may, I think, be attributed to the direct action of the conditions of life—as, in some cases, increased size from amount of food, colour from particular kinds of food and from light, and perhaps the thickness of fur from climate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00066", "bookId": 1228, "start": 29059, "end": 30041, "sha256": "ca2da5af3cbb4db6f3f195f524651f72a6f3802c505337982edbd1c549a693fa", "text": "Habit also has a decided influence, as in the period of flowering with plants when transported from one climate to another. In animals it has a more marked effect; for instance, I find in the domestic duck that the bones of the wing weigh less and the bones of the leg more, in proportion to the whole skeleton, than do the same bones in the wild-duck; and I presume that this change may be safely attributed to the domestic duck flying much less, and walking more, than its wild parent. The great and inherited development of the udders in cows and goats in countries where they are habitually milked, in comparison with the state of these organs in other countries, is another instance of the effect of use. Not a single domestic animal can be named which has not in some country drooping ears; and the view suggested by some authors, that the drooping is due to the disuse of the muscles of the ear, from the animals not being much alarmed by danger, seems probable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00067", "bookId": 1228, "start": 30045, "end": 31464, "sha256": "8ab0f21c8aa4bf581012580521b9968b8a959fef1e4237045ef17be5ab27fa89", "text": "There are many laws regulating variation, some few of which can be dimly seen, and will be hereafter briefly mentioned. I will here only allude to what may be called correlation of growth. Any change in the embryo or larva will almost certainly entail changes in the mature animal. In monstrosities, the correlations between quite distinct parts are very curious; and many instances are given in Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire’s great work on this subject. Breeders believe that long limbs are almost always accompanied by an elongated head. Some instances of correlation are quite whimsical; thus cats with blue eyes are invariably deaf; colour and constitutional peculiarities go together, of which many remarkable cases could be given amongst animals and plants. From the facts collected by Heusinger, it appears that white sheep and pigs are differently affected from coloured individuals by certain vegetable poisons. Hairless dogs have imperfect teeth; long-haired and coarse-haired animals are apt to have, as is asserted, long or many horns; pigeons with feathered feet have skin between their outer toes; pigeons with short beaks have small feet, and those with long beaks large feet. Hence, if man goes on selecting, and thus augmenting, any peculiarity, he will almost certainly unconsciously modify other parts of the structure, owing to the mysterious laws of the correlation of growth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00068", "bookId": 1228, "start": 31468, "end": 32036, "sha256": "c851849642d19ac6d3a7410e0abaf830787011bd04221570f62b86e3123e1157", "text": "The result of the various, quite unknown, or dimly seen laws of variation is infinitely complex and diversified. It is well worth while carefully to study the several treatises published on some of our old cultivated plants, as on the hyacinth, potato, even the dahlia, etc.; and it is really surprising to note the endless points in structure and constitution in which the varieties and sub-varieties differ slightly from each other. The whole organisation seems to have become plastic, and tends to depart in some small degree from that of the parental type.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00069", "bookId": 1228, "start": 32040, "end": 33511, "sha256": "d93a4f9fb5948ae17e091cdc7ac85d5b426efa9ad400af5253976d41788c8b0b", "text": "Any variation which is not inherited is unimportant for us. But the number and diversity of inheritable deviations of structure, both those of slight and those of considerable physiological importance, is endless. Dr. Prosper Lucas’s treatise, in two large volumes, is the fullest and the best on this subject. No breeder doubts how strong is the tendency to inheritance: like produces like is his fundamental belief: doubts have been thrown on this principle by theoretical writers alone. When a deviation appears not unfrequently, and we see it in the father and child, we cannot tell whether it may not be due to the same original cause acting on both; but when amongst individuals, apparently exposed to the same conditions, any very rare deviation, due to some extraordinary combination of circumstances, appears in the parent—say, once amongst several million individuals—and it reappears in the child, the mere doctrine of chances almost compels us to attribute its reappearance to inheritance. Every one must have heard of cases of albinism, prickly skin, hairy bodies, etc., appearing in several members of the same family. If strange and rare deviations of structure are truly inherited, less strange and commoner deviations may be freely admitted to be inheritable. Perhaps the correct way of viewing the whole subject, would be, to look at the inheritance of every character whatever as the rule, and non-inheritance as the anomaly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00070", "bookId": 1228, "start": 33515, "end": 35439, "sha256": "3792e3acfd9952b8857da78ffbfae561d2af992a92e0d5865158f80578b51b6f", "text": "The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown; no one can say why the same peculiarity in different individuals of the same species, and in individuals of different species, is sometimes inherited and sometimes not so; why the child often reverts in certain characters to its grandfather or grandmother or other much more remote ancestor; why a peculiarity is often transmitted from one sex to both sexes or to one sex alone, more commonly but not exclusively to the like sex. It is a fact of some little importance to us, that peculiarities appearing in the males of our domestic breeds are often transmitted either exclusively, or in a much greater degree, to males alone. A much more important rule, which I think may be trusted, is that, at whatever period of life a peculiarity first appears, it tends to appear in the offspring at a corresponding age, though sometimes earlier. In many cases this could not be otherwise: thus the inherited peculiarities in the horns of cattle could appear only in the offspring when nearly mature; peculiarities in the silkworm are known to appear at the corresponding caterpillar or cocoon stage. But hereditary diseases and some other facts make me believe that the rule has a wider extension, and that when there is no apparent reason why a peculiarity should appear at any particular age, yet that it does tend to appear in the offspring at the same period at which it first appeared in the parent. I believe this rule to be of the highest importance in explaining the laws of embryology. These remarks are of course confined to the first _appearance_ of the peculiarity, and not to its primary cause, which may have acted on the ovules or male element; in nearly the same manner as in the crossed offspring from a short-horned cow by a long-horned bull, the greater length of horn, though appearing late in life, is clearly due to the male element.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00071", "bookId": 1228, "start": 35443, "end": 38011, "sha256": "bec0c8f6a82dbbe99559d0ca5e295e871230d39dbae3e6b133dd5f8a0f390fbf", "text": "Having alluded to the subject of reversion, I may here refer to a statement often made by naturalists—namely, that our domestic varieties, when run wild, gradually but certainly revert in character to their aboriginal stocks. Hence it has been argued that no deductions can be drawn from domestic races to species in a state of nature. I have in vain endeavoured to discover on what decisive facts the above statement has so often and so boldly been made. There would be great difficulty in proving its truth: we may safely conclude that very many of the most strongly-marked domestic varieties could not possibly live in a wild state. In many cases we do not know what the aboriginal stock was, and so could not tell whether or not nearly perfect reversion had ensued. It would be quite necessary, in order to prevent the effects of intercrossing, that only a single variety should be turned loose in its new home. Nevertheless, as our varieties certainly do occasionally revert in some of their characters to ancestral forms, it seems to me not improbable, that if we could succeed in naturalising, or were to cultivate, during many generations, the several races, for instance, of the cabbage, in very poor soil (in which case, however, some effect would have to be attributed to the direct action of the poor soil), that they would to a large extent, or even wholly, revert to the wild aboriginal stock. Whether or not the experiment would succeed, is not of great importance for our line of argument; for by the experiment itself the conditions of life are changed. If it could be shown that our domestic varieties manifested a strong tendency to reversion,—that is, to lose their acquired characters, whilst kept under unchanged conditions, and whilst kept in a considerable body, so that free intercrossing might check, by blending together, any slight deviations of structure, in such case, I grant that we could deduce nothing from domestic varieties in regard to species. But there is not a shadow of evidence in favour of this view: to assert that we could not breed our cart and race-horses, long and short-horned cattle, and poultry of various breeds, and esculent vegetables, for an almost infinite number of generations, would be opposed to all experience. I may add, that when under nature the conditions of life do change, variations and reversions of character probably do occur; but natural selection, as will hereafter be explained, will determine how far the new characters thus arising shall be preserved.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00072", "bookId": 1228, "start": 38015, "end": 39913, "sha256": "48deae7ae1ac2efc1ec2455f014189a289d3f74bc728cb79f9e567ef09d80fa3", "text": "When we look to the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants, and compare them with species closely allied together, we generally perceive in each domestic race, as already remarked, less uniformity of character than in true species. Domestic races of the same species, also, often have a somewhat monstrous character; by which I mean, that, although differing from each other, and from the other species of the same genus, in several trifling respects, they often differ in an extreme degree in some one part, both when compared one with another, and more especially when compared with all the species in nature to which they are nearest allied. With these exceptions (and with that of the perfect fertility of varieties when crossed,—a subject hereafter to be discussed), domestic races of the same species differ from each other in the same manner as, only in most cases in a lesser degree than, do closely-allied species of the same genus in a state of nature. I think this must be admitted, when we find that there are hardly any domestic races, either amongst animals or plants, which have not been ranked by some competent judges as mere varieties, and by other competent judges as the descendants of aboriginally distinct species. If any marked distinction existed between domestic races and species, this source of doubt could not so perpetually recur. It has often been stated that domestic races do not differ from each other in characters of generic value. I think it could be shown that this statement is hardly correct; but naturalists differ most widely in determining what characters are of generic value; all such valuations being at present empirical. Moreover, on the view of the origin of genera which I shall presently give, we have no right to expect often to meet with generic differences in our domesticated productions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00073", "bookId": 1228, "start": 39917, "end": 40842, "sha256": "3322f755d55b390dbabfe58aed53fb9eaab8eec124a9fca66cd0da38deaad432", "text": "When we attempt to estimate the amount of structural difference between the domestic races of the same species, we are soon involved in doubt, from not knowing whether they have descended from one or several parent-species. This point, if it could be cleared up, would be interesting; if, for instance, it could be shown that the greyhound, bloodhound, terrier, spaniel, and bull-dog, which we all know propagate their kind so truly, were the offspring of any single species, then such facts would have great weight in making us doubt about the immutability of the many very closely allied and natural species—for instance, of the many foxes—inhabiting different quarters of the world. I do not believe, as we shall presently see, that all our dogs have descended from any one wild species; but, in the case of some other domestic races, there is presumptive, or even strong, evidence in favour of this view.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00074", "bookId": 1228, "start": 40846, "end": 41877, "sha256": "64141ad2664ce1938f1bb0e0b22d564a5fec0599be1685a2c57e7992e90e7211", "text": "It has often been assumed that man has chosen for domestication animals and plants having an extraordinary inherent tendency to vary, and likewise to withstand diverse climates. I do not dispute that these capacities have added largely to the value of most of our domesticated productions; but how could a savage possibly know, when he first tamed an animal, whether it would vary in succeeding generations, and whether it would endure other climates? Has the little variability of the ass or guinea-fowl, or the small power of endurance of warmth by the rein-deer, or of cold by the common camel, prevented their domestication? I cannot doubt that if other animals and plants, equal in number to our domesticated productions, and belonging to equally diverse classes and countries, were taken from a state of nature, and could be made to breed for an equal number of generations under domestication, they would vary on an average as largely as the parent species of our existing domesticated productions have varied.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00075", "bookId": 1228, "start": 41881, "end": 42994, "sha256": "7f374b3c70a523d634baede7603e5c256bab4dfc0a8f4440f44280303f022c8c", "text": "In the case of most of our anciently domesticated animals and plants, I do not think it is possible to come to any definite conclusion, whether they have descended from one or several species. The argument mainly relied on by those who believe in the multiple origin of our domestic animals is, that we find in the most ancient records, more especially on the monuments of Egypt, much diversity in the breeds; and that some of the breeds closely resemble, perhaps are identical with, those still existing. Even if this latter fact were found more strictly and generally true than seems to me to be the case, what does it show, but that some of our breeds originated there, four or five thousand years ago? But Mr. Horner’s researches have rendered it in some degree probable that man sufficiently civilized to have manufactured pottery existed in the valley of the Nile thirteen or fourteen thousand years ago; and who will pretend to say how long before these ancient periods, savages, like those of Tierra del Fuego or Australia, who possess a semi-domestic dog, may not have existed in Egypt?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00076", "bookId": 1228, "start": 42998, "end": 44231, "sha256": "4a1c970a999b72b083a34f7c37d577b3620e2b68fd206c0e5d8c9c8001d21996", "text": "The whole subject must, I think, remain vague; nevertheless, I may, without here entering on any details, state that, from geographical and other considerations, I think it highly probable that our domestic dogs have descended from several wild species. In regard to sheep and goats I can form no opinion. I should think, from facts communicated to me by Mr. Blyth, on the habits, voice, and constitution, etc., of the humped Indian cattle, that these had descended from a different aboriginal stock from our European cattle; and several competent judges believe that these latter have had more than one wild parent. With respect to horses, from reasons which I cannot give here, I am doubtfully inclined to believe, in opposition to several authors, that all the races have descended from one wild stock. Mr. Blyth, whose opinion, from his large and varied stores of knowledge, I should value more than that of almost any one, thinks that all the breeds of poultry have proceeded from the common wild Indian fowl (Gallus bankiva). In regard to ducks and rabbits, the breeds of which differ considerably from each other in structure, I do not doubt that they all have descended from the common wild duck and rabbit.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00077", "bookId": 1228, "start": 44235, "end": 47188, "sha256": "89bc647f439b23f8876529782360b9d34c73f7d1fb0ada48eda00cfe8060cbf3", "text": "The doctrine of the origin of our several domestic races from several aboriginal stocks, has been carried to an absurd extreme by some authors. They believe that every race which breeds true, let the distinctive characters be ever so slight, has had its wild prototype. At this rate there must have existed at least a score of species of wild cattle, as many sheep, and several goats in Europe alone, and several even within Great Britain. One author believes that there formerly existed in Great Britain eleven wild species of sheep peculiar to it! When we bear in mind that Britain has now hardly one peculiar mammal, and France but few distinct from those of Germany and conversely, and so with Hungary, Spain, etc., but that each of these kingdoms possesses several peculiar breeds of cattle, sheep, etc., we must admit that many domestic breeds have originated in Europe; for whence could they have been derived, as these several countries do not possess a number of peculiar species as distinct parent-stocks? So it is in India. Even in the case of the domestic dogs of the whole world, which I fully admit have probably descended from several wild species, I cannot doubt that there has been an immense amount of inherited variation. Who can believe that animals closely resembling the Italian greyhound, the bloodhound, the bull-dog, or Blenheim spaniel, etc.—so unlike all wild Canidæ—ever existed freely in a state of nature? It has often been loosely said that all our races of dogs have been produced by the crossing of a few aboriginal species; but by crossing we can get only forms in some degree intermediate between their parents; and if we account for our several domestic races by this process, we must admit the former existence of the most extreme forms, as the Italian greyhound, bloodhound, bull-dog, etc., in the wild state. Moreover, the possibility of making distinct races by crossing has been greatly exaggerated. There can be no doubt that a race may be modified by occasional crosses, if aided by the careful selection of those individual mongrels, which present any desired character; but that a race could be obtained nearly intermediate between two extremely different races or species, I can hardly believe. Sir J. Sebright expressly experimentised for this object, and failed. The offspring from the first cross between two pure breeds is tolerably and sometimes (as I have found with pigeons) extremely uniform, and everything seems simple enough; but when these mongrels are crossed one with another for several generations, hardly two of them will be alike, and then the extreme difficulty, or rather utter hopelessness, of the task becomes apparent. Certainly, a breed intermediate between _two very distinct_ breeds could not be got without extreme care and long-continued selection; nor can I find a single case on record of a permanent race having been thus formed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00078", "bookId": 1228, "start": 47192, "end": 49867, "sha256": "c154f2e6e0dbecd918f3fe4794094dee5d48c7af5c82133e0f765b52ad7deb9a", "text": "_On the Breeds of the Domestic Pigeon_.—Believing that it is always best to study some special group, I have, after deliberation, taken up domestic pigeons. I have kept every breed which I could purchase or obtain, and have been most kindly favoured with skins from several quarters of the world, more especially by the Honourable W. Elliot from India, and by the Honourable C. Murray from Persia. Many treatises in different languages have been published on pigeons, and some of them are very important, as being of considerable antiquity. I have associated with several eminent fanciers, and have been permitted to join two of the London Pigeon Clubs. The diversity of the breeds is something astonishing. Compare the English carrier and the short-faced tumbler, and see the wonderful difference in their beaks, entailing corresponding differences in their skulls. The carrier, more especially the male bird, is also remarkable from the wonderful development of the carunculated skin about the head, and this is accompanied by greatly elongated eyelids, very large external orifices to the nostrils, and a wide gape of mouth. The short-faced tumbler has a beak in outline almost like that of a finch; and the common tumbler has the singular and strictly inherited habit of flying at a great height in a compact flock, and tumbling in the air head over heels. The runt is a bird of great size, with long, massive beak and large feet; some of the sub-breeds of runts have very long necks, others very long wings and tails, others singularly short tails. The barb is allied to the carrier, but, instead of a very long beak, has a very short and very broad one. The pouter has a much elongated body, wings, and legs; and its enormously developed crop, which it glories in inflating, may well excite astonishment and even laughter. The turbit has a very short and conical beak, with a line of reversed feathers down the breast; and it has the habit of continually expanding slightly the upper part of the oesophagus. The Jacobin has the feathers so much reversed along the back of the neck that they form a hood, and it has, proportionally to its size, much elongated wing and tail feathers. The trumpeter and laugher, as their names express, utter a very different coo from the other breeds. The fantail has thirty or even forty tail-feathers, instead of twelve or fourteen, the normal number in all members of the great pigeon family; and these feathers are kept expanded, and are carried so erect that in good birds the head and tail touch; the oil-gland is quite aborted. Several other less distinct breeds might have been specified.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00079", "bookId": 1228, "start": 49871, "end": 51417, "sha256": "7b1c0ee6e0b6006d0003f7b24a8912405796ea957b096d0fc2cbdf36debc079d", "text": "In the skeletons of the several breeds, the development of the bones of the face in length and breadth and curvature differs enormously. The shape, as well as the breadth and length of the ramus of the lower jaw, varies in a highly remarkable manner. The number of the caudal and sacral vertebræ vary; as does the number of the ribs, together with their relative breadth and the presence of processes. The size and shape of the apertures in the sternum are highly variable; so is the degree of divergence and relative size of the two arms of the furcula. The proportional width of the gape of mouth, the proportional length of the eyelids, of the orifice of the nostrils, of the tongue (not always in strict correlation with the length of beak), the size of the crop and of the upper part of the oesophagus; the development and abortion of the oil-gland; the number of the primary wing and caudal feathers; the relative length of wing and tail to each other and to the body; the relative length of leg and of the feet; the number of scutellæ on the toes, the development of skin between the toes, are all points of structure which are variable. The period at which the perfect plumage is acquired varies, as does the state of the down with which the nestling birds are clothed when hatched. The shape and size of the eggs vary. The manner of flight differs remarkably; as does in some breeds the voice and disposition. Lastly, in certain breeds, the males and females have come to differ to a slight degree from each other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00080", "bookId": 1228, "start": 51421, "end": 52041, "sha256": "a699cb0f49e691df11860c43122fecad6feea3bbf289caff611e5fb41ea322d7", "text": "Altogether at least a score of pigeons might be chosen, which if shown to an ornithologist, and he were told that they were wild birds, would certainly, I think, be ranked by him as well-defined species. Moreover, I do not believe that any ornithologist would place touch; the oil-gland is quite aborted. Several other less distinct breeds might have been specified. the English carrier, the short-faced tumbler, the runt, the barb, pouter, and fantail in the same genus; more especially as in each of these breeds several truly-inherited sub-breeds, or species as he might have called them, could be shown him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00081", "bookId": 1228, "start": 52045, "end": 54665, "sha256": "ec1e68585f46a141ae7d4dfcf08a94ee7f9c4b2ae5b40c08d61926f649fbbb6f", "text": "Great as the differences are between the breeds of pigeons, I am fully convinced that the common opinion of naturalists is correct, namely, that all have descended from the rock-pigeon (Columba livia), including under this term several geographical races or sub-species, which differ from each other in the most trifling respects. As several of the reasons which have led me to this belief are in some degree applicable in other cases, I will here briefly give them. If the several breeds are not varieties, and have not proceeded from the rock-pigeon, they must have descended from at least seven or eight aboriginal stocks; for it is impossible to make the present domestic breeds by the crossing of any lesser number: how, for instance, could a pouter be produced by crossing two breeds unless one of the parent-stocks possessed the characteristic enormous crop? The supposed aboriginal stocks must all have been rock-pigeons, that is, not breeding or willingly perching on trees. But besides C. livia, with its geographical sub-species, only two or three other species of rock-pigeons are known; and these have not any of the characters of the domestic breeds. Hence the supposed aboriginal stocks must either still exist in the countries where they were originally domesticated, and yet be unknown to ornithologists; and this, considering their size, habits, and remarkable characters, seems very improbable; or they must have become extinct in the wild state. But birds breeding on precipices, and good fliers, are unlikely to be exterminated; and the common rock-pigeon, which has the same habits with the domestic breeds, has not been exterminated even on several of the smaller British islets, or on the shores of the Mediterranean. Hence the supposed extermination of so many species having similar habits with the rock-pigeon seems to me a very rash assumption. Moreover, the several above-named domesticated breeds have been transported to all parts of the world, and, therefore, some of them must have been carried back again into their native country; but not one has ever become wild or feral, though the dovecot-pigeon, which is the rock-pigeon in a very slightly altered state, has become feral in several places. Again, all recent experience shows that it is most difficult to get any wild animal to breed freely under domestication; yet on the hypothesis of the multiple origin of our pigeons, it must be assumed that at least seven or eight species were so thoroughly domesticated in ancient times by half-civilized man, as to be quite prolific under confinement.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00082", "bookId": 1228, "start": 54669, "end": 55648, "sha256": "e7f4b7873caee1c680feb1022913296eacb0d769eb843fe8bc56055124da3576", "text": "An argument, as it seems to me, of great weight, and applicable in several other cases, is, that the above-specified breeds, though agreeing generally in constitution, habits, voice, colouring, and in most parts of their structure, with the wild rock-pigeon, yet are certainly highly abnormal in other parts of their structure: we may look in vain throughout the whole great family of Columbidæ for a beak like that of the English carrier, or that of the short-faced tumbler, or barb; for reversed feathers like those of the jacobin; for a crop like that of the pouter; for tail-feathers like those of the fantail. Hence it must be assumed not only that half-civilized man succeeded in thoroughly domesticating several species, but that he intentionally or by chance picked out extraordinarily abnormal species; and further, that these very species have since all become extinct or unknown. So many strange contingencies seem to me improbable in the highest degree.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00083", "bookId": 1228, "start": 55654, "end": 58513, "sha256": "16035f8e8087322df01deac3b748df6646166fc22036dc28af8dcc727c284339", "text": "Some facts in regard to the colouring of pigeons well deserve consideration. The rock-pigeon is of a slaty-blue, and has a white rump (the Indian sub-species, C. intermedia of Strickland, having it bluish); the tail has a terminal dark bar, with the bases of the outer feathers externally edged with white; the wings have two black bars; some semi-domestic breeds and some apparently truly wild breeds have, besides the two black bars, the wings chequered with black. These several marks do not occur together in any other species of the whole family. Now, in every one of the domestic breeds, taking thoroughly well-bred birds, all the above marks, even to the white edging of the outer tail-feathers, sometimes concur perfectly developed. Moreover, when two birds belonging to two distinct breeds are crossed, neither of which is blue or has any of the above-specified marks, the mongrel offspring are very apt suddenly to acquire these characters; for instance, I crossed some uniformly white fantails with some uniformly black barbs, and they produced mottled brown and black birds; these I again crossed together, and one grandchild of the pure white fantail and pure black barb was of as beautiful a blue colour, with the white rump, double black wing-bar, and barred and white-edged tail-feathers, as any wild rock-pigeon! We can understand these facts, on the well-known principle of reversion to ancestral characters, if all the domestic breeds have descended from the rock-pigeon. But if we deny this, we must make one of the two following highly improbable suppositions. Either, firstly, that all the several imagined aboriginal stocks were coloured and marked like the rock-pigeon, although no other existing species is thus coloured and marked, so that in each separate breed there might be a tendency to revert to the very same colours and markings. Or, secondly, that each breed, even the purest, has within a dozen or, at most, within a score of generations, been crossed by the rock-pigeon: I say within a dozen or twenty generations, for we know of no fact countenancing the belief that the child ever reverts to some one ancestor, removed by a greater number of generations. In a breed which has been crossed only once with some distinct breed, the tendency to reversion to any character derived from such cross will naturally become less and less, as in each succeeding generation there will be less of the foreign blood; but when there has been no cross with a distinct breed, and there is a tendency in both parents to revert to a character, which has been lost during some former generation, this tendency, for all that we can see to the contrary, may be transmitted undiminished for an indefinite number of generations. These two distinct cases are often confounded in treatises on inheritance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00084", "bookId": 1228, "start": 58517, "end": 59390, "sha256": "8cc1e92d8951125c1568521af0da7ed80851a9db272e6d2ac96c489467ffb0e8", "text": "Lastly, the hybrids or mongrels from between all the domestic breeds of pigeons are perfectly fertile. I can state this from my own observations, purposely made on the most distinct breeds. Now, it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to bring forward one case of the hybrid offspring of two animals _clearly distinct_ being themselves perfectly fertile. Some authors believe that long-continued domestication eliminates this strong tendency to sterility: from the history of the dog I think there is some probability in this hypothesis, if applied to species closely related together, though it is unsupported by a single experiment. But to extend the hypothesis so far as to suppose that species, aboriginally as distinct as carriers, tumblers, pouters, and fantails now are, should yield offspring perfectly fertile, _inter se_, seems to me rash in the extreme.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00085", "bookId": 1228, "start": 59394, "end": 60152, "sha256": "714ce73d5336c54e516747e77013481a18acf2e23e7d85c6e4b3999bf2e14877", "text": "From these several reasons, namely, the improbability of man having formerly got seven or eight supposed species of pigeons to breed freely under domestication; these supposed species being quite unknown in a wild state, and their becoming nowhere feral; these species having very abnormal characters in certain respects, as compared with all other Columbidæ, though so like in most other respects to the rock-pigeon; the blue colour and various marks occasionally appearing in all the breeds, both when kept pure and when crossed; the mongrel offspring being perfectly fertile;—from these several reasons, taken together, I can feel no doubt that all our domestic breeds have descended from the Columba livia with its geographical sub-species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00086", "bookId": 1228, "start": 60156, "end": 62573, "sha256": "c3d8e53d6a89a01c036fdbd16cd065be0c61d79f3cc25e2f47c9832769ec3a34", "text": "In favour of this view, I may add, firstly, that C. livia, or the rock-pigeon, has been found capable of domestication in Europe and in India; and that it agrees in habits and in a great number of points of structure with all the domestic breeds. Secondly, although an English carrier or short-faced tumbler differs immensely in certain characters from the rock-pigeon, yet by comparing the several sub-breeds of these breeds, more especially those brought from distant countries, we can make an almost perfect series between the extremes of structure. Thirdly, those characters which are mainly distinctive of each breed, for instance the wattle and length of beak of the carrier, the shortness of that of the tumbler, and the number of tail-feathers in the fantail, are in each breed eminently variable; and the explanation of this fact will be obvious when we come to treat of selection. Fourthly, pigeons have been watched, and tended with the utmost care, and loved by many people. They have been domesticated for thousands of years in several quarters of the world; the earliest known record of pigeons is in the fifth Aegyptian dynasty, about 3000 B.C., as was pointed out to me by Professor Lepsius; but Mr. Birch informs me that pigeons are given in a bill of fare in the previous dynasty. In the time of the Romans, as we hear from Pliny, immense prices were given for pigeons; “nay, they are come to this pass, that they can reckon up their pedigree and race.” Pigeons were much valued by Akber Khan in India, about the year 1600; never less than 20,000 pigeons were taken with the court. “The monarchs of Iran and Turan sent him some very rare birds;” and, continues the courtly historian, “His Majesty by crossing the breeds, which method was never practised before, has improved them astonishingly.” About this same period the Dutch were as eager about pigeons as were the old Romans. The paramount importance of these considerations in explaining the immense amount of variation which pigeons have undergone, will be obvious when we treat of Selection. We shall then, also, see how it is that the breeds so often have a somewhat monstrous character. It is also a most favourable circumstance for the production of distinct breeds, that male and female pigeons can be easily mated for life; and thus different breeds can be kept together in the same aviary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00087", "bookId": 1228, "start": 62577, "end": 64750, "sha256": "5d9fae06fe382eb441ce0d73587de4788fa32b6da10c91cabecffbbd3f7b0ff7", "text": "I have discussed the probable origin of domestic pigeons at some, yet quite insufficient, length; because when I first kept pigeons and watched the several kinds, knowing well how true they bred, I felt fully as much difficulty in believing that they could ever have descended from a common parent, as any naturalist could in coming to a similar conclusion in regard to the many species of finches, or other large groups of birds, in nature. One circumstance has struck me much; namely, that all the breeders of the various domestic animals and the cultivators of plants, with whom I have ever conversed, or whose treatises I have read, are firmly convinced that the several breeds to which each has attended, are descended from so many aboriginally distinct species. Ask, as I have asked, a celebrated raiser of Hereford cattle, whether his cattle might not have descended from long horns, and he will laugh you to scorn. I have never met a pigeon, or poultry, or duck, or rabbit fancier, who was not fully convinced that each main breed was descended from a distinct species. Van Mons, in his treatise on pears and apples, shows how utterly he disbelieves that the several sorts, for instance a Ribston-pippin or Codlin-apple, could ever have proceeded from the seeds of the same tree. Innumerable other examples could be given. The explanation, I think, is simple: from long-continued study they are strongly impressed with the differences between the several races; and though they well know that each race varies slightly, for they win their prizes by selecting such slight differences, yet they ignore all general arguments, and refuse to sum up in their minds slight differences accumulated during many successive generations. May not those naturalists who, knowing far less of the laws of inheritance than does the breeder, and knowing no more than he does of the intermediate links in the long lines of descent, yet admit that many of our domestic races have descended from the same parents—may they not learn a lesson of caution, when they deride the idea of species in a state of nature being lineal descendants of other species?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00088", "bookId": 1228, "start": 64754, "end": 67004, "sha256": "50d7fa6fb6039d5a528fd70a2b59fe3276316732e59f7d30db6c4f1e6dbefcf7", "text": "_Selection_.—Let us now briefly consider the steps by which domestic races have been produced, either from one or from several allied species. Some little effect may, perhaps, be attributed to the direct action of the external conditions of life, and some little to habit; but he would be a bold man who would account by such agencies for the differences of a dray and race horse, a greyhound and bloodhound, a carrier and tumbler pigeon. One of the most remarkable features in our domesticated races is that we see in them adaptation, not indeed to the animal’s or plant’s own good, but to man’s use or fancy. Some variations useful to him have probably arisen suddenly, or by one step; many botanists, for instance, believe that the fuller’s teazle, with its hooks, which cannot be rivalled by any mechanical contrivance, is only a variety of the wild Dipsacus; and this amount of change may have suddenly arisen in a seedling. So it has probably been with the turnspit dog; and this is known to have been the case with the ancon sheep. But when we compare the dray-horse and race-horse, the dromedary and camel, the various breeds of sheep fitted either for cultivated land or mountain pasture, with the wool of one breed good for one purpose, and that of another breed for another purpose; when we compare the many breeds of dogs, each good for man in very different ways; when we compare the game-cock, so pertinacious in battle, with other breeds so little quarrelsome, with “everlasting layers” which never desire to sit, and with the bantam so small and elegant; when we compare the host of agricultural, culinary, orchard, and flower-garden races of plants, most useful to man at different seasons and for different purposes, or so beautiful in his eyes, we must, I think, look further than to mere variability. We cannot suppose that all the breeds were suddenly produced as perfect and as useful as we now see them; indeed, in several cases, we know that this has not been their history. The key is man’s power of accumulative selection: nature gives successive variations; man adds them up in certain directions useful to him. In this sense he may be said to make for himself useful breeds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00089", "bookId": 1228, "start": 67008, "end": 68837, "sha256": "6e523de7d5328e625524ebaf0e89259d0103f23ac7a74c057f4fa432907d5b12", "text": "The great power of this principle of selection is not hypothetical. It is certain that several of our eminent breeders have, even within a single lifetime, modified to a large extent some breeds of cattle and sheep. In order fully to realise what they have done, it is almost necessary to read several of the many treatises devoted to this subject, and to inspect the animals. Breeders habitually speak of an animal’s organisation as something quite plastic, which they can model almost as they please. If I had space I could quote numerous passages to this effect from highly competent authorities. Youatt, who was probably better acquainted with the works of agriculturalists than almost any other individual, and who was himself a very good judge of an animal, speaks of the principle of selection as “that which enables the agriculturist, not only to modify the character of his flock, but to change it altogether. It is the magician’s wand, by means of which he may summon into life whatever form and mould he pleases.” Lord Somerville, speaking of what breeders have done for sheep, says:—“It would seem as if they had chalked out upon a wall a form perfect in itself, and then had given it existence.” That most skilful breeder, Sir John Sebright, used to say, with respect to pigeons, that “he would produce any given feather in three years, but it would take him six years to obtain head and beak.” In Saxony the importance of the principle of selection in regard to merino sheep is so fully recognised, that men follow it as a trade: the sheep are placed on a table and are studied, like a picture by a connoisseur; this is done three times at intervals of months, and the sheep are each time marked and classed, so that the very best may ultimately be selected for breeding.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00090", "bookId": 1228, "start": 68841, "end": 70222, "sha256": "66001de0827dbbd2b244339f1c55d887a711a57c10c4e43f2a9784ee593faf7d", "text": "What English breeders have actually effected is proved by the enormous prices given for animals with a good pedigree; and these have now been exported to almost every quarter of the world. The improvement is by no means generally due to crossing different breeds; all the best breeders are strongly opposed to this practice, except sometimes amongst closely allied sub-breeds. And when a cross has been made, the closest selection is far more indispensable even than in ordinary cases. If selection consisted merely in separating some very distinct variety, and breeding from it, the principle would be so obvious as hardly to be worth notice; but its importance consists in the great effect produced by the accumulation in one direction, during successive generations, of differences absolutely inappreciable by an uneducated eye—differences which I for one have vainly attempted to appreciate. Not one man in a thousand has accuracy of eye and judgment sufficient to become an eminent breeder. If gifted with these qualities, and he studies his subject for years, and devotes his lifetime to it with indomitable perseverance, he will succeed, and may make great improvements; if he wants any of these qualities, he will assuredly fail. Few would readily believe in the natural capacity and years of practice requisite to become even a skilful pigeon-fancier.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00091", "bookId": 1228, "start": 70226, "end": 71186, "sha256": "6e76da22f22a8298c02a391e6b718459441755731571d2d58ff7de65bcd66950", "text": "The same principles are followed by horticulturists; but the variations are here often more abrupt. No one supposes that our choicest productions have been produced by a single variation from the aboriginal stock. We have proofs that this is not so in some cases, in which exact records have been kept; thus, to give a very trifling instance, the steadily-increasing size of the common gooseberry may be quoted. We see an astonishing improvement in many florists’ flowers, when the flowers of the present day are compared with drawings made only twenty or thirty years ago. When a race of plants is once pretty well established, the seed-raisers do not pick out the best plants, but merely go over their seed-beds, and pull up the “rogues,” as they call the plants that deviate from the proper standard. With animals this kind of selection is, in fact, also followed; for hardly any one is so careless as to allow his worst animals to breed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00092", "bookId": 1228, "start": 71190, "end": 72497, "sha256": "f13f361708588b50edecb4ddce069aebb3fad711e29434f1a031ec0e3f372fd4", "text": "In regard to plants, there is another means of observing the accumulated effects of selection—namely, by comparing the diversity of flowers in the different varieties of the same species in the flower-garden; the diversity of leaves, pods, or tubers, or whatever part is valued, in the kitchen-garden, in comparison with the flowers of the same varieties; and the diversity of fruit of the same species in the orchard, in comparison with the leaves and flowers of the same set of varieties. See how different the leaves of the cabbage are, and how extremely alike the flowers; how unlike the flowers of the heartsease are, and how alike the leaves; how much the fruit of the different kinds of gooseberries differ in size, colour, shape, and hairiness, and yet the flowers present very slight differences. It is not that the varieties which differ largely in some one point do not differ at all in other points; this is hardly ever, perhaps never, the case. The laws of correlation of growth, the importance of which should never be overlooked, will ensure some differences; but, as a general rule, I cannot doubt that the continued selection of slight variations, either in the leaves, the flowers, or the fruit, will produce races differing from each other chiefly in these characters.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00093", "bookId": 1228, "start": 72501, "end": 74335, "sha256": "c0cdc1a50bf670e5c0fba899a8c43dd55e0bb005e2952ada9a9dfcfee2fef4ca", "text": "It may be objected that the principle of selection has been reduced to methodical practice for scarcely more than three-quarters of a century; it has certainly been more attended to of late years, and many treatises have been published on the subject; and the result, I may add, has been, in a corresponding degree, rapid and important. But it is very far from true that the principle is a modern discovery. I could give several references to the full acknowledgment of the importance of the principle in works of high antiquity. In rude and barbarous periods of English history choice animals were often imported, and laws were passed to prevent their exportation: the destruction of horses under a certain size was ordered, and this may be compared to the “roguing” of plants by nurserymen. The principle of selection I find distinctly given in an ancient Chinese encyclopædia. Explicit rules are laid down by some of the Roman classical writers. From passages in Genesis, it is clear that the colour of domestic animals was at that early period attended to. Savages now sometimes cross their dogs with wild canine animals, to improve the breed, and they formerly did so, as is attested by passages in Pliny. The savages in South Africa match their draught cattle by colour, as do some of the Esquimaux their teams of dogs. Livingstone shows how much good domestic breeds are valued by the negroes of the interior of Africa who have not associated with Europeans. Some of these facts do not show actual selection, but they show that the breeding of domestic animals was carefully attended to in ancient times, and is now attended to by the lowest savages. It would, indeed, have been a strange fact, had attention not been paid to breeding, for the inheritance of good and bad qualities is so obvious.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00094", "bookId": 1228, "start": 74339, "end": 76361, "sha256": "f07f973bb0102446107035df40bbf7a8de5cfc902ed3db99ae83daeb11f8e3df", "text": "At the present time, eminent breeders try by methodical selection, with a distinct object in view, to make a new strain or sub-breed, superior to anything existing in the country. But, for our purpose, a kind of Selection, which may be called Unconscious, and which results from every one trying to possess and breed from the best individual animals, is more important. Thus, a man who intends keeping pointers naturally tries to get as good dogs as he can, and afterwards breeds from his own best dogs, but he has no wish or expectation of permanently altering the breed. Nevertheless I cannot doubt that this process, continued during centuries, would improve and modify any breed, in the same way as Bakewell, Collins, etc., by this very same process, only carried on more methodically, did greatly modify, even during their own lifetimes, the forms and qualities of their cattle. Slow and insensible changes of this kind could never be recognised unless actual measurements or careful drawings of the breeds in question had been made long ago, which might serve for comparison. In some cases, however, unchanged or but little changed individuals of the same breed may be found in less civilised districts, where the breed has been less improved. There is reason to believe that King Charles’s spaniel has been unconsciously modified to a large extent since the time of that monarch. Some highly competent authorities are convinced that the setter is directly derived from the spaniel, and has probably been slowly altered from it. It is known that the English pointer has been greatly changed within the last century, and in this case the change has, it is believed, been chiefly effected by crosses with the fox-hound; but what concerns us is, that the change has been effected unconsciously and gradually, and yet so effectually, that, though the old Spanish pointer certainly came from Spain, Mr. Borrow has not seen, as I am informed by him, any native dog in Spain like our pointer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00095", "bookId": 1228, "start": 76365, "end": 77088, "sha256": "65dd6fd05e688c807f3887d80d840b10c355dcdb39c609f4f26fe279ccc0fce2", "text": "By a similar process of selection, and by careful training, the whole body of English racehorses have come to surpass in fleetness and size the parent Arab stock, so that the latter, by the regulations for the Goodwood Races, are favoured in the weights they carry. Lord Spencer and others have shown how the cattle of England have increased in weight and in early maturity, compared with the stock formerly kept in this country. By comparing the accounts given in old pigeon treatises of carriers and tumblers with these breeds as now existing in Britain, India, and Persia, we can, I think, clearly trace the stages through which they have insensibly passed, and come to differ so greatly from the rock-pigeon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00096", "bookId": 1228, "start": 77092, "end": 77946, "sha256": "94f5def7686eb8a28ec18946413078737d9f21c52cc9f233664737a4f0f7c2c9", "text": "Youatt gives an excellent illustration of the effects of a course of selection, which may be considered as unconsciously followed, in so far that the breeders could never have expected or even have wished to have produced the result which ensued—namely, the production of two distinct strains. The two flocks of Leicester sheep kept by Mr. Buckley and Mr. Burgess, as Mr. Youatt remarks, “have been purely bred from the original stock of Mr. Bakewell for upwards of fifty years. There is not a suspicion existing in the mind of any one at all acquainted with the subject that the owner of either of them has deviated in any one instance from the pure blood of Mr. Bakewell’s flock, and yet the difference between the sheep possessed by these two gentlemen is so great that they have the appearance of being quite different varieties.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00097", "bookId": 1228, "start": 77950, "end": 78599, "sha256": "b327d3c0a08031153e292574453f15a1dc3d489d28895a435949c1540d5042b0", "text": "If there exist savages so barbarous as never to think of the inherited character of the offspring of their domestic animals, yet any one animal particularly useful to them, for any special purpose, would be carefully preserved during famines and other accidents, to which savages are so liable, and such choice animals would thus generally leave more offspring than the inferior ones; so that in this case there would be a kind of unconscious selection going on. We see the value set on animals even by the barbarians of Tierra del Fuego, by their killing and devouring their old women, in times of dearth, as of less value than their dogs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00098", "bookId": 1228, "start": 78603, "end": 80317, "sha256": "a1fe02ca9b85351c0efb39cdb8fc74127854d348d81075628c2db4281e353733", "text": "In plants the same gradual process of improvement, through the occasional preservation of the best individuals, whether or not sufficiently distinct to be ranked at their first appearance as distinct varieties, and whether or not two or more species or races have become blended together by crossing, may plainly be recognised in the increased size and beauty which we now see in the varieties of the heartsease, rose, pelargonium, dahlia, and other plants, when compared with the older varieties or with their parent-stocks. No one would ever expect to get a first-rate heartsease or dahlia from the seed of a wild plant. No one would expect to raise a first-rate melting pear from the seed of a wild pear, though he might succeed from a poor seedling growing wild, if it had come from a garden-stock. The pear, though cultivated in classical times, appears, from Pliny’s description, to have been a fruit of very inferior quality. I have seen great surprise expressed in horticultural works at the wonderful skill of gardeners, in having produced such splendid results from such poor materials; but the art, I cannot doubt, has been simple, and, as far as the final result is concerned, has been followed almost unconsciously. It has consisted in always cultivating the best known variety, sowing its seeds, and, when a slightly better variety has chanced to appear, selecting it, and so onwards. But the gardeners of the classical period, who cultivated the best pear they could procure, never thought what splendid fruit we should eat; though we owe our excellent fruit, in some small degree, to their having naturally chosen and preserved the best varieties they could anywhere find.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00099", "bookId": 1228, "start": 80321, "end": 81286, "sha256": "8257eb9e87606c2d0fd424fe49d0706b95a16eb99e8ecec61cc4cc07d12ae6f4", "text": "A large amount of change in our cultivated plants, thus slowly and unconsciously accumulated, explains, as I believe, the well-known fact, that in a vast number of cases we cannot recognise, and therefore do not know, the wild parent-stocks of the plants which have been longest cultivated in our flower and kitchen gardens. If it has taken centuries or thousands of years to improve or modify most of our plants up to their present standard of usefulness to man, we can understand how it is that neither Australia, the Cape of Good Hope, nor any other region inhabited by quite uncivilised man, has afforded us a single plant worth culture. It is not that these countries, so rich in species, do not by a strange chance possess the aboriginal stocks of any useful plants, but that the native plants have not been improved by continued selection up to a standard of perfection comparable with that given to the plants in countries anciently civilised.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00100", "bookId": 1228, "start": 81290, "end": 82010, "sha256": "4041257683117e135ccd212e32eb5c77a0e0c9e1dd311459c5078b22e5c732d1", "text": "In regard to the domestic animals kept by uncivilised man, it should not be overlooked that they almost always have to struggle for their own food, at least during certain seasons. And in two countries very differently circumstanced, individuals of the same species, having slightly different constitutions or structure, would often succeed better in the one country than in the other, and thus by a process of “natural selection,” as will hereafter be more fully explained, two sub-breeds might be formed. This, perhaps, partly explains what has been remarked by some authors, namely, that the varieties kept by savages have more of the character of species than the varieties kept in civilised countries.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00101", "bookId": 1228, "start": 82014, "end": 83869, "sha256": "f58499754c15ce4ffb2adf12899116bd10b15f222544f0bcbaee24fa19a8fde8", "text": "On the view here given of the all-important part which selection by man has played, it becomes at once obvious, how it is that our domestic races show adaptation in their structure or in their habits to man’s wants or fancies. We can, I think, further understand the frequently abnormal character of our domestic races, and likewise their differences being so great in external characters and relatively so slight in internal parts or organs. Man can hardly select, or only with much difficulty, any deviation of structure excepting such as is externally visible; and indeed he rarely cares for what is internal. He can never act by selection, excepting on variations which are first given to him in some slight degree by nature. No man would ever try to make a fantail, till he saw a pigeon with a tail developed in some slight degree in an unusual manner, or a pouter till he saw a pigeon with a crop of somewhat unusual size; and the more abnormal or unusual any character was when it first appeared, the more likely it would be to catch his attention. But to use such an expression as trying to make a fantail, is, I have no doubt, in most cases, utterly incorrect. The man who first selected a pigeon with a slightly larger tail, never dreamed what the descendants of that pigeon would become through long-continued, partly unconscious and partly methodical selection. Perhaps the parent bird of all fantails had only fourteen tail-feathers somewhat expanded, like the present Java fantail, or like individuals of other and distinct breeds, in which as many as seventeen tail-feathers have been counted. Perhaps the first pouter-pigeon did not inflate its crop much more than the turbit now does the upper part of its oesophagus,—a habit which is disregarded by all fanciers, as it is not one of the points of the breed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00102", "bookId": 1228, "start": 83873, "end": 84745, "sha256": "ef313ba8d7adfd2b4495da13bfdf3974bef5372844764f48a951b227b59d5e70", "text": "Nor let it be thought that some great deviation of structure would be necessary to catch the fancier’s eye: he perceives extremely small differences, and it is in human nature to value any novelty, however slight, in one’s own possession. Nor must the value which would formerly be set on any slight differences in the individuals of the same species, be judged of by the value which would now be set on them, after several breeds have once fairly been established. Many slight differences might, and indeed do now, arise amongst pigeons, which are rejected as faults or deviations from the standard of perfection of each breed. The common goose has not given rise to any marked varieties; hence the Thoulouse and the common breed, which differ only in colour, that most fleeting of characters, have lately been exhibited as distinct at our poultry-shows.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00103", "bookId": 1228, "start": 84749, "end": 86295, "sha256": "0916b33c67e7e1777916ac4bbe8e1bda9f21b1f4fb64552eee2fa32b153d011a", "text": "I think these views further explain what has sometimes been noticed—namely that we know nothing about the origin or history of any of our domestic breeds. But, in fact, a breed, like a dialect of a language, can hardly be said to have had a definite origin. A man preserves and breeds from an individual with some slight deviation of structure, or takes more care than usual in matching his best animals and thus improves them, and the improved individuals slowly spread in the immediate neighbourhood. But as yet they will hardly have a distinct name, and from being only slightly valued, their history will be disregarded. When further improved by the same slow and gradual process, they will spread more widely, and will get recognised as something distinct and valuable, and will then probably first receive a provincial name. In semi-civilised countries, with little free communication, the spreading and knowledge of any new sub-breed will be a slow process. As soon as the points of value of the new sub-breed are once fully acknowledged, the principle, as I have called it, of unconscious selection will always tend,—perhaps more at one period than at another, as the breed rises or falls in fashion,—perhaps more in one district than in another, according to the state of civilisation of the inhabitants—slowly to add to the characteristic features of the breed, whatever they may be. But the chance will be infinitely small of any record having been preserved of such slow, varying, and insensible changes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00104", "bookId": 1228, "start": 86299, "end": 88672, "sha256": "480a63f032509bfa228a3aaaa94e48c0f6f2dfd3941d0ecc1cd67582fac6795e", "text": "I must now say a few words on the circumstances, favourable, or the reverse, to man’s power of selection. A high degree of variability is obviously favourable, as freely giving the materials for selection to work on; not that mere individual differences are not amply sufficient, with extreme care, to allow of the accumulation of a large amount of modification in almost any desired direction. But as variations manifestly useful or pleasing to man appear only occasionally, the chance of their appearance will be much increased by a large number of individuals being kept; and hence this comes to be of the highest importance to success. On this principle Marshall has remarked, with respect to the sheep of parts of Yorkshire, that “as they generally belong to poor people, and are mostly _in small lots_, they never can be improved.” On the other hand, nurserymen, from raising large stocks of the same plants, are generally far more successful than amateurs in getting new and valuable varieties. The keeping of a large number of individuals of a species in any country requires that the species should be placed under favourable conditions of life, so as to breed freely in that country. When the individuals of any species are scanty, all the individuals, whatever their quality may be, will generally be allowed to breed, and this will effectually prevent selection. But probably the most important point of all, is, that the animal or plant should be so highly useful to man, or so much valued by him, that the closest attention should be paid to even the slightest deviation in the qualities or structure of each individual. Unless such attention be paid nothing can be effected. I have seen it gravely remarked, that it was most fortunate that the strawberry began to vary just when gardeners began to attend closely to this plant. No doubt the strawberry had always varied since it was cultivated, but the slight varieties had been neglected. As soon, however, as gardeners picked out individual plants with slightly larger, earlier, or better fruit, and raised seedlings from them, and again picked out the best seedlings and bred from them, then, there appeared (aided by some crossing with distinct species) those many admirable varieties of the strawberry which have been raised during the last thirty or forty years.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00105", "bookId": 1228, "start": 88676, "end": 90386, "sha256": "80359075be243811dafaf5f502a4872eaf0cbc9ff141a94550d1b65e41d8d77c", "text": "In the case of animals with separate sexes, facility in preventing crosses is an important element of success in the formation of new races,—at least, in a country which is already stocked with other races. In this respect enclosure of the land plays a part. Wandering savages or the inhabitants of open plains rarely possess more than one breed of the same species. Pigeons can be mated for life, and this is a great convenience to the fancier, for thus many races may be kept true, though mingled in the same aviary; and this circumstance must have largely favoured the improvement and formation of new breeds. Pigeons, I may add, can be propagated in great numbers and at a very quick rate, and inferior birds may be freely rejected, as when killed they serve for food. On the other hand, cats, from their nocturnal rambling habits, cannot be matched, and, although so much valued by women and children, we hardly ever see a distinct breed kept up; such breeds as we do sometimes see are almost always imported from some other country, often from islands. Although I do not doubt that some domestic animals vary less than others, yet the rarity or absence of distinct breeds of the cat, the donkey, peacock, goose, etc., may be attributed in main part to selection not having been brought into play: in cats, from the difficulty in pairing them; in donkeys, from only a few being kept by poor people, and little attention paid to their breeding; in peacocks, from not being very easily reared and a large stock not kept; in geese, from being valuable only for two purposes, food and feathers, and more especially from no pleasure having been felt in the display of distinct breeds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00106", "bookId": 1228, "start": 90392, "end": 92308, "sha256": "426dc57139f7259aeee5c23a3bd68313ae2fb667a5a069e60e5943fd62afd747", "text": "To sum up on the origin of our Domestic Races of animals and plants. I believe that the conditions of life, from their action on the reproductive system, are so far of the highest importance as causing variability. I do not believe that variability is an inherent and necessary contingency, under all circumstances, with all organic beings, as some authors have thought. The effects of variability are modified by various degrees of inheritance and of reversion. Variability is governed by many unknown laws, more especially by that of correlation of growth. Something may be attributed to the direct action of the conditions of life. Something must be attributed to use and disuse. The final result is thus rendered infinitely complex. In some cases, I do not doubt that the intercrossing of species, aboriginally distinct, has played an important part in the origin of our domestic productions. When in any country several domestic breeds have once been established, their occasional intercrossing, with the aid of selection, has, no doubt, largely aided in the formation of new sub-breeds; but the importance of the crossing of varieties has, I believe, been greatly exaggerated, both in regard to animals and to those plants which are propagated by seed. In plants which are temporarily propagated by cuttings, buds, etc., the importance of the crossing both of distinct species and of varieties is immense; for the cultivator here quite disregards the extreme variability both of hybrids and mongrels, and the frequent sterility of hybrids; but the cases of plants not propagated by seed are of little importance to us, for their endurance is only temporary. Over all these causes of Change I am convinced that the accumulative action of Selection, whether applied methodically and more quickly, or unconsciously and more slowly, but more efficiently, is by far the predominant Power.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00107", "bookId": 1228, "start": 92318, "end": 92354, "sha256": "9f86913732d75067b23d41004a745ff7d3be6182179cf8da28d338799c55f372", "text": "CHAPTER II. VARIATION UNDER NATURE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00108", "bookId": 1228, "start": 92360, "end": 92726, "sha256": "e2a5b077ab4ed0dd4228c701c22fb0ddfa21bede1aaeb2c730e2a1fa6f1d2746", "text": "Variability. Individual differences. Doubtful species. Wide ranging, much diffused, and common species vary most. Species of the larger genera in any country vary more than the species of the smaller genera. Many of the species of the larger genera resemble varieties in being very closely, but unequally, related to each other, and in having restricted ranges.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00109", "bookId": 1228, "start": 92730, "end": 94298, "sha256": "a40602f8625740e30c2d677c7425dfcf14d352fd6026073c6fa1db5d6f9dbd9e", "text": "Before applying the principles arrived at in the last chapter to organic beings in a state of nature, we must briefly discuss whether these latter are subject to any variation. To treat this subject at all properly, a long catalogue of dry facts should be given; but these I shall reserve for my future work. Nor shall I here discuss the various definitions which have been given of the term species. No one definition has as yet satisfied all naturalists; yet every naturalist knows vaguely what he means when he speaks of a species. Generally the term includes the unknown element of a distinct act of creation. The term “variety” is almost equally difficult to define; but here community of descent is almost universally implied, though it can rarely be proved. We have also what are called monstrosities; but they graduate into varieties. By a monstrosity I presume is meant some considerable deviation of structure in one part, either injurious to or not useful to the species, and not generally propagated. Some authors use the term “variation” in a technical sense, as implying a modification directly due to the physical conditions of life; and “variations” in this sense are supposed not to be inherited: but who can say that the dwarfed condition of shells in the brackish waters of the Baltic, or dwarfed plants on Alpine summits, or the thicker fur of an animal from far northwards, would not in some cases be inherited for at least some few generations? and in this case I presume that the form would be called a variety.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00110", "bookId": 1228, "start": 94302, "end": 96767, "sha256": "edb5a1324c6871047dead6bc2c3a9ebb6475100fa9e4bebef3da75bf725696c1", "text": "Again, we have many slight differences which may be called individual differences, such as are known frequently to appear in the offspring from the same parents, or which may be presumed to have thus arisen, from being frequently observed in the individuals of the same species inhabiting the same confined locality. No one supposes that all the individuals of the same species are cast in the very same mould. These individual differences are highly important for us, as they afford materials for natural selection to accumulate, in the same manner as man can accumulate in any given direction individual differences in his domesticated productions. These individual differences generally affect what naturalists consider unimportant parts; but I could show by a long catalogue of facts, that parts which must be called important, whether viewed under a physiological or classificatory point of view, sometimes vary in the individuals of the same species. I am convinced that the most experienced naturalist would be surprised at the number of the cases of variability, even in important parts of structure, which he could collect on good authority, as I have collected, during a course of years. It should be remembered that systematists are far from pleased at finding variability in important characters, and that there are not many men who will laboriously examine internal and important organs, and compare them in many specimens of the same species. I should never have expected that the branching of the main nerves close to the great central ganglion of an insect would have been variable in the same species; I should have expected that changes of this nature could have been effected only by slow degrees: yet quite recently Mr. Lubbock has shown a degree of variability in these main nerves in Coccus, which may almost be compared to the irregular branching of the stem of a tree. This philosophical naturalist, I may add, has also quite recently shown that the muscles in the larvæ of certain insects are very far from uniform. Authors sometimes argue in a circle when they state that important organs never vary; for these same authors practically rank that character as important (as some few naturalists have honestly confessed) which does not vary; and, under this point of view, no instance of an important part varying will ever be found: but under any other point of view many instances assuredly can be given.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00111", "bookId": 1228, "start": 96771, "end": 97940, "sha256": "4b0cf304a2aa6989f0df36da3b1cdecb3a04475b0ecbebfb190e23e2b078b83d", "text": "There is one point connected with individual differences, which seems to me extremely perplexing: I refer to those genera which have sometimes been called “protean” or “polymorphic,” in which the species present an inordinate amount of variation; and hardly two naturalists can agree which forms to rank as species and which as varieties. We may instance Rubus, Rosa, and Hieracium amongst plants, several genera of insects, and several genera of Brachiopod shells. In most polymorphic genera some of the species have fixed and definite characters. Genera which are polymorphic in one country seem to be, with some few exceptions, polymorphic in other countries, and likewise, judging from Brachiopod shells, at former periods of time. These facts seem to be very perplexing, for they seem to show that this kind of variability is independent of the conditions of life. I am inclined to suspect that we see in these polymorphic genera variations in points of structure which are of no service or disservice to the species, and which consequently have not been seized on and rendered definite by natural selection, as hereafter will be explained.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00112", "bookId": 1228, "start": 97946, "end": 99394, "sha256": "643a80bfbf393dc5badd7183396d3aa60b38f0e80a5551fe470d91a9f1e57184", "text": "Those forms which possess in some considerable degree the character of species, but which are so closely similar to some other forms, or are so closely linked to them by intermediate gradations, that naturalists do not like to rank them as distinct species, are in several respects the most important for us. We have every reason to believe that many of these doubtful and closely-allied forms have permanently retained their characters in their own country for a long time; for as long, as far as we know, as have good and true species. Practically, when a naturalist can unite two forms together by others having intermediate characters, he treats the one as a variety of the other, ranking the most common, but sometimes the one first described, as the species, and the other as the variety. But cases of great difficulty, which I will not here enumerate, sometimes occur in deciding whether or not to rank one form as a variety of another, even when they are closely connected by intermediate links; nor will the commonly-assumed hybrid nature of the intermediate links always remove the difficulty. In very many cases, however, one form is ranked as a variety of another, not because the intermediate links have actually been found, but because analogy leads the observer to suppose either that they do now somewhere exist, or may formerly have existed; and here a wide door for the entry of doubt and conjecture is opened.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00113", "bookId": 1228, "start": 99398, "end": 99785, "sha256": "895bc8cf8b21cc56877563e3f667a44a27e37b0642e72adc6092f7721af53d39", "text": "Hence, in determining whether a form should be ranked as a species or a variety, the opinion of naturalists having sound judgment and wide experience seems the only guide to follow. We must, however, in many cases, decide by a majority of naturalists, for few well-marked and well-known varieties can be named which have not been ranked as species by at least some competent judges.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00114", "bookId": 1228, "start": 99791, "end": 102779, "sha256": "58cb8ee39f4d6b6a335780c5ca0f10abb58f3bd03cd4560687d8c1ebe5373f5c", "text": "That varieties of this doubtful nature are far from uncommon cannot be disputed. Compare the several floras of Great Britain, of France or of the United States, drawn up by different botanists, and see what a surprising number of forms have been ranked by one botanist as good species, and by another as mere varieties. Mr. H. C. Watson, to whom I lie under deep obligation for assistance of all kinds, has marked for me 182 British plants, which are generally considered as varieties, but which have all been ranked by botanists as species; and in making this list he has omitted many trifling varieties, but which nevertheless have been ranked by some botanists as species, and he has entirely omitted several highly polymorphic genera. Under genera, including the most polymorphic forms, Mr. Babington gives 251 species, whereas Mr. Bentham gives only 112,—a difference of 139 doubtful forms! Amongst animals which unite for each birth, and which are highly locomotive, doubtful forms, ranked by one zoologist as a species and by another as a variety, can rarely be found within the same country, but are common in separated areas. How many of those birds and insects in North America and Europe, which differ very slightly from each other, have been ranked by one eminent naturalist as undoubted species, and by another as varieties, or, as they are often called, as geographical races! Many years ago, when comparing, and seeing others compare, the birds from the separate islands of the Galapagos Archipelago, both one with another, and with those from the American mainland, I was much struck how entirely vague and arbitrary is the distinction between species and varieties. On the islets of the little Madeira group there are many insects which are characterized as varieties in Mr. Wollaston’s admirable work, but which it cannot be doubted would be ranked as distinct species by many entomologists. Even Ireland has a few animals, now generally regarded as varieties, but which have been ranked as species by some zoologists. Several most experienced ornithologists consider our British red grouse as only a strongly-marked race of a Norwegian species, whereas the greater number rank it as an undoubted species peculiar to Great Britain. A wide distance between the homes of two doubtful forms leads many naturalists to rank both as distinct species; but what distance, it has been well asked, will suffice? if that between America and Europe is ample, will that between the Continent and the Azores, or Madeira, or the Canaries, or Ireland, be sufficient? It must be admitted that many forms, considered by highly-competent judges as varieties, have so perfectly the character of species that they are ranked by other highly-competent judges as good and true species. But to discuss whether they are rightly called species or varieties, before any definition of these terms has been generally accepted, is vainly to beat the air.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00115", "bookId": 1228, "start": 102783, "end": 104017, "sha256": "e0cad105f5e0b85de8e9b00365b7c0dad9f3370ca476b9c9b48144d838aa1392", "text": "Many of the cases of strongly-marked varieties or doubtful species well deserve consideration; for several interesting lines of argument, from geographical distribution, analogical variation, hybridism, etc., have been brought to bear on the attempt to determine their rank. I will here give only a single instance,—the well-known one of the primrose and cowslip, or Primula veris and elatior. These plants differ considerably in appearance; they have a different flavour and emit a different odour; they flower at slightly different periods; they grow in somewhat different stations; they ascend mountains to different heights; they have different geographical ranges; and lastly, according to very numerous experiments made during several years by that most careful observer Gärtner, they can be crossed only with much difficulty. We could hardly wish for better evidence of the two forms being specifically distinct. On the other hand, they are united by many intermediate links, and it is very doubtful whether these links are hybrids; and there is, as it seems to me, an overwhelming amount of experimental evidence, showing that they descend from common parents, and consequently must be ranked as varieties.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00116", "bookId": 1228, "start": 104021, "end": 104915, "sha256": "81357c84e2979ef1375e63948ca423110b23f27ba55d3564836a1231d025822c", "text": "Close investigation, in most cases, will bring naturalists to an agreement how to rank doubtful forms. Yet it must be confessed, that it is in the best-known countries that we find the greatest number of forms of doubtful value. I have been struck with the fact, that if any animal or plant in a state of nature be highly useful to man, or from any cause closely attract his attention, varieties of it will almost universally be found recorded. These varieties, moreover, will be often ranked by some authors as species. Look at the common oak, how closely it has been studied; yet a German author makes more than a dozen species out of forms, which are very generally considered as varieties; and in this country the highest botanical authorities and practical men can be quoted to show that the sessile and pedunculated oaks are either good and distinct species or mere varieties.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00117", "bookId": 1228, "start": 104919, "end": 106523, "sha256": "c12715c1ba288900787a0721a13772839b11c7501081025334ac7c241df3ae32", "text": "When a young naturalist commences the study of a group of organisms quite unknown to him, he is at first much perplexed to determine what differences to consider as specific, and what as varieties; for he knows nothing of the amount and kind of variation to which the group is subject; and this shows, at least, how very generally there is some variation. But if he confine his attention to one class within one country, he will soon make up his mind how to rank most of the doubtful forms. His general tendency will be to make many species, for he will become impressed, just like the pigeon or poultry-fancier before alluded to, with the amount of difference in the forms which he is continually studying; and he has little general knowledge of analogical variation in other groups and in other countries, by which to correct his first impressions. As he extends the range of his observations, he will meet with more cases of difficulty; for he will encounter a greater number of closely-allied forms. But if his observations be widely extended, he will in the end generally be enabled to make up his own mind which to call varieties and which species; but he will succeed in this at the expense of admitting much variation,—and the truth of this admission will often be disputed by other naturalists. When, moreover, he comes to study allied forms brought from countries not now continuous, in which case he can hardly hope to find the intermediate links between his doubtful forms, he will have to trust almost entirely to analogy, and his difficulties will rise to a climax.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00118", "bookId": 1228, "start": 106527, "end": 107001, "sha256": "20f6d06ece9d6e68b9e8b27a33e08aba6abe8041dd556fe3e9c2b404242adedf", "text": "Certainly no clear line of demarcation has as yet been drawn between species and sub-species—that is, the forms which in the opinion of some naturalists come very near to, but do not quite arrive at the rank of species; or, again, between sub-species and well-marked varieties, or between lesser varieties and individual differences. These differences blend into each other in an insensible series; and a series impresses the mind with the idea of an actual passage.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00119", "bookId": 1228, "start": 107005, "end": 108209, "sha256": "a34a07e70fdf8e28658ea97d4957c114ae7c8aa4ec385a79642dc201ad58aee1", "text": "Hence I look at individual differences, though of small interest to the systematist, as of high importance for us, as being the first step towards such slight varieties as are barely thought worth recording in works on natural history. And I look at varieties which are in any degree more distinct and permanent, as steps leading to more strongly marked and more permanent varieties; and at these latter, as leading to sub-species, and to species. The passage from one stage of difference to another and higher stage may be, in some cases, due merely to the long-continued action of different physical conditions in two different regions; but I have not much faith in this view; and I attribute the passage of a variety, from a state in which it differs very slightly from its parent to one in which it differs more, to the action of natural selection in accumulating (as will hereafter be more fully explained) differences of structure in certain definite directions. Hence I believe a well-marked variety may be justly called an incipient species; but whether this belief be justifiable must be judged of by the general weight of the several facts and views given throughout this work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00120", "bookId": 1228, "start": 108213, "end": 108873, "sha256": "4633c418322673467dcf59e06cdc69661ca273f91a05823b3bc6ad46e9648507", "text": "It need not be supposed that all varieties or incipient species necessarily attain the rank of species. They may whilst in this incipient state become extinct, or they may endure as varieties for very long periods, as has been shown to be the case by Mr. Wollaston with the varieties of certain fossil land-shells in Madeira. If a variety were to flourish so as to exceed in numbers the parent species, it would then rank as the species, and the species as the variety; or it might come to supplant and exterminate the parent species; or both might co-exist, and both rank as independent species. But we shall hereafter have to return to this subject.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00121", "bookId": 1228, "start": 108877, "end": 109314, "sha256": "c0ceedf9d76b2f64880e2d437b43cb09a1d07df7deec9b0a1645532ea72f4eeb", "text": "From these remarks it will be seen that I look at the term species, as one arbitrarily given for the sake of convenience to a set of individuals closely resembling each other, and that it does not essentially differ from the term variety, which is given to less distinct and more fluctuating forms. The term variety, again, in comparison with mere individual differences, is also applied arbitrarily, and for mere convenience sake.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00122", "bookId": 1228, "start": 109320, "end": 110383, "sha256": "a65d61b6628fd7dd5e477676c52d5067e27f2b5d8c5895e66131fdf36847e065", "text": "Guided by theoretical considerations, I thought that some interesting results might be obtained in regard to the nature and relations of the species which vary most, by tabulating all the varieties in several well-worked floras. At first this seemed a simple task; but Mr. H. C. Watson, to whom I am much indebted for valuable advice and assistance on this subject, soon convinced me that there were many difficulties, as did subsequently Dr. Hooker, even in stronger terms. I shall reserve for my future work the discussion of these difficulties, and the tables themselves of the proportional numbers of the varying species. Dr. Hooker permits me to add, that after having carefully read my manuscript, and examined the tables, he thinks that the following statements are fairly well established. The whole subject, however, treated as it necessarily here is with much brevity, is rather perplexing, and allusions cannot be avoided to the “struggle for existence,” “divergence of character,” and other questions, hereafter to be discussed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00123", "bookId": 1228, "start": 110387, "end": 111866, "sha256": "1870f4d8ba7e4af3edb8797c4d816776f5774bad957087032db1dec3f40f216b", "text": "Alph. De Candolle and others have shown that plants which have very wide ranges generally present varieties; and this might have been expected, as they become exposed to diverse physical conditions, and as they come into competition (which, as we shall hereafter see, is a far more important circumstance) with different sets of organic beings. But my tables further show that, in any limited country, the species which are most common, that is abound most in individuals, and the species which are most widely diffused within their own country (and this is a different consideration from wide range, and to a certain extent from commonness), often give rise to varieties sufficiently well-marked to have been recorded in botanical works. Hence it is the most flourishing, or, as they may be called, the dominant species,—those which range widely over the world, are the most diffused in their own country, and are the most numerous in individuals,—which oftenest produce well-marked varieties, or, as I consider them, incipient species. And this, perhaps, might have been anticipated; for, as varieties, in order to become in any degree permanent, necessarily have to struggle with the other inhabitants of the country, the species which are already dominant will be the most likely to yield offspring which, though in some slight degree modified, will still inherit those advantages that enabled their parents to become dominant over their compatriots.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00124", "bookId": 1228, "start": 111870, "end": 113372, "sha256": "f96f58dae732b3cd8a5cf398aa46251f4137047eea0681c978e1bc5061c4a565", "text": "If the plants inhabiting a country and described in any Flora be divided into two equal masses, all those in the larger genera being placed on one side, and all those in the smaller genera on the other side, a somewhat larger number of the very common and much diffused or dominant species will be found on the side of the larger genera. This, again, might have been anticipated; for the mere fact of many species of the same genus inhabiting any country, shows that there is something in the organic or inorganic conditions of that country favourable to the genus; and, consequently, we might have expected to have found in the larger genera, or those including many species, a large proportional number of dominant species. But so many causes tend to obscure this result, that I am surprised that my tables show even a small majority on the side of the larger genera. I will here allude to only two causes of obscurity. Fresh-water and salt-loving plants have generally very wide ranges and are much diffused, but this seems to be connected with the nature of the stations inhabited by them, and has little or no relation to the size of the genera to which the species belong. Again, plants low in the scale of organisation are generally much more widely diffused than plants higher in the scale; and here again there is no close relation to the size of the genera. The cause of lowly-organised plants ranging widely will be discussed in our chapter on geographical distribution.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00125", "bookId": 1228, "start": 113376, "end": 114254, "sha256": "6fb7916b6756eb69123e8261ee315c023856bd108a70392a28865b7cca34936a", "text": "From looking at species as only strongly-marked and well-defined varieties, I was led to anticipate that the species of the larger genera in each country would oftener present varieties, than the species of the smaller genera; for wherever many closely related species (_i.e._ species of the same genus) have been formed, many varieties or incipient species ought, as a general rule, to be now forming. Where many large trees grow, we expect to find saplings. Where many species of a genus have been formed through variation, circumstances have been favourable for variation; and hence we might expect that the circumstances would generally be still favourable to variation. On the other hand, if we look at each species as a special act of creation, there is no apparent reason why more varieties should occur in a group having many species, than in one having few.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00126", "bookId": 1228, "start": 114258, "end": 116346, "sha256": "5e95597291ff6103e49231e03862aeb4f8e079010cb478494e25ba48ecf0c71d", "text": "To test the truth of this anticipation I have arranged the plants of twelve countries, and the coleopterous insects of two districts, into two nearly equal masses, the species of the larger genera on one side, and those of the smaller genera on the other side, and it has invariably proved to be the case that a larger proportion of the species on the side of the larger genera present varieties, than on the side of the smaller genera. Moreover, the species of the large genera which present any varieties, invariably present a larger average number of varieties than do the species of the small genera. Both these results follow when another division is made, and when all the smallest genera, with from only one to four species, are absolutely excluded from the tables. These facts are of plain signification on the view that species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties; for wherever many species of the same genus have been formed, or where, if we may use the expression, the manufactory of species has been active, we ought generally to find the manufactory still in action, more especially as we have every reason to believe the process of manufacturing new species to be a slow one. And this certainly is the case, if varieties be looked at as incipient species; for my tables clearly show as a general rule that, wherever many species of a genus have been formed, the species of that genus present a number of varieties, that is of incipient species, beyond the average. It is not that all large genera are now varying much, and are thus increasing in the number of their species, or that no small genera are now varying and increasing; for if this had been so, it would have been fatal to my theory; inasmuch as geology plainly tells us that small genera have in the lapse of time often increased greatly in size; and that large genera have often come to their maxima, declined, and disappeared. All that we want to show is, that where many species of a genus have been formed, on an average many are still forming; and this holds good.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00127", "bookId": 1228, "start": 116350, "end": 117911, "sha256": "75a3f47242f49f20f3e4f2804b3783184491bdb48c769a65de90a91c846b423e", "text": "There are other relations between the species of large genera and their recorded varieties which deserve notice. We have seen that there is no infallible criterion by which to distinguish species and well-marked varieties; and in those cases in which intermediate links have not been found between doubtful forms, naturalists are compelled to come to a determination by the amount of difference between them, judging by analogy whether or not the amount suffices to raise one or both to the rank of species. Hence the amount of difference is one very important criterion in settling whether two forms should be ranked as species or varieties. Now Fries has remarked in regard to plants, and Westwood in regard to insects, that in large genera the amount of difference between the species is often exceedingly small. I have endeavoured to test this numerically by averages, and, as far as my imperfect results go, they always confirm the view. I have also consulted some sagacious and most experienced observers, and, after deliberation, they concur in this view. In this respect, therefore, the species of the larger genera resemble varieties, more than do the species of the smaller genera. Or the case may be put in another way, and it may be said, that in the larger genera, in which a number of varieties or incipient species greater than the average are now manufacturing, many of the species already manufactured still to a certain extent resemble varieties, for they differ from each other by a less than usual amount of difference.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00128", "bookId": 1228, "start": 117915, "end": 119037, "sha256": "4b932b498625c7e623e1a855e4ca52483e752d2f4860a0c053413c75f4f41d5f", "text": "Moreover, the species of the large genera are related to each other, in the same manner as the varieties of any one species are related to each other. No naturalist pretends that all the species of a genus are equally distinct from each other; they may generally be divided into sub-genera, or sections, or lesser groups. As Fries has well remarked, little groups of species are generally clustered like satellites around certain other species. And what are varieties but groups of forms, unequally related to each other, and clustered round certain forms—that is, round their parent-species? Undoubtedly there is one most important point of difference between varieties and species; namely, that the amount of difference between varieties, when compared with each other or with their parent-species, is much less than that between the species of the same genus. But when we come to discuss the principle, as I call it, of Divergence of Character, we shall see how this may be explained, and how the lesser differences between varieties will tend to increase into the greater differences between species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00129", "bookId": 1228, "start": 119041, "end": 120340, "sha256": "5fbd68d26a46e3b6c8e9323763ca0ab70184417ceef06a0f3165e21447462c0b", "text": "There is one other point which seems to me worth notice. Varieties generally have much restricted ranges: this statement is indeed scarcely more than a truism, for if a variety were found to have a wider range than that of its supposed parent-species, their denominations ought to be reversed. But there is also reason to believe, that those species which are very closely allied to other species, and in so far resemble varieties, often have much restricted ranges. For instance, Mr. H. C. Watson has marked for me in the well-sifted London Catalogue of plants (4th edition) 63 plants which are therein ranked as species, but which he considers as so closely allied to other species as to be of doubtful value: these 63 reputed species range on an average over 6.9 of the provinces into which Mr. Watson has divided Great Britain. Now, in this same catalogue, 53 acknowledged varieties are recorded, and these range over 7.7 provinces; whereas, the species to which these varieties belong range over 14.3 provinces. So that the acknowledged varieties have very nearly the same restricted average range, as have those very closely allied forms, marked for me by Mr. Watson as doubtful species, but which are almost universally ranked by British botanists as good and true species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00130", "bookId": 1228, "start": 120344, "end": 121638, "sha256": "50eff9472f69c4dbef0d11f87ce44caf64f6c34c2ce2998e499bf13b31d139d6", "text": "Finally, then, varieties have the same general characters as species, for they cannot be distinguished from species,—except, firstly, by the discovery of intermediate linking forms, and the occurrence of such links cannot affect the actual characters of the forms which they connect; and except, secondly, by a certain amount of difference, for two forms, if differing very little, are generally ranked as varieties, notwithstanding that intermediate linking forms have not been discovered; but the amount of difference considered necessary to give to two forms the rank of species is quite indefinite. In genera having more than the average number of species in any country, the species of these genera have more than the average number of varieties. In large genera the species are apt to be closely, but unequally, allied together, forming little clusters round certain species. Species very closely allied to other species apparently have restricted ranges. In all these several respects the species of large genera present a strong analogy with varieties. And we can clearly understand these analogies, if species have once existed as varieties, and have thus originated: whereas, these analogies are utterly inexplicable if each species has been independently created.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00131", "bookId": 1228, "start": 121642, "end": 122271, "sha256": "509060ae7bbf9c570b0a9de319d9175ecce30b7d161d5e6fe5175cfed0826bbf", "text": "We have, also, seen that it is the most flourishing and dominant species of the larger genera which on an average vary most; and varieties, as we shall hereafter see, tend to become converted into new and distinct species. The larger genera thus tend to become larger; and throughout nature the forms of life which are now dominant tend to become still more dominant by leaving many modified and dominant descendants. But by steps hereafter to be explained, the larger genera also tend to break up into smaller genera. And thus, the forms of life throughout the universe become divided into groups subordinate to groups.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00132", "bookId": 1228, "start": 122281, "end": 122318, "sha256": "64547d714cc26d81ff40b7a0bb1f98fd02f5daaf72e20834521aa1408754b409", "text": "CHAPTER III. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00133", "bookId": 1228, "start": 122324, "end": 122861, "sha256": "b3d3bf8431fabf193e47b99ecd0f78e4df25e9bf1184405c2780cdd916a8396e", "text": "Bears on natural selection. The term used in a wide sense. Geometrical powers of increase. Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants. Nature of the checks to increase. Competition universal. Effects of climate. Protection from the number of individuals. Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature. Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus. The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00134", "bookId": 1228, "start": 122867, "end": 124300, "sha256": "90af3347620c717e0f09d07131d3417cf9e16e937d87e1e14c13f1002b2586a1", "text": "Before entering on the subject of this chapter, I must make a few preliminary remarks, to show how the struggle for existence bears on Natural Selection. It has been seen in the last chapter that amongst organic beings in a state of nature there is some individual variability; indeed I am not aware that this has ever been disputed. It is immaterial for us whether a multitude of doubtful forms be called species or sub-species or varieties; what rank, for instance, the two or three hundred doubtful forms of British plants are entitled to hold, if the existence of any well-marked varieties be admitted. But the mere existence of individual variability and of some few well-marked varieties, though necessary as the foundation for the work, helps us but little in understanding how species arise in nature. How have all those exquisite adaptations of one part of the organisation to another part, and to the conditions of life, and of one distinct organic being to another being, been perfected? We see these beautiful co-adaptations most plainly in the woodpecker and missletoe; and only a little less plainly in the humblest parasite which clings to the hairs of a quadruped or feathers of a bird; in the structure of the beetle which dives through the water; in the plumed seed which is wafted by the gentlest breeze; in short, we see beautiful adaptations everywhere and in every part of the organic world.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00135", "bookId": 1228, "start": 124304, "end": 125968, "sha256": "9e1a810e394ff3eb2d4e3028d9c017fc45cd79ab64a5e5c7398d71c9fdf5216c", "text": "Again, it may be asked, how is it that varieties, which I have called incipient species, become ultimately converted into good and distinct species, which in most cases obviously differ from each other far more than do the varieties of the same species? How do those groups of species, which constitute what are called distinct genera, and which differ from each other more than do the species of the same genus, arise? All these results, as we shall more fully see in the next chapter, follow inevitably from the struggle for life. Owing to this struggle for life, any variation, however slight and from whatever cause proceeding, if it be in any degree profitable to an individual of any species, in its infinitely complex relations to other organic beings and to external nature, will tend to the preservation of that individual, and will generally be inherited by its offspring. The offspring, also, will thus have a better chance of surviving, for, of the many individuals of any species which are periodically born, but a small number can survive. I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term of Natural Selection, in order to mark its relation to man’s power of selection. We have seen that man by selection can certainly produce great results, and can adapt organic beings to his own uses, through the accumulation of slight but useful variations, given to him by the hand of Nature. But Natural Selection, as we shall hereafter see, is a power incessantly ready for action, and is as immeasurably superior to man’s feeble efforts, as the works of Nature are to those of Art.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00136", "bookId": 1228, "start": 125974, "end": 127358, "sha256": "9030ed03d24fa5adcd358bb40d39a1e01b2c66519739e79bcd5b6991295a0181", "text": "We will now discuss in a little more detail the struggle for existence. In my future work this subject shall be treated, as it well deserves, at much greater length. The elder De Candolle and Lyell have largely and philosophically shown that all organic beings are exposed to severe competition. In regard to plants, no one has treated this subject with more spirit and ability than W. Herbert, Dean of Manchester, evidently the result of his great horticultural knowledge. Nothing is easier than to admit in words the truth of the universal struggle for life, or more difficult—at least I have found it so—than constantly to bear this conclusion in mind. Yet unless it be thoroughly engrained in the mind, I am convinced that the whole economy of nature, with every fact on distribution, rarity, abundance, extinction, and variation, will be dimly seen or quite misunderstood. We behold the face of nature bright with gladness, we often see superabundance of food; we do not see, or we forget, that the birds which are idly singing round us mostly live on insects or seeds, and are thus constantly destroying life; or we forget how largely these songsters, or their eggs, or their nestlings, are destroyed by birds and beasts of prey; we do not always bear in mind, that though food may be now superabundant, it is not so at all seasons of each recurring year.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00137", "bookId": 1228, "start": 127362, "end": 128847, "sha256": "c62ed1275a1b4b60361adce5587f8042d1ff21fa40f79c565375efee8d7372e9", "text": "I should premise that I use the term Struggle for Existence in a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another, and including (which is more important) not only the life of the individual, but success in leaving progeny. Two canine animals in a time of dearth, may be truly said to struggle with each other which shall get food and live. But a plant on the edge of a desert is said to struggle for life against the drought, though more properly it should be said to be dependent on the moisture. A plant which annually produces a thousand seeds, of which on an average only one comes to maturity, may be more truly said to struggle with the plants of the same and other kinds which already clothe the ground. The missletoe is dependent on the apple and a few other trees, but can only in a far-fetched sense be said to struggle with these trees, for if too many of these parasites grow on the same tree, it will languish and die. But several seedling missletoes, growing close together on the same branch, may more truly be said to struggle with each other. As the missletoe is disseminated by birds, its existence depends on birds; and it may metaphorically be said to struggle with other fruit-bearing plants, in order to tempt birds to devour and thus disseminate its seeds rather than those of other plants. In these several senses, which pass into each other, I use for convenience sake the general term of struggle for existence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00138", "bookId": 1228, "start": 128851, "end": 129905, "sha256": "4670700b1d4123b50d4ea5aab1a39630ac368fac62cbe1032793032cbd07ad72", "text": "A struggle for existence inevitably follows from the high rate at which all organic beings tend to increase. Every being, which during its natural lifetime produces several eggs or seeds, must suffer destruction during some period of its life, and during some season or occasional year, otherwise, on the principle of geometrical increase, its numbers would quickly become so inordinately great that no country could support the product. Hence, as more individuals are produced than can possibly survive, there must in every case be a struggle for existence, either one individual with another of the same species, or with the individuals of distinct species, or with the physical conditions of life. It is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms; for in this case there can be no artificial increase of food, and no prudential restraint from marriage. Although some species may be now increasing, more or less rapidly, in numbers, all cannot do so, for the world would not hold them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00139", "bookId": 1228, "start": 129909, "end": 130956, "sha256": "948033198e0ad8ada2115782079d87205e66b2889a304fe879ef9f3301599913", "text": "There is no exception to the rule that every organic being naturally increases at so high a rate, that if not destroyed, the earth would soon be covered by the progeny of a single pair. Even slow-breeding man has doubled in twenty-five years, and at this rate, in a few thousand years, there would literally not be standing room for his progeny. Linnæus has calculated that if an annual plant produced only two seeds—and there is no plant so unproductive as this—and their seedlings next year produced two, and so on, then in twenty years there would be a million plants. The elephant is reckoned to be the slowest breeder of all known animals, and I have taken some pains to estimate its probable minimum rate of natural increase: it will be under the mark to assume that it breeds when thirty years old, and goes on breeding till ninety years old, bringing forth three pair of young in this interval; if this be so, at the end of the fifth century there would be alive fifteen million elephants, descended from the first pair.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00140", "bookId": 1228, "start": 130960, "end": 132709, "sha256": "46566bd43fba8bf837a53197322152b515b477ce681309437838071ed0ce0c8d", "text": "But we have better evidence on this subject than mere theoretical calculations, namely, the numerous recorded cases of the astonishingly rapid increase of various animals in a state of nature, when circumstances have been favourable to them during two or three following seasons. Still more striking is the evidence from our domestic animals of many kinds which have run wild in several parts of the world: if the statements of the rate of increase of slow-breeding cattle and horses in South America, and latterly in Australia, had not been well authenticated, they would have been quite incredible. So it is with plants: cases could be given of introduced plants which have become common throughout whole islands in a period of less than ten years. Several of the plants now most numerous over the wide plains of La Plata, clothing square leagues of surface almost to the exclusion of all other plants, have been introduced from Europe; and there are plants which now range in India, as I hear from Dr. Falconer, from Cape Comorin to the Himalaya, which have been imported from America since its discovery. In such cases, and endless instances could be given, no one supposes that the fertility of these animals or plants has been suddenly and temporarily increased in any sensible degree. The obvious explanation is that the conditions of life have been very favourable, and that there has consequently been less destruction of the old and young, and that nearly all the young have been enabled to breed. In such cases the geometrical ratio of increase, the result of which never fails to be surprising, simply explains the extraordinarily rapid increase and wide diffusion of naturalised productions in their new homes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00141", "bookId": 1228, "start": 132713, "end": 133409, "sha256": "a525f8c5e711875f9b6f0a88e79234de6af2ecc6651fcbad30bc9ee99ec5a728", "text": "In a state of nature almost every plant produces seed, and amongst animals there are very few which do not annually pair. Hence we may confidently assert, that all plants and animals are tending to increase at a geometrical ratio, that all would most rapidly stock every station in which they could any how exist, and that the geometrical tendency to increase must be checked by destruction at some period of life. Our familiarity with the larger domestic animals tends, I think, to mislead us: we see no great destruction falling on them, and we forget that thousands are annually slaughtered for food, and that in a state of nature an equal number would have somehow to be disposed of.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00142", "bookId": 1228, "start": 133413, "end": 135103, "sha256": "89e370ce651c05707b6696daa4433e6dd7198d62d0b0e8788ccf1fab77f91095", "text": "The only difference between organisms which annually produce eggs or seeds by the thousand, and those which produce extremely few, is, that the slow-breeders would require a few more years to people, under favourable conditions, a whole district, let it be ever so large. The condor lays a couple of eggs and the ostrich a score, and yet in the same country the condor may be the more numerous of the two: the Fulmar petrel lays but one egg, yet it is believed to be the most numerous bird in the world. One fly deposits hundreds of eggs, and another, like the hippobosca, a single one; but this difference does not determine how many individuals of the two species can be supported in a district. A large number of eggs is of some importance to those species, which depend on a rapidly fluctuating amount of food, for it allows them rapidly to increase in number. But the real importance of a large number of eggs or seeds is to make up for much destruction at some period of life; and this period in the great majority of cases is an early one. If an animal can in any way protect its own eggs or young, a small number may be produced, and yet the average stock be fully kept up; but if many eggs or young are destroyed, many must be produced, or the species will become extinct. It would suffice to keep up the full number of a tree, which lived on an average for a thousand years, if a single seed were produced once in a thousand years, supposing that this seed were never destroyed, and could be ensured to germinate in a fitting place. So that in all cases, the average number of any animal or plant depends only indirectly on the number of its eggs or seeds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00143", "bookId": 1228, "start": 135107, "end": 135876, "sha256": "3b4fbdc443999f225095bcd90a87f81f02df17a5089074b7a07ddfa58bdba941", "text": "In looking at Nature, it is most necessary to keep the foregoing considerations always in mind—never to forget that every single organic being around us may be said to be striving to the utmost to increase in numbers; that each lives by a struggle at some period of its life; that heavy destruction inevitably falls either on the young or old, during each generation or at recurrent intervals. Lighten any check, mitigate the destruction ever so little, and the number of the species will almost instantaneously increase to any amount. The face of Nature may be compared to a yielding surface, with ten thousand sharp wedges packed close together and driven inwards by incessant blows, sometimes one wedge being struck, and then another with greater force.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00144", "bookId": 1228, "start": 135880, "end": 137696, "sha256": "6ce6aed5c1599b8c77882bf32cf3676489139a2be1c30f5e202bac7fc48be855", "text": "What checks the natural tendency of each species to increase in number is most obscure. Look at the most vigorous species; by as much as it swarms in numbers, by so much will its tendency to increase be still further increased. We know not exactly what the checks are in even one single instance. Nor will this surprise any one who reflects how ignorant we are on this head, even in regard to mankind, so incomparably better known than any other animal. This subject has been ably treated by several authors, and I shall, in my future work, discuss some of the checks at considerable length, more especially in regard to the feral animals of South America. Here I will make only a few remarks, just to recall to the reader’s mind some of the chief points. Eggs or very young animals seem generally to suffer most, but this is not invariably the case. With plants there is a vast destruction of seeds, but, from some observations which I have made, I believe that it is the seedlings which suffer most from germinating in ground already thickly stocked with other plants. Seedlings, also, are destroyed in vast numbers by various enemies; for instance, on a piece of ground three feet long and two wide, dug and cleared, and where there could be no choking from other plants, I marked all the seedlings of our native weeds as they came up, and out of the 357 no less than 295 were destroyed, chiefly by slugs and insects. If turf which has long been mown, and the case would be the same with turf closely browsed by quadrupeds, be let to grow, the more vigorous plants gradually kill the less vigorous, though fully grown, plants: thus out of twenty species growing on a little plot of turf (three feet by four) nine species perished from the other species being allowed to grow up freely.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00145", "bookId": 1228, "start": 137700, "end": 138565, "sha256": "bd7d0417cfa273d159efaaf970512d66021991cce0a9539bd36c05a4a0d07f03", "text": "The amount of food for each species of course gives the extreme limit to which each can increase; but very frequently it is not the obtaining food, but the serving as prey to other animals, which determines the average numbers of a species. Thus, there seems to be little doubt that the stock of partridges, grouse, and hares on any large estate depends chiefly on the destruction of vermin. If not one head of game were shot during the next twenty years in England, and, at the same time, if no vermin were destroyed, there would, in all probability, be less game than at present, although hundreds of thousands of game animals are now annually killed. On the other hand, in some cases, as with the elephant and rhinoceros, none are destroyed by beasts of prey: even the tiger in India most rarely dares to attack a young elephant protected by its dam.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00146", "bookId": 1228, "start": 138569, "end": 140906, "sha256": "333b895b26293878e0372d8d6d8baf73ea58cdf187db43fc14296017dc2eb562", "text": "Climate plays an important part in determining the average numbers of a species, and periodical seasons of extreme cold or drought, I believe to be the most effective of all checks. I estimated that the winter of 1854-55 destroyed four-fifths of the birds in my own grounds; and this is a tremendous destruction, when we remember that ten per cent. is an extraordinarily severe mortality from epidemics with man. The action of climate seems at first sight to be quite independent of the struggle for existence; but in so far as climate chiefly acts in reducing food, it brings on the most severe struggle between the individuals, whether of the same or of distinct species, which subsist on the same kind of food. Even when climate, for instance extreme cold, acts directly, it will be the least vigorous, or those which have got least food through the advancing winter, which will suffer most. When we travel from south to north, or from a damp region to a dry, we invariably see some species gradually getting rarer and rarer, and finally disappearing; and the change of climate being conspicuous, we are tempted to attribute the whole effect to its direct action. But this is a very false view: we forget that each species, even where it most abounds, is constantly suffering enormous destruction at some period of its life, from enemies or from competitors for the same place and food; and if these enemies or competitors be in the least degree favoured by any slight change of climate, they will increase in numbers, and, as each area is already fully stocked with inhabitants, the other species will decrease. When we travel southward and see a species decreasing in numbers, we may feel sure that the cause lies quite as much in other species being favoured, as in this one being hurt. So it is when we travel northward, but in a somewhat lesser degree, for the number of species of all kinds, and therefore of competitors, decreases northwards; hence in going northward, or in ascending a mountain, we far oftener meet with stunted forms, due to the _directly_ injurious action of climate, than we do in proceeding southwards or in descending a mountain. When we reach the Arctic regions, or snow-capped summits, or absolute deserts, the struggle for life is almost exclusively with the elements.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00147", "bookId": 1228, "start": 140910, "end": 141227, "sha256": "6d2930fa76bf7b1657523ace7cbff2a7bb29f128ac64444550c1fb3766b99bd5", "text": "That climate acts in main part indirectly by favouring other species, we may clearly see in the prodigious number of plants in our gardens which can perfectly well endure our climate, but which never become naturalised, for they cannot compete with our native plants, nor resist destruction by our native animals.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00148", "bookId": 1228, "start": 141233, "end": 141799, "sha256": "071b6b16d5ea438970de361e8f41cd95f87f30afe576477151cc313005253bae", "text": "When a species, owing to highly favourable circumstances, increases inordinately in numbers in a small tract, epidemics—at least, this seems generally to occur with our game animals—often ensue: and here we have a limiting check independent of the struggle for life. But even some of these so-called epidemics appear to be due to parasitic worms, which have from some cause, possibly in part through facility of diffusion amongst the crowded animals, been disproportionably favoured: and here comes in a sort of struggle between the parasite and its prey.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00149", "bookId": 1228, "start": 141803, "end": 143280, "sha256": "76c0a41729acbad594546f064f514fe47903289cc1f6e2e09fb38b7f00b8d555", "text": "On the other hand, in many cases, a large stock of individuals of the same species, relatively to the numbers of its enemies, is absolutely necessary for its preservation. Thus we can easily raise plenty of corn and rape-seed, etc., in our fields, because the seeds are in great excess compared with the number of birds which feed on them; nor can the birds, though having a superabundance of food at this one season, increase in number proportionally to the supply of seed, as their numbers are checked during winter: but any one who has tried, knows how troublesome it is to get seed from a few wheat or other such plants in a garden; I have in this case lost every single seed. This view of the necessity of a large stock of the same species for its preservation, explains, I believe, some singular facts in nature, such as that of very rare plants being sometimes extremely abundant in the few spots where they do occur; and that of some social plants being social, that is, abounding in individuals, even on the extreme confines of their range. For in such cases, we may believe, that a plant could exist only where the conditions of its life were so favourable that many could exist together, and thus save each other from utter destruction. I should add that the good effects of frequent intercrossing, and the ill effects of close interbreeding, probably come into play in some of these cases; but on this intricate subject I will not here enlarge.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00150", "bookId": 1228, "start": 143284, "end": 146043, "sha256": "0c517aa06774d81d39d843cce1e2ea17ad6154add8147488cf0dc011aba79c72", "text": "Many cases are on record showing how complex and unexpected are the checks and relations between organic beings, which have to struggle together in the same country. I will give only a single instance, which, though a simple one, has interested me. In Staffordshire, on the estate of a relation where I had ample means of investigation, there was a large and extremely barren heath, which had never been touched by the hand of man; but several hundred acres of exactly the same nature had been enclosed twenty-five years previously and planted with Scotch fir. The change in the native vegetation of the planted part of the heath was most remarkable, more than is generally seen in passing from one quite different soil to another: not only the proportional numbers of the heath-plants were wholly changed, but twelve species of plants (not counting grasses and carices) flourished in the plantations, which could not be found on the heath. The effect on the insects must have been still greater, for six insectivorous birds were very common in the plantations, which were not to be seen on the heath; and the heath was frequented by two or three distinct insectivorous birds. Here we see how potent has been the effect of the introduction of a single tree, nothing whatever else having been done, with the exception that the land had been enclosed, so that cattle could not enter. But how important an element enclosure is, I plainly saw near Farnham, in Surrey. Here there are extensive heaths, with a few clumps of old Scotch firs on the distant hill-tops: within the last ten years large spaces have been enclosed, and self-sown firs are now springing up in multitudes, so close together that all cannot live. When I ascertained that these young trees had not been sown or planted, I was so much surprised at their numbers that I went to several points of view, whence I could examine hundreds of acres of the unenclosed heath, and literally I could not see a single Scotch fir, except the old planted clumps. But on looking closely between the stems of the heath, I found a multitude of seedlings and little trees, which had been perpetually browsed down by the cattle. In one square yard, at a point some hundred yards distant from one of the old clumps, I counted thirty-two little trees; and one of them, judging from the rings of growth, had during twenty-six years tried to raise its head above the stems of the heath, and had failed. No wonder that, as soon as the land was enclosed, it became thickly clothed with vigorously growing young firs. Yet the heath was so extremely barren and so extensive that no one would ever have imagined that cattle would have so closely and effectually searched it for food.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00151", "bookId": 1228, "start": 146047, "end": 147880, "sha256": "1c21e64b8e7830397610e0d738df73e4abdb52ff62b33d937766b466bdc619b3", "text": "Here we see that cattle absolutely determine the existence of the Scotch fir; but in several parts of the world insects determine the existence of cattle. Perhaps Paraguay offers the most curious instance of this; for here neither cattle nor horses nor dogs have ever run wild, though they swarm southward and northward in a feral state; and Azara and Rengger have shown that this is caused by the greater number in Paraguay of a certain fly, which lays its eggs in the navels of these animals when first born. The increase of these flies, numerous as they are, must be habitually checked by some means, probably by birds. Hence, if certain insectivorous birds (whose numbers are probably regulated by hawks or beasts of prey) were to increase in Paraguay, the flies would decrease—then cattle and horses would become feral, and this would certainly greatly alter (as indeed I have observed in parts of South America) the vegetation: this again would largely affect the insects; and this, as we just have seen in Staffordshire, the insectivorous birds, and so onwards in ever-increasing circles of complexity. We began this series by insectivorous birds, and we have ended with them. Not that in nature the relations can ever be as simple as this. Battle within battle must ever be recurring with varying success; and yet in the long-run the forces are so nicely balanced, that the face of nature remains uniform for long periods of time, though assuredly the merest trifle would often give the victory to one organic being over another. Nevertheless so profound is our ignorance, and so high our presumption, that we marvel when we hear of the extinction of an organic being; and as we do not see the cause, we invoke cataclysms to desolate the world, or invent laws on the duration of the forms of life!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00152", "bookId": 1228, "start": 147884, "end": 149806, "sha256": "040a7f3300d4155f4e3eb4003b6bf20c690d9b72c4b633e54fe5475eb2ed8245", "text": "I am tempted to give one more instance showing how plants and animals, most remote in the scale of nature, are bound together by a web of complex relations. I shall hereafter have occasion to show that the exotic Lobelia fulgens, in this part of England, is never visited by insects, and consequently, from its peculiar structure, never can set a seed. Many of our orchidaceous plants absolutely require the visits of moths to remove their pollen-masses and thus to fertilise them. I have, also, reason to believe that humble-bees are indispensable to the fertilisation of the heartsease (Viola tricolor), for other bees do not visit this flower. From experiments which I have tried, I have found that the visits of bees, if not indispensable, are at least highly beneficial to the fertilisation of our clovers; but humble-bees alone visit the common red clover (Trifolium pratense), as other bees cannot reach the nectar. Hence I have very little doubt, that if the whole genus of humble-bees became extinct or very rare in England, the heartsease and red clover would become very rare, or wholly disappear. The number of humble-bees in any district depends in a great degree on the number of field-mice, which destroy their combs and nests; and Mr. H. Newman, who has long attended to the habits of humble-bees, believes that “more than two thirds of them are thus destroyed all over England.” Now the number of mice is largely dependent, as every one knows, on the number of cats; and Mr. Newman says, “Near villages and small towns I have found the nests of humble-bees more numerous than elsewhere, which I attribute to the number of cats that destroy the mice.” Hence it is quite credible that the presence of a feline animal in large numbers in a district might determine, through the intervention first of mice and then of bees, the frequency of certain flowers in that district!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00153", "bookId": 1228, "start": 149810, "end": 151532, "sha256": "301f0896fe764417b6897df5b0f1cf29c08d6d1bcb7b178b5ed7fc581ea04f2b", "text": "In the case of every species, many different checks, acting at different periods of life, and during different seasons or years, probably come into play; some one check or some few being generally the most potent, but all concurring in determining the average number or even the existence of the species. In some cases it can be shown that widely-different checks act on the same species in different districts. When we look at the plants and bushes clothing an entangled bank, we are tempted to attribute their proportional numbers and kinds to what we call chance. But how false a view is this! Every one has heard that when an American forest is cut down, a very different vegetation springs up; but it has been observed that the trees now growing on the ancient Indian mounds, in the Southern United States, display the same beautiful diversity and proportion of kinds as in the surrounding virgin forests. What a struggle between the several kinds of trees must here have gone on during long centuries, each annually scattering its seeds by the thousand; what war between insect and insect—between insects, snails, and other animals with birds and beasts of prey—all striving to increase, and all feeding on each other or on the trees or their seeds and seedlings, or on the other plants which first clothed the ground and thus checked the growth of the trees! Throw up a handful of feathers, and all must fall to the ground according to definite laws; but how simple is this problem compared to the action and reaction of the innumerable plants and animals which have determined, in the course of centuries, the proportional numbers and kinds of trees now growing on the old Indian ruins!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00154", "bookId": 1228, "start": 151536, "end": 153415, "sha256": "f336487e2a0dd85919f72f09d8561f0567372da7c9603f64f985f556a4bfe25b", "text": "The dependency of one organic being on another, as of a parasite on its prey, lies generally between beings remote in the scale of nature. This is often the case with those which may strictly be said to struggle with each other for existence, as in the case of locusts and grass-feeding quadrupeds. But the struggle almost invariably will be most severe between the individuals of the same species, for they frequent the same districts, require the same food, and are exposed to the same dangers. In the case of varieties of the same species, the struggle will generally be almost equally severe, and we sometimes see the contest soon decided: for instance, if several varieties of wheat be sown together, and the mixed seed be resown, some of the varieties which best suit the soil or climate, or are naturally the most fertile, will beat the others and so yield more seed, and will consequently in a few years quite supplant the other varieties. To keep up a mixed stock of even such extremely close varieties as the variously coloured sweet-peas, they must be each year harvested separately, and the seed then mixed in due proportion, otherwise the weaker kinds will steadily decrease in numbers and disappear. So again with the varieties of sheep: it has been asserted that certain mountain-varieties will starve out other mountain-varieties, so that they cannot be kept together. The same result has followed from keeping together different varieties of the medicinal leech. It may even be doubted whether the varieties of any one of our domestic plants or animals have so exactly the same strength, habits, and constitution, that the original proportions of a mixed stock could be kept up for half a dozen generations, if they were allowed to struggle together, like beings in a state of nature, and if the seed or young were not annually sorted.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00155", "bookId": 1228, "start": 153419, "end": 154536, "sha256": "feecd4cf8bca7b6c45179ab84149c669f9176f2cd71fc606dd36de3e56f3f7c5", "text": "As species of the same genus have usually, though by no means invariably, some similarity in habits and constitution, and always in structure, the struggle will generally be more severe between species of the same genus, when they come into competition with each other, than between species of distinct genera. We see this in the recent extension over parts of the United States of one species of swallow having caused the decrease of another species. The recent increase of the missel-thrush in parts of Scotland has caused the decrease of the song-thrush. How frequently we hear of one species of rat taking the place of another species under the most different climates! In Russia the small Asiatic cockroach has everywhere driven before it its great congener. One species of charlock will supplant another, and so in other cases. We can dimly see why the competition should be most severe between allied forms, which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature; but probably in no one case could we precisely say why one species has been victorious over another in the great battle of life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00156", "bookId": 1228, "start": 154542, "end": 155656, "sha256": "cdf0f76d4d3699eebd07d3afa8767f2aa148bc80869cf21a229cc62fe701c00f", "text": "A corollary of the highest importance may be deduced from the foregoing remarks, namely, that the structure of every organic being is related, in the most essential yet often hidden manner, to that of all other organic beings, with which it comes into competition for food or residence, or from which it has to escape, or on which it preys. This is obvious in the structure of the teeth and talons of the tiger; and in that of the legs and claws of the parasite which clings to the hair on the tiger’s body. But in the beautifully plumed seed of the dandelion, and in the flattened and fringed legs of the water-beetle, the relation seems at first confined to the elements of air and water. Yet the advantage of plumed seeds no doubt stands in the closest relation to the land being already thickly clothed by other plants; so that the seeds may be widely distributed and fall on unoccupied ground. In the water-beetle, the structure of its legs, so well adapted for diving, allows it to compete with other aquatic insects, to hunt for its own prey, and to escape serving as prey to other animals.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00157", "bookId": 1228, "start": 155660, "end": 156093, "sha256": "acf1348af4be7648f844740112282a297bed69cc89710f6f8ad9974818652ed0", "text": "The store of nutriment laid up within the seeds of many plants seems at first sight to have no sort of relation to other plants. But from the strong growth of young plants produced from such seeds (as peas and beans), when sown in the midst of long grass, I suspect that the chief use of the nutriment in the seed is to favour the growth of the young seedling, whilst struggling with other plants growing vigorously all around.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00158", "bookId": 1228, "start": 156097, "end": 157185, "sha256": "281aaa84939e65318bea6c5e2b0cc3b58cf8a08015e1f31d5dda34077dd5f54d", "text": "Look at a plant in the midst of its range, why does it not double or quadruple its numbers? We know that it can perfectly well withstand a little more heat or cold, dampness or dryness, for elsewhere it ranges into slightly hotter or colder, damper or drier districts. In this case we can clearly see that if we wished in imagination to give the plant the power of increasing in number, we should have to give it some advantage over its competitors, or over the animals which preyed on it. On the confines of its geographical range, a change of constitution with respect to climate would clearly be an advantage to our plant; but we have reason to believe that only a few plants or animals range so far, that they are destroyed by the rigour of the climate alone. Not until we reach the extreme confines of life, in the arctic regions or on the borders of an utter desert, will competition cease. The land may be extremely cold or dry, yet there will be competition between some few species, or between the individuals of the same species, for the warmest or dampest spots.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00159", "bookId": 1228, "start": 157189, "end": 157699, "sha256": "857d77c39393aa8a6cb9fb1150578c682dc5ffe04de4881ad92bda778091663b", "text": "Hence, also, we can see that when a plant or animal is placed in a new country amongst new competitors, though the climate may be exactly the same as in its former home, yet the conditions of its life will generally be changed in an essential manner. If we wished to increase its average numbers in its new home, we should have to modify it in a different way to what we should have done in its native country; for we should have to give it some advantage over a different set of competitors or enemies.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00160", "bookId": 1228, "start": 157703, "end": 158566, "sha256": "cbafd89ab74943cddbaf26d3afd20b0c10a935791833fa4b9014f454ff1c4e9e", "text": "It is good thus to try in our imagination to give any form some advantage over another. Probably in no single instance should we know what to do, so as to succeed. It will convince us of our ignorance on the mutual relations of all organic beings; a conviction as necessary, as it seems to be difficult to acquire. All that we can do, is to keep steadily in mind that each organic being is striving to increase at a geometrical ratio; that each at some period of its life, during some season of the year, during each generation or at intervals, has to struggle for life, and to suffer great destruction. When we reflect on this struggle, we may console ourselves with the full belief, that the war of nature is not incessant, that no fear is felt, that death is generally prompt, and that the vigorous, the healthy, and the happy survive and multiply.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00161", "bookId": 1228, "start": 158576, "end": 158607, "sha256": "9a4653e3a65da7686a3fe5078e30e4fe4c07690270ceb4a2f3269b65f5a597d9", "text": "CHAPTER IV. NATURAL SELECTION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00162", "bookId": 1228, "start": 158613, "end": 159310, "sha256": "a5e3c77b2de71d21df97a9652736a8feafde2c7b27b4f536bfa333a8460c865b", "text": "Natural Selection: its power compared with man’s selection, its power on characters of trifling importance, its power at all ages and on both sexes. Sexual Selection. On the generality of intercrosses between individuals of the same species. Circumstances favourable and unfavourable to Natural Selection, namely, intercrossing, isolation, number of individuals. Slow action. Extinction caused by Natural Selection. Divergence of Character, related to the diversity of inhabitants of any small area, and to naturalisation. Action of Natural Selection, through Divergence of Character and Extinction, on the descendants from a common parent. Explains the Grouping of all organic beings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00163", "bookId": 1228, "start": 159316, "end": 160980, "sha256": "0f442a428947f29a67d2bd84843967dbd4e1613d9b267a782f25b3e2b6a90243", "text": "How will the struggle for existence, discussed too briefly in the last chapter, act in regard to variation? Can the principle of selection, which we have seen is so potent in the hands of man, apply in nature? I think we shall see that it can act most effectually. Let it be borne in mind in what an endless number of strange peculiarities our domestic productions, and, in a lesser degree, those under nature, vary; and how strong the hereditary tendency is. Under domestication, it may be truly said that the whole organisation becomes in some degree plastic. Let it be borne in mind how infinitely complex and close-fitting are the mutual relations of all organic beings to each other and to their physical conditions of life. Can it, then, be thought improbable, seeing that variations useful to man have undoubtedly occurred, that other variations useful in some way to each being in the great and complex battle of life, should sometimes occur in the course of thousands of generations? If such do occur, can we doubt (remembering that many more individuals are born than can possibly survive) that individuals having any advantage, however slight, over others, would have the best chance of surviving and of procreating their kind? On the other hand, we may feel sure that any variation in the least degree injurious would be rigidly destroyed. This preservation of favourable variations and the rejection of injurious variations, I call Natural Selection. Variations neither useful nor injurious would not be affected by natural selection, and would be left a fluctuating element, as perhaps we see in the species called polymorphic.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00164", "bookId": 1228, "start": 160984, "end": 162585, "sha256": "6b76dc281117508b263aafbbe0d58def70079cf65f03b5db7e4ce614f11e4b58", "text": "We shall best understand the probable course of natural selection by taking the case of a country undergoing some physical change, for instance, of climate. The proportional numbers of its inhabitants would almost immediately undergo a change, and some species might become extinct. We may conclude, from what we have seen of the intimate and complex manner in which the inhabitants of each country are bound together, that any change in the numerical proportions of some of the inhabitants, independently of the change of climate itself, would most seriously affect many of the others. If the country were open on its borders, new forms would certainly immigrate, and this also would seriously disturb the relations of some of the former inhabitants. Let it be remembered how powerful the influence of a single introduced tree or mammal has been shown to be. But in the case of an island, or of a country partly surrounded by barriers, into which new and better adapted forms could not freely enter, we should then have places in the economy of nature which would assuredly be better filled up, if some of the original inhabitants were in some manner modified; for, had the area been open to immigration, these same places would have been seized on by intruders. In such case, every slight modification, which in the course of ages chanced to arise, and which in any way favoured the individuals of any of the species, by better adapting them to their altered conditions, would tend to be preserved; and natural selection would thus have free scope for the work of improvement.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00165", "bookId": 1228, "start": 162589, "end": 164504, "sha256": "0b508855ecb4b95a81fc9c4c64b891d705efd2f4ba9d3957cc88c6fa53cbb28d", "text": "We have reason to believe, as stated in the first chapter, that a change in the conditions of life, by specially acting on the reproductive system, causes or increases variability; and in the foregoing case the conditions of life are supposed to have undergone a change, and this would manifestly be favourable to natural selection, by giving a better chance of profitable variations occurring; and unless profitable variations do occur, natural selection can do nothing. Not that, as I believe, any extreme amount of variability is necessary; as man can certainly produce great results by adding up in any given direction mere individual differences, so could Nature, but far more easily, from having incomparably longer time at her disposal. Nor do I believe that any great physical change, as of climate, or any unusual degree of isolation to check immigration, is actually necessary to produce new and unoccupied places for natural selection to fill up by modifying and improving some of the varying inhabitants. For as all the inhabitants of each country are struggling together with nicely balanced forces, extremely slight modifications in the structure or habits of one inhabitant would often give it an advantage over others; and still further modifications of the same kind would often still further increase the advantage. No country can be named in which all the native inhabitants are now so perfectly adapted to each other and to the physical conditions under which they live, that none of them could anyhow be improved; for in all countries, the natives have been so far conquered by naturalised productions, that they have allowed foreigners to take firm possession of the land. And as foreigners have thus everywhere beaten some of the natives, we may safely conclude that the natives might have been modified with advantage, so as to have better resisted such intruders.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00166", "bookId": 1228, "start": 164508, "end": 166461, "sha256": "3b8357c8b88be5cc14b8dd9093df85114b430244bb6c86ee9597ef98adb3af8b", "text": "As man can produce and certainly has produced a great result by his methodical and unconscious means of selection, what may not nature effect? Man can act only on external and visible characters: nature cares nothing for appearances, except in so far as they may be useful to any being. She can act on every internal organ, on every shade of constitutional difference, on the whole machinery of life. Man selects only for his own good; Nature only for that of the being which she tends. Every selected character is fully exercised by her; and the being is placed under well-suited conditions of life. Man keeps the natives of many climates in the same country; he seldom exercises each selected character in some peculiar and fitting manner; he feeds a long and a short beaked pigeon on the same food; he does not exercise a long-backed or long-legged quadruped in any peculiar manner; he exposes sheep with long and short wool to the same climate. He does not allow the most vigorous males to struggle for the females. He does not rigidly destroy all inferior animals, but protects during each varying season, as far as lies in his power, all his productions. He often begins his selection by some half-monstrous form; or at least by some modification prominent enough to catch his eye, or to be plainly useful to him. Under nature, the slightest difference of structure or constitution may well turn the nicely-balanced scale in the struggle for life, and so be preserved. How fleeting are the wishes and efforts of man! how short his time! and consequently how poor will his products be, compared with those accumulated by nature during whole geological periods. Can we wonder, then, that nature’s productions should be far “truer” in character than man’s productions; that they should be infinitely better adapted to the most complex conditions of life, and should plainly bear the stamp of far higher workmanship?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00167", "bookId": 1228, "start": 166465, "end": 167115, "sha256": "ff212c6a61eb72ea5e2e02e91b869072aa8f124eebb7acafc174ba45fe616560", "text": "It may be said that natural selection is daily and hourly scrutinising, throughout the world, every variation, even the slightest; rejecting that which is bad, preserving and adding up all that is good; silently and insensibly working, whenever and wherever opportunity offers, at the improvement of each organic being in relation to its organic and inorganic conditions of life. We see nothing of these slow changes in progress, until the hand of time has marked the long lapse of ages, and then so imperfect is our view into long past geological ages, that we only see that the forms of life are now different from what they formerly were.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00168", "bookId": 1228, "start": 167119, "end": 169256, "sha256": "80e2a7173418794c225c1588f77eb5c56317a0bb1e2e42fc7a3916201e6ec91d", "text": "Although natural selection can act only through and for the good of each being, yet characters and structures, which we are apt to consider as of very trifling importance, may thus be acted on. When we see leaf-eating insects green, and bark-feeders mottled-grey; the alpine ptarmigan white in winter, the red-grouse the colour of heather, and the black-grouse that of peaty earth, we must believe that these tints are of service to these birds and insects in preserving them from danger. Grouse, if not destroyed at some period of their lives, would increase in countless numbers; they are known to suffer largely from birds of prey; and hawks are guided by eyesight to their prey,—so much so, that on parts of the Continent persons are warned not to keep white pigeons, as being the most liable to destruction. Hence I can see no reason to doubt that natural selection might be most effective in giving the proper colour to each kind of grouse, and in keeping that colour, when once acquired, true and constant. Nor ought we to think that the occasional destruction of an animal of any particular colour would produce little effect: we should remember how essential it is in a flock of white sheep to destroy every lamb with the faintest trace of black. In plants the down on the fruit and the colour of the flesh are considered by botanists as characters of the most trifling importance: yet we hear from an excellent horticulturist, Downing, that in the United States smooth-skinned fruits suffer far more from a beetle, a curculio, than those with down; that purple plums suffer far more from a certain disease than yellow plums; whereas another disease attacks yellow-fleshed peaches far more than those with other coloured flesh. If, with all the aids of art, these slight differences make a great difference in cultivating the several varieties, assuredly, in a state of nature, where the trees would have to struggle with other trees and with a host of enemies, such differences would effectually settle which variety, whether a smooth or downy, a yellow or purple fleshed fruit, should succeed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00169", "bookId": 1228, "start": 169260, "end": 169843, "sha256": "562239c9f08dbdc66ec3ac4672fcfccb4e1f758003e1b19a5673207ae2f888e6", "text": "In looking at many small points of difference between species, which, as far as our ignorance permits us to judge, seem to be quite unimportant, we must not forget that climate, food, etc., probably produce some slight and direct effect. It is, however, far more necessary to bear in mind that there are many unknown laws of correlation of growth, which, when one part of the organisation is modified through variation, and the modifications are accumulated by natural selection for the good of the being, will cause other modifications, often of the most unexpected nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00170", "bookId": 1228, "start": 169847, "end": 171623, "sha256": "a27ba7085fa2e1c1fc5874a341d15a8c89945a15a1aef0e62582926a6065d830", "text": "As we see that those variations which under domestication appear at any particular period of life, tend to reappear in the offspring at the same period;—for instance, in the seeds of the many varieties of our culinary and agricultural plants; in the caterpillar and cocoon stages of the varieties of the silkworm; in the eggs of poultry, and in the colour of the down of their chickens; in the horns of our sheep and cattle when nearly adult;—so in a state of nature, natural selection will be enabled to act on and modify organic beings at any age, by the accumulation of profitable variations at that age, and by their inheritance at a corresponding age. If it profit a plant to have its seeds more and more widely disseminated by the wind, I can see no greater difficulty in this being effected through natural selection, than in the cotton-planter increasing and improving by selection the down in the pods on his cotton-trees. Natural selection may modify and adapt the larva of an insect to a score of contingencies, wholly different from those which concern the mature insect. These modifications will no doubt affect, through the laws of correlation, the structure of the adult; and probably in the case of those insects which live only for a few hours, and which never feed, a large part of their structure is merely the correlated result of successive changes in the structure of their larvæ. So, conversely, modifications in the adult will probably often affect the structure of the larva; but in all cases natural selection will ensure that modifications consequent on other modifications at a different period of life, shall not be in the least degree injurious: for if they became so, they would cause the extinction of the species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00171", "bookId": 1228, "start": 171627, "end": 173180, "sha256": "2f0e9c2e26a80fdaaf695b03c26ca08546b3ee39fce2e53d55307b6c99f78685", "text": "Natural selection will modify the structure of the young in relation to the parent, and of the parent in relation to the young. In social animals it will adapt the structure of each individual for the benefit of the community; if each in consequence profits by the selected change. What natural selection cannot do, is to modify the structure of one species, without giving it any advantage, for the good of another species; and though statements to this effect may be found in works of natural history, I cannot find one case which will bear investigation. A structure used only once in an animal’s whole life, if of high importance to it, might be modified to any extent by natural selection; for instance, the great jaws possessed by certain insects, and used exclusively for opening the cocoon—or the hard tip to the beak of nestling birds, used for breaking the egg. It has been asserted, that of the best short-beaked tumbler-pigeons more perish in the egg than are able to get out of it; so that fanciers assist in the act of hatching. Now, if nature had to make the beak of a full-grown pigeon very short for the bird’s own advantage, the process of modification would be very slow, and there would be simultaneously the most rigorous selection of the young birds within the egg, which had the most powerful and hardest beaks, for all with weak beaks would inevitably perish: or, more delicate and more easily broken shells might be selected, the thickness of the shell being known to vary like every other structure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00172", "bookId": 1228, "start": 173184, "end": 175345, "sha256": "05bd37f750b95434247169e062a84e736dfa9494e58a503e88ccf7e363de87f2", "text": "_Sexual Selection_.—Inasmuch as peculiarities often appear under domestication in one sex and become hereditarily attached to that sex, the same fact probably occurs under nature, and if so, natural selection will be able to modify one sex in its functional relations to the other sex, or in relation to wholly different habits of life in the two sexes, as is sometimes the case with insects. And this leads me to say a few words on what I call Sexual Selection. This depends, not on a struggle for existence, but on a struggle between the males for possession of the females; the result is not death to the unsuccessful competitor, but few or no offspring. Sexual selection is, therefore, less rigorous than natural selection. Generally, the most vigorous males, those which are best fitted for their places in nature, will leave most progeny. But in many cases, victory will depend not on general vigour, but on having special weapons, confined to the male sex. A hornless stag or spurless cock would have a poor chance of leaving offspring. Sexual selection by always allowing the victor to breed might surely give indomitable courage, length to the spur, and strength to the wing to strike in the spurred leg, as well as the brutal cock-fighter, who knows well that he can improve his breed by careful selection of the best cocks. How low in the scale of nature this law of battle descends, I know not; male alligators have been described as fighting, bellowing, and whirling round, like Indians in a war-dance, for the possession of the females; male salmons have been seen fighting all day long; male stag-beetles often bear wounds from the huge mandibles of other males. The war is, perhaps, severest between the males of polygamous animals, and these seem oftenest provided with special weapons. The males of carnivorous animals are already well armed; though to them and to others, special means of defence may be given through means of sexual selection, as the mane to the lion, the shoulder-pad to the boar, and the hooked jaw to the male salmon; for the shield may be as important for victory, as the sword or spear.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00173", "bookId": 1228, "start": 175349, "end": 177047, "sha256": "923ff48f35a52a7211362558593f9e98d0308452384d5740e33ee89a6a0f3558", "text": "Amongst birds, the contest is often of a more peaceful character. All those who have attended to the subject, believe that there is the severest rivalry between the males of many species to attract by singing the females. The rock-thrush of Guiana, birds of Paradise, and some others, congregate; and successive males display their gorgeous plumage and perform strange antics before the females, which standing by as spectators, at last choose the most attractive partner. Those who have closely attended to birds in confinement well know that they often take individual preferences and dislikes: thus Sir R. Heron has described how one pied peacock was eminently attractive to all his hen birds. It may appear childish to attribute any effect to such apparently weak means: I cannot here enter on the details necessary to support this view; but if man can in a short time give elegant carriage and beauty to his bantams, according to his standard of beauty, I can see no good reason to doubt that female birds, by selecting, during thousands of generations, the most melodious or beautiful males, according to their standard of beauty, might produce a marked effect. I strongly suspect that some well-known laws with respect to the plumage of male and female birds, in comparison with the plumage of the young, can be explained on the view of plumage having been chiefly modified by sexual selection, acting when the birds have come to the breeding age or during the breeding season; the modifications thus produced being inherited at corresponding ages or seasons, either by the males alone, or by the males and females; but I have not space here to enter on this subject.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00174", "bookId": 1228, "start": 177051, "end": 178121, "sha256": "5fbfe354f4ce4ed0534a974ee3af76485a864070ba9cf3b61e538a655557e3c9", "text": "Thus it is, as I believe, that when the males and females of any animal have the same general habits of life, but differ in structure, colour, or ornament, such differences have been mainly caused by sexual selection; that is, individual males have had, in successive generations, some slight advantage over other males, in their weapons, means of defence, or charms; and have transmitted these advantages to their male offspring. Yet, I would not wish to attribute all such sexual differences to this agency: for we see peculiarities arising and becoming attached to the male sex in our domestic animals (as the wattle in male carriers, horn-like protuberances in the cocks of certain fowls, etc.), which we cannot believe to be either useful to the males in battle, or attractive to the females. We see analogous cases under nature, for instance, the tuft of hair on the breast of the turkey-cock, which can hardly be either useful or ornamental to this bird;—indeed, had the tuft appeared under domestication, it would have been called a monstrosity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00175", "bookId": 1228, "start": 178125, "end": 179300, "sha256": "cb03463c1b7c760434327c27c73d1b7046033dad36b88fc8da1f47249562a5d5", "text": "_Illustrations of the action of Natural Selection_.—In order to make it clear how, as I believe, natural selection acts, I must beg permission to give one or two imaginary illustrations. Let us take the case of a wolf, which preys on various animals, securing some by craft, some by strength, and some by fleetness; and let us suppose that the fleetest prey, a deer for instance, had from any change in the country increased in numbers, or that other prey had decreased in numbers, during that season of the year when the wolf is hardest pressed for food. I can under such circumstances see no reason to doubt that the swiftest and slimmest wolves would have the best chance of surviving, and so be preserved or selected,—provided always that they retained strength to master their prey at this or at some other period of the year, when they might be compelled to prey on other animals. I can see no more reason to doubt this, than that man can improve the fleetness of his greyhounds by careful and methodical selection, or by that unconscious selection which results from each man trying to keep the best dogs without any thought of modifying the breed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00176", "bookId": 1228, "start": 179304, "end": 180977, "sha256": "784711d2ef9971d2cd101b4c55257e25aec701d642ff5e9a826c26e75574d042", "text": "Even without any change in the proportional numbers of the animals on which our wolf preyed, a cub might be born with an innate tendency to pursue certain kinds of prey. Nor can this be thought very improbable; for we often observe great differences in the natural tendencies of our domestic animals; one cat, for instance, taking to catch rats, another mice; one cat, according to Mr. St. John, bringing home winged game, another hares or rabbits, and another hunting on marshy ground and almost nightly catching woodcocks or snipes. The tendency to catch rats rather than mice is known to be inherited. Now, if any slight innate change of habit or of structure benefited an individual wolf, it would have the best chance of surviving and of leaving offspring. Some of its young would probably inherit the same habits or structure, and by the repetition of this process, a new variety might be formed which would either supplant or coexist with the parent-form of wolf. Or, again, the wolves inhabiting a mountainous district, and those frequenting the lowlands, would naturally be forced to hunt different prey; and from the continued preservation of the individuals best fitted for the two sites, two varieties might slowly be formed. These varieties would cross and blend where they met; but to this subject of intercrossing we shall soon have to return. I may add, that, according to Mr. Pierce, there are two varieties of the wolf inhabiting the Catskill Mountains in the United States, one with a light greyhound-like form, which pursues deer, and the other more bulky, with shorter legs, which more frequently attacks the shepherd’s flocks.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00177", "bookId": 1228, "start": 180981, "end": 183097, "sha256": "bfa783c610ee91ab30f7b24fdff71180bfec70c702db3be11d0d138176ab8e94", "text": "Let us now take a more complex case. Certain plants excrete a sweet juice, apparently for the sake of eliminating something injurious from their sap: this is effected by glands at the base of the stipules in some Leguminosæ, and at the back of the leaf of the common laurel. This juice, though small in quantity, is greedily sought by insects. Let us now suppose a little sweet juice or nectar to be excreted by the inner bases of the petals of a flower. In this case insects in seeking the nectar would get dusted with pollen, and would certainly often transport the pollen from one flower to the stigma of another flower. The flowers of two distinct individuals of the same species would thus get crossed; and the act of crossing, we have good reason to believe (as will hereafter be more fully alluded to), would produce very vigorous seedlings, which consequently would have the best chance of flourishing and surviving. Some of these seedlings would probably inherit the nectar-excreting power. Those individual flowers which had the largest glands or nectaries, and which excreted most nectar, would be oftenest visited by insects, and would be oftenest crossed; and so in the long-run would gain the upper hand. Those flowers, also, which had their stamens and pistils placed, in relation to the size and habits of the particular insects which visited them, so as to favour in any degree the transportal of their pollen from flower to flower, would likewise be favoured or selected. We might have taken the case of insects visiting flowers for the sake of collecting pollen instead of nectar; and as pollen is formed for the sole object of fertilisation, its destruction appears a simple loss to the plant; yet if a little pollen were carried, at first occasionally and then habitually, by the pollen-devouring insects from flower to flower, and a cross thus effected, although nine-tenths of the pollen were destroyed, it might still be a great gain to the plant; and those individuals which produced more and more pollen, and had larger and larger anthers, would be selected.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00178", "bookId": 1228, "start": 183103, "end": 185639, "sha256": "7ba82f455f0e9d86fc11537bc83e6e95a951d0915200c82eaf0fe2c2b4480446", "text": "When our plant, by this process of the continued preservation or natural selection of more and more attractive flowers, had been rendered highly attractive to insects, they would, unintentionally on their part, regularly carry pollen from flower to flower; and that they can most effectually do this, I could easily show by many striking instances. I will give only one—not as a very striking case, but as likewise illustrating one step in the separation of the sexes of plants, presently to be alluded to. Some holly-trees bear only male flowers, which have four stamens producing rather a small quantity of pollen, and a rudimentary pistil; other holly-trees bear only female flowers; these have a full-sized pistil, and four stamens with shrivelled anthers, in which not a grain of pollen can be detected. Having found a female tree exactly sixty yards from a male tree, I put the stigmas of twenty flowers, taken from different branches, under the microscope, and on all, without exception, there were pollen-grains, and on some a profusion of pollen. As the wind had set for several days from the female to the male tree, the pollen could not thus have been carried. The weather had been cold and boisterous, and therefore not favourable to bees, nevertheless every female flower which I examined had been effectually fertilised by the bees, accidentally dusted with pollen, having flown from tree to tree in search of nectar. But to return to our imaginary case: as soon as the plant had been rendered so highly attractive to insects that pollen was regularly carried from flower to flower, another process might commence. No naturalist doubts the advantage of what has been called the “physiological division of labour;” hence we may believe that it would be advantageous to a plant to produce stamens alone in one flower or on one whole plant, and pistils alone in another flower or on another plant. In plants under culture and placed under new conditions of life, sometimes the male organs and sometimes the female organs become more or less impotent; now if we suppose this to occur in ever so slight a degree under nature, then as pollen is already carried regularly from flower to flower, and as a more complete separation of the sexes of our plant would be advantageous on the principle of the division of labour, individuals with this tendency more and more increased, would be continually favoured or selected, until at last a complete separation of the sexes would be effected.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00179", "bookId": 1228, "start": 185643, "end": 187897, "sha256": "f1d6431a47a6e21d58b00b80daef35f9c30ecd11b1e99c865da76697d59f2baa", "text": "Let us now turn to the nectar-feeding insects in our imaginary case: we may suppose the plant of which we have been slowly increasing the nectar by continued selection, to be a common plant; and that certain insects depended in main part on its nectar for food. I could give many facts, showing how anxious bees are to save time; for instance, their habit of cutting holes and sucking the nectar at the bases of certain flowers, which they can, with a very little more trouble, enter by the mouth. Bearing such facts in mind, I can see no reason to doubt that an accidental deviation in the size and form of the body, or in the curvature and length of the proboscis, etc., far too slight to be appreciated by us, might profit a bee or other insect, so that an individual so characterised would be able to obtain its food more quickly, and so have a better chance of living and leaving descendants. Its descendants would probably inherit a tendency to a similar slight deviation of structure. The tubes of the corollas of the common red and incarnate clovers (Trifolium pratense and incarnatum) do not on a hasty glance appear to differ in length; yet the hive-bee can easily suck the nectar out of the incarnate clover, but not out of the common red clover, which is visited by humble-bees alone; so that whole fields of the red clover offer in vain an abundant supply of precious nectar to the hive-bee. Thus it might be a great advantage to the hive-bee to have a slightly longer or differently constructed proboscis. On the other hand, I have found by experiment that the fertility of clover greatly depends on bees visiting and moving parts of the corolla, so as to push the pollen on to the stigmatic surface. Hence, again, if humble-bees were to become rare in any country, it might be a great advantage to the red clover to have a shorter or more deeply divided tube to its corolla, so that the hive-bee could visit its flowers. Thus I can understand how a flower and a bee might slowly become, either simultaneously or one after the other, modified and adapted in the most perfect manner to each other, by the continued preservation of individuals presenting mutual and slightly favourable deviations of structure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00180", "bookId": 1228, "start": 187901, "end": 188867, "sha256": "77f525c6541b9532fc4ce8bfa67a0b1aef3e8a869b110124e5d7ef0a5d33e043", "text": "I am well aware that this doctrine of natural selection, exemplified in the above imaginary instances, is open to the same objections which were at first urged against Sir Charles Lyell’s noble views on “the modern changes of the earth, as illustrative of geology;” but we now very seldom hear the action, for instance, of the coast-waves, called a trifling and insignificant cause, when applied to the excavation of gigantic valleys or to the formation of the longest lines of inland cliffs. Natural selection can act only by the preservation and accumulation of infinitesimally small inherited modifications, each profitable to the preserved being; and as modern geology has almost banished such views as the excavation of a great valley by a single diluvial wave, so will natural selection, if it be a true principle, banish the belief of the continued creation of new organic beings, or of any great and sudden modification in their structure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00181", "bookId": 1228, "start": 188871, "end": 190218, "sha256": "28a7dc777b299b01c9be3283070dbd0d987c9523879f419bb6d8b67dafd03b27", "text": "_On the Intercrossing of Individuals_.—I must here introduce a short digression. In the case of animals and plants with separated sexes, it is of course obvious that two individuals must always unite for each birth; but in the case of hermaphrodites this is far from obvious. Nevertheless I am strongly inclined to believe that with all hermaphrodites two individuals, either occasionally or habitually, concur for the reproduction of their kind. This view, I may add, was first suggested by Andrew Knight. We shall presently see its importance; but I must here treat the subject with extreme brevity, though I have the materials prepared for an ample discussion. All vertebrate animals, all insects, and some other large groups of animals, pair for each birth. Modern research has much diminished the number of supposed hermaphrodites, and of real hermaphrodites a large number pair; that is, two individuals regularly unite for reproduction, which is all that concerns us. But still there are many hermaphrodite animals which certainly do not habitually pair, and a vast majority of plants are hermaphrodites. What reason, it may be asked, is there for supposing in these cases that two individuals ever concur in reproduction? As it is impossible here to enter on details, I must trust to some general considerations alone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00182", "bookId": 1228, "start": 190222, "end": 190945, "sha256": "01e33319cfd5afeeec4fc40fcfc25a1ff6b865d7bd952825ffff32dd71c150f2", "text": "In the first place, I have collected so large a body of facts, showing, in accordance with the almost universal belief of breeders, that with animals and plants a cross between different varieties, or between individuals of the same variety but of another strain, gives vigour and fertility to the offspring; and on the other hand, that _close_ interbreeding diminishes vigour and fertility; that these facts alone incline me to believe that it is a general law of nature (utterly ignorant though we be of the meaning of the law) that no organic being self-fertilises itself for an eternity of generations; but that a cross with another individual is occasionally—perhaps at very long intervals—indispensable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00183", "bookId": 1228, "start": 190949, "end": 192933, "sha256": "25c8de480a19b2047ab2d692e3222c6e376c37d78e4531c43170cda517a22f11", "text": "On the belief that this is a law of nature, we can, I think, understand several large classes of facts, such as the following, which on any other view are inexplicable. Every hybridizer knows how unfavourable exposure to wet is to the fertilisation of a flower, yet what a multitude of flowers have their anthers and stigmas fully exposed to the weather! but if an occasional cross be indispensable, the fullest freedom for the entrance of pollen from another individual will explain this state of exposure, more especially as the plant’s own anthers and pistil generally stand so close together that self-fertilisation seems almost inevitable. Many flowers, on the other hand, have their organs of fructification closely enclosed, as in the great papilionaceous or pea-family; but in several, perhaps in all, such flowers, there is a very curious adaptation between the structure of the flower and the manner in which bees suck the nectar; for, in doing this, they either push the flower’s own pollen on the stigma, or bring pollen from another flower. So necessary are the visits of bees to papilionaceous flowers, that I have found, by experiments published elsewhere, that their fertility is greatly diminished if these visits be prevented. Now, it is scarcely possible that bees should fly from flower to flower, and not carry pollen from one to the other, to the great good, as I believe, of the plant. Bees will act like a camel-hair pencil, and it is quite sufficient just to touch the anthers of one flower and then the stigma of another with the same brush to ensure fertilisation; but it must not be supposed that bees would thus produce a multitude of hybrids between distinct species; for if you bring on the same brush a plant’s own pollen and pollen from another species, the former will have such a prepotent effect, that it will invariably and completely destroy, as has been shown by Gärtner, any influence from the foreign pollen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00184", "bookId": 1228, "start": 192937, "end": 195222, "sha256": "7f25c6d070d47b62e2120463c1f0834f156292d2a6e7fc1bdc0346b59f842371", "text": "When the stamens of a flower suddenly spring towards the pistil, or slowly move one after the other towards it, the contrivance seems adapted solely to ensure self-fertilisation; and no doubt it is useful for this end: but, the agency of insects is often required to cause the stamens to spring forward, as Kölreuter has shown to be the case with the barberry; and curiously in this very genus, which seems to have a special contrivance for self-fertilisation, it is well known that if very closely-allied forms or varieties are planted near each other, it is hardly possible to raise pure seedlings, so largely do they naturally cross. In many other cases, far from there being any aids for self-fertilisation, there are special contrivances, as I could show from the writings of C. C. Sprengel and from my own observations, which effectually prevent the stigma receiving pollen from its own flower: for instance, in Lobelia fulgens, there is a really beautiful and elaborate contrivance by which every one of the infinitely numerous pollen-granules are swept out of the conjoined anthers of each flower, before the stigma of that individual flower is ready to receive them; and as this flower is never visited, at least in my garden, by insects, it never sets a seed, though by placing pollen from one flower on the stigma of another, I raised plenty of seedlings; and whilst another species of Lobelia growing close by, which is visited by bees, seeds freely. In very many other cases, though there be no special mechanical contrivance to prevent the stigma of a flower receiving its own pollen, yet, as C. C. Sprengel has shown, and as I can confirm, either the anthers burst before the stigma is ready for fertilisation, or the stigma is ready before the pollen of that flower is ready, so that these plants have in fact separated sexes, and must habitually be crossed. How strange are these facts! How strange that the pollen and stigmatic surface of the same flower, though placed so close together, as if for the very purpose of self-fertilisation, should in so many cases be mutually useless to each other! How simply are these facts explained on the view of an occasional cross with a distinct individual being advantageous or indispensable!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00185", "bookId": 1228, "start": 195226, "end": 196318, "sha256": "11d780b3d19ce137173e192f89dc117063945a0d81663b84d01049d2da3edc94", "text": "If several varieties of the cabbage, radish, onion, and of some other plants, be allowed to seed near each other, a large majority, as I have found, of the seedlings thus raised will turn out mongrels: for instance, I raised 233 seedling cabbages from some plants of different varieties growing near each other, and of these only 78 were true to their kind, and some even of these were not perfectly true. Yet the pistil of each cabbage-flower is surrounded not only by its own six stamens, but by those of the many other flowers on the same plant. How, then, comes it that such a vast number of the seedlings are mongrelized? I suspect that it must arise from the pollen of a distinct _variety_ having a prepotent effect over a flower’s own pollen; and that this is part of the general law of good being derived from the intercrossing of distinct individuals of the same species. When distinct _species_ are crossed the case is directly the reverse, for a plant’s own pollen is always prepotent over foreign pollen; but to this subject we shall return in a future chapter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00186", "bookId": 1228, "start": 196322, "end": 197547, "sha256": "d25825fc29d254d0a038de18530123c251a4e9168641e1c31a1e2f101cb16883", "text": "In the case of a gigantic tree covered with innumerable flowers, it may be objected that pollen could seldom be carried from tree to tree, and at most only from flower to flower on the same tree, and that flowers on the same tree can be considered as distinct individuals only in a limited sense. I believe this objection to be valid, but that nature has largely provided against it by giving to trees a strong tendency to bear flowers with separated sexes. When the sexes are separated, although the male and female flowers may be produced on the same tree, we can see that pollen must be regularly carried from flower to flower; and this will give a better chance of pollen being occasionally carried from tree to tree. That trees belonging to all Orders have their sexes more often separated than other plants, I find to be the case in this country; and at my request Dr. Hooker tabulated the trees of New Zealand, and Dr. Asa Gray those of the United States, and the result was as I anticipated. On the other hand, Dr. Hooker has recently informed me that he finds that the rule does not hold in Australia; and I have made these few remarks on the sexes of trees simply to call attention to the subject.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00187", "bookId": 1228, "start": 197551, "end": 199058, "sha256": "ffaf56ea821f23ec5c18edfcd55660fbf77c27e7f85eb487659e582bcb20b380", "text": "Turning for a very brief space to animals: on the land there are some hermaphrodites, as land-mollusca and earth-worms; but these all pair. As yet I have not found a single case of a terrestrial animal which fertilises itself. We can understand this remarkable fact, which offers so strong a contrast with terrestrial plants, on the view of an occasional cross being indispensable, by considering the medium in which terrestrial animals live, and the nature of the fertilising element; for we know of no means, analogous to the action of insects and of the wind in the case of plants, by which an occasional cross could be effected with terrestrial animals without the concurrence of two individuals. Of aquatic animals, there are many self-fertilising hermaphrodites; but here currents in the water offer an obvious means for an occasional cross. And, as in the case of flowers, I have as yet failed, after consultation with one of the highest authorities, namely, Professor Huxley, to discover a single case of an hermaphrodite animal with the organs of reproduction so perfectly enclosed within the body, that access from without and the occasional influence of a distinct individual can be shown to be physically impossible. Cirripedes long appeared to me to present a case of very great difficulty under this point of view; but I have been enabled, by a fortunate chance, elsewhere to prove that two individuals, though both are self-fertilising hermaphrodites, do sometimes cross.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00188", "bookId": 1228, "start": 199062, "end": 199581, "sha256": "6762fb508222c3d9953f01a0d1fccd0976a59b16618f5bca18959d4178c35799", "text": "It must have struck most naturalists as a strange anomaly that, in the case of both animals and plants, species of the same family and even of the same genus, though agreeing closely with each other in almost their whole organisation, yet are not rarely, some of them hermaphrodites, and some of them unisexual. But if, in fact, all hermaphrodites do occasionally intercross with other individuals, the difference between hermaphrodites and unisexual species, as far as function is concerned, becomes very small.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00189", "bookId": 1228, "start": 199585, "end": 200250, "sha256": "1b1c5a118a8d76d4c08011cf409072d053ac307469ec2ba4273c047b432ad219", "text": "From these several considerations and from the many special facts which I have collected, but which I am not here able to give, I am strongly inclined to suspect that, both in the vegetable and animal kingdoms, an occasional intercross with a distinct individual is a law of nature. I am well aware that there are, on this view, many cases of difficulty, some of which I am trying to investigate. Finally then, we may conclude that in many organic beings, a cross between two individuals is an obvious necessity for each birth; in many others it occurs perhaps only at long intervals; but in none, as I suspect, can self-fertilisation go on for perpetuity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00190", "bookId": 1228, "start": 200254, "end": 201110, "sha256": "4831238e216b44746259e3bbd9f6fb418436c28d837e0cd8b1c8b400fa2c9e3f", "text": "_Circumstances favourable to Natural Selection_.—This is an extremely intricate subject. A large amount of inheritable and diversified variability is favourable, but I believe mere individual differences suffice for the work. A large number of individuals, by giving a better chance for the appearance within any given period of profitable variations, will compensate for a lesser amount of variability in each individual, and is, I believe, an extremely important element of success. Though nature grants vast periods of time for the work of natural selection, she does not grant an indefinite period; for as all organic beings are striving, it may be said, to seize on each place in the economy of nature, if any one species does not become modified and improved in a corresponding degree with its competitors, it will soon be exterminated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00191", "bookId": 1228, "start": 201114, "end": 203483, "sha256": "bedf1daacc6250a825593fad44139459ec4e4bfbfd7ca29bab3828b04f1d7dea", "text": "In man’s methodical selection, a breeder selects for some definite object, and free intercrossing will wholly stop his work. But when many men, without intending to alter the breed, have a nearly common standard of perfection, and all try to get and breed from the best animals, much improvement and modification surely but slowly follow from this unconscious process of selection, notwithstanding a large amount of crossing with inferior animals. Thus it will be in nature; for within a confined area, with some place in its polity not so perfectly occupied as might be, natural selection will always tend to preserve all the individuals varying in the right direction, though in different degrees, so as better to fill up the unoccupied place. But if the area be large, its several districts will almost certainly present different conditions of life; and then if natural selection be modifying and improving a species in the several districts, there will be intercrossing with the other individuals of the same species on the confines of each. And in this case the effects of intercrossing can hardly be counterbalanced by natural selection always tending to modify all the individuals in each district in exactly the same manner to the conditions of each; for in a continuous area, the conditions will generally graduate away insensibly from one district to another. The intercrossing will most affect those animals which unite for each birth, which wander much, and which do not breed at a very quick rate. Hence in animals of this nature, for instance in birds, varieties will generally be confined to separated countries; and this I believe to be the case. In hermaphrodite organisms which cross only occasionally, and likewise in animals which unite for each birth, but which wander little and which can increase at a very rapid rate, a new and improved variety might be quickly formed on any one spot, and might there maintain itself in a body, so that whatever intercrossing took place would be chiefly between the individuals of the same new variety. A local variety when once thus formed might subsequently slowly spread to other districts. On the above principle, nurserymen always prefer getting seed from a large body of plants of the same variety, as the chance of intercrossing with other varieties is thus lessened.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00192", "bookId": 1228, "start": 203487, "end": 203928, "sha256": "f1919abe2e279d568d560693ace41c8d051020d09e2d1a413f4da9640cc0b7b1", "text": "Even in the case of slow-breeding animals, which unite for each birth, we must not overrate the effects of intercrosses in retarding natural selection; for I can bring a considerable catalogue of facts, showing that within the same area, varieties of the same animal can long remain distinct, from haunting different stations, from breeding at slightly different seasons, or from varieties of the same kind preferring to pair together.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00193", "bookId": 1228, "start": 203932, "end": 205204, "sha256": "de36b92f7af3136976989f672f98688b6952e7e30d6eb785426cad3c6f01ab08", "text": "Intercrossing plays a very important part in nature in keeping the individuals of the same species, or of the same variety, true and uniform in character. It will obviously thus act far more efficiently with those animals which unite for each birth; but I have already attempted to show that we have reason to believe that occasional intercrosses take place with all animals and with all plants. Even if these take place only at long intervals, I am convinced that the young thus produced will gain so much in vigour and fertility over the offspring from long-continued self-fertilisation, that they will have a better chance of surviving and propagating their kind; and thus, in the long run, the influence of intercrosses, even at rare intervals, will be great. If there exist organic beings which never intercross, uniformity of character can be retained amongst them, as long as their conditions of life remain the same, only through the principle of inheritance, and through natural selection destroying any which depart from the proper type; but if their conditions of life change and they undergo modification, uniformity of character can be given to their modified offspring, solely by natural selection preserving the same favourable variations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00194", "bookId": 1228, "start": 205208, "end": 206760, "sha256": "15bf0a19f71f000cadb7682d01e0b75da2e41c0d68dd8bab2da24bceafad331d", "text": "Isolation, also, is an important element in the process of natural selection. In a confined or isolated area, if not very large, the organic and inorganic conditions of life will generally be in a great degree uniform; so that natural selection will tend to modify all the individuals of a varying species throughout the area in the same manner in relation to the same conditions. Intercrosses, also, with the individuals of the same species, which otherwise would have inhabited the surrounding and differently circumstanced districts, will be prevented. But isolation probably acts more efficiently in checking the immigration of better adapted organisms, after any physical change, such as of climate or elevation of the land, etc.; and thus new places in the natural economy of the country are left open for the old inhabitants to struggle for, and become adapted to, through modifications in their structure and constitution. Lastly, isolation, by checking immigration and consequently competition, will give time for any new variety to be slowly improved; and this may sometimes be of importance in the production of new species. If, however, an isolated area be very small, either from being surrounded by barriers, or from having very peculiar physical conditions, the total number of the individuals supported on it will necessarily be very small; and fewness of individuals will greatly retard the production of new species through natural selection, by decreasing the chance of the appearance of favourable variations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00195", "bookId": 1228, "start": 206764, "end": 207547, "sha256": "df360d61c7a9d2d6ce5e885b1361642cf38ae51ac3674e389065c1fe4fc27c2d", "text": "If we turn to nature to test the truth of these remarks, and look at any small isolated area, such as an oceanic island, although the total number of the species inhabiting it, will be found to be small, as we shall see in our chapter on geographical distribution; yet of these species a very large proportion are endemic,—that is, have been produced there, and nowhere else. Hence an oceanic island at first sight seems to have been highly favourable for the production of new species. But we may thus greatly deceive ourselves, for to ascertain whether a small isolated area, or a large open area like a continent, has been most favourable for the production of new organic forms, we ought to make the comparison within equal times; and this we are incapable of doing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00196", "bookId": 1228, "start": 207551, "end": 209397, "sha256": "bd6add9489fad49d1906a8e7bff2a1807f02d726d9e340c8ae45a445d483ec7e", "text": "Although I do not doubt that isolation is of considerable importance in the production of new species, on the whole I am inclined to believe that largeness of area is of more importance, more especially in the production of species, which will prove capable of enduring for a long period, and of spreading widely. Throughout a great and open area, not only will there be a better chance of favourable variations arising from the large number of individuals of the same species there supported, but the conditions of life are infinitely complex from the large number of already existing species; and if some of these many species become modified and improved, others will have to be improved in a corresponding degree or they will be exterminated. Each new form, also, as soon as it has been much improved, will be able to spread over the open and continuous area, and will thus come into competition with many others. Hence more new places will be formed, and the competition to fill them will be more severe, on a large than on a small and isolated area. Moreover, great areas, though now continuous, owing to oscillations of level, will often have recently existed in a broken condition, so that the good effects of isolation will generally, to a certain extent, have concurred. Finally, I conclude that, although small isolated areas probably have been in some respects highly favourable for the production of new species, yet that the course of modification will generally have been more rapid on large areas; and what is more important, that the new forms produced on large areas, which already have been victorious over many competitors, will be those that will spread most widely, will give rise to most new varieties and species, and will thus play an important part in the changing history of the organic world.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00197", "bookId": 1228, "start": 209401, "end": 210922, "sha256": "55cd46dfdbf34202e908e3a47bc097d90cfee282d19eefa09076b5cbe2a0e414", "text": "We can, perhaps, on these views, understand some facts which will be again alluded to in our chapter on geographical distribution; for instance, that the productions of the smaller continent of Australia have formerly yielded, and apparently are now yielding, before those of the larger Europæo-Asiatic area. Thus, also, it is that continental productions have everywhere become so largely naturalised on islands. On a small island, the race for life will have been less severe, and there will have been less modification and less extermination. Hence, perhaps, it comes that the flora of Madeira, according to Oswald Heer, resembles the extinct tertiary flora of Europe. All fresh-water basins, taken together, make a small area compared with that of the sea or of the land; and, consequently, the competition between fresh-water productions will have been less severe than elsewhere; new forms will have been more slowly formed, and old forms more slowly exterminated. And it is in fresh water that we find seven genera of Ganoid fishes, remnants of a once preponderant order: and in fresh water we find some of the most anomalous forms now known in the world, as the Ornithorhynchus and Lepidosiren, which, like fossils, connect to a certain extent orders now widely separated in the natural scale. These anomalous forms may almost be called living fossils; they have endured to the present day, from having inhabited a confined area, and from having thus been exposed to less severe competition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00198", "bookId": 1228, "start": 210926, "end": 212585, "sha256": "bb4ed88036992d964b76ff087b0b3ce6340428e75ccfd9716aa2eae78fc107c9", "text": "To sum up the circumstances favourable and unfavourable to natural selection, as far as the extreme intricacy of the subject permits. I conclude, looking to the future, that for terrestrial productions a large continental area, which will probably undergo many oscillations of level, and which consequently will exist for long periods in a broken condition, will be the most favourable for the production of many new forms of life, likely to endure long and to spread widely. For the area will first have existed as a continent, and the inhabitants, at this period numerous in individuals and kinds, will have been subjected to very severe competition. When converted by subsidence into large separate islands, there will still exist many individuals of the same species on each island: intercrossing on the confines of the range of each species will thus be checked: after physical changes of any kind, immigration will be prevented, so that new places in the polity of each island will have to be filled up by modifications of the old inhabitants; and time will be allowed for the varieties in each to become well modified and perfected. When, by renewed elevation, the islands shall be re-converted into a continental area, there will again be severe competition: the most favoured or improved varieties will be enabled to spread: there will be much extinction of the less improved forms, and the relative proportional numbers of the various inhabitants of the renewed continent will again be changed; and again there will be a fair field for natural selection to improve still further the inhabitants, and thus produce new species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00199", "bookId": 1228, "start": 212589, "end": 213969, "sha256": "558b0fc26a5439a806e1693fc00010382ed554e9051aa41757cf6c8e2fe393f8", "text": "That natural selection will always act with extreme slowness, I fully admit. Its action depends on there being places in the polity of nature, which can be better occupied by some of the inhabitants of the country undergoing modification of some kind. The existence of such places will often depend on physical changes, which are generally very slow, and on the immigration of better adapted forms having been checked. But the action of natural selection will probably still oftener depend on some of the inhabitants becoming slowly modified; the mutual relations of many of the other inhabitants being thus disturbed. Nothing can be effected, unless favourable variations occur, and variation itself is apparently always a very slow process. The process will often be greatly retarded by free intercrossing. Many will exclaim that these several causes are amply sufficient wholly to stop the action of natural selection. I do not believe so. On the other hand, I do believe that natural selection will always act very slowly, often only at long intervals of time, and generally on only a very few of the inhabitants of the same region at the same time. I further believe, that this very slow, intermittent action of natural selection accords perfectly well with what geology tells us of the rate and manner at which the inhabitants of this world have changed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00200", "bookId": 1228, "start": 213973, "end": 214362, "sha256": "3c42cca4517039d6162c09d1e5e9733f78da9078b1c4aaabf2889d9ca4ae7a44", "text": "Slow though the process of selection may be, if feeble man can do much by his powers of artificial selection, I can see no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings, one with another and with their physical conditions of life, which may be effected in the long course of time by nature’s power of selection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00201", "bookId": 1228, "start": 214366, "end": 216032, "sha256": "8c76a742a2038f0050a2323bd694088c6de9fb417c2f7139fdd2da6d33994534", "text": "_Extinction_.—This subject will be more fully discussed in our chapter on Geology; but it must be here alluded to from being intimately connected with natural selection. Natural selection acts solely through the preservation of variations in some way advantageous, which consequently endure. But as from the high geometrical powers of increase of all organic beings, each area is already fully stocked with inhabitants, it follows that as each selected and favoured form increases in number, so will the less favoured forms decrease and become rare. Rarity, as geology tells us, is the precursor to extinction. We can, also, see that any form represented by few individuals will, during fluctuations in the seasons or in the number of its enemies, run a good chance of utter extinction. But we may go further than this; for as new forms are continually and slowly being produced, unless we believe that the number of specific forms goes on perpetually and almost indefinitely increasing, numbers inevitably must become extinct. That the number of specific forms has not indefinitely increased, geology shows us plainly; and indeed we can see reason why they should not have thus increased, for the number of places in the polity of nature is not indefinitely great,—not that we have any means of knowing that any one region has as yet got its maximum of species. Probably no region is as yet fully stocked, for at the Cape of Good Hope, where more species of plants are crowded together than in any other quarter of the world, some foreign plants have become naturalised, without causing, as far as we know, the extinction of any natives.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00202", "bookId": 1228, "start": 216036, "end": 216574, "sha256": "a0aa592ad709c1f9817bae0e6f7fd66bddcbb8bacc266635819896c463a16d47", "text": "Furthermore, the species which are most numerous in individuals will have the best chance of producing within any given period favourable variations. We have evidence of this, in the facts given in the second chapter, showing that it is the common species which afford the greatest number of recorded varieties, or incipient species. Hence, rare species will be less quickly modified or improved within any given period, and they will consequently be beaten in the race for life by the modified descendants of the commoner species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00203", "bookId": 1228, "start": 216578, "end": 217962, "sha256": "72f9e0f621571238f969fbe38cfb6f2ab731510f12301d5ad02f6639e4808fb2", "text": "From these several considerations I think it inevitably follows, that as new species in the course of time are formed through natural selection, others will become rarer and rarer, and finally extinct. The forms which stand in closest competition with those undergoing modification and improvement, will naturally suffer most. And we have seen in the chapter on the Struggle for Existence that it is the most closely-allied forms,—varieties of the same species, and species of the same genus or of related genera,—which, from having nearly the same structure, constitution, and habits, generally come into the severest competition with each other. Consequently, each new variety or species, during the progress of its formation, will generally press hardest on its nearest kindred, and tend to exterminate them. We see the same process of extermination amongst our domesticated productions, through the selection of improved forms by man. Many curious instances could be given showing how quickly new breeds of cattle, sheep, and other animals, and varieties of flowers, take the place of older and inferior kinds. In Yorkshire, it is historically known that the ancient black cattle were displaced by the long-horns, and that these “were swept away by the short-horns” (I quote the words of an agricultural writer) “as if by some murderous pestilence.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00204", "bookId": 1228, "start": 217966, "end": 219321, "sha256": "d1910547ee238af249d4ce998c9417c34204a3d54c805623972da8c52f1e9bbd", "text": "_Divergence of Character_.—The principle, which I have designated by this term, is of high importance on my theory, and explains, as I believe, several important facts. In the first place, varieties, even strongly-marked ones, though having somewhat of the character of species—as is shown by the hopeless doubts in many cases how to rank them—yet certainly differ from each other far less than do good and distinct species. Nevertheless, according to my view, varieties are species in the process of formation, or are, as I have called them, incipient species. How, then, does the lesser difference between varieties become augmented into the greater difference between species? That this does habitually happen, we must infer from most of the innumerable species throughout nature presenting well-marked differences; whereas varieties, the supposed prototypes and parents of future well-marked species, present slight and ill-defined differences. Mere chance, as we may call it, might cause one variety to differ in some character from its parents, and the offspring of this variety again to differ from its parent in the very same character and in a greater degree; but this alone would never account for so habitual and large an amount of difference as that between varieties of the same species and species of the same genus.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00205", "bookId": 1228, "start": 219325, "end": 220845, "sha256": "509d1ce265b91d7638b7a4a987a3f9102ee83a7ba8b34c3fe20a10ad061b6492", "text": "As has always been my practice, let us seek light on this head from our domestic productions. We shall here find something analogous. A fancier is struck by a pigeon having a slightly shorter beak; another fancier is struck by a pigeon having a rather longer beak; and on the acknowledged principle that “fanciers do not and will not admire a medium standard, but like extremes,” they both go on (as has actually occurred with tumbler-pigeons) choosing and breeding from birds with longer and longer beaks, or with shorter and shorter beaks. Again, we may suppose that at an early period one man preferred swifter horses; another stronger and more bulky horses. The early differences would be very slight; in the course of time, from the continued selection of swifter horses by some breeders, and of stronger ones by others, the differences would become greater, and would be noted as forming two sub-breeds; finally, after the lapse of centuries, the sub-breeds would become converted into two well-established and distinct breeds. As the differences slowly become greater, the inferior animals with intermediate characters, being neither very swift nor very strong, will have been neglected, and will have tended to disappear. Here, then, we see in man’s productions the action of what may be called the principle of divergence, causing differences, at first barely appreciable, steadily to increase, and the breeds to diverge in character both from each other and from their common parent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00206", "bookId": 1228, "start": 220849, "end": 221266, "sha256": "bfc59afb24f9d9d5d244fc11d64c9496c8687f7418d96f3c96c32d2f003c20af", "text": "But how, it may be asked, can any analogous principle apply in nature? I believe it can and does apply most efficiently, from the simple circumstance that the more diversified the descendants from any one species become in structure, constitution, and habits, by so much will they be better enabled to seize on many and widely diversified places in the polity of nature, and so be enabled to increase in numbers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00207", "bookId": 1228, "start": 221272, "end": 223566, "sha256": "8b4a5e038ed02e4c803a867c3763e067452d1d662564008258a911fb410527ff", "text": "We can clearly see this in the case of animals with simple habits. Take the case of a carnivorous quadruped, of which the number that can be supported in any country has long ago arrived at its full average. If its natural powers of increase be allowed to act, it can succeed in increasing (the country not undergoing any change in its conditions) only by its varying descendants seizing on places at present occupied by other animals: some of them, for instance, being enabled to feed on new kinds of prey, either dead or alive; some inhabiting new stations, climbing trees, frequenting water, and some perhaps becoming less carnivorous. The more diversified in habits and structure the descendants of our carnivorous animal became, the more places they would be enabled to occupy. What applies to one animal will apply throughout all time to all animals—that is, if they vary—for otherwise natural selection can do nothing. So it will be with plants. It has been experimentally proved, that if a plot of ground be sown with one species of grass, and a similar plot be sown with several distinct genera of grasses, a greater number of plants and a greater weight of dry herbage can thus be raised. The same has been found to hold good when first one variety and then several mixed varieties of wheat have been sown on equal spaces of ground. Hence, if any one species of grass were to go on varying, and those varieties were continually selected which differed from each other in at all the same manner as distinct species and genera of grasses differ from each other, a greater number of individual plants of this species of grass, including its modified descendants, would succeed in living on the same piece of ground. And we well know that each species and each variety of grass is annually sowing almost countless seeds; and thus, as it may be said, is striving its utmost to increase its numbers. Consequently, I cannot doubt that in the course of many thousands of generations, the most distinct varieties of any one species of grass would always have the best chance of succeeding and of increasing in numbers, and thus of supplanting the less distinct varieties; and varieties, when rendered very distinct from each other, take the rank of species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00208", "bookId": 1228, "start": 223570, "end": 225073, "sha256": "18de2fe25e8f8c6a185476d15e14ef0f3e9cd51ab24735702b2856dc974ccaf8", "text": "The truth of the principle, that the greatest amount of life can be supported by great diversification of structure, is seen under many natural circumstances. In an extremely small area, especially if freely open to immigration, and where the contest between individual and individual must be severe, we always find great diversity in its inhabitants. For instance, I found that a piece of turf, three feet by four in size, which had been exposed for many years to exactly the same conditions, supported twenty species of plants, and these belonged to eighteen genera and to eight orders, which shows how much these plants differed from each other. So it is with the plants and insects on small and uniform islets; and so in small ponds of fresh water. Farmers find that they can raise most food by a rotation of plants belonging to the most different orders: nature follows what may be called a simultaneous rotation. Most of the animals and plants which live close round any small piece of ground, could live on it (supposing it not to be in any way peculiar in its nature), and may be said to be striving to the utmost to live there; but, it is seen, that where they come into the closest competition with each other, the advantages of diversification of structure, with the accompanying differences of habit and constitution, determine that the inhabitants, which thus jostle each other most closely, shall, as a general rule, belong to what we call different genera and orders.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00209", "bookId": 1228, "start": 225077, "end": 226349, "sha256": "2f97a6e2ee912ff120b31edf3641fa77190805bc39b0da1189eba65b44193339", "text": "The same principle is seen in the naturalisation of plants through man’s agency in foreign lands. It might have been expected that the plants which have succeeded in becoming naturalised in any land would generally have been closely allied to the indigenes; for these are commonly looked at as specially created and adapted for their own country. It might, also, perhaps have been expected that naturalised plants would have belonged to a few groups more especially adapted to certain stations in their new homes. But the case is very different; and Alph. De Candolle has well remarked in his great and admirable work, that floras gain by naturalisation, proportionally with the number of the native genera and species, far more in new genera than in new species. To give a single instance: in the last edition of Dr. Asa Gray’s ‘Manual of the Flora of the Northern United States,’ 260 naturalised plants are enumerated, and these belong to 162 genera. We thus see that these naturalised plants are of a highly diversified nature. They differ, moreover, to a large extent from the indigenes, for out of the 162 genera, no less than 100 genera are not there indigenous, and thus a large proportional addition is made to the genera of these States.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00210", "bookId": 1228, "start": 226353, "end": 226820, "sha256": "01a07ad2133240e4b370c2a77ebb50a4f7c4aeeaaab82d69f229d1b3334dc6c4", "text": "By considering the nature of the plants or animals which have struggled successfully with the indigenes of any country, and have there become naturalised, we can gain some crude idea in what manner some of the natives would have had to be modified, in order to have gained an advantage over the other natives; and we may, I think, at least safely infer that diversification of structure, amounting to new generic differences, would have been profitable to them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00211", "bookId": 1228, "start": 226824, "end": 228494, "sha256": "7d7adcf0cc73bfe75e5dde992883a6490e1438e89e8e2945bb9de68fca1d17c9", "text": "The advantage of diversification in the inhabitants of the same region is, in fact, the same as that of the physiological division of labour in the organs of the same individual body—a subject so well elucidated by Milne Edwards. No physiologist doubts that a stomach by being adapted to digest vegetable matter alone, or flesh alone, draws most nutriment from these substances. So in the general economy of any land, the more widely and perfectly the animals and plants are diversified for different habits of life, so will a greater number of individuals be capable of there supporting themselves. A set of animals, with their organisation but little diversified, could hardly compete with a set more perfectly diversified in structure. It may be doubted, for instance, whether the Australian marsupials, which are divided into groups differing but little from each other, and feebly representing, as Mr. Waterhouse and others have remarked, our carnivorous, ruminant, and rodent mammals, could successfully compete with these well-pronounced orders. In the Australian mammals, we see the process of diversification in an early and incomplete stage of development. After the foregoing discussion, which ought to have been much amplified, we may, I think, assume that the modified descendants of any one species will succeed by so much the better as they become more diversified in structure, and are thus enabled to encroach on places occupied by other beings. Now let us see how this principle of great benefit being derived from divergence of character, combined with the principles of natural selection and of extinction, will tend to act.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00212", "bookId": 1228, "start": 228498, "end": 230364, "sha256": "396f856485c0abec82060462fa7dce211c308fe7dd3b543bc0a87b8b05376877", "text": "The accompanying diagram will aid us in understanding this rather perplexing subject. Let A to L represent the species of a genus large in its own country; these species are supposed to resemble each other in unequal degrees, as is so generally the case in nature, and as is represented in the diagram by the letters standing at unequal distances. I have said a large genus, because we have seen in the second chapter, that on an average more of the species of large genera vary than of small genera; and the varying species of the large genera present a greater number of varieties. We have, also, seen that the species, which are the commonest and the most widely-diffused, vary more than rare species with restricted ranges. Let (A) be a common, widely-diffused, and varying species, belonging to a genus large in its own country. The little fan of diverging dotted lines of unequal lengths proceeding from (A), may represent its varying offspring. The variations are supposed to be extremely slight, but of the most diversified nature; they are not supposed all to appear simultaneously, but often after long intervals of time; nor are they all supposed to endure for equal periods. Only those variations which are in some way profitable will be preserved or naturally selected. And here the importance of the principle of benefit being derived from divergence of character comes in; for this will generally lead to the most different or divergent variations (represented by the outer dotted lines) being preserved and accumulated by natural selection. When a dotted line reaches one of the horizontal lines, and is there marked by a small numbered letter, a sufficient amount of variation is supposed to have been accumulated to have formed a fairly well-marked variety, such as would be thought worthy of record in a systematic work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00213", "bookId": 1228, "start": 230368, "end": 231423, "sha256": "e5390df6614b6946f7f10ff4b63a80984112611865fcaa92072f05f8ded01644", "text": "The intervals between the horizontal lines in the diagram, may represent each a thousand generations; but it would have been better if each had represented ten thousand generations. After a thousand generations, species (A) is supposed to have produced two fairly well-marked varieties, namely _a_1 and _m_1. These two varieties will generally continue to be exposed to the same conditions which made their parents variable, and the tendency to variability is in itself hereditary, consequently they will tend to vary, and generally to vary in nearly the same manner as their parents varied. Moreover, these two varieties, being only slightly modified forms, will tend to inherit those advantages which made their common parent (A) more numerous than most of the other inhabitants of the same country; they will likewise partake of those more general advantages which made the genus to which the parent-species belonged, a large genus in its own country. And these circumstances we know to be favourable to the production of new varieties.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00214", "bookId": 1228, "start": 231427, "end": 232526, "sha256": "9bd541b41c251063a70b46275d0725aca1d1477629f545be9832ee7f012065e2", "text": "If, then, these two varieties be variable, the most divergent of their variations will generally be preserved during the next thousand generations. And after this interval, variety _a_1 is supposed in the diagram to have produced variety _a_2, which will, owing to the principle of divergence, differ more from (A) than did variety _a_1. Variety _m_1 is supposed to have produced two varieties, namely _m_2 and _s_2, differing from each other, and more considerably from their common parent (A). We may continue the process by similar steps for any length of time; some of the varieties, after each thousand generations, producing only a single variety, but in a more and more modified condition, some producing two or three varieties, and some failing to produce any. Thus the varieties or modified descendants, proceeding from the common parent (A), will generally go on increasing in number and diverging in character. In the diagram the process is represented up to the ten-thousandth generation, and under a condensed and simplified form up to the fourteen-thousandth generation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00215", "bookId": 1228, "start": 232530, "end": 233695, "sha256": "4b607626111a58a8bceb510659a7ba11f880665848102233bf58f779bd6fc7e5", "text": "But I must here remark that I do not suppose that the process ever goes on so regularly as is represented in the diagram, though in itself made somewhat irregular. I am far from thinking that the most divergent varieties will invariably prevail and multiply: a medium form may often long endure, and may or may not produce more than one modified descendant; for natural selection will always act according to the nature of the places which are either unoccupied or not perfectly occupied by other beings; and this will depend on infinitely complex relations. But as a general rule, the more diversified in structure the descendants from any one species can be rendered, the more places they will be enabled to seize on, and the more their modified progeny will be increased. In our diagram the line of succession is broken at regular intervals by small numbered letters marking the successive forms which have become sufficiently distinct to be recorded as varieties. But these breaks are imaginary, and might have been inserted anywhere, after intervals long enough to have allowed the accumulation of a considerable amount of divergent variation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00216", "bookId": 1228, "start": 233699, "end": 235011, "sha256": "2a930f3454b1ed0ae3d243bfb1bb93c53d5cc5c6d706aaf24affd02b35f9a3ec", "text": "As all the modified descendants from a common and widely-diffused species, belonging to a large genus, will tend to partake of the same advantages which made their parent successful in life, they will generally go on multiplying in number as well as diverging in character: this is represented in the diagram by the several divergent branches proceeding from (A). The modified offspring from the later and more highly improved branches in the lines of descent, will, it is probable, often take the place of, and so destroy, the earlier and less improved branches: this is represented in the diagram by some of the lower branches not reaching to the upper horizontal lines. In some cases I do not doubt that the process of modification will be confined to a single line of descent, and the number of the descendants will not be increased; although the amount of divergent modification may have been increased in the successive generations. This case would be represented in the diagram, if all the lines proceeding from (A) were removed, excepting that from _a_1 to _a_10. In the same way, for instance, the English race-horse and English pointer have apparently both gone on slowly diverging in character from their original stocks, without either having given off any fresh branches or races.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00217", "bookId": 1228, "start": 235015, "end": 236167, "sha256": "5539a15efcd7eb627705dd958a6b77e1a68e8bedac7415629fc483d6b8739974", "text": "After ten thousand generations, species (A) is supposed to have produced three forms, _a_10, _f_10, and _m_10, which, from having diverged in character during the successive generations, will have come to differ largely, but perhaps unequally, from each other and from their common parent. If we suppose the amount of change between each horizontal line in our diagram to be excessively small, these three forms may still be only well-marked varieties; or they may have arrived at the doubtful category of sub-species; but we have only to suppose the steps in the process of modification to be more numerous or greater in amount, to convert these three forms into well-defined species: thus the diagram illustrates the steps by which the small differences distinguishing varieties are increased into the larger differences distinguishing species. By continuing the same process for a greater number of generations (as shown in the diagram in a condensed and simplified manner), we get eight species, marked by the letters between _a_14 and _m_14, all descended from (A). Thus, as I believe, species are multiplied and genera are formed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00218", "bookId": 1228, "start": 236171, "end": 237347, "sha256": "c544d00f94c4985e1cfa15a32112578760b98b283c3b1fe4d1722a2a4b4ce068", "text": "In a large genus it is probable that more than one species would vary. In the diagram I have assumed that a second species (I) has produced, by analogous steps, after ten thousand generations, either two well-marked varieties (_w_10 and _z_10) or two species, according to the amount of change supposed to be represented between the horizontal lines. After fourteen thousand generations, six new species, marked by the letters _n_14 to _z_14, are supposed to have been produced. In each genus, the species, which are already extremely different in character, will generally tend to produce the greatest number of modified descendants; for these will have the best chance of filling new and widely different places in the polity of nature: hence in the diagram I have chosen the extreme species (A), and the nearly extreme species (I), as those which have largely varied, and have given rise to new varieties and species. The other nine species (marked by capital letters) of our original genus, may for a long period continue transmitting unaltered descendants; and this is shown in the diagram by the dotted lines not prolonged far upwards from want of space.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00219", "bookId": 1228, "start": 237351, "end": 238613, "sha256": "a0dd190322c0d9dd170511ec3292c74a67c51b818ec528b4748f3a7957ca2f0e", "text": "But during the process of modification, represented in the diagram, another of our principles, namely that of extinction, will have played an important part. As in each fully stocked country natural selection necessarily acts by the selected form having some advantage in the struggle for life over other forms, there will be a constant tendency in the improved descendants of any one species to supplant and exterminate in each stage of descent their predecessors and their original parent. For it should be remembered that the competition will generally be most severe between those forms which are most nearly related to each other in habits, constitution, and structure. Hence all the intermediate forms between the earlier and later states, that is between the less and more improved state of a species, as well as the original parent-species itself, will generally tend to become extinct. So it probably will be with many whole collateral lines of descent, which will be conquered by later and improved lines of descent. If, however, the modified offspring of a species get into some distinct country, or become quickly adapted to some quite new station, in which child and parent do not come into competition, both may continue to exist.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00220", "bookId": 1228, "start": 238617, "end": 238900, "sha256": "5eacbd771d39058bfda7b3ddcf277eb2efc1cd49a6d42726359abeb048ecb088", "text": "If then our diagram be assumed to represent a considerable amount of modification, species (A) and all the earlier varieties will have become extinct, having been replaced by eight new species (_a_14 to _m_14); and (I) will have been replaced by six (_n_14 to _z_14) new species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00221", "bookId": 1228, "start": 238904, "end": 240274, "sha256": "ff3b508ec88bb34816d1e7cf5227437ab12ade3f644b102182a1f4d04b5fc012", "text": "But we may go further than this. The original species of our genus were supposed to resemble each other in unequal degrees, as is so generally the case in nature; species (A) being more nearly related to B, C, and D, than to the other species; and species (I) more to G, H, K, L, than to the others. These two species (A) and (I), were also supposed to be very common and widely diffused species, so that they must originally have had some advantage over most of the other species of the genus. Their modified descendants, fourteen in number at the fourteen-thousandth generation, will probably have inherited some of the same advantages: they have also been modified and improved in a diversified manner at each stage of descent, so as to have become adapted to many related places in the natural economy of their country. It seems, therefore, to me extremely probable that they will have taken the places of, and thus exterminated, not only their parents (A) and (I), but likewise some of the original species which were most nearly related to their parents. Hence very few of the original species will have transmitted offspring to the fourteen-thousandth generation. We may suppose that only one (F), of the two species which were least closely related to the other nine original species, has transmitted descendants to this late stage of descent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00222", "bookId": 1228, "start": 240280, "end": 241257, "sha256": "8d565714c85533e429cadb3cb57c7036c71b8ff8f91414a0d561215db4da6d73", "text": "The new species in our diagram descended from the original eleven species, will now be fifteen in number. Owing to the divergent tendency of natural selection, the extreme amount of difference in character between species _a_14 and _z_14 will be much greater than that between the most different of the original eleven species. The new species, moreover, will be allied to each other in a widely different manner. Of the eight descendants from (A) the three marked _a_14, _q_14, _p_14, will be nearly related from having recently branched off from _a_10; _b_14 and _f_14, from having diverged at an earlier period from _a_5, will be in some degree distinct from the three first-named species; and lastly, _o_14, _e_14, and _m_14, will be nearly related one to the other, but from having diverged at the first commencement of the process of modification, will be widely different from the other five species, and may constitute a sub-genus or even a distinct genus.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00223", "bookId": 1228, "start": 241261, "end": 242024, "sha256": "492addf8b108846a6d9f58db5b94bba3851e68aa92c022451429af891c14eab2", "text": "The six descendants from (I) will form two sub-genera or even genera. But as the original species (I) differed largely from (A), standing nearly at the extreme points of the original genus, the six descendants from (I) will, owing to inheritance, differ considerably from the eight descendants from (A); the two groups, moreover, are supposed to have gone on diverging in different directions. The intermediate species, also (and this is a very important consideration), which connected the original species (A) and (I), have all become, excepting (F), extinct, and have left no descendants. Hence the six new species descended from (I), and the eight descended from (A), will have to be ranked as very distinct genera, or even as distinct sub-families.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00224", "bookId": 1228, "start": 242028, "end": 242538, "sha256": "1c98613fde3c7ef3b50c1c6c7681e468366c7e3e213285287721dc04819b2c65", "text": "Thus it is, as I believe, that two or more genera are produced by descent, with modification, from two or more species of the same genus. And the two or more parent-species are supposed to have descended from some one species of an earlier genus. In our diagram, this is indicated by the broken lines, beneath the capital letters, converging in sub-branches downwards towards a single point; this point representing a single species, the supposed single parent of our several new sub-genera and genera.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00225", "bookId": 1228, "start": 242542, "end": 243403, "sha256": "3b2e9e10fb3bc6fd11254fce1383cce26bf8fc5fc34ff6788991607c89309d5f", "text": "It is worth while to reflect for a moment on the character of the new species F14, which is supposed not to have diverged much in character, but to have retained the form of (F), either unaltered or altered only in a slight degree. In this case, its affinities to the other fourteen new species will be of a curious and circuitous nature. Having descended from a form which stood between the two parent-species (A) and (I), now supposed to be extinct and unknown, it will be in some degree intermediate in character between the two groups descended from these species. But as these two groups have gone on diverging in character from the type of their parents, the new species (F14) will not be directly intermediate between them, but rather between types of the two groups; and every naturalist will be able to bring some such case before his mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00226", "bookId": 1228, "start": 243407, "end": 244189, "sha256": "41c5b663dcead7419c4171d0972032d78bc962a5cf09c73f6eb29dab89ff2898", "text": "In the diagram, each horizontal line has hitherto been supposed to represent a thousand generations, but each may represent a million or hundred million generations, and likewise a section of the successive strata of the earth’s crust including extinct remains. We shall, when we come to our chapter on Geology, have to refer again to this subject, and I think we shall then see that the diagram throws light on the affinities of extinct beings, which, though generally belonging to the same orders, or families, or genera, with those now living, yet are often, in some degree, intermediate in character between existing groups; and we can understand this fact, for the extinct species lived at very ancient epochs when the branching lines of descent had diverged less.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00227", "bookId": 1228, "start": 244193, "end": 245209, "sha256": "ff9c1d6eba135854c480483e386e6027e2fb96d54ba769d0982b57cd00a88a3f", "text": "I see no reason to limit the process of modification, as now explained, to the formation of genera alone. If, in our diagram, we suppose the amount of change represented by each successive group of diverging dotted lines to be very great, the forms marked _a_14 to _p_14, those marked _b_14 and _f_14, and those marked _o_14 to _m_14, will form three very distinct genera. We shall also have two very distinct genera descended from (I) and as these latter two genera, both from continued divergence of character and from inheritance from a different parent, will differ widely from the three genera descended from (A), the two little groups of genera will form two distinct families, or even orders, according to the amount of divergent modification supposed to be represented in the diagram. And the two new families, or orders, will have descended from two species of the original genus; and these two species are supposed to have descended from one species of a still more ancient and unknown genus.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00228", "bookId": 1228, "start": 245213, "end": 247721, "sha256": "9961caec62baea9852e7914b55a131ec0f35e8582f6e037dd5698047c51b5b93", "text": "We have seen that in each country it is the species of the larger genera which oftenest present varieties or incipient species. This, indeed, might have been expected; for as natural selection acts through one form having some advantage over other forms in the struggle for existence, it will chiefly act on those which already have some advantage; and the largeness of any group shows that its species have inherited from a common ancestor some advantage in common. Hence, the struggle for the production of new and modified descendants, will mainly lie between the larger groups, which are all trying to increase in number. One large group will slowly conquer another large group, reduce its numbers, and thus lessen its chance of further variation and improvement. Within the same large group, the later and more highly perfected sub-groups, from branching out and seizing on many new places in the polity of Nature, will constantly tend to supplant and destroy the earlier and less improved sub-groups. Small and broken groups and sub-groups will finally tend to disappear. Looking to the future, we can predict that the groups of organic beings which are now large and triumphant, and which are least broken up, that is, which as yet have suffered least extinction, will for a long period continue to increase. But which groups will ultimately prevail, no man can predict; for we well know that many groups, formerly most extensively developed, have now become extinct. Looking still more remotely to the future, we may predict that, owing to the continued and steady increase of the larger groups, a multitude of smaller groups will become utterly extinct, and leave no modified descendants; and consequently that of the species living at any one period, extremely few will transmit descendants to a remote futurity. I shall have to return to this subject in the chapter on Classification, but I may add that on this view of extremely few of the more ancient species having transmitted descendants, and on the view of all the descendants of the same species making a class, we can understand how it is that there exist but very few classes in each main division of the animal and vegetable kingdoms. Although extremely few of the most ancient species may now have living and modified descendants, yet at the most remote geological period, the earth may have been as well peopled with many species of many genera, families, orders, and classes, as at the present day.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00229", "bookId": 1228, "start": 247725, "end": 249337, "sha256": "8cdfdaf090d7b8df2173f379ccbd739275f271f53e278e150da27786da30bc22", "text": "_Summary of the Chapter_.—If during the long course of ages and under varying conditions of life, organic beings vary at all in the several parts of their organisation, and I think this cannot be disputed; if there be, owing to the high geometrical powers of increase of each species, at some age, season, or year, a severe struggle for life, and this certainly cannot be disputed; then, considering the infinite complexity of the relations of all organic beings to each other and to their conditions of existence, causing an infinite diversity in structure, constitution, and habits, to be advantageous to them, I think it would be a most extraordinary fact if no variation ever had occurred useful to each being’s own welfare, in the same way as so many variations have occurred useful to man. But if variations useful to any organic being do occur, assuredly individuals thus characterised will have the best chance of being preserved in the struggle for life; and from the strong principle of inheritance they will tend to produce offspring similarly characterised. This principle of preservation, I have called, for the sake of brevity, Natural Selection. Natural selection, on the principle of qualities being inherited at corresponding ages, can modify the egg, seed, or young, as easily as the adult. Amongst many animals, sexual selection will give its aid to ordinary selection, by assuring to the most vigorous and best adapted males the greatest number of offspring. Sexual selection will also give characters useful to the males alone, in their struggles with other males.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00230", "bookId": 1228, "start": 249341, "end": 250498, "sha256": "41ce096da366281e228f5ecf3f63154669bc8c8e075ed91c99e83889609fb57d", "text": "Whether natural selection has really thus acted in nature, in modifying and adapting the various forms of life to their several conditions and stations, must be judged of by the general tenour and balance of evidence given in the following chapters. But we already see how it entails extinction; and how largely extinction has acted in the world’s history, geology plainly declares. Natural selection, also, leads to divergence of character; for more living beings can be supported on the same area the more they diverge in structure, habits, and constitution, of which we see proof by looking at the inhabitants of any small spot or at naturalised productions. Therefore during the modification of the descendants of any one species, and during the incessant struggle of all species to increase in numbers, the more diversified these descendants become, the better will be their chance of succeeding in the battle of life. Thus the small differences distinguishing varieties of the same species, will steadily tend to increase till they come to equal the greater differences between species of the same genus, or even of distinct genera.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00231", "bookId": 1228, "start": 250502, "end": 252192, "sha256": "13985d1a229c53d9bd41e54f0de5c307ec1ae1f9ea2313aab3a158daacf40790", "text": "We have seen that it is the common, the widely-diffused, and widely-ranging species, belonging to the larger genera, which vary most; and these will tend to transmit to their modified offspring that superiority which now makes them dominant in their own countries. Natural selection, as has just been remarked, leads to divergence of character and to much extinction of the less improved and intermediate forms of life. On these principles, I believe, the nature of the affinities of all organic beings may be explained. It is a truly wonderful fact—the wonder of which we are apt to overlook from familiarity—that all animals and all plants throughout all time and space should be related to each other in group subordinate to group, in the manner which we everywhere behold—namely, varieties of the same species most closely related together, species of the same genus less closely and unequally related together, forming sections and sub-genera, species of distinct genera much less closely related, and genera related in different degrees, forming sub-families, families, orders, sub-classes, and classes. The several subordinate groups in any class cannot be ranked in a single file, but seem rather to be clustered round points, and these round other points, and so on in almost endless cycles. On the view that each species has been independently created, I can see no explanation of this great fact in the classification of all organic beings; but, to the best of my judgment, it is explained through inheritance and the complex action of natural selection, entailing extinction and divergence of character, as we have seen illustrated in the diagram.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00232", "bookId": 1228, "start": 252196, "end": 254464, "sha256": "efa78e61d6e6aa85027283fe4c9c952be597bdad210482632cf1420f22aefcf8", "text": "The affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree. I believe this simile largely speaks the truth. The green and budding twigs may represent existing species; and those produced during each former year may represent the long succession of extinct species. At each period of growth all the growing twigs have tried to branch out on all sides, and to overtop and kill the surrounding twigs and branches, in the same manner as species and groups of species have tried to overmaster other species in the great battle for life. The limbs divided into great branches, and these into lesser and lesser branches, were themselves once, when the tree was small, budding twigs; and this connexion of the former and present buds by ramifying branches may well represent the classification of all extinct and living species in groups subordinate to groups. Of the many twigs which flourished when the tree was a mere bush, only two or three, now grown into great branches, yet survive and bear all the other branches; so with the species which lived during long-past geological periods, very few now have living and modified descendants. From the first growth of the tree, many a limb and branch has decayed and dropped off; and these lost branches of various sizes may represent those whole orders, families, and genera which have now no living representatives, and which are known to us only from having been found in a fossil state. As we here and there see a thin straggling branch springing from a fork low down in a tree, and which by some chance has been favoured and is still alive on its summit, so we occasionally see an animal like the Ornithorhynchus or Lepidosiren, which in some small degree connects by its affinities two large branches of life, and which has apparently been saved from fatal competition by having inhabited a protected station. As buds give rise by growth to fresh buds, and these, if vigorous, branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch, so by generation I believe it has been with the great Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00233", "bookId": 1228, "start": 254474, "end": 254504, "sha256": "919bc811d62f1f86f80e12074785cdbd50b13b89055f5bd03cff4deff2a6a78f", "text": "CHAPTER V. LAWS OF VARIATION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00234", "bookId": 1228, "start": 254510, "end": 255033, "sha256": "830acf5545c08c1e876ea0f1efc2a92e2472ecef459828a9769e85faa2b75a0b", "text": "Effects of external conditions. Use and disuse, combined with natural selection; organs of flight and of vision. Acclimatisation. Correlation of growth. Compensation and economy of growth. False correlations. Multiple, rudimentary, and lowly organised structures variable. Parts developed in an unusual manner are highly variable: specific characters more variable than generic: secondary sexual characters variable. Species of the same genus vary in an analogous manner. Reversions to long lost characters. Summary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00235", "bookId": 1228, "start": 255039, "end": 256889, "sha256": "bd412730220ea742afb6451a0783faf62536cfc75fcd8045f8660f02798851c0", "text": "I have hitherto sometimes spoken as if the variations—so common and multiform in organic beings under domestication, and in a lesser degree in those in a state of nature—had been due to chance. This, of course, is a wholly incorrect expression, but it serves to acknowledge plainly our ignorance of the cause of each particular variation. Some authors believe it to be as much the function of the reproductive system to produce individual differences, or very slight deviations of structure, as to make the child like its parents. But the much greater variability, as well as the greater frequency of monstrosities, under domestication or cultivation, than under nature, leads me to believe that deviations of structure are in some way due to the nature of the conditions of life, to which the parents and their more remote ancestors have been exposed during several generations. I have remarked in the first chapter—but a long catalogue of facts which cannot be here given would be necessary to show the truth of the remark—that the reproductive system is eminently susceptible to changes in the conditions of life; and to this system being functionally disturbed in the parents, I chiefly attribute the varying or plastic condition of the offspring. The male and female sexual elements seem to be affected before that union takes place which is to form a new being. In the case of “sporting” plants, the bud, which in its earliest condition does not apparently differ essentially from an ovule, is alone affected. But why, because the reproductive system is disturbed, this or that part should vary more or less, we are profoundly ignorant. Nevertheless, we can here and there dimly catch a faint ray of light, and we may feel sure that there must be some cause for each deviation of structure, however slight.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00236", "bookId": 1228, "start": 256893, "end": 258036, "sha256": "1cd2b63b1e439690c737ba07dd9e635c11f27529876e0e02c24a404c45c2a531", "text": "How much direct effect difference of climate, food, etc., produces on any being is extremely doubtful. My impression is, that the effect is extremely small in the case of animals, but perhaps rather more in that of plants. We may, at least, safely conclude that such influences cannot have produced the many striking and complex co-adaptations of structure between one organic being and another, which we see everywhere throughout nature. Some little influence may be attributed to climate, food, etc.: thus, E. Forbes speaks confidently that shells at their southern limit, and when living in shallow water, are more brightly coloured than those of the same species further north or from greater depths. Gould believes that birds of the same species are more brightly coloured under a clear atmosphere, than when living on islands or near the coast. So with insects, Wollaston is convinced that residence near the sea affects their colours. Moquin-Tandon gives a list of plants which when growing near the sea-shore have their leaves in some degree fleshy, though not elsewhere fleshy. Several other such cases could be given.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00237", "bookId": 1228, "start": 258040, "end": 259025, "sha256": "0c960929a2ee9eaa819d530d520f746ed48246d33337a480f882311d0b5d440a", "text": "The fact of varieties of one species, when they range into the zone of habitation of other species, often acquiring in a very slight degree some of the characters of such species, accords with our view that species of all kinds are only well-marked and permanent varieties. Thus the species of shells which are confined to tropical and shallow seas are generally brighter-coloured than those confined to cold and deeper seas. The birds which are confined to continents are, according to Mr. Gould, brighter-coloured than those of islands. The insect-species confined to sea-coasts, as every collector knows, are often brassy or lurid. Plants which live exclusively on the sea-side are very apt to have fleshy leaves. He who believes in the creation of each species, will have to say that this shell, for instance, was created with bright colours for a warm sea; but that this other shell became bright-coloured by variation when it ranged into warmer or shallower waters.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00238", "bookId": 1228, "start": 259029, "end": 259679, "sha256": "f9c10839b644a105828396e4935ac0e0331f49ee5d41e46cba75d106cb35a8e2", "text": "When a variation is of the slightest use to a being, we cannot tell how much of it to attribute to the accumulative action of natural selection, and how much to the conditions of life. Thus, it is well known to furriers that animals of the same species have thicker and better fur the more severe the climate is under which they have lived; but who can tell how much of this difference may be due to the warmest-clad individuals having been favoured and preserved during many generations, and how much to the direct action of the severe climate? for it would appear that climate has some direct action on the hair of our domestic quadrupeds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00239", "bookId": 1228, "start": 259683, "end": 260550, "sha256": "5482379db6cb3c9df11bffeebb45dc327be6253ccef80986b93c654e1c786498", "text": "Instances could be given of the same variety being produced under conditions of life as different as can well be conceived; and, on the other hand, of different varieties being produced from the same species under the same conditions. Such facts show how indirectly the conditions of life must act. Again, innumerable instances are known to every naturalist of species keeping true, or not varying at all, although living under the most opposite climates. Such considerations as these incline me to lay very little weight on the direct action of the conditions of life. Indirectly, as already remarked, they seem to play an important part in affecting the reproductive system, and in thus inducing variability; and natural selection will then accumulate all profitable variations, however slight, until they become plainly developed and appreciable by us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00240", "bookId": 1228, "start": 260554, "end": 262110, "sha256": "7e39558ae4cfe3ef0f171dfb634fa0cf044b1bcf67a72bb5a985c90d218bde9e", "text": "_Effects of Use and Disuse_.—From the facts alluded to in the first chapter, I think there can be little doubt that use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them; and that such modifications are inherited. Under free nature, we can have no standard of comparison, by which to judge of the effects of long-continued use or disuse, for we know not the parent-forms; but many animals have structures which can be explained by the effects of disuse. As Professor Owen has remarked, there is no greater anomaly in nature than a bird that cannot fly; yet there are several in this state. The logger-headed duck of South America can only flap along the surface of the water, and has its wings in nearly the same condition as the domestic Aylesbury duck. As the larger ground-feeding birds seldom take flight except to escape danger, I believe that the nearly wingless condition of several birds, which now inhabit or have lately inhabited several oceanic islands, tenanted by no beast of prey, has been caused by disuse. The ostrich indeed inhabits continents and is exposed to danger from which it cannot escape by flight, but by kicking it can defend itself from enemies, as well as any of the smaller quadrupeds. We may imagine that the early progenitor of the ostrich had habits like those of a bustard, and that as natural selection increased in successive generations the size and weight of its body, its legs were used more, and its wings less, until they became incapable of flight.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00241", "bookId": 1228, "start": 262114, "end": 263077, "sha256": "232c52cef23ca050c14c646725f8b91f156723c205fd14e2056089b6bd962c4c", "text": "Kirby has remarked (and I have observed the same fact) that the anterior tarsi, or feet, of many male dung-feeding beetles are very often broken off; he examined seventeen specimens in his own collection, and not one had even a relic left. In the Onites apelles the tarsi are so habitually lost, that the insect has been described as not having them. In some other genera they are present, but in a rudimentary condition. In the Ateuchus or sacred beetle of the Egyptians, they are totally deficient. There is not sufficient evidence to induce us to believe that mutilations are ever inherited; and I should prefer explaining the entire absence of the anterior tarsi in Ateuchus, and their rudimentary condition in some other genera, by the long-continued effects of disuse in their progenitors; for as the tarsi are almost always lost in many dung-feeding beetles, they must be lost early in life, and therefore cannot be much used by these insects.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00242", "bookId": 1228, "start": 263081, "end": 264687, "sha256": "c0af3cfff1430509dfd792859b6c0f4a38ce88c98f3c67757474f14ab3c0ad2f", "text": "In some cases we might easily put down to disuse modifications of structure which are wholly, or mainly, due to natural selection. Mr. Wollaston has discovered the remarkable fact that 200 beetles, out of the 550 species inhabiting Madeira, are so far deficient in wings that they cannot fly; and that of the twenty-nine endemic genera, no less than twenty-three genera have all their species in this condition! Several facts, namely, that beetles in many parts of the world are very frequently blown to sea and perish; that the beetles in Madeira, as observed by Mr. Wollaston, lie much concealed, until the wind lulls and the sun shines; that the proportion of wingless beetles is larger on the exposed Dezertas than in Madeira itself; and especially the extraordinary fact, so strongly insisted on by Mr. Wollaston, of the almost entire absence of certain large groups of beetles, elsewhere excessively numerous, and which groups have habits of life almost necessitating frequent flight;—these several considerations have made me believe that the wingless condition of so many Madeira beetles is mainly due to the action of natural selection, but combined probably with disuse. For during thousands of successive generations each individual beetle which flew least, either from its wings having been ever so little less perfectly developed or from indolent habit, will have had the best chance of surviving from not being blown out to sea; and, on the other hand, those beetles which most readily took to flight will oftenest have been blown to sea and thus have been destroyed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00243", "bookId": 1228, "start": 264691, "end": 265566, "sha256": "3895aeb68356d6181ac24fe2a4127e169cef960649ceef62941c149f7187fe61", "text": "The insects in Madeira which are not ground-feeders, and which, as the flower-feeding coleoptera and lepidoptera, must habitually use their wings to gain their subsistence, have, as Mr. Wollaston suspects, their wings not at all reduced, but even enlarged. This is quite compatible with the action of natural selection. For when a new insect first arrived on the island, the tendency of natural selection to enlarge or to reduce the wings, would depend on whether a greater number of individuals were saved by successfully battling with the winds, or by giving up the attempt and rarely or never flying. As with mariners shipwrecked near a coast, it would have been better for the good swimmers if they had been able to swim still further, whereas it would have been better for the bad swimmers if they had not been able to swim at all and had stuck to the wreck.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00244", "bookId": 1228, "start": 265572, "end": 266536, "sha256": "b4948ad00a0e5a0d8639f7b87e4a094a7a508959bf247718cb4ab4ccb73f5b3e", "text": "The eyes of moles and of some burrowing rodents are rudimentary in size, and in some cases are quite covered up by skin and fur. This state of the eyes is probably due to gradual reduction from disuse, but aided perhaps by natural selection. In South America, a burrowing rodent, the tuco-tuco, or Ctenomys, is even more subterranean in its habits than the mole; and I was assured by a Spaniard, who had often caught them, that they were frequently blind; one which I kept alive was certainly in this condition, the cause, as appeared on dissection, having been inflammation of the nictitating membrane. As frequent inflammation of the eyes must be injurious to any animal, and as eyes are certainly not indispensable to animals with subterranean habits, a reduction in their size with the adhesion of the eyelids and growth of fur over them, might in such case be an advantage; and if so, natural selection would constantly aid the effects of disuse.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00245", "bookId": 1228, "start": 266540, "end": 267636, "sha256": "e4dce8380e1140c4eb340896f1b9d6a68fe28064d665c774ea51c27a93ff1eb3", "text": "It is well known that several animals, belonging to the most different classes, which inhabit the caves of Styria and of Kentucky, are blind. In some of the crabs the foot-stalk for the eye remains, though the eye is gone; the stand for the telescope is there, though the telescope with its glasses has been lost. As it is difficult to imagine that eyes, though useless, could be in any way injurious to animals living in darkness, I attribute their loss wholly to disuse. In one of the blind animals, namely, the cave-rat, the eyes are of immense size; and Professor Silliman thought that it regained, after living some days in the light, some slight power of vision. In the same manner as in Madeira the wings of some of the insects have been enlarged, and the wings of others have been reduced by natural selection aided by use and disuse, so in the case of the cave-rat natural selection seems to have struggled with the loss of light and to have increased the size of the eyes; whereas with all the other inhabitants of the caves, disuse by itself seems to have done its work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00246", "bookId": 1228, "start": 267640, "end": 270337, "sha256": "a502008f403e0b1863c88c75ee58afa38a8017258418e34768bfc1cb6b76ba5c", "text": "It is difficult to imagine conditions of life more similar than deep limestone caverns under a nearly similar climate; so that on the common view of the blind animals having been separately created for the American and European caverns, close similarity in their organisation and affinities might have been expected; but, as Schiödte and others have remarked, this is not the case, and the cave-insects of the two continents are not more closely allied than might have been anticipated from the general resemblance of the other inhabitants of North America and Europe. On my view we must suppose that American animals, having ordinary powers of vision, slowly migrated by successive generations from the outer world into the deeper and deeper recesses of the Kentucky caves, as did European animals into the caves of Europe. We have some evidence of this gradation of habit; for, as Schiödte remarks, “animals not far remote from ordinary forms, prepare the transition from light to darkness. Next follow those that are constructed for twilight; and, last of all, those destined for total darkness.” By the time that an animal had reached, after numberless generations, the deepest recesses, disuse will on this view have more or less perfectly obliterated its eyes, and natural selection will often have effected other changes, such as an increase in the length of the antennæ or palpi, as a compensation for blindness. Notwithstanding such modifications, we might expect still to see in the cave-animals of America, affinities to the other inhabitants of that continent, and in those of Europe, to the inhabitants of the European continent. And this is the case with some of the American cave-animals, as I hear from Professor Dana; and some of the European cave-insects are very closely allied to those of the surrounding country. It would be most difficult to give any rational explanation of the affinities of the blind cave-animals to the other inhabitants of the two continents on the ordinary view of their independent creation. That several of the inhabitants of the caves of the Old and New Worlds should be closely related, we might expect from the well-known relationship of most of their other productions. Far from feeling any surprise that some of the cave-animals should be very anomalous, as Agassiz has remarked in regard to the blind fish, the Amblyopsis, and as is the case with the blind Proteus with reference to the reptiles of Europe, I am only surprised that more wrecks of ancient life have not been preserved, owing to the less severe competition to which the inhabitants of these dark abodes will probably have been exposed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00247", "bookId": 1228, "start": 270341, "end": 272709, "sha256": "ad5d99063aab7d2adeba989b7f664a860039f0cce906a030f817afb7f32745b9", "text": "_Acclimatisation_.—Habit is hereditary with plants, as in the period of flowering, in the amount of rain requisite for seeds to germinate, in the time of sleep, etc., and this leads me to say a few words on acclimatisation. As it is extremely common for species of the same genus to inhabit very hot and very cold countries, and as I believe that all the species of the same genus have descended from a single parent, if this view be correct, acclimatisation must be readily effected during long-continued descent. It is notorious that each species is adapted to the climate of its own home: species from an arctic or even from a temperate region cannot endure a tropical climate, or conversely. So again, many succulent plants cannot endure a damp climate. But the degree of adaptation of species to the climates under which they live is often overrated. We may infer this from our frequent inability to predict whether or not an imported plant will endure our climate, and from the number of plants and animals brought from warmer countries which here enjoy good health. We have reason to believe that species in a state of nature are limited in their ranges by the competition of other organic beings quite as much as, or more than, by adaptation to particular climates. But whether or not the adaptation be generally very close, we have evidence, in the case of some few plants, of their becoming, to a certain extent, naturally habituated to different temperatures, or becoming acclimatised: thus the pines and rhododendrons, raised from seed collected by Dr. Hooker from trees growing at different heights on the Himalaya, were found in this country to possess different constitutional powers of resisting cold. Mr. Thwaites informs me that he has observed similar facts in Ceylon, and analogous observations have been made by Mr. H. C. Watson on European species of plants brought from the Azores to England. In regard to animals, several authentic cases could be given of species within historical times having largely extended their range from warmer to cooler latitudes, and conversely; but we do not positively know that these animals were strictly adapted to their native climate, but in all ordinary cases we assume such to be the case; nor do we know that they have subsequently become acclimatised to their new homes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00248", "bookId": 1228, "start": 272713, "end": 274522, "sha256": "0f75646d3b9dc6981cc23de34aafb31653143a4679808d34b59f23a7d88bddf6", "text": "As I believe that our domestic animals were originally chosen by uncivilised man because they were useful and bred readily under confinement, and not because they were subsequently found capable of far-extended transportation, I think the common and extraordinary capacity in our domestic animals of not only withstanding the most different climates but of being perfectly fertile (a far severer test) under them, may be used as an argument that a large proportion of other animals, now in a state of nature, could easily be brought to bear widely different climates. We must not, however, push the foregoing argument too far, on account of the probable origin of some of our domestic animals from several wild stocks: the blood, for instance, of a tropical and arctic wolf or wild dog may perhaps be mingled in our domestic breeds. The rat and mouse cannot be considered as domestic animals, but they have been transported by man to many parts of the world, and now have a far wider range than any other rodent, living free under the cold climate of Faroe in the north and of the Falklands in the south, and on many islands in the torrid zones. Hence I am inclined to look at adaptation to any special climate as a quality readily grafted on an innate wide flexibility of constitution, which is common to most animals. On this view, the capacity of enduring the most different climates by man himself and by his domestic animals, and such facts as that former species of the elephant and rhinoceros were capable of enduring a glacial climate, whereas the living species are now all tropical or sub-tropical in their habits, ought not to be looked at as anomalies, but merely as examples of a very common flexibility of constitution, brought, under peculiar circumstances, into play.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00249", "bookId": 1228, "start": 274526, "end": 276797, "sha256": "f2f4cd043f75812e243ce45fbfa46ff2db3f3387a7d7c4f7c68c7e8885fce107", "text": "How much of the acclimatisation of species to any peculiar climate is due to mere habit, and how much to the natural selection of varieties having different innate constitutions, and how much to both means combined, is a very obscure question. That habit or custom has some influence I must believe, both from analogy, and from the incessant advice given in agricultural works, even in the ancient Encyclopædias of China, to be very cautious in transposing animals from one district to another; for it is not likely that man should have succeeded in selecting so many breeds and sub-breeds with constitutions specially fitted for their own districts: the result must, I think, be due to habit. On the other hand, I can see no reason to doubt that natural selection will continually tend to preserve those individuals which are born with constitutions best adapted to their native countries. In treatises on many kinds of cultivated plants, certain varieties are said to withstand certain climates better than others: this is very strikingly shown in works on fruit trees published in the United States, in which certain varieties are habitually recommended for the northern, and others for the southern States; and as most of these varieties are of recent origin, they cannot owe their constitutional differences to habit. The case of the Jerusalem artichoke, which is never propagated by seed, and of which consequently new varieties have not been produced, has even been advanced—for it is now as tender as ever it was—as proving that acclimatisation cannot be effected! The case, also, of the kidney-bean has been often cited for a similar purpose, and with much greater weight; but until some one will sow, during a score of generations, his kidney-beans so early that a very large proportion are destroyed by frost, and then collect seed from the few survivors, with care to prevent accidental crosses, and then again get seed from these seedlings, with the same precautions, the experiment cannot be said to have been even tried. Nor let it be supposed that no differences in the constitution of seedling kidney-beans ever appear, for an account has been published how much more hardy some seedlings appeared to be than others.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00250", "bookId": 1228, "start": 276801, "end": 277155, "sha256": "93439243bee92cc6d35abe2f792b6edade69b458173ed57a8b23c33f9773aed7", "text": "On the whole, I think we may conclude that habit, use, and disuse, have, in some cases, played a considerable part in the modification of the constitution, and of the structure of various organs; but that the effects of use and disuse have often been largely combined with, and sometimes overmastered by, the natural selection of innate differences.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00251", "bookId": 1228, "start": 277159, "end": 278447, "sha256": "563e8cc8382fbcde3d5780e0637002508e3d992f6e2d88d0c41cca86f38aee84", "text": "_Correlation of Growth_.—I mean by this expression that the whole organisation is so tied together during its growth and development, that when slight variations in any one part occur, and are accumulated through natural selection, other parts become modified. This is a very important subject, most imperfectly understood. The most obvious case is, that modifications accumulated solely for the good of the young or larva, will, it may safely be concluded, affect the structure of the adult; in the same manner as any malconformation affecting the early embryo, seriously affects the whole organisation of the adult. The several parts of the body which are homologous, and which, at an early embryonic period, are alike, seem liable to vary in an allied manner: we see this in the right and left sides of the body varying in the same manner; in the front and hind legs, and even in the jaws and limbs, varying together, for the lower jaw is believed to be homologous with the limbs. These tendencies, I do not doubt, may be mastered more or less completely by natural selection: thus a family of stags once existed with an antler only on one side; and if this had been of any great use to the breed it might probably have been rendered permanent by natural selection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00252", "bookId": 1228, "start": 278451, "end": 279193, "sha256": "f9761fada0e3bb047b5d0d58b9ae2a1e7cb8c496ee41c570e5d6ba1fb407188b", "text": "Homologous parts, as has been remarked by some authors, tend to cohere; this is often seen in monstrous plants; and nothing is more common than the union of homologous parts in normal structures, as the union of the petals of the corolla into a tube. Hard parts seem to affect the form of adjoining soft parts; it is believed by some authors that the diversity in the shape of the pelvis in birds causes the remarkable diversity in the shape of their kidneys. Others believe that the shape of the pelvis in the human mother influences by pressure the shape of the head of the child. In snakes, according to Schlegel, the shape of the body and the manner of swallowing determine the position of several of the most important viscera.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00253", "bookId": 1228, "start": 279197, "end": 280213, "sha256": "c39a5ae8e5dae809b7f81bef280ecd82501988978bfe4eb63518a4cebd6d08f8", "text": "The nature of the bond of correlation is very frequently quite obscure. M. Is. Geoffroy St. Hilaire has forcibly remarked, that certain malconformations very frequently, and that others rarely coexist, without our being able to assign any reason. What can be more singular than the relation between blue eyes and deafness in cats, and the tortoise-shell colour with the female sex; the feathered feet and skin between the outer toes in pigeons, and the presence of more or less down on the young birds when first hatched, with the future colour of their plumage; or, again, the relation between the hair and teeth in the naked Turkish dog, though here probably homology comes into play? With respect to this latter case of correlation, I think it can hardly be accidental, that if we pick out the two orders of mammalia which are most abnormal in their dermal coverings, viz. Cetacea (whales) and Edentata (armadilloes, scaly ant-eaters, etc.), that these are likewise the most abnormal in their teeth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00254", "bookId": 1228, "start": 280217, "end": 282182, "sha256": "ce619b09b952ec1b3f7317a4451e7db02340790c36d71c53f640a4fb4c8009b4", "text": "I know of no case better adapted to show the importance of the laws of correlation in modifying important structures, independently of utility and, therefore, of natural selection, than that of the difference between the outer and inner flowers in some Compositous and Umbelliferous plants. Every one knows the difference in the ray and central florets of, for instance, the daisy, and this difference is often accompanied with the abortion of parts of the flower. But, in some Compositous plants, the seeds also differ in shape and sculpture; and even the ovary itself, with its accessory parts, differs, as has been described by Cassini. These differences have been attributed by some authors to pressure, and the shape of the seeds in the ray-florets in some Compositæ countenances this idea; but, in the case of the corolla of the Umbelliferæ, it is by no means, as Dr. Hooker informs me, in species with the densest heads that the inner and outer flowers most frequently differ. It might have been thought that the development of the ray-petals by drawing nourishment from certain other parts of the flower had caused their abortion; but in some Compositæ there is a difference in the seeds of the outer and inner florets without any difference in the corolla. Possibly, these several differences may be connected with some difference in the flow of nutriment towards the central and external flowers: we know, at least, that in irregular flowers, those nearest to the axis are oftenest subject to peloria, and become regular. I may add, as an instance of this, and of a striking case of correlation, that I have recently observed in some garden pelargoniums, that the central flower of the truss often loses the patches of darker colour in the two upper petals; and that when this occurs, the adherent nectary is quite aborted; when the colour is absent from only one of the two upper petals, the nectary is only much shortened.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00255", "bookId": 1228, "start": 282186, "end": 283372, "sha256": "2a0849719ba011be145a8e21061e93c3bff047d6bc0e47bb08baa86440c26bba", "text": "With respect to the difference in the corolla of the central and exterior flowers of a head or umbel, I do not feel at all sure that C. C. Sprengel’s idea that the ray-florets serve to attract insects, whose agency is highly advantageous in the fertilisation of plants of these two orders, is so far-fetched, as it may at first appear: and if it be advantageous, natural selection may have come into play. But in regard to the differences both in the internal and external structure of the seeds, which are not always correlated with any differences in the flowers, it seems impossible that they can be in any way advantageous to the plant: yet in the Umbelliferæ these differences are of such apparent importance—the seeds being in some cases, according to Tausch, orthospermous in the exterior flowers and coelospermous in the central flowers,—that the elder De Candolle founded his main divisions of the order on analogous differences. Hence we see that modifications of structure, viewed by systematists as of high value, may be wholly due to unknown laws of correlated growth, and without being, as far as we can see, of the slightest service to the species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00256", "bookId": 1228, "start": 283376, "end": 284580, "sha256": "e130b51540e445ffe1f1094e08dba9c8634655c63343ce67049807289c99123d", "text": "We may often falsely attribute to correlation of growth, structures which are common to whole groups of species, and which in truth are simply due to inheritance; for an ancient progenitor may have acquired through natural selection some one modification in structure, and, after thousands of generations, some other and independent modification; and these two modifications, having been transmitted to a whole group of descendants with diverse habits, would naturally be thought to be correlated in some necessary manner. So, again, I do not doubt that some apparent correlations, occurring throughout whole orders, are entirely due to the manner alone in which natural selection can act. For instance, Alph. De Candolle has remarked that winged seeds are never found in fruits which do not open: I should explain the rule by the fact that seeds could not gradually become winged through natural selection, except in fruits which opened; so that the individual plants producing seeds which were a little better fitted to be wafted further, might get an advantage over those producing seed less fitted for dispersal; and this process could not possibly go on in fruit which did not open.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00257", "bookId": 1228, "start": 284584, "end": 286035, "sha256": "76a762c13164e37c4731a8c16d3d8cf25c902023d1f69750c6f6ce0e6504ca48", "text": "The elder Geoffroy and Goethe propounded, at about the same period, their law of compensation or balancement of growth; or, as Goethe expressed it, “in order to spend on one side, nature is forced to economise on the other side.” I think this holds true to a certain extent with our domestic productions: if nourishment flows to one part or organ in excess, it rarely flows, at least in excess, to another part; thus it is difficult to get a cow to give much milk and to fatten readily. The same varieties of the cabbage do not yield abundant and nutritious foliage and a copious supply of oil-bearing seeds. When the seeds in our fruits become atrophied, the fruit itself gains largely in size and quality. In our poultry, a large tuft of feathers on the head is generally accompanied by a diminished comb, and a large beard by diminished wattles. With species in a state of nature it can hardly be maintained that the law is of universal application; but many good observers, more especially botanists, believe in its truth. I will not, however, here give any instances, for I see hardly any way of distinguishing between the effects, on the one hand, of a part being largely developed through natural selection and another and adjoining part being reduced by this same process or by disuse, and, on the other hand, the actual withdrawal of nutriment from one part owing to the excess of growth in another and adjoining part.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00258", "bookId": 1228, "start": 286039, "end": 287764, "sha256": "5640fe7a20e9ed7ccfd100df1c31e9970de72133da8b080c646e646c9d7cc848", "text": "I suspect, also, that some of the cases of compensation which have been advanced, and likewise some other facts, may be merged under a more general principle, namely, that natural selection is continually trying to economise in every part of the organisation. If under changed conditions of life a structure before useful becomes less useful, any diminution, however slight, in its development, will be seized on by natural selection, for it will profit the individual not to have its nutriment wasted in building up an useless structure. I can thus only understand a fact with which I was much struck when examining cirripedes, and of which many other instances could be given: namely, that when a cirripede is parasitic within another and is thus protected, it loses more or less completely its own shell or carapace. This is the case with the male Ibla, and in a truly extraordinary manner with the Proteolepas: for the carapace in all other cirripedes consists of the three highly-important anterior segments of the head enormously developed, and furnished with great nerves and muscles; but in the parasitic and protected Proteolepas, the whole anterior part of the head is reduced to the merest rudiment attached to the bases of the prehensile antennæ. Now the saving of a large and complex structure, when rendered superfluous by the parasitic habits of the Proteolepas, though effected by slow steps, would be a decided advantage to each successive individual of the species; for in the struggle for life to which every animal is exposed, each individual Proteolepas would have a better chance of supporting itself, by less nutriment being wasted in developing a structure now become useless.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00259", "bookId": 1228, "start": 287768, "end": 288221, "sha256": "904667a929a329e51c5b0253c9b867dd723aaa18e3311918068df51b0d7788ef", "text": "Thus, as I believe, natural selection will always succeed in the long run in reducing and saving every part of the organisation, as soon as it is rendered superfluous, without by any means causing some other part to be largely developed in a corresponding degree. And, conversely, that natural selection may perfectly well succeed in largely developing any organ, without requiring as a necessary compensation the reduction of some adjoining part.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00260", "bookId": 1228, "start": 288227, "end": 289767, "sha256": "dd799a7d323e15b756e64f653b6218709716ec07dbf365b1198e557b85dc4653", "text": "It seems to be a rule, as remarked by Is. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, both in varieties and in species, that when any part or organ is repeated many times in the structure of the same individual (as the vertebræ in snakes, and the stamens in polyandrous flowers) the number is variable; whereas the number of the same part or organ, when it occurs in lesser numbers, is constant. The same author and some botanists have further remarked that multiple parts are also very liable to variation in structure. Inasmuch as this “vegetative repetition,” to use Professor Owen’s expression, seems to be a sign of low organisation; the foregoing remark seems connected with the very general opinion of naturalists, that beings low in the scale of nature are more variable than those which are higher. I presume that lowness in this case means that the several parts of the organisation have been but little specialised for particular functions; and as long as the same part has to perform diversified work, we can perhaps see why it should remain variable, that is, why natural selection should have preserved or rejected each little deviation of form less carefully than when the part has to serve for one special purpose alone. In the same way that a knife which has to cut all sorts of things may be of almost any shape; whilst a tool for some particular object had better be of some particular shape. Natural selection, it should never be forgotten, can act on each part of each being, solely through and for its advantage.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00261", "bookId": 1228, "start": 289771, "end": 290305, "sha256": "e4d277d13c1e040f6d6bbbd75e0e85c43ba30d36ba4e09d20e3c8ffeefb841db", "text": "Rudimentary parts, it has been stated by some authors, and I believe with truth, are apt to be highly variable. We shall have to recur to the general subject of rudimentary and aborted organs; and I will here only add that their variability seems to be owing to their uselessness, and therefore to natural selection having no power to check deviations in their structure. Thus rudimentary parts are left to the free play of the various laws of growth, to the effects of long-continued disuse, and to the tendency to reversion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00262", "bookId": 1228, "start": 290309, "end": 293413, "sha256": "2942030f8740f33370354be6dfa81d39b5e3472311418fc21cad6b886257faf9", "text": "_A part developed in any species in an extraordinary degree or manner, in comparison with the same part in allied species, tends to be highly variable_.—Several years ago I was much struck with a remark, nearly to the above effect, published by Mr. Waterhouse. I infer also from an observation made by Professor Owen, with respect to the length of the arms of the ourang-outang, that he has come to a nearly similar conclusion. It is hopeless to attempt to convince any one of the truth of this proposition without giving the long array of facts which I have collected, and which cannot possibly be here introduced. I can only state my conviction that it is a rule of high generality. I am aware of several causes of error, but I hope that I have made due allowance for them. It should be understood that the rule by no means applies to any part, however unusually developed, unless it be unusually developed in comparison with the same part in closely allied species. Thus, the bat’s wing is a most abnormal structure in the class mammalia; but the rule would not here apply, because there is a whole group of bats having wings; it would apply only if some one species of bat had its wings developed in some remarkable manner in comparison with the other species of the same genus. The rule applies very strongly in the case of secondary sexual characters, when displayed in any unusual manner. The term, secondary sexual characters, used by Hunter, applies to characters which are attached to one sex, but are not directly connected with the act of reproduction. The rule applies to males and females; but as females more rarely offer remarkable secondary sexual characters, it applies more rarely to them. The rule being so plainly applicable in the case of secondary sexual characters, may be due to the great variability of these characters, whether or not displayed in any unusual manner—of which fact I think there can be little doubt. But that our rule is not confined to secondary sexual characters is clearly shown in the case of hermaphrodite cirripedes; and I may here add, that I particularly attended to Mr. Waterhouse’s remark, whilst investigating this Order, and I am fully convinced that the rule almost invariably holds good with cirripedes. I shall, in my future work, give a list of the more remarkable cases; I will here only briefly give one, as it illustrates the rule in its largest application. The opercular valves of sessile cirripedes (rock barnacles) are, in every sense of the word, very important structures, and they differ extremely little even in different genera; but in the several species of one genus, Pyrgoma, these valves present a marvellous amount of diversification: the homologous valves in the different species being sometimes wholly unlike in shape; and the amount of variation in the individuals of several of the species is so great, that it is no exaggeration to state that the varieties differ more from each other in the characters of these important valves than do other species of distinct genera.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00263", "bookId": 1228, "start": 293417, "end": 293817, "sha256": "a4b322c9243f326594b3960fb619a96bf1212ff38235272af7779e5a89b83f8d", "text": "As birds within the same country vary in a remarkably small degree, I have particularly attended to them, and the rule seems to me certainly to hold good in this class. I cannot make out that it applies to plants, and this would seriously have shaken my belief in its truth, had not the great variability in plants made it particularly difficult to compare their relative degrees of variability.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00264", "bookId": 1228, "start": 293821, "end": 296536, "sha256": "1756c80b98d717ec4d76b2e72b599626c8af05a5332d63374e0697a6108140c6", "text": "When we see any part or organ developed in a remarkable degree or manner in any species, the fair presumption is that it is of high importance to that species; nevertheless the part in this case is eminently liable to variation. Why should this be so? On the view that each species has been independently created, with all its parts as we now see them, I can see no explanation. But on the view that groups of species have descended from other species, and have been modified through natural selection, I think we can obtain some light. In our domestic animals, if any part, or the whole animal, be neglected and no selection be applied, that part (for instance, the comb in the Dorking fowl) or the whole breed will cease to have a nearly uniform character. The breed will then be said to have degenerated. In rudimentary organs, and in those which have been but little specialised for any particular purpose, and perhaps in polymorphic groups, we see a nearly parallel natural case; for in such cases natural selection either has not or cannot come into full play, and thus the organisation is left in a fluctuating condition. But what here more especially concerns us is, that in our domestic animals those points, which at the present time are undergoing rapid change by continued selection, are also eminently liable to variation. Look at the breeds of the pigeon; see what a prodigious amount of difference there is in the beak of the different tumblers, in the beak and wattle of the different carriers, in the carriage and tail of our fantails, etc., these being the points now mainly attended to by English fanciers. Even in the sub-breeds, as in the short-faced tumbler, it is notoriously difficult to breed them nearly to perfection, and frequently individuals are born which depart widely from the standard. There may be truly said to be a constant struggle going on between, on the one hand, the tendency to reversion to a less modified state, as well as an innate tendency to further variability of all kinds, and, on the other hand, the power of steady selection to keep the breed true. In the long run selection gains the day, and we do not expect to fail so far as to breed a bird as coarse as a common tumbler from a good short-faced strain. But as long as selection is rapidly going on, there may always be expected to be much variability in the structure undergoing modification. It further deserves notice that these variable characters, produced by man’s selection, sometimes become attached, from causes quite unknown to us, more to one sex than to the other, generally to the male sex, as with the wattle of carriers and the enlarged crop of pouters.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00265", "bookId": 1228, "start": 296540, "end": 298658, "sha256": "e6918e2774fdc47ebac7e55a240026ef998705eb5460d1504d4100c8ead4101c", "text": "Now let us turn to nature. When a part has been developed in an extraordinary manner in any one species, compared with the other species of the same genus, we may conclude that this part has undergone an extraordinary amount of modification, since the period when the species branched off from the common progenitor of the genus. This period will seldom be remote in any extreme degree, as species very rarely endure for more than one geological period. An extraordinary amount of modification implies an unusually large and long-continued amount of variability, which has continually been accumulated by natural selection for the benefit of the species. But as the variability of the extraordinarily-developed part or organ has been so great and long-continued within a period not excessively remote, we might, as a general rule, expect still to find more variability in such parts than in other parts of the organisation, which have remained for a much longer period nearly constant. And this, I am convinced, is the case. That the struggle between natural selection on the one hand, and the tendency to reversion and variability on the other hand, will in the course of time cease; and that the most abnormally developed organs may be made constant, I can see no reason to doubt. Hence when an organ, however abnormal it may be, has been transmitted in approximately the same condition to many modified descendants, as in the case of the wing of the bat, it must have existed, according to my theory, for an immense period in nearly the same state; and thus it comes to be no more variable than any other structure. It is only in those cases in which the modification has been comparatively recent and extraordinarily great that we ought to find the _generative variability_, as it may be called, still present in a high degree. For in this case the variability will seldom as yet have been fixed by the continued selection of the individuals varying in the required manner and degree, and by the continued rejection of those tending to revert to a former and less modified condition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00266", "bookId": 1228, "start": 298662, "end": 300618, "sha256": "0d92f9c49477d30c65e4d920a3ecce201f66cf5257022ba01d745c1efb6fb55d", "text": "The principle included in these remarks may be extended. It is notorious that specific characters are more variable than generic. To explain by a simple example what is meant. If some species in a large genus of plants had blue flowers and some had red, the colour would be only a specific character, and no one would be surprised at one of the blue species varying into red, or conversely; but if all the species had blue flowers, the colour would become a generic character, and its variation would be a more unusual circumstance. I have chosen this example because an explanation is not in this case applicable, which most naturalists would advance, namely, that specific characters are more variable than generic, because they are taken from parts of less physiological importance than those commonly used for classing genera. I believe this explanation is partly, yet only indirectly, true; I shall, however, have to return to this subject in our chapter on Classification. It would be almost superfluous to adduce evidence in support of the above statement, that specific characters are more variable than generic; but I have repeatedly noticed in works on natural history, that when an author has remarked with surprise that some _important_ organ or part, which is generally very constant throughout large groups of species, has _differed_ considerably in closely-allied species, that it has, also, been _variable_ in the individuals of some of the species. And this fact shows that a character, which is generally of generic value, when it sinks in value and becomes only of specific value, often becomes variable, though its physiological importance may remain the same. Something of the same kind applies to monstrosities: at least Is. Geoffroy St. Hilaire seems to entertain no doubt, that the more an organ normally differs in the different species of the same group, the more subject it is to individual anomalies.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00267", "bookId": 1228, "start": 300622, "end": 302477, "sha256": "f3b99e4146ab7e0a90adf0b453dbeccca8c8309f06230260313ffdb0fe777ad4", "text": "On the ordinary view of each species having been independently created, why should that part of the structure, which differs from the same part in other independently-created species of the same genus, be more variable than those parts which are closely alike in the several species? I do not see that any explanation can be given. But on the view of species being only strongly marked and fixed varieties, we might surely expect to find them still often continuing to vary in those parts of their structure which have varied within a moderately recent period, and which have thus come to differ. Or to state the case in another manner:—the points in which all the species of a genus resemble each other, and in which they differ from the species of some other genus, are called generic characters; and these characters in common I attribute to inheritance from a common progenitor, for it can rarely have happened that natural selection will have modified several species, fitted to more or less widely-different habits, in exactly the same manner: and as these so-called generic characters have been inherited from a remote period, since that period when the species first branched off from their common progenitor, and subsequently have not varied or come to differ in any degree, or only in a slight degree, it is not probable that they should vary at the present day. On the other hand, the points in which species differ from other species of the same genus, are called specific characters; and as these specific characters have varied and come to differ within the period of the branching off of the species from a common progenitor, it is probable that they should still often be in some degree variable,—at least more variable than those parts of the organisation which have for a very long period remained constant.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00268", "bookId": 1228, "start": 302481, "end": 303896, "sha256": "8ba03cefcd62721c42d6f77388dc84d1e149d73200e70a2eb7d378728eee3137", "text": "In connexion with the present subject, I will make only two other remarks. I think it will be admitted, without my entering on details, that secondary sexual characters are very variable; I think it also will be admitted that species of the same group differ from each other more widely in their secondary sexual characters, than in other parts of their organisation; compare, for instance, the amount of difference between the males of gallinaceous birds, in which secondary sexual characters are strongly displayed, with the amount of difference between their females; and the truth of this proposition will be granted. The cause of the original variability of secondary sexual characters is not manifest; but we can see why these characters should not have been rendered as constant and uniform as other parts of the organisation; for secondary sexual characters have been accumulated by sexual selection, which is less rigid in its action than ordinary selection, as it does not entail death, but only gives fewer offspring to the less favoured males. Whatever the cause may be of the variability of secondary sexual characters, as they are highly variable, sexual selection will have had a wide scope for action, and may thus readily have succeeded in giving to the species of the same group a greater amount of difference in their sexual characters, than in other parts of their structure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00269", "bookId": 1228, "start": 303900, "end": 305618, "sha256": "c7ca9ec851fe6230d2b3c13cdc01e7ceca82792f87c87ea5cd2df38b82cbd160", "text": "It is a remarkable fact, that the secondary sexual differences between the two sexes of the same species are generally displayed in the very same parts of the organisation in which the different species of the same genus differ from each other. Of this fact I will give in illustration two instances, the first which happen to stand on my list; and as the differences in these cases are of a very unusual nature, the relation can hardly be accidental. The same number of joints in the tarsi is a character generally common to very large groups of beetles, but in the Engidæ, as Westwood has remarked, the number varies greatly; and the number likewise differs in the two sexes of the same species: again in fossorial hymenoptera, the manner of neuration of the wings is a character of the highest importance, because common to large groups; but in certain genera the neuration differs in the different species, and likewise in the two sexes of the same species. This relation has a clear meaning on my view of the subject: I look at all the species of the same genus as having as certainly descended from the same progenitor, as have the two sexes of any one of the species. Consequently, whatever part of the structure of the common progenitor, or of its early descendants, became variable; variations of this part would it is highly probable, be taken advantage of by natural and sexual selection, in order to fit the several species to their several places in the economy of nature, and likewise to fit the two sexes of the same species to each other, or to fit the males and females to different habits of life, or the males to struggle with other males for the possession of the females.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00270", "bookId": 1228, "start": 305622, "end": 307155, "sha256": "6d1b4f7a3d183260104c0bc4995f72ed4478e972e13eaa2e6ddeda6a84bd9c16", "text": "Finally, then, I conclude that the greater variability of specific characters, or those which distinguish species from species, than of generic characters, or those which the species possess in common;—that the frequent extreme variability of any part which is developed in a species in an extraordinary manner in comparison with the same part in its congeners; and the not great degree of variability in a part, however extraordinarily it may be developed, if it be common to a whole group of species;—that the great variability of secondary sexual characters, and the great amount of difference in these same characters between closely allied species;—that secondary sexual and ordinary specific differences are generally displayed in the same parts of the organisation,—are all principles closely connected together. All being mainly due to the species of the same group having descended from a common progenitor, from whom they have inherited much in common,—to parts which have recently and largely varied being more likely still to go on varying than parts which have long been inherited and have not varied,—to natural selection having more or less completely, according to the lapse of time, overmastered the tendency to reversion and to further variability,—to sexual selection being less rigid than ordinary selection,—and to variations in the same parts having been accumulated by natural and sexual selection, and thus adapted for secondary sexual, and for ordinary specific purposes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00271", "bookId": 1228, "start": 307161, "end": 308909, "sha256": "ecd52fdf8cf4021a8aaaece0df4db32e25bc02a3ca6d729c2c72da21a6c7428c", "text": "_Distinct species present analogous variations; and a variety of one species often assumes some of the characters of an allied species, or reverts to some of the characters of an early progenitor_.—These propositions will be most readily understood by looking to our domestic races. The most distinct breeds of pigeons, in countries most widely apart, present sub-varieties with reversed feathers on the head and feathers on the feet,—characters not possessed by the aboriginal rock-pigeon; these then are analogous variations in two or more distinct races. The frequent presence of fourteen or even sixteen tail-feathers in the pouter, may be considered as a variation representing the normal structure of another race, the fantail. I presume that no one will doubt that all such analogous variations are due to the several races of the pigeon having inherited from a common parent the same constitution and tendency to variation, when acted on by similar unknown influences. In the vegetable kingdom we have a case of analogous variation, in the enlarged stems, or roots as commonly called, of the Swedish turnip and Ruta baga, plants which several botanists rank as varieties produced by cultivation from a common parent: if this be not so, the case will then be one of analogous variation in two so-called distinct species; and to these a third may be added, namely, the common turnip. According to the ordinary view of each species having been independently created, we should have to attribute this similarity in the enlarged stems of these three plants, not to the vera causa of community of descent, and a consequent tendency to vary in a like manner, but to three separate yet closely related acts of creation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00272", "bookId": 1228, "start": 308913, "end": 309816, "sha256": "b7f414462fd1054d2bade091b0d8024c6e952d27fa81fb416a1ccbdcb5f15eeb", "text": "With pigeons, however, we have another case, namely, the occasional appearance in all the breeds, of slaty-blue birds with two black bars on the wings, a white rump, a bar at the end of the tail, with the outer feathers externally edged near their bases with white. As all these marks are characteristic of the parent rock-pigeon, I presume that no one will doubt that this is a case of reversion, and not of a new yet analogous variation appearing in the several breeds. We may I think confidently come to this conclusion, because, as we have seen, these coloured marks are eminently liable to appear in the crossed offspring of two distinct and differently coloured breeds; and in this case there is nothing in the external conditions of life to cause the reappearance of the slaty-blue, with the several marks, beyond the influence of the mere act of crossing on the laws of inheritance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00273", "bookId": 1228, "start": 309820, "end": 311946, "sha256": "b6dbde84926738981393ecc86e8d6d023c2f092c46e47b501257b2a03fbcc1f7", "text": "No doubt it is a very surprising fact that characters should reappear after having been lost for many, perhaps for hundreds of generations. But when a breed has been crossed only once by some other breed, the offspring occasionally show a tendency to revert in character to the foreign breed for many generations—some say, for a dozen or even a score of generations. After twelve generations, the proportion of blood, to use a common expression, of any one ancestor, is only 1 in 2048; and yet, as we see, it is generally believed that a tendency to reversion is retained by this very small proportion of foreign blood. In a breed which has not been crossed, but in which _both_ parents have lost some character which their progenitor possessed, the tendency, whether strong or weak, to reproduce the lost character might be, as was formerly remarked, for all that we can see to the contrary, transmitted for almost any number of generations. When a character which has been lost in a breed, reappears after a great number of generations, the most probable hypothesis is, not that the offspring suddenly takes after an ancestor some hundred generations distant, but that in each successive generation there has been a tendency to reproduce the character in question, which at last, under unknown favourable conditions, gains an ascendancy. For instance, it is probable that in each generation of the barb-pigeon, which produces most rarely a blue and black-barred bird, there has been a tendency in each generation in the plumage to assume this colour. This view is hypothetical, but could be supported by some facts; and I can see no more abstract improbability in a tendency to produce any character being inherited for an endless number of generations, than in quite useless or rudimentary organs being, as we all know them to be, thus inherited. Indeed, we may sometimes observe a mere tendency to produce a rudiment inherited: for instance, in the common snapdragon (Antirrhinum) a rudiment of a fifth stamen so often appears, that this plant must have an inherited tendency to produce it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00274", "bookId": 1228, "start": 311950, "end": 313922, "sha256": "c6ccd312a04fe562ba57d94bc1608c4bc0b1efe840a2357cb062e17920ee5869", "text": "As all the species of the same genus are supposed, on my theory, to have descended from a common parent, it might be expected that they would occasionally vary in an analogous manner; so that a variety of one species would resemble in some of its characters another species; this other species being on my view only a well-marked and permanent variety. But characters thus gained would probably be of an unimportant nature, for the presence of all important characters will be governed by natural selection, in accordance with the diverse habits of the species, and will not be left to the mutual action of the conditions of life and of a similar inherited constitution. It might further be expected that the species of the same genus would occasionally exhibit reversions to lost ancestral characters. As, however, we never know the exact character of the common ancestor of a group, we could not distinguish these two cases: if, for instance, we did not know that the rock-pigeon was not feather-footed or turn-crowned, we could not have told, whether these characters in our domestic breeds were reversions or only analogous variations; but we might have inferred that the blueness was a case of reversion, from the number of the markings, which are correlated with the blue tint, and which it does not appear probable would all appear together from simple variation. More especially we might have inferred this, from the blue colour and marks so often appearing when distinct breeds of diverse colours are crossed. Hence, though under nature it must generally be left doubtful, what cases are reversions to an anciently existing character, and what are new but analogous variations, yet we ought, on my theory, sometimes to find the varying offspring of a species assuming characters (either from reversion or from analogous variation) which already occur in some other members of the same group. And this undoubtedly is the case in nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00275", "bookId": 1228, "start": 313926, "end": 314916, "sha256": "27f558212869eb90730b1c77586d09c9df3ab521b0bf5c332cb40ee97b9c2780", "text": "A considerable part of the difficulty in recognising a variable species in our systematic works, is due to its varieties mocking, as it were, some of the other species of the same genus. A considerable catalogue, also, could be given of forms intermediate between two other forms, which themselves must be doubtfully ranked as either varieties or species; and this shows, unless all these forms be considered as independently created species, that the one in varying has assumed some of the characters of the other, so as to produce the intermediate form. But the best evidence is afforded by parts or organs of an important and uniform nature occasionally varying so as to acquire, in some degree, the character of the same part or organ in an allied species. I have collected a long list of such cases; but here, as before, I lie under a great disadvantage in not being able to give them. I can only repeat that such cases certainly do occur, and seem to me very remarkable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00276", "bookId": 1228, "start": 314920, "end": 316256, "sha256": "9a4e6d55b9edc5d1dbe465fe0c3bef270d4388c693615a0f97b89afb1ec35b0a", "text": "I will, however, give one curious and complex case, not indeed as affecting any important character, but from occurring in several species of the same genus, partly under domestication and partly under nature. It is a case apparently of reversion. The ass not rarely has very distinct transverse bars on its legs, like those on the legs of a zebra: it has been asserted that these are plainest in the foal, and from inquiries which I have made, I believe this to be true. It has also been asserted that the stripe on each shoulder is sometimes double. The shoulder stripe is certainly very variable in length and outline. A white ass, but _not_ an albino, has been described without either spinal or shoulder-stripe; and these stripes are sometimes very obscure, or actually quite lost, in dark-coloured asses. The koulan of Pallas is said to have been seen with a double shoulder-stripe. The hemionus has no shoulder-stripe; but traces of it, as stated by Mr. Blyth and others, occasionally appear: and I have been informed by Colonel Poole that the foals of this species are generally striped on the legs, and faintly on the shoulder. The quagga, though so plainly barred like a zebra over the body, is without bars on the legs; but Dr. Gray has figured one specimen with very distinct zebra-like bars on the hocks.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00277", "bookId": 1228, "start": 316260, "end": 316880, "sha256": "871ae14be82502cbdf557b49ee993690369beb5ed096cc9abad1eef65562f209", "text": "With respect to the horse, I have collected cases in England of the spinal stripe in horses of the most distinct breeds, and of _all_ colours; transverse bars on the legs are not rare in duns, mouse-duns, and in one instance in a chestnut: a faint shoulder-stripe may sometimes be seen in duns, and I have seen a trace in a bay horse. My son made a careful examination and sketch for me of a dun Belgian cart-horse with a double stripe on each shoulder and with leg-stripes; and a man, whom I can implicitly trust, has examined for me a small dun Welch pony with _three_ short parallel stripes on each shoulder.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00278", "bookId": 1228, "start": 316884, "end": 318160, "sha256": "fe859574ade483af72dae4292a4bc313506f471815b13ef31f7cdb2320954575", "text": "In the north-west part of India the Kattywar breed of horses is so generally striped, that, as I hear from Colonel Poole, who examined the breed for the Indian Government, a horse without stripes is not considered as purely-bred. The spine is always striped; the legs are generally barred; and the shoulder-stripe, which is sometimes double and sometimes treble, is common; the side of the face, moreover, is sometimes striped. The stripes are plainest in the foal; and sometimes quite disappear in old horses. Colonel Poole has seen both gray and bay Kattywar horses striped when first foaled. I have, also, reason to suspect, from information given me by Mr. W. W. Edwards, that with the English race-horse the spinal stripe is much commoner in the foal than in the full-grown animal. Without here entering on further details, I may state that I have collected cases of leg and shoulder stripes in horses of very different breeds, in various countries from Britain to Eastern China; and from Norway in the north to the Malay Archipelago in the south. In all parts of the world these stripes occur far oftenest in duns and mouse-duns; by the term dun a large range of colour is included, from one between brown and black to a close approach to cream-colour.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00279", "bookId": 1228, "start": 318164, "end": 318699, "sha256": "cfc8e4a98c2eec466504065cef4880c3364465d473332882af83d1eb46934cc9", "text": "I am aware that Colonel Hamilton Smith, who has written on this subject, believes that the several breeds of the horse have descended from several aboriginal species—one of which, the dun, was striped; and that the above-described appearances are all due to ancient crosses with the dun stock. But I am not at all satisfied with this theory, and should be loth to apply it to breeds so distinct as the heavy Belgian cart-horse, Welch ponies, cobs, the lanky Kattywar race, etc., inhabiting the most distant parts of the world.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00280", "bookId": 1228, "start": 318703, "end": 320483, "sha256": "7c57fb9763211664720e87feef03d85705e884d2004c21b80caee140bea7ef80", "text": "Now let us turn to the effects of crossing the several species of the horse-genus. Rollin asserts, that the common mule from the ass and horse is particularly apt to have bars on its legs. I once saw a mule with its legs so much striped that any one at first would have thought that it must have been the product of a zebra; and Mr. W. C. Martin, in his excellent treatise on the horse, has given a figure of a similar mule. In four coloured drawings, which I have seen, of hybrids between the ass and zebra, the legs were much more plainly barred than the rest of the body; and in one of them there was a double shoulder-stripe. In Lord Moreton’s famous hybrid from a chestnut mare and male quagga, the hybrid, and even the pure offspring subsequently produced from the mare by a black Arabian sire, were much more plainly barred across the legs than is even the pure quagga. Lastly, and this is another most remarkable case, a hybrid has been figured by Dr. Gray (and he informs me that he knows of a second case) from the ass and the hemionus; and this hybrid, though the ass seldom has stripes on its legs and the hemionus has none and has not even a shoulder-stripe, nevertheless had all four legs barred, and had three short shoulder-stripes, like those on the dun Welch pony, and even had some zebra-like stripes on the sides of its face. With respect to this last fact, I was so convinced that not even a stripe of colour appears from what would commonly be called an accident, that I was led solely from the occurrence of the face-stripes on this hybrid from the ass and hemionus, to ask Colonel Poole whether such face-stripes ever occur in the eminently striped Kattywar breed of horses, and was, as we have seen, answered in the affirmative.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00281", "bookId": 1228, "start": 320487, "end": 322558, "sha256": "ffa8ecc7fbf7bb954b0bfc9801b232f21162047cd3299552e3817a8f707d575a", "text": "What now are we to say to these several facts? We see several very distinct species of the horse-genus becoming, by simple variation, striped on the legs like a zebra, or striped on the shoulders like an ass. In the horse we see this tendency strong whenever a dun tint appears—a tint which approaches to that of the general colouring of the other species of the genus. The appearance of the stripes is not accompanied by any change of form or by any other new character. We see this tendency to become striped most strongly displayed in hybrids from between several of the most distinct species. Now observe the case of the several breeds of pigeons: they are descended from a pigeon (including two or three sub-species or geographical races) of a bluish colour, with certain bars and other marks; and when any breed assumes by simple variation a bluish tint, these bars and other marks invariably reappear; but without any other change of form or character. When the oldest and truest breeds of various colours are crossed, we see a strong tendency for the blue tint and bars and marks to reappear in the mongrels. I have stated that the most probable hypothesis to account for the reappearance of very ancient characters, is—that there is a _tendency_ in the young of each successive generation to produce the long-lost character, and that this tendency, from unknown causes, sometimes prevails. And we have just seen that in several species of the horse-genus the stripes are either plainer or appear more commonly in the young than in the old. Call the breeds of pigeons, some of which have bred true for centuries, species; and how exactly parallel is the case with that of the species of the horse-genus! For myself, I venture confidently to look back thousands on thousands of generations, and I see an animal striped like a zebra, but perhaps otherwise very differently constructed, the common parent of our domestic horse, whether or not it be descended from one or more wild stocks, of the ass, the hemionus, quagga, and zebra.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00282", "bookId": 1228, "start": 322562, "end": 323440, "sha256": "3e19694fb52a1eb90b324f55e052fb953111c09c292216966a42bbe47e4223af", "text": "He who believes that each equine species was independently created, will, I presume, assert that each species has been created with a tendency to vary, both under nature and under domestication, in this particular manner, so as often to become striped like other species of the genus; and that each has been created with a strong tendency, when crossed with species inhabiting distant quarters of the world, to produce hybrids resembling in their stripes, not their own parents, but other species of the genus. To admit this view is, as it seems to me, to reject a real for an unreal, or at least for an unknown, cause. It makes the works of God a mere mockery and deception; I would almost as soon believe with the old and ignorant cosmogonists, that fossil shells had never lived, but had been created in stone so as to mock the shells now living on the sea-shore.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00283", "bookId": 1228, "start": 323444, "end": 327835, "sha256": "7a3bc34d358abed14731c6c06b1df5a762b45155cccf2b6a82647c17a130c78f", "text": "_Summary_.—Our ignorance of the laws of variation is profound. Not in one case out of a hundred can we pretend to assign any reason why this or that part differs, more or less, from the same part in the parents. But whenever we have the means of instituting a comparison, the same laws appear to have acted in producing the lesser differences between varieties of the same species, and the greater differences between species of the same genus. The external conditions of life, as climate and food, etc., seem to have induced some slight modifications. Habit in producing constitutional differences, and use in strengthening, and disuse in weakening and diminishing organs, seem to have been more potent in their effects. Homologous parts tend to vary in the same way, and homologous parts tend to cohere. Modifications in hard parts and in external parts sometimes affect softer and internal parts. When one part is largely developed, perhaps it tends to draw nourishment from the adjoining parts; and every part of the structure which can be saved without detriment to the individual, will be saved. Changes of structure at an early age will generally affect parts subsequently developed; and there are very many other correlations of growth, the nature of which we are utterly unable to understand. Multiple parts are variable in number and in structure, perhaps arising from such parts not having been closely specialised to any particular function, so that their modifications have not been closely checked by natural selection. It is probably from this same cause that organic beings low in the scale of nature are more variable than those which have their whole organisation more specialised, and are higher in the scale. Rudimentary organs, from being useless, will be disregarded by natural selection, and hence probably are variable. Specific characters—that is, the characters which have come to differ since the several species of the same genus branched off from a common parent—are more variable than generic characters, or those which have long been inherited, and have not differed within this same period. In these remarks we have referred to special parts or organs being still variable, because they have recently varied and thus come to differ; but we have also seen in the second Chapter that the same principle applies to the whole individual; for in a district where many species of any genus are found—that is, where there has been much former variation and differentiation, or where the manufactory of new specific forms has been actively at work—there, on an average, we now find most varieties or incipient species. Secondary sexual characters are highly variable, and such characters differ much in the species of the same group. Variability in the same parts of the organisation has generally been taken advantage of in giving secondary sexual differences to the sexes of the same species, and specific differences to the several species of the same genus. Any part or organ developed to an extraordinary size or in an extraordinary manner, in comparison with the same part or organ in the allied species, must have gone through an extraordinary amount of modification since the genus arose; and thus we can understand why it should often still be variable in a much higher degree than other parts; for variation is a long-continued and slow process, and natural selection will in such cases not as yet have had time to overcome the tendency to further variability and to reversion to a less modified state. But when a species with any extraordinarily-developed organ has become the parent of many modified descendants—which on my view must be a very slow process, requiring a long lapse of time—in this case, natural selection may readily have succeeded in giving a fixed character to the organ, in however extraordinary a manner it may be developed. Species inheriting nearly the same constitution from a common parent and exposed to similar influences will naturally tend to present analogous variations, and these same species may occasionally revert to some of the characters of their ancient progenitors. Although new and important modifications may not arise from reversion and analogous variation, such modifications will add to the beautiful and harmonious diversity of nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00284", "bookId": 1228, "start": 327841, "end": 328286, "sha256": "8c8b97632980fcfdc9660bedaa96b4f0d262fda92890fc763f7f4f940ab1f6b6", "text": "Whatever the cause may be of each slight difference in the offspring from their parents—and a cause for each must exist—it is the steady accumulation, through natural selection, of such differences, when beneficial to the individual, that gives rise to all the more important modifications of structure, by which the innumerable beings on the face of this earth are enabled to struggle with each other, and the best adapted to survive.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00285", "bookId": 1228, "start": 328296, "end": 328332, "sha256": "f6b2fe0bcb5c29920c7259a62f0fe3f2e80622f8eae636ca3b32aa6a12823237", "text": "CHAPTER VI. DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00286", "bookId": 1228, "start": 328338, "end": 328869, "sha256": "78399b4ac943f7258efc8d4f1c44a92023ab32634cac5d2ae000e3be97898852", "text": "Difficulties on the theory of descent with modification. Transitions. Absence or rarity of transitional varieties. Transitions in habits of life. Diversified habits in the same species. Species with habits widely different from those of their allies. Organs of extreme perfection. Means of transition. Cases of difficulty. Natura non facit saltum. Organs of small importance. Organs not in all cases absolutely perfect. The law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence embraced by the theory of Natural Selection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00287", "bookId": 1228, "start": 328875, "end": 329217, "sha256": "dd3b949e18d3257f1eb15581ab9619db69a9decfdc30d2ea7765df57ea13a3c8", "text": "Long before having arrived at this part of my work, a crowd of difficulties will have occurred to the reader. Some of them are so grave that to this day I can never reflect on them without being staggered; but, to the best of my judgment, the greater number are only apparent, and those that are real are not, I think, fatal to my theory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00288", "bookId": 1228, "start": 329221, "end": 329300, "sha256": "31c3a41cf7e088d8bae0ed56ca151af7b3a80c0a1a0b137fd9892fa0637171e6", "text": "These difficulties and objections may be classed under the following heads:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00289", "bookId": 1228, "start": 329304, "end": 329548, "sha256": "86137d84db3f607f7fe1749b392ff0341c0421f57d98ab235e16b14496c6032a", "text": "Firstly, why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms? Why is not all nature in confusion instead of the species being, as we see them, well defined?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00290", "bookId": 1228, "start": 329552, "end": 330048, "sha256": "ee856af63e8007f3206e9725e4e1a78094da740444248c198612b8e776232b63", "text": "Secondly, is it possible that an animal having, for instance, the structure and habits of a bat, could have been formed by the modification of some animal with wholly different habits? Can we believe that natural selection could produce, on the one hand, organs of trifling importance, such as the tail of a giraffe, which serves as a fly-flapper, and, on the other hand, organs of such wonderful structure, as the eye, of which we hardly as yet fully understand the inimitable perfection?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00291", "bookId": 1228, "start": 330052, "end": 330298, "sha256": "b0adfe795c10fc7112f87ffd5c8a0f35902e3f3d34d16d044f2c23d4b0829ba7", "text": "Thirdly, can instincts be acquired and modified through natural selection? What shall we say to so marvellous an instinct as that which leads the bee to make cells, which have practically anticipated the discoveries of profound mathematicians?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00292", "bookId": 1228, "start": 330302, "end": 330474, "sha256": "0881a3215cb6bc652488f2dac95084e1520c1006eb43962466f3ca1d96062591", "text": "Fourthly, how can we account for species, when crossed, being sterile and producing sterile offspring, whereas, when varieties are crossed, their fertility is unimpaired?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00293", "bookId": 1228, "start": 330478, "end": 330569, "sha256": "1c9c649915d813692bad83ef5988440f2b39196d3704016edf304a97f5e00133", "text": "The two first heads shall be here discussed—Instinct and Hybridism in separate chapters.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00294", "bookId": 1228, "start": 330573, "end": 331225, "sha256": "ef9fd1d788de4062295ebb06f10b263ecccc57aa6527fcdf80219987e93ed33e", "text": "_On the absence or rarity of transitional varieties._—As natural selection acts solely by the preservation of profitable modifications, each new form will tend in a fully-stocked country to take the place of, and finally to exterminate, its own less improved parent or other less-favoured forms with which it comes into competition. Thus extinction and natural selection will, as we have seen, go hand in hand. Hence, if we look at each species as descended from some other unknown form, both the parent and all the transitional varieties will generally have been exterminated by the very process of formation and perfection of the new form.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00295", "bookId": 1228, "start": 331229, "end": 332454, "sha256": "3dbccd59ea3a6cd2d613439afaec1a70213636344f92f8fb67d7f125a15e631b", "text": "But, as by this theory innumerable transitional forms must have existed, why do we not find them embedded in countless numbers in the crust of the earth? It will be much more convenient to discuss this question in the chapter on the Imperfection of the geological record; and I will here only state that I believe the answer mainly lies in the record being incomparably less perfect than is generally supposed; the imperfection of the record being chiefly due to organic beings not inhabiting profound depths of the sea, and to their remains being embedded and preserved to a future age only in masses of sediment sufficiently thick and extensive to withstand an enormous amount of future degradation; and such fossiliferous masses can be accumulated only where much sediment is deposited on the shallow bed of the sea, whilst it slowly subsides. These contingencies will concur only rarely, and after enormously long intervals. Whilst the bed of the sea is stationary or is rising, or when very little sediment is being deposited, there will be blanks in our geological history. The crust of the earth is a vast museum; but the natural collections have been made only at intervals of time immensely remote.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00296", "bookId": 1228, "start": 332458, "end": 333994, "sha256": "3ae44906d0a242051a46759ff3b0e366351324559c65377e7ec3143de9d8ba82", "text": "But it may be urged that when several closely-allied species inhabit the same territory we surely ought to find at the present time many transitional forms. Let us take a simple case: in travelling from north to south over a continent, we generally meet at successive intervals with closely allied or representative species, evidently filling nearly the same place in the natural economy of the land. These representative species often meet and interlock; and as the one becomes rarer and rarer, the other becomes more and more frequent, till the one replaces the other. But if we compare these species where they intermingle, they are generally as absolutely distinct from each other in every detail of structure as are specimens taken from the metropolis inhabited by each. By my theory these allied species have descended from a common parent; and during the process of modification, each has become adapted to the conditions of life of its own region, and has supplanted and exterminated its original parent and all the transitional varieties between its past and present states. Hence we ought not to expect at the present time to meet with numerous transitional varieties in each region, though they must have existed there, and may be embedded there in a fossil condition. But in the intermediate region, having intermediate conditions of life, why do we not now find closely-linking intermediate varieties? This difficulty for a long time quite confounded me. But I think it can be in large part explained.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00297", "bookId": 1228, "start": 333998, "end": 335001, "sha256": "361f54a1e908a291dfa932163573a329f23b159a6f8cf4cd802d7f9c09dde76c", "text": "In the first place we should be extremely cautious in inferring, because an area is now continuous, that it has been continuous during a long period. Geology would lead us to believe that almost every continent has been broken up into islands even during the later tertiary periods; and in such islands distinct species might have been separately formed without the possibility of intermediate varieties existing in the intermediate zones. By changes in the form of the land and of climate, marine areas now continuous must often have existed within recent times in a far less continuous and uniform condition than at present. But I will pass over this way of escaping from the difficulty; for I believe that many perfectly defined species have been formed on strictly continuous areas; though I do not doubt that the formerly broken condition of areas now continuous has played an important part in the formation of new species, more especially with freely-crossing and wandering animals.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00298", "bookId": 1228, "start": 335005, "end": 337025, "sha256": "38bd34ed9f4b68413c898c1a35dd108d7b6f123a7d7fcfd9edd57a26253d89c4", "text": "In looking at species as they are now distributed over a wide area, we generally find them tolerably numerous over a large territory, then becoming somewhat abruptly rarer and rarer on the confines, and finally disappearing. Hence the neutral territory between two representative species is generally narrow in comparison with the territory proper to each. We see the same fact in ascending mountains, and sometimes it is quite remarkable how abruptly, as Alph. De Candolle has observed, a common alpine species disappears. The same fact has been noticed by Forbes in sounding the depths of the sea with the dredge. To those who look at climate and the physical conditions of life as the all-important elements of distribution, these facts ought to cause surprise, as climate and height or depth graduate away insensibly. But when we bear in mind that almost every species, even in its metropolis, would increase immensely in numbers, were it not for other competing species; that nearly all either prey on or serve as prey for others; in short, that each organic being is either directly or indirectly related in the most important manner to other organic beings, we must see that the range of the inhabitants of any country by no means exclusively depends on insensibly changing physical conditions, but in large part on the presence of other species, on which it depends, or by which it is destroyed, or with which it comes into competition; and as these species are already defined objects (however they may have become so), not blending one into another by insensible gradations, the range of any one species, depending as it does on the range of others, will tend to be sharply defined. Moreover, each species on the confines of its range, where it exists in lessened numbers, will, during fluctuations in the number of its enemies or of its prey, or in the seasons, be extremely liable to utter extermination; and thus its geographical range will come to be still more sharply defined.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00299", "bookId": 1228, "start": 337029, "end": 338616, "sha256": "0b3cb27f30ca18c20741bd11160b477052532f1291e70ce8ff05643802eee12b", "text": "If I am right in believing that allied or representative species, when inhabiting a continuous area, are generally so distributed that each has a wide range, with a comparatively narrow neutral territory between them, in which they become rather suddenly rarer and rarer; then, as varieties do not essentially differ from species, the same rule will probably apply to both; and if we in imagination adapt a varying species to a very large area, we shall have to adapt two varieties to two large areas, and a third variety to a narrow intermediate zone. The intermediate variety, consequently, will exist in lesser numbers from inhabiting a narrow and lesser area; and practically, as far as I can make out, this rule holds good with varieties in a state of nature. I have met with striking instances of the rule in the case of varieties intermediate between well-marked varieties in the genus Balanus. And it would appear from information given me by Mr. Watson, Dr. Asa Gray, and Mr. Wollaston, that generally when varieties intermediate between two other forms occur, they are much rarer numerically than the forms which they connect. Now, if we may trust these facts and inferences, and therefore conclude that varieties linking two other varieties together have generally existed in lesser numbers than the forms which they connect, then, I think, we can understand why intermediate varieties should not endure for very long periods;—why as a general rule they should be exterminated and disappear, sooner than the forms which they originally linked together.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00300", "bookId": 1228, "start": 338620, "end": 340794, "sha256": "ab5a2be9c4c0669431c3d7c72c3167d6e31be6eae37f32e7f66d9e5b40f53d43", "text": "For any form existing in lesser numbers would, as already remarked, run a greater chance of being exterminated than one existing in large numbers; and in this particular case the intermediate form would be eminently liable to the inroads of closely allied forms existing on both sides of it. But a far more important consideration, as I believe, is that, during the process of further modification, by which two varieties are supposed on my theory to be converted and perfected into two distinct species, the two which exist in larger numbers from inhabiting larger areas, will have a great advantage over the intermediate variety, which exists in smaller numbers in a narrow and intermediate zone. For forms existing in larger numbers will always have a better chance, within any given period, of presenting further favourable variations for natural selection to seize on, than will the rarer forms which exist in lesser numbers. Hence, the more common forms, in the race for life, will tend to beat and supplant the less common forms, for these will be more slowly modified and improved. It is the same principle which, as I believe, accounts for the common species in each country, as shown in the second chapter, presenting on an average a greater number of well-marked varieties than do the rarer species. I may illustrate what I mean by supposing three varieties of sheep to be kept, one adapted to an extensive mountainous region; a second to a comparatively narrow, hilly tract; and a third to wide plains at the base; and that the inhabitants are all trying with equal steadiness and skill to improve their stocks by selection; the chances in this case will be strongly in favour of the great holders on the mountains or on the plains improving their breeds more quickly than the small holders on the intermediate narrow, hilly tract; and consequently the improved mountain or plain breed will soon take the place of the less improved hill breed; and thus the two breeds, which originally existed in greater numbers, will come into close contact with each other, without the interposition of the supplanted, intermediate hill-variety.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00301", "bookId": 1228, "start": 340798, "end": 341782, "sha256": "13a55a90182ccc16b1b7625878ff21675e3eed993d452dfd27f79285f5e29237", "text": "To sum up, I believe that species come to be tolerably well-defined objects, and do not at any one period present an inextricable chaos of varying and intermediate links: firstly, because new varieties are very slowly formed, for variation is a very slow process, and natural selection can do nothing until favourable variations chance to occur, and until a place in the natural polity of the country can be better filled by some modification of some one or more of its inhabitants. And such new places will depend on slow changes of climate, or on the occasional immigration of new inhabitants, and, probably, in a still more important degree, on some of the old inhabitants becoming slowly modified, with the new forms thus produced and the old ones acting and reacting on each other. So that, in any one region and at any one time, we ought only to see a few species presenting slight modifications of structure in some degree permanent; and this assuredly we do see.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00302", "bookId": 1228, "start": 341786, "end": 342408, "sha256": "55bcdf638db9a8a7dcac6f6075b506f04400dcd69026879cb21827c60a4743dc", "text": "Secondly, areas now continuous must often have existed within the recent period in isolated portions, in which many forms, more especially amongst the classes which unite for each birth and wander much, may have separately been rendered sufficiently distinct to rank as representative species. In this case, intermediate varieties between the several representative species and their common parent, must formerly have existed in each broken portion of the land, but these links will have been supplanted and exterminated during the process of natural selection, so that they will no longer exist in a living state.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00303", "bookId": 1228, "start": 342412, "end": 343412, "sha256": "2da6dc593904d64edb98db49fe921ca250cc62277e586d9add25a11afd1fe2a2", "text": "Thirdly, when two or more varieties have been formed in different portions of a strictly continuous area, intermediate varieties will, it is probable, at first have been formed in the intermediate zones, but they will generally have had a short duration. For these intermediate varieties will, from reasons already assigned (namely from what we know of the actual distribution of closely allied or representative species, and likewise of acknowledged varieties), exist in the intermediate zones in lesser numbers than the varieties which they tend to connect. From this cause alone the intermediate varieties will be liable to accidental extermination; and during the process of further modification through natural selection, they will almost certainly be beaten and supplanted by the forms which they connect; for these from existing in greater numbers will, in the aggregate, present more variation, and thus be further improved through natural selection and gain further advantages.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00304", "bookId": 1228, "start": 343416, "end": 343992, "sha256": "8bf66ee1d691e51c8615665e5b4b50687b6879eafa8cee66e672bee416da438e", "text": "Lastly, looking not to any one time, but to all time, if my theory be true, numberless intermediate varieties, linking most closely all the species of the same group together, must assuredly have existed; but the very process of natural selection constantly tends, as has been so often remarked, to exterminate the parent forms and the intermediate links. Consequently evidence of their former existence could be found only amongst fossil remains, which are preserved, as we shall in a future chapter attempt to show, in an extremely imperfect and intermittent record.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00305", "bookId": 1228, "start": 343996, "end": 345197, "sha256": "5a879a75037c579ec35abb137c51fdc4f67f1344db88d283ec2fa4ff5f526743", "text": "_On the origin and transitions of organic beings with peculiar habits and structure_.—It has been asked by the opponents of such views as I hold, how, for instance, a land carnivorous animal could have been converted into one with aquatic habits; for how could the animal in its transitional state have subsisted? It would be easy to show that within the same group carnivorous animals exist having every intermediate grade between truly aquatic and strictly terrestrial habits; and as each exists by a struggle for life, it is clear that each is well adapted in its habits to its place in nature. Look at the Mustela vison of North America, which has webbed feet and which resembles an otter in its fur, short legs, and form of tail; during summer this animal dives for and preys on fish, but during the long winter it leaves the frozen waters, and preys like other polecats on mice and land animals. If a different case had been taken, and it had been asked how an insectivorous quadruped could possibly have been converted into a flying bat, the question would have been far more difficult, and I could have given no answer. Yet I think such difficulties have very little weight.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00306", "bookId": 1228, "start": 345201, "end": 345679, "sha256": "194648cef8cd6be1c1000b969198a23ba1f3bcddf84ee87ae982f47630dc59ef", "text": "Here, as on other occasions, I lie under a heavy disadvantage, for out of the many striking cases which I have collected, I can give only one or two instances of transitional habits and structures in closely allied species of the same genus; and of diversified habits, either constant or occasional, in the same species. And it seems to me that nothing less than a long list of such cases is sufficient to lessen the difficulty in any particular case like that of the bat.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00307", "bookId": 1228, "start": 345683, "end": 347326, "sha256": "0393d64842f9830adee6a51edfc7fd6ff06d2833de2028494534844bcfb161cc", "text": "Look at the family of squirrels; here we have the finest gradation from animals with their tails only slightly flattened, and from others, as Sir J. Richardson has remarked, with the posterior part of their bodies rather wide and with the skin on their flanks rather full, to the so-called flying squirrels; and flying squirrels have their limbs and even the base of the tail united by a broad expanse of skin, which serves as a parachute and allows them to glide through the air to an astonishing distance from tree to tree. We cannot doubt that each structure is of use to each kind of squirrel in its own country, by enabling it to escape birds or beasts of prey, or to collect food more quickly, or, as there is reason to believe, by lessening the danger from occasional falls. But it does not follow from this fact that the structure of each squirrel is the best that it is possible to conceive under all natural conditions. Let the climate and vegetation change, let other competing rodents or new beasts of prey immigrate, or old ones become modified, and all analogy would lead us to believe that some at least of the squirrels would decrease in numbers or become exterminated, unless they also became modified and improved in structure in a corresponding manner. Therefore, I can see no difficulty, more especially under changing conditions of life, in the continued preservation of individuals with fuller and fuller flank-membranes, each modification being useful, each being propagated, until by the accumulated effects of this process of natural selection, a perfect so-called flying squirrel was produced.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00308", "bookId": 1228, "start": 347330, "end": 348534, "sha256": "6a617c8ddeaeb1900ef6580b055d45b5d1a35c2de0bbeabce8365d39c6a70af8", "text": "Now look at the Galeopithecus or flying lemur, which formerly was falsely ranked amongst bats. It has an extremely wide flank-membrane, stretching from the corners of the jaw to the tail, and including the limbs and the elongated fingers: the flank membrane is, also, furnished with an extensor muscle. Although no graduated links of structure, fitted for gliding through the air, now connect the Galeopithecus with the other Lemuridæ, yet I can see no difficulty in supposing that such links formerly existed, and that each had been formed by the same steps as in the case of the less perfectly gliding squirrels; and that each grade of structure had been useful to its possessor. Nor can I see any insuperable difficulty in further believing it possible that the membrane-connected fingers and fore-arm of the Galeopithecus might be greatly lengthened by natural selection; and this, as far as the organs of flight are concerned, would convert it into a bat. In bats which have the wing-membrane extended from the top of the shoulder to the tail, including the hind-legs, we perhaps see traces of an apparatus originally constructed for gliding through the air rather than for flight.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00309", "bookId": 1228, "start": 348538, "end": 349474, "sha256": "e4ad90d8003551934e8c7069a65f8e6de3ebefa82f09d1ac8a3a6396de013416", "text": "If about a dozen genera of birds had become extinct or were unknown, who would have ventured to have surmised that birds might have existed which used their wings solely as flappers, like the logger-headed duck (Micropterus of Eyton); as fins in the water and front legs on the land, like the penguin; as sails, like the ostrich; and functionally for no purpose, like the Apteryx. Yet the structure of each of these birds is good for it, under the conditions of life to which it is exposed, for each has to live by a struggle; but it is not necessarily the best possible under all possible conditions. It must not be inferred from these remarks that any of the grades of wing-structure here alluded to, which perhaps may all have resulted from disuse, indicate the natural steps by which birds have acquired their perfect power of flight; but they serve, at least, to show what diversified means of transition are possible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00310", "bookId": 1228, "start": 349478, "end": 350187, "sha256": "48c28912265b1f60bb900c90df88eddd505667c4ba881db24a8041d64dc87880", "text": "Seeing that a few members of such water-breathing classes as the Crustacea and Mollusca are adapted to live on the land, and seeing that we have flying birds and mammals, flying insects of the most diversified types, and formerly had flying reptiles, it is conceivable that flying-fish, which now glide far through the air, slightly rising and turning by the aid of their fluttering fins, might have been modified into perfectly winged animals. If this had been effected, who would have ever imagined that in an early transitional state they had been inhabitants of the open ocean, and had used their incipient organs of flight exclusively, as far as we know, to escape being devoured by other fish?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00311", "bookId": 1228, "start": 350191, "end": 351404, "sha256": "f73003964110db9b2dc41c42f31543a86ab4eefc18549f6f2b54be80846e8ed0", "text": "When we see any structure highly perfected for any particular habit, as the wings of a bird for flight, we should bear in mind that animals displaying early transitional grades of the structure will seldom continue to exist to the present day, for they will have been supplanted by the very process of perfection through natural selection. Furthermore, we may conclude that transitional grades between structures fitted for very different habits of life will rarely have been developed at an early period in great numbers and under many subordinate forms. Thus, to return to our imaginary illustration of the flying-fish, it does not seem probable that fishes capable of true flight would have been developed under many subordinate forms, for taking prey of many kinds in many ways, on the land and in the water, until their organs of flight had come to a high stage of perfection, so as to have given them a decided advantage over other animals in the battle for life. Hence the chance of discovering species with transitional grades of structure in a fossil condition will always be less, from their having existed in lesser numbers, than in the case of species with fully developed structures.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00312", "bookId": 1228, "start": 351408, "end": 353288, "sha256": "e28ece0cd44886816570391356fa9fabc7631f6434f27f90d200e536b1643155", "text": "I will now give two or three instances of diversified and of changed habits in the individuals of the same species. When either case occurs, it would be easy for natural selection to fit the animal, by some modification of its structure, for its changed habits, or exclusively for one of its several different habits. But it is difficult to tell, and immaterial for us, whether habits generally change first and structure afterwards; or whether slight modifications of structure lead to changed habits; both probably often change almost simultaneously. Of cases of changed habits it will suffice merely to allude to that of the many British insects which now feed on exotic plants, or exclusively on artificial substances. Of diversified habits innumerable instances could be given: I have often watched a tyrant flycatcher (Saurophagus sulphuratus) in South America, hovering over one spot and then proceeding to another, like a kestrel, and at other times standing stationary on the margin of water, and then dashing like a kingfisher at a fish. In our own country the larger titmouse (Parus major) may be seen climbing branches, almost like a creeper; it often, like a shrike, kills small birds by blows on the head; and I have many times seen and heard it hammering the seeds of the yew on a branch, and thus breaking them like a nuthatch. In North America the black bear was seen by Hearne swimming for hours with widely open mouth, thus catching, like a whale, insects in the water. Even in so extreme a case as this, if the supply of insects were constant, and if better adapted competitors did not already exist in the country, I can see no difficulty in a race of bears being rendered, by natural selection, more and more aquatic in their structure and habits, with larger and larger mouths, till a creature was produced as monstrous as a whale.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00313", "bookId": 1228, "start": 353292, "end": 354345, "sha256": "e77e125e2fe503bce9c367aed0a13e8e2d4e06de6bc3de889f9f4d8763a0d68b", "text": "As we sometimes see individuals of a species following habits widely different from those both of their own species and of the other species of the same genus, we might expect, on my theory, that such individuals would occasionally have given rise to new species, having anomalous habits, and with their structure either slightly or considerably modified from that of their proper type. And such instances do occur in nature. Can a more striking instance of adaptation be given than that of a woodpecker for climbing trees and for seizing insects in the chinks of the bark? Yet in North America there are woodpeckers which feed largely on fruit, and others with elongated wings which chase insects on the wing; and on the plains of La Plata, where not a tree grows, there is a woodpecker, which in every essential part of its organisation, even in its colouring, in the harsh tone of its voice, and undulatory flight, told me plainly of its close blood-relationship to our common species; yet it is a woodpecker which never climbs a tree!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00314", "bookId": 1228, "start": 354349, "end": 355063, "sha256": "cb9d08d828eb80c81a7d1e4f28873f6dae5ed5929e07928bada096e62eed3c14", "text": "Petrels are the most aërial and oceanic of birds, yet in the quiet Sounds of Tierra del Fuego, the Puffinuria berardi, in its general habits, in its astonishing power of diving, its manner of swimming, and of flying when unwillingly it takes flight, would be mistaken by any one for an auk or grebe; nevertheless, it is essentially a petrel, but with many parts of its organisation profoundly modified. On the other hand, the acutest observer by examining the dead body of the water-ouzel would never have suspected its sub-aquatic habits; yet this anomalous member of the strictly terrestrial thrush family wholly subsists by diving,—grasping the stones with its feet and using its wings under water.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00315", "bookId": 1228, "start": 355067, "end": 356243, "sha256": "00ba0f5eb5bed2552d6d4ca1d326a47394890ad3efa241696ece48b9e5798d23", "text": "He who believes that each being has been created as we now see it, must occasionally have felt surprise when he has met with an animal having habits and structure not at all in agreement. What can be plainer than that the webbed feet of ducks and geese are formed for swimming? yet there are upland geese with webbed feet which rarely or never go near the water; and no one except Audubon has seen the frigate-bird, which has all its four toes webbed, alight on the surface of the sea. On the other hand, grebes and coots are eminently aquatic, although their toes are only bordered by membrane. What seems plainer than that the long toes of grallatores are formed for walking over swamps and floating plants, yet the water-hen is nearly as aquatic as the coot; and the landrail nearly as terrestrial as the quail or partridge. In such cases, and many others could be given, habits have changed without a corresponding change of structure. The webbed feet of the upland goose may be said to have become rudimentary in function, though not in structure. In the frigate-bird, the deeply-scooped membrane between the toes shows that structure has begun to change.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00316", "bookId": 1228, "start": 356247, "end": 357325, "sha256": "5be524bb1275079f3151019a707c6a088daf64b1c4e9ba5f4a24ddabac1e91ec", "text": "He who believes in separate and innumerable acts of creation will say, that in these cases it has pleased the Creator to cause a being of one type to take the place of one of another type; but this seems to me only restating the fact in dignified language. He who believes in the struggle for existence and in the principle of natural selection, will acknowledge that every organic being is constantly endeavouring to increase in numbers; and that if any one being vary ever so little, either in habits or structure, and thus gain an advantage over some other inhabitant of the country, it will seize on the place of that inhabitant, however different it may be from its own place. Hence it will cause him no surprise that there should be geese and frigate-birds with webbed feet, either living on the dry land or most rarely alighting on the water; that there should be long-toed corncrakes living in meadows instead of in swamps; that there should be woodpeckers where not a tree grows; that there should be diving thrushes, and petrels with the habits of auks.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00317", "bookId": 1228, "start": 357329, "end": 358587, "sha256": "44a344fab16f0bdbc72733f10a65704a70e9da81b8e9490bcb63f912e018107a", "text": "_Organs of extreme perfection and complication_.—To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible degree. Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and simple, each grade being useful to its possessor, can be shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, can hardly be considered real. How a nerve comes to be sensitive to light, hardly concerns us more than how life itself first originated; but I may remark that several facts make me suspect that any sensitive nerve may be rendered sensitive to light, and likewise to those coarser vibrations of the air which produce sound.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00318", "bookId": 1228, "start": 358591, "end": 359438, "sha256": "5e0470a634395aad51317c0d53010b77a6a9613a7b13d56d80f56a53d00451d5", "text": "In looking for the gradations by which an organ in any species has been perfected, we ought to look exclusively to its lineal ancestors; but this is scarcely ever possible, and we are forced in each case to look to species of the same group, that is to the collateral descendants from the same original parent-form, in order to see what gradations are possible, and for the chance of some gradations having been transmitted from the earlier stages of descent, in an unaltered or little altered condition. Amongst existing Vertebrata, we find but a small amount of gradation in the structure of the eye, and from fossil species we can learn nothing on this head. In this great class we should probably have to descend far beneath the lowest known fossiliferous stratum to discover the earlier stages, by which the eye has been perfected.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00319", "bookId": 1228, "start": 359442, "end": 360800, "sha256": "56df359fc56745cc66df696cbb1ae1e10e041ee1a639b9e4b26c3537bbde0205", "text": "In the Articulata we can commence a series with an optic nerve merely coated with pigment, and without any other mechanism; and from this low stage, numerous gradations of structure, branching off in two fundamentally different lines, can be shown to exist, until we reach a moderately high stage of perfection. In certain crustaceans, for instance, there is a double cornea, the inner one divided into facets, within each of which there is a lens-shaped swelling. In other crustaceans the transparent cones which are coated by pigment, and which properly act only by excluding lateral pencils of light, are convex at their upper ends and must act by convergence; and at their lower ends there seems to be an imperfect vitreous substance. With these facts, here far too briefly and imperfectly given, which show that there is much graduated diversity in the eyes of living crustaceans, and bearing in mind how small the number of living animals is in proportion to those which have become extinct, I can see no very great difficulty (not more than in the case of many other structures) in believing that natural selection has converted the simple apparatus of an optic nerve merely coated with pigment and invested by transparent membrane, into an optical instrument as perfect as is possessed by any member of the great Articulate class.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00320", "bookId": 1228, "start": 360804, "end": 361397, "sha256": "f342f91842b1dc9f2924c90f2e44546ae61a940ab9f781ec7227792f2c1107a7", "text": "He who will go thus far, if he find on finishing this treatise that large bodies of facts, otherwise inexplicable, can be explained by the theory of descent, ought not to hesitate to go further, and to admit that a structure even as perfect as the eye of an eagle might be formed by natural selection, although in this case he does not know any of the transitional grades. His reason ought to conquer his imagination; though I have felt the difficulty far too keenly to be surprised at any degree of hesitation in extending the principle of natural selection to such startling lengths.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00321", "bookId": 1228, "start": 361401, "end": 363166, "sha256": "91242dde2c52f6754e0887e005cb7868246c2fda8120c31d4fea9e946ade8c3c", "text": "It is scarcely possible to avoid comparing the eye to a telescope. We know that this instrument has been perfected by the long-continued efforts of the highest human intellects; and we naturally infer that the eye has been formed by a somewhat analogous process. But may not this inference be presumptuous? Have we any right to assume that the Creator works by intellectual powers like those of man? If we must compare the eye to an optical instrument, we ought in imagination to take a thick layer of transparent tissue, with a nerve sensitive to light beneath, and then suppose every part of this layer to be continually changing slowly in density, so as to separate into layers of different densities and thicknesses, placed at different distances from each other, and with the surfaces of each layer slowly changing in form. Further we must suppose that there is a power always intently watching each slight accidental alteration in the transparent layers; and carefully selecting each alteration which, under varied circumstances, may in any way, or in any degree, tend to produce a distincter image. We must suppose each new state of the instrument to be multiplied by the million; and each to be preserved till a better be produced, and then the old ones to be destroyed. In living bodies, variation will cause the slight alterations, generation will multiply them almost infinitely, and natural selection will pick out with unerring skill each improvement. Let this process go on for millions on millions of years; and during each year on millions of individuals of many kinds; and may we not believe that a living optical instrument might thus be formed as superior to one of glass, as the works of the Creator are to those of man?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00322", "bookId": 1228, "start": 363170, "end": 364011, "sha256": "b828081680cbcdcb22d1119fc0a05de50b3af90cf39bb2794259bbb6d8636e10", "text": "If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down. But I can find out no such case. No doubt many organs exist of which we do not know the transitional grades, more especially if we look to much-isolated species, round which, according to my theory, there has been much extinction. Or again, if we look to an organ common to all the members of a large class, for in this latter case the organ must have been first formed at an extremely remote period, since which all the many members of the class have been developed; and in order to discover the early transitional grades through which the organ has passed, we should have to look to very ancient ancestral forms, long since become extinct.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00323", "bookId": 1228, "start": 364015, "end": 365425, "sha256": "656142791bd276d327f61356ca232cd65521b22fd84b682b4fc4424e6f950a11", "text": "We should be extremely cautious in concluding that an organ could not have been formed by transitional gradations of some kind. Numerous cases could be given amongst the lower animals of the same organ performing at the same time wholly distinct functions; thus the alimentary canal respires, digests, and excretes in the larva of the dragon-fly and in the fish Cobites. In the Hydra, the animal may be turned inside out, and the exterior surface will then digest and the stomach respire. In such cases natural selection might easily specialise, if any advantage were thus gained, a part or organ, which had performed two functions, for one function alone, and thus wholly change its nature by insensible steps. Two distinct organs sometimes perform simultaneously the same function in the same individual; to give one instance, there are fish with gills or branchiæ that breathe the air dissolved in the water, at the same time that they breathe free air in their swimbladders, this latter organ having a ductus pneumaticus for its supply, and being divided by highly vascular partitions. In these cases, one of the two organs might with ease be modified and perfected so as to perform all the work by itself, being aided during the process of modification by the other organ; and then this other organ might be modified for some other and quite distinct purpose, or be quite obliterated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00324", "bookId": 1228, "start": 365429, "end": 366287, "sha256": "25a983f23a7347ad78a0bb7da21ab7c4273b4163b112cbcc6514ab4e394a558a", "text": "The illustration of the swimbladder in fishes is a good one, because it shows us clearly the highly important fact that an organ originally constructed for one purpose, namely flotation, may be converted into one for a wholly different purpose, namely respiration. The swimbladder has, also, been worked in as an accessory to the auditory organs of certain fish, or, for I do not know which view is now generally held, a part of the auditory apparatus has been worked in as a complement to the swimbladder. All physiologists admit that the swimbladder is homologous, or “ideally similar,” in position and structure with the lungs of the higher vertebrate animals: hence there seems to me to be no great difficulty in believing that natural selection has actually converted a swimbladder into a lung, or organ used exclusively for respiration.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00325", "bookId": 1228, "start": 366291, "end": 367503, "sha256": "ede5f1a23b8a7632b5ac1407bfcc5d429f25c41fd7be5ef384c94c72e9ecc5d7", "text": "I can, indeed, hardly doubt that all vertebrate animals having true lungs have descended by ordinary generation from an ancient prototype, of which we know nothing, furnished with a floating apparatus or swimbladder. We can thus, as I infer from Professor Owen’s interesting description of these parts, understand the strange fact that every particle of food and drink which we swallow has to pass over the orifice of the trachea, with some risk of falling into the lungs, notwithstanding the beautiful contrivance by which the glottis is closed. In the higher Vertebrata the branchiæ have wholly disappeared—the slits on the sides of the neck and the loop-like course of the arteries still marking in the embryo their former position. But it is conceivable that the now utterly lost branchiæ might have been gradually worked in by natural selection for some quite distinct purpose: in the same manner as, on the view entertained by some naturalists that the branchiæ and dorsal scales of Annelids are homologous with the wings and wing-covers of insects, it is probable that organs which at a very ancient period served for respiration have been actually converted into organs of flight.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00326", "bookId": 1228, "start": 367507, "end": 369009, "sha256": "9630933a102e957711e2d1ae0b08a2a5212b4c15968f98ae595e5f78b43fa373", "text": "In considering transitions of organs, it is so important to bear in mind the probability of conversion from one function to another, that I will give one more instance. Pedunculated cirripedes have two minute folds of skin, called by me the ovigerous frena, which serve, through the means of a sticky secretion, to retain the eggs until they are hatched within the sack. These cirripedes have no branchiæ, the whole surface of the body and sack, including the small frena, serving for respiration. The Balanidæ or sessile cirripedes, on the other hand, have no ovigerous frena, the eggs lying loose at the bottom of the sack, in the well-enclosed shell; but they have large folded branchiæ. Now I think no one will dispute that the ovigerous frena in the one family are strictly homologous with the branchiæ of the other family; indeed, they graduate into each other. Therefore I do not doubt that little folds of skin, which originally served as ovigerous frena, but which, likewise, very slightly aided the act of respiration, have been gradually converted by natural selection into branchiæ, simply through an increase in their size and the obliteration of their adhesive glands. If all pedunculated cirripedes had become extinct, and they have already suffered far more extinction than have sessile cirripedes, who would ever have imagined that the branchiæ in this latter family had originally existed as organs for preventing the ova from being washed out of the sack?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00327", "bookId": 1228, "start": 369013, "end": 369262, "sha256": "83b4e2f604167219db39ce1f9bee2733afc7bd18a967a9cf4253599b83521a73", "text": "Although we must be extremely cautious in concluding that any organ could not possibly have been produced by successive transitional gradations, yet, undoubtedly, grave cases of difficulty occur, some of which will be discussed in my future work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00328", "bookId": 1228, "start": 369266, "end": 369984, "sha256": "76101e4053aaeadf3af9a6d1ceede072eddf8ed1dbd8aa71f1dbe5a8c8cfd0bb", "text": "One of the gravest is that of neuter insects, which are often very differently constructed from either the males or fertile females; but this case will be treated of in the next chapter. The electric organs of fishes offer another case of special difficulty; it is impossible to conceive by what steps these wondrous organs have been produced; but, as Owen and others have remarked, their intimate structure closely resembles that of common muscle; and as it has lately been shown that Rays have an organ closely analogous to the electric apparatus, and yet do not, as Matteuchi asserts, discharge any electricity, we must own that we are far too ignorant to argue that no transition of any kind is possible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00329", "bookId": 1228, "start": 369988, "end": 371869, "sha256": "6e63e0f4f6aa28090bd224f6bd66a6d8d30369c37c1ca22812aba4a70b824c82", "text": "The electric organs offer another and even more serious difficulty; for they occur in only about a dozen fishes, of which several are widely remote in their affinities. Generally when the same organ appears in several members of the same class, especially if in members having very different habits of life, we may attribute its presence to inheritance from a common ancestor; and its absence in some of the members to its loss through disuse or natural selection. But if the electric organs had been inherited from one ancient progenitor thus provided, we might have expected that all electric fishes would have been specially related to each other. Nor does geology at all lead to the belief that formerly most fishes had electric organs, which most of their modified descendants have lost. The presence of luminous organs in a few insects, belonging to different families and orders, offers a parallel case of difficulty. Other cases could be given; for instance in plants, the very curious contrivance of a mass of pollen-grains, borne on a foot-stalk with a sticky gland at the end, is the same in Orchis and Asclepias,—genera almost as remote as possible amongst flowering plants. In all these cases of two very distinct species furnished with apparently the same anomalous organ, it should be observed that, although the general appearance and function of the organ may be the same, yet some fundamental difference can generally be detected. I am inclined to believe that in nearly the same way as two men have sometimes independently hit on the very same invention, so natural selection, working for the good of each being and taking advantage of analogous variations, has sometimes modified in very nearly the same manner two parts in two organic beings, which owe but little of their structure in common to inheritance from the same ancestor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00330", "bookId": 1228, "start": 371873, "end": 373095, "sha256": "c13ae744e1debee8d5e407feabb0da4f3502c5ac61fdc5e8c9bd95c5f29873dd", "text": "Although in many cases it is most difficult to conjecture by what transitions an organ could have arrived at its present state; yet, considering that the proportion of living and known forms to the extinct and unknown is very small, I have been astonished how rarely an organ can be named, towards which no transitional grade is known to lead. The truth of this remark is indeed shown by that old canon in natural history of “Natura non facit saltum.” We meet with this admission in the writings of almost every experienced naturalist; or, as Milne Edwards has well expressed it, nature is prodigal in variety, but niggard in innovation. Why, on the theory of Creation, should this be so? Why should all the parts and organs of many independent beings, each supposed to have been separately created for its proper place in nature, be so invariably linked together by graduated steps? Why should not Nature have taken a leap from structure to structure? On the theory of natural selection, we can clearly understand why she should not; for natural selection can act only by taking advantage of slight successive variations; she can never take a leap, but must advance by the shortest and slowest steps.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00331", "bookId": 1228, "start": 373099, "end": 373687, "sha256": "75385f015194451766be421db74b693aa51e328bc3a6fc9c2650c14c98d2b3c8", "text": "_Organs of little apparent importance_.—As natural selection acts by life and death,—by the preservation of individuals with any favourable variation, and by the destruction of those with any unfavourable deviation of structure,—I have sometimes felt much difficulty in understanding the origin of simple parts, of which the importance does not seem sufficient to cause the preservation of successively varying individuals. I have sometimes felt as much difficulty, though of a very different kind, on this head, as in the case of an organ as perfect and complex as the eye.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00332", "bookId": 1228, "start": 373691, "end": 375128, "sha256": "265c25bf262849628dd13c5f9d33b06d63bdcbd5e2b156051532572ca1897e8c", "text": "In the first place, we are much too ignorant in regard to the whole economy of any one organic being, to say what slight modifications would be of importance or not. In a former chapter I have given instances of most trifling characters, such as the down on fruit and the colour of the flesh, which, from determining the attacks of insects or from being correlated with constitutional differences, might assuredly be acted on by natural selection. The tail of the giraffe looks like an artificially constructed fly-flapper; and it seems at first incredible that this could have been adapted for its present purpose by successive slight modifications, each better and better, for so trifling an object as driving away flies; yet we should pause before being too positive even in this case, for we know that the distribution and existence of cattle and other animals in South America absolutely depends on their power of resisting the attacks of insects: so that individuals which could by any means defend themselves from these small enemies, would be able to range into new pastures and thus gain a great advantage. It is not that the larger quadrupeds are actually destroyed (except in some rare cases) by the flies, but they are incessantly harassed and their strength reduced, so that they are more subject to disease, or not so well enabled in a coming dearth to search for food, or to escape from beasts of prey.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00333", "bookId": 1228, "start": 375132, "end": 376087, "sha256": "c46c20abade61e44d718a6360e59c9209ef92fada4117a0ed6611944a25fbd58", "text": "Organs now of trifling importance have probably in some cases been of high importance to an early progenitor, and, after having been slowly perfected at a former period, have been transmitted in nearly the same state, although now become of very slight use; and any actually injurious deviations in their structure will always have been checked by natural selection. Seeing how important an organ of locomotion the tail is in most aquatic animals, its general presence and use for many purposes in so many land animals, which in their lungs or modified swim-bladders betray their aquatic origin, may perhaps be thus accounted for. A well-developed tail having been formed in an aquatic animal, it might subsequently come to be worked in for all sorts of purposes, as a fly-flapper, an organ of prehension, or as an aid in turning, as with the dog, though the aid must be slight, for the hare, with hardly any tail, can double quickly enough.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00334", "bookId": 1228, "start": 376091, "end": 377081, "sha256": "1c60e5015a518902dc04d12b4396811d67cb491a664f6c1f12fbc86781f8158b", "text": "In the second place, we may sometimes attribute importance to characters which are really of very little importance, and which have originated from quite secondary causes, independently of natural selection. We should remember that climate, food, etc., probably have some little direct influence on the organisation; that characters reappear from the law of reversion; that correlation of growth will have had a most important influence in modifying various structures; and finally, that sexual selection will often have largely modified the external characters of animals having a will, to give one male an advantage in fighting with another or in charming the females. Moreover when a modification of structure has primarily arisen from the above or other unknown causes, it may at first have been of no advantage to the species, but may subsequently have been taken advantage of by the descendants of the species under new conditions of life and with newly acquired habits.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00335", "bookId": 1228, "start": 377085, "end": 378899, "sha256": "014374f0776417a8c03c41798f4b62d464f10041d6485b7206d332011ab9eed8", "text": "To give a few instances to illustrate these latter remarks. If green woodpeckers alone had existed, and we did not know that there were many black and pied kinds, I dare say that we should have thought that the green colour was a beautiful adaptation to hide this tree-frequenting bird from its enemies; and consequently that it was a character of importance and might have been acquired through natural selection; as it is, I have no doubt that the colour is due to some quite distinct cause, probably to sexual selection. A trailing bamboo in the Malay Archipelago climbs the loftiest trees by the aid of exquisitely constructed hooks clustered around the ends of the branches, and this contrivance, no doubt, is of the highest service to the plant; but as we see nearly similar hooks on many trees which are not climbers, the hooks on the bamboo may have arisen from unknown laws of growth, and have been subsequently taken advantage of by the plant undergoing further modification and becoming a climber. The naked skin on the head of a vulture is generally looked at as a direct adaptation for wallowing in putridity; and so it may be, or it may possibly be due to the direct action of putrid matter; but we should be very cautious in drawing any such inference, when we see that the skin on the head of the clean-feeding male turkey is likewise naked. The sutures in the skulls of young mammals have been advanced as a beautiful adaptation for aiding parturition, and no doubt they facilitate, or may be indispensable for this act; but as sutures occur in the skulls of young birds and reptiles, which have only to escape from a broken egg, we may infer that this structure has arisen from the laws of growth, and has been taken advantage of in the parturition of the higher animals.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00336", "bookId": 1228, "start": 378903, "end": 381353, "sha256": "0fb03e5a6059f0add27c128224df80f95d0a4fd62c8e2ef04cb929995621226b", "text": "We are profoundly ignorant of the causes producing slight and unimportant variations; and we are immediately made conscious of this by reflecting on the differences in the breeds of our domesticated animals in different countries,—more especially in the less civilized countries where there has been but little artificial selection. Careful observers are convinced that a damp climate affects the growth of the hair, and that with the hair the horns are correlated. Mountain breeds always differ from lowland breeds; and a mountainous country would probably affect the hind limbs from exercising them more, and possibly even the form of the pelvis; and then by the law of homologous variation, the front limbs and even the head would probably be affected. The shape, also, of the pelvis might affect by pressure the shape of the head of the young in the womb. The laborious breathing necessary in high regions would, we have some reason to believe, increase the size of the chest; and again correlation would come into play. Animals kept by savages in different countries often have to struggle for their own subsistence, and would be exposed to a certain extent to natural selection, and individuals with slightly different constitutions would succeed best under different climates; and there is reason to believe that constitution and colour are correlated. A good observer, also, states that in cattle susceptibility to the attacks of flies is correlated with colour, as is the liability to be poisoned by certain plants; so that colour would be thus subjected to the action of natural selection. But we are far too ignorant to speculate on the relative importance of the several known and unknown laws of variation; and I have here alluded to them only to show that, if we are unable to account for the characteristic differences of our domestic breeds, which nevertheless we generally admit to have arisen through ordinary generation, we ought not to lay too much stress on our ignorance of the precise cause of the slight analogous differences between species. I might have adduced for this same purpose the differences between the races of man, which are so strongly marked; I may add that some little light can apparently be thrown on the origin of these differences, chiefly through sexual selection of a particular kind, but without here entering on copious details my reasoning would appear frivolous.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00337", "bookId": 1228, "start": 381357, "end": 384299, "sha256": "45edb9ecc959d1433753cbe83a1bc672529d78142812b864389196604869ba24", "text": "The foregoing remarks lead me to say a few words on the protest lately made by some naturalists, against the utilitarian doctrine that every detail of structure has been produced for the good of its possessor. They believe that very many structures have been created for beauty in the eyes of man, or for mere variety. This doctrine, if true, would be absolutely fatal to my theory. Yet I fully admit that many structures are of no direct use to their possessors. Physical conditions probably have had some little effect on structure, quite independently of any good thus gained. Correlation of growth has no doubt played a most important part, and a useful modification of one part will often have entailed on other parts diversified changes of no direct use. So again characters which formerly were useful, or which formerly had arisen from correlation of growth, or from other unknown cause, may reappear from the law of reversion, though now of no direct use. The effects of sexual selection, when displayed in beauty to charm the females, can be called useful only in rather a forced sense. But by far the most important consideration is that the chief part of the organisation of every being is simply due to inheritance; and consequently, though each being assuredly is well fitted for its place in nature, many structures now have no direct relation to the habits of life of each species. Thus, we can hardly believe that the webbed feet of the upland goose or of the frigate-bird are of special use to these birds; we cannot believe that the same bones in the arm of the monkey, in the fore leg of the horse, in the wing of the bat, and in the flipper of the seal, are of special use to these animals. We may safely attribute these structures to inheritance. But to the progenitor of the upland goose and of the frigate-bird, webbed feet no doubt were as useful as they now are to the most aquatic of existing birds. So we may believe that the progenitor of the seal had not a flipper, but a foot with five toes fitted for walking or grasping; and we may further venture to believe that the several bones in the limbs of the monkey, horse, and bat, which have been inherited from a common progenitor, were formerly of more special use to that progenitor, or its progenitors, than they now are to these animals having such widely diversified habits. Therefore we may infer that these several bones might have been acquired through natural selection, subjected formerly, as now, to the several laws of inheritance, reversion, correlation of growth, etc. Hence every detail of structure in every living creature (making some little allowance for the direct action of physical conditions) may be viewed, either as having been of special use to some ancestral form, or as being now of special use to the descendants of this form—either directly, or indirectly through the complex laws of growth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00338", "bookId": 1228, "start": 384303, "end": 385615, "sha256": "3d37f620ee1952562a5afd3247132f44d7fa6d19f45824c54697aabe004bf46e", "text": "Natural selection cannot possibly produce any modification in any one species exclusively for the good of another species; though throughout nature one species incessantly takes advantage of, and profits by, the structure of another. But natural selection can and does often produce structures for the direct injury of other species, as we see in the fang of the adder, and in the ovipositor of the ichneumon, by which its eggs are deposited in the living bodies of other insects. If it could be proved that any part of the structure of any one species had been formed for the exclusive good of another species, it would annihilate my theory, for such could not have been produced through natural selection. Although many statements may be found in works on natural history to this effect, I cannot find even one which seems to me of any weight. It is admitted that the rattlesnake has a poison-fang for its own defence and for the destruction of its prey; but some authors suppose that at the same time this snake is furnished with a rattle for its own injury, namely, to warn its prey to escape. I would almost as soon believe that the cat curls the end of its tail when preparing to spring, in order to warn the doomed mouse. But I have not space here to enter on this and other such cases.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00339", "bookId": 1228, "start": 385619, "end": 386208, "sha256": "0199b4617edc86798957e3d34a5900241014bb6c2c43ba44c0339d4296e74f3f", "text": "Natural selection will never produce in a being anything injurious to itself, for natural selection acts solely by and for the good of each. No organ will be formed, as Paley has remarked, for the purpose of causing pain or for doing an injury to its possessor. If a fair balance be struck between the good and evil caused by each part, each will be found on the whole advantageous. After the lapse of time, under changing conditions of life, if any part comes to be injurious, it will be modified; or if it be not so, the being will become extinct, as myriads have become extinct.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00340", "bookId": 1228, "start": 386212, "end": 387421, "sha256": "6653cdc6da53811e3172dd5c25ab544d54eaa3e6affbeeba9c1ec573aee22ef4", "text": "Natural selection tends only to make each organic being as perfect as, or slightly more perfect than, the other inhabitants of the same country with which it has to struggle for existence. And we see that this is the degree of perfection attained under nature. The endemic productions of New Zealand, for instance, are perfect one compared with another; but they are now rapidly yielding before the advancing legions of plants and animals introduced from Europe. Natural selection will not produce absolute perfection, nor do we always meet, as far as we can judge, with this high standard under nature. The correction for the aberration of light is said, on high authority, not to be perfect even in that most perfect organ, the eye. If our reason leads us to admire with enthusiasm a multitude of inimitable contrivances in nature, this same reason tells us, though we may easily err on both sides, that some other contrivances are less perfect. Can we consider the sting of the wasp or of the bee as perfect, which, when used against many attacking animals, cannot be withdrawn, owing to the backward serratures, and so inevitably causes the death of the insect by tearing out its viscera?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00341", "bookId": 1228, "start": 387425, "end": 389122, "sha256": "400378eeeb1e478f30982fdc2d7155b523ac2a05664656787d45ee23ccd0c12e", "text": "If we look at the sting of the bee, as having originally existed in a remote progenitor as a boring and serrated instrument, like that in so many members of the same great order, and which has been modified but not perfected for its present purpose, with the poison originally adapted to cause galls subsequently intensified, we can perhaps understand how it is that the use of the sting should so often cause the insect’s own death: for if on the whole the power of stinging be useful to the community, it will fulfil all the requirements of natural selection, though it may cause the death of some few members. If we admire the truly wonderful power of scent by which the males of many insects find their females, can we admire the production for this single purpose of thousands of drones, which are utterly useless to the community for any other end, and which are ultimately slaughtered by their industrious and sterile sisters? It may be difficult, but we ought to admire the savage instinctive hatred of the queen-bee, which urges her instantly to destroy the young queens her daughters as soon as born, or to perish herself in the combat; for undoubtedly this is for the good of the community; and maternal love or maternal hatred, though the latter fortunately is most rare, is all the same to the inexorable principle of natural selection. If we admire the several ingenious contrivances, by which the flowers of the orchis and of many other plants are fertilised through insect agency, can we consider as equally perfect the elaboration by our fir-trees of dense clouds of pollen, in order that a few granules may be wafted by a chance breeze on to the ovules?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00342", "bookId": 1228, "start": 389126, "end": 390625, "sha256": "d6a2217e3935fbc57d68f9ae5789f9ff0d9f7378e3a3186b179121632ca0e1a6", "text": "_Summary of Chapter_.—We have in this chapter discussed some of the difficulties and objections which may be urged against my theory. Many of them are very grave; but I think that in the discussion light has been thrown on several facts, which on the theory of independent acts of creation are utterly obscure. We have seen that species at any one period are not indefinitely variable, and are not linked together by a multitude of intermediate gradations, partly because the process of natural selection will always be very slow, and will act, at any one time, only on a very few forms; and partly because the very process of natural selection almost implies the continual supplanting and extinction of preceding and intermediate gradations. Closely allied species, now living on a continuous area, must often have been formed when the area was not continuous, and when the conditions of life did not insensibly graduate away from one part to another. When two varieties are formed in two districts of a continuous area, an intermediate variety will often be formed, fitted for an intermediate zone; but from reasons assigned, the intermediate variety will usually exist in lesser numbers than the two forms which it connects; consequently the two latter, during the course of further modification, from existing in greater numbers, will have a great advantage over the less numerous intermediate variety, and will thus generally succeed in supplanting and exterminating it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00343", "bookId": 1228, "start": 390629, "end": 390914, "sha256": "aa54a696fabbd970e1f5d4760b875527a721ccf721ce5b560abd3bf0dce942d6", "text": "We have seen in this chapter how cautious we should be in concluding that the most different habits of life could not graduate into each other; that a bat, for instance, could not have been formed by natural selection from an animal which at first could only glide through the air.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00344", "bookId": 1228, "start": 390918, "end": 391334, "sha256": "284c466fe3739910fbf1b953a8ec5d3563bcda653a8b5302bd99e462c1e3ecb2", "text": "We have seen that a species may under new conditions of life change its habits, or have diversified habits, with some habits very unlike those of its nearest congeners. Hence we can understand, bearing in mind that each organic being is trying to live wherever it can live, how it has arisen that there are upland geese with webbed feet, ground woodpeckers, diving thrushes, and petrels with the habits of auks.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00345", "bookId": 1228, "start": 391338, "end": 392447, "sha256": "84f0d030604e76497cefc75971f98e3604fdee920d77a3e52625d31f45a273b1", "text": "Although the belief that an organ so perfect as the eye could have been formed by natural selection, is more than enough to stagger any one; yet in the case of any organ, if we know of a long series of gradations in complexity, each good for its possessor, then, under changing conditions of life, there is no logical impossibility in the acquirement of any conceivable degree of perfection through natural selection. In the cases in which we know of no intermediate or transitional states, we should be very cautious in concluding that none could have existed, for the homologies of many organs and their intermediate states show that wonderful metamorphoses in function are at least possible. For instance, a swim-bladder has apparently been converted into an air-breathing lung. The same organ having performed simultaneously very different functions, and then having been specialised for one function; and two very distinct organs having performed at the same time the same function, the one having been perfected whilst aided by the other, must often have largely facilitated transitions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00346", "bookId": 1228, "start": 392451, "end": 393331, "sha256": "4e13ed90831c9af616193a2d73b54ff232e7ec22bb37cb6d80ac2f394b60df80", "text": "We are far too ignorant, in almost every case, to be enabled to assert that any part or organ is so unimportant for the welfare of a species, that modifications in its structure could not have been slowly accumulated by means of natural selection. But we may confidently believe that many modifications, wholly due to the laws of growth, and at first in no way advantageous to a species, have been subsequently taken advantage of by the still further modified descendants of this species. We may, also, believe that a part formerly of high importance has often been retained (as the tail of an aquatic animal by its terrestrial descendants), though it has become of such small importance that it could not, in its present state, have been acquired by natural selection,—a power which acts solely by the preservation of profitable variations in the struggle for life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00347", "bookId": 1228, "start": 393335, "end": 394433, "sha256": "4b334ccc016d0d4e9f8e2798fb4969298d3c01a06a1335ae10b90a3497a21508", "text": "Natural selection will produce nothing in one species for the exclusive good or injury of another; though it may well produce parts, organs, and excretions highly useful or even indispensable, or highly injurious to another species, but in all cases at the same time useful to the owner. Natural selection in each well-stocked country, must act chiefly through the competition of the inhabitants one with another, and consequently will produce perfection, or strength in the battle for life, only according to the standard of that country. Hence the inhabitants of one country, generally the smaller one, will often yield, as we see they do yield, to the inhabitants of another and generally larger country. For in the larger country there will have existed more individuals, and more diversified forms, and the competition will have been severer, and thus the standard of perfection will have been rendered higher. Natural selection will not necessarily produce absolute perfection; nor, as far as we can judge by our limited faculties, can absolute perfection be everywhere found.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00348", "bookId": 1228, "start": 394437, "end": 394763, "sha256": "24e7845202b718dd5755b6281299d231f24980f588516aca8601c184a0f9cb30", "text": "On the theory of natural selection we can clearly understand the full meaning of that old canon in natural history, “Natura non facit saltum.” This canon, if we look only to the present inhabitants of the world, is not strictly correct, but if we include all those of past times, it must by my theory be strictly true.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00349", "bookId": 1228, "start": 394767, "end": 395859, "sha256": "04ed683e496854015cce563452f6765e2e6375ebe1b7ada6dd218de7454fa7aa", "text": "It is generally acknowledged that all organic beings have been formed on two great laws—Unity of Type, and the Conditions of Existence. By unity of type is meant that fundamental agreement in structure, which we see in organic beings of the same class, and which is quite independent of their habits of life. On my theory, unity of type is explained by unity of descent. The expression of conditions of existence, so often insisted on by the illustrious Cuvier, is fully embraced by the principle of natural selection. For natural selection acts by either now adapting the varying parts of each being to its organic and inorganic conditions of life; or by having adapted them during long-past periods of time: the adaptations being aided in some cases by use and disuse, being slightly affected by the direct action of the external conditions of life, and being in all cases subjected to the several laws of growth. Hence, in fact, the law of the Conditions of Existence is the higher law; as it includes, through the inheritance of former adaptations, that of Unity of Type.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00350", "bookId": 1228, "start": 395869, "end": 395892, "sha256": "d5b31b7801f41ea4463588f052acc14c64cf6bed3efe291d490d9a3019d27f5a", "text": "CHAPTER VII. INSTINCT.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00351", "bookId": 1228, "start": 395898, "end": 396279, "sha256": "7d5e784e8787440200d74418af5dfae6ce4ace9aafb50ef0e2f2f0088287e2f2", "text": "Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin. Instincts graduated. Aphides and ants. Instincts variable. Domestic instincts, their origin. Natural instincts of the cuckoo, ostrich, and parasitic bees. Slave-making ants. Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct. Difficulties on the theory of the Natural Selection of instincts. Neuter or sterile insects. Summary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00352", "bookId": 1228, "start": 396285, "end": 396892, "sha256": "332d5094f3c1085b8572ca109f05fef000607e9374dea174fcb8803a7b620f57", "text": "The subject of instinct might have been worked into the previous chapters; but I have thought that it would be more convenient to treat the subject separately, especially as so wonderful an instinct as that of the hive-bee making its cells will probably have occurred to many readers, as a difficulty sufficient to overthrow my whole theory. I must premise, that I have nothing to do with the origin of the primary mental powers, any more than I have with that of life itself. We are concerned only with the diversities of instinct and of the other mental qualities of animals within the same class.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00353", "bookId": 1228, "start": 396896, "end": 397729, "sha256": "53fc229e6093408adf87bd12f7cd99a31c6bb01a61e87284f9701e17de7191ac", "text": "I will not attempt any definition of instinct. It would be easy to show that several distinct mental actions are commonly embraced by this term; but every one understands what is meant, when it is said that instinct impels the cuckoo to migrate and to lay her eggs in other birds’ nests. An action, which we ourselves should require experience to enable us to perform, when performed by an animal, more especially by a very young one, without any experience, and when performed by many individuals in the same way, without their knowing for what purpose it is performed, is usually said to be instinctive. But I could show that none of these characters of instinct are universal. A little dose, as Pierre Huber expresses it, of judgment or reason, often comes into play, even in animals very low in the scale of nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00354", "bookId": 1228, "start": 397733, "end": 399443, "sha256": "323b8ea4552a794e274baec390e8858357e27a49c4cbb4b02f5ad13fe7730497", "text": "Frederick Cuvier and several of the older metaphysicians have compared instinct with habit. This comparison gives, I think, a remarkably accurate notion of the frame of mind under which an instinctive action is performed, but not of its origin. How unconsciously many habitual actions are performed, indeed not rarely in direct opposition to our conscious will! yet they may be modified by the will or reason. Habits easily become associated with other habits, and with certain periods of time and states of the body. When once acquired, they often remain constant throughout life. Several other points of resemblance between instincts and habits could be pointed out. As in repeating a well-known song, so in instincts, one action follows another by a sort of rhythm; if a person be interrupted in a song, or in repeating anything by rote, he is generally forced to go back to recover the habitual train of thought: so P. Huber found it was with a caterpillar, which makes a very complicated hammock; for if he took a caterpillar which had completed its hammock up to, say, the sixth stage of construction, and put it into a hammock completed up only to the third stage, the caterpillar simply re-performed the fourth, fifth, and sixth stages of construction. If, however, a caterpillar were taken out of a hammock made up, for instance, to the third stage, and were put into one finished up to the sixth stage, so that much of its work was already done for it, far from feeling the benefit of this, it was much embarrassed, and, in order to complete its hammock, seemed forced to start from the third stage, where it had left off, and thus tried to complete the already finished work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00355", "bookId": 1228, "start": 399449, "end": 400267, "sha256": "bc32f8737f2f3d739333729afb1ac5b8440c4ff379619528c5998ddd8d7d6942", "text": "If we suppose any habitual action to become inherited—and I think it can be shown that this does sometimes happen—then the resemblance between what originally was a habit and an instinct becomes so close as not to be distinguished. If Mozart, instead of playing the pianoforte at three years old with wonderfully little practice, had played a tune with no practice at all, he might truly be said to have done so instinctively. But it would be the most serious error to suppose that the greater number of instincts have been acquired by habit in one generation, and then transmitted by inheritance to succeeding generations. It can be clearly shown that the most wonderful instincts with which we are acquainted, namely, those of the hive-bee and of many ants, could not possibly have been thus acquired.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00356", "bookId": 1228, "start": 400271, "end": 401338, "sha256": "4e835ce8d3db3604e758921de3e8c9b3702529f711c1b371d5e9905165bebe99", "text": "It will be universally admitted that instincts are as important as corporeal structure for the welfare of each species, under its present conditions of life. Under changed conditions of life, it is at least possible that slight modifications of instinct might be profitable to a species; and if it can be shown that instincts do vary ever so little, then I can see no difficulty in natural selection preserving and continually accumulating variations of instinct to any extent that may be profitable. It is thus, as I believe, that all the most complex and wonderful instincts have originated. As modifications of corporeal structure arise from, and are increased by, use or habit, and are diminished or lost by disuse, so I do not doubt it has been with instincts. But I believe that the effects of habit are of quite subordinate importance to the effects of the natural selection of what may be called accidental variations of instincts;—that is of variations produced by the same unknown causes which produce slight deviations of bodily structure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00357", "bookId": 1228, "start": 401342, "end": 402766, "sha256": "6b5d127bd9b109f8691e1dd42e98816338d4614f7eb3529dbc0620f804a3a8c0", "text": "No complex instinct can possibly be produced through natural selection, except by the slow and gradual accumulation of numerous, slight, yet profitable, variations. Hence, as in the case of corporeal structures, we ought to find in nature, not the actual transitional gradations by which each complex instinct has been acquired—for these could be found only in the lineal ancestors of each species—but we ought to find in the collateral lines of descent some evidence of such gradations; or we ought at least to be able to show that gradations of some kind are possible; and this we certainly can do. I have been surprised to find, making allowance for the instincts of animals having been but little observed except in Europe and North America, and for no instinct being known amongst extinct species, how very generally gradations, leading to the most complex instincts, can be discovered. The canon of “Natura non facit saltum” applies with almost equal force to instincts as to bodily organs. Changes of instinct may sometimes be facilitated by the same species having different instincts at different periods of life, or at different seasons of the year, or when placed under different circumstances, etc.; in which case either one or the other instinct might be preserved by natural selection. And such instances of diversity of instinct in the same species can be shown to occur in nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00358", "bookId": 1228, "start": 402770, "end": 404888, "sha256": "9c8c06569f390b7471c03cae01638331ad81a795e4c9b0657658df7af3a8b3c4", "text": "Again as in the case of corporeal structure, and conformably with my theory, the instinct of each species is good for itself, but has never, as far as we can judge, been produced for the exclusive good of others. One of the strongest instances of an animal apparently performing an action for the sole good of another, with which I am acquainted, is that of aphides voluntarily yielding their sweet excretion to ants: that they do so voluntarily, the following facts show. I removed all the ants from a group of about a dozen aphides on a dock-plant, and prevented their attendance during several hours. After this interval, I felt sure that the aphides would want to excrete. I watched them for some time through a lens, but not one excreted; I then tickled and stroked them with a hair in the same manner, as well as I could, as the ants do with their antennæ; but not one excreted. Afterwards I allowed an ant to visit them, and it immediately seemed, by its eager way of running about, to be well aware what a rich flock it had discovered; it then began to play with its antennæ on the abdomen first of one aphis and then of another; and each aphis, as soon as it felt the antennæ, immediately lifted up its abdomen and excreted a limpid drop of sweet juice, which was eagerly devoured by the ant. Even the quite young aphides behaved in this manner, showing that the action was instinctive, and not the result of experience. But as the excretion is extremely viscid, it is probably a convenience to the aphides to have it removed; and therefore probably the aphides do not instinctively excrete for the sole good of the ants. Although I do not believe that any animal in the world performs an action for the exclusive good of another of a distinct species, yet each species tries to take advantage of the instincts of others, as each takes advantage of the weaker bodily structure of others. So again, in some few cases, certain instincts cannot be considered as absolutely perfect; but as details on this and other such points are not indispensable, they may be here passed over.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00359", "bookId": 1228, "start": 404892, "end": 406365, "sha256": "12d3c8fd2d83636ce0fd666cd543ae2e96e946a4cbb1c4ebcf00da9640bbaab8", "text": "As some degree of variation in instincts under a state of nature, and the inheritance of such variations, are indispensable for the action of natural selection, as many instances as possible ought to have been here given; but want of space prevents me. I can only assert, that instincts certainly do vary—for instance, the migratory instinct, both in extent and direction, and in its total loss. So it is with the nests of birds, which vary partly in dependence on the situations chosen, and on the nature and temperature of the country inhabited, but often from causes wholly unknown to us: Audubon has given several remarkable cases of differences in nests of the same species in the northern and southern United States. Fear of any particular enemy is certainly an instinctive quality, as may be seen in nestling birds, though it is strengthened by experience, and by the sight of fear of the same enemy in other animals. But fear of man is slowly acquired, as I have elsewhere shown, by various animals inhabiting desert islands; and we may see an instance of this, even in England, in the greater wildness of all our large birds than of our small birds; for the large birds have been most persecuted by man. We may safely attribute the greater wildness of our large birds to this cause; for in uninhabited islands large birds are not more fearful than small; and the magpie, so wary in England, is tame in Norway, as is the hooded crow in Egypt.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00360", "bookId": 1228, "start": 406369, "end": 406941, "sha256": "90f14e71369eb410b072b4cbbc80f6cc2e08f20b3ebbc798ce71975e531dd6f2", "text": "That the general disposition of individuals of the same species, born in a state of nature, is extremely diversified, can be shown by a multitude of facts. Several cases also, could be given, of occasional and strange habits in certain species, which might, if advantageous to the species, give rise, through natural selection, to quite new instincts. But I am well aware that these general statements, without facts given in detail, can produce but a feeble effect on the reader’s mind. I can only repeat my assurance, that I do not speak without good evidence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00361", "bookId": 1228, "start": 406945, "end": 408988, "sha256": "dfb8b2ed5a089875c7e15f0c563d482d4789ab02aa8190e8f3d9515415c943d9", "text": "The possibility, or even probability, of inherited variations of instinct in a state of nature will be strengthened by briefly considering a few cases under domestication. We shall thus also be enabled to see the respective parts which habit and the selection of so-called accidental variations have played in modifying the mental qualities of our domestic animals. A number of curious and authentic instances could be given of the inheritance of all shades of disposition and tastes, and likewise of the oddest tricks, associated with certain frames of mind or periods of time. But let us look to the familiar case of the several breeds of dogs: it cannot be doubted that young pointers (I have myself seen a striking instance) will sometimes point and even back other dogs the very first time that they are taken out; retrieving is certainly in some degree inherited by retrievers; and a tendency to run round, instead of at, a flock of sheep, by shepherd-dogs. I cannot see that these actions, performed without experience by the young, and in nearly the same manner by each individual, performed with eager delight by each breed, and without the end being known,—for the young pointer can no more know that he points to aid his master, than the white butterfly knows why she lays her eggs on the leaf of the cabbage,—I cannot see that these actions differ essentially from true instincts. If we were to see one kind of wolf, when young and without any training, as soon as it scented its prey, stand motionless like a statue, and then slowly crawl forward with a peculiar gait; and another kind of wolf rushing round, instead of at, a herd of deer, and driving them to a distant point, we should assuredly call these actions instinctive. Domestic instincts, as they may be called, are certainly far less fixed or invariable than natural instincts; but they have been acted on by far less rigorous selection, and have been transmitted for an incomparably shorter period, under less fixed conditions of life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00362", "bookId": 1228, "start": 408992, "end": 409812, "sha256": "db68a7f8ebd732165663ae0f998d6be73676dc26b9974794d418db3d616e32b7", "text": "How strongly these domestic instincts, habits, and dispositions are inherited, and how curiously they become mingled, is well shown when different breeds of dogs are crossed. Thus it is known that a cross with a bull-dog has affected for many generations the courage and obstinacy of greyhounds; and a cross with a greyhound has given to a whole family of shepherd-dogs a tendency to hunt hares. These domestic instincts, when thus tested by crossing, resemble natural instincts, which in a like manner become curiously blended together, and for a long period exhibit traces of the instincts of either parent: for example, Le Roy describes a dog, whose great-grandfather was a wolf, and this dog showed a trace of its wild parentage only in one way, by not coming in a straight line to his master when called.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00363", "bookId": 1228, "start": 409816, "end": 411544, "sha256": "29e99efa38e0c7ac5c26780d4e83a87793f3746ed5c0771560e4750a8105891e", "text": "Domestic instincts are sometimes spoken of as actions which have become inherited solely from long-continued and compulsory habit, but this, I think, is not true. No one would ever have thought of teaching, or probably could have taught, the tumbler-pigeon to tumble,—an action which, as I have witnessed, is performed by young birds, that have never seen a pigeon tumble. We may believe that some one pigeon showed a slight tendency to this strange habit, and that the long-continued selection of the best individuals in successive generations made tumblers what they now are; and near Glasgow there are house-tumblers, as I hear from Mr. Brent, which cannot fly eighteen inches high without going head over heels. It may be doubted whether any one would have thought of training a dog to point, had not some one dog naturally shown a tendency in this line; and this is known occasionally to happen, as I once saw in a pure terrier. When the first tendency was once displayed, methodical selection and the inherited effects of compulsory training in each successive generation would soon complete the work; and unconscious selection is still at work, as each man tries to procure, without intending to improve the breed, dogs which will stand and hunt best. On the other hand, habit alone in some cases has sufficed; no animal is more difficult to tame than the young of the wild rabbit; scarcely any animal is tamer than the young of the tame rabbit; but I do not suppose that domestic rabbits have ever been selected for tameness; and I presume that we must attribute the whole of the inherited change from extreme wildness to extreme tameness, simply to habit and long-continued close confinement.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00364", "bookId": 1228, "start": 411548, "end": 413430, "sha256": "55fa6e8052697599b0e6edd82262410e76c816a99150926b7e5ba52339bfbcec", "text": "Natural instincts are lost under domestication: a remarkable instance of this is seen in those breeds of fowls which very rarely or never become “broody,” that is, never wish to sit on their eggs. Familiarity alone prevents our seeing how universally and largely the minds of our domestic animals have been modified by domestication. It is scarcely possible to doubt that the love of man has become instinctive in the dog. All wolves, foxes, jackals, and species of the cat genus, when kept tame, are most eager to attack poultry, sheep, and pigs; and this tendency has been found incurable in dogs which have been brought home as puppies from countries, such as Tierra del Fuego and Australia, where the savages do not keep these domestic animals. How rarely, on the other hand, do our civilised dogs, even when quite young, require to be taught not to attack poultry, sheep, and pigs! No doubt they occasionally do make an attack, and are then beaten; and if not cured, they are destroyed; so that habit, with some degree of selection, has probably concurred in civilising by inheritance our dogs. On the other hand, young chickens have lost, wholly by habit, that fear of the dog and cat which no doubt was originally instinctive in them, in the same way as it is so plainly instinctive in young pheasants, though reared under a hen. It is not that chickens have lost all fear, but fear only of dogs and cats, for if the hen gives the danger-chuckle, they will run (more especially young turkeys) from under her, and conceal themselves in the surrounding grass or thickets; and this is evidently done for the instinctive purpose of allowing, as we see in wild ground-birds, their mother to fly away. But this instinct retained by our chickens has become useless under domestication, for the mother-hen has almost lost by disuse the power of flight.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00365", "bookId": 1228, "start": 413434, "end": 414050, "sha256": "620de9b8bf34dd97a2af371352a5fa0685bc68cc5e333e9e98d697ad425d60bc", "text": "Hence, we may conclude, that domestic instincts have been acquired and natural instincts have been lost partly by habit, and partly by man selecting and accumulating during successive generations, peculiar mental habits and actions, which at first appeared from what we must in our ignorance call an accident. In some cases compulsory habit alone has sufficed to produce such inherited mental changes; in other cases compulsory habit has done nothing, and all has been the result of selection, pursued both methodically and unconsciously; but in most cases, probably, habit and selection have acted together.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00366", "bookId": 1228, "start": 414054, "end": 414593, "sha256": "d95e709a3a90ea5d945419f5600964beb43bfd06116813ea3364d658618d85ec", "text": "We shall, perhaps, best understand how instincts in a state of nature have become modified by selection, by considering a few cases. I will select only three, out of the several which I shall have to discuss in my future work,—namely, the instinct which leads the cuckoo to lay her eggs in other birds’ nests; the slave-making instinct of certain ants; and the comb-making power of the hive-bee: these two latter instincts have generally, and most justly, been ranked by naturalists as the most wonderful of all known instincts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00367", "bookId": 1228, "start": 414597, "end": 416793, "sha256": "6b139e67f9f60a91dfaaf42fe52a4a33366dbadbe01608c564d6ee4052c7a3c2", "text": "It is now commonly admitted that the more immediate and final cause of the cuckoo’s instinct is, that she lays her eggs, not daily, but at intervals of two or three days; so that, if she were to make her own nest and sit on her own eggs, those first laid would have to be left for some time unincubated, or there would be eggs and young birds of different ages in the same nest. If this were the case, the process of laying and hatching might be inconveniently long, more especially as she has to migrate at a very early period; and the first hatched young would probably have to be fed by the male alone. But the American cuckoo is in this predicament; for she makes her own nest and has eggs and young successively hatched, all at the same time. It has been asserted that the American cuckoo occasionally lays her eggs in other birds’ nests; but I hear on the high authority of Dr. Brewer, that this is a mistake. Nevertheless, I could give several instances of various birds which have been known occasionally to lay their eggs in other birds’ nests. Now let us suppose that the ancient progenitor of our European cuckoo had the habits of the American cuckoo; but that occasionally she laid an egg in another bird’s nest. If the old bird profited by this occasional habit, or if the young were made more vigorous by advantage having been taken of the mistaken maternal instinct of another bird, than by their own mother’s care, encumbered as she can hardly fail to be by having eggs and young of different ages at the same time; then the old birds or the fostered young would gain an advantage. And analogy would lead me to believe, that the young thus reared would be apt to follow by inheritance the occasional and aberrant habit of their mother, and in their turn would be apt to lay their eggs in other birds’ nests, and thus be successful in rearing their young. By a continued process of this nature, I believe that the strange instinct of our cuckoo could be, and has been, generated. I may add that, according to Dr. Gray and to some other observers, the European cuckoo has not utterly lost all maternal love and care for her own offspring.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00368", "bookId": 1228, "start": 416797, "end": 417629, "sha256": "be47bcf0e65da647c120dab7c4d59f910c5e7b993e9706511ad871c1d0fd2c41", "text": "The occasional habit of birds laying their eggs in other birds’ nests, either of the same or of a distinct species, is not very uncommon with the Gallinaceæ; and this perhaps explains the origin of a singular instinct in the allied group of ostriches. For several hen ostriches, at least in the case of the American species, unite and lay first a few eggs in one nest and then in another; and these are hatched by the males. This instinct may probably be accounted for by the fact of the hens laying a large number of eggs; but, as in the case of the cuckoo, at intervals of two or three days. This instinct, however, of the American ostrich has not as yet been perfected; for a surprising number of eggs lie strewed over the plains, so that in one day’s hunting I picked up no less than twenty lost and wasted eggs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00369", "bookId": 1228, "start": 417633, "end": 418741, "sha256": "b5a0f659f1b6ada0748c011bdc5486928dcdeb911e8427a54362b9126f5d821f", "text": "Many bees are parasitic, and always lay their eggs in the nests of bees of other kinds. This case is more remarkable than that of the cuckoo; for these bees have not only their instincts but their structure modified in accordance with their parasitic habits; for they do not possess the pollen-collecting apparatus which would be necessary if they had to store food for their own young. Some species, likewise, of Sphegidæ (wasp-like insects) are parasitic on other species; and M. Fabre has lately shown good reason for believing that although the Tachytes nigra generally makes its own burrow and stores it with paralysed prey for its own larvæ to feed on, yet that when this insect finds a burrow already made and stored by another sphex, it takes advantage of the prize, and becomes for the occasion parasitic. In this case, as with the supposed case of the cuckoo, I can see no difficulty in natural selection making an occasional habit permanent, if of advantage to the species, and if the insect whose nest and stored food are thus feloniously appropriated, be not thus exterminated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00370", "bookId": 1228, "start": 418745, "end": 420137, "sha256": "4847b00b9cd3877b652ecd807ded4f9dcb7e3f3ab72e5b0cbc0c8df9c751f4a8", "text": "_Slave-making instinct_.—This remarkable instinct was first discovered in the Formica (Polyerges) rufescens by Pierre Huber, a better observer even than his celebrated father. This ant is absolutely dependent on its slaves; without their aid, the species would certainly become extinct in a single year. The males and fertile females do no work. The workers or sterile females, though most energetic and courageous in capturing slaves, do no other work. They are incapable of making their own nests, or of feeding their own larvæ. When the old nest is found inconvenient, and they have to migrate, it is the slaves which determine the migration, and actually carry their masters in their jaws. So utterly helpless are the masters, that when Huber shut up thirty of them without a slave, but with plenty of the food which they like best, and with their larvæ and pupæ to stimulate them to work, they did nothing; they could not even feed themselves, and many perished of hunger. Huber then introduced a single slave (F. fusca), and she instantly set to work, fed and saved the survivors; made some cells and tended the larvæ, and put all to rights. What can be more extraordinary than these well-ascertained facts? If we had not known of any other slave-making ant, it would have been hopeless to have speculated how so wonderful an instinct could have been perfected.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00371", "bookId": 1228, "start": 420141, "end": 423059, "sha256": "1ee1e482cee18090b4556a3785ddb1e50732b44e1a931ee50244da470d0c3aae", "text": "Formica sanguinea was likewise first discovered by P. Huber to be a slave-making ant. This species is found in the southern parts of England, and its habits have been attended to by Mr. F. Smith, of the British Museum, to whom I am much indebted for information on this and other subjects. Although fully trusting to the statements of Huber and Mr. Smith, I tried to approach the subject in a sceptical frame of mind, as any one may well be excused for doubting the truth of so extraordinary and odious an instinct as that of making slaves. Hence I will give the observations which I have myself made, in some little detail. I opened fourteen nests of F. sanguinea, and found a few slaves in all. Males and fertile females of the slave-species are found only in their own proper communities, and have never been observed in the nests of F. sanguinea. The slaves are black and not above half the size of their red masters, so that the contrast in their appearance is very great. When the nest is slightly disturbed, the slaves occasionally come out, and like their masters are much agitated and defend the nest: when the nest is much disturbed and the larvæ and pupæ are exposed, the slaves work energetically with their masters in carrying them away to a place of safety. Hence, it is clear, that the slaves feel quite at home. During the months of June and July, on three successive years, I have watched for many hours several nests in Surrey and Sussex, and never saw a slave either leave or enter a nest. As, during these months, the slaves are very few in number, I thought that they might behave differently when more numerous; but Mr. Smith informs me that he has watched the nests at various hours during May, June and August, both in Surrey and Hampshire, and has never seen the slaves, though present in large numbers in August, either leave or enter the nest. Hence he considers them as strictly household slaves. The masters, on the other hand, may be constantly seen bringing in materials for the nest, and food of all kinds. During the present year, however, in the month of July, I came across a community with an unusually large stock of slaves, and I observed a few slaves mingled with their masters leaving the nest, and marching along the same road to a tall Scotch-fir-tree, twenty-five yards distant, which they ascended together, probably in search of aphides or cocci. According to Huber, who had ample opportunities for observation, in Switzerland the slaves habitually work with their masters in making the nest, and they alone open and close the doors in the morning and evening; and, as Huber expressly states, their principal office is to search for aphides. This difference in the usual habits of the masters and slaves in the two countries, probably depends merely on the slaves being captured in greater numbers in Switzerland than in England.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00372", "bookId": 1228, "start": 423063, "end": 424097, "sha256": "1dd37f94804c50eb96b3bf43e89e530cdf09d363517c59604a022b1b017feb28", "text": "One day I fortunately chanced to witness a migration from one nest to another, and it was a most interesting spectacle to behold the masters carefully carrying, as Huber has described, their slaves in their jaws. Another day my attention was struck by about a score of the slave-makers haunting the same spot, and evidently not in search of food; they approached and were vigorously repulsed by an independent community of the slave species (F. fusca); sometimes as many as three of these ants clinging to the legs of the slave-making F. sanguinea. The latter ruthlessly killed their small opponents, and carried their dead bodies as food to their nest, twenty-nine yards distant; but they were prevented from getting any pupæ to rear as slaves. I then dug up a small parcel of the pupæ of F. fusca from another nest, and put them down on a bare spot near the place of combat; they were eagerly seized, and carried off by the tyrants, who perhaps fancied that, after all, they had been victorious in their late combat.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00373", "bookId": 1228, "start": 424103, "end": 425376, "sha256": "4002fb883ed7df31c8af38aab3d75eeb4ae7679d71db3e0922e8dac6be542176", "text": "At the same time I laid on the same place a small parcel of the pupæ of another species, F. flava, with a few of these little yellow ants still clinging to the fragments of the nest. This species is sometimes, though rarely, made into slaves, as has been described by Mr. Smith. Although so small a species, it is very courageous, and I have seen it ferociously attack other ants. In one instance I found to my surprise an independent community of F. flava under a stone beneath a nest of the slave-making F. sanguinea; and when I had accidentally disturbed both nests, the little ants attacked their big neighbours with surprising courage. Now I was curious to ascertain whether F. sanguinea could distinguish the pupæ of F. fusca, which they habitually make into slaves, from those of the little and furious F. flava, which they rarely capture, and it was evident that they did at once distinguish them: for we have seen that they eagerly and instantly seized the pupæ of F. fusca, whereas they were much terrified when they came across the pupæ, or even the earth from the nest of F. flava, and quickly ran away; but in about a quarter of an hour, shortly after all the little yellow ants had crawled away, they took heart and carried off the pupæ.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00374", "bookId": 1228, "start": 425380, "end": 426092, "sha256": "f2f91e7d13158f38edc24ea947ab23cde6897e23336be60d69f4ea449f0e90e0", "text": "One evening I visited another community of F. sanguinea, and found a number of these ants entering their nest, carrying the dead bodies of F. fusca (showing that it was not a migration) and numerous pupæ. I traced the returning file burthened with booty, for about forty yards, to a very thick clump of heath, whence I saw the last individual of F. sanguinea emerge, carrying a pupa; but I was not able to find the desolated nest in the thick heath. The nest, however, must have been close at hand, for two or three individuals of F. fusca were rushing about in the greatest agitation, and one was perched motionless with its own pupa in its mouth on the top of a spray of heath over its ravaged home.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00375", "bookId": 1228, "start": 426096, "end": 427397, "sha256": "2b3a697b0e63c8227a1c1d6f14f7a9c35e167c99e79aa703db2da09d14edb2a2", "text": "Such are the facts, though they did not need confirmation by me, in regard to the wonderful instinct of making slaves. Let it be observed what a contrast the instinctive habits of F. sanguinea present with those of the F. rufescens. The latter does not build its own nest, does not determine its own migrations, does not collect food for itself or its young, and cannot even feed itself: it is absolutely dependent on its numerous slaves. Formica sanguinea, on the other hand, possesses much fewer slaves, and in the early part of the summer extremely few. The masters determine when and where a new nest shall be formed, and when they migrate, the masters carry the slaves. Both in Switzerland and England the slaves seem to have the exclusive care of the larvæ, and the masters alone go on slave-making expeditions. In Switzerland the slaves and masters work together, making and bringing materials for the nest: both, but chiefly the slaves, tend, and milk as it may be called, their aphides; and thus both collect food for the community. In England the masters alone usually leave the nest to collect building materials and food for themselves, their slaves and larvæ. So that the masters in this country receive much less service from their slaves than they do in Switzerland.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00376", "bookId": 1228, "start": 427401, "end": 428589, "sha256": "be42fbb71a265ca349924a3c9744b173ca8f95fea42d266184fcf05aee84f7f4", "text": "By what steps the instinct of F. sanguinea originated I will not pretend to conjecture. But as ants, which are not slave-makers, will, as I have seen, carry off pupæ of other species, if scattered near their nests, it is possible that pupæ originally stored as food might become developed; and the ants thus unintentionally reared would then follow their proper instincts, and do what work they could. If their presence proved useful to the species which had seized them—if it were more advantageous to this species to capture workers than to procreate them—the habit of collecting pupæ originally for food might by natural selection be strengthened and rendered permanent for the very different purpose of raising slaves. When the instinct was once acquired, if carried out to a much less extent even than in our British F. sanguinea, which, as we have seen, is less aided by its slaves than the same species in Switzerland, I can see no difficulty in natural selection increasing and modifying the instinct—always supposing each modification to be of use to the species—until an ant was formed as abjectly dependent on its slaves as is the Formica rufescens.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00377", "bookId": 1228, "start": 428593, "end": 429736, "sha256": "17da98d5114709698f5413137f490da99588a97a9111f2188b69390c5ff89d1e", "text": "_Cell-making instinct of the Hive-Bee_.—I will not here enter on minute details on this subject, but will merely give an outline of the conclusions at which I have arrived. He must be a dull man who can examine the exquisite structure of a comb, so beautifully adapted to its end, without enthusiastic admiration. We hear from mathematicians that bees have practically solved a recondite problem, and have made their cells of the proper shape to hold the greatest possible amount of honey, with the least possible consumption of precious wax in their construction. It has been remarked that a skilful workman, with fitting tools and measures, would find it very difficult to make cells of wax of the true form, though this is perfectly effected by a crowd of bees working in a dark hive. Grant whatever instincts you please, and it seems at first quite inconceivable how they can make all the necessary angles and planes, or even perceive when they are correctly made. But the difficulty is not nearly so great as it at first appears: all this beautiful work can be shown, I think, to follow from a few very simple instincts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00378", "bookId": 1228, "start": 429742, "end": 432655, "sha256": "356a9e1a553094d76ad18d8f2aa08ed5768017e48f6a833741d8b4e65012f4aa", "text": "I was led to investigate this subject by Mr. Waterhouse, who has shown that the form of the cell stands in close relation to the presence of adjoining cells; and the following view may, perhaps, be considered only as a modification of his theory. Let us look to the great principle of gradation, and see whether Nature does not reveal to us her method of work. At one end of a short series we have humble-bees, which use their old cocoons to hold honey, sometimes adding to them short tubes of wax, and likewise making separate and very irregular rounded cells of wax. At the other end of the series we have the cells of the hive-bee, placed in a double layer: each cell, as is well known, is an hexagonal prism, with the basal edges of its six sides bevelled so as to join on to a pyramid, formed of three rhombs. These rhombs have certain angles, and the three which form the pyramidal base of a single cell on one side of the comb, enter into the composition of the bases of three adjoining cells on the opposite side. In the series between the extreme perfection of the cells of the hive-bee and the simplicity of those of the humble-bee, we have the cells of the Mexican Melipona domestica, carefully described and figured by Pierre Huber. The Melipona itself is intermediate in structure between the hive and humble bee, but more nearly related to the latter: it forms a nearly regular waxen comb of cylindrical cells, in which the young are hatched, and, in addition, some large cells of wax for holding honey. These latter cells are nearly spherical and of nearly equal sizes, and are aggregated into an irregular mass. But the important point to notice, is that these cells are always made at that degree of nearness to each other, that they would have intersected or broken into each other, if the spheres had been completed; but this is never permitted, the bees building perfectly flat walls of wax between the spheres which thus tend to intersect. Hence each cell consists of an outer spherical portion and of two, three, or more perfectly flat surfaces, according as the cell adjoins two, three or more other cells. When one cell comes into contact with three other cells, which, from the spheres being nearly of the same size, is very frequently and necessarily the case, the three flat surfaces are united into a pyramid; and this pyramid, as Huber has remarked, is manifestly a gross imitation of the three-sided pyramidal basis of the cell of the hive-bee. As in the cells of the hive-bee, so here, the three plane surfaces in any one cell necessarily enter into the construction of three adjoining cells. It is obvious that the Melipona saves wax by this manner of building; for the flat walls between the adjoining cells are not double, but are of the same thickness as the outer spherical portions, and yet each flat portion forms a part of two cells.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00379", "bookId": 1228, "start": 432659, "end": 433162, "sha256": "0ada7498c7d40ca3f724b5cd57024cca8fed3084fc001e30b513edb72b00b4ca", "text": "Reflecting on this case, it occurred to me that if the Melipona had made its spheres at some given distance from each other, and had made them of equal sizes and had arranged them symmetrically in a double layer, the resulting structure would probably have been as perfect as the comb of the hive-bee. Accordingly I wrote to Professor Miller, of Cambridge, and this geometer has kindly read over the following statement, drawn up from his information, and tells me that it is strictly correct:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00380", "bookId": 1228, "start": 433166, "end": 433937, "sha256": "7b0b9965744d29a3feefb48c7e0e4f75cce671ea6e5dc9915417cdf5b0418b14", "text": "If a number of equal spheres be described with their centres placed in two parallel layers; with the centre of each sphere at the distance of radius x the square root of 2 or radius x 1.41421 (or at some lesser distance), from the centres of the six surrounding spheres in the same layer; and at the same distance from the centres of the adjoining spheres in the other and parallel layer; then, if planes of intersection between the several spheres in both layers be formed, there will result a double layer of hexagonal prisms united together by pyramidal bases formed of three rhombs; and the rhombs and the sides of the hexagonal prisms will have every angle identically the same with the best measurements which have been made of the cells of the hive-bee.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00381", "bookId": 1228, "start": 433941, "end": 435587, "sha256": "e22fed3ffc78e911922d9687199878d781e56de51d035aa6d91475ed12ec7e6f", "text": "Hence we may safely conclude that if we could slightly modify the instincts already possessed by the Melipona, and in themselves not very wonderful, this bee would make a structure as wonderfully perfect as that of the hive-bee. We must suppose the Melipona to make her cells truly spherical, and of equal sizes; and this would not be very surprising, seeing that she already does so to a certain extent, and seeing what perfectly cylindrical burrows in wood many insects can make, apparently by turning round on a fixed point. We must suppose the Melipona to arrange her cells in level layers, as she already does her cylindrical cells; and we must further suppose, and this is the greatest difficulty, that she can somehow judge accurately at what distance to stand from her fellow-labourers when several are making their spheres; but she is already so far enabled to judge of distance, that she always describes her spheres so as to intersect largely; and then she unites the points of intersection by perfectly flat surfaces. We have further to suppose, but this is no difficulty, that after hexagonal prisms have been formed by the intersection of adjoining spheres in the same layer, she can prolong the hexagon to any length requisite to hold the stock of honey; in the same way as the rude humble-bee adds cylinders of wax to the circular mouths of her old cocoons. By such modifications of instincts in themselves not very wonderful,—hardly more wonderful than those which guide a bird to make its nest,—I believe that the hive-bee has acquired, through natural selection, her inimitable architectural powers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00382", "bookId": 1228, "start": 435591, "end": 436813, "sha256": "f9af3bea29d8a531fd523c7da1387459a4d23c95e859038659eb8a0fd7ba9237", "text": "But this theory can be tested by experiment. Following the example of Mr. Tegetmeier, I separated two combs, and put between them a long, thick, square strip of wax: the bees instantly began to excavate minute circular pits in it; and as they deepened these little pits, they made them wider and wider until they were converted into shallow basins, appearing to the eye perfectly true or parts of a sphere, and of about the diameter of a cell. It was most interesting to me to observe that wherever several bees had begun to excavate these basins near together, they had begun their work at such a distance from each other, that by the time the basins had acquired the above stated width (_i.e._ about the width of an ordinary cell), and were in depth about one sixth of the diameter of the sphere of which they formed a part, the rims of the basins intersected or broke into each other. As soon as this occurred, the bees ceased to excavate, and began to build up flat walls of wax on the lines of intersection between the basins, so that each hexagonal prism was built upon the festooned edge of a smooth basin, instead of on the straight edges of a three-sided pyramid as in the case of ordinary cells.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00383", "bookId": 1228, "start": 436817, "end": 438254, "sha256": "996667a806a0f62b58c8a26397154aa894f56d3532f443615ea610e7121ac69b", "text": "I then put into the hive, instead of a thick, square piece of wax, a thin and narrow, knife-edged ridge, coloured with vermilion. The bees instantly began on both sides to excavate little basins near to each other, in the same way as before; but the ridge of wax was so thin, that the bottoms of the basins, if they had been excavated to the same depth as in the former experiment, would have broken into each other from the opposite sides. The bees, however, did not suffer this to happen, and they stopped their excavations in due time; so that the basins, as soon as they had been a little deepened, came to have flat bottoms; and these flat bottoms, formed by thin little plates of the vermilion wax having been left ungnawed, were situated, as far as the eye could judge, exactly along the planes of imaginary intersection between the basins on the opposite sides of the ridge of wax. In parts, only little bits, in other parts, large portions of a rhombic plate had been left between the opposed basins, but the work, from the unnatural state of things, had not been neatly performed. The bees must have worked at very nearly the same rate on the opposite sides of the ridge of vermilion wax, as they circularly gnawed away and deepened the basins on both sides, in order to have succeeded in thus leaving flat plates between the basins, by stopping work along the intermediate planes or planes of intersection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00384", "bookId": 1228, "start": 438258, "end": 439503, "sha256": "6113ec7130ab81e01481420c5ca6548f03efe015b3c973b1e96f3ebecc89e722", "text": "Considering how flexible thin wax is, I do not see that there is any difficulty in the bees, whilst at work on the two sides of a strip of wax, perceiving when they have gnawed the wax away to the proper thinness, and then stopping their work. In ordinary combs it has appeared to me that the bees do not always succeed in working at exactly the same rate from the opposite sides; for I have noticed half-completed rhombs at the base of a just-commenced cell, which were slightly concave on one side, where I suppose that the bees had excavated too quickly, and convex on the opposed side, where the bees had worked less quickly. In one well-marked instance, I put the comb back into the hive, and allowed the bees to go on working for a short time, and again examined the cell, and I found that the rhombic plate had been completed, and had become _perfectly flat:_ it was absolutely impossible, from the extreme thinness of the little rhombic plate, that they could have effected this by gnawing away the convex side; and I suspect that the bees in such cases stand in the opposed cells and push and bend the ductile and warm wax (which as I have tried is easily done) into its proper intermediate plane, and thus flatten it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00385", "bookId": 1228, "start": 439507, "end": 440646, "sha256": "aac4d975a7b93c57d6c3ad6fc02579850697a032932e76cc2c499fd6cf094279", "text": "From the experiment of the ridge of vermilion wax, we can clearly see that if the bees were to build for themselves a thin wall of wax, they could make their cells of the proper shape, by standing at the proper distance from each other, by excavating at the same rate, and by endeavouring to make equal spherical hollows, but never allowing the spheres to break into each other. Now bees, as may be clearly seen by examining the edge of a growing comb, do make a rough, circumferential wall or rim all round the comb; and they gnaw into this from the opposite sides, always working circularly as they deepen each cell. They do not make the whole three-sided pyramidal base of any one cell at the same time, but only the one rhombic plate which stands on the extreme growing margin, or the two plates, as the case may be; and they never complete the upper edges of the rhombic plates, until the hexagonal walls are commenced. Some of these statements differ from those made by the justly celebrated elder Huber, but I am convinced of their accuracy; and if I had space, I could show that they are conformable with my theory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00386", "bookId": 1228, "start": 440650, "end": 442648, "sha256": "75036f7b385896609b7285d157b0f367b7de13a7c56e31889b9596a469e0f2af", "text": "Huber’s statement that the very first cell is excavated out of a little parallel-sided wall of wax, is not, as far as I have seen, strictly correct; the first commencement having always been a little hood of wax; but I will not here enter on these details. We see how important a part excavation plays in the construction of the cells; but it would be a great error to suppose that the bees cannot build up a rough wall of wax in the proper position—that is, along the plane of intersection between two adjoining spheres. I have several specimens showing clearly that they can do this. Even in the rude circumferential rim or wall of wax round a growing comb, flexures may sometimes be observed, corresponding in position to the planes of the rhombic basal plates of future cells. But the rough wall of wax has in every case to be finished off, by being largely gnawed away on both sides. The manner in which the bees build is curious; they always make the first rough wall from ten to twenty times thicker than the excessively thin finished wall of the cell, which will ultimately be left. We shall understand how they work, by supposing masons first to pile up a broad ridge of cement, and then to begin cutting it away equally on both sides near the ground, till a smooth, very thin wall is left in the middle; the masons always piling up the cut-away cement, and adding fresh cement, on the summit of the ridge. We shall thus have a thin wall steadily growing upward; but always crowned by a gigantic coping. From all the cells, both those just commenced and those completed, being thus crowned by a strong coping of wax, the bees can cluster and crawl over the comb without injuring the delicate hexagonal walls, which are only about one four-hundredth of an inch in thickness; the plates of the pyramidal basis being about twice as thick. By this singular manner of building, strength is continually given to the comb, with the utmost ultimate economy of wax.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00387", "bookId": 1228, "start": 442652, "end": 444017, "sha256": "4cad5aa96b6f838674d9a9e190f7f26fe09e0601375a8dd71140d280181bc4a6", "text": "It seems at first to add to the difficulty of understanding how the cells are made, that a multitude of bees all work together; one bee after working a short time at one cell going to another, so that, as Huber has stated, a score of individuals work even at the commencement of the first cell. I was able practically to show this fact, by covering the edges of the hexagonal walls of a single cell, or the extreme margin of the circumferential rim of a growing comb, with an extremely thin layer of melted vermilion wax; and I invariably found that the colour was most delicately diffused by the bees—as delicately as a painter could have done with his brush—by atoms of the coloured wax having been taken from the spot on which it had been placed, and worked into the growing edges of the cells all round. The work of construction seems to be a sort of balance struck between many bees, all instinctively standing at the same relative distance from each other, all trying to sweep equal spheres, and then building up, or leaving ungnawed, the planes of intersection between these spheres. It was really curious to note in cases of difficulty, as when two pieces of comb met at an angle, how often the bees would entirely pull down and rebuild in different ways the same cell, sometimes recurring to a shape which they had at first rejected.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00388", "bookId": 1228, "start": 444021, "end": 446141, "sha256": "20483ecb742001bfcb82f260d31683533936262e7ebd69d23317a326c344901a", "text": "When bees have a place on which they can stand in their proper positions for working,—for instance, on a slip of wood, placed directly under the middle of a comb growing downwards so that the comb has to be built over one face of the slip—in this case the bees can lay the foundations of one wall of a new hexagon, in its strictly proper place, projecting beyond the other completed cells. It suffices that the bees should be enabled to stand at their proper relative distances from each other and from the walls of the last completed cells, and then, by striking imaginary spheres, they can build up a wall intermediate between two adjoining spheres; but, as far as I have seen, they never gnaw away and finish off the angles of a cell till a large part both of that cell and of the adjoining cells has been built. This capacity in bees of laying down under certain circumstances a rough wall in its proper place between two just-commenced cells, is important, as it bears on a fact, which seems at first quite subversive of the foregoing theory; namely, that the cells on the extreme margin of wasp-combs are sometimes strictly hexagonal; but I have not space here to enter on this subject. Nor does there seem to me any great difficulty in a single insect (as in the case of a queen-wasp) making hexagonal cells, if she work alternately on the inside and outside of two or three cells commenced at the same time, always standing at the proper relative distance from the parts of the cells just begun, sweeping spheres or cylinders, and building up intermediate planes. It is even conceivable that an insect might, by fixing on a point at which to commence a cell, and then moving outside, first to one point, and then to five other points, at the proper relative distances from the central point and from each other, strike the planes of intersection, and so make an isolated hexagon: but I am not aware that any such case has been observed; nor would any good be derived from a single hexagon being built, as in its construction more materials would be required than for a cylinder.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00389", "bookId": 1228, "start": 446145, "end": 449099, "sha256": "5e096b3f8847bf5404cdddc5a2c368c36d0dfd700a1c627794ef81ac4b09a1c1", "text": "As natural selection acts only by the accumulation of slight modifications of structure or instinct, each profitable to the individual under its conditions of life, it may reasonably be asked, how a long and graduated succession of modified architectural instincts, all tending towards the present perfect plan of construction, could have profited the progenitors of the hive-bee? I think the answer is not difficult: it is known that bees are often hard pressed to get sufficient nectar; and I am informed by Mr. Tegetmeier that it has been experimentally found that no less than from twelve to fifteen pounds of dry sugar are consumed by a hive of bees for the secretion of each pound of wax; so that a prodigious quantity of fluid nectar must be collected and consumed by the bees in a hive for the secretion of the wax necessary for the construction of their combs. Moreover, many bees have to remain idle for many days during the process of secretion. A large store of honey is indispensable to support a large stock of bees during the winter; and the security of the hive is known mainly to depend on a large number of bees being supported. Hence the saving of wax by largely saving honey must be a most important element of success in any family of bees. Of course the success of any species of bee may be dependent on the number of its parasites or other enemies, or on quite distinct causes, and so be altogether independent of the quantity of honey which the bees could collect. But let us suppose that this latter circumstance determined, as it probably often does determine, the numbers of a humble-bee which could exist in a country; and let us further suppose that the community lived throughout the winter, and consequently required a store of honey: there can in this case be no doubt that it would be an advantage to our humble-bee, if a slight modification of her instinct led her to make her waxen cells near together, so as to intersect a little; for a wall in common even to two adjoining cells, would save some little wax. Hence it would continually be more and more advantageous to our humble-bee, if she were to make her cells more and more regular, nearer together, and aggregated into a mass, like the cells of the Melipona; for in this case a large part of the bounding surface of each cell would serve to bound other cells, and much wax would be saved. Again, from the same cause, it would be advantageous to the Melipona, if she were to make her cells closer together, and more regular in every way than at present; for then, as we have seen, the spherical surfaces would wholly disappear, and would all be replaced by plane surfaces; and the Melipona would make a comb as perfect as that of the hive-bee. Beyond this stage of perfection in architecture, natural selection could not lead; for the comb of the hive-bee, as far as we can see, is absolutely perfect in economising wax.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00390", "bookId": 1228, "start": 449103, "end": 450133, "sha256": "df3017d463de4032642f3efd6de7ca85c2a6e8a9acd8a79e0c80519a8241a5f9", "text": "Thus, as I believe, the most wonderful of all known instincts, that of the hive-bee, can be explained by natural selection having taken advantage of numerous, successive, slight modifications of simpler instincts; natural selection having by slow degrees, more and more perfectly, led the bees to sweep equal spheres at a given distance from each other in a double layer, and to build up and excavate the wax along the planes of intersection. The bees, of course, no more knowing that they swept their spheres at one particular distance from each other, than they know what are the several angles of the hexagonal prisms and of the basal rhombic plates. The motive power of the process of natural selection having been economy of wax; that individual swarm which wasted least honey in the secretion of wax, having succeeded best, and having transmitted by inheritance its newly acquired economical instinct to new swarms, which in their turn will have had the best chance of succeeding in the struggle for existence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00391", "bookId": 1228, "start": 450137, "end": 451211, "sha256": "53feb8aa6967ea565bc63b69d7679b8a879e62b61b56470df357d044e8ebea2e", "text": "No doubt many instincts of very difficult explanation could be opposed to the theory of natural selection,—cases, in which we cannot see how an instinct could possibly have originated; cases, in which no intermediate gradations are known to exist; cases of instinct of apparently such trifling importance, that they could hardly have been acted on by natural selection; cases of instincts almost identically the same in animals so remote in the scale of nature, that we cannot account for their similarity by inheritance from a common parent, and must therefore believe that they have been acquired by independent acts of natural selection. I will not here enter on these several cases, but will confine myself to one special difficulty, which at first appeared to me insuperable, and actually fatal to my whole theory. I allude to the neuters or sterile females in insect-communities: for these neuters often differ widely in instinct and in structure from both the males and fertile females, and yet, from being sterile, they cannot propagate their kind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00392", "bookId": 1228, "start": 451215, "end": 453050, "sha256": "efa9039f878c34d455a2da09c6b70b0925206b07c92e25aae80bac3b5fa7cbf5", "text": "The subject well deserves to be discussed at great length, but I will here take only a single case, that of working or sterile ants. How the workers have been rendered sterile is a difficulty; but not much greater than that of any other striking modification of structure; for it can be shown that some insects and other articulate animals in a state of nature occasionally become sterile; and if such insects had been social, and it had been profitable to the community that a number should have been annually born capable of work, but incapable of procreation, I can see no very great difficulty in this being effected by natural selection. But I must pass over this preliminary difficulty. The great difficulty lies in the working ants differing widely from both the males and the fertile females in structure, as in the shape of the thorax and in being destitute of wings and sometimes of eyes, and in instinct. As far as instinct alone is concerned, the prodigious difference in this respect between the workers and the perfect females, would have been far better exemplified by the hive-bee. If a working ant or other neuter insect had been an animal in the ordinary state, I should have unhesitatingly assumed that all its characters had been slowly acquired through natural selection; namely, by an individual having been born with some slight profitable modification of structure, this being inherited by its offspring, which again varied and were again selected, and so onwards. But with the working ant we have an insect differing greatly from its parents, yet absolutely sterile; so that it could never have transmitted successively acquired modifications of structure or instinct to its progeny. It may well be asked how is it possible to reconcile this case with the theory of natural selection?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00393", "bookId": 1228, "start": 453054, "end": 454077, "sha256": "6f33cc81172ff2ae725616310afd5c4ce7136a708cfa418af4fa0abdc60d8eaa", "text": "First, let it be remembered that we have innumerable instances, both in our domestic productions and in those in a state of nature, of all sorts of differences of structure which have become correlated to certain ages, and to either sex. We have differences correlated not only to one sex, but to that short period alone when the reproductive system is active, as in the nuptial plumage of many birds, and in the hooked jaws of the male salmon. We have even slight differences in the horns of different breeds of cattle in relation to an artificially imperfect state of the male sex; for oxen of certain breeds have longer horns than in other breeds, in comparison with the horns of the bulls or cows of these same breeds. Hence I can see no real difficulty in any character having become correlated with the sterile condition of certain members of insect-communities: the difficulty lies in understanding how such correlated modifications of structure could have been slowly accumulated by natural selection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00394", "bookId": 1228, "start": 454081, "end": 455610, "sha256": "fbc033e8da1a73ba926b357bd8e9c8369ce6e3b9c51e0ba52871453ba9de8d12", "text": "This difficulty, though appearing insuperable, is lessened, or, as I believe, disappears, when it is remembered that selection may be applied to the family, as well as to the individual, and may thus gain the desired end. Thus, a well-flavoured vegetable is cooked, and the individual is destroyed; but the horticulturist sows seeds of the same stock, and confidently expects to get nearly the same variety; breeders of cattle wish the flesh and fat to be well marbled together; the animal has been slaughtered, but the breeder goes with confidence to the same family. I have such faith in the powers of selection, that I do not doubt that a breed of cattle, always yielding oxen with extraordinarily long horns, could be slowly formed by carefully watching which individual bulls and cows, when matched, produced oxen with the longest horns; and yet no one ox could ever have propagated its kind. Thus I believe it has been with social insects: a slight modification of structure, or instinct, correlated with the sterile condition of certain members of the community, has been advantageous to the community: consequently the fertile males and females of the same community flourished, and transmitted to their fertile offspring a tendency to produce sterile members having the same modification. And I believe that this process has been repeated, until that prodigious amount of difference between the fertile and sterile females of the same species has been produced, which we see in many social insects.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00395", "bookId": 1228, "start": 455614, "end": 456712, "sha256": "014e1868a96591c8d6e7a7109b91ff4d919692f59e706cc73347535af80b225f", "text": "But we have not as yet touched on the climax of the difficulty; namely, the fact that the neuters of several ants differ, not only from the fertile females and males, but from each other, sometimes to an almost incredible degree, and are thus divided into two or even three castes. The castes, moreover, do not generally graduate into each other, but are perfectly well defined; being as distinct from each other, as are any two species of the same genus, or rather as any two genera of the same family. Thus in Eciton, there are working and soldier neuters, with jaws and instincts extraordinarily different: in Cryptocerus, the workers of one caste alone carry a wonderful sort of shield on their heads, the use of which is quite unknown: in the Mexican Myrmecocystus, the workers of one caste never leave the nest; they are fed by the workers of another caste, and they have an enormously developed abdomen which secretes a sort of honey, supplying the place of that excreted by the aphides, or the domestic cattle as they may be called, which our European ants guard or imprison.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00396", "bookId": 1228, "start": 456716, "end": 459663, "sha256": "f6bdb893451e06ce6e4a471dc51bba7a9a8a10c69b4800d413607db587b83b2c", "text": "It will indeed be thought that I have an overweening confidence in the principle of natural selection, when I do not admit that such wonderful and well-established facts at once annihilate my theory. In the simpler case of neuter insects all of one caste or of the same kind, which have been rendered by natural selection, as I believe to be quite possible, different from the fertile males and females,—in this case, we may safely conclude from the analogy of ordinary variations, that each successive, slight, profitable modification did not probably at first appear in all the individual neuters in the same nest, but in a few alone; and that by the long-continued selection of the fertile parents which produced most neuters with the profitable modification, all the neuters ultimately came to have the desired character. On this view we ought occasionally to find neuter-insects of the same species, in the same nest, presenting gradations of structure; and this we do find, even often, considering how few neuter-insects out of Europe have been carefully examined. Mr. F. Smith has shown how surprisingly the neuters of several British ants differ from each other in size and sometimes in colour; and that the extreme forms can sometimes be perfectly linked together by individuals taken out of the same nest: I have myself compared perfect gradations of this kind. It often happens that the larger or the smaller sized workers are the most numerous; or that both large and small are numerous, with those of an intermediate size scanty in numbers. Formica flava has larger and smaller workers, with some of intermediate size; and, in this species, as Mr. F. Smith has observed, the larger workers have simple eyes (ocelli), which though small can be plainly distinguished, whereas the smaller workers have their ocelli rudimentary. Having carefully dissected several specimens of these workers, I can affirm that the eyes are far more rudimentary in the smaller workers than can be accounted for merely by their proportionally lesser size; and I fully believe, though I dare not assert so positively, that the workers of intermediate size have their ocelli in an exactly intermediate condition. So that we here have two bodies of sterile workers in the same nest, differing not only in size, but in their organs of vision, yet connected by some few members in an intermediate condition. I may digress by adding, that if the smaller workers had been the most useful to the community, and those males and females had been continually selected, which produced more and more of the smaller workers, until all the workers had come to be in this condition; we should then have had a species of ant with neuters very nearly in the same condition with those of Myrmica. For the workers of Myrmica have not even rudiments of ocelli, though the male and female ants of this genus have well-developed ocelli.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00397", "bookId": 1228, "start": 459667, "end": 460976, "sha256": "afaa849ab8fb102828c5256b1281341b9c6d5f821dfa1248c4890f6a2560559c", "text": "I may give one other case: so confidently did I expect to find gradations in important points of structure between the different castes of neuters in the same species, that I gladly availed myself of Mr. F. Smith’s offer of numerous specimens from the same nest of the driver ant (Anomma) of West Africa. The reader will perhaps best appreciate the amount of difference in these workers, by my giving not the actual measurements, but a strictly accurate illustration: the difference was the same as if we were to see a set of workmen building a house of whom many were five feet four inches high, and many sixteen feet high; but we must suppose that the larger workmen had heads four instead of three times as big as those of the smaller men, and jaws nearly five times as big. The jaws, moreover, of the working ants of the several sizes differed wonderfully in shape, and in the form and number of the teeth. But the important fact for us is, that though the workers can be grouped into castes of different sizes, yet they graduate insensibly into each other, as does the widely-different structure of their jaws. I speak confidently on this latter point, as Mr. Lubbock made drawings for me with the camera lucida of the jaws which I had dissected from the workers of the several sizes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00398", "bookId": 1228, "start": 460980, "end": 461764, "sha256": "87b11da30e561a95eab55d25d004d1539c9a96b5cb04693b2df44da24bed4483", "text": "With these facts before me, I believe that natural selection, by acting on the fertile parents, could form a species which should regularly produce neuters, either all of large size with one form of jaw, or all of small size with jaws having a widely different structure; or lastly, and this is our climax of difficulty, one set of workers of one size and structure, and simultaneously another set of workers of a different size and structure;—a graduated series having been first formed, as in the case of the driver ant, and then the extreme forms, from being the most useful to the community, having been produced in greater and greater numbers through the natural selection of the parents which generated them; until none with an intermediate structure were produced.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00399", "bookId": 1228, "start": 461768, "end": 463764, "sha256": "1ab9ffac5fe31d070ce29136b26d23d1b5a218ea5ef0369fd5734af0429687b6", "text": "Thus, as I believe, the wonderful fact of two distinctly defined castes of sterile workers existing in the same nest, both widely different from each other and from their parents, has originated. We can see how useful their production may have been to a social community of insects, on the same principle that the division of labour is useful to civilised man. As ants work by inherited instincts and by inherited tools or weapons, and not by acquired knowledge and manufactured instruments, a perfect division of labour could be effected with them only by the workers being sterile; for had they been fertile, they would have intercrossed, and their instincts and structure would have become blended. And nature has, as I believe, effected this admirable division of labour in the communities of ants, by the means of natural selection. But I am bound to confess, that, with all my faith in this principle, I should never have anticipated that natural selection could have been efficient in so high a degree, had not the case of these neuter insects convinced me of the fact. I have, therefore, discussed this case, at some little but wholly insufficient length, in order to show the power of natural selection, and likewise because this is by far the most serious special difficulty, which my theory has encountered. The case, also, is very interesting, as it proves that with animals, as with plants, any amount of modification in structure can be effected by the accumulation of numerous, slight, and as we must call them accidental, variations, which are in any manner profitable, without exercise or habit having come into play. For no amount of exercise, or habit, or volition, in the utterly sterile members of a community could possibly have affected the structure or instincts of the fertile members, which alone leave descendants. I am surprised that no one has advanced this demonstrative case of neuter insects, against the well-known doctrine of Lamarck.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00400", "bookId": 1228, "start": 463768, "end": 465062, "sha256": "adece9ef82fb7939a8c5a48887c3717475c3fe0a0317696205e700f5a754d83a", "text": "_Summary_.—I have endeavoured briefly in this chapter to show that the mental qualities of our domestic animals vary, and that the variations are inherited. Still more briefly I have attempted to show that instincts vary slightly in a state of nature. No one will dispute that instincts are of the highest importance to each animal. Therefore I can see no difficulty, under changing conditions of life, in natural selection accumulating slight modifications of instinct to any extent, in any useful direction. In some cases habit or use and disuse have probably come into play. I do not pretend that the facts given in this chapter strengthen in any great degree my theory; but none of the cases of difficulty, to the best of my judgment, annihilate it. On the other hand, the fact that instincts are not always absolutely perfect and are liable to mistakes;—that no instinct has been produced for the exclusive good of other animals, but that each animal takes advantage of the instincts of others;—that the canon in natural history, of “natura non facit saltum” is applicable to instincts as well as to corporeal structure, and is plainly explicable on the foregoing views, but is otherwise inexplicable,—all tend to corroborate the theory of natural selection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00401", "bookId": 1228, "start": 465066, "end": 466258, "sha256": "0bdd57566629858ad40e3c7ef82599fccf1450ce617c76374cee01b08068bdb9", "text": "This theory is, also, strengthened by some few other facts in regard to instincts; as by that common case of closely allied, but certainly distinct, species, when inhabiting distant parts of the world and living under considerably different conditions of life, yet often retaining nearly the same instincts. For instance, we can understand on the principle of inheritance, how it is that the thrush of South America lines its nest with mud, in the same peculiar manner as does our British thrush: how it is that the male wrens (Troglodytes) of North America, build “cock-nests,” to roost in, like the males of our distinct Kitty-wrens,—a habit wholly unlike that of any other known bird. Finally, it may not be a logical deduction, but to my imagination it is far more satisfactory to look at such instincts as the young cuckoo ejecting its foster-brothers,—ants making slaves,—the larvæ of ichneumonidæ feeding within the live bodies of caterpillars,—not as specially endowed or created instincts, but as small consequences of one general law, leading to the advancement of all organic beings, namely, multiply, vary, let the strongest live and the weakest die.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00402", "bookId": 1228, "start": 466268, "end": 466293, "sha256": "ccbc98bed29434fc5130384402468801348e82104999dfe5c42c2dc1df89d912", "text": "CHAPTER VIII. HYBRIDISM.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00403", "bookId": 1228, "start": 466299, "end": 466877, "sha256": "3a9a0849ca9a7cc2f537f5153976c59a2e47d57d69f3b67c8c746aa05fc6ece2", "text": "Distinction between the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids. Sterility various in degree, not universal, affected by close interbreeding, removed by domestication. Laws governing the sterility of hybrids. Sterility not a special endowment, but incidental on other differences. Causes of the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids. Parallelism between the effects of changed conditions of life and crossing. Fertility of varieties when crossed and of their mongrel offspring not universal. Hybrids and mongrels compared independently of their fertility. Summary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00404", "bookId": 1228, "start": 466883, "end": 467794, "sha256": "8f527ea4da7cf96ebdeac90587e0ea3633827106b870fae3d6f143be1ca929ac", "text": "The view generally entertained by naturalists is that species, when intercrossed, have been specially endowed with the quality of sterility, in order to prevent the confusion of all organic forms. This view certainly seems at first probable, for species within the same country could hardly have kept distinct had they been capable of crossing freely. The importance of the fact that hybrids are very generally sterile, has, I think, been much underrated by some late writers. On the theory of natural selection the case is especially important, inasmuch as the sterility of hybrids could not possibly be of any advantage to them, and therefore could not have been acquired by the continued preservation of successive profitable degrees of sterility. I hope, however, to be able to show that sterility is not a specially acquired or endowed quality, but is incidental on other acquired differences.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00405", "bookId": 1228, "start": 467798, "end": 468043, "sha256": "ccd77c44a31d13bd3e3603f61eec4aed104aaf932f41b4d4605082758008bc46", "text": "In treating this subject, two classes of facts, to a large extent fundamentally different, have generally been confounded together; namely, the sterility of two species when first crossed, and the sterility of the hybrids produced from them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00406", "bookId": 1228, "start": 468047, "end": 468917, "sha256": "ebe37a43b0bff478a56adbbc2fbbd10be621468d79eef33013d2300967db99dc", "text": "Pure species have of course their organs of reproduction in a perfect condition, yet when intercrossed they produce either few or no offspring. Hybrids, on the other hand, have their reproductive organs functionally impotent, as may be clearly seen in the state of the male element in both plants and animals; though the organs themselves are perfect in structure, as far as the microscope reveals. In the first case the two sexual elements which go to form the embryo are perfect; in the second case they are either not at all developed, or are imperfectly developed. This distinction is important, when the cause of the sterility, which is common to the two cases, has to be considered. The distinction has probably been slurred over, owing to the sterility in both cases being looked on as a special endowment, beyond the province of our reasoning powers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00407", "bookId": 1228, "start": 468921, "end": 469255, "sha256": "9534e4b16cf42150bf0b26fa5e90abcddb9b5cc082d019442e87bc72a55ec2d6", "text": "The fertility of varieties, that is of the forms known or believed to have descended from common parents, when intercrossed, and likewise the fertility of their mongrel offspring, is, on my theory, of equal importance with the sterility of species; for it seems to make a broad and clear distinction between varieties and species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00408", "bookId": 1228, "start": 469259, "end": 471665, "sha256": "5711701f3b7b181dc31d5ad1392b2277ee2417e7555259d852c58c80c1b4bf61", "text": "First, for the sterility of species when crossed and of their hybrid offspring. It is impossible to study the several memoirs and works of those two conscientious and admirable observers, Kölreuter and Gärtner, who almost devoted their lives to this subject, without being deeply impressed with the high generality of some degree of sterility. Kölreuter makes the rule universal; but then he cuts the knot, for in ten cases in which he found two forms, considered by most authors as distinct species, quite fertile together, he unhesitatingly ranks them as varieties. Gärtner, also, makes the rule equally universal; and he disputes the entire fertility of Kölreuter’s ten cases. But in these and in many other cases, Gärtner is obliged carefully to count the seeds, in order to show that there is any degree of sterility. He always compares the maximum number of seeds produced by two species when crossed and by their hybrid offspring, with the average number produced by both pure parent-species in a state of nature. But a serious cause of error seems to me to be here introduced: a plant to be hybridised must be castrated, and, what is often more important, must be secluded in order to prevent pollen being brought to it by insects from other plants. Nearly all the plants experimentised on by Gärtner were potted, and apparently were kept in a chamber in his house. That these processes are often injurious to the fertility of a plant cannot be doubted; for Gärtner gives in his table about a score of cases of plants which he castrated, and artificially fertilised with their own pollen, and (excluding all cases such as the Leguminosæ, in which there is an acknowledged difficulty in the manipulation) half of these twenty plants had their fertility in some degree impaired. Moreover, as Gärtner during several years repeatedly crossed the primrose and cowslip, which we have such good reason to believe to be varieties, and only once or twice succeeded in getting fertile seed; as he found the common red and blue pimpernels (Anagallis arvensis and coerulea), which the best botanists rank as varieties, absolutely sterile together; and as he came to the same conclusion in several other analogous cases; it seems to me that we may well be permitted to doubt whether many other species are really so sterile, when intercrossed, as Gärtner believes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00409", "bookId": 1228, "start": 471671, "end": 472941, "sha256": "0aba234ef768d0368049f0b247dcdac942d54f6cb1c3eade61a069773e1aa035", "text": "It is certain, on the one hand, that the sterility of various species when crossed is so different in degree and graduates away so insensibly, and, on the other hand, that the fertility of pure species is so easily affected by various circumstances, that for all practical purposes it is most difficult to say where perfect fertility ends and sterility begins. I think no better evidence of this can be required than that the two most experienced observers who have ever lived, namely, Kölreuter and Gärtner, should have arrived at diametrically opposite conclusions in regard to the very same species. It is also most instructive to compare—but I have not space here to enter on details—the evidence advanced by our best botanists on the question whether certain doubtful forms should be ranked as species or varieties, with the evidence from fertility adduced by different hybridisers, or by the same author, from experiments made during different years. It can thus be shown that neither sterility nor fertility affords any clear distinction between species and varieties; but that the evidence from this source graduates away, and is doubtful in the same degree as is the evidence derived from other constitutional and structural differences.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00410", "bookId": 1228, "start": 472945, "end": 475440, "sha256": "9f5d485f7592acbe13d9505e323bb0fef324a1700451cc832de042e446bc060f", "text": "In regard to the sterility of hybrids in successive generations; though Gärtner was enabled to rear some hybrids, carefully guarding them from a cross with either pure parent, for six or seven, and in one case for ten generations, yet he asserts positively that their fertility never increased, but generally greatly decreased. I do not doubt that this is usually the case, and that the fertility often suddenly decreases in the first few generations. Nevertheless I believe that in all these experiments the fertility has been diminished by an independent cause, namely, from close interbreeding. I have collected so large a body of facts, showing that close interbreeding lessens fertility, and, on the other hand, that an occasional cross with a distinct individual or variety increases fertility, that I cannot doubt the correctness of this almost universal belief amongst breeders. Hybrids are seldom raised by experimentalists in great numbers; and as the parent-species, or other allied hybrids, generally grow in the same garden, the visits of insects must be carefully prevented during the flowering season: hence hybrids will generally be fertilised during each generation by their own individual pollen; and I am convinced that this would be injurious to their fertility, already lessened by their hybrid origin. I am strengthened in this conviction by a remarkable statement repeatedly made by Gärtner, namely, that if even the less fertile hybrids be artificially fertilised with hybrid pollen of the same kind, their fertility, notwithstanding the frequent ill effects of manipulation, sometimes decidedly increases, and goes on increasing. Now, in artificial fertilisation pollen is as often taken by chance (as I know from my own experience) from the anthers of another flower, as from the anthers of the flower itself which is to be fertilised; so that a cross between two flowers, though probably on the same plant, would be thus effected. Moreover, whenever complicated experiments are in progress, so careful an observer as Gärtner would have castrated his hybrids, and this would have insured in each generation a cross with the pollen from a distinct flower, either from the same plant or from another plant of the same hybrid nature. And thus, the strange fact of the increase of fertility in the successive generations of _artificially fertilised_ hybrids may, I believe, be accounted for by close interbreeding having been avoided.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00411", "bookId": 1228, "start": 475444, "end": 476432, "sha256": "283d58898ca3432ca63eae2ffa576d22af3fbfab516aac92d4a62acdcf903db6", "text": "Now let us turn to the results arrived at by the third most experienced hybridiser, namely, the Honourable and Reverend W. Herbert. He is as emphatic in his conclusion that some hybrids are perfectly fertile—as fertile as the pure parent-species—as are Kölreuter and Gärtner that some degree of sterility between distinct species is a universal law of nature. He experimentised on some of the very same species as did Gärtner. The difference in their results may, I think, be in part accounted for by Herbert’s great horticultural skill, and by his having hothouses at his command. Of his many important statements I will here give only a single one as an example, namely, that “every ovule in a pod of Crinum capense fertilised by C. revolutum produced a plant, which (he says) I never saw to occur in a case of its natural fecundation.” So that we here have perfect, or even more than commonly perfect, fertility in a first cross between two distinct species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00412", "bookId": 1228, "start": 476436, "end": 478580, "sha256": "49159ae1e782a8defdeee8ced64255636f70cef1e3a99d42a7d72f96dd3e1850", "text": "This case of the Crinum leads me to refer to a most singular fact, namely, that there are individual plants, as with certain species of Lobelia, and with all the species of the genus Hippeastrum, which can be far more easily fertilised by the pollen of another and distinct species, than by their own pollen. For these plants have been found to yield seed to the pollen of a distinct species, though quite sterile with their own pollen, notwithstanding that their own pollen was found to be perfectly good, for it fertilised distinct species. So that certain individual plants and all the individuals of certain species can actually be hybridised much more readily than they can be self-fertilised! For instance, a bulb of Hippeastrum aulicum produced four flowers; three were fertilised by Herbert with their own pollen, and the fourth was subsequently fertilised by the pollen of a compound hybrid descended from three other and distinct species: the result was that “the ovaries of the three first flowers soon ceased to grow, and after a few days perished entirely, whereas the pod impregnated by the pollen of the hybrid made vigorous growth and rapid progress to maturity, and bore good seed, which vegetated freely.” In a letter to me, in 1839, Mr. Herbert told me that he had then tried the experiment during five years, and he continued to try it during several subsequent years, and always with the same result. This result has, also, been confirmed by other observers in the case of Hippeastrum with its sub-genera, and in the case of some other genera, as Lobelia, Passiflora and Verbascum. Although the plants in these experiments appeared perfectly healthy, and although both the ovules and pollen of the same flower were perfectly good with respect to other species, yet as they were functionally imperfect in their mutual self-action, we must infer that the plants were in an unnatural state. Nevertheless these facts show on what slight and mysterious causes the lesser or greater fertility of species when crossed, in comparison with the same species when self-fertilised, sometimes depends.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00413", "bookId": 1228, "start": 478584, "end": 480227, "sha256": "03e71fc15c85fb0e6bd046b5345a399255447d7b73e778abdb4d8c80711b0844", "text": "The practical experiments of horticulturists, though not made with scientific precision, deserve some notice. It is notorious in how complicated a manner the species of Pelargonium, Fuchsia, Calceolaria, Petunia, Rhododendron, etc., have been crossed, yet many of these hybrids seed freely. For instance, Herbert asserts that a hybrid from Calceolaria integrifolia and plantaginea, species most widely dissimilar in general habit, “reproduced itself as perfectly as if it had been a natural species from the mountains of Chile.” I have taken some pains to ascertain the degree of fertility of some of the complex crosses of Rhododendrons, and I am assured that many of them are perfectly fertile. Mr. C. Noble, for instance, informs me that he raises stocks for grafting from a hybrid between Rhododendron Ponticum and Catawbiense, and that this hybrid “seeds as freely as it is possible to imagine.” Had hybrids, when fairly treated, gone on decreasing in fertility in each successive generation, as Gärtner believes to be the case, the fact would have been notorious to nurserymen. Horticulturists raise large beds of the same hybrids, and such alone are fairly treated, for by insect agency the several individuals of the same hybrid variety are allowed to freely cross with each other, and the injurious influence of close interbreeding is thus prevented. Any one may readily convince himself of the efficiency of insect-agency by examining the flowers of the more sterile kinds of hybrid rhododendrons, which produce no pollen, for he will find on their stigmas plenty of pollen brought from other flowers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00414", "bookId": 1228, "start": 480231, "end": 481968, "sha256": "9ea0ade71f2c0d5f61ffc0f29761b70a24ed7b3f57aa956f306f73d26b026336", "text": "In regard to animals, much fewer experiments have been carefully tried than with plants. If our systematic arrangements can be trusted, that is if the genera of animals are as distinct from each other, as are the genera of plants, then we may infer that animals more widely separated in the scale of nature can be more easily crossed than in the case of plants; but the hybrids themselves are, I think, more sterile. I doubt whether any case of a perfectly fertile hybrid animal can be considered as thoroughly well authenticated. It should, however, be borne in mind that, owing to few animals breeding freely under confinement, few experiments have been fairly tried: for instance, the canary-bird has been crossed with nine other finches, but as not one of these nine species breeds freely in confinement, we have no right to expect that the first crosses between them and the canary, or that their hybrids, should be perfectly fertile. Again, with respect to the fertility in successive generations of the more fertile hybrid animals, I hardly know of an instance in which two families of the same hybrid have been raised at the same time from different parents, so as to avoid the ill effects of close interbreeding. On the contrary, brothers and sisters have usually been crossed in each successive generation, in opposition to the constantly repeated admonition of every breeder. And in this case, it is not at all surprising that the inherent sterility in the hybrids should have gone on increasing. If we were to act thus, and pair brothers and sisters in the case of any pure animal, which from any cause had the least tendency to sterility, the breed would assuredly be lost in a very few generations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00415", "bookId": 1228, "start": 481972, "end": 483088, "sha256": "6ab9ca4e5664cb9c420c1bbc6cbbdc47bc977d1f324b7ef8186475d6f7552c11", "text": "Although I do not know of any thoroughly well-authenticated cases of perfectly fertile hybrid animals, I have some reason to believe that the hybrids from Cervulus vaginalis and Reevesii, and from Phasianus colchicus with P. torquatus and with P. versicolor are perfectly fertile. The hybrids from the common and Chinese geese (A. cygnoides), species which are so different that they are generally ranked in distinct genera, have often bred in this country with either pure parent, and in one single instance they have bred _inter se_. This was effected by Mr. Eyton, who raised two hybrids from the same parents but from different hatches; and from these two birds he raised no less than eight hybrids (grandchildren of the pure geese) from one nest. In India, however, these cross-bred geese must be far more fertile; for I am assured by two eminently capable judges, namely Mr. Blyth and Capt. Hutton, that whole flocks of these crossed geese are kept in various parts of the country; and as they are kept for profit, where neither pure parent-species exists, they must certainly be highly fertile.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00416", "bookId": 1228, "start": 483092, "end": 484517, "sha256": "00021406c31b4d2a20d1892834d29674d6028ee1f151a6751a22c65d9ae4a9e1", "text": "A doctrine which originated with Pallas, has been largely accepted by modern naturalists; namely, that most of our domestic animals have descended from two or more aboriginal species, since commingled by intercrossing. On this view, the aboriginal species must either at first have produced quite fertile hybrids, or the hybrids must have become in subsequent generations quite fertile under domestication. This latter alternative seems to me the most probable, and I am inclined to believe in its truth, although it rests on no direct evidence. I believe, for instance, that our dogs have descended from several wild stocks; yet, with perhaps the exception of certain indigenous domestic dogs of South America, all are quite fertile together; and analogy makes me greatly doubt, whether the several aboriginal species would at first have freely bred together and have produced quite fertile hybrids. So again there is reason to believe that our European and the humped Indian cattle are quite fertile together; but from facts communicated to me by Mr. Blyth, I think they must be considered as distinct species. On this view of the origin of many of our domestic animals, we must either give up the belief of the almost universal sterility of distinct species of animals when crossed; or we must look at sterility, not as an indelible characteristic, but as one capable of being removed by domestication.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00417", "bookId": 1228, "start": 484521, "end": 484831, "sha256": "2d663f7ab07088de2bc665fa24cfce0122deedb25b0fe0e2a768187a9c5cf9b9", "text": "Finally, looking to all the ascertained facts on the intercrossing of plants and animals, it may be concluded that some degree of sterility, both in first crosses and in hybrids,is an extremely general result; but that it cannot, under our present state of knowledge, be considered as absolutely universal.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00418", "bookId": 1228, "start": 484835, "end": 485595, "sha256": "d2c285c4be77c08b2d201d362baa3853a9d740d9abccbf2ac73b171f2f86f45c", "text": "_Laws governing the Sterility of first Crosses and of Hybrids_.—We will now consider a little more in detail the circumstances and rules governing the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids. Our chief object will be to see whether or not the rules indicate that species have specially been endowed with this quality, in order to prevent their crossing and blending together in utter confusion. The following rules and conclusions are chiefly drawn up from Gärtner’s admirable work on the hybridisation of plants. I have taken much pains to ascertain how far the rules apply to animals, and considering how scanty our knowledge is in regard to hybrid animals, I have been surprised to find how generally the same rules apply to both kingdoms.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00419", "bookId": 1228, "start": 485599, "end": 487047, "sha256": "0d8fc617ceb6e80754ed7e4df48c3379015652f3751e5f35532b5cc87d7b7588", "text": "It has been already remarked, that the degree of fertility, both of first crosses and of hybrids, graduates from zero to perfect fertility. It is surprising in how many curious ways this gradation can be shown to exist; but only the barest outline of the facts can here be given. When pollen from a plant of one family is placed on the stigma of a plant of a distinct family, it exerts no more influence than so much inorganic dust. From this absolute zero of fertility, the pollen of different species of the same genus applied to the stigma of some one species, yields a perfect gradation in the number of seeds produced, up to nearly complete or even quite complete fertility; and, as we have seen, in certain abnormal cases, even to an excess of fertility, beyond that which the plant’s own pollen will produce. So in hybrids themselves, there are some which never have produced, and probably never would produce, even with the pollen of either pure parent, a single fertile seed: but in some of these cases a first trace of fertility may be detected, by the pollen of one of the pure parent-species causing the flower of the hybrid to wither earlier than it otherwise would have done; and the early withering of the flower is well known to be a sign of incipient fertilisation. From this extreme degree of sterility we have self-fertilised hybrids producing a greater and greater number of seeds up to perfect fertility.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00420", "bookId": 1228, "start": 487051, "end": 487814, "sha256": "66e7598f80a90072356302f946c582e6cc82bcf1255b637500fa4e2a4c645a07", "text": "Hybrids from two species which are very difficult to cross, and which rarely produce any offspring, are generally very sterile; but the parallelism between the difficulty of making a first cross, and the sterility of the hybrids thus produced—two classes of facts which are generally confounded together—is by no means strict. There are many cases, in which two pure species can be united with unusual facility, and produce numerous hybrid-offspring, yet these hybrids are remarkably sterile. On the other hand, there are species which can be crossed very rarely, or with extreme difficulty, but the hybrids, when at last produced, are very fertile. Even within the limits of the same genus, for instance in Dianthus, these two opposite cases occur.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00421", "bookId": 1228, "start": 487818, "end": 488438, "sha256": "67f6a2fa93eeb163e4a7381dab4e19d07467c07f29137223be57ba6aecbfb3bf", "text": "The fertility, both of first crosses and of hybrids, is more easily affected by unfavourable conditions, than is the fertility of pure species. But the degree of fertility is likewise innately variable; for it is not always the same when the same two species are crossed under the same circumstances, but depends in part upon the constitution of the individuals which happen to have been chosen for the experiment. So it is with hybrids, for their degree of fertility is often found to differ greatly in the several individuals raised from seed out of the same capsule and exposed to exactly the same conditions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00422", "bookId": 1228, "start": 488442, "end": 490036, "sha256": "7a5b894d7f9c16daa415a332425e3d4f6eccbc5c38c7f69405af2b1a3ca1746c", "text": "By the term systematic affinity is meant, the resemblance between species in structure and in constitution, more especially in the structure of parts which are of high physiological importance and which differ little in the allied species. Now the fertility of first crosses between species, and of the hybrids produced from them, is largely governed by their systematic affinity. This is clearly shown by hybrids never having been raised between species ranked by systematists in distinct families; and on the other hand, by very closely allied species generally uniting with facility. But the correspondence between systematic affinity and the facility of crossing is by no means strict. A multitude of cases could be given of very closely allied species which will not unite, or only with extreme difficulty; and on the other hand of very distinct species which unite with the utmost facility. In the same family there may be a genus, as Dianthus, in which very many species can most readily be crossed; and another genus, as Silene, in which the most persevering efforts have failed to produce between extremely close species a single hybrid. Even within the limits of the same genus, we meet with this same difference; for instance, the many species of Nicotiana have been more largely crossed than the species of almost any other genus; but Gärtner found that N. acuminata, which is not a particularly distinct species, obstinately failed to fertilise, or to be fertilised by, no less than eight other species of Nicotiana. Very many analogous facts could be given.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00423", "bookId": 1228, "start": 490040, "end": 490596, "sha256": "1145e7a59a2d6a5a86ecf0461ff3649b36f87ae231f64084f9c8519370803bd8", "text": "No one has been able to point out what kind, or what amount, of difference in any recognisable character is sufficient to prevent two species crossing. It can be shown that plants most widely different in habit and general appearance, and having strongly marked differences in every part of the flower, even in the pollen, in the fruit, and in the cotyledons, can be crossed. Annual and perennial plants, deciduous and evergreen trees, plants inhabiting different stations and fitted for extremely different climates, can often be crossed with ease.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00424", "bookId": 1228, "start": 490602, "end": 492469, "sha256": "8357acdd6e0fd5f9682e2a06a1d1b5874d5e88bf1d5263d63bc0037a9aead8cb", "text": "By a reciprocal cross between two species, I mean the case, for instance, of a stallion-horse being first crossed with a female-ass, and then a male-ass with a mare: these two species may then be said to have been reciprocally crossed. There is often the widest possible difference in the facility of making reciprocal crosses. Such cases are highly important, for they prove that the capacity in any two species to cross is often completely independent of their systematic affinity, or of any recognisable difference in their whole organisation. On the other hand, these cases clearly show that the capacity for crossing is connected with constitutional differences imperceptible by us, and confined to the reproductive system. This difference in the result of reciprocal crosses between the same two species was long ago observed by Kölreuter. To give an instance: Mirabilis jalappa can easily be fertilised by the pollen of M. longiflora, and the hybrids thus produced are sufficiently fertile; but Kölreuter tried more than two hundred times, during eight following years, to fertilise reciprocally M. longiflora with the pollen of M. jalappa, and utterly failed. Several other equally striking cases could be given. Thuret has observed the same fact with certain sea-weeds or Fuci. Gärtner, moreover, found that this difference of facility in making reciprocal crosses is extremely common in a lesser degree. He has observed it even between forms so closely related (as Matthiola annua and glabra) that many botanists rank them only as varieties. It is also a remarkable fact, that hybrids raised from reciprocal crosses, though of course compounded of the very same two species, the one species having first been used as the father and then as the mother, generally differ in fertility in a small, and occasionally in a high degree.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00425", "bookId": 1228, "start": 492473, "end": 493559, "sha256": "e47cfe2f297fccded1da0e197be2996506136262d0b8a83314312840a41eaab4", "text": "Several other singular rules could be given from Gärtner: for instance, some species have a remarkable power of crossing with other species; other species of the same genus have a remarkable power of impressing their likeness on their hybrid offspring; but these two powers do not at all necessarily go together. There are certain hybrids which instead of having, as is usual, an intermediate character between their two parents, always closely resemble one of them; and such hybrids, though externally so like one of their pure parent-species, are with rare exceptions extremely sterile. So again amongst hybrids which are usually intermediate in structure between their parents, exceptional and abnormal individuals sometimes are born, which closely resemble one of their pure parents; and these hybrids are almost always utterly sterile, even when the other hybrids raised from seed from the same capsule have a considerable degree of fertility. These facts show how completely fertility in the hybrid is independent of its external resemblance to either pure parent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00426", "bookId": 1228, "start": 493563, "end": 494795, "sha256": "96c646ea1f0e17c6c525427acd366919514d21d9b22d5f4a1ff51455e64aa2ed", "text": "Considering the several rules now given, which govern the fertility of first crosses and of hybrids, we see that when forms, which must be considered as good and distinct species, are united, their fertility graduates from zero to perfect fertility, or even to fertility under certain conditions in excess. That their fertility, besides being eminently susceptible to favourable and unfavourable conditions, is innately variable. That it is by no means always the same in degree in the first cross and in the hybrids produced from this cross. That the fertility of hybrids is not related to the degree in which they resemble in external appearance either parent. And lastly, that the facility of making a first cross between any two species is not always governed by their systematic affinity or degree of resemblance to each other. This latter statement is clearly proved by reciprocal crosses between the same two species, for according as the one species or the other is used as the father or the mother, there is generally some difference, and occasionally the widest possible difference, in the facility of effecting an union. The hybrids, moreover, produced from reciprocal crosses often differ in fertility.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00427", "bookId": 1228, "start": 494799, "end": 495874, "sha256": "172cbb5c322b3d926ef7647c22899ec9ecd3accad7e47a9a6f029227037bba7a", "text": "Now do these complex and singular rules indicate that species have been endowed with sterility simply to prevent their becoming confounded in nature? I think not. For why should the sterility be so extremely different in degree, when various species are crossed, all of which we must suppose it would be equally important to keep from blending together? Why should the degree of sterility be innately variable in the individuals of the same species? Why should some species cross with facility, and yet produce very sterile hybrids; and other species cross with extreme difficulty, and yet produce fairly fertile hybrids? Why should there often be so great a difference in the result of a reciprocal cross between the same two species? Why, it may even be asked, has the production of hybrids been permitted? to grant to species the special power of producing hybrids, and then to stop their further propagation by different degrees of sterility, not strictly related to the facility of the first union between their parents, seems to be a strange arrangement.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00428", "bookId": 1228, "start": 495878, "end": 498272, "sha256": "8b038783f3613e28386007392401fa583a4ec33823b620cde0a8bfe3d07d2eaf", "text": "The foregoing rules and facts, on the other hand, appear to me clearly to indicate that the sterility both of first crosses and of hybrids is simply incidental or dependent on unknown differences, chiefly in the reproductive systems, of the species which are crossed. The differences being of so peculiar and limited a nature, that, in reciprocal crosses between two species the male sexual element of the one will often freely act on the female sexual element of the other, but not in a reversed direction. It will be advisable to explain a little more fully by an example what I mean by sterility being incidental on other differences, and not a specially endowed quality. As the capacity of one plant to be grafted or budded on another is so entirely unimportant for its welfare in a state of nature, I presume that no one will suppose that this capacity is a _specially_ endowed quality, but will admit that it is incidental on differences in the laws of growth of the two plants. We can sometimes see the reason why one tree will not take on another, from differences in their rate of growth, in the hardness of their wood, in the period of the flow or nature of their sap, etc.; but in a multitude of cases we can assign no reason whatever. Great diversity in the size of two plants, one being woody and the other herbaceous, one being evergreen and the other deciduous, and adaptation to widely different climates, does not always prevent the two grafting together. As in hybridisation, so with grafting, the capacity is limited by systematic affinity, for no one has been able to graft trees together belonging to quite distinct families; and, on the other hand, closely allied species, and varieties of the same species, can usually, but not invariably, be grafted with ease. But this capacity, as in hybridisation, is by no means absolutely governed by systematic affinity. Although many distinct genera within the same family have been grafted together, in other cases species of the same genus will not take on each other. The pear can be grafted far more readily on the quince, which is ranked as a distinct genus, than on the apple, which is a member of the same genus. Even different varieties of the pear take with different degrees of facility on the quince; so do different varieties of the apricot and peach on certain varieties of the plum.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00429", "bookId": 1228, "start": 498276, "end": 498796, "sha256": "6dc828714bcac7d7e38cb225fd9a93bd7fe54e673c21f4c82708744f6b2ebfed", "text": "As Gärtner found that there was sometimes an innate difference in different _individuals_ of the same two species in crossing; so Sagaret believes this to be the case with different individuals of the same two species in being grafted together. As in reciprocal crosses, the facility of effecting an union is often very far from equal, so it sometimes is in grafting; the common gooseberry, for instance, cannot be grafted on the currant, whereas the currant will take, though with difficulty, on the gooseberry.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00430", "bookId": 1228, "start": 498800, "end": 499700, "sha256": "2fabddb26c512b73c60d24773ac863c43d0420dadfa4d634cf12bf63020e8835", "text": "We have seen that the sterility of hybrids, which have their reproductive organs in an imperfect condition, is a very different case from the difficulty of uniting two pure species, which have their reproductive organs perfect; yet these two distinct cases run to a certain extent parallel. Something analogous occurs in grafting; for Thouin found that three species of Robinia, which seeded freely on their own roots, and which could be grafted with no great difficulty on another species, when thus grafted were rendered barren. On the other hand, certain species of Sorbus, when grafted on other species, yielded twice as much fruit as when on their own roots. We are reminded by this latter fact of the extraordinary case of Hippeastrum, Lobelia, etc., which seeded much more freely when fertilised with the pollen of distinct species, than when self-fertilised with their own pollen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00431", "bookId": 1228, "start": 499704, "end": 500937, "sha256": "4ad460aa82767ae1c45ced5088c84f492bc930ac992cdf94012d38702827ec0a", "text": "We thus see, that although there is a clear and fundamental difference between the mere adhesion of grafted stocks, and the union of the male and female elements in the act of reproduction, yet that there is a rude degree of parallelism in the results of grafting and of crossing distinct species. And as we must look at the curious and complex laws governing the facility with which trees can be grafted on each other as incidental on unknown differences in their vegetative systems, so I believe that the still more complex laws governing the facility of first crosses, are incidental on unknown differences, chiefly in their reproductive systems. These differences, in both cases, follow to a certain extent, as might have been expected, systematic affinity, by which every kind of resemblance and dissimilarity between organic beings is attempted to be expressed. The facts by no means seem to me to indicate that the greater or lesser difficulty of either grafting or crossing together various species has been a special endowment; although in the case of crossing, the difficulty is as important for the endurance and stability of specific forms, as in the case of grafting it is unimportant for their welfare.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00432", "bookId": 1228, "start": 500941, "end": 503287, "sha256": "4f8a32fc31eb2d2926bafbf86bb27b8150f7c82f9d0f5b74ed1cd3e594a5ad34", "text": "_Causes of the Sterility of first Crosses and of Hybrids_.—We may now look a little closer at the probable causes of the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids. These two cases are fundamentally different, for, as just remarked, in the union of two pure species the male and female sexual elements are perfect, whereas in hybrids they are imperfect. Even in first crosses, the greater or lesser difficulty in effecting a union apparently depends on several distinct causes. There must sometimes be a physical impossibility in the male element reaching the ovule, as would be the case with a plant having a pistil too long for the pollen-tubes to reach the ovarium. It has also been observed that when pollen of one species is placed on the stigma of a distantly allied species, though the pollen-tubes protrude, they do not penetrate the stigmatic surface. Again, the male element may reach the female element, but be incapable of causing an embryo to be developed, as seems to have been the case with some of Thuret’s experiments on Fuci. No explanation can be given of these facts, any more than why certain trees cannot be grafted on others. Lastly, an embryo may be developed, and then perish at an early period. This latter alternative has not been sufficiently attended to; but I believe, from observations communicated to me by Mr. Hewitt, who has had great experience in hybridising gallinaceous birds, that the early death of the embryo is a very frequent cause of sterility in first crosses. I was at first very unwilling to believe in this view; as hybrids, when once born, are generally healthy and long-lived, as we see in the case of the common mule. Hybrids, however, are differently circumstanced before and after birth: when born and living in a country where their two parents can live, they are generally placed under suitable conditions of life. But a hybrid partakes of only half of the nature and constitution of its mother, and therefore before birth, as long as it is nourished within its mother’s womb or within the egg or seed produced by the mother, it may be exposed to conditions in some degree unsuitable, and consequently be liable to perish at an early period; more especially as all very young beings seem eminently sensitive to injurious or unnatural conditions of life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00433", "bookId": 1228, "start": 503291, "end": 505205, "sha256": "f1abc6aeea09f2f60b63ce55191f42ef972382a0abc46781107ea25cfd511cb3", "text": "In regard to the sterility of hybrids, in which the sexual elements are imperfectly developed, the case is very different. I have more than once alluded to a large body of facts, which I have collected, showing that when animals and plants are removed from their natural conditions, they are extremely liable to have their reproductive systems seriously affected. This, in fact, is the great bar to the domestication of animals. Between the sterility thus superinduced and that of hybrids, there are many points of similarity. In both cases the sterility is independent of general health, and is often accompanied by excess of size or great luxuriance. In both cases, the sterility occurs in various degrees; in both, the male element is the most liable to be affected; but sometimes the female more than the male. In both, the tendency goes to a certain extent with systematic affinity, for whole groups of animals and plants are rendered impotent by the same unnatural conditions; and whole groups of species tend to produce sterile hybrids. On the other hand, one species in a group will sometimes resist great changes of conditions with unimpaired fertility; and certain species in a group will produce unusually fertile hybrids. No one can tell, till he tries, whether any particular animal will breed under confinement or any plant seed freely under culture; nor can he tell, till he tries, whether any two species of a genus will produce more or less sterile hybrids. Lastly, when organic beings are placed during several generations under conditions not natural to them, they are extremely liable to vary, which is due, as I believe, to their reproductive systems having been specially affected, though in a lesser degree than when sterility ensues. So it is with hybrids, for hybrids in successive generations are eminently liable to vary, as every experimentalist has observed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00434", "bookId": 1228, "start": 505209, "end": 506337, "sha256": "76ac250756182b6bcd67ebae908d0d2c8c30288e585ac94e169530e3a4d9a2aa", "text": "Thus we see that when organic beings are placed under new and unnatural conditions, and when hybrids are produced by the unnatural crossing of two species, the reproductive system, independently of the general state of health, is affected by sterility in a very similar manner. In the one case, the conditions of life have been disturbed, though often in so slight a degree as to be inappreciable by us; in the other case, or that of hybrids, the external conditions have remained the same, but the organisation has been disturbed by two different structures and constitutions having been blended into one. For it is scarcely possible that two organisations should be compounded into one, without some disturbance occurring in the development, or periodical action, or mutual relation of the different parts and organs one to another, or to the conditions of life. When hybrids are able to breed _inter se_, they transmit to their offspring from generation to generation the same compounded organisation, and hence we need not be surprised that their sterility, though in some degree variable, rarely diminishes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00435", "bookId": 1228, "start": 506341, "end": 507172, "sha256": "2cc86de847e3e42b75131f33df3fc5b4b9bf7fce5ac36c4835d36f242a65b996", "text": "It must, however, be confessed that we cannot understand, excepting on vague hypotheses, several facts with respect to the sterility of hybrids; for instance, the unequal fertility of hybrids produced from reciprocal crosses; or the increased sterility in those hybrids which occasionally and exceptionally resemble closely either pure parent. Nor do I pretend that the foregoing remarks go to the root of the matter: no explanation is offered why an organism, when placed under unnatural conditions, is rendered sterile. All that I have attempted to show, is that in two cases, in some respects allied, sterility is the common result,—in the one case from the conditions of life having been disturbed, in the other case from the organisation having been disturbed by two organisations having been compounded into one.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00436", "bookId": 1228, "start": 507176, "end": 508365, "sha256": "9a8366c548de7c2fdd20f28fa15fd3ba8f4772fa9328bfd64afe392043b11a81", "text": "It may seem fanciful, but I suspect that a similar parallelism extends to an allied yet very different class of facts. It is an old and almost universal belief, founded, I think, on a considerable body of evidence, that slight changes in the conditions of life are beneficial to all living things. We see this acted on by farmers and gardeners in their frequent exchanges of seed, tubers, etc., from one soil or climate to another, and back again. During the convalescence of animals, we plainly see that great benefit is derived from almost any change in the habits of life. Again, both with plants and animals, there is abundant evidence, that a cross between very distinct individuals of the same species, that is between members of different strains or sub-breeds, gives vigour and fertility to the offspring. I believe, indeed, from the facts alluded to in our fourth chapter, that a certain amount of crossing is indispensable even with hermaphrodites; and that close interbreeding continued during several generations between the nearest relations, especially if these be kept under the same conditions of life, always induces weakness and sterility in the progeny.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00437", "bookId": 1228, "start": 508369, "end": 509212, "sha256": "6d9bf2c12cf8dc0b707e1946f839fce47de47d01f57782aba1e82990b0386ada", "text": "Hence it seems that, on the one hand, slight changes in the conditions of life benefit all organic beings, and on the other hand, that slight crosses, that is crosses between the males and females of the same species which have varied and become slightly different, give vigour and fertility to the offspring. But we have seen that greater changes, or changes of a particular nature, often render organic beings in some degree sterile; and that greater crosses, that is crosses between males and females which have become widely or specifically different, produce hybrids which are generally sterile in some degree. I cannot persuade myself that this parallelism is an accident or an illusion. Both series of facts seem to be connected together by some common but unknown bond, which is essentially related to the principle of life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00438", "bookId": 1228, "start": 509216, "end": 510309, "sha256": "6965643a0deaafb658b496f3b6fb756fee03d8ef63065f4dd58f44fc0852523d", "text": "_Fertility of Varieties when crossed, and of their Mongrel offspring_.—It may be urged, as a most forcible argument, that there must be some essential distinction between species and varieties, and that there must be some error in all the foregoing remarks, inasmuch as varieties, however much they may differ from each other in external appearance, cross with perfect facility, and yield perfectly fertile offspring. I fully admit that this is almost invariably the case. But if we look to varieties produced under nature, we are immediately involved in hopeless difficulties; for if two hitherto reputed varieties be found in any degree sterile together, they are at once ranked by most naturalists as species. For instance, the blue and red pimpernel, the primrose and cowslip, which are considered by many of our best botanists as varieties, are said by Gärtner not to be quite fertile when crossed, and he consequently ranks them as undoubted species. If we thus argue in a circle, the fertility of all varieties produced under nature will assuredly have to be granted.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00439", "bookId": 1228, "start": 510313, "end": 512846, "sha256": "6c1c17d9f489889548e87e9a2566715570f76d68ff4b422156b4446a984dcbab", "text": "If we turn to varieties, produced, or supposed to have been produced, under domestication, we are still involved in doubt. For when it is stated, for instance, that the German Spitz dog unites more easily than other dogs with foxes, or that certain South American indigenous domestic dogs do not readily cross with European dogs, the explanation which will occur to everyone, and probably the true one, is that these dogs have descended from several aboriginally distinct species. Nevertheless the perfect fertility of so many domestic varieties, differing widely from each other in appearance, for instance of the pigeon or of the cabbage, is a remarkable fact; more especially when we reflect how many species there are, which, though resembling each other most closely, are utterly sterile when intercrossed. Several considerations, however, render the fertility of domestic varieties less remarkable than at first appears. It can, in the first place, be clearly shown that mere external dissimilarity between two species does not determine their greater or lesser degree of sterility when crossed; and we may apply the same rule to domestic varieties. In the second place, some eminent naturalists believe that a long course of domestication tends to eliminate sterility in the successive generations of hybrids, which were at first only slightly sterile; and if this be so, we surely ought not to expect to find sterility both appearing and disappearing under nearly the same conditions of life. Lastly, and this seems to me by far the most important consideration, new races of animals and plants are produced under domestication by man’s methodical and unconscious power of selection, for his own use and pleasure: he neither wishes to select, nor could select, slight differences in the reproductive system, or other constitutional differences correlated with the reproductive system. He supplies his several varieties with the same food; treats them in nearly the same manner, and does not wish to alter their general habits of life. Nature acts uniformly and slowly during vast periods of time on the whole organisation, in any way which may be for each creature’s own good; and thus she may, either directly, or more probably indirectly, through correlation, modify the reproductive system in the several descendants from any one species. Seeing this difference in the process of selection, as carried on by man and nature, we need not be surprised at some difference in the result.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00440", "bookId": 1228, "start": 512850, "end": 514161, "sha256": "7ac76e9bf3cf9d3821dbeb9a01a9c0cf7b7b46c35938cb7c2abadd7106bce03a", "text": "I have as yet spoken as if the varieties of the same species were invariably fertile when intercrossed. But it seems to me impossible to resist the evidence of the existence of a certain amount of sterility in the few following cases, which I will briefly abstract. The evidence is at least as good as that from which we believe in the sterility of a multitude of species. The evidence is, also, derived from hostile witnesses, who in all other cases consider fertility and sterility as safe criterions of specific distinction. Gärtner kept during several years a dwarf kind of maize with yellow seeds, and a tall variety with red seeds, growing near each other in his garden; and although these plants have separated sexes, they never naturally crossed. He then fertilised thirteen flowers of the one with the pollen of the other; but only a single head produced any seed, and this one head produced only five grains. Manipulation in this case could not have been injurious, as the plants have separated sexes. No one, I believe, has suspected that these varieties of maize are distinct species; and it is important to notice that the hybrid plants thus raised were themselves _perfectly_ fertile; so that even Gärtner did not venture to consider the two varieties as specifically distinct.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00441", "bookId": 1228, "start": 514165, "end": 514565, "sha256": "0027a331f728452600ec574b6de17b9d81e711b9a04131baea9031fe2c351382", "text": "Girou de Buzareingues crossed three varieties of gourd, which like the maize has separated sexes, and he asserts that their mutual fertilisation is by so much the less easy as their differences are greater. How far these experiments may be trusted, I know not; but the forms experimentised on, are ranked by Sagaret, who mainly founds his classification by the test of infertility, as varieties.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00442", "bookId": 1228, "start": 514569, "end": 515475, "sha256": "7f192f91e05c41ea1d6b8e53dfe874edd96d058592d438a4ab737976a6582423", "text": "The following case is far more remarkable, and seems at first quite incredible; but it is the result of an astonishing number of experiments made during many years on nine species of Verbascum, by so good an observer and so hostile a witness, as Gärtner: namely, that yellow and white varieties of the same species of Verbascum when intercrossed produce less seed, than do either coloured varieties when fertilised with pollen from their own coloured flowers. Moreover, he asserts that when yellow and white varieties of one species are crossed with yellow and white varieties of a _distinct_ species, more seed is produced by the crosses between the same coloured flowers, than between those which are differently coloured. Yet these varieties of Verbascum present no other difference besides the mere colour of the flower; and one variety can sometimes be raised from the seed of the other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00443", "bookId": 1228, "start": 515479, "end": 515610, "sha256": "6713323de17717b72c018470a1a93b37f1af22daa4ab58d045f6d76b5951581f", "text": "From observations which I have made on certain varieties of hollyhock, I am inclined to suspect that they present analogous facts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00444", "bookId": 1228, "start": 515614, "end": 516421, "sha256": "21c532a050c965a1815f8c58876b8eeb984263c4f28b0dcf982e963299132d25", "text": "Kölreuter, whose accuracy has been confirmed by every subsequent observer, has proved the remarkable fact, that one variety of the common tobacco is more fertile, when crossed with a widely distinct species, than are the other varieties. He experimentised on five forms, which are commonly reputed to be varieties, and which he tested by the severest trial, namely, by reciprocal crosses, and he found their mongrel offspring perfectly fertile. But one of these five varieties, when used either as father or mother, and crossed with the Nicotiana glutinosa, always yielded hybrids not so sterile as those which were produced from the four other varieties when crossed with N. glutinosa. Hence the reproductive system of this one variety must have been in some manner and in some degree modified.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00445", "bookId": 1228, "start": 516425, "end": 517446, "sha256": "ce75893dfe77a3ea95f9a8c7a9d7e13c0648f4e74f51335cfe2af1b9a7ae462a", "text": "From these facts; from the great difficulty of ascertaining the infertility of varieties in a state of nature, for a supposed variety if infertile in any degree would generally be ranked as species; from man selecting only external characters in the production of the most distinct domestic varieties, and from not wishing or being able to produce recondite and functional differences in the reproductive system; from these several considerations and facts, I do not think that the very general fertility of varieties can be proved to be of universal occurrence, or to form a fundamental distinction between varieties and species. The general fertility of varieties does not seem to me sufficient to overthrow the view which I have taken with respect to the very general, but not invariable, sterility of first crosses and of hybrids, namely, that it is not a special endowment, but is incidental on slowly acquired modifications, more especially in the reproductive systems of the forms which are crossed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00446", "bookId": 1228, "start": 517450, "end": 518037, "sha256": "5229241597633f78b1f2c4441f5b0c48d941a30eefd8e861812a80125c4540cd", "text": "_Hybrids and Mongrels compared, independently of their fertility_.—Independently of the question of fertility, the offspring of species when crossed and of varieties when crossed may be compared in several other respects. Gärtner, whose strong wish was to draw a marked line of distinction between species and varieties, could find very few and, as it seems to me, quite unimportant differences between the so-called hybrid offspring of species, and the so-called mongrel offspring of varieties. And, on the other hand, they agree most closely in very many important respects.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00447", "bookId": 1228, "start": 518041, "end": 518960, "sha256": "25698dc556fc088b29ab2ee4e902b9299967bd18c285a3c565a7c51199bc86d8", "text": "I shall here discuss this subject with extreme brevity. The most important distinction is, that in the first generation mongrels are more variable than hybrids; but Gärtner admits that hybrids from species which have long been cultivated are often variable in the first generation; and I have myself seen striking instances of this fact. Gärtner further admits that hybrids between very closely allied species are more variable than those from very distinct species; and this shows that the difference in the degree of variability graduates away. When mongrels and the more fertile hybrids are propagated for several generations an extreme amount of variability in their offspring is notorious; but some few cases both of hybrids and mongrels long retaining uniformity of character could be given. The variability, however, in the successive generations of mongrels is, perhaps, greater than in hybrids.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00448", "bookId": 1228, "start": 518964, "end": 520295, "sha256": "586b468df7848bd03e8c59f3925458672e007d72ea2b843f1fc37894c4c5f976", "text": "This greater variability of mongrels than of hybrids does not seem to me at all surprising. For the parents of mongrels are varieties, and mostly domestic varieties (very few experiments having been tried on natural varieties), and this implies in most cases that there has been recent variability; and therefore we might expect that such variability would often continue and be super-added to that arising from the mere act of crossing. The slight degree of variability in hybrids from the first cross or in the first generation, in contrast with their extreme variability in the succeeding generations, is a curious fact and deserves attention. For it bears on and corroborates the view which I have taken on the cause of ordinary variability; namely, that it is due to the reproductive system being eminently sensitive to any change in the conditions of life, being thus often rendered either impotent or at least incapable of its proper function of producing offspring identical with the parent-form. Now hybrids in the first generation are descended from species (excluding those long cultivated) which have not had their reproductive systems in any way affected, and they are not variable; but hybrids themselves have their reproductive systems seriously affected, and their descendants are highly variable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00449", "bookId": 1228, "start": 520299, "end": 520991, "sha256": "fd5018dd6df9a0e4d8befc1a4cafb3365f32f768ce1ba24ff5128f0c26b984a8", "text": "But to return to our comparison of mongrels and hybrids: Gärtner states that mongrels are more liable than hybrids to revert to either parent-form; but this, if it be true, is certainly only a difference in degree. Gärtner further insists that when any two species, although most closely allied to each other, are crossed with a third species, the hybrids are widely different from each other; whereas if two very distinct varieties of one species are crossed with another species, the hybrids do not differ much. But this conclusion, as far as I can make out, is founded on a single experiment; and seems directly opposed to the results of several experiments made by Kölreuter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00450", "bookId": 1228, "start": 520995, "end": 521846, "sha256": "9bf661bb468b39de06e759e244e7877ae50d45d46aa67aa6593ebd08e7c0d151", "text": "These alone are the unimportant differences, which Gärtner is able to point out, between hybrid and mongrel plants. On the other hand, the resemblance in mongrels and in hybrids to their respective parents, more especially in hybrids produced from nearly related species, follows according to Gärtner the same laws. When two species are crossed, one has sometimes a prepotent power of impressing its likeness on the hybrid; and so I believe it to be with varieties of plants. With animals one variety certainly often has this prepotent power over another variety. Hybrid plants produced from a reciprocal cross, generally resemble each other closely; and so it is with mongrels from a reciprocal cross. Both hybrids and mongrels can be reduced to either pure parent-form, by repeated crosses in successive generations with either parent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00451", "bookId": 1228, "start": 521850, "end": 522676, "sha256": "86071c48356588eb6ce81a221b340e01e48022578c53d74cde4f97aab08f79db", "text": "These several remarks are apparently applicable to animals; but the subject is here excessively complicated, partly owing to the existence of secondary sexual characters; but more especially owing to prepotency in transmitting likeness running more strongly in one sex than in the other, both when one species is crossed with another, and when one variety is crossed with another variety. For instance, I think those authors are right, who maintain that the ass has a prepotent power over the horse, so that both the mule and the hinny more resemble the ass than the horse; but that the prepotency runs more strongly in the male-ass than in the female, so that the mule, which is the offspring of the male-ass and mare, is more like an ass, than is the hinny, which is the offspring of the female-ass and stallion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00452", "bookId": 1228, "start": 522680, "end": 524036, "sha256": "8d0f2ea0ff14c9957ad0656e22dc54859e966278f7c71be89393818deb5c18b8", "text": "Much stress has been laid by some authors on the supposed fact, that mongrel animals alone are born closely like one of their parents; but it can be shown that this does sometimes occur with hybrids; yet I grant much less frequently with hybrids than with mongrels. Looking to the cases which I have collected of cross-bred animals closely resembling one parent, the resemblances seem chiefly confined to characters almost monstrous in their nature, and which have suddenly appeared—such as albinism, melanism, deficiency of tail or horns, or additional fingers and toes; and do not relate to characters which have been slowly acquired by selection. Consequently, sudden reversions to the perfect character of either parent would be more likely to occur with mongrels, which are descended from varieties often suddenly produced and semi-monstrous in character, than with hybrids, which are descended from species slowly and naturally produced. On the whole I entirely agree with Dr. Prosper Lucas, who, after arranging an enormous body of facts with respect to animals, comes to the conclusion, that the laws of resemblance of the child to its parents are the same, whether the two parents differ much or little from each other, namely in the union of individuals of the same variety, or of different varieties, or of distinct species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00453", "bookId": 1228, "start": 524040, "end": 524507, "sha256": "0441af799b4c856ed6e1b082e63e99f83b1630d8a22d3e438b4ef42169fcb15e", "text": "Laying aside the question of fertility and sterility, in all other respects there seems to be a general and close similarity in the offspring of crossed species, and of crossed varieties. If we look at species as having been specially created, and at varieties as having been produced by secondary laws, this similarity would be an astonishing fact. But it harmonises perfectly with the view that there is no essential distinction between species and varieties.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00454", "bookId": 1228, "start": 524511, "end": 525360, "sha256": "eec6dc43877a8d414579d34830dee16ce7c91a0a9c30e85c18a7f726799a253a", "text": "_Summary of Chapter_.—First crosses between forms sufficiently distinct to be ranked as species, and their hybrids, are very generally, but not universally, sterile. The sterility is of all degrees, and is often so slight that the two most careful experimentalists who have ever lived, have come to diametrically opposite conclusions in ranking forms by this test. The sterility is innately variable in individuals of the same species, and is eminently susceptible of favourable and unfavourable conditions. The degree of sterility does not strictly follow systematic affinity, but is governed by several curious and complex laws. It is generally different, and sometimes widely different, in reciprocal crosses between the same two species. It is not always equal in degree in a first cross and in the hybrid produced from this cross.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00455", "bookId": 1228, "start": 525364, "end": 526052, "sha256": "81bc66a638897de296b3de15b383b2ac672842d4edf71789d59b56a59c3985a4", "text": "In the same manner as in grafting trees, the capacity of one species or variety to take on another, is incidental on generally unknown differences in their vegetative systems, so in crossing, the greater or less facility of one species to unite with another, is incidental on unknown differences in their reproductive systems. There is no more reason to think that species have been specially endowed with various degrees of sterility to prevent them crossing and blending in nature, than to think that trees have been specially endowed with various and somewhat analogous degrees of difficulty in being grafted together in order to prevent them becoming inarched in our forests.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00456", "bookId": 1228, "start": 526056, "end": 527644, "sha256": "f0fe98bcc5800fc9a70fafe13ba480757ad42dc46967cc730258f19f2bb58a2c", "text": "The sterility of first crosses between pure species, which have their reproductive systems perfect, seems to depend on several circumstances; in some cases largely on the early death of the embryo. The sterility of hybrids, which have their reproductive systems imperfect, and which have had this system and their whole organisation disturbed by being compounded of two distinct species, seems closely allied to that sterility which so frequently affects pure species, when their natural conditions of life have been disturbed. This view is supported by a parallelism of another kind;—namely, that the crossing of forms only slightly different is favourable to the vigour and fertility of their offspring; and that slight changes in the conditions of life are apparently favourable to the vigour and fertility of all organic beings. It is not surprising that the degree of difficulty in uniting two species, and the degree of sterility of their hybrid-offspring should generally correspond, though due to distinct causes; for both depend on the amount of difference of some kind between the species which are crossed. Nor is it surprising that the facility of effecting a first cross, the fertility of the hybrids produced, and the capacity of being grafted together—though this latter capacity evidently depends on widely different circumstances—should all run, to a certain extent, parallel with the systematic affinity of the forms which are subjected to experiment; for systematic affinity attempts to express all kinds of resemblance between all species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00457", "bookId": 1228, "start": 527648, "end": 528513, "sha256": "f7949e8f790bc5afbc01112fd0497d8a760a42b4dc9d8e44f82081242e0826d0", "text": "First crosses between forms known to be varieties, or sufficiently alike to be considered as varieties, and their mongrel offspring, are very generally, but not quite universally, fertile. Nor is this nearly general and perfect fertility surprising, when we remember how liable we are to argue in a circle with respect to varieties in a state of nature; and when we remember that the greater number of varieties have been produced under domestication by the selection of mere external differences, and not of differences in the reproductive system. In all other respects, excluding fertility, there is a close general resemblance between hybrids and mongrels. Finally, then, the facts briefly given in this chapter do not seem to me opposed to, but even rather to support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00458", "bookId": 1228, "start": 528523, "end": 528581, "sha256": "bb6a15ccb5c50c99586df04dfdca611765d8141bb74eb439051d5df50d952bf0", "text": "CHAPTER IX. ON THE IMPERFECTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00459", "bookId": 1228, "start": 528587, "end": 529085, "sha256": "3a1f25e880a531025963243a8bc97621e60ba355227851fc2c3ab74de6eaeb5c", "text": "On the absence of intermediate varieties at the present day. On the nature of extinct intermediate varieties; on their number. On the vast lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of deposition and of denudation. On the poorness of our palæontological collections. On the intermittence of geological formations. On the absence of intermediate varieties in any one formation. On the sudden appearance of groups of species. On their sudden appearance in the lowest known fossiliferous strata.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00460", "bookId": 1228, "start": 529091, "end": 530975, "sha256": "5179311dd6d97d36cfe9cacf36b15a4735a74ac0d103e0c1944660bcb3949185", "text": "In the sixth chapter I enumerated the chief objections which might be justly urged against the views maintained in this volume. Most of them have now been discussed. One, namely the distinctness of specific forms, and their not being blended together by innumerable transitional links, is a very obvious difficulty. I assigned reasons why such links do not commonly occur at the present day, under the circumstances apparently most favourable for their presence, namely on an extensive and continuous area with graduated physical conditions. I endeavoured to show, that the life of each species depends in a more important manner on the presence of other already defined organic forms, than on climate; and, therefore, that the really governing conditions of life do not graduate away quite insensibly like heat or moisture. I endeavoured, also, to show that intermediate varieties, from existing in lesser numbers than the forms which they connect, will generally be beaten out and exterminated during the course of further modification and improvement. The main cause, however, of innumerable intermediate links not now occurring everywhere throughout nature depends on the very process of natural selection, through which new varieties continually take the places of and exterminate their parent-forms. But just in proportion as this process of extermination has acted on an enormous scale, so must the number of intermediate varieties, which have formerly existed on the earth, be truly enormous. Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most obvious and gravest objection which can be urged against my theory. The explanation lies, as I believe, in the extreme imperfection of the geological record.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00461", "bookId": 1228, "start": 530979, "end": 532320, "sha256": "0e5d95c616088e669bfc46102863a1d57c5f98348376bb9dfca1f5971d1eb0c0", "text": "In the first place it should always be borne in mind what sort of intermediate forms must, on my theory, have formerly existed. I have found it difficult, when looking at any two species, to avoid picturing to myself, forms _directly_ intermediate between them. But this is a wholly false view; we should always look for forms intermediate between each species and a common but unknown progenitor; and the progenitor will generally have differed in some respects from all its modified descendants. To give a simple illustration: the fantail and pouter pigeons have both descended from the rock-pigeon; if we possessed all the intermediate varieties which have ever existed, we should have an extremely close series between both and the rock-pigeon; but we should have no varieties directly intermediate between the fantail and pouter; none, for instance, combining a tail somewhat expanded with a crop somewhat enlarged, the characteristic features of these two breeds. These two breeds, moreover, have become so much modified, that if we had no historical or indirect evidence regarding their origin, it would not have been possible to have determined from a mere comparison of their structure with that of the rock-pigeon, whether they had descended from this species or from some other allied species, such as C. oenas.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00462", "bookId": 1228, "start": 532324, "end": 533084, "sha256": "7ba0d6fdec742387d2c20cecc805728e5bdd805897bcb14a815d985c92577127", "text": "So with natural species, if we look to forms very distinct, for instance to the horse and tapir, we have no reason to suppose that links ever existed directly intermediate between them, but between each and an unknown common parent. The common parent will have had in its whole organisation much general resemblance to the tapir and to the horse; but in some points of structure may have differed considerably from both, even perhaps more than they differ from each other. Hence in all such cases, we should be unable to recognise the parent-form of any two or more species, even if we closely compared the structure of the parent with that of its modified descendants, unless at the same time we had a nearly perfect chain of the intermediate links.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00463", "bookId": 1228, "start": 533088, "end": 533689, "sha256": "3b9a6f4d6fce08a8e4cdb1b6713f50d161a23e697d7c7b354359f52f6d3eda25", "text": "It is just possible by my theory, that one of two living forms might have descended from the other; for instance, a horse from a tapir; and in this case _direct_ intermediate links will have existed between them. But such a case would imply that one form had remained for a very long period unaltered, whilst its descendants had undergone a vast amount of change; and the principle of competition between organism and organism, between child and parent, will render this a very rare event; for in all cases the new and improved forms of life will tend to supplant the old and unimproved forms.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00464", "bookId": 1228, "start": 533693, "end": 534326, "sha256": "f29b6cf024091d9835cfc2f0e1fb2e162ca7ec1d310dc412497c8dc07e78b509", "text": "By the theory of natural selection all living species have been connected with the parent-species of each genus, by differences not greater than we see between the varieties of the same species at the present day; and these parent-species, now generally extinct, have in their turn been similarly connected with more ancient species; and so on backwards, always converging to the common ancestor of each great class. So that the number of intermediate and transitional links, between all living and extinct species, must have been inconceivably great. But assuredly, if this theory be true, such have lived upon this earth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00465", "bookId": 1228, "start": 534330, "end": 535594, "sha256": "fe843d5f8f167489371e11340e23e1f37c0702ae6fe46e084b5d7f029fc55608", "text": "_On the lapse of Time_.—Independently of our not finding fossil remains of such infinitely numerous connecting links, it may be objected, that time will not have sufficed for so great an amount of organic change, all changes having been effected very slowly through natural selection. It is hardly possible for me even to recall to the reader, who may not be a practical geologist, the facts leading the mind feebly to comprehend the lapse of time. He who can read Sir Charles Lyell’s grand work on the Principles of Geology, which the future historian will recognise as having produced a revolution in natural science, yet does not admit how incomprehensibly vast have been the past periods of time, may at once close this volume. Not that it suffices to study the Principles of Geology, or to read special treatises by different observers on separate formations, and to mark how each author attempts to give an inadequate idea of the duration of each formation or even each stratum. A man must for years examine for himself great piles of superimposed strata, and watch the sea at work grinding down old rocks and making fresh sediment, before he can hope to comprehend anything of the lapse of time, the monuments of which we see around us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00466", "bookId": 1228, "start": 535598, "end": 536795, "sha256": "2642456763e723e6a63f09418774197897d9c3504e534784f9e4541f3ab2be62", "text": "It is good to wander along lines of sea-coast, when formed of moderately hard rocks, and mark the process of degradation. The tides in most cases reach the cliffs only for a short time twice a day, and the waves eat into them only when they are charged with sand or pebbles; for there is reason to believe that pure water can effect little or nothing in wearing away rock. At last the base of the cliff is undermined, huge fragments fall down, and these remaining fixed, have to be worn away, atom by atom, until reduced in size they can be rolled about by the waves, and then are more quickly ground into pebbles, sand, or mud. But how often do we see along the bases of retreating cliffs rounded boulders, all thickly clothed by marine productions, showing how little they are abraded and how seldom they are rolled about! Moreover, if we follow for a few miles any line of rocky cliff, which is undergoing degradation, we find that it is only here and there, along a short length or round a promontory, that the cliffs are at the present time suffering. The appearance of the surface and the vegetation show that elsewhere years have elapsed since the waters washed their base.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00467", "bookId": 1228, "start": 536799, "end": 537922, "sha256": "2c2e30ce1b4c2afaeffe651d9b65f5efafe4f3ec1bcf02773623a83645c25882", "text": "He who most closely studies the action of the sea on our shores, will, I believe, be most deeply impressed with the slowness with which rocky coasts are worn away. The observations on this head by Hugh Miller, and by that excellent observer Mr. Smith of Jordan Hill, are most impressive. With the mind thus impressed, let any one examine beds of conglomerate many thousand feet in thickness, which, though probably formed at a quicker rate than many other deposits, yet, from being formed of worn and rounded pebbles, each of which bears the stamp of time, are good to show how slowly the mass has been accumulated. Let him remember Lyell’s profound remark, that the thickness and extent of sedimentary formations are the result and measure of the degradation which the earth’s crust has elsewhere suffered. And what an amount of degradation is implied by the sedimentary deposits of many countries! Professor Ramsay has given me the maximum thickness, in most cases from actual measurement, in a few cases from estimate, of each formation in different parts of Great Britain; and this is the result:—", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00468", "bookId": 1228, "start": 537980, "end": 538171, "sha256": "a59b1a8dcb6d819f617c69c2d5ce3d6593d88cc362aa12b1af160f2b739feaba", "text": "Feet Palæozoic strata (not including igneous beds)...57,154. Secondary strata................................13,190. Tertiary strata..................................2,240.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00469", "bookId": 1228, "start": 538175, "end": 539064, "sha256": "40900176a7d85bb8a0f33e3076d1a48b85d7831bab025c9f5be4549569d60339", "text": "—making altogether 72,584 feet; that is, very nearly thirteen and three-quarters British miles. Some of these formations, which are represented in England by thin beds, are thousands of feet in thickness on the Continent. Moreover, between each successive formation, we have, in the opinion of most geologists, enormously long blank periods. So that the lofty pile of sedimentary rocks in Britain, gives but an inadequate idea of the time which has elapsed during their accumulation; yet what time this must have consumed! Good observers have estimated that sediment is deposited by the great Mississippi river at the rate of only 600 feet in a hundred thousand years. This estimate may be quite erroneous; yet, considering over what wide spaces very fine sediment is transported by the currents of the sea, the process of accumulation in any one area must be extremely slow.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00470", "bookId": 1228, "start": 539068, "end": 540043, "sha256": "0fb67aed6db248f6ec571e0ad6f7744342897b9640187fe96af84230afa23c41", "text": "But the amount of denudation which the strata have in many places suffered, independently of the rate of accumulation of the degraded matter, probably offers the best evidence of the lapse of time. I remember having been much struck with the evidence of denudation, when viewing volcanic islands, which have been worn by the waves and pared all round into perpendicular cliffs of one or two thousand feet in height; for the gentle slope of the lava-streams, due to their formerly liquid state, showed at a glance how far the hard, rocky beds had once extended into the open ocean. The same story is still more plainly told by faults,—those great cracks along which the strata have been upheaved on one side, or thrown down on the other, to the height or depth of thousands of feet; for since the crust cracked, the surface of the land has been so completely planed down by the action of the sea, that no trace of these vast dislocations is externally visible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00471", "bookId": 1228, "start": 540047, "end": 540689, "sha256": "7c563ade64a77c42d26bcc856a428f4b60854e897e234f64706d0e4ba745afdc", "text": "The Craven fault, for instance, extends for upwards of 30 miles, and along this line the vertical displacement of the strata has varied from 600 to 3000 feet. Professor Ramsay has published an account of a downthrow in Anglesea of 2300 feet; and he informs me that he fully believes there is one in Merionethshire of 12,000 feet; yet in these cases there is nothing on the surface to show such prodigious movements; the pile of rocks on the one or other side having been smoothly swept away. The consideration of these facts impresses my mind almost in the same manner as does the vain endeavour to grapple with the idea of eternity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00472", "bookId": 1228, "start": 540693, "end": 543440, "sha256": "e9b944e2c0262778eb51a3e02b3042289e36f0af43868b4f40d28b60e7a9df2f", "text": "I am tempted to give one other case, the well-known one of the denudation of the Weald. Though it must be admitted that the denudation of the Weald has been a mere trifle, in comparison with that which has removed masses of our palæozoic strata, in parts ten thousand feet in thickness, as shown in Professor Ramsay’s masterly memoir on this subject. Yet it is an admirable lesson to stand on the North Downs and to look at the distant South Downs; for, remembering that at no great distance to the west the northern and southern escarpments meet and close, one can safely picture to oneself the great dome of rocks which must have covered up the Weald within so limited a period as since the latter part of the Chalk formation. The distance from the northern to the southern Downs is about 22 miles, and the thickness of the several formations is on an average about 1100 feet, as I am informed by Professor Ramsay. But if, as some geologists suppose, a range of older rocks underlies the Weald, on the flanks of which the overlying sedimentary deposits might have accumulated in thinner masses than elsewhere, the above estimate would be erroneous; but this source of doubt probably would not greatly affect the estimate as applied to the western extremity of the district. If, then, we knew the rate at which the sea commonly wears away a line of cliff of any given height, we could measure the time requisite to have denuded the Weald. This, of course, cannot be done; but we may, in order to form some crude notion on the subject, assume that the sea would eat into cliffs 500 feet in height at the rate of one inch in a century. This will at first appear much too small an allowance; but it is the same as if we were to assume a cliff one yard in height to be eaten back along a whole line of coast at the rate of one yard in nearly every twenty-two years. I doubt whether any rock, even as soft as chalk, would yield at this rate excepting on the most exposed coasts; though no doubt the degradation of a lofty cliff would be more rapid from the breakage of the fallen fragments. On the other hand, I do not believe that any line of coast, ten or twenty miles in length, ever suffers degradation at the same time along its whole indented length; and we must remember that almost all strata contain harder layers or nodules, which from long resisting attrition form a breakwater at the base. Hence, under ordinary circumstances, I conclude that for a cliff 500 feet in height, a denudation of one inch per century for the whole length would be an ample allowance. At this rate, on the above data, the denudation of the Weald must have required 306,662,400 years; or say three hundred million years.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00473", "bookId": 1228, "start": 543444, "end": 544054, "sha256": "46e381f5aedfb3fa2f29c169acc8f35549d115d831886741788edde1ff9a8ed4", "text": "The action of fresh water on the gently inclined Wealden district, when upraised, could hardly have been great, but it would somewhat reduce the above estimate. On the other hand, during oscillations of level, which we know this area has undergone, the surface may have existed for millions of years as land, and thus have escaped the action of the sea: when deeply submerged for perhaps equally long periods, it would, likewise, have escaped the action of the coast-waves. So that in all probability a far longer period than 300 million years has elapsed since the latter part of the Secondary period.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00474", "bookId": 1228, "start": 544058, "end": 544518, "sha256": "41c8d8234094188f57db0cb2f607686861accc8906482bb61b3f413c7b9f42a6", "text": "I have made these few remarks because it is highly important for us to gain some notion, however imperfect, of the lapse of years. During each of these years, over the whole world, the land and the water has been peopled by hosts of living forms. What an infinite number of generations, which the mind cannot grasp, must have succeeded each other in the long roll of years! Now turn to our richest geological museums, and what a paltry display we behold!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00475", "bookId": 1228, "start": 544522, "end": 546722, "sha256": "08a61fe3fdace866264ded5d84424464051dbbb803c25adffddd8fb6aa982ac8", "text": "_On the poorness of our Palæontological collections_.—That our palæontological collections are very imperfect, is admitted by every one. The remark of that admirable palæontologist, the late Edward Forbes, should not be forgotten, namely, that numbers of our fossil species are known and named from single and often broken specimens, or from a few specimens collected on some one spot. Only a small portion of the surface of the earth has been geologically explored, and no part with sufficient care, as the important discoveries made every year in Europe prove. No organism wholly soft can be preserved. Shells and bones will decay and disappear when left on the bottom of the sea, where sediment is not accumulating. I believe we are continually taking a most erroneous view, when we tacitly admit to ourselves that sediment is being deposited over nearly the whole bed of the sea, at a rate sufficiently quick to embed and preserve fossil remains. Throughout an enormously large proportion of the ocean, the bright blue tint of the water bespeaks its purity. The many cases on record of a formation conformably covered, after an enormous interval of time, by another and later formation, without the underlying bed having suffered in the interval any wear and tear, seem explicable only on the view of the bottom of the sea not rarely lying for ages in an unaltered condition. The remains which do become embedded, if in sand or gravel, will when the beds are upraised generally be dissolved by the percolation of rain-water. I suspect that but few of the very many animals which live on the beach between high and low watermark are preserved. For instance, the several species of the Chthamalinæ (a sub-family of sessile cirripedes) coat the rocks all over the world in infinite numbers: they are all strictly littoral, with the exception of a single Mediterranean species, which inhabits deep water and has been found fossil in Sicily, whereas not one other species has hitherto been found in any tertiary formation: yet it is now known that the genus Chthamalus existed during the chalk period. The molluscan genus Chiton offers a partially analogous case.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00476", "bookId": 1228, "start": 546726, "end": 547631, "sha256": "b9232c0e298224c06b1983ee080ff095ba7a5680fde22a915623100e9985498b", "text": "With respect to the terrestrial productions which lived during the Secondary and Palæozoic periods, it is superfluous to state that our evidence from fossil remains is fragmentary in an extreme degree. For instance, not a land shell is known belonging to either of these vast periods, with one exception discovered by Sir C. Lyell in the carboniferous strata of North America. In regard to mammiferous remains, a single glance at the historical table published in the Supplement to Lyell’s Manual, will bring home the truth, how accidental and rare is their preservation, far better than pages of detail. Nor is their rarity surprising, when we remember how large a proportion of the bones of tertiary mammals have been discovered either in caves or in lacustrine deposits; and that not a cave or true lacustrine bed is known belonging to the age of our secondary or palæozoic formations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00477", "bookId": 1228, "start": 547635, "end": 549045, "sha256": "b93494e79d184567e46d2844d4bd660f3b71ae0d25ccc8d24e08d3d11fbb8661", "text": "But the imperfection in the geological record mainly results from another and more important cause than any of the foregoing; namely, from the several formations being separated from each other by wide intervals of time. When we see the formations tabulated in written works, or when we follow them in nature, it is difficult to avoid believing that they are closely consecutive. But we know, for instance, from Sir R. Murchison’s great work on Russia, what wide gaps there are in that country between the superimposed formations; so it is in North America, and in many other parts of the world. The most skilful geologist, if his attention had been exclusively confined to these large territories, would never have suspected that during the periods which were blank and barren in his own country, great piles of sediment, charged with new and peculiar forms of life, had elsewhere been accumulated. And if in each separate territory, hardly any idea can be formed of the length of time which has elapsed between the consecutive formations, we may infer that this could nowhere be ascertained. The frequent and great changes in the mineralogical composition of consecutive formations, generally implying great changes in the geography of the surrounding lands, whence the sediment has been derived, accords with the belief of vast intervals of time having elapsed between each formation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00478", "bookId": 1228, "start": 549049, "end": 550280, "sha256": "c621e56e74f72f2dc1e5e830d73f03ffa8cb2d24d8e5c27840826a88e9f913fd", "text": "But we can, I think, see why the geological formations of each region are almost invariably intermittent; that is, have not followed each other in close sequence. Scarcely any fact struck me more when examining many hundred miles of the South American coasts, which have been upraised several hundred feet within the recent period, than the absence of any recent deposits sufficiently extensive to last for even a short geological period. Along the whole west coast, which is inhabited by a peculiar marine fauna, tertiary beds are so scantily developed, that no record of several successive and peculiar marine faunas will probably be preserved to a distant age. A little reflection will explain why along the rising coast of the western side of South America, no extensive formations with recent or tertiary remains can anywhere be found, though the supply of sediment must for ages have been great, from the enormous degradation of the coast-rocks and from muddy streams entering the sea. The explanation, no doubt, is, that the littoral and sub-littoral deposits are continually worn away, as soon as they are brought up by the slow and gradual rising of the land within the grinding action of the coast-waves.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00479", "bookId": 1228, "start": 550284, "end": 551277, "sha256": "c9c7938269b9ae770f2e7e315fd11ae38e94d9bf75c0e3ff458dbc11db7eb826", "text": "We may, I think, safely conclude that sediment must be accumulated in extremely thick, solid, or extensive masses, in order to withstand the incessant action of the waves, when first upraised and during subsequent oscillations of level. Such thick and extensive accumulations of sediment may be formed in two ways; either, in profound depths of the sea, in which case, judging from the researches of E. Forbes, we may conclude that the bottom will be inhabited by extremely few animals, and the mass when upraised will give a most imperfect record of the forms of life which then existed; or, sediment may be accumulated to any thickness and extent over a shallow bottom, if it continue slowly to subside. In this latter case, as long as the rate of subsidence and supply of sediment nearly balance each other, the sea will remain shallow and favourable for life, and thus a fossiliferous formation thick enough, when upraised, to resist any amount of degradation, may be formed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00480", "bookId": 1228, "start": 551281, "end": 551999, "sha256": "886d6a83573dd9834cce78fadac12553a058d8d17baac355522002f93f754ee8", "text": "I am convinced that all our ancient formations, which are rich in fossils, have thus been formed during subsidence. Since publishing my views on this subject in 1845, I have watched the progress of Geology, and have been surprised to note how author after author, in treating of this or that great formation, has come to the conclusion that it was accumulated during subsidence. I may add, that the only ancient tertiary formation on the west coast of South America, which has been bulky enough to resist such degradation as it has as yet suffered, but which will hardly last to a distant geological age, was certainly deposited during a downward oscillation of level, and thus gained considerable thickness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00481", "bookId": 1228, "start": 552003, "end": 552924, "sha256": "f5a6d689bbb6320f1a00e646a8f1463eedc38e7f4561210886c6f9d5fbe77428", "text": "All geological facts tell us plainly that each area has undergone numerous slow oscillations of level, and apparently these oscillations have affected wide spaces. Consequently formations rich in fossils and sufficiently thick and extensive to resist subsequent degradation, may have been formed over wide spaces during periods of subsidence, but only where the supply of sediment was sufficient to keep the sea shallow and to embed and preserve the remains before they had time to decay. On the other hand, as long as the bed of the sea remained stationary, _thick_ deposits could not have been accumulated in the shallow parts, which are the most favourable to life. Still less could this have happened during the alternate periods of elevation; or, to speak more accurately, the beds which were then accumulated will have been destroyed by being upraised and brought within the limits of the coast-action.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00482", "bookId": 1228, "start": 552928, "end": 553211, "sha256": "4103a3c290de4b51eb5544dbb60accb18f995509595c911989e8755e09944672", "text": "Thus the geological record will almost necessarily be rendered intermittent. I feel much confidence in the truth of these views, for they are in strict accordance with the general principles inculcated by Sir C. Lyell; and E. Forbes independently arrived at a similar conclusion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00483", "bookId": 1228, "start": 553215, "end": 554155, "sha256": "910d9409f4e47858b8859b2a44e7e96c7881c8ec16b59ad1e56c146b897206dc", "text": "One remark is here worth a passing notice. During periods of elevation the area of the land and of the adjoining shoal parts of the sea will be increased, and new stations will often be formed;—all circumstances most favourable, as previously explained, for the formation of new varieties and species; but during such periods there will generally be a blank in the geological record. On the other hand, during subsidence, the inhabited area and number of inhabitants will decrease (excepting the productions on the shores of a continent when first broken up into an archipelago), and consequently during subsidence, though there will be much extinction, fewer new varieties or species will be formed; and it is during these very periods of subsidence, that our great deposits rich in fossils have been accumulated. Nature may almost be said to have guarded against the frequent discovery of her transitional or linking forms.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00484", "bookId": 1228, "start": 554159, "end": 555014, "sha256": "8f2610c23011a25292122fcb308da550b0a39ffa01fa276cd44d1a1efecb1040", "text": "From the foregoing considerations it cannot be doubted that the geological record, viewed as a whole, is extremely imperfect; but if we confine our attention to any one formation, it becomes more difficult to understand, why we do not therein find closely graduated varieties between the allied species which lived at its commencement and at its close. Some cases are on record of the same species presenting distinct varieties in the upper and lower parts of the same formation, but, as they are rare, they may be here passed over. Although each formation has indisputably required a vast number of years for its deposition, I can see several reasons why each should not include a graduated series of links between the species which then lived; but I can by no means pretend to assign due proportional weight to the following considerations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00485", "bookId": 1228, "start": 555018, "end": 556037, "sha256": "17f639f6faf34a00b7094ead814774fb0cf0a8fbfd047a1544ef3b42fbe737a8", "text": "Although each formation may mark a very long lapse of years, each perhaps is short compared with the period requisite to change one species into another. I am aware that two palæontologists, whose opinions are worthy of much deference, namely Bronn and Woodward, have concluded that the average duration of each formation is twice or thrice as long as the average duration of specific forms. But insuperable difficulties, as it seems to me, prevent us coming to any just conclusion on this head. When we see a species first appearing in the middle of any formation, it would be rash in the extreme to infer that it had not elsewhere previously existed. So again when we find a species disappearing before the uppermost layers have been deposited, it would be equally rash to suppose that it then became wholly extinct. We forget how small the area of Europe is compared with the rest of the world; nor have the several stages of the same formation throughout Europe been correlated with perfect accuracy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00486", "bookId": 1228, "start": 556041, "end": 558359, "sha256": "794e7e97d5829db85794b56c533c548c5874187dfb49a0616aa869e27357f15e", "text": "With marine animals of all kinds, we may safely infer a large amount of migration during climatal and other changes; and when we see a species first appearing in any formation, the probability is that it only then first immigrated into that area. It is well known, for instance, that several species appeared somewhat earlier in the palæozoic beds of North America than in those of Europe; time having apparently been required for their migration from the American to the European seas. In examining the latest deposits of various quarters of the world, it has everywhere been noted, that some few still existing species are common in the deposit, but have become extinct in the immediately surrounding sea; or, conversely, that some are now abundant in the neighbouring sea, but are rare or absent in this particular deposit. It is an excellent lesson to reflect on the ascertained amount of migration of the inhabitants of Europe during the Glacial period, which forms only a part of one whole geological period; and likewise to reflect on the great changes of level, on the inordinately great change of climate, on the prodigious lapse of time, all included within this same glacial period. Yet it may be doubted whether in any quarter of the world, sedimentary deposits, _including fossil remains_, have gone on accumulating within the same area during the whole of this period. It is not, for instance, probable that sediment was deposited during the whole of the glacial period near the mouth of the Mississippi, within that limit of depth at which marine animals can flourish; for we know what vast geographical changes occurred in other parts of America during this space of time. When such beds as were deposited in shallow water near the mouth of the Mississippi during some part of the glacial period shall have been upraised, organic remains will probably first appear and disappear at different levels, owing to the migration of species and to geographical changes. And in the distant future, a geologist examining these beds, might be tempted to conclude that the average duration of life of the embedded fossils had been less than that of the glacial period, instead of having been really far greater, that is extending from before the glacial epoch to the present day.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00487", "bookId": 1228, "start": 558363, "end": 559578, "sha256": "9d3ffad38d4c8b1c5d8ea06b8b4ca6e2fed8ee5773567c4a71aefc7fb8b6c2e3", "text": "In order to get a perfect gradation between two forms in the upper and lower parts of the same formation, the deposit must have gone on accumulating for a very long period, in order to have given sufficient time for the slow process of variation; hence the deposit will generally have to be a very thick one; and the species undergoing modification will have had to live on the same area throughout this whole time. But we have seen that a thick fossiliferous formation can only be accumulated during a period of subsidence; and to keep the depth approximately the same, which is necessary in order to enable the same species to live on the same space, the supply of sediment must nearly have counterbalanced the amount of subsidence. But this same movement of subsidence will often tend to sink the area whence the sediment is derived, and thus diminish the supply whilst the downward movement continues. In fact, this nearly exact balancing between the supply of sediment and the amount of subsidence is probably a rare contingency; for it has been observed by more than one palæontologist, that very thick deposits are usually barren of organic remains, except near their upper or lower limits.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00488", "bookId": 1228, "start": 559582, "end": 561845, "sha256": "27de159f3e5d3f027c77b6accd5882a661dd113b597fd650fe307aa0f5e39fb7", "text": "It would seem that each separate formation, like the whole pile of formations in any country, has generally been intermittent in its accumulation. When we see, as is so often the case, a formation composed of beds of different mineralogical composition, we may reasonably suspect that the process of deposition has been much interrupted, as a change in the currents of the sea and a supply of sediment of a different nature will generally have been due to geographical changes requiring much time. Nor will the closest inspection of a formation give any idea of the time which its deposition has consumed. Many instances could be given of beds only a few feet in thickness, representing formations, elsewhere thousands of feet in thickness, and which must have required an enormous period for their accumulation; yet no one ignorant of this fact would have suspected the vast lapse of time represented by the thinner formation. Many cases could be given of the lower beds of a formation having been upraised, denuded, submerged, and then re-covered by the upper beds of the same formation,—facts, showing what wide, yet easily overlooked, intervals have occurred in its accumulation. In other cases we have the plainest evidence in great fossilised trees, still standing upright as they grew, of many long intervals of time and changes of level during the process of deposition, which would never even have been suspected, had not the trees chanced to have been preserved: thus, Messrs. Lyell and Dawson found carboniferous beds 1400 feet thick in Nova Scotia, with ancient root-bearing strata, one above the other, at no less than sixty-eight different levels. Hence, when the same species occur at the bottom, middle, and top of a formation, the probability is that they have not lived on the same spot during the whole period of deposition, but have disappeared and reappeared, perhaps many times, during the same geological period. So that if such species were to undergo a considerable amount of modification during any one geological period, a section would not probably include all the fine intermediate gradations which must on my theory have existed between them, but abrupt, though perhaps very slight, changes of form.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00489", "bookId": 1228, "start": 561849, "end": 563151, "sha256": "80141ced6425d9372576d1c3dfa87ccf13e43ad0d32b6016f075d41f2441819a", "text": "It is all-important to remember that naturalists have no golden rule by which to distinguish species and varieties; they grant some little variability to each species, but when they meet with a somewhat greater amount of difference between any two forms, they rank both as species, unless they are enabled to connect them together by close intermediate gradations. And this from the reasons just assigned we can seldom hope to effect in any one geological section. Supposing B and C to be two species, and a third, A, to be found in an underlying bed; even if A were strictly intermediate between B and C, it would simply be ranked as a third and distinct species, unless at the same time it could be most closely connected with either one or both forms by intermediate varieties. Nor should it be forgotten, as before explained, that A might be the actual progenitor of B and C, and yet might not at all necessarily be strictly intermediate between them in all points of structure. So that we might obtain the parent-species and its several modified descendants from the lower and upper beds of a formation, and unless we obtained numerous transitional gradations, we should not recognise their relationship, and should consequently be compelled to rank them all as distinct species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00490", "bookId": 1228, "start": 563155, "end": 563997, "sha256": "bae69b41c9a6c7219beeeceb390a1ade34ce8091f153bb37c7c592a31d5b57a5", "text": "It is notorious on what excessively slight differences many palæontologists have founded their species; and they do this the more readily if the specimens come from different sub-stages of the same formation. Some experienced conchologists are now sinking many of the very fine species of D’Orbigny and others into the rank of varieties; and on this view we do find the kind of evidence of change which on my theory we ought to find. Moreover, if we look to rather wider intervals, namely, to distinct but consecutive stages of the same great formation, we find that the embedded fossils, though almost universally ranked as specifically different, yet are far more closely allied to each other than are the species found in more widely separated formations; but to this subject I shall have to return in the following chapter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00491", "bookId": 1228, "start": 564001, "end": 565179, "sha256": "16cb1d2cb9838870f433bcf6e05c2d75665c881aa2026c3f8f2604ad79b353d0", "text": "One other consideration is worth notice: with animals and plants that can propagate rapidly and are not highly locomotive, there is reason to suspect, as we have formerly seen, that their varieties are generally at first local; and that such local varieties do not spread widely and supplant their parent-forms until they have been modified and perfected in some considerable degree. According to this view, the chance of discovering in a formation in any one country all the early stages of transition between any two forms, is small, for the successive changes are supposed to have been local or confined to some one spot. Most marine animals have a wide range; and we have seen that with plants it is those which have the widest range, that oftenest present varieties; so that with shells and other marine animals, it is probably those which have had the widest range, far exceeding the limits of the known geological formations of Europe, which have oftenest given rise, first to local varieties and ultimately to new species; and this again would greatly lessen the chance of our being able to trace the stages of transition in any one geological formation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00492", "bookId": 1228, "start": 565183, "end": 566373, "sha256": "395a8e60920b3fe342b86ed838c0d3e3366032344b8c3034cc13060eccdd3327", "text": "It should not be forgotten, that at the present day, with perfect specimens for examination, two forms can seldom be connected by intermediate varieties and thus proved to be the same species, until many specimens have been collected from many places; and in the case of fossil species this could rarely be effected by palæontologists. We shall, perhaps, best perceive the improbability of our being enabled to connect species by numerous, fine, intermediate, fossil links, by asking ourselves whether, for instance, geologists at some future period will be able to prove, that our different breeds of cattle, sheep, horses, and dogs have descended from a single stock or from several aboriginal stocks; or, again, whether certain sea-shells inhabiting the shores of North America, which are ranked by some conchologists as distinct species from their European representatives, and by other conchologists as only varieties, are really varieties or are, as it is called, specifically distinct. This could be effected only by the future geologist discovering in a fossil state numerous intermediate gradations; and such success seems to me improbable in the highest degree.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00493", "bookId": 1228, "start": 566377, "end": 567725, "sha256": "edddcafb52b8e3408956be370f7b453a313b851020aaed430fbf181a68138c41", "text": "Geological research, though it has added numerous species to existing and extinct genera, and has made the intervals between some few groups less wide than they otherwise would have been, yet has done scarcely anything in breaking down the distinction between species, by connecting them together by numerous, fine, intermediate varieties; and this not having been effected, is probably the gravest and most obvious of all the many objections which may be urged against my views. Hence it will be worth while to sum up the foregoing remarks, under an imaginary illustration. The Malay Archipelago is of about the size of Europe from the North Cape to the Mediterranean, and from Britain to Russia; and therefore equals all the geological formations which have been examined with any accuracy, excepting those of the United States of America. I fully agree with Mr. Godwin-Austen, that the present condition of the Malay Archipelago, with its numerous large islands separated by wide and shallow seas, probably represents the former state of Europe, when most of our formations were accumulating. The Malay Archipelago is one of the richest regions of the whole world in organic beings; yet if all the species were to be collected which have ever lived there, how imperfectly would they represent the natural history of the world!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00494", "bookId": 1228, "start": 567729, "end": 568322, "sha256": "67f07d2b6b8121d3eb716c1a6d73053cc09ac9d9019d9079c9dd7cf5d98579e6", "text": "But we have every reason to believe that the terrestrial productions of the archipelago would be preserved in an excessively imperfect manner in the formations which we suppose to be there accumulating. I suspect that not many of the strictly littoral animals, or of those which lived on naked submarine rocks, would be embedded; and those embedded in gravel or sand, would not endure to a distant epoch. Wherever sediment did not accumulate on the bed of the sea, or where it did not accumulate at a sufficient rate to protect organic bodies from decay, no remains could be preserved.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00495", "bookId": 1228, "start": 568326, "end": 569076, "sha256": "2cab1ebab93975091ef1428138fddaedc91e695a3fe409751953a7b07679a671", "text": "In our archipelago, I believe that fossiliferous formations could be formed of sufficient thickness to last to an age, as distant in futurity as the secondary formations lie in the past, only during periods of subsidence. These periods of subsidence would be separated from each other by enormous intervals, during which the area would be either stationary or rising; whilst rising, each fossiliferous formation would be destroyed, almost as soon as accumulated, by the incessant coast-action, as we now see on the shores of South America. During the periods of subsidence there would probably be much extinction of life; during the periods of elevation, there would be much variation, but the geological record would then be least perfect.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00496", "bookId": 1228, "start": 569080, "end": 569940, "sha256": "0cf18b9ef773689e16d3727f88879cb6f85185072ced671e7294f3e62ddef99e", "text": "It may be doubted whether the duration of any one great period of subsidence over the whole or part of the archipelago, together with a contemporaneous accumulation of sediment, would _exceed_ the average duration of the same specific forms; and these contingencies are indispensable for the preservation of all the transitional gradations between any two or more species. If such gradations were not fully preserved, transitional varieties would merely appear as so many distinct species. It is, also, probable that each great period of subsidence would be interrupted by oscillations of level, and that slight climatal changes would intervene during such lengthy periods; and in these cases the inhabitants of the archipelago would have to migrate, and no closely consecutive record of their modifications could be preserved in any one formation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00497", "bookId": 1228, "start": 569944, "end": 570677, "sha256": "0bab2e3a1dd1c6359effe0abe122456ca521774cc18d49436facfd68f447396b", "text": "Very many of the marine inhabitants of the archipelago now range thousands of miles beyond its confines; and analogy leads me to believe that it would be chiefly these far-ranging species which would oftenest produce new varieties; and the varieties would at first generally be local or confined to one place, but if possessed of any decided advantage, or when further modified and improved, they would slowly spread and supplant their parent-forms. When such varieties returned to their ancient homes, as they would differ from their former state, in a nearly uniform, though perhaps extremely slight degree, they would, according to the principles followed by many palæontologists, be ranked as new and distinct species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00498", "bookId": 1228, "start": 570681, "end": 571608, "sha256": "e462af57b374c9baa9b30c725777a3534a4295ba83559da1a06cfc991e0bdbe8", "text": "If then, there be some degree of truth in these remarks, we have no right to expect to find in our geological formations, an infinite number of those fine transitional forms, which on my theory assuredly have connected all the past and present species of the same group into one long and branching chain of life. We ought only to look for a few links, some more closely, some more distantly related to each other; and these links, let them be ever so close, if found in different stages of the same formation, would, by most palæontologists, be ranked as distinct species. But I do not pretend that I should ever have suspected how poor a record of the mutations of life, the best preserved geological section presented, had not the difficulty of our not discovering innumerable transitional links between the species which appeared at the commencement and close of each formation, pressed so hardly on my theory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00499", "bookId": 1228, "start": 571612, "end": 573350, "sha256": "9135055ae10d799e15fd92a7070b7a1fe1e212f371ef040da31385469f7ff2ef", "text": "_On the sudden appearance of whole groups of Allied Species_.—The abrupt manner in which whole groups of species suddenly appear in certain formations, has been urged by several palæontologists, for instance, by Agassiz, Pictet, and by none more forcibly than by Professor Sedgwick, as a fatal objection to the belief in the transmutation of species. If numerous species, belonging to the same genera or families, have really started into life all at once, the fact would be fatal to the theory of descent with slow modification through natural selection. For the development of a group of forms, all of which have descended from some one progenitor, must have been an extremely slow process; and the progenitors must have lived long ages before their modified descendants. But we continually over-rate the perfection of the geological record, and falsely infer, because certain genera or families have not been found beneath a certain stage, that they did not exist before that stage. We continually forget how large the world is, compared with the area over which our geological formations have been carefully examined; we forget that groups of species may elsewhere have long existed and have slowly multiplied before they invaded the ancient archipelagoes of Europe and of the United States. We do not make due allowance for the enormous intervals of time, which have probably elapsed between our consecutive formations,—longer perhaps in some cases than the time required for the accumulation of each formation. These intervals will have given time for the multiplication of species from some one or some few parent-forms; and in the succeeding formation such species will appear as if suddenly created.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00500", "bookId": 1228, "start": 573354, "end": 573817, "sha256": "ad23d93bc63c45febb2bb41a7ed2d031b039961168cae29ae8c20425d7d242b0", "text": "I may here recall a remark formerly made, namely that it might require a long succession of ages to adapt an organism to some new and peculiar line of life, for instance to fly through the air; but that when this had been effected, and a few species had thus acquired a great advantage over other organisms, a comparatively short time would be necessary to produce many divergent forms, which would be able to spread rapidly and widely throughout the world.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00501", "bookId": 1228, "start": 573821, "end": 575242, "sha256": "5f692614f8d7ace394910c86393716b5371483b2a3ab273903061e63ef9be33e", "text": "I will now give a few examples to illustrate these remarks; and to show how liable we are to error in supposing that whole groups of species have suddenly been produced. I may recall the well-known fact that in geological treatises, published not many years ago, the great class of mammals was always spoken of as having abruptly come in at the commencement of the tertiary series. And now one of the richest known accumulations of fossil mammals belongs to the middle of the secondary series; and one true mammal has been discovered in the new red sandstone at nearly the commencement of this great series. Cuvier used to urge that no monkey occurred in any tertiary stratum; but now extinct species have been discovered in India, South America, and in Europe even as far back as the eocene stage. The most striking case, however, is that of the Whale family; as these animals have huge bones, are marine, and range over the world, the fact of not a single bone of a whale having been discovered in any secondary formation, seemed fully to justify the belief that this great and distinct order had been suddenly produced in the interval between the latest secondary and earliest tertiary formation. But now we may read in the Supplement to Lyell’s ‘Manual,’ published in 1858, clear evidence of the existence of whales in the upper greensand, some time before the close of the secondary period.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00502", "bookId": 1228, "start": 575246, "end": 576923, "sha256": "733da8d4e9fd188f8e6a240fd5530057de396e7591e79e95ff251549329e1f05", "text": "I may give another instance, which from having passed under my own eyes has much struck me. In a memoir on Fossil Sessile Cirripedes, I have stated that, from the number of existing and extinct tertiary species; from the extraordinary abundance of the individuals of many species all over the world, from the Arctic regions to the equator, inhabiting various zones of depths from the upper tidal limits to 50 fathoms; from the perfect manner in which specimens are preserved in the oldest tertiary beds; from the ease with which even a fragment of a valve can be recognised; from all these circumstances, I inferred that had sessile cirripedes existed during the secondary periods, they would certainly have been preserved and discovered; and as not one species had been discovered in beds of this age, I concluded that this great group had been suddenly developed at the commencement of the tertiary series. This was a sore trouble to me, adding as I thought one more instance of the abrupt appearance of a great group of species. But my work had hardly been published, when a skilful palæontologist, M. Bosquet, sent me a drawing of a perfect specimen of an unmistakeable sessile cirripede, which he had himself extracted from the chalk of Belgium. And, as if to make the case as striking as possible, this sessile cirripede was a Chthamalus, a very common, large, and ubiquitous genus, of which not one specimen has as yet been found even in any tertiary stratum. Hence we now positively know that sessile cirripedes existed during the secondary period; and these cirripedes might have been the progenitors of our many tertiary and existing species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00503", "bookId": 1228, "start": 576927, "end": 578811, "sha256": "2d6aa940c20dcf67742a4e613edaad26d50bb7ff9980cc0a06b94fe672c58464", "text": "The case most frequently insisted on by palæontologists of the apparently sudden appearance of a whole group of species, is that of the teleostean fishes, low down in the Chalk period. This group includes the large majority of existing species. Lately, Professor Pictet has carried their existence one sub-stage further back; and some palæontologists believe that certain much older fishes, of which the affinities are as yet imperfectly known, are really teleostean. Assuming, however, that the whole of them did appear, as Agassiz believes, at the commencement of the chalk formation, the fact would certainly be highly remarkable; but I cannot see that it would be an insuperable difficulty on my theory, unless it could likewise be shown that the species of this group appeared suddenly and simultaneously throughout the world at this same period. It is almost superfluous to remark that hardly any fossil-fish are known from south of the equator; and by running through Pictet’s Palæontology it will be seen that very few species are known from several formations in Europe. Some few families of fish now have a confined range; the teleostean fish might formerly have had a similarly confined range, and after having been largely developed in some one sea, might have spread widely. Nor have we any right to suppose that the seas of the world have always been so freely open from south to north as they are at present. Even at this day, if the Malay Archipelago were converted into land, the tropical parts of the Indian Ocean would form a large and perfectly enclosed basin, in which any great group of marine animals might be multiplied; and here they would remain confined, until some of the species became adapted to a cooler climate, and were enabled to double the southern capes of Africa or Australia, and thus reach other and distant seas.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00504", "bookId": 1228, "start": 578815, "end": 579383, "sha256": "74d7d36f0cc071ffea5462b7252a9bc1625f25183a3e4e6372e7244b4aa16e3c", "text": "From these and similar considerations, but chiefly from our ignorance of the geology of other countries beyond the confines of Europe and the United States; and from the revolution in our palæontological ideas on many points, which the discoveries of even the last dozen years have effected, it seems to me to be about as rash in us to dogmatize on the succession of organic beings throughout the world, as it would be for a naturalist to land for five minutes on some one barren point in Australia, and then to discuss the number and range of its productions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00505", "bookId": 1228, "start": 579387, "end": 580606, "sha256": "f67bd36182ccef7135f11f2ea1bb373973dc20dffe3849ee923e213915ea9c5b", "text": "_On the sudden appearance of groups of Allied Species in the lowest known fossiliferous strata_.—There is another and allied difficulty, which is much graver. I allude to the manner in which numbers of species of the same group, suddenly appear in the lowest known fossiliferous rocks. Most of the arguments which have convinced me that all the existing species of the same group have descended from one progenitor, apply with nearly equal force to the earliest known species. For instance, I cannot doubt that all the Silurian trilobites have descended from some one crustacean, which must have lived long before the Silurian age, and which probably differed greatly from any known animal. Some of the most ancient Silurian animals, as the Nautilus, Lingula, etc., do not differ much from living species; and it cannot on my theory be supposed, that these old species were the progenitors of all the species of the orders to which they belong, for they do not present characters in any degree intermediate between them. If, moreover, they had been the progenitors of these orders, they would almost certainly have been long ago supplanted and exterminated by their numerous and improved descendants.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00506", "bookId": 1228, "start": 580610, "end": 580952, "sha256": "d95e65d83d7047c08f8aab85058d9e994a83717e0590b65ef20d4f349822437b", "text": "Consequently, if my theory be true, it is indisputable that before the lowest Silurian stratum was deposited, long periods elapsed, as long as, or probably far longer than, the whole interval from the Silurian age to the present day; and that during these vast, yet quite unknown, periods of time, the world swarmed with living creatures.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00507", "bookId": 1228, "start": 580956, "end": 582523, "sha256": "4deff5ec647c0beba8062c5146ee48f2d0ca5ed56a18a9211589fd0abc8268f6", "text": "To the question why we do not find records of these vast primordial periods, I can give no satisfactory answer. Several of the most eminent geologists, with Sir R. Murchison at their head, are convinced that we see in the organic remains of the lowest Silurian stratum the dawn of life on this planet. Other highly competent judges, as Lyell and the late E. Forbes, dispute this conclusion. We should not forget that only a small portion of the world is known with accuracy. M. Barrande has lately added another and lower stage to the Silurian system, abounding with new and peculiar species. Traces of life have been detected in the Longmynd beds beneath Barrande’s so-called primordial zone. The presence of phosphatic nodules and bituminous matter in some of the lowest azoic rocks, probably indicates the former existence of life at these periods. But the difficulty of understanding the absence of vast piles of fossiliferous strata, which on my theory no doubt were somewhere accumulated before the Silurian epoch, is very great. If these most ancient beds had been wholly worn away by denudation, or obliterated by metamorphic action, we ought to find only small remnants of the formations next succeeding them in age, and these ought to be very generally in a metamorphosed condition. But the descriptions which we now possess of the Silurian deposits over immense territories in Russia and in North America, do not support the view, that the older a formation is, the more it has suffered the extremity of denudation and metamorphism.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00508", "bookId": 1228, "start": 582527, "end": 583503, "sha256": "032678dd67cd4c14f898bd6f667cf968127f9a5c7324f3a242facb09ab7b22ad", "text": "The case at present must remain inexplicable; and may be truly urged as a valid argument against the views here entertained. To show that it may hereafter receive some explanation, I will give the following hypothesis. From the nature of the organic remains, which do not appear to have inhabited profound depths, in the several formations of Europe and of the United States; and from the amount of sediment, miles in thickness, of which the formations are composed, we may infer that from first to last large islands or tracts of land, whence the sediment was derived, occurred in the neighbourhood of the existing continents of Europe and North America. But we do not know what was the state of things in the intervals between the successive formations; whether Europe and the United States during these intervals existed as dry land, or as a submarine surface near land, on which sediment was not deposited, or again as the bed of an open and unfathomable sea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00509", "bookId": 1228, "start": 583507, "end": 586216, "sha256": "8c17f3ffb468e32a321b3bdbb93a09a5b257ce77b1599d554c18e74ba29816d5", "text": "Looking to the existing oceans, which are thrice as extensive as the land, we see them studded with many islands; but not one oceanic island is as yet known to afford even a remnant of any palæozoic or secondary formation. Hence we may perhaps infer, that during the palæozoic and secondary periods, neither continents nor continental islands existed where our oceans now extend; for had they existed there, palæozoic and secondary formations would in all probability have been accumulated from sediment derived from their wear and tear; and would have been at least partially upheaved by the oscillations of level, which we may fairly conclude must have intervened during these enormously long periods. If then we may infer anything from these facts, we may infer that where our oceans now extend, oceans have extended from the remotest period of which we have any record; and on the other hand, that where continents now exist, large tracts of land have existed, subjected no doubt to great oscillations of level, since the earliest silurian period. The coloured map appended to my volume on Coral Reefs, led me to conclude that the great oceans are still mainly areas of subsidence, the great archipelagoes still areas of oscillations of level, and the continents areas of elevation. But have we any right to assume that things have thus remained from eternity? Our continents seem to have been formed by a preponderance, during many oscillations of level, of the force of elevation; but may not the areas of preponderant movement have changed in the lapse of ages? At a period immeasurably antecedent to the silurian epoch, continents may have existed where oceans are now spread out; and clear and open oceans may have existed where our continents now stand. Nor should we be justified in assuming that if, for instance, the bed of the Pacific Ocean were now converted into a continent, we should there find formations older than the silurian strata, supposing such to have been formerly deposited; for it might well happen that strata which had subsided some miles nearer to the centre of the earth, and which had been pressed on by an enormous weight of superincumbent water, might have undergone far more metamorphic action than strata which have always remained nearer to the surface. The immense areas in some parts of the world, for instance in South America, of bare metamorphic rocks, which must have been heated under great pressure, have always seemed to me to require some special explanation; and we may perhaps believe that we see in these large areas, the many formations long anterior to the silurian epoch in a completely metamorphosed condition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00510", "bookId": 1228, "start": 586220, "end": 588190, "sha256": "1f5b1fdd4914e5c8e086fd2e56d482d63419dadd19394181f9c4a797a98b3786", "text": "The several difficulties here discussed, namely our not finding in the successive formations infinitely numerous transitional links between the many species which now exist or have existed; the sudden manner in which whole groups of species appear in our European formations; the almost entire absence, as at present known, of fossiliferous formations beneath the Silurian strata, are all undoubtedly of the gravest nature. We see this in the plainest manner by the fact that all the most eminent palæontologists, namely Cuvier, Owen, Agassiz, Barrande, Falconer, E. Forbes, etc., and all our greatest geologists, as Lyell, Murchison, Sedgwick, etc., have unanimously, often vehemently, maintained the immutability of species. But I have reason to believe that one great authority, Sir Charles Lyell, from further reflexion entertains grave doubts on this subject. I feel how rash it is to differ from these great authorities, to whom, with others, we owe all our knowledge. Those who think the natural geological record in any degree perfect, and who do not attach much weight to the facts and arguments of other kinds given in this volume, will undoubtedly at once reject my theory. For my part, following out Lyell’s metaphor, I look at the natural geological record, as a history of the world imperfectly kept, and written in a changing dialect; of this history we possess the last volume alone, relating only to two or three countries. Of this volume, only here and there a short chapter has been preserved; and of each page, only here and there a few lines. Each word of the slowly-changing language, in which the history is supposed to be written, being more or less different in the interrupted succession of chapters, may represent the apparently abruptly changed forms of life, entombed in our consecutive, but widely separated formations. On this view, the difficulties above discussed are greatly diminished, or even disappear.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00511", "bookId": 1228, "start": 588200, "end": 588259, "sha256": "79cec35561b7fc645b1f375acb3d40621f3927f60feea9f1384c63a71e2a339c", "text": "CHAPTER X. ON THE GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF ORGANIC BEINGS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00512", "bookId": 1228, "start": 588265, "end": 588808, "sha256": "f6fa91d03ecb8843dcb857a8affdb5941643d22fa783d93ce7ad39309ffdad91", "text": "On the slow and successive appearance of new species. On their different rates of change. Species once lost do not reappear. Groups of species follow the same general rules in their appearance and disappearance as do single species. On Extinction. On simultaneous changes in the forms of life throughout the world. On the affinities of extinct species to each other and to living species. On the state of development of ancient forms. On the succession of the same types within the same areas. Summary of preceding and present chapters.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00513", "bookId": 1228, "start": 588814, "end": 589083, "sha256": "af57691738ad841fc45c8624ae4d315252edcfbc2853bbdffe9b1b0ca8f99ca9", "text": "Let us now see whether the several facts and rules relating to the geological succession of organic beings, better accord with the common view of the immutability of species, or with that of their slow and gradual modification, through descent and natural selection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00514", "bookId": 1228, "start": 589087, "end": 590065, "sha256": "257cef0a15242c6b5e8311173c9353fc08b454e8413e7d8f48114fc87252a76f", "text": "New species have appeared very slowly, one after another, both on the land and in the waters. Lyell has shown that it is hardly possible to resist the evidence on this head in the case of the several tertiary stages; and every year tends to fill up the blanks between them, and to make the percentage system of lost and new forms more gradual. In some of the most recent beds, though undoubtedly of high antiquity if measured by years, only one or two species are lost forms, and only one or two are new forms, having here appeared for the first time, either locally, or, as far as we know, on the face of the earth. If we may trust the observations of Philippi in Sicily, the successive changes in the marine inhabitants of that island have been many and most gradual. The secondary formations are more broken; but, as Bronn has remarked, neither the appearance nor disappearance of their many now extinct species has been simultaneous in each separate formation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00515", "bookId": 1228, "start": 590069, "end": 591848, "sha256": "81028428ee006b31b92d69998b765a2d0b8d11adac3ca2d14087484d4b6430db", "text": "Species of different genera and classes have not changed at the same rate, or in the same degree. In the oldest tertiary beds a few living shells may still be found in the midst of a multitude of extinct forms. Falconer has given a striking instance of a similar fact, in an existing crocodile associated with many strange and lost mammals and reptiles in the sub-Himalayan deposits. The Silurian Lingula differs but little from the living species of this genus; whereas most of the other Silurian Molluscs and all the Crustaceans have changed greatly. The productions of the land seem to change at a quicker rate than those of the sea, of which a striking instance has lately been observed in Switzerland. There is some reason to believe that organisms, considered high in the scale of nature, change more quickly than those that are low: though there are exceptions to this rule. The amount of organic change, as Pictet has remarked, does not strictly correspond with the succession of our geological formations; so that between each two consecutive formations, the forms of life have seldom changed in exactly the same degree. Yet if we compare any but the most closely related formations, all the species will be found to have undergone some change. When a species has once disappeared from the face of the earth, we have reason to believe that the same identical form never reappears. The strongest apparent exception to this latter rule, is that of the so-called “colonies” of M. Barrande, which intrude for a period in the midst of an older formation, and then allow the pre-existing fauna to reappear; but Lyell’s explanation, namely, that it is a case of temporary migration from a distinct geographical province, seems to me satisfactory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00516", "bookId": 1228, "start": 591854, "end": 593967, "sha256": "00364297ffdd899c23e3af8f8ff63ffd2a54ec136960344f9dc2a7e72dce65b2", "text": "These several facts accord well with my theory. I believe in no fixed law of development, causing all the inhabitants of a country to change abruptly, or simultaneously, or to an equal degree. The process of modification must be extremely slow. The variability of each species is quite independent of that of all others. Whether such variability be taken advantage of by natural selection, and whether the variations be accumulated to a greater or lesser amount, thus causing a greater or lesser amount of modification in the varying species, depends on many complex contingencies,—on the variability being of a beneficial nature, on the power of intercrossing, on the rate of breeding, on the slowly changing physical conditions of the country, and more especially on the nature of the other inhabitants with which the varying species comes into competition. Hence it is by no means surprising that one species should retain the same identical form much longer than others; or, if changing, that it should change less. We see the same fact in geographical distribution; for instance, in the land-shells and coleopterous insects of Madeira having come to differ considerably from their nearest allies on the continent of Europe, whereas the marine shells and birds have remained unaltered. We can perhaps understand the apparently quicker rate of change in terrestrial and in more highly organised productions compared with marine and lower productions, by the more complex relations of the higher beings to their organic and inorganic conditions of life, as explained in a former chapter. When many of the inhabitants of a country have become modified and improved, we can understand, on the principle of competition, and on that of the many all-important relations of organism to organism, that any form which does not become in some degree modified and improved, will be liable to be exterminated. Hence we can see why all the species in the same region do at last, if we look to wide enough intervals of time, become modified; for those which do not change will become extinct.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00517", "bookId": 1228, "start": 593971, "end": 594644, "sha256": "62e56f8690ed9075cec17a43ffe84c414737bcfbaece6f9396ad3d4b4b1d0d6c", "text": "In members of the same class the average amount of change, during long and equal periods of time, may, perhaps, be nearly the same; but as the accumulation of long-enduring fossiliferous formations depends on great masses of sediment having been deposited on areas whilst subsiding, our formations have been almost necessarily accumulated at wide and irregularly intermittent intervals; consequently the amount of organic change exhibited by the fossils embedded in consecutive formations is not equal. Each formation, on this view, does not mark a new and complete act of creation, but only an occasional scene, taken almost at hazard, in a slowly changing drama.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00518", "bookId": 1228, "start": 594648, "end": 595924, "sha256": "f7680d44f8eb0e86df42f25b42da49e8fbbcdcabf4e2f59c44e6e2be494328b3", "text": "We can clearly understand why a species when once lost should never reappear, even if the very same conditions of life, organic and inorganic, should recur. For though the offspring of one species might be adapted (and no doubt this has occurred in innumerable instances) to fill the exact place of another species in the economy of nature, and thus supplant it; yet the two forms—the old and the new—would not be identically the same; for both would almost certainly inherit different characters from their distinct progenitors. For instance, it is just possible, if our fantail-pigeons were all destroyed, that fanciers, by striving during long ages for the same object, might make a new breed hardly distinguishable from our present fantail; but if the parent rock-pigeon were also destroyed, and in nature we have every reason to believe that the parent-form will generally be supplanted and exterminated by its improved offspring, it is quite incredible that a fantail, identical with the existing breed, could be raised from any other species of pigeon, or even from the other well-established races of the domestic pigeon, for the newly-formed fantail would be almost sure to inherit from its new progenitor some slight characteristic differences.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00519", "bookId": 1228, "start": 595928, "end": 597019, "sha256": "cca2c2dd645dd45af5757411a51d5b38943aa6925467cd74f2c1eb3f7d454a1d", "text": "Groups of species, that is, genera and families, follow the same general rules in their appearance and disappearance as do single species, changing more or less quickly, and in a greater or lesser degree. A group does not reappear after it has once disappeared; or its existence, as long as it lasts, is continuous. I am aware that there are some apparent exceptions to this rule, but the exceptions are surprisingly few, so few, that E. Forbes, Pictet, and Woodward (though all strongly opposed to such views as I maintain) admit its truth; and the rule strictly accords with my theory. For as all the species of the same group have descended from some one species, it is clear that as long as any species of the group have appeared in the long succession of ages, so long must its members have continuously existed, in order to have generated either new and modified or the same old and unmodified forms. Species of the genus Lingula, for instance, must have continuously existed by an unbroken succession of generations, from the lowest Silurian stratum to the present day.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00520", "bookId": 1228, "start": 597023, "end": 598529, "sha256": "d2340e2ac3071d2ef1e11422a3efdf3ab01dd2989348daa28ef19b5cf1e5fb93", "text": "We have seen in the last chapter that the species of a group sometimes falsely appear to have come in abruptly; and I have attempted to give an explanation of this fact, which if true would have been fatal to my views. But such cases are certainly exceptional; the general rule being a gradual increase in number, till the group reaches its maximum, and then, sooner or later, it gradually decreases. If the number of the species of a genus, or the number of the genera of a family, be represented by a vertical line of varying thickness, crossing the successive geological formations in which the species are found, the line will sometimes falsely appear to begin at its lower end, not in a sharp point, but abruptly; it then gradually thickens upwards, sometimes keeping for a space of equal thickness, and ultimately thins out in the upper beds, marking the decrease and final extinction of the species. This gradual increase in number of the species of a group is strictly conformable with my theory; as the species of the same genus, and the genera of the same family, can increase only slowly and progressively; for the process of modification and the production of a number of allied forms must be slow and gradual,—one species giving rise first to two or three varieties, these being slowly converted into species, which in their turn produce by equally slow steps other species, and so on, like the branching of a great tree from a single stem, till the group becomes large.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00521", "bookId": 1228, "start": 598533, "end": 600312, "sha256": "d1eb22aab6a156e8177893acdc51419f437266e9178637b33cb5e271517b345e", "text": "_On Extinction_.—We have as yet spoken only incidentally of the disappearance of species and of groups of species. On the theory of natural selection the extinction of old forms and the production of new and improved forms are intimately connected together. The old notion of all the inhabitants of the earth having been swept away at successive periods by catastrophes, is very generally given up, even by those geologists, as Elie de Beaumont, Murchison, Barrande, etc., whose general views would naturally lead them to this conclusion. On the contrary, we have every reason to believe, from the study of the tertiary formations, that species and groups of species gradually disappear, one after another, first from one spot, then from another, and finally from the world. Both single species and whole groups of species last for very unequal periods; some groups, as we have seen, having endured from the earliest known dawn of life to the present day; some having disappeared before the close of the palæozoic period. No fixed law seems to determine the length of time during which any single species or any single genus endures. There is reason to believe that the complete extinction of the species of a group is generally a slower process than their production: if the appearance and disappearance of a group of species be represented, as before, by a vertical line of varying thickness, the line is found to taper more gradually at its upper end, which marks the progress of extermination, than at its lower end, which marks the first appearance and increase in numbers of the species. In some cases, however, the extermination of whole groups of beings, as of ammonites towards the close of the secondary period, has been wonderfully sudden.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00522", "bookId": 1228, "start": 600316, "end": 602621, "sha256": "194dbc648859ac30def7fecbf0e24a712856bfd4e4b5d7ad087874292604cd08", "text": "The whole subject of the extinction of species has been involved in the most gratuitous mystery. Some authors have even supposed that as the individual has a definite length of life, so have species a definite duration. No one I think can have marvelled more at the extinction of species, than I have done. When I found in La Plata the tooth of a horse embedded with the remains of Mastodon, Megatherium, Toxodon, and other extinct monsters, which all co-existed with still living shells at a very late geological period, I was filled with astonishment; for seeing that the horse, since its introduction by the Spaniards into South America, has run wild over the whole country and has increased in numbers at an unparalleled rate, I asked myself what could so recently have exterminated the former horse under conditions of life apparently so favourable. But how utterly groundless was my astonishment! Professor Owen soon perceived that the tooth, though so like that of the existing horse, belonged to an extinct species. Had this horse been still living, but in some degree rare, no naturalist would have felt the least surprise at its rarity; for rarity is the attribute of a vast number of species of all classes, in all countries. If we ask ourselves why this or that species is rare, we answer that something is unfavourable in its conditions of life; but what that something is, we can hardly ever tell. On the supposition of the fossil horse still existing as a rare species, we might have felt certain from the analogy of all other mammals, even of the slow-breeding elephant, and from the history of the naturalisation of the domestic horse in South America, that under more favourable conditions it would in a very few years have stocked the whole continent. But we could not have told what the unfavourable conditions were which checked its increase, whether some one or several contingencies, and at what period of the horse’s life, and in what degree, they severally acted. If the conditions had gone on, however slowly, becoming less and less favourable, we assuredly should not have perceived the fact, yet the fossil horse would certainly have become rarer and rarer, and finally extinct;—its place being seized on by some more successful competitor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00523", "bookId": 1228, "start": 602625, "end": 603578, "sha256": "464b220277d74d121b9afcc5524f2d2c7c274ea0c9848a70539b44086aed9c4c", "text": "It is most difficult always to remember that the increase of every living being is constantly being checked by unperceived injurious agencies; and that these same unperceived agencies are amply sufficient to cause rarity, and finally extinction. We see in many cases in the more recent tertiary formations, that rarity precedes extinction; and we know that this has been the progress of events with those animals which have been exterminated, either locally or wholly, through man’s agency. I may repeat what I published in 1845, namely, that to admit that species generally become rare before they become extinct—to feel no surprise at the rarity of a species, and yet to marvel greatly when it ceases to exist, is much the same as to admit that sickness in the individual is the forerunner of death—to feel no surprise at sickness, but when the sick man dies, to wonder and to suspect that he died by some unknown deed of violence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00524", "bookId": 1228, "start": 603582, "end": 604783, "sha256": "a1f3bb046509693d0a49d2b01a769ffc3103d4ce5a6e3a433c2e5c6e8672dd96", "text": "The theory of natural selection is grounded on the belief that each new variety, and ultimately each new species, is produced and maintained by having some advantage over those with which it comes into competition; and the consequent extinction of less-favoured forms almost inevitably follows. It is the same with our domestic productions: when a new and slightly improved variety has been raised, it at first supplants the less improved varieties in the same neighbourhood; when much improved it is transported far and near, like our short-horn cattle, and takes the place of other breeds in other countries. Thus the appearance of new forms and the disappearance of old forms, both natural and artificial, are bound together. In certain flourishing groups, the number of new specific forms which have been produced within a given time is probably greater than that of the old forms which have been exterminated; but we know that the number of species has not gone on indefinitely increasing, at least during the later geological periods, so that looking to later times we may believe that the production of new forms has caused the extinction of about the same number of old forms.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00525", "bookId": 1228, "start": 604787, "end": 606530, "sha256": "f92f7ea0a17e5f78e71bed9cfbcd7bd7a1098803edffa04cd38fe8bd5f433425", "text": "The competition will generally be most severe, as formerly explained and illustrated by examples, between the forms which are most like each other in all respects. Hence the improved and modified descendants of a species will generally cause the extermination of the parent-species; and if many new forms have been developed from any one species, the nearest allies of that species, _i.e._ the species of the same genus, will be the most liable to extermination. Thus, as I believe, a number of new species descended from one species, that is a new genus, comes to supplant an old genus, belonging to the same family. But it must often have happened that a new species belonging to some one group will have seized on the place occupied by a species belonging to a distinct group, and thus caused its extermination; and if many allied forms be developed from the successful intruder, many will have to yield their places; and it will generally be allied forms, which will suffer from some inherited inferiority in common. But whether it be species belonging to the same or to a distinct class, which yield their places to other species which have been modified and improved, a few of the sufferers may often long be preserved, from being fitted to some peculiar line of life, or from inhabiting some distant and isolated station, where they have escaped severe competition. For instance, a single species of Trigonia, a great genus of shells in the secondary formations, survives in the Australian seas; and a few members of the great and almost extinct group of Ganoid fishes still inhabit our fresh waters. Therefore the utter extinction of a group is generally, as we have seen, a slower process than its production.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00526", "bookId": 1228, "start": 606534, "end": 607271, "sha256": "336be7d48628480aed188b849956495450175c87c2767fe73d5b93eb0f527621", "text": "With respect to the apparently sudden extermination of whole families or orders, as of Trilobites at the close of the palæozoic period and of Ammonites at the close of the secondary period, we must remember what has been already said on the probable wide intervals of time between our consecutive formations; and in these intervals there may have been much slow extermination. Moreover, when by sudden immigration or by unusually rapid development, many species of a new group have taken possession of a new area, they will have exterminated in a correspondingly rapid manner many of the old inhabitants; and the forms which thus yield their places will commonly be allied, for they will partake of some inferiority in common.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00527", "bookId": 1228, "start": 607275, "end": 608154, "sha256": "95ec454826b919795d5e5b3b9cc9cd7a83c5284c5c6fe3a06a175be3b9f6d7c5", "text": "Thus, as it seems to me, the manner in which single species and whole groups of species become extinct, accords well with the theory of natural selection. We need not marvel at extinction; if we must marvel, let it be at our presumption in imagining for a moment that we understand the many complex contingencies, on which the existence of each species depends. If we forget for an instant, that each species tends to increase inordinately, and that some check is always in action, yet seldom perceived by us, the whole economy of nature will be utterly obscured. Whenever we can precisely say why this species is more abundant in individuals than that; why this species and not another can be naturalised in a given country; then, and not till then, we may justly feel surprise why we cannot account for the extinction of this particular species or group of species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00528", "bookId": 1228, "start": 608158, "end": 609892, "sha256": "960914baca25bc08b2534d49770a2e4efec9777f67dc66afa57a7b43eb4b37ff", "text": "_On the Forms of Life changing almost simultaneously throughout the World_.—Scarcely any palæontological discovery is more striking than the fact, that the forms of life change almost simultaneously throughout the world. Thus our European Chalk formation can be recognised in many distant parts of the world, under the most different climates, where not a fragment of the mineral chalk itself can be found; namely, in North America, in equatorial South America, in Tierra del Fuego, at the Cape of Good Hope, and in the peninsula of India. For at these distant points, the organic remains in certain beds present an unmistakeable degree of resemblance to those of the Chalk. It is not that the same species are met with; for in some cases not one species is identically the same, but they belong to the same families, genera, and sections of genera, and sometimes are similarly characterised in such trifling points as mere superficial sculpture. Moreover other forms, which are not found in the Chalk of Europe, but which occur in the formations either above or below, are similarly absent at these distant points of the world. In the several successive palæozoic formations of Russia, Western Europe and North America, a similar parallelism in the forms of life has been observed by several authors: so it is, according to Lyell, with the several European and North American tertiary deposits. Even if the few fossil species which are common to the Old and New Worlds be kept wholly out of view, the general parallelism in the successive forms of life, in the stages of the widely separated palæozoic and tertiary periods, would still be manifest, and the several formations could be easily correlated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00529", "bookId": 1228, "start": 609896, "end": 610602, "sha256": "3ef10280504839ec51454a9365006d0a8150afd57165b3f5152c73f10216984e", "text": "These observations, however, relate to the marine inhabitants of distant parts of the world: we have not sufficient data to judge whether the productions of the land and of fresh water change at distant points in the same parallel manner. We may doubt whether they have thus changed: if the Megatherium, Mylodon, Macrauchenia, and Toxodon had been brought to Europe from La Plata, without any information in regard to their geological position, no one would have suspected that they had coexisted with still living sea-shells; but as these anomalous monsters coexisted with the Mastodon and Horse, it might at least have been inferred that they had lived during one of the latter tertiary stages.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00530", "bookId": 1228, "start": 610606, "end": 612245, "sha256": "4298ac0db73e199bfcdd2ac3a11970ac2b390f3de1177ec658659c90284d687b", "text": "When the marine forms of life are spoken of as having changed simultaneously throughout the world, it must not be supposed that this expression relates to the same thousandth or hundred-thousandth year, or even that it has a very strict geological sense; for if all the marine animals which live at the present day in Europe, and all those that lived in Europe during the pleistocene period (an enormously remote period as measured by years, including the whole glacial epoch), were to be compared with those now living in South America or in Australia, the most skilful naturalist would hardly be able to say whether the existing or the pleistocene inhabitants of Europe resembled most closely those of the southern hemisphere. So, again, several highly competent observers believe that the existing productions of the United States are more closely related to those which lived in Europe during certain later tertiary stages, than to those which now live here; and if this be so, it is evident that fossiliferous beds deposited at the present day on the shores of North America would hereafter be liable to be classed with somewhat older European beds. Nevertheless, looking to a remotely future epoch, there can, I think, be little doubt that all the more modern _marine_ formations, namely, the upper pliocene, the pleistocene and strictly modern beds, of Europe, North and South America, and Australia, from containing fossil remains in some degree allied, and from not including those forms which are only found in the older underlying deposits, would be correctly ranked as simultaneous in a geological sense.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00531", "bookId": 1228, "start": 612249, "end": 613543, "sha256": "aa3921c27d4754aad78bb6b508200fb608a8cdef512211a94344517cfe2e3a8c", "text": "The fact of the forms of life changing simultaneously, in the above large sense, at distant parts of the world, has greatly struck those admirable observers, MM. de Verneuil and d’Archiac. After referring to the parallelism of the palæozoic forms of life in various parts of Europe, they add, “If struck by this strange sequence, we turn our attention to North America, and there discover a series of analogous phenomena, it will appear certain that all these modifications of species, their extinction, and the introduction of new ones, cannot be owing to mere changes in marine currents or other causes more or less local and temporary, but depend on general laws which govern the whole animal kingdom.” M. Barrande has made forcible remarks to precisely the same effect. It is, indeed, quite futile to look to changes of currents, climate, or other physical conditions, as the cause of these great mutations in the forms of life throughout the world, under the most different climates. We must, as Barrande has remarked, look to some special law. We shall see this more clearly when we treat of the present distribution of organic beings, and find how slight is the relation between the physical conditions of various countries, and the nature of their inhabitants.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00532", "bookId": 1228, "start": 613547, "end": 615106, "sha256": "3a7dfd1b7c128cbc8a058b294cd2293aeabe99106a530d67122d52d6b0517a01", "text": "This great fact of the parallel succession of the forms of life throughout the world, is explicable on the theory of natural selection. New species are formed by new varieties arising, which have some advantage over older forms; and those forms, which are already dominant, or have some advantage over the other forms in their own country, would naturally oftenest give rise to new varieties or incipient species; for these latter must be victorious in a still higher degree in order to be preserved and to survive. We have distinct evidence on this head, in the plants which are dominant, that is, which are commonest in their own homes, and are most widely diffused, having produced the greatest number of new varieties. It is also natural that the dominant, varying, and far-spreading species, which already have invaded to a certain extent the territories of other species, should be those which would have the best chance of spreading still further, and of giving rise in new countries to new varieties and species. The process of diffusion may often be very slow, being dependent on climatal and geographical changes, or on strange accidents, but in the long run the dominant forms will generally succeed in spreading. The diffusion would, it is probable, be slower with the terrestrial inhabitants of distinct continents than with the marine inhabitants of the continuous sea. We might therefore expect to find, as we apparently do find, a less strict degree of parallel succession in the productions of the land than of the sea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00533", "bookId": 1228, "start": 615110, "end": 616615, "sha256": "e70b29299033420d1a16c56e192f39efa5bdc60261cf5212ff7b25c04d676e93", "text": "Dominant species spreading from any region might encounter still more dominant species, and then their triumphant course, or even their existence, would cease. We know not at all precisely what are all the conditions most favourable for the multiplication of new and dominant species; but we can, I think, clearly see that a number of individuals, from giving a better chance of the appearance of favourable variations, and that severe competition with many already existing forms, would be highly favourable, as would be the power of spreading into new territories. A certain amount of isolation, recurring at long intervals of time, would probably be also favourable, as before explained. One quarter of the world may have been most favourable for the production of new and dominant species on the land, and another for those in the waters of the sea. If two great regions had been for a long period favourably circumstanced in an equal degree, whenever their inhabitants met, the battle would be prolonged and severe; and some from one birthplace and some from the other might be victorious. But in the course of time, the forms dominant in the highest degree, wherever produced, would tend everywhere to prevail. As they prevailed, they would cause the extinction of other and inferior forms; and as these inferior forms would be allied in groups by inheritance, whole groups would tend slowly to disappear; though here and there a single member might long be enabled to survive.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00534", "bookId": 1228, "start": 616619, "end": 617465, "sha256": "56db727d41a544ee2e114b8da7bb02730430ba76b036365781b7e1a57bd43643", "text": "Thus, as it seems to me, the parallel, and, taken in a large sense, simultaneous, succession of the same forms of life throughout the world, accords well with the principle of new species having been formed by dominant species spreading widely and varying; the new species thus produced being themselves dominant owing to inheritance, and to having already had some advantage over their parents or over other species; these again spreading, varying, and producing new species. The forms which are beaten and which yield their places to the new and victorious forms, will generally be allied in groups, from inheriting some inferiority in common; and therefore as new and improved groups spread throughout the world, old groups will disappear from the world; and the succession of forms in both ways will everywhere tend to correspond.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00535", "bookId": 1228, "start": 617469, "end": 618915, "sha256": "39d58355c35538c1bddaf8f6e63792948965328948b08613f898ede237d404ce", "text": "There is one other remark connected with this subject worth making. I have given my reasons for believing that all our greater fossiliferous formations were deposited during periods of subsidence; and that blank intervals of vast duration occurred during the periods when the bed of the sea was either stationary or rising, and likewise when sediment was not thrown down quickly enough to embed and preserve organic remains. During these long and blank intervals I suppose that the inhabitants of each region underwent a considerable amount of modification and extinction, and that there was much migration from other parts of the world. As we have reason to believe that large areas are affected by the same movement, it is probable that strictly contemporaneous formations have often been accumulated over very wide spaces in the same quarter of the world; but we are far from having any right to conclude that this has invariably been the case, and that large areas have invariably been affected by the same movements. When two formations have been deposited in two regions during nearly, but not exactly the same period, we should find in both, from the causes explained in the foregoing paragraphs, the same general succession in the forms of life; but the species would not exactly correspond; for there will have been a little more time in the one region than in the other for modification, extinction, and immigration.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00536", "bookId": 1228, "start": 618919, "end": 620558, "sha256": "56c3038c4f709c4ee6759556326a38828f8e60561bbd34e209051b21294ca376", "text": "I suspect that cases of this nature have occurred in Europe. Mr. Prestwich, in his admirable Memoirs on the eocene deposits of England and France, is able to draw a close general parallelism between the successive stages in the two countries; but when he compares certain stages in England with those in France, although he finds in both a curious accordance in the numbers of the species belonging to the same genera, yet the species themselves differ in a manner very difficult to account for, considering the proximity of the two areas,—unless, indeed, it be assumed that an isthmus separated two seas inhabited by distinct, but contemporaneous, faunas. Lyell has made similar observations on some of the later tertiary formations. Barrande, also, shows that there is a striking general parallelism in the successive Silurian deposits of Bohemia and Scandinavia; nevertheless he finds a surprising amount of difference in the species. If the several formations in these regions have not been deposited during the same exact periods,—a formation in one region often corresponding with a blank interval in the other,—and if in both regions the species have gone on slowly changing during the accumulation of the several formations and during the long intervals of time between them; in this case, the several formations in the two regions could be arranged in the same order, in accordance with the general succession of the form of life, and the order would falsely appear to be strictly parallel; nevertheless the species would not all be the same in the apparently corresponding stages in the two regions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00537", "bookId": 1228, "start": 620562, "end": 622225, "sha256": "474bb40224cb2f2f1cb41064d2734939babd8f4a3136960e2b486b4f75ec44fc", "text": "_On the Affinities of extinct Species to each other, and to living forms_.—Let us now look to the mutual affinities of extinct and living species. They all fall into one grand natural system; and this fact is at once explained on the principle of descent. The more ancient any form is, the more, as a general rule, it differs from living forms. But, as Buckland long ago remarked, all fossils can be classed either in still existing groups, or between them. That the extinct forms of life help to fill up the wide intervals between existing genera, families, and orders, cannot be disputed. For if we confine our attention either to the living or to the extinct alone, the series is far less perfect than if we combine both into one general system. With respect to the Vertebrata, whole pages could be filled with striking illustrations from our great palæontologist, Owen, showing how extinct animals fall in between existing groups. Cuvier ranked the Ruminants and Pachyderms, as the two most distinct orders of mammals; but Owen has discovered so many fossil links, that he has had to alter the whole classification of these two orders; and has placed certain pachyderms in the same sub-order with ruminants: for example, he dissolves by fine gradations the apparently wide difference between the pig and the camel. In regard to the Invertebrata, Barrande, and a higher authority could not be named, asserts that he is every day taught that palæozoic animals, though belonging to the same orders, families, or genera with those living at the present day, were not at this early epoch limited in such distinct groups as they now are.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00538", "bookId": 1228, "start": 622229, "end": 623184, "sha256": "6fb235314f50f6a00c86e3346e767edc8e9f037bcc5f324425e2e30c36de3720", "text": "Some writers have objected to any extinct species or group of species being considered as intermediate between living species or groups. If by this term it is meant that an extinct form is directly intermediate in all its characters between two living forms, the objection is probably valid. But I apprehend that in a perfectly natural classification many fossil species would have to stand between living species, and some extinct genera between living genera, even between genera belonging to distinct families. The most common case, especially with respect to very distinct groups, such as fish and reptiles, seems to be, that supposing them to be distinguished at the present day from each other by a dozen characters, the ancient members of the same two groups would be distinguished by a somewhat lesser number of characters, so that the two groups, though formerly quite distinct, at that period made some small approach to each other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00539", "bookId": 1228, "start": 623188, "end": 623908, "sha256": "cccd452cc44220d6d70d682f5758bcc5cd9676fc05509f117736e737dd19332f", "text": "It is a common belief that the more ancient a form is, by so much the more it tends to connect by some of its characters groups now widely separated from each other. This remark no doubt must be restricted to those groups which have undergone much change in the course of geological ages; and it would be difficult to prove the truth of the proposition, for every now and then even a living animal, as the Lepidosiren, is discovered having affinities directed towards very distinct groups. Yet if we compare the older Reptiles and Batrachians, the older Fish, the older Cephalopods, and the eocene Mammals, with the more recent members of the same classes, we must admit that there is some truth in the remark.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00540", "bookId": 1228, "start": 623912, "end": 625788, "sha256": "eeebdabce2c5d9d950bb4431a9ee3a3cd045a443e7c0b490718e5adf7731408f", "text": "Let us see how far these several facts and inferences accord with the theory of descent with modification. As the subject is somewhat complex, I must request the reader to turn to the diagram in the fourth chapter. We may suppose that the numbered letters represent genera, and the dotted lines diverging from them the species in each genus. The diagram is much too simple, too few genera and too few species being given, but this is unimportant for us. The horizontal lines may represent successive geological formations, and all the forms beneath the uppermost line may be considered as extinct. The three existing genera, _a_14, _q_14, _p_14, will form a small family; _b_14 and _f_14 a closely allied family or sub-family; and _o_14, _e_14, _m_14, a third family. These three families, together with the many extinct genera on the several lines of descent diverging from the parent-form A, will form an order; for all will have inherited something in common from their ancient and common progenitor. On the principle of the continued tendency to divergence of character, which was formerly illustrated by this diagram, the more recent any form is, the more it will generally differ from its ancient progenitor. Hence we can understand the rule that the most ancient fossils differ most from existing forms. We must not, however, assume that divergence of character is a necessary contingency; it depends solely on the descendants from a species being thus enabled to seize on many and different places in the economy of nature. Therefore it is quite possible, as we have seen in the case of some Silurian forms, that a species might go on being slightly modified in relation to its slightly altered conditions of life, and yet retain throughout a vast period the same general characteristics. This is represented in the diagram by the letter F14.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00541", "bookId": 1228, "start": 625792, "end": 626147, "sha256": "138097c331db7576cbfa9e68f9193847890cfaa99be361671bd1a6f9dc0caebe", "text": "All the many forms, extinct and recent, descended from A, make, as before remarked, one order; and this order, from the continued effects of extinction and divergence of character, has become divided into several sub-families and families, some of which are supposed to have perished at different periods, and some to have endured to the present day.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00542", "bookId": 1228, "start": 626151, "end": 628129, "sha256": "04bda82a46b3cf2f4030e7e8a541a35300817aadbe411e9850a3e2a2c0c944d4", "text": "By looking at the diagram we can see that if many of the extinct forms, supposed to be embedded in the successive formations, were discovered at several points low down in the series, the three existing families on the uppermost line would be rendered less distinct from each other. If, for instance, the genera _a_1, _a_5, _a_10, _f_8, _m_3, _m_6, _m_9 were disinterred, these three families would be so closely linked together that they probably would have to be united into one great family, in nearly the same manner as has occurred with ruminants and pachyderms. Yet he who objected to call the extinct genera, which thus linked the living genera of three families together, intermediate in character, would be justified, as they are intermediate, not directly, but only by a long and circuitous course through many widely different forms. If many extinct forms were to be discovered above one of the middle horizontal lines or geological formations—for instance, above Number VI.—but none from beneath this line, then only the two families on the left hand (namely, _a_14, etc., and _b_14, etc.) would have to be united into one family; and the two other families (namely, _a_14 to _f_14 now including five genera, and _o_14 to _m_14) would yet remain distinct. These two families, however, would be less distinct from each other than they were before the discovery of the fossils. If, for instance, we suppose the existing genera of the two families to differ from each other by a dozen characters, in this case the genera, at the early period marked VI., would differ by a lesser number of characters; for at this early stage of descent they have not diverged in character from the common progenitor of the order, nearly so much as they subsequently diverged. Thus it comes that ancient and extinct genera are often in some slight degree intermediate in character between their modified descendants, or between their collateral relations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00543", "bookId": 1228, "start": 628133, "end": 629068, "sha256": "51d58812b1d7e67b7d754485be5abd3751f7a139f6c3e43afc5980a508f161c3", "text": "In nature the case will be far more complicated than is represented in the diagram; for the groups will have been more numerous, they will have endured for extremely unequal lengths of time, and will have been modified in various degrees. As we possess only the last volume of the geological record, and that in a very broken condition, we have no right to expect, except in very rare cases, to fill up wide intervals in the natural system, and thus unite distinct families or orders. All that we have a right to expect, is that those groups, which have within known geological periods undergone much modification, should in the older formations make some slight approach to each other; so that the older members should differ less from each other in some of their characters than do the existing members of the same groups; and this by the concurrent evidence of our best palæontologists seems frequently to be the case.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00544", "bookId": 1228, "start": 629072, "end": 629340, "sha256": "b7f3a0ccb9f2c03982a9a5553ffae653451e85193e425092a448fa5c46fd8385", "text": "Thus, on the theory of descent with modification, the main facts with respect to the mutual affinities of the extinct forms of life to each other and to living forms, seem to me explained in a satisfactory manner. And they are wholly inexplicable on any other view.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00545", "bookId": 1228, "start": 629344, "end": 630710, "sha256": "dd804feba8c7364536f5e76f83d605f82087a223e47bed43bdecbfabb2de9151", "text": "On this same theory, it is evident that the fauna of any great period in the earth’s history will be intermediate in general character between that which preceded and that which succeeded it. Thus, the species which lived at the sixth great stage of descent in the diagram are the modified offspring of those which lived at the fifth stage, and are the parents of those which became still more modified at the seventh stage; hence they could hardly fail to be nearly intermediate in character between the forms of life above and below. We must, however, allow for the entire extinction of some preceding forms, and for the coming in of quite new forms by immigration, and for a large amount of modification, during the long and blank intervals between the successive formations. Subject to these allowances, the fauna of each geological period undoubtedly is intermediate in character, between the preceding and succeeding faunas. I need give only one instance, namely, the manner in which the fossils of the Devonian system, when this system was first discovered, were at once recognised by palæontologists as intermediate in character between those of the overlying carboniferous, and underlying Silurian system. But each fauna is not necessarily exactly intermediate, as unequal intervals of time have elapsed between consecutive formations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00546", "bookId": 1228, "start": 630714, "end": 632368, "sha256": "14dd465b1ae9a28db8f353733cbde1b371953a054eec5fc62bba356ca1eb54b9", "text": "It is no real objection to the truth of the statement, that the fauna of each period as a whole is nearly intermediate in character between the preceding and succeeding faunas, that certain genera offer exceptions to the rule. For instance, mastodons and elephants, when arranged by Dr. Falconer in two series, first according to their mutual affinities and then according to their periods of existence, do not accord in arrangement. The species extreme in character are not the oldest, or the most recent; nor are those which are intermediate in character, intermediate in age. But supposing for an instant, in this and other such cases, that the record of the first appearance and disappearance of the species was perfect, we have no reason to believe that forms successively produced necessarily endure for corresponding lengths of time: a very ancient form might occasionally last much longer than a form elsewhere subsequently produced, especially in the case of terrestrial productions inhabiting separated districts. To compare small things with great: if the principal living and extinct races of the domestic pigeon were arranged as well as they could be in serial affinity, this arrangement would not closely accord with the order in time of their production, and still less with the order of their disappearance; for the parent rock-pigeon now lives; and many varieties between the rock-pigeon and the carrier have become extinct; and carriers which are extreme in the important character of length of beak originated earlier than short-beaked tumblers, which are at the opposite end of the series in this same respect.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00547", "bookId": 1228, "start": 632372, "end": 633709, "sha256": "bd49406063cfd7aa85da57c7de1d607d23bd92d77c83272fd9d518631dcf56a1", "text": "Closely connected with the statement, that the organic remains from an intermediate formation are in some degree intermediate in character, is the fact, insisted on by all palæontologists, that fossils from two consecutive formations are far more closely related to each other, than are the fossils from two remote formations. Pictet gives as a well-known instance, the general resemblance of the organic remains from the several stages of the chalk formation, though the species are distinct in each stage. This fact alone, from its generality, seems to have shaken Professor Pictet in his firm belief in the immutability of species. He who is acquainted with the distribution of existing species over the globe, will not attempt to account for the close resemblance of the distinct species in closely consecutive formations, by the physical conditions of the ancient areas having remained nearly the same. Let it be remembered that the forms of life, at least those inhabiting the sea, have changed almost simultaneously throughout the world, and therefore under the most different climates and conditions. Consider the prodigious vicissitudes of climate during the pleistocene period, which includes the whole glacial period, and note how little the specific forms of the inhabitants of the sea have been affected.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00548", "bookId": 1228, "start": 633713, "end": 634648, "sha256": "74e6ff278ae43e5713bf6d0c1e7e52b735a375041d271da676e5f342adc747de", "text": "On the theory of descent, the full meaning of the fact of fossil remains from closely consecutive formations, though ranked as distinct species, being closely related, is obvious. As the accumulation of each formation has often been interrupted, and as long blank intervals have intervened between successive formations, we ought not to expect to find, as I attempted to show in the last chapter, in any one or two formations all the intermediate varieties between the species which appeared at the commencement and close of these periods; but we ought to find after intervals, very long as measured by years, but only moderately long as measured geologically, closely allied forms, or, as they have been called by some authors, representative species; and these we assuredly do find. We find, in short, such evidence of the slow and scarcely sensible mutation of specific forms, as we have a just right to expect to find.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00549", "bookId": 1228, "start": 634652, "end": 636897, "sha256": "75ca3160e11ebd9215592cf89d14ae540ec60fd3f81c147f73e5631a61210163", "text": "_On the state of Development of Ancient Forms_.—There has been much discussion whether recent forms are more highly developed than ancient. I will not here enter on this subject, for naturalists have not as yet defined to each other’s satisfaction what is meant by high and low forms. But in one particular sense the more recent forms must, on my theory, be higher than the more ancient; for each new species is formed by having had some advantage in the struggle for life over other and preceding forms. If under a nearly similar climate, the eocene inhabitants of one quarter of the world were put into competition with the existing inhabitants of the same or some other quarter, the eocene fauna or flora would certainly be beaten and exterminated; as would a secondary fauna by an eocene, and a palæozoic fauna by a secondary fauna. I do not doubt that this process of improvement has affected in a marked and sensible manner the organisation of the more recent and victorious forms of life, in comparison with the ancient and beaten forms; but I can see no way of testing this sort of progress. Crustaceans, for instance, not the highest in their own class, may have beaten the highest molluscs. From the extraordinary manner in which European productions have recently spread over New Zealand, and have seized on places which must have been previously occupied, we may believe, if all the animals and plants of Great Britain were set free in New Zealand, that in the course of time a multitude of British forms would become thoroughly naturalized there, and would exterminate many of the natives. On the other hand, from what we see now occurring in New Zealand, and from hardly a single inhabitant of the southern hemisphere having become wild in any part of Europe, we may doubt, if all the productions of New Zealand were set free in Great Britain, whether any considerable number would be enabled to seize on places now occupied by our native plants and animals. Under this point of view, the productions of Great Britain may be said to be higher than those of New Zealand. Yet the most skilful naturalist from an examination of the species of the two countries could not have foreseen this result.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00550", "bookId": 1228, "start": 636901, "end": 637844, "sha256": "86a545202301d1ef926196aa6e7e391c79b44b947d27c58ba212dc03b938a51f", "text": "Agassiz insists that ancient animals resemble to a certain extent the embryos of recent animals of the same classes; or that the geological succession of extinct forms is in some degree parallel to the embryological development of recent forms. I must follow Pictet and Huxley in thinking that the truth of this doctrine is very far from proved. Yet I fully expect to see it hereafter confirmed, at least in regard to subordinate groups, which have branched off from each other within comparatively recent times. For this doctrine of Agassiz accords well with the theory of natural selection. In a future chapter I shall attempt to show that the adult differs from its embryo, owing to variations supervening at a not early age, and being inherited at a corresponding age. This process, whilst it leaves the embryo almost unaltered, continually adds, in the course of successive generations, more and more difference to the adult.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00551", "bookId": 1228, "start": 637848, "end": 638542, "sha256": "45c2d3353a04aac0d166391e33a2a2b8c20677d7760fbf9f8e5031c2b3da2bd0", "text": "Thus the embryo comes to be left as a sort of picture, preserved by nature, of the ancient and less modified condition of each animal. This view may be true, and yet it may never be capable of full proof. Seeing, for instance, that the oldest known mammals, reptiles, and fish strictly belong to their own proper classes, though some of these old forms are in a slight degree less distinct from each other than are the typical members of the same groups at the present day, it would be vain to look for animals having the common embryological character of the Vertebrata, until beds far beneath the lowest Silurian strata are discovered—a discovery of which the chance is very small.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00552", "bookId": 1228, "start": 638546, "end": 640109, "sha256": "6cfad5cf793854a63512356bb01284fc4e6b0d996a8649a75927a3d80216db40", "text": "_On the Succession of the same Types within the same areas, during the later tertiary periods_.—Mr. Clift many years ago showed that the fossil mammals from the Australian caves were closely allied to the living marsupials of that continent. In South America, a similar relationship is manifest, even to an uneducated eye, in the gigantic pieces of armour like those of the armadillo, found in several parts of La Plata; and Professor Owen has shown in the most striking manner that most of the fossil mammals, buried there in such numbers, are related to South American types. This relationship is even more clearly seen in the wonderful collection of fossil bones made by MM. Lund and Clausen in the caves of Brazil. I was so much impressed with these facts that I strongly insisted, in 1839 and 1845, on this “law of the succession of types,”—on “this wonderful relationship in the same continent between the dead and the living.” Professor Owen has subsequently extended the same generalisation to the mammals of the Old World. We see the same law in this author’s restorations of the extinct and gigantic birds of New Zealand. We see it also in the birds of the caves of Brazil. Mr. Woodward has shown that the same law holds good with sea-shells, but from the wide distribution of most genera of molluscs, it is not well displayed by them. Other cases could be added, as the relation between the extinct and living land-shells of Madeira; and between the extinct and living brackish-water shells of the Aralo-Caspian Sea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00553", "bookId": 1228, "start": 640113, "end": 641566, "sha256": "a9724095acfdf44068a1b0adddbb1a280c4458bb4c8dd18ff4926d3f76c0597b", "text": "Now what does this remarkable law of the succession of the same types within the same areas mean? He would be a bold man, who after comparing the present climate of Australia and of parts of South America under the same latitude, would attempt to account, on the one hand, by dissimilar physical conditions for the dissimilarity of the inhabitants of these two continents, and, on the other hand, by similarity of conditions, for the uniformity of the same types in each during the later tertiary periods. Nor can it be pretended that it is an immutable law that marsupials should have been chiefly or solely produced in Australia; or that Edentata and other American types should have been solely produced in South America. For we know that Europe in ancient times was peopled by numerous marsupials; and I have shown in the publications above alluded to, that in America the law of distribution of terrestrial mammals was formerly different from what it now is. North America formerly partook strongly of the present character of the southern half of the continent; and the southern half was formerly more closely allied, than it is at present, to the northern half. In a similar manner we know from Falconer and Cautley’s discoveries, that northern India was formerly more closely related in its mammals to Africa than it is at the present time. Analogous facts could be given in relation to the distribution of marine animals.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00554", "bookId": 1228, "start": 641570, "end": 642373, "sha256": "9622b9bbb2799c3bc592a3f566d71cc7a44b355e518fc4cd9bf50c4fbfb51e6e", "text": "On the theory of descent with modification, the great law of the long enduring, but not immutable, succession of the same types within the same areas, is at once explained; for the inhabitants of each quarter of the world will obviously tend to leave in that quarter, during the next succeeding period of time, closely allied though in some degree modified descendants. If the inhabitants of one continent formerly differed greatly from those of another continent, so will their modified descendants still differ in nearly the same manner and degree. But after very long intervals of time and after great geographical changes, permitting much inter-migration, the feebler will yield to the more dominant forms, and there will be nothing immutable in the laws of past and present distribution.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00555", "bookId": 1228, "start": 642379, "end": 643958, "sha256": "2f5c8ad4c24e3e3d96a6ea3e48cf20e25b582d2eb0484e5ae9f7f2c730468b53", "text": "It may be asked in ridicule, whether I suppose that the megatherium and other allied huge monsters have left behind them in South America the sloth, armadillo, and anteater, as their degenerate descendants. This cannot for an instant be admitted. These huge animals have become wholly extinct, and have left no progeny. But in the caves of Brazil, there are many extinct species which are closely allied in size and in other characters to the species still living in South America; and some of these fossils may be the actual progenitors of living species. It must not be forgotten that, on my theory, all the species of the same genus have descended from some one species; so that if six genera, each having eight species, be found in one geological formation, and in the next succeeding formation there be six other allied or representative genera with the same number of species, then we may conclude that only one species of each of the six older genera has left modified descendants, constituting the six new genera. The other seven species of the old genera have all died out and have left no progeny. Or, which would probably be a far commoner case, two or three species of two or three alone of the six older genera will have been the parents of the six new genera; the other old species and the other whole genera having become utterly extinct. In failing orders, with the genera and species decreasing in numbers, as apparently is the case of the Edentata of South America, still fewer genera and species will have left modified blood-descendants.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00556", "bookId": 1228, "start": 643962, "end": 645624, "sha256": "f55b8d0d0ce1c60372ccb23c0f15e8d9675906fa05e7a1faa53897896dbd8b73", "text": "_Summary of the preceding and present Chapters_.—I have attempted to show that the geological record is extremely imperfect; that only a small portion of the globe has been geologically explored with care; that only certain classes of organic beings have been largely preserved in a fossil state; that the number both of specimens and of species, preserved in our museums, is absolutely as nothing compared with the incalculable number of generations which must have passed away even during a single formation; that, owing to subsidence being necessary for the accumulation of fossiliferous deposits thick enough to resist future degradation, enormous intervals of time have elapsed between the successive formations; that there has probably been more extinction during the periods of subsidence, and more variation during the periods of elevation, and during the latter the record will have been least perfectly kept; that each single formation has not been continuously deposited; that the duration of each formation is, perhaps, short compared with the average duration of specific forms; that migration has played an important part in the first appearance of new forms in any one area and formation; that widely ranging species are those which have varied most, and have oftenest given rise to new species; and that varieties have at first often been local. All these causes taken conjointly, must have tended to make the geological record extremely imperfect, and will to a large extent explain why we do not find interminable varieties, connecting together all the extinct and existing forms of life by the finest graduated steps.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00557", "bookId": 1228, "start": 645628, "end": 646980, "sha256": "860ae7d8da71d01fce083571db2960c11eec403c158cdb194c86f8145e2601ad", "text": "He who rejects these views on the nature of the geological record, will rightly reject my whole theory. For he may ask in vain where are the numberless transitional links which must formerly have connected the closely allied or representative species, found in the several stages of the same great formation. He may disbelieve in the enormous intervals of time which have elapsed between our consecutive formations; he may overlook how important a part migration must have played, when the formations of any one great region alone, as that of Europe, are considered; he may urge the apparent, but often falsely apparent, sudden coming in of whole groups of species. He may ask where are the remains of those infinitely numerous organisms which must have existed long before the first bed of the Silurian system was deposited: I can answer this latter question only hypothetically, by saying that as far as we can see, where our oceans now extend they have for an enormous period extended, and where our oscillating continents now stand they have stood ever since the Silurian epoch; but that long before that period, the world may have presented a wholly different aspect; and that the older continents, formed of formations older than any known to us, may now all be in a metamorphosed condition, or may lie buried under the ocean.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00558", "bookId": 1228, "start": 646984, "end": 648442, "sha256": "b8da819027402ce63d9f6b113e24c1bd28c30af5d790f2dedf60d4e502370d2f", "text": "Passing from these difficulties, all the other great leading facts in palæontology seem to me simply to follow on the theory of descent with modification through natural selection. We can thus understand how it is that new species come in slowly and successively; how species of different classes do not necessarily change together, or at the same rate, or in the same degree; yet in the long run that all undergo modification to some extent. The extinction of old forms is the almost inevitable consequence of the production of new forms. We can understand why when a species has once disappeared it never reappears. Groups of species increase in numbers slowly, and endure for unequal periods of time; for the process of modification is necessarily slow, and depends on many complex contingencies. The dominant species of the larger dominant groups tend to leave many modified descendants, and thus new sub-groups and groups are formed. As these are formed, the species of the less vigorous groups, from their inferiority inherited from a common progenitor, tend to become extinct together, and to leave no modified offspring on the face of the earth. But the utter extinction of a whole group of species may often be a very slow process, from the survival of a few descendants, lingering in protected and isolated situations. When a group has once wholly disappeared, it does not reappear; for the link of generation has been broken.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00559", "bookId": 1228, "start": 648446, "end": 648888, "sha256": "eac0c8c829e81cd18610b812d4829c7fbd641ae141f4226bbf89b9b835f180d0", "text": "We can understand how the spreading of the dominant forms of life, which are those that oftenest vary, will in the long run tend to people the world with allied, but modified, descendants; and these will generally succeed in taking the places of those groups of species which are their inferiors in the struggle for existence. Hence, after long intervals of time, the productions of the world will appear to have changed simultaneously.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00560", "bookId": 1228, "start": 648892, "end": 650214, "sha256": "eb475af59b513538b1a8f09b99582a5d9cfe25e219b4c668bb4c20a098849e26", "text": "We can understand how it is that all the forms of life, ancient and recent, make together one grand system; for all are connected by generation. We can understand, from the continued tendency to divergence of character, why the more ancient a form is, the more it generally differs from those now living. Why ancient and extinct forms often tend to fill up gaps between existing forms, sometimes blending two groups previously classed as distinct into one; but more commonly only bringing them a little closer together. The more ancient a form is, the more often, apparently, it displays characters in some degree intermediate between groups now distinct; for the more ancient a form is, the more nearly it will be related to, and consequently resemble, the common progenitor of groups, since become widely divergent. Extinct forms are seldom directly intermediate between existing forms; but are intermediate only by a long and circuitous course through many extinct and very different forms. We can clearly see why the organic remains of closely consecutive formations are more closely allied to each other, than are those of remote formations; for the forms are more closely linked together by generation: we can clearly see why the remains of an intermediate formation are intermediate in character.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00561", "bookId": 1228, "start": 650218, "end": 650875, "sha256": "0efb13fc506ea0eb5f268e61b3224791ab717c7113e6171f6e9f93211c1836b9", "text": "The inhabitants of each successive period in the world’s history have beaten their predecessors in the race for life, and are, in so far, higher in the scale of nature; and this may account for that vague yet ill-defined sentiment, felt by many palæontologists, that organisation on the whole has progressed. If it should hereafter be proved that ancient animals resemble to a certain extent the embryos of more recent animals of the same class, the fact will be intelligible. The succession of the same types of structure within the same areas during the later geological periods ceases to be mysterious, and is simply explained by inheritance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00562", "bookId": 1228, "start": 650879, "end": 651446, "sha256": "6c9f7c9dca73564b23b782198006e1dada3f35b19e8cab78b17e8ceee571a6d4", "text": "If then the geological record be as imperfect as I believe it to be, and it may at least be asserted that the record cannot be proved to be much more perfect, the main objections to the theory of natural selection are greatly diminished or disappear. On the other hand, all the chief laws of palæontology plainly proclaim, as it seems to me, that species have been produced by ordinary generation: old forms having been supplanted by new and improved forms of life, produced by the laws of variation still acting round us, and preserved by Natural Selection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00563", "bookId": 1228, "start": 651456, "end": 651495, "sha256": "9aa90694c1610192134d7b86096e9dc9ec4127154f84edd41af0857e9a77ea63", "text": "CHAPTER XI. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00564", "bookId": 1228, "start": 651501, "end": 651846, "sha256": "249cf271a562f3a438ee7813e07b44629c9ded25def13d40b54fecacfd442b97", "text": "Present distribution cannot be accounted for by differences in physical conditions. Importance of barriers. Affinity of the productions of the same continent. Centres of creation. Means of dispersal, by changes of climate and of the level of the land, and by occasional means. Dispersal during the Glacial period co-extensive with the world.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00565", "bookId": 1228, "start": 651852, "end": 653415, "sha256": "0c1ca15e54f8dd7c91a9c24dd4fd76a988810f0e6f518316e05d9a1615320b14", "text": "In considering the distribution of organic beings over the face of the globe, the first great fact which strikes us is, that neither the similarity nor the dissimilarity of the inhabitants of various regions can be accounted for by their climatal and other physical conditions. Of late, almost every author who has studied the subject has come to this conclusion. The case of America alone would almost suffice to prove its truth: for if we exclude the northern parts where the circumpolar land is almost continuous, all authors agree that one of the most fundamental divisions in geographical distribution is that between the New and Old Worlds; yet if we travel over the vast American continent, from the central parts of the United States to its extreme southern point, we meet with the most diversified conditions; the most humid districts, arid deserts, lofty mountains, grassy plains, forests, marshes, lakes, and great rivers, under almost every temperature. There is hardly a climate or condition in the Old World which cannot be paralleled in the New—at least as closely as the same species generally require; for it is a most rare case to find a group of organisms confined to any small spot, having conditions peculiar in only a slight degree; for instance, small areas in the Old World could be pointed out hotter than any in the New World, yet these are not inhabited by a peculiar fauna or flora. Notwithstanding this parallelism in the conditions of the Old and New Worlds, how widely different are their living productions!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00566", "bookId": 1228, "start": 653419, "end": 654130, "sha256": "4adc418f928b9c257c69cf49b9827287e5fa0906555401480e26652957c27a8e", "text": "In the southern hemisphere, if we compare large tracts of land in Australia, South Africa, and western South America, between latitudes 25° and 35°, we shall find parts extremely similar in all their conditions, yet it would not be possible to point out three faunas and floras more utterly dissimilar. Or again we may compare the productions of South America south of lat. 35° with those north of 25°, which consequently inhabit a considerably different climate, and they will be found incomparably more closely related to each other, than they are to the productions of Australia or Africa under nearly the same climate. Analogous facts could be given with respect to the inhabitants of the sea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00567", "bookId": 1228, "start": 654134, "end": 655363, "sha256": "2ec9c03d4d6aa992a87f9b82ac2a8bde694f4c64675e0406a968f34b68c94a39", "text": "A second great fact which strikes us in our general review is, that barriers of any kind, or obstacles to free migration, are related in a close and important manner to the differences between the productions of various regions. We see this in the great difference of nearly all the terrestrial productions of the New and Old Worlds, excepting in the northern parts, where the land almost joins, and where, under a slightly different climate, there might have been free migration for the northern temperate forms, as there now is for the strictly arctic productions. We see the same fact in the great difference between the inhabitants of Australia, Africa, and South America under the same latitude: for these countries are almost as much isolated from each other as is possible. On each continent, also, we see the same fact; for on the opposite sides of lofty and continuous mountain-ranges, and of great deserts, and sometimes even of large rivers, we find different productions; though as mountain chains, deserts, etc., are not as impassable, or likely to have endured so long as the oceans separating continents, the differences are very inferior in degree to those characteristic of distinct continents.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00568", "bookId": 1228, "start": 655367, "end": 656954, "sha256": "64e6b1f1e5baa65fc3a223c1711438daa55ec55af974f752a301554dfedbfa4e", "text": "Turning to the sea, we find the same law. No two marine faunas are more distinct, with hardly a fish, shell, or crab in common, than those of the eastern and western shores of South and Central America; yet these great faunas are separated only by the narrow, but impassable, isthmus of Panama. Westward of the shores of America, a wide space of open ocean extends, with not an island as a halting-place for emigrants; here we have a barrier of another kind, and as soon as this is passed we meet in the eastern islands of the Pacific, with another and totally distinct fauna. So that here three marine faunas range far northward and southward, in parallel lines not far from each other, under corresponding climates; but from being separated from each other by impassable barriers, either of land or open sea, they are wholly distinct. On the other hand, proceeding still further westward from the eastern islands of the tropical parts of the Pacific, we encounter no impassable barriers, and we have innumerable islands as halting-places, until after travelling over a hemisphere we come to the shores of Africa; and over this vast space we meet with no well-defined and distinct marine faunas. Although hardly one shell, crab or fish is common to the above-named three approximate faunas of Eastern and Western America and the eastern Pacific islands, yet many fish range from the Pacific into the Indian Ocean, and many shells are common to the eastern islands of the Pacific and the eastern shores of Africa, on almost exactly opposite meridians of longitude.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00569", "bookId": 1228, "start": 656958, "end": 659049, "sha256": "802a2ef88c58ccc3c30947bfa353d70b4d273e990feb6762b8ace46d04d77a21", "text": "A third great fact, partly included in the foregoing statements, is the affinity of the productions of the same continent or sea, though the species themselves are distinct at different points and stations. It is a law of the widest generality, and every continent offers innumerable instances. Nevertheless the naturalist in travelling, for instance, from north to south never fails to be struck by the manner in which successive groups of beings, specifically distinct, yet clearly related, replace each other. He hears from closely allied, yet distinct kinds of birds, notes nearly similar, and sees their nests similarly constructed, but not quite alike, with eggs coloured in nearly the same manner. The plains near the Straits of Magellan are inhabited by one species of Rhea (American ostrich), and northward the plains of La Plata by another species of the same genus; and not by a true ostrich or emeu, like those found in Africa and Australia under the same latitude. On these same plains of La Plata, we see the agouti and bizcacha, animals having nearly the same habits as our hares and rabbits and belonging to the same order of Rodents, but they plainly display an American type of structure. We ascend the lofty peaks of the Cordillera and we find an alpine species of bizcacha; we look to the waters, and we do not find the beaver or musk-rat, but the coypu and capybara, rodents of the American type. Innumerable other instances could be given. If we look to the islands off the American shore, however much they may differ in geological structure, the inhabitants, though they may be all peculiar species, are essentially American. We may look back to past ages, as shown in the last chapter, and we find American types then prevalent on the American continent and in the American seas. We see in these facts some deep organic bond, prevailing throughout space and time, over the same areas of land and water, and independent of their physical conditions. The naturalist must feel little curiosity, who is not led to inquire what this bond is.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00570", "bookId": 1228, "start": 659053, "end": 660741, "sha256": "990e76ebc13f1130f905c9843805d05fe99620b452f182e58ef00cda8804910c", "text": "This bond, on my theory, is simply inheritance, that cause which alone, as far as we positively know, produces organisms quite like, or, as we see in the case of varieties nearly like each other. The dissimilarity of the inhabitants of different regions may be attributed to modification through natural selection, and in a quite subordinate degree to the direct influence of different physical conditions. The degree of dissimilarity will depend on the migration of the more dominant forms of life from one region into another having been effected with more or less ease, at periods more or less remote;—on the nature and number of the former immigrants;—and on their action and reaction, in their mutual struggles for life;—the relation of organism to organism being, as I have already often remarked, the most important of all relations. Thus the high importance of barriers comes into play by checking migration; as does time for the slow process of modification through natural selection. Widely-ranging species, abounding in individuals, which have already triumphed over many competitors in their own widely-extended homes will have the best chance of seizing on new places, when they spread into new countries. In their new homes they will be exposed to new conditions, and will frequently undergo further modification and improvement; and thus they will become still further victorious, and will produce groups of modified descendants. On this principle of inheritance with modification, we can understand how it is that sections of genera, whole genera, and even families are confined to the same areas, as is so commonly and notoriously the case.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00571", "bookId": 1228, "start": 660745, "end": 661762, "sha256": "9d56502be1d6260c8192a702122af2a39cdca29df8949b478c28710673f7066a", "text": "I believe, as was remarked in the last chapter, in no law of necessary development. As the variability of each species is an independent property, and will be taken advantage of by natural selection, only so far as it profits the individual in its complex struggle for life, so the degree of modification in different species will be no uniform quantity. If, for instance, a number of species, which stand in direct competition with each other, migrate in a body into a new and afterwards isolated country, they will be little liable to modification; for neither migration nor isolation in themselves can do anything. These principles come into play only by bringing organisms into new relations with each other, and in a lesser degree with the surrounding physical conditions. As we have seen in the last chapter that some forms have retained nearly the same character from an enormously remote geological period, so certain species have migrated over vast spaces, and have not become greatly modified.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00572", "bookId": 1228, "start": 661766, "end": 662921, "sha256": "70a06a0f5ce6623adbd02687263490145376f3caa17e6d3aad4c4afc0b325b7c", "text": "On these views, it is obvious, that the several species of the same genus, though inhabiting the most distant quarters of the world, must originally have proceeded from the same source, as they have descended from the same progenitor. In the case of those species, which have undergone during whole geological periods but little modification, there is not much difficulty in believing that they may have migrated from the same region; for during the vast geographical and climatal changes which will have supervened since ancient times, almost any amount of migration is possible. But in many other cases, in which we have reason to believe that the species of a genus have been produced within comparatively recent times, there is great difficulty on this head. It is also obvious that the individuals of the same species, though now inhabiting distant and isolated regions, must have proceeded from one spot, where their parents were first produced: for, as explained in the last chapter, it is incredible that individuals identically the same should ever have been produced through natural selection from parents specifically distinct.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00573", "bookId": 1228, "start": 662925, "end": 665757, "sha256": "a0f7f9d1b8188547ee062eb2443052d68e1a420864c2c813e646284e1e459578", "text": "We are thus brought to the question which has been largely discussed by naturalists, namely, whether species have been created at one or more points of the earth’s surface. Undoubtedly there are very many cases of extreme difficulty, in understanding how the same species could possibly have migrated from some one point to the several distant and isolated points, where now found. Nevertheless the simplicity of the view that each species was first produced within a single region captivates the mind. He who rejects it, rejects the _vera causa_ of ordinary generation with subsequent migration, and calls in the agency of a miracle. It is universally admitted, that in most cases the area inhabited by a species is continuous; and when a plant or animal inhabits two points so distant from each other, or with an interval of such a nature, that the space could not be easily passed over by migration, the fact is given as something remarkable and exceptional. The capacity of migrating across the sea is more distinctly limited in terrestrial mammals, than perhaps in any other organic beings; and, accordingly, we find no inexplicable cases of the same mammal inhabiting distant points of the world. No geologist will feel any difficulty in such cases as Great Britain having been formerly united to Europe, and consequently possessing the same quadrupeds. But if the same species can be produced at two separate points, why do we not find a single mammal common to Europe and Australia or South America? The conditions of life are nearly the same, so that a multitude of European animals and plants have become naturalised in America and Australia; and some of the aboriginal plants are identically the same at these distant points of the northern and southern hemispheres? The answer, as I believe, is, that mammals have not been able to migrate, whereas some plants, from their varied means of dispersal, have migrated across the vast and broken interspace. The great and striking influence which barriers of every kind have had on distribution, is intelligible only on the view that the great majority of species have been produced on one side alone, and have not been able to migrate to the other side. Some few families, many sub-families, very many genera, and a still greater number of sections of genera are confined to a single region; and it has been observed by several naturalists, that the most natural genera, or those genera in which the species are most closely related to each other, are generally local, or confined to one area. What a strange anomaly it would be, if, when coming one step lower in the series, to the individuals of the same species, a directly opposite rule prevailed; and species were not local, but had been produced in two or more distinct areas!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00574", "bookId": 1228, "start": 665761, "end": 667821, "sha256": "904b56d83416041139ab227c177ea6d8e012246cfec42bec762c24a5a43892bc", "text": "Hence it seems to me, as it has to many other naturalists, that the view of each species having been produced in one area alone, and having subsequently migrated from that area as far as its powers of migration and subsistence under past and present conditions permitted, is the most probable. Undoubtedly many cases occur, in which we cannot explain how the same species could have passed from one point to the other. But the geographical and climatal changes, which have certainly occurred within recent geological times, must have interrupted or rendered discontinuous the formerly continuous range of many species. So that we are reduced to consider whether the exceptions to continuity of range are so numerous and of so grave a nature, that we ought to give up the belief, rendered probable by general considerations, that each species has been produced within one area, and has migrated thence as far as it could. It would be hopelessly tedious to discuss all the exceptional cases of the same species, now living at distant and separated points; nor do I for a moment pretend that any explanation could be offered of many such cases. But after some preliminary remarks, I will discuss a few of the most striking classes of facts; namely, the existence of the same species on the summits of distant mountain-ranges, and at distant points in the arctic and antarctic regions; and secondly (in the following chapter), the wide distribution of freshwater productions; and thirdly, the occurrence of the same terrestrial species on islands and on the mainland, though separated by hundreds of miles of open sea. If the existence of the same species at distant and isolated points of the earth’s surface, can in many instances be explained on the view of each species having migrated from a single birthplace; then, considering our ignorance with respect to former climatal and geographical changes and various occasional means of transport, the belief that this has been the universal law, seems to me incomparably the safest.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00575", "bookId": 1228, "start": 667825, "end": 669577, "sha256": "9d22b9fa4347fdd4564e3160c9caf149c0e8a3865fbfafab2b3d53e7a1e77240", "text": "In discussing this subject, we shall be enabled at the same time to consider a point equally important for us, namely, whether the several distinct species of a genus, which on my theory have all descended from a common progenitor, can have migrated (undergoing modification during some part of their migration) from the area inhabited by their progenitor. If it can be shown to be almost invariably the case, that a region, of which most of its inhabitants are closely related to, or belong to the same genera with the species of a second region, has probably received at some former period immigrants from this other region, my theory will be strengthened; for we can clearly understand, on the principle of modification, why the inhabitants of a region should be related to those of another region, whence it has been stocked. A volcanic island, for instance, upheaved and formed at the distance of a few hundreds of miles from a continent, would probably receive from it in the course of time a few colonists, and their descendants, though modified, would still be plainly related by inheritance to the inhabitants of the continent. Cases of this nature are common, and are, as we shall hereafter more fully see, inexplicable on the theory of independent creation. This view of the relation of species in one region to those in another, does not differ much (by substituting the word variety for species) from that lately advanced in an ingenious paper by Mr. Wallace, in which he concludes, that “every species has come into existence coincident both in space and time with a pre-existing closely allied species.” And I now know from correspondence, that this coincidence he attributes to generation with modification.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00576", "bookId": 1228, "start": 669581, "end": 671041, "sha256": "25ce7b5a8c61836c600b927fbbf9c00659f16ff727f8adb17a3cba0298f437cd", "text": "The previous remarks on “single and multiple centres of creation” do not directly bear on another allied question,—namely whether all the individuals of the same species have descended from a single pair, or single hermaphrodite, or whether, as some authors suppose, from many individuals simultaneously created. With those organic beings which never intercross (if such exist), the species, on my theory, must have descended from a succession of improved varieties, which will never have blended with other individuals or varieties, but will have supplanted each other; so that, at each successive stage of modification and improvement, all the individuals of each variety will have descended from a single parent. But in the majority of cases, namely, with all organisms which habitually unite for each birth, or which often intercross, I believe that during the slow process of modification the individuals of the species will have been kept nearly uniform by intercrossing; so that many individuals will have gone on simultaneously changing, and the whole amount of modification will not have been due, at each stage, to descent from a single parent. To illustrate what I mean: our English racehorses differ slightly from the horses of every other breed; but they do not owe their difference and superiority to descent from any single pair, but to continued care in selecting and training many individuals during many generations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00577", "bookId": 1228, "start": 671045, "end": 671263, "sha256": "0d4b61d9510a337961fc27df2a12b5d366c6532baed5199281b65416f3755ccf", "text": "Before discussing the three classes of facts, which I have selected as presenting the greatest amount of difficulty on the theory of “single centres of creation,” I must say a few words on the means of dispersal.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00578", "bookId": 1228, "start": 671267, "end": 675237, "sha256": "b0938f3bb6faba204dea3c05f8bbdbe10cb1371fa033bfeba12cdb1d59aebba0", "text": "_Means of Dispersal_.—Sir C. Lyell and other authors have ably treated this subject. I can give here only the briefest abstract of the more important facts. Change of climate must have had a powerful influence on migration: a region when its climate was different may have been a high road for migration, but now be impassable; I shall, however, presently have to discuss this branch of the subject in some detail. Changes of level in the land must also have been highly influential: a narrow isthmus now separates two marine faunas; submerge it, or let it formerly have been submerged, and the two faunas will now blend or may formerly have blended: where the sea now extends, land may at a former period have connected islands or possibly even continents together, and thus have allowed terrestrial productions to pass from one to the other. No geologist will dispute that great mutations of level have occurred within the period of existing organisms. Edward Forbes insisted that all the islands in the Atlantic must recently have been connected with Europe or Africa, and Europe likewise with America. Other authors have thus hypothetically bridged over every ocean, and have united almost every island to some mainland. If indeed the arguments used by Forbes are to be trusted, it must be admitted that scarcely a single island exists which has not recently been united to some continent. This view cuts the Gordian knot of the dispersal of the same species to the most distant points, and removes many a difficulty: but to the best of my judgment we are not authorized in admitting such enormous geographical changes within the period of existing species. It seems to me that we have abundant evidence of great oscillations of level in our continents; but not of such vast changes in their position and extension, as to have united them within the recent period to each other and to the several intervening oceanic islands. I freely admit the former existence of many islands, now buried beneath the sea, which may have served as halting places for plants and for many animals during their migration. In the coral-producing oceans such sunken islands are now marked, as I believe, by rings of coral or atolls standing over them. Whenever it is fully admitted, as I believe it will some day be, that each species has proceeded from a single birthplace, and when in the course of time we know something definite about the means of distribution, we shall be enabled to speculate with security on the former extension of the land. But I do not believe that it will ever be proved that within the recent period continents which are now quite separate, have been continuously, or almost continuously, united with each other, and with the many existing oceanic islands. Several facts in distribution,—such as the great difference in the marine faunas on the opposite sides of almost every continent,—the close relation of the tertiary inhabitants of several lands and even seas to their present inhabitants,—a certain degree of relation (as we shall hereafter see) between the distribution of mammals and the depth of the sea,—these and other such facts seem to me opposed to the admission of such prodigious geographical revolutions within the recent period, as are necessitated on the view advanced by Forbes and admitted by his many followers. The nature and relative proportions of the inhabitants of oceanic islands likewise seem to me opposed to the belief of their former continuity with continents. Nor does their almost universally volcanic composition favour the admission that they are the wrecks of sunken continents;—if they had originally existed as mountain-ranges on the land, some at least of the islands would have been formed, like other mountain-summits, of granite, metamorphic schists, old fossiliferous or other such rocks, instead of consisting of mere piles of volcanic matter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00579", "bookId": 1228, "start": 675241, "end": 678066, "sha256": "978c23d95af6af2fea36a74d385667786d5bc9eb5100384deae4af2d8a5eab84", "text": "I must now say a few words on what are called accidental means, but which more properly might be called occasional means of distribution. I shall here confine myself to plants. In botanical works, this or that plant is stated to be ill adapted for wide dissemination; but for transport across the sea, the greater or less facilities may be said to be almost wholly unknown. Until I tried, with Mr. Berkeley’s aid, a few experiments, it was not even known how far seeds could resist the injurious action of sea-water. To my surprise I found that out of 87 kinds, 64 germinated after an immersion of 28 days, and a few survived an immersion of 137 days. For convenience sake I chiefly tried small seeds, without the capsule or fruit; and as all of these sank in a few days, they could not be floated across wide spaces of the sea, whether or not they were injured by the salt-water. Afterwards I tried some larger fruits, capsules, etc., and some of these floated for a long time. It is well known what a difference there is in the buoyancy of green and seasoned timber; and it occurred to me that floods might wash down plants or branches, and that these might be dried on the banks, and then by a fresh rise in the stream be washed into the sea. Hence I was led to dry stems and branches of 94 plants with ripe fruit, and to place them on sea water. The majority sank quickly, but some which whilst green floated for a very short time, when dried floated much longer; for instance, ripe hazel-nuts sank immediately, but when dried, they floated for 90 days and afterwards when planted they germinated; an asparagus plant with ripe berries floated for 23 days, when dried it floated for 85 days, and the seeds afterwards germinated: the ripe seeds of Helosciadium sank in two days, when dried they floated for above 90 days, and afterwards germinated. Altogether out of the 94 dried plants, 18 floated for above 28 days, and some of the 18 floated for a very much longer period. So that as 64/87 seeds germinated after an immersion of 28 days; and as 18/94 plants with ripe fruit (but not all the same species as in the foregoing experiment) floated, after being dried, for above 28 days, as far as we may infer anything from these scanty facts, we may conclude that the seeds of 14/100 plants of any country might be floated by sea-currents during 28 days, and would retain their power of germination. In Johnston’s Physical Atlas, the average rate of the several Atlantic currents is 33 miles per diem (some currents running at the rate of 60 miles per diem); on this average, the seeds of 14/100 plants belonging to one country might be floated across 924 miles of sea to another country; and when stranded, if blown to a favourable spot by an inland gale, they would germinate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00580", "bookId": 1228, "start": 678070, "end": 679457, "sha256": "88603688a583f4919b7ac42704243ff443750c10ba674af035d29335912f181c", "text": "Subsequently to my experiments, M. Martens tried similar ones, but in a much better manner, for he placed the seeds in a box in the actual sea, so that they were alternately wet and exposed to the air like really floating plants. He tried 98 seeds, mostly different from mine; but he chose many large fruits and likewise seeds from plants which live near the sea; and this would have favoured the average length of their flotation and of their resistance to the injurious action of the salt-water. On the other hand he did not previously dry the plants or branches with the fruit; and this, as we have seen, would have caused some of them to have floated much longer. The result was that 18/98 of his seeds floated for 42 days, and were then capable of germination. But I do not doubt that plants exposed to the waves would float for a less time than those protected from violent movement as in our experiments. Therefore it would perhaps be safer to assume that the seeds of about 10/100 plants of a flora, after having been dried, could be floated across a space of sea 900 miles in width, and would then germinate. The fact of the larger fruits often floating longer than the small, is interesting; as plants with large seeds or fruit could hardly be transported by any other means; and Alph. de Candolle has shown that such plants generally have restricted ranges.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00581", "bookId": 1228, "start": 679461, "end": 680681, "sha256": "2d07b5b8856d15109eca8f3da21fcddd784e1ad16697a68974aec39351693550", "text": "But seeds may be occasionally transported in another manner. Drift timber is thrown up on most islands, even on those in the midst of the widest oceans; and the natives of the coral-islands in the Pacific, procure stones for their tools, solely from the roots of drifted trees, these stones being a valuable royal tax. I find on examination, that when irregularly shaped stones are embedded in the roots of trees, small parcels of earth are very frequently enclosed in their interstices and behind them,—so perfectly that not a particle could be washed away in the longest transport: out of one small portion of earth thus _completely_ enclosed by wood in an oak about 50 years old, three dicotyledonous plants germinated: I am certain of the accuracy of this observation. Again, I can show that the carcasses of birds, when floating on the sea, sometimes escape being immediately devoured; and seeds of many kinds in the crops of floating birds long retain their vitality: peas and vetches, for instance, are killed by even a few days’ immersion in sea-water; but some taken out of the crop of a pigeon, which had floated on artificial salt-water for 30 days, to my surprise nearly all germinated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00582", "bookId": 1228, "start": 680685, "end": 683185, "sha256": "b41d62e4ef5608fe17ba07f307fd9f49e15999a5e3992b492ec2faf2d121d9bb", "text": "Living birds can hardly fail to be highly effective agents in the transportation of seeds. I could give many facts showing how frequently birds of many kinds are blown by gales to vast distances across the ocean. We may I think safely assume that under such circumstances their rate of flight would often be 35 miles an hour; and some authors have given a far higher estimate. I have never seen an instance of nutritious seeds passing through the intestines of a bird; but hard seeds of fruit will pass uninjured through even the digestive organs of a turkey. In the course of two months, I picked up in my garden 12 kinds of seeds, out of the excrement of small birds, and these seemed perfect, and some of them, which I tried, germinated. But the following fact is more important: the crops of birds do not secrete gastric juice, and do not in the least injure, as I know by trial, the germination of seeds; now after a bird has found and devoured a large supply of food, it is positively asserted that all the grains do not pass into the gizzard for 12 or even 18 hours. A bird in this interval might easily be blown to the distance of 500 miles, and hawks are known to look out for tired birds, and the contents of their torn crops might thus readily get scattered. Mr. Brent informs me that a friend of his had to give up flying carrier-pigeons from France to England, as the hawks on the English coast destroyed so many on their arrival. Some hawks and owls bolt their prey whole, and after an interval of from twelve to twenty hours, disgorge pellets, which, as I know from experiments made in the Zoological Gardens, include seeds capable of germination. Some seeds of the oat, wheat, millet, canary, hemp, clover, and beet germinated after having been from twelve to twenty-one hours in the stomachs of different birds of prey; and two seeds of beet grew after having been thus retained for two days and fourteen hours. Freshwater fish, I find, eat seeds of many land and water plants: fish are frequently devoured by birds, and thus the seeds might be transported from place to place. I forced many kinds of seeds into the stomachs of dead fish, and then gave their bodies to fishing-eagles, storks, and pelicans; these birds after an interval of many hours, either rejected the seeds in pellets or passed them in their excrement; and several of these seeds retained their power of germination. Certain seeds, however, were always killed by this process.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00583", "bookId": 1228, "start": 683189, "end": 683879, "sha256": "e32aa59718663933428a11f6718205865385a528c8d00790a60b759d1d4ddc65", "text": "Although the beaks and feet of birds are generally quite clean, I can show that earth sometimes adheres to them: in one instance I removed twenty-two grains of dry argillaceous earth from one foot of a partridge, and in this earth there was a pebble quite as large as the seed of a vetch. Thus seeds might occasionally be transported to great distances; for many facts could be given showing that soil almost everywhere is charged with seeds. Reflect for a moment on the millions of quails which annually cross the Mediterranean; and can we doubt that the earth adhering to their feet would sometimes include a few minute seeds? But I shall presently have to recur to this subject.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00584", "bookId": 1228, "start": 683883, "end": 685103, "sha256": "09d69557f4954f8f189721bcb416445a16965043dcad7f3262b30823faa0fbca", "text": "As icebergs are known to be sometimes loaded with earth and stones, and have even carried brushwood, bones, and the nest of a land-bird, I can hardly doubt that they must occasionally have transported seeds from one part to another of the arctic and antarctic regions, as suggested by Lyell; and during the Glacial period from one part of the now temperate regions to another. In the Azores, from the large number of the species of plants common to Europe, in comparison with the plants of other oceanic islands nearer to the mainland, and (as remarked by Mr. H. C. Watson) from the somewhat northern character of the flora in comparison with the latitude, I suspected that these islands had been partly stocked by ice-borne seeds, during the Glacial epoch. At my request Sir C. Lyell wrote to M. Hartung to inquire whether he had observed erratic boulders on these islands, and he answered that he had found large fragments of granite and other rocks, which do not occur in the archipelago. Hence we may safely infer that icebergs formerly landed their rocky burthens on the shores of these mid-ocean islands, and it is at least possible that they may have brought thither the seeds of northern plants.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00585", "bookId": 1228, "start": 685107, "end": 688020, "sha256": "c0004953ae1b849325833046b9be69e1dde981b8d217664556449c3a69b6c825", "text": "Considering that the several above means of transport, and that several other means, which without doubt remain to be discovered, have been in action year after year, for centuries and tens of thousands of years, it would I think be a marvellous fact if many plants had not thus become widely transported. These means of transport are sometimes called accidental, but this is not strictly correct: the currents of the sea are not accidental, nor is the direction of prevalent gales of wind. It should be observed that scarcely any means of transport would carry seeds for very great distances; for seeds do not retain their vitality when exposed for a great length of time to the action of seawater; nor could they be long carried in the crops or intestines of birds. These means, however, would suffice for occasional transport across tracts of sea some hundred miles in breadth, or from island to island, or from a continent to a neighbouring island, but not from one distant continent to another. The floras of distant continents would not by such means become mingled in any great degree; but would remain as distinct as we now see them to be. The currents, from their course, would never bring seeds from North America to Britain, though they might and do bring seeds from the West Indies to our western shores, where, if not killed by so long an immersion in salt-water, they could not endure our climate. Almost every year, one or two land-birds are blown across the whole Atlantic Ocean, from North America to the western shores of Ireland and England; but seeds could be transported by these wanderers only by one means, namely, in dirt sticking to their feet, which is in itself a rare accident. Even in this case, how small would the chance be of a seed falling on favourable soil, and coming to maturity! But it would be a great error to argue that because a well-stocked island, like Great Britain, has not, as far as is known (and it would be very difficult to prove this), received within the last few centuries, through occasional means of transport, immigrants from Europe or any other continent, that a poorly-stocked island, though standing more remote from the mainland, would not receive colonists by similar means. I do not doubt that out of twenty seeds or animals transported to an island, even if far less well-stocked than Britain, scarcely more than one would be so well fitted to its new home, as to become naturalised. But this, as it seems to me, is no valid argument against what would be effected by occasional means of transport, during the long lapse of geological time, whilst an island was being upheaved and formed, and before it had become fully stocked with inhabitants. On almost bare land, with few or no destructive insects or birds living there, nearly every seed, which chanced to arrive, would be sure to germinate and survive.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00586", "bookId": 1228, "start": 688024, "end": 689924, "sha256": "bfc11dde096aa8036ed6ac31e4cbf150b1c5eb68e8f078b5e7d6dde8ecb3d479", "text": "_Dispersal during the Glacial period_.—The identity of many plants and animals, on mountain-summits, separated from each other by hundreds of miles of lowlands, where the Alpine species could not possibly exist, is one of the most striking cases known of the same species living at distant points, without the apparent possibility of their having migrated from one to the other. It is indeed a remarkable fact to see so many of the same plants living on the snowy regions of the Alps or Pyrenees, and in the extreme northern parts of Europe; but it is far more remarkable, that the plants on the White Mountains, in the United States of America, are all the same with those of Labrador, and nearly all the same, as we hear from Asa Gray, with those on the loftiest mountains of Europe. Even as long ago as 1747, such facts led Gmelin to conclude that the same species must have been independently created at several distinct points; and we might have remained in this same belief, had not Agassiz and others called vivid attention to the Glacial period, which, as we shall immediately see, affords a simple explanation of these facts. We have evidence of almost every conceivable kind, organic and inorganic, that within a very recent geological period, central Europe and North America suffered under an Arctic climate. The ruins of a house burnt by fire do not tell their tale more plainly, than do the mountains of Scotland and Wales, with their scored flanks, polished surfaces, and perched boulders, of the icy streams with which their valleys were lately filled. So greatly has the climate of Europe changed, that in Northern Italy, gigantic moraines, left by old glaciers, are now clothed by the vine and maize. Throughout a large part of the United States, erratic boulders, and rocks scored by drifted icebergs and coast-ice, plainly reveal a former cold period.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00587", "bookId": 1228, "start": 689928, "end": 691511, "sha256": "20388d666fd8b5cb37a3887633acdff8f31b43414334920f38c1001682f76525", "text": "The former influence of the glacial climate on the distribution of the inhabitants of Europe, as explained with remarkable clearness by Edward Forbes, is substantially as follows. But we shall follow the changes more readily, by supposing a new glacial period to come slowly on, and then pass away, as formerly occurred. As the cold came on, and as each more southern zone became fitted for arctic beings and ill-fitted for their former more temperate inhabitants, the latter would be supplanted and arctic productions would take their places. The inhabitants of the more temperate regions would at the same time travel southward, unless they were stopped by barriers, in which case they would perish. The mountains would become covered with snow and ice, and their former Alpine inhabitants would descend to the plains. By the time that the cold had reached its maximum, we should have a uniform arctic fauna and flora, covering the central parts of Europe, as far south as the Alps and Pyrenees, and even stretching into Spain. The now temperate regions of the United States would likewise be covered by arctic plants and animals, and these would be nearly the same with those of Europe; for the present circumpolar inhabitants, which we suppose to have everywhere travelled southward, are remarkably uniform round the world. We may suppose that the Glacial period came on a little earlier or later in North America than in Europe, so will the southern migration there have been a little earlier or later; but this will make no difference in the final result.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00588", "bookId": 1228, "start": 691515, "end": 692217, "sha256": "39b82e8d306cceff91a50c10514ccb7cb018ffa19e10c188289ab8594337c6f8", "text": "As the warmth returned, the arctic forms would retreat northward, closely followed up in their retreat by the productions of the more temperate regions. And as the snow melted from the bases of the mountains, the arctic forms would seize on the cleared and thawed ground, always ascending higher and higher, as the warmth increased, whilst their brethren were pursuing their northern journey. Hence, when the warmth had fully returned, the same arctic species, which had lately lived in a body together on the lowlands of the Old and New Worlds, would be left isolated on distant mountain-summits (having been exterminated on all lesser heights) and in the arctic regions of both hemispheres.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00589", "bookId": 1228, "start": 692221, "end": 693493, "sha256": "de63e1deaff857c5d3417a90e88dbac59b08c4446ac60530e8286b85fae82c54", "text": "Thus we can understand the identity of many plants at points so immensely remote as on the mountains of the United States and of Europe. We can thus also understand the fact that the Alpine plants of each mountain-range are more especially related to the arctic forms living due north or nearly due north of them: for the migration as the cold came on, and the re-migration on the returning warmth, will generally have been due south and north. The Alpine plants, for example, of Scotland, as remarked by Mr. H. C. Watson, and those of the Pyrenees, as remarked by Ramond, are more especially allied to the plants of northern Scandinavia; those of the United States to Labrador; those of the mountains of Siberia to the arctic regions of that country. These views, grounded as they are on the perfectly well-ascertained occurrence of a former Glacial period, seem to me to explain in so satisfactory a manner the present distribution of the Alpine and Arctic productions of Europe and America, that when in other regions we find the same species on distant mountain-summits, we may almost conclude without other evidence, that a colder climate permitted their former migration across the low intervening tracts, since become too warm for their existence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00590", "bookId": 1228, "start": 693497, "end": 694015, "sha256": "677cfebb2d698e0dc7076ee29544cae238fa01693658bd1a1b112d200acd51da", "text": "If the climate, since the Glacial period, has ever been in any degree warmer than at present (as some geologists in the United States believe to have been the case, chiefly from the distribution of the fossil Gnathodon), then the arctic and temperate productions will at a very late period have marched a little further north, and subsequently have retreated to their present homes; but I have met with no satisfactory evidence with respect to this intercalated slightly warmer period, since the Glacial period.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00591", "bookId": 1228, "start": 694019, "end": 695588, "sha256": "39ae960b7c1b2b58a37c77751c914ad3c7ebea9de9fa65ee416577e2a4b24bb7", "text": "The arctic forms, during their long southern migration and re-migration northward, will have been exposed to nearly the same climate, and, as is especially to be noticed, they will have kept in a body together; consequently their mutual relations will not have been much disturbed, and, in accordance with the principles inculcated in this volume, they will not have been liable to much modification. But with our Alpine productions, left isolated from the moment of the returning warmth, first at the bases and ultimately on the summits of the mountains, the case will have been somewhat different; for it is not likely that all the same arctic species will have been left on mountain ranges distant from each other, and have survived there ever since; they will, also, in all probability have become mingled with ancient Alpine species, which must have existed on the mountains before the commencement of the Glacial epoch, and which during its coldest period will have been temporarily driven down to the plains; they will, also, have been exposed to somewhat different climatal influences. Their mutual relations will thus have been in some degree disturbed; consequently they will have been liable to modification; and this we find has been the case; for if we compare the present Alpine plants and animals of the several great European mountain-ranges, though very many of the species are identically the same, some present varieties, some are ranked as doubtful forms, and some few are distinct yet closely allied or representative species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00592", "bookId": 1228, "start": 695592, "end": 697761, "sha256": "fa4e4d89da8855e044634eca8e2c1670faa5e3385d43554d431c2270589417d9", "text": "In illustrating what, as I believe, actually took place during the Glacial period, I assumed that at its commencement the arctic productions were as uniform round the polar regions as they are at the present day. But the foregoing remarks on distribution apply not only to strictly arctic forms, but also to many sub-arctic and to some few northern temperate forms, for some of these are the same on the lower mountains and on the plains of North America and Europe; and it may be reasonably asked how I account for the necessary degree of uniformity of the sub-arctic and northern temperate forms round the world, at the commencement of the Glacial period. At the present day, the sub-arctic and northern temperate productions of the Old and New Worlds are separated from each other by the Atlantic Ocean and by the extreme northern part of the Pacific. During the Glacial period, when the inhabitants of the Old and New Worlds lived further southwards than at present, they must have been still more completely separated by wider spaces of ocean. I believe the above difficulty may be surmounted by looking to still earlier changes of climate of an opposite nature. We have good reason to believe that during the newer Pliocene period, before the Glacial epoch, and whilst the majority of the inhabitants of the world were specifically the same as now, the climate was warmer than at the present day. Hence we may suppose that the organisms now living under the climate of latitude 60°, during the Pliocene period lived further north under the Polar Circle, in latitude 66°-67°; and that the strictly arctic productions then lived on the broken land still nearer to the pole. Now if we look at a globe, we shall see that under the Polar Circle there is almost continuous land from western Europe, through Siberia, to eastern America. And to this continuity of the circumpolar land, and to the consequent freedom for intermigration under a more favourable climate, I attribute the necessary amount of uniformity in the sub-arctic and northern temperate productions of the Old and New Worlds, at a period anterior to the Glacial epoch.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00593", "bookId": 1228, "start": 697765, "end": 699246, "sha256": "2477b5f3eaf864b4dbe96c7b24f6cd411f8b56c1bc85cb9d3042c1df87e045cd", "text": "Believing, from reasons before alluded to, that our continents have long remained in nearly the same relative position, though subjected to large, but partial oscillations of level, I am strongly inclined to extend the above view, and to infer that during some earlier and still warmer period, such as the older Pliocene period, a large number of the same plants and animals inhabited the almost continuous circumpolar land; and that these plants and animals, both in the Old and New Worlds, began slowly to migrate southwards as the climate became less warm, long before the commencement of the Glacial period. We now see, as I believe, their descendants, mostly in a modified condition, in the central parts of Europe and the United States. On this view we can understand the relationship, with very little identity, between the productions of North America and Europe,—a relationship which is most remarkable, considering the distance of the two areas, and their separation by the Atlantic Ocean. We can further understand the singular fact remarked on by several observers, that the productions of Europe and America during the later tertiary stages were more closely related to each other than they are at the present time; for during these warmer periods the northern parts of the Old and New Worlds will have been almost continuously united by land, serving as a bridge, since rendered impassable by cold, for the inter-migration of their inhabitants.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00594", "bookId": 1228, "start": 699250, "end": 700578, "sha256": "d9da18021e6993475314260255678ebffcf1600b1c5c6bb0ad5fba6d1939e34a", "text": "During the slowly decreasing warmth of the Pliocene period, as soon as the species in common, which inhabited the New and Old Worlds, migrated south of the Polar Circle, they must have been completely cut off from each other. This separation, as far as the more temperate productions are concerned, took place long ages ago. And as the plants and animals migrated southward, they will have become mingled in the one great region with the native American productions, and have had to compete with them; and in the other great region, with those of the Old World. Consequently we have here everything favourable for much modification,—for far more modification than with the Alpine productions, left isolated, within a much more recent period, on the several mountain-ranges and on the arctic lands of the two Worlds. Hence it has come, that when we compare the now living productions of the temperate regions of the New and Old Worlds, we find very few identical species (though Asa Gray has lately shown that more plants are identical than was formerly supposed), but we find in every great class many forms, which some naturalists rank as geographical races, and others as distinct species; and a host of closely allied or representative forms which are ranked by all naturalists as specifically distinct.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00595", "bookId": 1228, "start": 700582, "end": 701368, "sha256": "17070dfbfbd3f0ae3710e437ce0fdcf314241f82926f50214d9302ffb0f6a89c", "text": "As on the land, so in the waters of the sea, a slow southern migration of a marine fauna, which during the Pliocene or even a somewhat earlier period, was nearly uniform along the continuous shores of the Polar Circle, will account, on the theory of modification, for many closely allied forms now living in areas completely sundered. Thus, I think, we can understand the presence of many existing and tertiary representative forms on the eastern and western shores of temperate North America; and the still more striking case of many closely allied crustaceans (as described in Dana’s admirable work), of some fish and other marine animals, in the Mediterranean and in the seas of Japan,—areas now separated by a continent and by nearly a hemisphere of equatorial ocean.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00596", "bookId": 1228, "start": 701372, "end": 701969, "sha256": "b54474d8e3d42c7da7b194639e1895de750ab223ea843a505cb3aed49bbd9337", "text": "These cases of relationship, without identity, of the inhabitants of seas now disjoined, and likewise of the past and present inhabitants of the temperate lands of North America and Europe, are inexplicable on the theory of creation. We cannot say that they have been created alike, in correspondence with the nearly similar physical conditions of the areas; for if we compare, for instance, certain parts of South America with the southern continents of the Old World, we see countries closely corresponding in all their physical conditions, but with their inhabitants utterly dissimilar.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00597", "bookId": 1228, "start": 701973, "end": 702881, "sha256": "520db576609ae8a1eb520b28b79f2eed08855a7cdfb13452d266a8b7c2fc38e6", "text": "But we must return to our more immediate subject, the Glacial period. I am convinced that Forbes’s view may be largely extended. In Europe we have the plainest evidence of the cold period, from the western shores of Britain to the Oural range, and southward to the Pyrenees. We may infer, from the frozen mammals and nature of the mountain vegetation, that Siberia was similarly affected. Along the Himalaya, at points 900 miles apart, glaciers have left the marks of their former low descent; and in Sikkim, Dr. Hooker saw maize growing on gigantic ancient moraines. South of the equator, we have some direct evidence of former glacial action in New Zealand; and the same plants, found on widely separated mountains in this island, tell the same story. If one account which has been published can be trusted, we have direct evidence of glacial action in the south-eastern corner of Australia.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00598", "bookId": 1228, "start": 702885, "end": 703742, "sha256": "e0a3514d43d8954d4f3c79e3c1b42e8711599cffb99e49c1df3e679578cf4df0", "text": "Looking to America; in the northern half, ice-borne fragments of rock have been observed on the eastern side as far south as lat. 36°-37°, and on the shores of the Pacific, where the climate is now so different, as far south as lat. 46 deg; erratic boulders have, also, been noticed on the Rocky Mountains. In the Cordillera of Equatorial South America, glaciers once extended far below their present level. In central Chile I was astonished at the structure of a vast mound of detritus, about 800 feet in height, crossing a valley of the Andes; and this I now feel convinced was a gigantic moraine, left far below any existing glacier. Further south on both sides of the continent, from lat. 41° to the southernmost extremity, we have the clearest evidence of former glacial action, in huge boulders transported far from their parent source.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00599", "bookId": 1228, "start": 703746, "end": 705002, "sha256": "47676e6ff62247dacdceaf562edd5e8ddde7fa4897b41e44bd1bf4dad1932a9f", "text": "We do not know that the Glacial epoch was strictly simultaneous at these several far distant points on opposite sides of the world. But we have good evidence in almost every case, that the epoch was included within the latest geological period. We have, also, excellent evidence, that it endured for an enormous time, as measured by years, at each point. The cold may have come on, or have ceased, earlier at one point of the globe than at another, but seeing that it endured for long at each, and that it was contemporaneous in a geological sense, it seems to me probable that it was, during a part at least of the period, actually simultaneous throughout the world. Without some distinct evidence to the contrary, we may at least admit as probable that the glacial action was simultaneous on the eastern and western sides of North America, in the Cordillera under the equator and under the warmer temperate zones, and on both sides of the southern extremity of the continent. If this be admitted, it is difficult to avoid believing that the temperature of the whole world was at this period simultaneously cooler. But it would suffice for my purpose, if the temperature was at the same time lower along certain broad belts of longitude.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00600", "bookId": 1228, "start": 705006, "end": 707055, "sha256": "7b4542e69d6e68d16ede03599d834c4ba553288f3a717555618cfd59db6e3e93", "text": "On this view of the whole world, or at least of broad longitudinal belts, having been simultaneously colder from pole to pole, much light can be thrown on the present distribution of identical and allied species. In America, Dr. Hooker has shown that between forty and fifty of the flowering plants of Tierra del Fuego, forming no inconsiderable part of its scanty flora, are common to Europe, enormously remote as these two points are; and there are many closely allied species. On the lofty mountains of equatorial America a host of peculiar species belonging to European genera occur. On the highest mountains of Brazil, some few European genera were found by Gardner, which do not exist in the wide intervening hot countries. So on the Silla of Caraccas the illustrious Humboldt long ago found species belonging to genera characteristic of the Cordillera. On the mountains of Abyssinia, several European forms and some few representatives of the peculiar flora of the Cape of Good Hope occur. At the Cape of Good Hope a very few European species, believed not to have been introduced by man, and on the mountains, some few representative European forms are found, which have not been discovered in the intertropical parts of Africa. On the Himalaya, and on the isolated mountain-ranges of the peninsula of India, on the heights of Ceylon, and on the volcanic cones of Java, many plants occur, either identically the same or representing each other, and at the same time representing plants of Europe, not found in the intervening hot lowlands. A list of the genera collected on the loftier peaks of Java raises a picture of a collection made on a hill in Europe! Still more striking is the fact that southern Australian forms are clearly represented by plants growing on the summits of the mountains of Borneo. Some of these Australian forms, as I hear from Dr. Hooker, extend along the heights of the peninsula of Malacca, and are thinly scattered, on the one hand over India and on the other as far north as Japan.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00601", "bookId": 1228, "start": 707059, "end": 707840, "sha256": "a3c9f2691e9c3f12f0ee73b5f4cf7b6f02e86de70753605880cfa0b9c89b8a26", "text": "On the southern mountains of Australia, Dr. F. Müller has discovered several European species; other species, not introduced by man, occur on the lowlands; and a long list can be given, as I am informed by Dr. Hooker, of European genera, found in Australia, but not in the intermediate torrid regions. In the admirable ‘Introduction to the Flora of New Zealand,’ by Dr. Hooker, analogous and striking facts are given in regard to the plants of that large island. Hence we see that throughout the world, the plants growing on the more lofty mountains, and on the temperate lowlands of the northern and southern hemispheres, are sometimes identically the same; but they are much oftener specifically distinct, though related to each other in a most remarkable manner.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00602", "bookId": 1228, "start": 707844, "end": 708570, "sha256": "577b474d0a2ee73f6ecfa3ea24e90a0c9d6d6dfa80d9cf81c3088efb3abefb3f", "text": "This brief abstract applies to plants alone: some strictly analogous facts could be given on the distribution of terrestrial animals. In marine productions, similar cases occur; as an example, I may quote a remark by the highest authority, Professor Dana, that “it is certainly a wonderful fact that New Zealand should have a closer resemblance in its crustacea to Great Britain, its antipode, than to any other part of the world.” Sir J. Richardson, also, speaks of the reappearance on the shores of New Zealand, Tasmania, etc., of northern forms of fish. Dr. Hooker informs me that twenty-five species of Algæ are common to New Zealand and to Europe, but have not been found in the intermediate tropical seas.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00603", "bookId": 1228, "start": 708574, "end": 709318, "sha256": "22f0a57dd2729ec91989303ee02e0c18895905515fac407e393c5dceb6392b6c", "text": "It should be observed that the northern species and forms found in the southern parts of the southern hemisphere, and on the mountain-ranges of the intertropical regions, are not arctic, but belong to the northern temperate zones. As Mr. H. C. Watson has recently remarked, “In receding from polar towards equatorial latitudes, the Alpine or mountain floras really become less and less arctic.” Many of the forms living on the mountains of the warmer regions of the earth and in the southern hemisphere are of doubtful value, being ranked by some naturalists as specifically distinct, by others as varieties; but some are certainly identical, and many, though closely related to northern forms, must be ranked as distinct species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00604", "bookId": 1228, "start": 709322, "end": 712826, "sha256": "95ec58545c4fc5d436168a5ebcf3da1aace44d24fad6f6c654287f2917fe1c0e", "text": "Now let us see what light can be thrown on the foregoing facts, on the belief, supported as it is by a large body of geological evidence, that the whole world, or a large part of it, was during the Glacial period simultaneously much colder than at present. The Glacial period, as measured by years, must have been very long; and when we remember over what vast spaces some naturalised plants and animals have spread within a few centuries, this period will have been ample for any amount of migration. As the cold came slowly on, all the tropical plants and other productions will have retreated from both sides towards the equator, followed in the rear by the temperate productions, and these by the arctic; but with the latter we are not now concerned. The tropical plants probably suffered much extinction; how much no one can say; perhaps formerly the tropics supported as many species as we see at the present day crowded together at the Cape of Good Hope, and in parts of temperate Australia. As we know that many tropical plants and animals can withstand a considerable amount of cold, many might have escaped extermination during a moderate fall of temperature, more especially by escaping into the warmest spots. But the great fact to bear in mind is, that all tropical productions will have suffered to a certain extent. On the other hand, the temperate productions, after migrating nearer to the equator, though they will have been placed under somewhat new conditions, will have suffered less. And it is certain that many temperate plants, if protected from the inroads of competitors, can withstand a much warmer climate than their own. Hence, it seems to me possible, bearing in mind that the tropical productions were in a suffering state and could not have presented a firm front against intruders, that a certain number of the more vigorous and dominant temperate forms might have penetrated the native ranks and have reached or even crossed the equator. The invasion would, of course, have been greatly favoured by high land, and perhaps by a dry climate; for Dr. Falconer informs me that it is the damp with the heat of the tropics which is so destructive to perennial plants from a temperate climate. On the other hand, the most humid and hottest districts will have afforded an asylum to the tropical natives. The mountain-ranges north-west of the Himalaya, and the long line of the Cordillera, seem to have afforded two great lines of invasion: and it is a striking fact, lately communicated to me by Dr. Hooker, that all the flowering plants, about forty-six in number, common to Tierra del Fuego and to Europe still exist in North America, which must have lain on the line of march. But I do not doubt that some temperate productions entered and crossed even the _lowlands_ of the tropics at the period when the cold was most intense,—when arctic forms had migrated some twenty-five degrees of latitude from their native country and covered the land at the foot of the Pyrenees. At this period of extreme cold, I believe that the climate under the equator at the level of the sea was about the same with that now felt there at the height of six or seven thousand feet. During this the coldest period, I suppose that large spaces of the tropical lowlands were clothed with a mingled tropical and temperate vegetation, like that now growing with strange luxuriance at the base of the Himalaya, as graphically described by Hooker.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00605", "bookId": 1228, "start": 712830, "end": 714287, "sha256": "e4704ab00871df99dc67d7da869114f3aaa1bc65c97c217f6116745c0072a66e", "text": "Thus, as I believe, a considerable number of plants, a few terrestrial animals, and some marine productions, migrated during the Glacial period from the northern and southern temperate zones into the intertropical regions, and some even crossed the equator. As the warmth returned, these temperate forms would naturally ascend the higher mountains, being exterminated on the lowlands; those which had not reached the equator, would re-migrate northward or southward towards their former homes; but the forms, chiefly northern, which had crossed the equator, would travel still further from their homes into the more temperate latitudes of the opposite hemisphere. Although we have reason to believe from geological evidence that the whole body of arctic shells underwent scarcely any modification during their long southern migration and re-migration northward, the case may have been wholly different with those intruding forms which settled themselves on the intertropical mountains, and in the southern hemisphere. These being surrounded by strangers will have had to compete with many new forms of life; and it is probable that selected modifications in their structure, habits, and constitutions will have profited them. Thus many of these wanderers, though still plainly related by inheritance to their brethren of the northern or southern hemispheres, now exist in their new homes as well-marked varieties or as distinct species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00606", "bookId": 1228, "start": 714291, "end": 716617, "sha256": "238c89c3a4218bf4eaa466e6fd1c1e5c5b5f03b2106825fa6daf05fa7918b2fb", "text": "It is a remarkable fact, strongly insisted on by Hooker in regard to America, and by Alph. de Candolle in regard to Australia, that many more identical plants and allied forms have apparently migrated from the north to the south, than in a reversed direction. We see, however, a few southern vegetable forms on the mountains of Borneo and Abyssinia. I suspect that this preponderant migration from north to south is due to the greater extent of land in the north, and to the northern forms having existed in their own homes in greater numbers, and having consequently been advanced through natural selection and competition to a higher stage of perfection or dominating power, than the southern forms. And thus, when they became commingled during the Glacial period, the northern forms were enabled to beat the less powerful southern forms. Just in the same manner as we see at the present day, that very many European productions cover the ground in La Plata, and in a lesser degree in Australia, and have to a certain extent beaten the natives; whereas extremely few southern forms have become naturalised in any part of Europe, though hides, wool, and other objects likely to carry seeds have been largely imported into Europe during the last two or three centuries from La Plata, and during the last thirty or forty years from Australia. Something of the same kind must have occurred on the intertropical mountains: no doubt before the Glacial period they were stocked with endemic Alpine forms; but these have almost everywhere largely yielded to the more dominant forms, generated in the larger areas and more efficient workshops of the north. In many islands the native productions are nearly equalled or even outnumbered by the naturalised; and if the natives have not been actually exterminated, their numbers have been greatly reduced, and this is the first stage towards extinction. A mountain is an island on the land; and the intertropical mountains before the Glacial period must have been completely isolated; and I believe that the productions of these islands on the land yielded to those produced within the larger areas of the north, just in the same way as the productions of real islands have everywhere lately yielded to continental forms, naturalised by man’s agency.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00607", "bookId": 1228, "start": 716621, "end": 717436, "sha256": "fda4348d07796c37a96ad6b019ea40e5a3b0593f58a542ae72fc2f6c55fdae2e", "text": "I am far from supposing that all difficulties are removed on the view here given in regard to the range and affinities of the allied species which live in the northern and southern temperate zones and on the mountains of the intertropical regions. Very many difficulties remain to be solved. I do not pretend to indicate the exact lines and means of migration, or the reason why certain species and not others have migrated; why certain species have been modified and have given rise to new groups of forms, and others have remained unaltered. We cannot hope to explain such facts, until we can say why one species and not another becomes naturalised by man’s agency in a foreign land; why one ranges twice or thrice as far, and is twice or thrice as common, as another species within their own homes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00608", "bookId": 1228, "start": 717440, "end": 719308, "sha256": "672f9527626bd763dfe41e11102351c280f1571f22933225a9f26e192f64f8f9", "text": "I have said that many difficulties remain to be solved: some of the most remarkable are stated with admirable clearness by Dr. Hooker in his botanical works on the antarctic regions. These cannot be here discussed. I will only say that as far as regards the occurrence of identical species at points so enormously remote as Kerguelen Land, New Zealand, and Fuegia, I believe that towards the close of the Glacial period, icebergs, as suggested by Lyell, have been largely concerned in their dispersal. But the existence of several quite distinct species, belonging to genera exclusively confined to the south, at these and other distant points of the southern hemisphere, is, on my theory of descent with modification, a far more remarkable case of difficulty. For some of these species are so distinct, that we cannot suppose that there has been time since the commencement of the Glacial period for their migration, and for their subsequent modification to the necessary degree. The facts seem to me to indicate that peculiar and very distinct species have migrated in radiating lines from some common centre; and I am inclined to look in the southern, as in the northern hemisphere, to a former and warmer period, before the commencement of the Glacial period, when the antarctic lands, now covered with ice, supported a highly peculiar and isolated flora. I suspect that before this flora was exterminated by the Glacial epoch, a few forms were widely dispersed to various points of the southern hemisphere by occasional means of transport, and by the aid, as halting-places, of existing and now sunken islands, and perhaps at the commencement of the Glacial period, by icebergs. By these means, as I believe, the southern shores of America, Australia, New Zealand have become slightly tinted by the same peculiar forms of vegetable life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00609", "bookId": 1228, "start": 719312, "end": 720532, "sha256": "37498109b1faf327c92827e1405f28326103d15e3163e421d1561d4f76d77008", "text": "Sir C. Lyell in a striking passage has speculated, in language almost identical with mine, on the effects of great alternations of climate on geographical distribution. I believe that the world has recently felt one of his great cycles of change; and that on this view, combined with modification through natural selection, a multitude of facts in the present distribution both of the same and of allied forms of life can be explained. The living waters may be said to have flowed during one short period from the north and from the south, and to have crossed at the equator; but to have flowed with greater force from the north so as to have freely inundated the south. As the tide leaves its drift in horizontal lines, though rising higher on the shores where the tide rises highest, so have the living waters left their living drift on our mountain-summits, in a line gently rising from the arctic lowlands to a great height under the equator. The various beings thus left stranded may be compared with savage races of man, driven up and surviving in the mountain-fastnesses of almost every land, which serve as a record, full of interest to us, of the former inhabitants of the surrounding lowlands.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00610", "bookId": 1228, "start": 720542, "end": 720596, "sha256": "2192d19ca241dd7de660d28f59a40039cfa7ebca9f09ce6af116379c64875c0f", "text": "CHAPTER XII. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION—_continued_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00611", "bookId": 1228, "start": 720602, "end": 720928, "sha256": "30698b8c4241ca9242a1fc6b08d2717f16a59b2521496c8657897bf636acb5eb", "text": "Distribution of fresh-water productions. On the inhabitants of oceanic islands. Absence of Batrachians and of terrestrial Mammals. On the relation of the inhabitants of islands to those of the nearest mainland. On colonisation from the nearest source with subsequent modification. Summary of the last and present chapters.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00612", "bookId": 1228, "start": 720934, "end": 721705, "sha256": "710c1be0d01181f305773da036ceb38a0220d695dd15cff61528da5e138690e1", "text": "As lakes and river-systems are separated from each other by barriers of land, it might have been thought that fresh-water productions would not have ranged widely within the same country, and as the sea is apparently a still more impassable barrier, that they never would have extended to distant countries. But the case is exactly the reverse. Not only have many fresh-water species, belonging to quite different classes, an enormous range, but allied species prevail in a remarkable manner throughout the world. I well remember, when first collecting in the fresh waters of Brazil, feeling much surprise at the similarity of the fresh-water insects, shells, etc., and at the dissimilarity of the surrounding terrestrial beings, compared with those of Britain.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00613", "bookId": 1228, "start": 721709, "end": 724094, "sha256": "9ab4d5dfe20c296e2a525b2174d92c0577cba713fc728d2eb428761e9c54f8ea", "text": "But this power in fresh-water productions of ranging widely, though so unexpected, can, I think, in most cases be explained by their having become fitted, in a manner highly useful to them, for short and frequent migrations from pond to pond, or from stream to stream; and liability to wide dispersal would follow from this capacity as an almost necessary consequence. We can here consider only a few cases. In regard to fish, I believe that the same species never occur in the fresh waters of distant continents. But on the same continent the species often range widely and almost capriciously; for two river-systems will have some fish in common and some different. A few facts seem to favour the possibility of their occasional transport by accidental means; like that of the live fish not rarely dropped by whirlwinds in India, and the vitality of their ova when removed from the water. But I am inclined to attribute the dispersal of fresh-water fish mainly to slight changes within the recent period in the level of the land, having caused rivers to flow into each other. Instances, also, could be given of this having occurred during floods, without any change of level. We have evidence in the loess of the Rhine of considerable changes of level in the land within a very recent geological period, and when the surface was peopled by existing land and fresh-water shells. The wide difference of the fish on opposite sides of continuous mountain-ranges, which from an early period must have parted river-systems and completely prevented their inosculation, seems to lead to this same conclusion. With respect to allied fresh-water fish occurring at very distant points of the world, no doubt there are many cases which cannot at present be explained: but some fresh-water fish belong to very ancient forms, and in such cases there will have been ample time for great geographical changes, and consequently time and means for much migration. In the second place, salt-water fish can with care be slowly accustomed to live in fresh water; and, according to Valenciennes, there is hardly a single group of fishes confined exclusively to fresh water, so that we may imagine that a marine member of a fresh-water group might travel far along the shores of the sea, and subsequently become modified and adapted to the fresh waters of a distant land.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00614", "bookId": 1228, "start": 724098, "end": 726208, "sha256": "8052b422d2727e81296e762f0e8a8d8ba76ace893f655d5f482b24a2470dc7c8", "text": "Some species of fresh-water shells have a very wide range, and allied species, which, on my theory, are descended from a common parent and must have proceeded from a single source, prevail throughout the world. Their distribution at first perplexed me much, as their ova are not likely to be transported by birds, and they are immediately killed by sea water, as are the adults. I could not even understand how some naturalised species have rapidly spread throughout the same country. But two facts, which I have observed—and no doubt many others remain to be observed—throw some light on this subject. When a duck suddenly emerges from a pond covered with duck-weed, I have twice seen these little plants adhering to its back; and it has happened to me, in removing a little duck-weed from one aquarium to another, that I have quite unintentionally stocked the one with fresh-water shells from the other. But another agency is perhaps more effectual: I suspended a duck’s feet, which might represent those of a bird sleeping in a natural pond, in an aquarium, where many ova of fresh-water shells were hatching; and I found that numbers of the extremely minute and just hatched shells crawled on the feet, and clung to them so firmly that when taken out of the water they could not be jarred off, though at a somewhat more advanced age they would voluntarily drop off. These just hatched molluscs, though aquatic in their nature, survived on the duck’s feet, in damp air, from twelve to twenty hours; and in this length of time a duck or heron might fly at least six or seven hundred miles, and would be sure to alight on a pool or rivulet, if blown across sea to an oceanic island or to any other distant point. Sir Charles Lyell also informs me that a Dyticus has been caught with an Ancylus (a fresh-water shell like a limpet) firmly adhering to it; and a water-beetle of the same family, a Colymbetes, once flew on board the ‘Beagle,’ when forty-five miles distant from the nearest land: how much farther it might have flown with a favouring gale no one can tell.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00615", "bookId": 1228, "start": 726212, "end": 728169, "sha256": "b12220f3d93820d963dd39ce14674a4267d5a677e07f14ad17eed987559fb253", "text": "With respect to plants, it has long been known what enormous ranges many fresh-water and even marsh-species have, both over continents and to the most remote oceanic islands. This is strikingly shown, as remarked by Alph. de Candolle, in large groups of terrestrial plants, which have only a very few aquatic members; for these latter seem immediately to acquire, as if in consequence, a very wide range. I think favourable means of dispersal explain this fact. I have before mentioned that earth occasionally, though rarely, adheres in some quantity to the feet and beaks of birds. Wading birds, which frequent the muddy edges of ponds, if suddenly flushed, would be the most likely to have muddy feet. Birds of this order I can show are the greatest wanderers, and are occasionally found on the most remote and barren islands in the open ocean; they would not be likely to alight on the surface of the sea, so that the dirt would not be washed off their feet; when making land, they would be sure to fly to their natural fresh-water haunts. I do not believe that botanists are aware how charged the mud of ponds is with seeds: I have tried several little experiments, but will here give only the most striking case: I took in February three table-spoonfuls of mud from three different points, beneath water, on the edge of a little pond; this mud when dry weighed only 6 3/4 ounces; I kept it covered up in my study for six months, pulling up and counting each plant as it grew; the plants were of many kinds, and were altogether 537 in number; and yet the viscid mud was all contained in a breakfast cup! Considering these facts, I think it would be an inexplicable circumstance if water-birds did not transport the seeds of fresh-water plants to vast distances, and if consequently the range of these plants was not very great. The same agency may have come into play with the eggs of some of the smaller fresh-water animals.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00616", "bookId": 1228, "start": 728173, "end": 729474, "sha256": "29fea4bdb46f8d285f7bb963cefc9cf8c1dcb97c898605e24db4240e014ecf3d", "text": "Other and unknown agencies probably have also played a part. I have stated that fresh-water fish eat some kinds of seeds, though they reject many other kinds after having swallowed them; even small fish swallow seeds of moderate size, as of the yellow water-lily and Potamogeton. Herons and other birds, century after century, have gone on daily devouring fish; they then take flight and go to other waters, or are blown across the sea; and we have seen that seeds retain their power of germination, when rejected in pellets or in excrement, many hours afterwards. When I saw the great size of the seeds of that fine water-lily, the Nelumbium, and remembered Alph. de Candolle’s remarks on this plant, I thought that its distribution must remain quite inexplicable; but Audubon states that he found the seeds of the great southern water-lily (probably, according to Dr. Hooker, the Nelumbium luteum) in a heron’s stomach; although I do not know the fact, yet analogy makes me believe that a heron flying to another pond and getting a hearty meal of fish, would probably reject from its stomach a pellet containing the seeds of the Nelumbium undigested; or the seeds might be dropped by the bird whilst feeding its young, in the same way as fish are known sometimes to be dropped.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00617", "bookId": 1228, "start": 729478, "end": 731245, "sha256": "f177de9357f2d17533c458f0ec82f27ae91dbdef1084f46a2c2d5b9384af35fb", "text": "In considering these several means of distribution, it should be remembered that when a pond or stream is first formed, for instance, on a rising islet, it will be unoccupied; and a single seed or egg will have a good chance of succeeding. Although there will always be a struggle for life between the individuals of the species, however few, already occupying any pond, yet as the number of kinds is small, compared with those on the land, the competition will probably be less severe between aquatic than between terrestrial species; consequently an intruder from the waters of a foreign country, would have a better chance of seizing on a place, than in the case of terrestrial colonists. We should, also, remember that some, perhaps many, fresh-water productions are low in the scale of nature, and that we have reason to believe that such low beings change or become modified less quickly than the high; and this will give longer time than the average for the migration of the same aquatic species. We should not forget the probability of many species having formerly ranged as continuously as fresh-water productions ever can range, over immense areas, and having subsequently become extinct in intermediate regions. But the wide distribution of fresh-water plants and of the lower animals, whether retaining the same identical form or in some degree modified, I believe mainly depends on the wide dispersal of their seeds and eggs by animals, more especially by fresh-water birds, which have large powers of flight, and naturally travel from one to another and often distant piece of water. Nature, like a careful gardener, thus takes her seeds from a bed of a particular nature, and drops them in another equally well fitted for them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00618", "bookId": 1228, "start": 731249, "end": 732312, "sha256": "aae4b5aedcf985d110315c8a4b791407a3e9a6523a4b248dd389d006b6c12983", "text": "_On the Inhabitants of Oceanic Islands_.—We now come to the last of the three classes of facts, which I have selected as presenting the greatest amount of difficulty, on the view that all the individuals both of the same and of allied species have descended from a single parent; and therefore have all proceeded from a common birthplace, notwithstanding that in the course of time they have come to inhabit distant points of the globe. I have already stated that I cannot honestly admit Forbes’s view on continental extensions, which, if legitimately followed out, would lead to the belief that within the recent period all existing islands have been nearly or quite joined to some continent. This view would remove many difficulties, but it would not, I think, explain all the facts in regard to insular productions. In the following remarks I shall not confine myself to the mere question of dispersal; but shall consider some other facts, which bear on the truth of the two theories of independent creation and of descent with modification.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00619", "bookId": 1228, "start": 732316, "end": 733804, "sha256": "eb52b239e47e2ce777ffc74669441892853fafb4b8ae6ad8e460cd6abde8e8cc", "text": "The species of all kinds which inhabit oceanic islands are few in number compared with those on equal continental areas: Alph. de Candolle admits this for plants, and Wollaston for insects. If we look to the large size and varied stations of New Zealand, extending over 780 miles of latitude, and compare its flowering plants, only 750 in number, with those on an equal area at the Cape of Good Hope or in Australia, we must, I think, admit that something quite independently of any difference in physical conditions has caused so great a difference in number. Even the uniform county of Cambridge has 847 plants, and the little island of Anglesea 764, but a few ferns and a few introduced plants are included in these numbers, and the comparison in some other respects is not quite fair. We have evidence that the barren island of Ascension aboriginally possessed under half-a-dozen flowering plants; yet many have become naturalised on it, as they have on New Zealand and on every other oceanic island which can be named. In St. Helena there is reason to believe that the naturalised plants and animals have nearly or quite exterminated many native productions. He who admits the doctrine of the creation of each separate species, will have to admit, that a sufficient number of the best adapted plants and animals have not been created on oceanic islands; for man has unintentionally stocked them from various sources far more fully and perfectly than has nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00620", "bookId": 1228, "start": 733808, "end": 736613, "sha256": "83fe13e528dc6e306fae14f8c149d5312a9fdf59bfef15e1bfcee236ba5b0ba0", "text": "Although in oceanic islands the number of kinds of inhabitants is scanty, the proportion of endemic species (_i.e._ those found nowhere else in the world) is often extremely large. If we compare, for instance, the number of the endemic land-shells in Madeira, or of the endemic birds in the Galapagos Archipelago, with the number found on any continent, and then compare the area of the islands with that of the continent, we shall see that this is true. This fact might have been expected on my theory, for, as already explained, species occasionally arriving after long intervals in a new and isolated district, and having to compete with new associates, will be eminently liable to modification, and will often produce groups of modified descendants. But it by no means follows, that, because in an island nearly all the species of one class are peculiar, those of another class, or of another section of the same class, are peculiar; and this difference seems to depend on the species which do not become modified having immigrated with facility and in a body, so that their mutual relations have not been much disturbed. Thus in the Galapagos Islands nearly every land-bird, but only two out of the eleven marine birds, are peculiar; and it is obvious that marine birds could arrive at these islands more easily than land-birds. Bermuda, on the other hand, which lies at about the same distance from North America as the Galapagos Islands do from South America, and which has a very peculiar soil, does not possess one endemic land bird; and we know from Mr. J. M. Jones’s admirable account of Bermuda, that very many North American birds, during their great annual migrations, visit either periodically or occasionally this island. Madeira does not possess one peculiar bird, and many European and African birds are almost every year blown there, as I am informed by Mr. E. V. Harcourt. So that these two islands of Bermuda and Madeira have been stocked by birds, which for long ages have struggled together in their former homes, and have become mutually adapted to each other; and when settled in their new homes, each kind will have been kept by the others to their proper places and habits, and will consequently have been little liable to modification. Madeira, again, is inhabited by a wonderful number of peculiar land-shells, whereas not one species of sea-shell is confined to its shores: now, though we do not know how seashells are dispersed, yet we can see that their eggs or larvæ, perhaps attached to seaweed or floating timber, or to the feet of wading-birds, might be transported far more easily than land-shells, across three or four hundred miles of open sea. The different orders of insects in Madeira apparently present analogous facts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00621", "bookId": 1228, "start": 736617, "end": 737260, "sha256": "cb310e615a0c3cdca263087cd22beb12a5aaabdbe7e4f6607aa11594d05e9ced", "text": "Oceanic islands are sometimes deficient in certain classes, and their places are apparently occupied by the other inhabitants; in the Galapagos Islands reptiles, and in New Zealand gigantic wingless birds, take the place of mammals. In the plants of the Galapagos Islands, Dr. Hooker has shown that the proportional numbers of the different orders are very different from what they are elsewhere. Such cases are generally accounted for by the physical conditions of the islands; but this explanation seems to me not a little doubtful. Facility of immigration, I believe, has been at least as important as the nature of the conditions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00622", "bookId": 1228, "start": 737264, "end": 738798, "sha256": "c43c481c7617da4abe369b78d79b8f6350cde3e088456109453867e9f2c635ec", "text": "Many remarkable little facts could be given with respect to the inhabitants of remote islands. For instance, in certain islands not tenanted by mammals, some of the endemic plants have beautifully hooked seeds; yet few relations are more striking than the adaptation of hooked seeds for transportal by the wool and fur of quadrupeds. This case presents no difficulty on my view, for a hooked seed might be transported to an island by some other means; and the plant then becoming slightly modified, but still retaining its hooked seeds, would form an endemic species, having as useless an appendage as any rudimentary organ,—for instance, as the shrivelled wings under the soldered elytra of many insular beetles. Again, islands often possess trees or bushes belonging to orders which elsewhere include only herbaceous species; now trees, as Alph. de Candolle has shown, generally have, whatever the cause may be, confined ranges. Hence trees would be little likely to reach distant oceanic islands; and an herbaceous plant, though it would have no chance of successfully competing in stature with a fully developed tree, when established on an island and having to compete with herbaceous plants alone, might readily gain an advantage by growing taller and taller and overtopping the other plants. If so, natural selection would often tend to add to the stature of herbaceous plants when growing on an island, to whatever order they belonged, and thus convert them first into bushes and ultimately into trees.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00623", "bookId": 1228, "start": 738802, "end": 740016, "sha256": "aaa6f6f3ecb4fa872f645e41d3570d529cd684af002fa0328fe394f00add50d2", "text": "With respect to the absence of whole orders on oceanic islands, Bory St. Vincent long ago remarked that Batrachians (frogs, toads, newts) have never been found on any of the many islands with which the great oceans are studded. I have taken pains to verify this assertion, and I have found it strictly true. I have, however, been assured that a frog exists on the mountains of the great island of New Zealand; but I suspect that this exception (if the information be correct) may be explained through glacial agency. This general absence of frogs, toads, and newts on so many oceanic islands cannot be accounted for by their physical conditions; indeed it seems that islands are peculiarly well fitted for these animals; for frogs have been introduced into Madeira, the Azores, and Mauritius, and have multiplied so as to become a nuisance. But as these animals and their spawn are known to be immediately killed by sea-water, on my view we can see that there would be great difficulty in their transportal across the sea, and therefore why they do not exist on any oceanic island. But why, on the theory of creation, they should not have been created there, it would be very difficult to explain.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00624", "bookId": 1228, "start": 740020, "end": 742772, "sha256": "b6b386db3a2098a3c665eac264839655552997e80a218bfd60765421631fb512", "text": "Mammals offer another and similar case. I have carefully searched the oldest voyages, but have not finished my search; as yet I have not found a single instance, free from doubt, of a terrestrial mammal (excluding domesticated animals kept by the natives) inhabiting an island situated above 300 miles from a continent or great continental island; and many islands situated at a much less distance are equally barren. The Falkland Islands, which are inhabited by a wolf-like fox, come nearest to an exception; but this group cannot be considered as oceanic, as it lies on a bank connected with the mainland; moreover, icebergs formerly brought boulders to its western shores, and they may have formerly transported foxes, as so frequently now happens in the arctic regions. Yet it cannot be said that small islands will not support small mammals, for they occur in many parts of the world on very small islands, if close to a continent; and hardly an island can be named on which our smaller quadrupeds have not become naturalised and greatly multiplied. It cannot be said, on the ordinary view of creation, that there has not been time for the creation of mammals; many volcanic islands are sufficiently ancient, as shown by the stupendous degradation which they have suffered and by their tertiary strata: there has also been time for the production of endemic species belonging to other classes; and on continents it is thought that mammals appear and disappear at a quicker rate than other and lower animals. Though terrestrial mammals do not occur on oceanic islands, ærial mammals do occur on almost every island. New Zealand possesses two bats found nowhere else in the world: Norfolk Island, the Viti Archipelago, the Bonin Islands, the Caroline and Marianne Archipelagoes, and Mauritius, all possess their peculiar bats. Why, it may be asked, has the supposed creative force produced bats and no other mammals on remote islands? On my view this question can easily be answered; for no terrestrial mammal can be transported across a wide space of sea, but bats can fly across. Bats have been seen wandering by day far over the Atlantic Ocean; and two North American species either regularly or occasionally visit Bermuda, at the distance of 600 miles from the mainland. I hear from Mr. Tomes, who has specially studied this family, that many of the same species have enormous ranges, and are found on continents and on far distant islands. Hence we have only to suppose that such wandering species have been modified through natural selection in their new homes in relation to their new position, and we can understand the presence of endemic bats on islands, with the absence of all terrestrial mammals.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00625", "bookId": 1228, "start": 742776, "end": 744966, "sha256": "1392326554fa0818885ff0674e491857b9445760b57720ceff1990e9ab2bdd8d", "text": "Besides the absence of terrestrial mammals in relation to the remoteness of islands from continents, there is also a relation, to a certain extent independent of distance, between the depth of the sea separating an island from the neighbouring mainland, and the presence in both of the same mammiferous species or of allied species in a more or less modified condition. Mr. Windsor Earl has made some striking observations on this head in regard to the great Malay Archipelago, which is traversed near Celebes by a space of deep ocean; and this space separates two widely distinct mammalian faunas. On either side the islands are situated on moderately deep submarine banks, and they are inhabited by closely allied or identical quadrupeds. No doubt some few anomalies occur in this great archipelago, and there is much difficulty in forming a judgment in some cases owing to the probable naturalisation of certain mammals through man’s agency; but we shall soon have much light thrown on the natural history of this archipelago by the admirable zeal and researches of Mr. Wallace. I have not as yet had time to follow up this subject in all other quarters of the world; but as far as I have gone, the relation generally holds good. We see Britain separated by a shallow channel from Europe, and the mammals are the same on both sides; we meet with analogous facts on many islands separated by similar channels from Australia. The West Indian Islands stand on a deeply submerged bank, nearly 1000 fathoms in depth, and here we find American forms, but the species and even the genera are distinct. As the amount of modification in all cases depends to a certain degree on the lapse of time, and as during changes of level it is obvious that islands separated by shallow channels are more likely to have been continuously united within a recent period to the mainland than islands separated by deeper channels, we can understand the frequent relation between the depth of the sea and the degree of affinity of the mammalian inhabitants of islands with those of a neighbouring continent,—an inexplicable relation on the view of independent acts of creation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00626", "bookId": 1228, "start": 744970, "end": 745910, "sha256": "a6c928aa6931d5c9e1f3aa73eed85b9a25ff007e1741814519f32130ad339aad", "text": "All the foregoing remarks on the inhabitants of oceanic islands,—namely, the scarcity of kinds—the richness in endemic forms in particular classes or sections of classes,—the absence of whole groups, as of batrachians, and of terrestrial mammals notwithstanding the presence of ærial bats,—the singular proportions of certain orders of plants,—herbaceous forms having been developed into trees, etc.,—seem to me to accord better with the view of occasional means of transport having been largely efficient in the long course of time, than with the view of all our oceanic islands having been formerly connected by continuous land with the nearest continent; for on this latter view the migration would probably have been more complete; and if modification be admitted, all the forms of life would have been more equally modified, in accordance with the paramount importance of the relation of organism to organism.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00627", "bookId": 1228, "start": 745914, "end": 747748, "sha256": "0e99b954eeaf60ef27660f0841e9800ba2a3db06a4f8d8e596efddd75d196b6a", "text": "I do not deny that there are many and grave difficulties in understanding how several of the inhabitants of the more remote islands, whether still retaining the same specific form or modified since their arrival, could have reached their present homes. But the probability of many islands having existed as halting-places, of which not a wreck now remains, must not be overlooked. I will here give a single instance of one of the cases of difficulty. Almost all oceanic islands, even the most isolated and smallest, are inhabited by land-shells, generally by endemic species, but sometimes by species found elsewhere. Dr. Aug. A. Gould has given several interesting cases in regard to the land-shells of the islands of the Pacific. Now it is notorious that land-shells are very easily killed by salt; their eggs, at least such as I have tried, sink in sea-water and are killed by it. Yet there must be, on my view, some unknown, but highly efficient means for their transportal. Would the just-hatched young occasionally crawl on and adhere to the feet of birds roosting on the ground, and thus get transported? It occurred to me that land-shells, when hybernating and having a membranous diaphragm over the mouth of the shell, might be floated in chinks of drifted timber across moderately wide arms of the sea. And I found that several species did in this state withstand uninjured an immersion in sea-water during seven days: one of these shells was the Helix pomatia, and after it had again hybernated I put it in sea-water for twenty days, and it perfectly recovered. As this species has a thick calcareous operculum, I removed it, and when it had formed a new membranous one, I immersed it for fourteen days in sea-water, and it recovered and crawled away: but more experiments are wanted on this head.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00628", "bookId": 1228, "start": 747752, "end": 750268, "sha256": "7a15750229cfac5f749462100daeb3ecfef137ffb5c257387ac86231bc29a143", "text": "The most striking and important fact for us in regard to the inhabitants of islands, is their affinity to those of the nearest mainland, without being actually the same species. Numerous instances could be given of this fact. I will give only one, that of the Galapagos Archipelago, situated under the equator, between 500 and 600 miles from the shores of South America. Here almost every product of the land and water bears the unmistakeable stamp of the American continent. There are twenty-six land birds, and twenty-five of these are ranked by Mr. Gould as distinct species, supposed to have been created here; yet the close affinity of most of these birds to American species in every character, in their habits, gestures, and tones of voice, was manifest. So it is with the other animals, and with nearly all the plants, as shown by Dr. Hooker in his admirable memoir on the Flora of this archipelago. The naturalist, looking at the inhabitants of these volcanic islands in the Pacific, distant several hundred miles from the continent, yet feels that he is standing on American land. Why should this be so? why should the species which are supposed to have been created in the Galapagos Archipelago, and nowhere else, bear so plain a stamp of affinity to those created in America? There is nothing in the conditions of life, in the geological nature of the islands, in their height or climate, or in the proportions in which the several classes are associated together, which resembles closely the conditions of the South American coast: in fact there is a considerable dissimilarity in all these respects. On the other hand, there is a considerable degree of resemblance in the volcanic nature of the soil, in climate, height, and size of the islands, between the Galapagos and Cape de Verde Archipelagos: but what an entire and absolute difference in their inhabitants! The inhabitants of the Cape de Verde Islands are related to those of Africa, like those of the Galapagos to America. I believe this grand fact can receive no sort of explanation on the ordinary view of independent creation; whereas on the view here maintained, it is obvious that the Galapagos Islands would be likely to receive colonists, whether by occasional means of transport or by formerly continuous land, from America; and the Cape de Verde Islands from Africa; and that such colonists would be liable to modification;—the principle of inheritance still betraying their original birthplace.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00629", "bookId": 1228, "start": 750272, "end": 751846, "sha256": "3ae7984d0af6739df7fd86010c3784887a665c44e30efac60cc6a25e0edce6e4", "text": "Many analogous facts could be given: indeed it is an almost universal rule that the endemic productions of islands are related to those of the nearest continent, or of other near islands. The exceptions are few, and most of them can be explained. Thus the plants of Kerguelen Land, though standing nearer to Africa than to America, are related, and that very closely, as we know from Dr. Hooker’s account, to those of America: but on the view that this island has been mainly stocked by seeds brought with earth and stones on icebergs, drifted by the prevailing currents, this anomaly disappears. New Zealand in its endemic plants is much more closely related to Australia, the nearest mainland, than to any other region: and this is what might have been expected; but it is also plainly related to South America, which, although the next nearest continent, is so enormously remote, that the fact becomes an anomaly. But this difficulty almost disappears on the view that both New Zealand, South America, and other southern lands were long ago partially stocked from a nearly intermediate though distant point, namely from the antarctic islands, when they were clothed with vegetation, before the commencement of the Glacial period. The affinity, which, though feeble, I am assured by Dr. Hooker is real, between the flora of the south-western corner of Australia and of the Cape of Good Hope, is a far more remarkable case, and is at present inexplicable: but this affinity is confined to the plants, and will, I do not doubt, be some day explained.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00630", "bookId": 1228, "start": 751850, "end": 754855, "sha256": "36163a4b1e39983e10198a57abf5cc0c65805e77af20233aadd05b3be2e1c1af", "text": "The law which causes the inhabitants of an archipelago, though specifically distinct, to be closely allied to those of the nearest continent, we sometimes see displayed on a small scale, yet in a most interesting manner, within the limits of the same archipelago. Thus the several islands of the Galapagos Archipelago are tenanted, as I have elsewhere shown, in a quite marvellous manner, by very closely related species; so that the inhabitants of each separate island, though mostly distinct, are related in an incomparably closer degree to each other than to the inhabitants of any other part of the world. And this is just what might have been expected on my view, for the islands are situated so near each other that they would almost certainly receive immigrants from the same original source, or from each other. But this dissimilarity between the endemic inhabitants of the islands may be used as an argument against my views; for it may be asked, how has it happened in the several islands situated within sight of each other, having the same geological nature, the same height, climate, etc., that many of the immigrants should have been differently modified, though only in a small degree. This long appeared to me a great difficulty: but it arises in chief part from the deeply-seated error of considering the physical conditions of a country as the most important for its inhabitants; whereas it cannot, I think, be disputed that the nature of the other inhabitants, with which each has to compete, is at least as important, and generally a far more important element of success. Now if we look to those inhabitants of the Galapagos Archipelago which are found in other parts of the world (laying on one side for the moment the endemic species, which cannot be here fairly included, as we are considering how they have come to be modified since their arrival), we find a considerable amount of difference in the several islands. This difference might indeed have been expected on the view of the islands having been stocked by occasional means of transport—a seed, for instance, of one plant having been brought to one island, and that of another plant to another island. Hence when in former times an immigrant settled on any one or more of the islands, or when it subsequently spread from one island to another, it would undoubtedly be exposed to different conditions of life in the different islands, for it would have to compete with different sets of organisms: a plant, for instance, would find the best-fitted ground more perfectly occupied by distinct plants in one island than in another, and it would be exposed to the attacks of somewhat different enemies. If then it varied, natural selection would probably favour different varieties in the different islands. Some species, however, might spread and yet retain the same character throughout the group, just as we see on continents some species spreading widely and remaining the same.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00631", "bookId": 1228, "start": 754859, "end": 758656, "sha256": "fe097a1a6452751ee2d51af24f1dfed3ea333aacda7486f87de75f28a1250f5b", "text": "The really surprising fact in this case of the Galapagos Archipelago, and in a lesser degree in some analogous instances, is that the new species formed in the separate islands have not quickly spread to the other islands. But the islands, though in sight of each other, are separated by deep arms of the sea, in most cases wider than the British Channel, and there is no reason to suppose that they have at any former period been continuously united. The currents of the sea are rapid and sweep across the archipelago, and gales of wind are extraordinarily rare; so that the islands are far more effectually separated from each other than they appear to be on a map. Nevertheless a good many species, both those found in other parts of the world and those confined to the archipelago, are common to the several islands, and we may infer from certain facts that these have probably spread from some one island to the others. But we often take, I think, an erroneous view of the probability of closely allied species invading each other’s territory, when put into free intercommunication. Undoubtedly if one species has any advantage whatever over another, it will in a very brief time wholly or in part supplant it; but if both are equally well fitted for their own places in nature, both probably will hold their own places and keep separate for almost any length of time. Being familiar with the fact that many species, naturalised through man’s agency, have spread with astonishing rapidity over new countries, we are apt to infer that most species would thus spread; but we should remember that the forms which become naturalised in new countries are not generally closely allied to the aboriginal inhabitants, but are very distinct species, belonging in a large proportion of cases, as shown by Alph. de Candolle, to distinct genera. In the Galapagos Archipelago, many even of the birds, though so well adapted for flying from island to island, are distinct on each; thus there are three closely-allied species of mocking-thrush, each confined to its own island. Now let us suppose the mocking-thrush of Chatham Island to be blown to Charles Island, which has its own mocking-thrush: why should it succeed in establishing itself there? We may safely infer that Charles Island is well stocked with its own species, for annually more eggs are laid there than can possibly be reared; and we may infer that the mocking-thrush peculiar to Charles Island is at least as well fitted for its home as is the species peculiar to Chatham Island. Sir C. Lyell and Mr. Wollaston have communicated to me a remarkable fact bearing on this subject; namely, that Madeira and the adjoining islet of Porto Santo possess many distinct but representative land-shells, some of which live in crevices of stone; and although large quantities of stone are annually transported from Porto Santo to Madeira, yet this latter island has not become colonised by the Porto Santo species: nevertheless both islands have been colonised by some European land-shells, which no doubt had some advantage over the indigenous species. From these considerations I think we need not greatly marvel at the endemic and representative species, which inhabit the several islands of the Galapagos Archipelago, not having universally spread from island to island. In many other instances, as in the several districts of the same continent, pre-occupation has probably played an important part in checking the commingling of species under the same conditions of life. Thus, the south-east and south-west corners of Australia have nearly the same physical conditions, and are united by continuous land, yet they are inhabited by a vast number of distinct mammals, birds, and plants.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00632", "bookId": 1228, "start": 758660, "end": 760482, "sha256": "b94e79cb6c4d5a6f0401124c022e004b3c48531aae43428cd0ffc9084ab9a9f5", "text": "The principle which determines the general character of the fauna and flora of oceanic islands, namely, that the inhabitants, when not identically the same, yet are plainly related to the inhabitants of that region whence colonists could most readily have been derived,—the colonists having been subsequently modified and better fitted to their new homes,—is of the widest application throughout nature. We see this on every mountain, in every lake and marsh. For Alpine species, excepting in so far as the same forms, chiefly of plants, have spread widely throughout the world during the recent Glacial epoch, are related to those of the surrounding lowlands;—thus we have in South America, Alpine humming-birds, Alpine rodents, Alpine plants, etc., all of strictly American forms, and it is obvious that a mountain, as it became slowly upheaved, would naturally be colonised from the surrounding lowlands. So it is with the inhabitants of lakes and marshes, excepting in so far as great facility of transport has given the same general forms to the whole world. We see this same principle in the blind animals inhabiting the caves of America and of Europe. Other analogous facts could be given. And it will, I believe, be universally found to be true, that wherever in two regions, let them be ever so distant, many closely allied or representative species occur, there will likewise be found some identical species, showing, in accordance with the foregoing view, that at some former period there has been intercommunication or migration between the two regions. And wherever many closely-allied species occur, there will be found many forms which some naturalists rank as distinct species, and some as varieties; these doubtful forms showing us the steps in the process of modification.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00633", "bookId": 1228, "start": 760486, "end": 762888, "sha256": "380c1c58482920b37eaf95f0be41edc1de40b94f583156a56933b6605962c70b", "text": "This relation between the power and extent of migration of a species, either at the present time or at some former period under different physical conditions, and the existence at remote points of the world of other species allied to it, is shown in another and more general way. Mr. Gould remarked to me long ago, that in those genera of birds which range over the world, many of the species have very wide ranges. I can hardly doubt that this rule is generally true, though it would be difficult to prove it. Amongst mammals, we see it strikingly displayed in Bats, and in a lesser degree in the Felidæ and Canidæ. We see it, if we compare the distribution of butterflies and beetles. So it is with most fresh-water productions, in which so many genera range over the world, and many individual species have enormous ranges. It is not meant that in world-ranging genera all the species have a wide range, or even that they have on an _average_ a wide range; but only that some of the species range very widely; for the facility with which widely-ranging species vary and give rise to new forms will largely determine their average range. For instance, two varieties of the same species inhabit America and Europe, and the species thus has an immense range; but, if the variation had been a little greater, the two varieties would have been ranked as distinct species, and the common range would have been greatly reduced. Still less is it meant, that a species which apparently has the capacity of crossing barriers and ranging widely, as in the case of certain powerfully-winged birds, will necessarily range widely; for we should never forget that to range widely implies not only the power of crossing barriers, but the more important power of being victorious in distant lands in the struggle for life with foreign associates. But on the view of all the species of a genus having descended from a single parent, though now distributed to the most remote points of the world, we ought to find, and I believe as a general rule we do find, that some at least of the species range very widely; for it is necessary that the unmodified parent should range widely, undergoing modification during its diffusion, and should place itself under diverse conditions favourable for the conversion of its offspring, firstly into new varieties and ultimately into new species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00634", "bookId": 1228, "start": 762892, "end": 764058, "sha256": "864d68077b69c88c18b877f62fffd6a722d228d496852f2091fb660517bc95de", "text": "In considering the wide distribution of certain genera, we should bear in mind that some are extremely ancient, and must have branched off from a common parent at a remote epoch; so that in such cases there will have been ample time for great climatal and geographical changes and for accidents of transport; and consequently for the migration of some of the species into all quarters of the world, where they may have become slightly modified in relation to their new conditions. There is, also, some reason to believe from geological evidence that organisms low in the scale within each great class, generally change at a slower rate than the higher forms; and consequently the lower forms will have had a better chance of ranging widely and of still retaining the same specific character. This fact, together with the seeds and eggs of many low forms being very minute and better fitted for distant transportation, probably accounts for a law which has long been observed, and which has lately been admirably discussed by Alph. de Candolle in regard to plants, namely, that the lower any group of organisms is, the more widely it is apt to range.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00635", "bookId": 1228, "start": 764062, "end": 764977, "sha256": "2351ca15cee380fc219a70e36fc0e034d55dda67ada16f8893b94c8715b5efa9", "text": "The relations just discussed,—namely, low and slowly-changing organisms ranging more widely than the high,—some of the species of widely-ranging genera themselves ranging widely,—such facts, as alpine, lacustrine, and marsh productions being related (with the exceptions before specified) to those on the surrounding low lands and dry lands, though these stations are so different—the very close relation of the distinct species which inhabit the islets of the same archipelago,—and especially the striking relation of the inhabitants of each whole archipelago or island to those of the nearest mainland,—are, I think, utterly inexplicable on the ordinary view of the independent creation of each species, but are explicable on the view of colonisation from the nearest and readiest source, together with the subsequent modification and better adaptation of the colonists to their new homes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00636", "bookId": 1228, "start": 764981, "end": 766118, "sha256": "1c006f6df5fb4da5cca5b7d1c1f3a6d1cacb1fdf46e35d603a153382dd9c31c8", "text": "_Summary of last and present Chapters_.—In these chapters I have endeavoured to show, that if we make due allowance for our ignorance of the full effects of all the changes of climate and of the level of the land, which have certainly occurred within the recent period, and of other similar changes which may have occurred within the same period; if we remember how profoundly ignorant we are with respect to the many and curious means of occasional transport,—a subject which has hardly ever been properly experimentised on; if we bear in mind how often a species may have ranged continuously over a wide area, and then have become extinct in the intermediate tracts, I think the difficulties in believing that all the individuals of the same species, wherever located, have descended from the same parents, are not insuperable. And we are led to this conclusion, which has been arrived at by many naturalists under the designation of single centres of creation, by some general considerations, more especially from the importance of barriers and from the analogical distribution of sub-genera, genera, and families.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00637", "bookId": 1228, "start": 766122, "end": 766584, "sha256": "7f393bcb9f3f33de8ca75fa992f59648c2d901f6f66a1f8841813c0592725eb0", "text": "With respect to the distinct species of the same genus, which on my theory must have spread from one parent-source; if we make the same allowances as before for our ignorance, and remember that some forms of life change most slowly, enormous periods of time being thus granted for their migration, I do not think that the difficulties are insuperable; though they often are in this case, and in that of the individuals of the same species, extremely grave.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00638", "bookId": 1228, "start": 766588, "end": 767009, "sha256": "82c275a8a8006a46ec63625f443721dc1dad05145ebe5980c15f2ef81e00cbfd", "text": "As exemplifying the effects of climatal changes on distribution, I have attempted to show how important has been the influence of the modern Glacial period, which I am fully convinced simultaneously affected the whole world, or at least great meridional belts. As showing how diversified are the means of occasional transport, I have discussed at some little length the means of dispersal of fresh-water productions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00639", "bookId": 1228, "start": 767015, "end": 769097, "sha256": "dd0f975249bee3639ef5e790e4b089da3d1b384a42dc743547f3b3cfddf1e1ef", "text": "If the difficulties be not insuperable in admitting that in the long course of time the individuals of the same species, and likewise of allied species, have proceeded from some one source; then I think all the grand leading facts of geographical distribution are explicable on the theory of migration (generally of the more dominant forms of life), together with subsequent modification and the multiplication of new forms. We can thus understand the high importance of barriers, whether of land or water, which separate our several zoological and botanical provinces. We can thus understand the localisation of sub-genera, genera, and families; and how it is that under different latitudes, for instance in South America, the inhabitants of the plains and mountains, of the forests, marshes, and deserts, are in so mysterious a manner linked together by affinity, and are likewise linked to the extinct beings which formerly inhabited the same continent. Bearing in mind that the mutual relations of organism to organism are of the highest importance, we can see why two areas having nearly the same physical conditions should often be inhabited by very different forms of life; for according to the length of time which has elapsed since new inhabitants entered one region; according to the nature of the communication which allowed certain forms and not others to enter, either in greater or lesser numbers; according or not, as those which entered happened to come in more or less direct competition with each other and with the aborigines; and according as the immigrants were capable of varying more or less rapidly, there would ensue in different regions, independently of their physical conditions, infinitely diversified conditions of life,—there would be an almost endless amount of organic action and reaction,—and we should find, as we do find, some groups of beings greatly, and some only slightly modified,—some developed in great force, some existing in scanty numbers—in the different great geographical provinces of the world.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00640", "bookId": 1228, "start": 769101, "end": 770413, "sha256": "e60a97db38c60a9f69f8f5941ecc31f23fe7af04d5dcb0da6052196d5de89239", "text": "On these same principles, we can understand, as I have endeavoured to show, why oceanic islands should have few inhabitants, but of these a great number should be endemic or peculiar; and why, in relation to the means of migration, one group of beings, even within the same class, should have all its species endemic, and another group should have all its species common to other quarters of the world. We can see why whole groups of organisms, as batrachians and terrestrial mammals, should be absent from oceanic islands, whilst the most isolated islands possess their own peculiar species of ærial mammals or bats. We can see why there should be some relation between the presence of mammals, in a more or less modified condition, and the depth of the sea between an island and the mainland. We can clearly see why all the inhabitants of an archipelago, though specifically distinct on the several islets, should be closely related to each other, and likewise be related, but less closely, to those of the nearest continent or other source whence immigrants were probably derived. We can see why in two areas, however distant from each other, there should be a correlation, in the presence of identical species, of varieties, of doubtful species, and of distinct but representative species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00641", "bookId": 1228, "start": 770417, "end": 772781, "sha256": "726b78fe1005f3d0f66aabd014e4ba1028722f23478e1fb2805174385b03fe19", "text": "As the late Edward Forbes often insisted, there is a striking parallelism in the laws of life throughout time and space: the laws governing the succession of forms in past times being nearly the same with those governing at the present time the differences in different areas. We see this in many facts. The endurance of each species and group of species is continuous in time; for the exceptions to the rule are so few, that they may fairly be attributed to our not having as yet discovered in an intermediate deposit the forms which are therein absent, but which occur above and below: so in space, it certainly is the general rule that the area inhabited by a single species, or by a group of species, is continuous; and the exceptions, which are not rare, may, as I have attempted to show, be accounted for by migration at some former period under different conditions or by occasional means of transport, and by the species having become extinct in the intermediate tracts. Both in time and space, species and groups of species have their points of maximum development. Groups of species, belonging either to a certain period of time, or to a certain area, are often characterised by trifling characters in common, as of sculpture or colour. In looking to the long succession of ages, as in now looking to distant provinces throughout the world, we find that some organisms differ little, whilst others belonging to a different class, or to a different order, or even only to a different family of the same order, differ greatly. In both time and space the lower members of each class generally change less than the higher; but there are in both cases marked exceptions to the rule. On my theory these several relations throughout time and space are intelligible; for whether we look to the forms of life which have changed during successive ages within the same quarter of the world, or to those which have changed after having migrated into distant quarters, in both cases the forms within each class have been connected by the same bond of ordinary generation; and the more nearly any two forms are related in blood, the nearer they will generally stand to each other in time and space; in both cases the laws of variation have been the same, and modifications have been accumulated by the same power of natural selection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00642", "bookId": 1228, "start": 772791, "end": 772887, "sha256": "172457df8172e3488f51fb7856a1ed5b112cc9fb5b080a8c99850744a89011c4", "text": "CHAPTER XIII. MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF ORGANIC BEINGS: MORPHOLOGY: EMBRYOLOGY: RUDIMENTARY ORGANS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00643", "bookId": 1228, "start": 772893, "end": 773506, "sha256": "a45a62c66550c11ff6885067d89727f96c1be04e5e8accb461d6e5b0ab2e3ecb", "text": "CLASSIFICATION, groups subordinate to groups. Natural system. Rules and difficulties in classification, explained on the theory of descent with modification. Classification of varieties. Descent always used in classification. Analogical or adaptive characters. Affinities, general, complex and radiating. Extinction separates and defines groups. MORPHOLOGY, between members of the same class, between parts of the same individual. EMBRYOLOGY, laws of, explained by variations not supervening at an early age, and being inherited at a corresponding age. RUDIMENTARY ORGANS; their origin explained. Summary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00644", "bookId": 1228, "start": 773512, "end": 775155, "sha256": "3aefa954f7002f0215ec9a871cdc25e17b6b237ae96cd121cff78f2a1aa22865", "text": "From the first dawn of life, all organic beings are found to resemble each other in descending degrees, so that they can be classed in groups under groups. This classification is evidently not arbitrary like the grouping of the stars in constellations. The existence of groups would have been of simple signification, if one group had been exclusively fitted to inhabit the land, and another the water; one to feed on flesh, another on vegetable matter, and so on; but the case is widely different in nature; for it is notorious how commonly members of even the same subgroup have different habits. In our second and fourth chapters, on Variation and on Natural Selection, I have attempted to show that it is the widely ranging, the much diffused and common, that is the dominant species belonging to the larger genera, which vary most. The varieties, or incipient species, thus produced ultimately become converted, as I believe, into new and distinct species; and these, on the principle of inheritance, tend to produce other new and dominant species. Consequently the groups which are now large, and which generally include many dominant species, tend to go on increasing indefinitely in size. I further attempted to show that from the varying descendants of each species trying to occupy as many and as different places as possible in the economy of nature, there is a constant tendency in their characters to diverge. This conclusion was supported by looking at the great diversity of the forms of life which, in any small area, come into the closest competition, and by looking to certain facts in naturalisation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00645", "bookId": 1228, "start": 775159, "end": 776886, "sha256": "d0c2b4ba30fa41356ab2831b5d91ac9275650ce6ff3f075bfb84aa379a2dbce3", "text": "I attempted also to show that there is a constant tendency in the forms which are increasing in number and diverging in character, to supplant and exterminate the less divergent, the less improved, and preceding forms. I request the reader to turn to the diagram illustrating the action, as formerly explained, of these several principles; and he will see that the inevitable result is that the modified descendants proceeding from one progenitor become broken up into groups subordinate to groups. In the diagram each letter on the uppermost line may represent a genus including several species; and all the genera on this line form together one class, for all have descended from one ancient but unseen parent, and, consequently, have inherited something in common. But the three genera on the left hand have, on this same principle, much in common, and form a sub-family, distinct from that including the next two genera on the right hand, which diverged from a common parent at the fifth stage of descent. These five genera have also much, though less, in common; and they form a family distinct from that including the three genera still further to the right hand, which diverged at a still earlier period. And all these genera, descended from (A), form an order distinct from the genera descended from (I). So that we here have many species descended from a single progenitor grouped into genera; and the genera are included in, or subordinate to, sub-families, families, and orders, all united into one class. Thus, the grand fact in natural history of the subordination of group under group, which, from its familiarity, does not always sufficiently strike us, is in my judgment fully explained.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00646", "bookId": 1228, "start": 776890, "end": 778474, "sha256": "f259fcecee7dea75f34902b928212386e51f261858f9e0acc2f94b9a5e41574b", "text": "Naturalists try to arrange the species, genera, and families in each class, on what is called the Natural System. But what is meant by this system? Some authors look at it merely as a scheme for arranging together those living objects which are most alike, and for separating those which are most unlike; or as an artificial means for enunciating, as briefly as possible, general propositions,—that is, by one sentence to give the characters common, for instance, to all mammals, by another those common to all carnivora, by another those common to the dog-genus, and then by adding a single sentence, a full description is given of each kind of dog. The ingenuity and utility of this system are indisputable. But many naturalists think that something more is meant by the Natural System; they believe that it reveals the plan of the Creator; but unless it be specified whether order in time or space, or what else is meant by the plan of the Creator, it seems to me that nothing is thus added to our knowledge. Such expressions as that famous one of Linnæus, and which we often meet with in a more or less concealed form, that the characters do not make the genus, but that the genus gives the characters, seem to imply that something more is included in our classification, than mere resemblance. I believe that something more is included; and that propinquity of descent,—the only known cause of the similarity of organic beings,—is the bond, hidden as it is by various degrees of modification, which is partially revealed to us by our classifications.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00647", "bookId": 1228, "start": 778478, "end": 780208, "sha256": "c79060c185b93ad7220191e9308d7e9bb9532137ea93b780a5e1d82ac53fd545", "text": "Let us now consider the rules followed in classification, and the difficulties which are encountered on the view that classification either gives some unknown plan of creation, or is simply a scheme for enunciating general propositions and of placing together the forms most like each other. It might have been thought (and was in ancient times thought) that those parts of the structure which determined the habits of life, and the general place of each being in the economy of nature, would be of very high importance in classification. Nothing can be more false. No one regards the external similarity of a mouse to a shrew, of a dugong to a whale, of a whale to a fish, as of any importance. These resemblances, though so intimately connected with the whole life of the being, are ranked as merely “adaptive or analogical characters;” but to the consideration of these resemblances we shall have to recur. It may even be given as a general rule, that the less any part of the organisation is concerned with special habits, the more important it becomes for classification. As an instance: Owen, in speaking of the dugong, says, “The generative organs being those which are most remotely related to the habits and food of an animal, I have always regarded as affording very clear indications of its true affinities. We are least likely in the modifications of these organs to mistake a merely adaptive for an essential character.” So with plants, how remarkable it is that the organs of vegetation, on which their whole life depends, are of little signification, excepting in the first main divisions; whereas the organs of reproduction, with their product the seed, are of paramount importance!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00648", "bookId": 1228, "start": 780212, "end": 782664, "sha256": "b27018220ac69949ed850e236ecd458d8347a3792bf592e0084b167b36292be7", "text": "We must not, therefore, in classifying, trust to resemblances in parts of the organisation, however important they may be for the welfare of the being in relation to the outer world. Perhaps from this cause it has partly arisen, that almost all naturalists lay the greatest stress on resemblances in organs of high vital or physiological importance. No doubt this view of the classificatory importance of organs which are important is generally, but by no means always, true. But their importance for classification, I believe, depends on their greater constancy throughout large groups of species; and this constancy depends on such organs having generally been subjected to less change in the adaptation of the species to their conditions of life. That the mere physiological importance of an organ does not determine its classificatory value, is almost shown by the one fact, that in allied groups, in which the same organ, as we have every reason to suppose, has nearly the same physiological value, its classificatory value is widely different. No naturalist can have worked at any group without being struck with this fact; and it has been most fully acknowledged in the writings of almost every author. It will suffice to quote the highest authority, Robert Brown, who in speaking of certain organs in the Proteaceæ, says their generic importance, “like that of all their parts, not only in this but, as I apprehend, in every natural family, is very unequal, and in some cases seems to be entirely lost.” Again in another work he says, the genera of the Connaraceæ “differ in having one or more ovaria, in the existence or absence of albumen, in the imbricate or valvular æstivation. Any one of these characters singly is frequently of more than generic importance, though here even when all taken together they appear insufficient to separate Cnestis from Connarus.” To give an example amongst insects, in one great division of the Hymenoptera, the antennæ, as Westwood has remarked, are most constant in structure; in another division they differ much, and the differences are of quite subordinate value in classification; yet no one probably will say that the antennæ in these two divisions of the same order are of unequal physiological importance. Any number of instances could be given of the varying importance for classification of the same important organ within the same group of beings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00649", "bookId": 1228, "start": 782668, "end": 783229, "sha256": "71b1ef2044d022f1beee297d6270e5d3764b11125af9e09e9260058feccd319d", "text": "Again, no one will say that rudimentary or atrophied organs are of high physiological or vital importance; yet, undoubtedly, organs in this condition are often of high value in classification. No one will dispute that the rudimentary teeth in the upper jaws of young ruminants, and certain rudimentary bones of the leg, are highly serviceable in exhibiting the close affinity between Ruminants and Pachyderms. Robert Brown has strongly insisted on the fact that the rudimentary florets are of the highest importance in the classification of the Grasses.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00650", "bookId": 1228, "start": 783233, "end": 784254, "sha256": "079edaa3f308544852f5fc7d52007f58da54608f1e6d8d48bb744777a7acdb1b", "text": "Numerous instances could be given of characters derived from parts which must be considered of very trifling physiological importance, but which are universally admitted as highly serviceable in the definition of whole groups. For instance, whether or not there is an open passage from the nostrils to the mouth, the only character, according to Owen, which absolutely distinguishes fishes and reptiles—the inflection of the angle of the jaws in Marsupials—the manner in which the wings of insects are folded—mere colour in certain Algæ—mere pubescence on parts of the flower in grasses—the nature of the dermal covering, as hair or feathers, in the Vertebrata. If the Ornithorhynchus had been covered with feathers instead of hair, this external and trifling character would, I think, have been considered by naturalists as important an aid in determining the degree of affinity of this strange creature to birds and reptiles, as an approach in structure in any one internal and important organ.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00651", "bookId": 1228, "start": 784258, "end": 785986, "sha256": "07727ec415280707107f7bf47b69159b61b4d071f78bdc50190ba4697a1eb9b4", "text": "The importance, for classification, of trifling characters, mainly depends on their being correlated with several other characters of more or less importance. The value indeed of an aggregate of characters is very evident in natural history. Hence, as has often been remarked, a species may depart from its allies in several characters, both of high physiological importance and of almost universal prevalence, and yet leave us in no doubt where it should be ranked. Hence, also, it has been found, that a classification founded on any single character, however important that may be, has always failed; for no part of the organisation is universally constant. The importance of an aggregate of characters, even when none are important, alone explains, I think, that saying of Linnæus, that the characters do not give the genus, but the genus gives the characters; for this saying seems founded on an appreciation of many trifling points of resemblance, too slight to be defined. Certain plants, belonging to the Malpighiaceæ, bear perfect and degraded flowers; in the latter, as A. de Jussieu has remarked, “the greater number of the characters proper to the species, to the genus, to the family, to the class, disappear, and thus laugh at our classification.” But when Aspicarpa produced in France, during several years, only degraded flowers, departing so wonderfully in a number of the most important points of structure from the proper type of the order, yet M. Richard sagaciously saw, as Jussieu observes, that this genus should still be retained amongst the Malpighiaceæ. This case seems to me well to illustrate the spirit with which our classifications are sometimes necessarily founded.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00652", "bookId": 1228, "start": 785990, "end": 787096, "sha256": "2522a5fbd40d1a581ddebe409ebd0bacd09ec3d800d5a022ac8dcfd64777333b", "text": "Practically when naturalists are at work, they do not trouble themselves about the physiological value of the characters which they use in defining a group, or in allocating any particular species. If they find a character nearly uniform, and common to a great number of forms, and not common to others, they use it as one of high value; if common to some lesser number, they use it as of subordinate value. This principle has been broadly confessed by some naturalists to be the true one; and by none more clearly than by that excellent botanist, Aug. St. Hilaire. If certain characters are always found correlated with others, though no apparent bond of connexion can be discovered between them, especial value is set on them. As in most groups of animals, important organs, such as those for propelling the blood, or for ærating it, or those for propagating the race, are found nearly uniform, they are considered as highly serviceable in classification; but in some groups of animals all these, the most important vital organs, are found to offer characters of quite subordinate value.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00653", "bookId": 1228, "start": 787100, "end": 788158, "sha256": "cfed871bbbedc96aada0b9003f225197c07caae50cf1a659c1f3a7496b2d629b", "text": "We can see why characters derived from the embryo should be of equal importance with those derived from the adult, for our classifications of course include all ages of each species. But it is by no means obvious, on the ordinary view, why the structure of the embryo should be more important for this purpose than that of the adult, which alone plays its full part in the economy of nature. Yet it has been strongly urged by those great naturalists, Milne Edwards and Agassiz, that embryonic characters are the most important of any in the classification of animals; and this doctrine has very generally been admitted as true. The same fact holds good with flowering plants, of which the two main divisions have been founded on characters derived from the embryo,—on the number and position of the embryonic leaves or cotyledons, and on the mode of development of the plumule and radicle. In our discussion on embryology, we shall see why such characters are so valuable, on the view of classification tacitly including the idea of descent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00654", "bookId": 1228, "start": 788162, "end": 788705, "sha256": "ddf1cbe9f06181f9cb4ee6fbc2ccd3899c539e82dedc016b11744c540f044b09", "text": "Our classifications are often plainly influenced by chains of affinities. Nothing can be easier than to define a number of characters common to all birds; but in the case of crustaceans, such definition has hitherto been found impossible. There are crustaceans at the opposite ends of the series, which have hardly a character in common; yet the species at both ends, from being plainly allied to others, and these to others, and so onwards, can be recognised as unequivocally belonging to this, and to no other class of the Articulata.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00655", "bookId": 1228, "start": 788709, "end": 789036, "sha256": "d83ca7329f6425e9969ffd355f25b8106cc63c3463b989b72097674f695e3b76", "text": "Geographical distribution has often been used, though perhaps not quite logically, in classification, more especially in very large groups of closely allied forms. Temminck insists on the utility or even necessity of this practice in certain groups of birds; and it has been followed by several entomologists and botanists.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00656", "bookId": 1228, "start": 789040, "end": 789785, "sha256": "c6201fe3807cc4f880d1317a4369d4ba79697ea373d13f45fa164560c1c22853", "text": "Finally, with respect to the comparative value of the various groups of species, such as orders, sub-orders, families, sub-families, and genera, they seem to be, at least at present, almost arbitrary. Several of the best botanists, such as Mr. Bentham and others, have strongly insisted on their arbitrary value. Instances could be given amongst plants and insects, of a group of forms, first ranked by practised naturalists as only a genus, and then raised to the rank of a sub-family or family; and this has been done, not because further research has detected important structural differences, at first overlooked, but because numerous allied species, with slightly different grades of difference, have been subsequently discovered.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00657", "bookId": 1228, "start": 789791, "end": 790467, "sha256": "e01168b4a6cd649f00418d2f60b9f7e41f9f64861a25af23bef0d8dd51bb206a", "text": "All the foregoing rules and aids and difficulties in classification are explained, if I do not greatly deceive myself, on the view that the natural system is founded on descent with modification; that the characters which naturalists consider as showing true affinity between any two or more species, are those which have been inherited from a common parent, and, in so far, all true classification is genealogical; that community of descent is the hidden bond which naturalists have been unconsciously seeking, and not some unknown plan of creation, or the enunciation of general propositions, and the mere putting together and separating objects more or less alike.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00658", "bookId": 1228, "start": 790471, "end": 794383, "sha256": "f8c67d54c624671d2e8b16a949b8a9a82cfe13bc6eeea2f9f5b6c47a98a7b1e7", "text": "But I must explain my meaning more fully. I believe that the _arrangement_ of the groups within each class, in due subordination and relation to the other groups, must be strictly genealogical in order to be natural; but that the _amount_ of difference in the several branches or groups, though allied in the same degree in blood to their common progenitor, may differ greatly, being due to the different degrees of modification which they have undergone; and this is expressed by the forms being ranked under different genera, families, sections, or orders. The reader will best understand what is meant, if he will take the trouble of referring to the diagram in the fourth chapter. We will suppose the letters A to L to represent allied genera, which lived during the Silurian epoch, and these have descended from a species which existed at an unknown anterior period. Species of three of these genera (A, F, and I) have transmitted modified descendants to the present day, represented by the fifteen genera (_a_14 to _z_14) on the uppermost horizontal line. Now all these modified descendants from a single species, are represented as related in blood or descent to the same degree; they may metaphorically be called cousins to the same millionth degree; yet they differ widely and in different degrees from each other. The forms descended from A, now broken up into two or three families, constitute a distinct order from those descended from I, also broken up into two families. Nor can the existing species, descended from A, be ranked in the same genus with the parent A; or those from I, with the parent I. But the existing genus F14 may be supposed to have been but slightly modified; and it will then rank with the parent-genus F; just as some few still living organic beings belong to Silurian genera. So that the amount or value of the differences between organic beings all related to each other in the same degree in blood, has come to be widely different. Nevertheless their genealogical _arrangement_ remains strictly true, not only at the present time, but at each successive period of descent. All the modified descendants from A will have inherited something in common from their common parent, as will all the descendants from I; so will it be with each subordinate branch of descendants, at each successive period. If, however, we choose to suppose that any of the descendants of A or of I have been so much modified as to have more or less completely lost traces of their parentage, in this case, their places in a natural classification will have been more or less completely lost,—as sometimes seems to have occurred with existing organisms. All the descendants of the genus F, along its whole line of descent, are supposed to have been but little modified, and they yet form a single genus. But this genus, though much isolated, will still occupy its proper intermediate position; for F originally was intermediate in character between A and I, and the several genera descended from these two genera will have inherited to a certain extent their characters. This natural arrangement is shown, as far as is possible on paper, in the diagram, but in much too simple a manner. If a branching diagram had not been used, and only the names of the groups had been written in a linear series, it would have been still less possible to have given a natural arrangement; and it is notoriously not possible to represent in a series, on a flat surface, the affinities which we discover in nature amongst the beings of the same group. Thus, on the view which I hold, the natural system is genealogical in its arrangement, like a pedigree; but the degrees of modification which the different groups have undergone, have to be expressed by ranking them under different so-called genera, sub-families, families, sections, orders, and classes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00659", "bookId": 1228, "start": 794387, "end": 795570, "sha256": "122abdc81edb58ff65c18541c743a509590188d47664c0c929e260454431c354", "text": "It may be worth while to illustrate this view of classification, by taking the case of languages. If we possessed a perfect pedigree of mankind, a genealogical arrangement of the races of man would afford the best classification of the various languages now spoken throughout the world; and if all extinct languages, and all intermediate and slowly changing dialects, had to be included, such an arrangement would, I think, be the only possible one. Yet it might be that some very ancient language had altered little, and had given rise to few new languages, whilst others (owing to the spreading and subsequent isolation and states of civilisation of the several races, descended from a common race) had altered much, and had given rise to many new languages and dialects. The various degrees of difference in the languages from the same stock, would have to be expressed by groups subordinate to groups; but the proper or even only possible arrangement would still be genealogical; and this would be strictly natural, as it would connect together all languages, extinct and modern, by the closest affinities, and would give the filiation and origin of each tongue.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00660", "bookId": 1228, "start": 795574, "end": 797882, "sha256": "cad8dba3932c1110e6c6aed8f210b0691c48e2598febd968670a6f3457faa715", "text": "In confirmation of this view, let us glance at the classification of varieties, which are believed or known to have descended from one species. These are grouped under species, with sub-varieties under varieties; and with our domestic productions, several other grades of difference are requisite, as we have seen with pigeons. The origin of the existence of groups subordinate to groups, is the same with varieties as with species, namely, closeness of descent with various degrees of modification. Nearly the same rules are followed in classifying varieties, as with species. Authors have insisted on the necessity of classing varieties on a natural instead of an artificial system; we are cautioned, for instance, not to class two varieties of the pine-apple together, merely because their fruit, though the most important part, happens to be nearly identical; no one puts the swedish and common turnips together, though the esculent and thickened stems are so similar. Whatever part is found to be most constant, is used in classing varieties: thus the great agriculturist Marshall says the horns are very useful for this purpose with cattle, because they are less variable than the shape or colour of the body, etc.; whereas with sheep the horns are much less serviceable, because less constant. In classing varieties, I apprehend if we had a real pedigree, a genealogical classification would be universally preferred; and it has been attempted by some authors. For we might feel sure, whether there had been more or less modification, the principle of inheritance would keep the forms together which were allied in the greatest number of points. In tumbler pigeons, though some sub-varieties differ from the others in the important character of having a longer beak, yet all are kept together from having the common habit of tumbling; but the short-faced breed has nearly or quite lost this habit; nevertheless, without any reasoning or thinking on the subject, these tumblers are kept in the same group, because allied in blood and alike in some other respects. If it could be proved that the Hottentot had descended from the Negro, I think he would be classed under the Negro group, however much he might differ in colour and other important characters from negroes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00661", "bookId": 1228, "start": 797886, "end": 799942, "sha256": "3a17d84487b2ca967f8988bfbe7cd09741c7fa8b4972c7be891084e9d32f51a8", "text": "With species in a state of nature, every naturalist has in fact brought descent into his classification; for he includes in his lowest grade, or that of a species, the two sexes; and how enormously these sometimes differ in the most important characters, is known to every naturalist: scarcely a single fact can be predicated in common of the males and hermaphrodites of certain cirripedes, when adult, and yet no one dreams of separating them. The naturalist includes as one species the several larval stages of the same individual, however much they may differ from each other and from the adult; as he likewise includes the so-called alternate generations of Steenstrup, which can only in a technical sense be considered as the same individual. He includes monsters; he includes varieties, not solely because they closely resemble the parent-form, but because they are descended from it. He who believes that the cowslip is descended from the primrose, or conversely, ranks them together as a single species, and gives a single definition. As soon as three Orchidean forms (Monochanthus, Myanthus, and Catasetum), which had previously been ranked as three distinct genera, were known to be sometimes produced on the same spike, they were immediately included as a single species. But it may be asked, what ought we to do, if it could be proved that one species of kangaroo had been produced, by a long course of modification, from a bear? Ought we to rank this one species with bears, and what should we do with the other species? The supposition is of course preposterous; and I might answer by the _argumentum ad hominem_, and ask what should be done if a perfect kangaroo were seen to come out of the womb of a bear? According to all analogy, it would be ranked with bears; but then assuredly all the other species of the kangaroo family would have to be classed under the bear genus. The whole case is preposterous; for where there has been close descent in common, there will certainly be close resemblance or affinity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00662", "bookId": 1228, "start": 799946, "end": 801962, "sha256": "86ef38c8d3585db4b9ccdba7e4759396c71f25402a5d1d75451215af253739b1", "text": "As descent has universally been used in classing together the individuals of the same species, though the males and females and larvæ are sometimes extremely different; and as it has been used in classing varieties which have undergone a certain, and sometimes a considerable amount of modification, may not this same element of descent have been unconsciously used in grouping species under genera, and genera under higher groups, though in these cases the modification has been greater in degree, and has taken a longer time to complete? I believe it has thus been unconsciously used; and only thus can I understand the several rules and guides which have been followed by our best systematists. We have no written pedigrees; we have to make out community of descent by resemblances of any kind. Therefore we choose those characters which, as far as we can judge, are the least likely to have been modified in relation to the conditions of life to which each species has been recently exposed. Rudimentary structures on this view are as good as, or even sometimes better than, other parts of the organisation. We care not how trifling a character may be—let it be the mere inflection of the angle of the jaw, the manner in which an insect’s wing is folded, whether the skin be covered by hair or feathers—if it prevail throughout many and different species, especially those having very different habits of life, it assumes high value; for we can account for its presence in so many forms with such different habits, only by its inheritance from a common parent. We may err in this respect in regard to single points of structure, but when several characters, let them be ever so trifling, occur together throughout a large group of beings having different habits, we may feel almost sure, on the theory of descent, that these characters have been inherited from a common ancestor. And we know that such correlated or aggregated characters have especial value in classification.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00663", "bookId": 1228, "start": 801966, "end": 803277, "sha256": "148efff2893b995f4c3d5b204de3369ce39010320e7090028856b8aac8a7beda", "text": "We can understand why a species or a group of species may depart, in several of its most important characteristics, from its allies, and yet be safely classed with them. This may be safely done, and is often done, as long as a sufficient number of characters, let them be ever so unimportant, betrays the hidden bond of community of descent. Let two forms have not a single character in common, yet if these extreme forms are connected together by a chain of intermediate groups, we may at once infer their community of descent, and we put them all into the same class. As we find organs of high physiological importance—those which serve to preserve life under the most diverse conditions of existence—are generally the most constant, we attach especial value to them; but if these same organs, in another group or section of a group, are found to differ much, we at once value them less in our classification. We shall hereafter, I think, clearly see why embryological characters are of such high classificatory importance. Geographical distribution may sometimes be brought usefully into play in classing large and widely-distributed genera, because all the species of the same genus, inhabiting any distinct and isolated region, have in all probability descended from the same parents.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00664", "bookId": 1228, "start": 803281, "end": 805504, "sha256": "71a93f1635ab05e89f4f7f80d6a9c4070b0d64e2ebb2fca25f0ea117da9034ff", "text": "We can understand, on these views, the very important distinction between real affinities and analogical or adaptive resemblances. Lamarck first called attention to this distinction, and he has been ably followed by Macleay and others. The resemblance, in the shape of the body and in the fin-like anterior limbs, between the dugong, which is a pachydermatous animal, and the whale, and between both these mammals and fishes, is analogical. Amongst insects there are innumerable instances: thus Linnæus, misled by external appearances, actually classed an homopterous insect as a moth. We see something of the same kind even in our domestic varieties, as in the thickened stems of the common and swedish turnip. The resemblance of the greyhound and racehorse is hardly more fanciful than the analogies which have been drawn by some authors between very distinct animals. On my view of characters being of real importance for classification, only in so far as they reveal descent, we can clearly understand why analogical or adaptive character, although of the utmost importance to the welfare of the being, are almost valueless to the systematist. For animals, belonging to two most distinct lines of descent, may readily become adapted to similar conditions, and thus assume a close external resemblance; but such resemblances will not reveal—will rather tend to conceal their blood-relationship to their proper lines of descent. We can also understand the apparent paradox, that the very same characters are analogical when one class or order is compared with another, but give true affinities when the members of the same class or order are compared one with another: thus the shape of the body and fin-like limbs are only analogical when whales are compared with fishes, being adaptations in both classes for swimming through the water; but the shape of the body and fin-like limbs serve as characters exhibiting true affinity between the several members of the whale family; for these cetaceans agree in so many characters, great and small, that we cannot doubt that they have inherited their general shape of body and structure of limbs from a common ancestor. So it is with fishes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00665", "bookId": 1228, "start": 805508, "end": 806236, "sha256": "9fce93f42a3304a537f9d375393c3ce07da1a64cbecad3ab9f1b5a484db89f54", "text": "As members of distinct classes have often been adapted by successive slight modifications to live under nearly similar circumstances,—to inhabit for instance the three elements of land, air, and water,—we can perhaps understand how it is that a numerical parallelism has sometimes been observed between the sub-groups in distinct classes. A naturalist, struck by a parallelism of this nature in any one class, by arbitrarily raising or sinking the value of the groups in other classes (and all our experience shows that this valuation has hitherto been arbitrary), could easily extend the parallelism over a wide range; and thus the septenary, quinary, quaternary, and ternary classifications have probably arisen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00666", "bookId": 1228, "start": 806240, "end": 807190, "sha256": "274cd3876fbf112a344a77fc2e5c22c50459273b2d81ab484a4ecfced042fe28", "text": "As the modified descendants of dominant species, belonging to the larger genera, tend to inherit the advantages, which made the groups to which they belong large and their parents dominant, they are almost sure to spread widely, and to seize on more and more places in the economy of nature. The larger and more dominant groups thus tend to go on increasing in size; and they consequently supplant many smaller and feebler groups. Thus we can account for the fact that all organisms, recent and extinct, are included under a few great orders, under still fewer classes, and all in one great natural system. As showing how few the higher groups are in number, and how widely spread they are throughout the world, the fact is striking, that the discovery of Australia has not added a single insect belonging to a new order; and that in the vegetable kingdom, as I learn from Dr. Hooker, it has added only two or three orders of small size.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00667", "bookId": 1228, "start": 807194, "end": 808612, "sha256": "06539960619f9b2cd512a02ce8e9656446934bbc1494edca1dbb21d73fb9c4aa", "text": "In the chapter on geological succession I attempted to show, on the principle of each group having generally diverged much in character during the long-continued process of modification, how it is that the more ancient forms of life often present characters in some slight degree intermediate between existing groups. A few old and intermediate parent-forms having occasionally transmitted to the present day descendants but little modified, will give to us our so-called osculant or aberrant groups. The more aberrant any form is, the greater must be the number of connecting forms which on my theory have been exterminated and utterly lost. And we have some evidence of aberrant forms having suffered severely from extinction, for they are generally represented by extremely few species; and such species as do occur are generally very distinct from each other, which again implies extinction. The genera Ornithorhynchus and Lepidosiren, for example, would not have been less aberrant had each been represented by a dozen species instead of by a single one; but such richness in species, as I find after some investigation, does not commonly fall to the lot of aberrant genera. We can, I think, account for this fact only by looking at aberrant forms as failing groups conquered by more successful competitors, with a few members preserved by some unusual coincidence of favourable circumstances.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00668", "bookId": 1228, "start": 808616, "end": 810461, "sha256": "afdc3465d35143398c51b14a92ac6deb5a64d6637303539bff227969ccf972ec", "text": "Mr. Waterhouse has remarked that, when a member belonging to one group of animals exhibits an affinity to a quite distinct group, this affinity in most cases is general and not special: thus, according to Mr. Waterhouse, of all Rodents, the bizcacha is most nearly related to Marsupials; but in the points in which it approaches this order, its relations are general, and not to any one marsupial species more than to another. As the points of affinity of the bizcacha to Marsupials are believed to be real and not merely adaptive, they are due on my theory to inheritance in common. Therefore we must suppose either that all Rodents, including the bizcacha, branched off from some very ancient Marsupial, which will have had a character in some degree intermediate with respect to all existing Marsupials; or that both Rodents and Marsupials branched off from a common progenitor, and that both groups have since undergone much modification in divergent directions. On either view we may suppose that the bizcacha has retained, by inheritance, more of the character of its ancient progenitor than have other Rodents; and therefore it will not be specially related to any one existing Marsupial, but indirectly to all or nearly all Marsupials, from having partially retained the character of their common progenitor, or of an early member of the group. On the other hand, of all Marsupials, as Mr. Waterhouse has remarked, the phascolomys resembles most nearly, not any one species, but the general order of Rodents. In this case, however, it may be strongly suspected that the resemblance is only analogical, owing to the phascolomys having become adapted to habits like those of a Rodent. The elder De Candolle has made nearly similar observations on the general nature of the affinities of distinct orders of plants.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00669", "bookId": 1228, "start": 810465, "end": 811700, "sha256": "baf1f237b0eec19747715edfd20ea165aa433c386cfe054b18d29e4aaf10c98e", "text": "On the principle of the multiplication and gradual divergence in character of the species descended from a common parent, together with their retention by inheritance of some characters in common, we can understand the excessively complex and radiating affinities by which all the members of the same family or higher group are connected together. For the common parent of a whole family of species, now broken up by extinction into distinct groups and sub-groups, will have transmitted some of its characters, modified in various ways and degrees, to all; and the several species will consequently be related to each other by circuitous lines of affinity of various lengths (as may be seen in the diagram so often referred to), mounting up through many predecessors. As it is difficult to show the blood-relationship between the numerous kindred of any ancient and noble family, even by the aid of a genealogical tree, and almost impossible to do this without this aid, we can understand the extraordinary difficulty which naturalists have experienced in describing, without the aid of a diagram, the various affinities which they perceive between the many living and extinct members of the same great natural class.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00670", "bookId": 1228, "start": 811704, "end": 814661, "sha256": "7ea9bad314eb584479aafd9f78f7bfb6ebe786a25d034b28384019bd97e9d968", "text": "Extinction, as we have seen in the fourth chapter, has played an important part in defining and widening the intervals between the several groups in each class. We may thus account even for the distinctness of whole classes from each other—for instance, of birds from all other vertebrate animals—by the belief that many ancient forms of life have been utterly lost, through which the early progenitors of birds were formerly connected with the early progenitors of the other vertebrate classes. There has been less entire extinction of the forms of life which once connected fishes with batrachians. There has been still less in some other classes, as in that of the Crustacea, for here the most wonderfully diverse forms are still tied together by a long, but broken, chain of affinities. Extinction has only separated groups: it has by no means made them; for if every form which has ever lived on this earth were suddenly to reappear, though it would be quite impossible to give definitions by which each group could be distinguished from other groups, as all would blend together by steps as fine as those between the finest existing varieties, nevertheless a natural classification, or at least a natural arrangement, would be possible. We shall see this by turning to the diagram: the letters, A to L, may represent eleven Silurian genera, some of which have produced large groups of modified descendants. Every intermediate link between these eleven genera and their primordial parent, and every intermediate link in each branch and sub-branch of their descendants, may be supposed to be still alive; and the links to be as fine as those between the finest varieties. In this case it would be quite impossible to give any definition by which the several members of the several groups could be distinguished from their more immediate parents; or these parents from their ancient and unknown progenitor. Yet the natural arrangement in the diagram would still hold good; and, on the principle of inheritance, all the forms descended from A, or from I, would have something in common. In a tree we can specify this or that branch, though at the actual fork the two unite and blend together. We could not, as I have said, define the several groups; but we could pick out types, or forms, representing most of the characters of each group, whether large or small, and thus give a general idea of the value of the differences between them. This is what we should be driven to, if we were ever to succeed in collecting all the forms in any class which have lived throughout all time and space. We shall certainly never succeed in making so perfect a collection: nevertheless, in certain classes, we are tending in this direction; and Milne Edwards has lately insisted, in an able paper, on the high importance of looking to types, whether or not we can separate and define the groups to which such types belong.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00671", "bookId": 1228, "start": 814665, "end": 816600, "sha256": "2a36ba8ae27b519f30d57b4c6606bdc269fe3f7aa829c349f758802fa10361c3", "text": "Finally, we have seen that natural selection, which results from the struggle for existence, and which almost inevitably induces extinction and divergence of character in the many descendants from one dominant parent-species, explains that great and universal feature in the affinities of all organic beings, namely, their subordination in group under group. We use the element of descent in classing the individuals of both sexes and of all ages, although having few characters in common, under one species; we use descent in classing acknowledged varieties, however different they may be from their parent; and I believe this element of descent is the hidden bond of connexion which naturalists have sought under the term of the Natural System. On this idea of the natural system being, in so far as it has been perfected, genealogical in its arrangement, with the grades of difference between the descendants from a common parent, expressed by the terms genera, families, orders, etc., we can understand the rules which we are compelled to follow in our classification. We can understand why we value certain resemblances far more than others; why we are permitted to use rudimentary and useless organs, or others of trifling physiological importance; why, in comparing one group with a distinct group, we summarily reject analogical or adaptive characters, and yet use these same characters within the limits of the same group. We can clearly see how it is that all living and extinct forms can be grouped together in one great system; and how the several members of each class are connected together by the most complex and radiating lines of affinities. We shall never, probably, disentangle the inextricable web of affinities between the members of any one class; but when we have a distinct object in view, and do not look to some unknown plan of creation, we may hope to make sure but slow progress.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00672", "bookId": 1228, "start": 816604, "end": 818354, "sha256": "20b021cc98739337ee16f774f71daa6141b9592f2faaee7798abf485c308dfcd", "text": "_Morphology_.—We have seen that the members of the same class, independently of their habits of life, resemble each other in the general plan of their organisation. This resemblance is often expressed by the term “unity of type;” or by saying that the several parts and organs in the different species of the class are homologous. The whole subject is included under the general name of Morphology. This is the most interesting department of natural history, and may be said to be its very soul. What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative positions? Geoffroy St. Hilaire has insisted strongly on the high importance of relative connexion in homologous organs: the parts may change to almost any extent in form and size, and yet they always remain connected together in the same order. We never find, for instance, the bones of the arm and forearm, or of the thigh and leg, transposed. Hence the same names can be given to the homologous bones in widely different animals. We see the same great law in the construction of the mouths of insects: what can be more different than the immensely long spiral proboscis of a sphinx-moth, the curious folded one of a bee or bug, and the great jaws of a beetle?—yet all these organs, serving for such different purposes, are formed by infinitely numerous modifications of an upper lip, mandibles, and two pairs of maxillæ. Analogous laws govern the construction of the mouths and limbs of crustaceans. So it is with the flowers of plants.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00673", "bookId": 1228, "start": 818358, "end": 818818, "sha256": "4d6fd79be838c21b6c561c9c1e60f484148db3a1da0860ffc92342cd189915e4", "text": "Nothing can be more hopeless than to attempt to explain this similarity of pattern in members of the same class, by utility or by the doctrine of final causes. The hopelessness of the attempt has been expressly admitted by Owen in his most interesting work on the ‘Nature of Limbs.’ On the ordinary view of the independent creation of each being, we can only say that so it is;—that it has so pleased the Creator to construct each animal and plant.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00674", "bookId": 1228, "start": 818822, "end": 820826, "sha256": "3f741818761f6d4700a18e439abbd0b4804181d8231c8c730ce30577a766063a", "text": "The explanation is manifest on the theory of the natural selection of successive slight modifications,—each modification being profitable in some way to the modified form, but often affecting by correlation of growth other parts of the organisation. In changes of this nature, there will be little or no tendency to modify the original pattern, or to transpose parts. The bones of a limb might be shortened and widened to any extent, and become gradually enveloped in thick membrane, so as to serve as a fin; or a webbed foot might have all its bones, or certain bones, lengthened to any extent, and the membrane connecting them increased to any extent, so as to serve as a wing: yet in all this great amount of modification there will be no tendency to alter the framework of bones or the relative connexion of the several parts. If we suppose that the ancient progenitor, the archetype as it may be called, of all mammals, had its limbs constructed on the existing general pattern, for whatever purpose they served, we can at once perceive the plain signification of the homologous construction of the limbs throughout the whole class. So with the mouths of insects, we have only to suppose that their common progenitor had an upper lip, mandibles, and two pair of maxillæ, these parts being perhaps very simple in form; and then natural selection will account for the infinite diversity in structure and function of the mouths of insects. Nevertheless, it is conceivable that the general pattern of an organ might become so much obscured as to be finally lost, by the atrophy and ultimately by the complete abortion of certain parts, by the soldering together of other parts, and by the doubling or multiplication of others,—variations which we know to be within the limits of possibility. In the paddles of the extinct gigantic sea-lizards, and in the mouths of certain suctorial crustaceans, the general pattern seems to have been thus to a certain extent obscured.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00675", "bookId": 1228, "start": 820830, "end": 822007, "sha256": "284878c340fe4bc1ee3430408ef39f0144cbd729b8620cd2919a3ab14e0ecc7b", "text": "There is another and equally curious branch of the present subject; namely, the comparison not of the same part in different members of a class, but of the different parts or organs in the same individual. Most physiologists believe that the bones of the skull are homologous with—that is correspond in number and in relative connexion with—the elemental parts of a certain number of vertebræ. The anterior and posterior limbs in each member of the vertebrate and articulate classes are plainly homologous. We see the same law in comparing the wonderfully complex jaws and legs in crustaceans. It is familiar to almost every one, that in a flower the relative position of the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils, as well as their intimate structure, are intelligible on the view that they consist of metamorphosed leaves, arranged in a spire. In monstrous plants, we often get direct evidence of the possibility of one organ being transformed into another; and we can actually see in embryonic crustaceans and in many other animals, and in flowers, that organs, which when mature become extremely different, are at an early stage of growth exactly alike.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00676", "bookId": 1228, "start": 822011, "end": 822889, "sha256": "485bbd0e86496cfff87c4b0682cf13d25b72eb2dc0fab34e13470fbf0128ba8d", "text": "How inexplicable are these facts on the ordinary view of creation! Why should the brain be enclosed in a box composed of such numerous and such extraordinarily shaped pieces of bone? As Owen has remarked, the benefit derived from the yielding of the separate pieces in the act of parturition of mammals, will by no means explain the same construction in the skulls of birds. Why should similar bones have been created in the formation of the wing and leg of a bat, used as they are for such totally different purposes? Why should one crustacean, which has an extremely complex mouth formed of many parts, consequently always have fewer legs; or conversely, those with many legs have simpler mouths? Why should the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils in any individual flower, though fitted for such widely different purposes, be all constructed on the same pattern?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00677", "bookId": 1228, "start": 822893, "end": 824259, "sha256": "efd698d6891f60f79c7d0161ac9462db9b339a0648554dbe0073335e5fa429ef", "text": "On the theory of natural selection, we can satisfactorily answer these questions. In the vertebrata, we see a series of internal vertebræ bearing certain processes and appendages; in the articulata, we see the body divided into a series of segments, bearing external appendages; and in flowering plants, we see a series of successive spiral whorls of leaves. An indefinite repetition of the same part or organ is the common characteristic (as Owen has observed) of all low or little-modified forms; therefore we may readily believe that the unknown progenitor of the vertebrata possessed many vertebræ; the unknown progenitor of the articulata, many segments; and the unknown progenitor of flowering plants, many spiral whorls of leaves. We have formerly seen that parts many times repeated are eminently liable to vary in number and structure; consequently it is quite probable that natural selection, during a long-continued course of modification, should have seized on a certain number of the primordially similar elements, many times repeated, and have adapted them to the most diverse purposes. And as the whole amount of modification will have been effected by slight successive steps, we need not wonder at discovering in such parts or organs, a certain degree of fundamental resemblance, retained by the strong principle of inheritance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00678", "bookId": 1228, "start": 824263, "end": 824786, "sha256": "b0be84e40a1ce94ccaa13bf81a49c6fa197cecb9888c5a10aaf40a4a069d6ce4", "text": "In the great class of molluscs, though we can homologise the parts of one species with those of another and distinct species, we can indicate but few serial homologies; that is, we are seldom enabled to say that one part or organ is homologous with another in the same individual. And we can understand this fact; for in molluscs, even in the lowest members of the class, we do not find nearly so much indefinite repetition of any one part, as we find in the other great classes of the animal and vegetable kingdoms.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00679", "bookId": 1228, "start": 824790, "end": 825987, "sha256": "c0802b66b20586f18cb331019dc7ff8520773115760675a3c1f2e191fc18012f", "text": "Naturalists frequently speak of the skull as formed of metamorphosed vertebræ: the jaws of crabs as metamorphosed legs; the stamens and pistils of flowers as metamorphosed leaves; but it would in these cases probably be more correct, as Professor Huxley has remarked, to speak of both skull and vertebræ, both jaws and legs, etc.,—as having been metamorphosed, not one from the other, but from some common element. Naturalists, however, use such language only in a metaphorical sense: they are far from meaning that during a long course of descent, primordial organs of any kind—vertebræ in the one case and legs in the other—have actually been modified into skulls or jaws. Yet so strong is the appearance of a modification of this nature having occurred, that naturalists can hardly avoid employing language having this plain signification. On my view these terms may be used literally; and the wonderful fact of the jaws, for instance, of a crab retaining numerous characters, which they would probably have retained through inheritance, if they had really been metamorphosed during a long course of descent from true legs, or from some simple appendage, is explained.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00680", "bookId": 1228, "start": 825991, "end": 827384, "sha256": "1ec94dda6efbc03f1e5a87e2952f425981d7e85e62b0fc5eb369614e90476962", "text": "_Embryology_.—It has already been casually remarked that certain organs in the individual, which when mature become widely different and serve for different purposes, are in the embryo exactly alike. The embryos, also, of distinct animals within the same class are often strikingly similar: a better proof of this cannot be given, than a circumstance mentioned by Agassiz, namely, that having forgotten to ticket the embryo of some vertebrate animal, he cannot now tell whether it be that of a mammal, bird, or reptile. The vermiform larvæ of moths, flies, beetles, etc., resemble each other much more closely than do the mature insects; but in the case of larvæ, the embryos are active, and have been adapted for special lines of life. A trace of the law of embryonic resemblance, sometimes lasts till a rather late age: thus birds of the same genus, and of closely allied genera, often resemble each other in their first and second plumage; as we see in the spotted feathers in the thrush group. In the cat tribe, most of the species are striped or spotted in lines; and stripes can be plainly distinguished in the whelp of the lion. We occasionally though rarely see something of this kind in plants: thus the embryonic leaves of the ulex or furze, and the first leaves of the phyllodineous acaceas, are pinnate or divided like the ordinary leaves of the leguminosæ.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00681", "bookId": 1228, "start": 827388, "end": 828305, "sha256": "70b29425096537d293ef3aca72c139f16a740903f05d7808e650a8616ddcbf6c", "text": "The points of structure, in which the embryos of widely different animals of the same class resemble each other, often have no direct relation to their conditions of existence. We cannot, for instance, suppose that in the embryos of the vertebrata the peculiar loop-like course of the arteries near the branchial slits are related to similar conditions,—in the young mammal which is nourished in the womb of its mother, in the egg of the bird which is hatched in a nest, and in the spawn of a frog under water. We have no more reason to believe in such a relation, than we have to believe that the same bones in the hand of a man, wing of a bat, and fin of a porpoise, are related to similar conditions of life. No one will suppose that the stripes on the whelp of a lion, or the spots on the young blackbird, are of any use to these animals, or are related to the conditions to which they are exposed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00682", "bookId": 1228, "start": 828309, "end": 829478, "sha256": "620de42bb1de632717c0a2cbb3b526eb6ad78fa5d3b6cf644036a07f2a594a6c", "text": "The case, however, is different when an animal during any part of its embryonic career is active, and has to provide for itself. The period of activity may come on earlier or later in life; but whenever it comes on, the adaptation of the larva to its conditions of life is just as perfect and as beautiful as in the adult animal. From such special adaptations, the similarity of the larvæ or active embryos of allied animals is sometimes much obscured; and cases could be given of the larvæ of two species, or of two groups of species, differing quite as much, or even more, from each other than do their adult parents. In most cases, however, the larvæ, though active, still obey more or less closely the law of common embryonic resemblance. Cirripedes afford a good instance of this: even the illustrious Cuvier did not perceive that a barnacle was, as it certainly is, a crustacean; but a glance at the larva shows this to be the case in an unmistakeable manner. So again the two main divisions of cirripedes, the pedunculated and sessile, which differ widely in external appearance, have larvæ in all their several stages barely distinguishable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00683", "bookId": 1228, "start": 829484, "end": 831419, "sha256": "7e30e6ad9cf4b5d0208dc1a631be11094782808da985a799c4ea2a75ec0bdd4b", "text": "The embryo in the course of development generally rises in organisation: I use this expression, though I am aware that it is hardly possible to define clearly what is meant by the organisation being higher or lower. But no one probably will dispute that the butterfly is higher than the caterpillar. In some cases, however, the mature animal is generally considered as lower in the scale than the larva, as with certain parasitic crustaceans. To refer once again to cirripedes: the larvæ in the first stage have three pairs of legs, a very simple single eye, and a probosciformed mouth, with which they feed largely, for they increase much in size. In the second stage, answering to the chrysalis stage of butterflies, they have six pairs of beautifully constructed natatory legs, a pair of magnificent compound eyes, and extremely complex antennæ; but they have a closed and imperfect mouth, and cannot feed: their function at this stage is, to search by their well-developed organs of sense, and to reach by their active powers of swimming, a proper place on which to become attached and to undergo their final metamorphosis. When this is completed they are fixed for life: their legs are now converted into prehensile organs; they again obtain a well-constructed mouth; but they have no antennæ, and their two eyes are now reconverted into a minute, single, and very simple eye-spot. In this last and complete state, cirripedes may be considered as either more highly or more lowly organised than they were in the larval condition. But in some genera the larvæ become developed either into hermaphrodites having the ordinary structure, or into what I have called complemental males: and in the latter, the development has assuredly been retrograde; for the male is a mere sack, which lives for a short time, and is destitute of mouth, stomach, or other organ of importance, excepting for reproduction.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00684", "bookId": 1228, "start": 831425, "end": 832763, "sha256": "5d3935480b32fdddd37453331397b092be5de3b46edaa8988f3d420c2489e2bb", "text": "We are so much accustomed to see differences in structure between the embryo and the adult, and likewise a close similarity in the embryos of widely different animals within the same class, that we might be led to look at these facts as necessarily contingent in some manner on growth. But there is no obvious reason why, for instance, the wing of a bat, or the fin of a porpoise, should not have been sketched out with all the parts in proper proportion, as soon as any structure became visible in the embryo. And in some whole groups of animals and in certain members of other groups, the embryo does not at any period differ widely from the adult: thus Owen has remarked in regard to cuttle-fish, “there is no metamorphosis; the cephalopodic character is manifested long before the parts of the embryo are completed;” and again in spiders, “there is nothing worthy to be called a metamorphosis.” The larvæ of insects, whether adapted to the most diverse and active habits, or quite inactive, being fed by their parents or placed in the midst of proper nutriment, yet nearly all pass through a similar worm-like stage of development; but in some few cases, as in that of Aphis, if we look to the admirable drawings by Professor Huxley of the development of this insect, we see no trace of the vermiform stage.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00685", "bookId": 1228, "start": 832767, "end": 833611, "sha256": "829ca968d9bcb81f4ce2c259244571bdec03d7ed746b06a04dcf4aa63e25a8e4", "text": "How, then, can we explain these several facts in embryology,—namely the very general, but not universal difference in structure between the embryo and the adult;—of parts in the same individual embryo, which ultimately become very unlike and serve for diverse purposes, being at this early period of growth alike;—of embryos of different species within the same class, generally, but not universally, resembling each other;—of the structure of the embryo not being closely related to its conditions of existence, except when the embryo becomes at any period of life active and has to provide for itself;—of the embryo apparently having sometimes a higher organisation than the mature animal, into which it is developed. I believe that all these facts can be explained, as follows, on the view of descent with modification.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00686", "bookId": 1228, "start": 833615, "end": 835909, "sha256": "76297446423696de13aa06d2c348a23bc2120e3860f3b3df0210aab8dd7a189f", "text": "It is commonly assumed, perhaps from monstrosities often affecting the embryo at a very early period, that slight variations necessarily appear at an equally early period. But we have little evidence on this head—indeed the evidence rather points the other way; for it is notorious that breeders of cattle, horses, and various fancy animals, cannot positively tell, until some time after the animal has been born, what its merits or form will ultimately turn out. We see this plainly in our own children; we cannot always tell whether the child will be tall or short, or what its precise features will be. The question is not, at what period of life any variation has been caused, but at what period it is fully displayed. The cause may have acted, and I believe generally has acted, even before the embryo is formed; and the variation may be due to the male and female sexual elements having been affected by the conditions to which either parent, or their ancestors, have been exposed. Nevertheless an effect thus caused at a very early period, even before the formation of the embryo, may appear late in life; as when an hereditary disease, which appears in old age alone, has been communicated to the offspring from the reproductive element of one parent. Or again, as when the horns of cross-bred cattle have been affected by the shape of the horns of either parent. For the welfare of a very young animal, as long as it remains in its mother’s womb, or in the egg, or as long as it is nourished and protected by its parent, it must be quite unimportant whether most of its characters are fully acquired a little earlier or later in life. It would not signify, for instance, to a bird which obtained its food best by having a long beak, whether or not it assumed a beak of this particular length, as long as it was fed by its parents. Hence, I conclude, that it is quite possible, that each of the many successive modifications, by which each species has acquired its present structure, may have supervened at a not very early period of life; and some direct evidence from our domestic animals supports this view. But in other cases it is quite possible that each successive modification, or most of them, may have appeared at an extremely early period.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00687", "bookId": 1228, "start": 835913, "end": 836733, "sha256": "efd9384421e8afb67e73052cdf1ba0d4eb67e6e571a7168cb0e4393154956809", "text": "I have stated in the first chapter, that there is some evidence to render it probable, that at whatever age any variation first appears in the parent, it tends to reappear at a corresponding age in the offspring. Certain variations can only appear at corresponding ages, for instance, peculiarities in the caterpillar, cocoon, or imago states of the silk-moth; or, again, in the horns of almost full-grown cattle. But further than this, variations which, for all that we can see, might have appeared earlier or later in life, tend to appear at a corresponding age in the offspring and parent. I am far from meaning that this is invariably the case; and I could give a good many cases of variations (taking the word in the largest sense) which have supervened at an earlier age in the child than in the parent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00688", "bookId": 1228, "start": 836737, "end": 838001, "sha256": "5cd5479531353d7b4d0eb3015e9cbf7896ba442d688002b3cb78e24d4bf5ddaa", "text": "These two principles, if their truth be admitted, will, I believe, explain all the above specified leading facts in embryology. But first let us look at a few analogous cases in domestic varieties. Some authors who have written on Dogs, maintain that the greyhound and bulldog, though appearing so different, are really varieties most closely allied, and have probably descended from the same wild stock; hence I was curious to see how far their puppies differed from each other: I was told by breeders that they differed just as much as their parents, and this, judging by the eye, seemed almost to be the case; but on actually measuring the old dogs and their six-days old puppies, I found that the puppies had not nearly acquired their full amount of proportional difference. So, again, I was told that the foals of cart and race-horses differed as much as the full-grown animals; and this surprised me greatly, as I think it probable that the difference between these two breeds has been wholly caused by selection under domestication; but having had careful measurements made of the dam and of a three-days old colt of a race and heavy cart-horse, I find that the colts have by no means acquired their full amount of proportional difference.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00689", "bookId": 1228, "start": 838005, "end": 839294, "sha256": "5188b5696fecc1b1163c2ba3cafe7546e44686a95a2e046ec0e772270e98d2f3", "text": "As the evidence appears to me conclusive, that the several domestic breeds of Pigeon have descended from one wild species, I compared young pigeons of various breeds, within twelve hours after being hatched; I carefully measured the proportions (but will not here give details) of the beak, width of mouth, length of nostril and of eyelid, size of feet and length of leg, in the wild stock, in pouters, fantails, runts, barbs, dragons, carriers, and tumblers. Now some of these birds, when mature, differ so extraordinarily in length and form of beak, that they would, I cannot doubt, be ranked in distinct genera, had they been natural productions. But when the nestling birds of these several breeds were placed in a row, though most of them could be distinguished from each other, yet their proportional differences in the above specified several points were incomparably less than in the full-grown birds. Some characteristic points of difference—for instance, that of the width of mouth—could hardly be detected in the young. But there was one remarkable exception to this rule, for the young of the short-faced tumbler differed from the young of the wild rock-pigeon and of the other breeds, in all its proportions, almost exactly as much as in the adult state.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00690", "bookId": 1228, "start": 839298, "end": 840379, "sha256": "aecba5f4c219fd6f29953e37ff6abf508e6f796d8544bf3c93d25dc7dc691a3e", "text": "The two principles above given seem to me to explain these facts in regard to the later embryonic stages of our domestic varieties. Fanciers select their horses, dogs, and pigeons, for breeding, when they are nearly grown up: they are indifferent whether the desired qualities and structures have been acquired earlier or later in life, if the full-grown animal possesses them. And the cases just given, more especially that of pigeons, seem to show that the characteristic differences which give value to each breed, and which have been accumulated by man’s selection, have not generally first appeared at an early period of life, and have been inherited by the offspring at a corresponding not early period. But the case of the short-faced tumbler, which when twelve hours old had acquired its proper proportions, proves that this is not the universal rule; for here the characteristic differences must either have appeared at an earlier period than usual, or, if not so, the differences must have been inherited, not at the corresponding, but at an earlier age.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00691", "bookId": 1228, "start": 840383, "end": 842425, "sha256": "4fd3bb098b4f3b94e888ca653358475535d3245c9684c75a417c0f1662f63780", "text": "Now let us apply these facts and the above two principles—which latter, though not proved true, can be shown to be in some degree probable—to species in a state of nature. Let us take a genus of birds, descended on my theory from some one parent-species, and of which the several new species have become modified through natural selection in accordance with their diverse habits. Then, from the many slight successive steps of variation having supervened at a rather late age, and having been inherited at a corresponding age, the young of the new species of our supposed genus will manifestly tend to resemble each other much more closely than do the adults, just as we have seen in the case of pigeons. We may extend this view to whole families or even classes. The fore-limbs, for instance, which served as legs in the parent-species, may become, by a long course of modification, adapted in one descendant to act as hands, in another as paddles, in another as wings; and on the above two principles—namely of each successive modification supervening at a rather late age, and being inherited at a corresponding late age—the fore-limbs in the embryos of the several descendants of the parent-species will still resemble each other closely, for they will not have been modified. But in each individual new species, the embryonic fore-limbs will differ greatly from the fore-limbs in the mature animal; the limbs in the latter having undergone much modification at a rather late period of life, and having thus been converted into hands, or paddles, or wings. Whatever influence long-continued exercise or use on the one hand, and disuse on the other, may have in modifying an organ, such influence will mainly affect the mature animal, which has come to its full powers of activity and has to gain its own living; and the effects thus produced will be inherited at a corresponding mature age. Whereas the young will remain unmodified, or be modified in a lesser degree, by the effects of use and disuse.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00692", "bookId": 1228, "start": 842429, "end": 844601, "sha256": "5a16c0cdce50578433ca8360c67a9f19ad314fcfd37ce3d0b58ab3d11ceda295", "text": "In certain cases the successive steps of variation might supervene, from causes of which we are wholly ignorant, at a very early period of life, or each step might be inherited at an earlier period than that at which it first appeared. In either case (as with the short-faced tumbler) the young or embryo would closely resemble the mature parent-form. We have seen that this is the rule of development in certain whole groups of animals, as with cuttle-fish and spiders, and with a few members of the great class of insects, as with Aphis. With respect to the final cause of the young in these cases not undergoing any metamorphosis, or closely resembling their parents from their earliest age, we can see that this would result from the two following contingencies; firstly, from the young, during a course of modification carried on for many generations, having to provide for their own wants at a very early stage of development, and secondly, from their following exactly the same habits of life with their parents; for in this case, it would be indispensable for the existence of the species, that the child should be modified at a very early age in the same manner with its parents, in accordance with their similar habits. Some further explanation, however, of the embryo not undergoing any metamorphosis is perhaps requisite. If, on the other hand, it profited the young to follow habits of life in any degree different from those of their parent, and consequently to be constructed in a slightly different manner, then, on the principle of inheritance at corresponding ages, the active young or larvæ might easily be rendered by natural selection different to any conceivable extent from their parents. Such differences might, also, become correlated with successive stages of development; so that the larvæ, in the first stage, might differ greatly from the larvæ in the second stage, as we have seen to be the case with cirripedes. The adult might become fitted for sites or habits, in which organs of locomotion or of the senses, etc., would be useless; and in this case the final metamorphosis would be said to be retrograde.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00693", "bookId": 1228, "start": 844605, "end": 847017, "sha256": "f0eec19e33cad31fdd0633b23adef7abe7c28ca46c6dac51133179968d9ebe32", "text": "As all the organic beings, extinct and recent, which have ever lived on this earth have to be classed together, and as all have been connected by the finest gradations, the best, or indeed, if our collections were nearly perfect, the only possible arrangement, would be genealogical. Descent being on my view the hidden bond of connexion which naturalists have been seeking under the term of the natural system. On this view we can understand how it is that, in the eyes of most naturalists, the structure of the embryo is even more important for classification than that of the adult. For the embryo is the animal in its less modified state; and in so far it reveals the structure of its progenitor. In two groups of animal, however much they may at present differ from each other in structure and habits, if they pass through the same or similar embryonic stages, we may feel assured that they have both descended from the same or nearly similar parents, and are therefore in that degree closely related. Thus, community in embryonic structure reveals community of descent. It will reveal this community of descent, however much the structure of the adult may have been modified and obscured; we have seen, for instance, that cirripedes can at once be recognised by their larvæ as belonging to the great class of crustaceans. As the embryonic state of each species and group of species partially shows us the structure of their less modified ancient progenitors, we can clearly see why ancient and extinct forms of life should resemble the embryos of their descendants,—our existing species. Agassiz believes this to be a law of nature; but I am bound to confess that I only hope to see the law hereafter proved true. It can be proved true in those cases alone in which the ancient state, now supposed to be represented in many embryos, has not been obliterated, either by the successive variations in a long course of modification having supervened at a very early age, or by the variations having been inherited at an earlier period than that at which they first appeared. It should also be borne in mind, that the supposed law of resemblance of ancient forms of life to the embryonic stages of recent forms, may be true, but yet, owing to the geological record not extending far enough back in time, may remain for a long period, or for ever, incapable of demonstration.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00694", "bookId": 1228, "start": 847021, "end": 847577, "sha256": "68f304b4004427de0c52d9a589c1d0e0e86924a865b48945107169df8fd047ff", "text": "Thus, as it seems to me, the leading facts in embryology, which are second in importance to none in natural history, are explained on the principle of slight modifications not appearing, in the many descendants from some one ancient progenitor, at a very early period in the life of each, though perhaps caused at the earliest, and being inherited at a corresponding not early period. Embryology rises greatly in interest, when we thus look at the embryo as a picture, more or less obscured, of the common parent-form of each great class of animals.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00695", "bookId": 1228, "start": 847581, "end": 848681, "sha256": "9b63174cc459beb52fe071f45b1c91981d3ede6dcef439bc3762bfee066a8013", "text": "_Rudimentary, atrophied, or aborted organs_.—Organs or parts in this strange condition, bearing the stamp of inutility, are extremely common throughout nature. For instance, rudimentary mammæ are very general in the males of mammals: I presume that the “bastard-wing” in birds may be safely considered as a digit in a rudimentary state: in very many snakes one lobe of the lungs is rudimentary; in other snakes there are rudiments of the pelvis and hind limbs. Some of the cases of rudimentary organs are extremely curious; for instance, the presence of teeth in foetal whales, which when grown up have not a tooth in their heads; and the presence of teeth, which never cut through the gums, in the upper jaws of our unborn calves. It has even been stated on good authority that rudiments of teeth can be detected in the beaks of certain embryonic birds. Nothing can be plainer than that wings are formed for flight, yet in how many insects do we see wings so reduced in size as to be utterly incapable of flight, and not rarely lying under wing-cases, firmly soldered together!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00696", "bookId": 1228, "start": 848685, "end": 849963, "sha256": "3813ebd334da522e4286995c84a82b08dda9035217a94bf2e424e583a7b03255", "text": "The meaning of rudimentary organs is often quite unmistakeable: for instance there are beetles of the same genus (and even of the same species) resembling each other most closely in all respects, one of which will have full-sized wings, and another mere rudiments of membrane; and here it is impossible to doubt, that the rudiments represent wings. Rudimentary organs sometimes retain their potentiality, and are merely not developed: this seems to be the case with the mammæ of male mammals, for many instances are on record of these organs having become well developed in full-grown males, and having secreted milk. So again there are normally four developed and two rudimentary teats in the udders of the genus Bos, but in our domestic cows the two sometimes become developed and give milk. In individual plants of the same species the petals sometimes occur as mere rudiments, and sometimes in a well-developed state. In plants with separated sexes, the male flowers often have a rudiment of a pistil; and Kölreuter found that by crossing such male plants with an hermaphrodite species, the rudiment of the pistil in the hybrid offspring was much increased in size; and this shows that the rudiment and the perfect pistil are essentially alike in nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00697", "bookId": 1228, "start": 849967, "end": 850957, "sha256": "2a18a70f86899f444f8404d25aca386d4ec4572e78993be4405f4bc78a41818c", "text": "An organ serving for two purposes, may become rudimentary or utterly aborted for one, even the more important purpose; and remain perfectly efficient for the other. Thus in plants, the office of the pistil is to allow the pollen-tubes to reach the ovules protected in the ovarium at its base. The pistil consists of a stigma supported on the style; but in some Compositæ, the male florets, which of course cannot be fecundated, have a pistil, which is in a rudimentary state, for it is not crowned with a stigma; but the style remains well developed, and is clothed with hairs as in other compositæ, for the purpose of brushing the pollen out of the surrounding anthers. Again, an organ may become rudimentary for its proper purpose, and be used for a distinct object: in certain fish the swim-bladder seems to be rudimentary for its proper function of giving buoyancy, but has become converted into a nascent breathing organ or lung. Other similar instances could be given.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00698", "bookId": 1228, "start": 850961, "end": 851964, "sha256": "36465bec99971c1db61973d7d32bf16516f9c99e7260306cedffee616310382b", "text": "Rudimentary organs in the individuals of the same species are very liable to vary in degree of development and in other respects. Moreover, in closely allied species, the degree to which the same organ has been rendered rudimentary occasionally differs much. This latter fact is well exemplified in the state of the wings of the female moths in certain groups. Rudimentary organs may be utterly aborted; and this implies, that we find in an animal or plant no trace of an organ, which analogy would lead us to expect to find, and which is occasionally found in monstrous individuals of the species. Thus in the snapdragon (antirrhinum) we generally do not find a rudiment of a fifth stamen; but this may sometimes be seen. In tracing the homologies of the same part in different members of a class, nothing is more common, or more necessary, than the use and discovery of rudiments. This is well shown in the drawings given by Owen of the bones of the leg of the horse, ox, and rhinoceros.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00699", "bookId": 1228, "start": 851968, "end": 852528, "sha256": "a48d063bd863dc8759b4c11fb24083fe5ee97f9da64bee9721c3bcd73172e61c", "text": "It is an important fact that rudimentary organs, such as teeth in the upper jaws of whales and ruminants, can often be detected in the embryo, but afterwards wholly disappear. It is also, I believe, a universal rule, that a rudimentary part or organ is of greater size relatively to the adjoining parts in the embryo, than in the adult; so that the organ at this early age is less rudimentary, or even cannot be said to be in any degree rudimentary. Hence, also, a rudimentary organ in the adult, is often said to have retained its embryonic condition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00700", "bookId": 1228, "start": 852532, "end": 854208, "sha256": "9c43af2d0b7ab1caef70c052fe433be8b7d8ab380d38c267d9c4f7878d4e7732", "text": "I have now given the leading facts with respect to rudimentary organs. In reflecting on them, every one must be struck with astonishment: for the same reasoning power which tells us plainly that most parts and organs are exquisitely adapted for certain purposes, tells us with equal plainness that these rudimentary or atrophied organs, are imperfect and useless. In works on natural history rudimentary organs are generally said to have been created “for the sake of symmetry,” or in order “to complete the scheme of nature;” but this seems to me no explanation, merely a restatement of the fact. Would it be thought sufficient to say that because planets revolve in elliptic courses round the sun, satellites follow the same course round the planets, for the sake of symmetry, and to complete the scheme of nature? An eminent physiologist accounts for the presence of rudimentary organs, by supposing that they serve to excrete matter in excess, or injurious to the system; but can we suppose that the minute papilla, which often represents the pistil in male flowers, and which is formed merely of cellular tissue, can thus act? Can we suppose that the formation of rudimentary teeth which are subsequently absorbed, can be of any service to the rapidly growing embryonic calf by the excretion of precious phosphate of lime? When a man’s fingers have been amputated, imperfect nails sometimes appear on the stumps: I could as soon believe that these vestiges of nails have appeared, not from unknown laws of growth, but in order to excrete horny matter, as that the rudimentary nails on the fin of the manatee were formed for this purpose.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00701", "bookId": 1228, "start": 854212, "end": 855611, "sha256": "9504548fbbae196339b56db8b42ea175fe5b320a1dd7a997525d2f6892dc7fb8", "text": "On my view of descent with modification, the origin of rudimentary organs is simple. We have plenty of cases of rudimentary organs in our domestic productions,—as the stump of a tail in tailless breeds,—the vestige of an ear in earless breeds,—the reappearance of minute dangling horns in hornless breeds of cattle, more especially, according to Youatt, in young animals,—and the state of the whole flower in the cauliflower. We often see rudiments of various parts in monsters. But I doubt whether any of these cases throw light on the origin of rudimentary organs in a state of nature, further than by showing that rudiments can be produced; for I doubt whether species under nature ever undergo abrupt changes. I believe that disuse has been the main agency; that it has led in successive generations to the gradual reduction of various organs, until they have become rudimentary,—as in the case of the eyes of animals inhabiting dark caverns, and of the wings of birds inhabiting oceanic islands, which have seldom been forced to take flight, and have ultimately lost the power of flying. Again, an organ useful under certain conditions, might become injurious under others, as with the wings of beetles living on small and exposed islands; and in this case natural selection would continue slowly to reduce the organ, until it was rendered harmless and rudimentary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00702", "bookId": 1228, "start": 855615, "end": 857143, "sha256": "7e2d5fd1eac5dcd21bbcf509e65e14f3e6f31b557fabbfc505d39fc2b505c743", "text": "Any change in function, which can be effected by insensibly small steps, is within the power of natural selection; so that an organ rendered, during changed habits of life, useless or injurious for one purpose, might easily be modified and used for another purpose. Or an organ might be retained for one alone of its former functions. An organ, when rendered useless, may well be variable, for its variations cannot be checked by natural selection. At whatever period of life disuse or selection reduces an organ, and this will generally be when the being has come to maturity and to its full powers of action, the principle of inheritance at corresponding ages will reproduce the organ in its reduced state at the same age, and consequently will seldom affect or reduce it in the embryo. Thus we can understand the greater relative size of rudimentary organs in the embryo, and their lesser relative size in the adult. But if each step of the process of reduction were to be inherited, not at the corresponding age, but at an extremely early period of life (as we have good reason to believe to be possible) the rudimentary part would tend to be wholly lost, and we should have a case of complete abortion. The principle, also, of economy, explained in a former chapter, by which the materials forming any part or structure, if not useful to the possessor, will be saved as far as is possible, will probably often come into play; and this will tend to cause the entire obliteration of a rudimentary organ.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00703", "bookId": 1228, "start": 857147, "end": 858050, "sha256": "5003563c043755d7a280b429635f72eb5c9b0411fcb77d9891417343702a4cc3", "text": "As the presence of rudimentary organs is thus due to the tendency in every part of the organisation, which has long existed, to be inherited—we can understand, on the genealogical view of classification, how it is that systematists have found rudimentary parts as useful as, or even sometimes more useful than, parts of high physiological importance. Rudimentary organs may be compared with the letters in a word, still retained in the spelling, but become useless in the pronunciation, but which serve as a clue in seeking for its derivation. On the view of descent with modification, we may conclude that the existence of organs in a rudimentary, imperfect, and useless condition, or quite aborted, far from presenting a strange difficulty, as they assuredly do on the ordinary doctrine of creation, might even have been anticipated, and can be accounted for by the laws of inheritance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00704", "bookId": 1228, "start": 858054, "end": 859615, "sha256": "6a297c3a500251bc6bab6e2ef9a0595b790aea48c13d40167caa016420b2588d", "text": "_Summary_.—In this chapter I have attempted to show, that the subordination of group to group in all organisms throughout all time; that the nature of the relationship, by which all living and extinct beings are united by complex, radiating, and circuitous lines of affinities into one grand system; the rules followed and the difficulties encountered by naturalists in their classifications; the value set upon characters, if constant and prevalent, whether of high vital importance, or of the most trifling importance, or, as in rudimentary organs, of no importance; the wide opposition in value between analogical or adaptive characters, and characters of true affinity; and other such rules;—all naturally follow on the view of the common parentage of those forms which are considered by naturalists as allied, together with their modification through natural selection, with its contingencies of extinction and divergence of character. In considering this view of classification, it should be borne in mind that the element of descent has been universally used in ranking together the sexes, ages, and acknowledged varieties of the same species, however different they may be in structure. If we extend the use of this element of descent,—the only certainly known cause of similarity in organic beings,—we shall understand what is meant by the natural system: it is genealogical in its attempted arrangement, with the grades of acquired difference marked by the terms varieties, species, genera, families, orders, and classes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00705", "bookId": 1228, "start": 859619, "end": 859962, "sha256": "bd481061eb001323042fe9da2f82d909e8da3aacf6d850cdef332308133fb412", "text": "On this same view of descent with modification, all the great facts in Morphology become intelligible,—whether we look to the same pattern displayed in the homologous organs, to whatever purpose applied, of the different species of a class; or to the homologous parts constructed on the same pattern in each individual animal and plant.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00706", "bookId": 1228, "start": 859966, "end": 861345, "sha256": "ad45864a175010bb169a7637d8ff97a285d9cc28b9eccb1592fd4f6c89570d5f", "text": "On the principle of successive slight variations, not necessarily or generally supervening at a very early period of life, and being inherited at a corresponding period, we can understand the great leading facts in Embryology; namely, the resemblance in an individual embryo of the homologous parts, which when matured will become widely different from each other in structure and function; and the resemblance in different species of a class of the homologous parts or organs, though fitted in the adult members for purposes as different as possible. Larvæ are active embryos, which have become specially modified in relation to their habits of life, through the principle of modifications being inherited at corresponding ages. On this same principle—and bearing in mind, that when organs are reduced in size, either from disuse or selection, it will generally be at that period of life when the being has to provide for its own wants, and bearing in mind how strong is the principle of inheritance—the occurrence of rudimentary organs and their final abortion, present to us no inexplicable difficulties; on the contrary, their presence might have been even anticipated. The importance of embryological characters and of rudimentary organs in classification is intelligible, on the view that an arrangement is only so far natural as it is genealogical.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00707", "bookId": 1228, "start": 861349, "end": 861813, "sha256": "2fc6a50a200d196345d3c70a7b66c9fdf66033133940b0a2282df2d289b0eb56", "text": "Finally, the several classes of facts which have been considered in this chapter, seem to me to proclaim so plainly, that the innumerable species, genera, and families of organic beings, with which this world is peopled, have all descended, each within its own class or group, from common parents, and have all been modified in the course of descent, that I should without hesitation adopt this view, even if it were unsupported by other facts or arguments.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00708", "bookId": 1228, "start": 861823, "end": 861867, "sha256": "16ca41912a25bcf8b664891e6430802947c750d1aa5cd1c8f9379833958cbe39", "text": "CHAPTER XIV. RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00709", "bookId": 1228, "start": 861873, "end": 862213, "sha256": "09cb30dedbaacf88c46db9d79adb523fbec512f632f57aaaaf6f244887b10956", "text": "Recapitulation of the difficulties on the theory of Natural Selection. Recapitulation of the general and special circumstances in its favour. Causes of the general belief in the immutability of species. How far the theory of natural selection may be extended. Effects of its adoption on the study of Natural history. Concluding remarks.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00710", "bookId": 1228, "start": 862219, "end": 862361, "sha256": "e54e2701a1efa62e4c3eb9a29c138c63b5aab962e22a775d8a731c55d6afb777", "text": "As this whole volume is one long argument, it may be convenient to the reader to have the leading facts and inferences briefly recapitulated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00711", "bookId": 1228, "start": 862365, "end": 863445, "sha256": "edadf77b3d90733120f0a40085374e64960244efa73802c1dd421b075efd92fd", "text": "That many and grave objections may be advanced against the theory of descent with modification through natural selection, I do not deny. I have endeavoured to give to them their full force. Nothing at first can appear more difficult to believe than that the more complex organs and instincts should have been perfected, not by means superior to, though analogous with, human reason, but by the accumulation of innumerable slight variations, each good for the individual possessor. Nevertheless, this difficulty, though appearing to our imagination insuperably great, cannot be considered real if we admit the following propositions, namely,—that gradations in the perfection of any organ or instinct, which we may consider, either do now exist or could have existed, each good of its kind,—that all organs and instincts are, in ever so slight a degree, variable,—and, lastly, that there is a struggle for existence leading to the preservation of each profitable deviation of structure or instinct. The truth of these propositions cannot, I think, be disputed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00712", "bookId": 1228, "start": 863451, "end": 864226, "sha256": "0e57da922ab96098b2fc386263e99b4a4b12b800bc1d0fe5ac664cedbac84087", "text": "It is, no doubt, extremely difficult even to conjecture by what gradations many structures have been perfected, more especially amongst broken and failing groups of organic beings; but we see so many strange gradations in nature, as is proclaimed by the canon, “Natura non facit saltum,” that we ought to be extremely cautious in saying that any organ or instinct, or any whole being, could not have arrived at its present state by many graduated steps. There are, it must be admitted, cases of special difficulty on the theory of natural selection; and one of the most curious of these is the existence of two or three defined castes of workers or sterile females in the same community of ants; but I have attempted to show how this difficulty can be mastered.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00713", "bookId": 1228, "start": 864230, "end": 864982, "sha256": "58684297ec28f962180579821aefe06addab1fbd6455c8f83d2c5415ed8c6c31", "text": "With respect to the almost universal sterility of species when first crossed, which forms so remarkable a contrast with the almost universal fertility of varieties when crossed, I must refer the reader to the recapitulation of the facts given at the end of the eighth chapter, which seem to me conclusively to show that this sterility is no more a special endowment than is the incapacity of two trees to be grafted together, but that it is incidental on constitutional differences in the reproductive systems of the intercrossed species. We see the truth of this conclusion in the vast difference in the result, when the same two species are crossed reciprocally; that is, when one species is first used as the father and then as the mother.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00714", "bookId": 1228, "start": 864986, "end": 865510, "sha256": "f32f7e7124bc69dc4917d39d21ed9fc8313a5b2277ca0368595cd4576d07aa61", "text": "The fertility of varieties when intercrossed and of their mongrel offspring cannot be considered as universal; nor is their very general fertility surprising when we remember that it is not likely that either their constitutions or their reproductive systems should have been profoundly modified. Moreover, most of the varieties which have been experimentised on have been produced under domestication; and as domestication apparently tends to eliminate sterility, we ought not to expect it also to produce sterility.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00715", "bookId": 1228, "start": 865514, "end": 866715, "sha256": "2f79fca50a55a277d9e876ca01fd199613db28c705d3126400c977f0ec99e696", "text": "The sterility of hybrids is a very different case from that of first crosses, for their reproductive organs are more or less functionally impotent; whereas in first crosses the organs on both sides are in a perfect condition. As we continually see that organisms of all kinds are rendered in some degree sterile from their constitutions having been disturbed by slightly different and new conditions of life, we need not feel surprise at hybrids being in some degree sterile, for their constitutions can hardly fail to have been disturbed from being compounded of two distinct organisations. This parallelism is supported by another parallel, but directly opposite, class of facts; namely, that the vigour and fertility of all organic beings are increased by slight changes in their conditions of life, and that the offspring of slightly modified forms or varieties acquire from being crossed increased vigour and fertility. So that, on the one hand, considerable changes in the conditions of life and crosses between greatly modified forms, lessen fertility; and on the other hand, lesser changes in the conditions of life and crosses between less modified forms, increase fertility.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00716", "bookId": 1228, "start": 866719, "end": 868592, "sha256": "a9750367a537c3d4fc556bd51c971d8bbb362480bad613ba7920f8d79afdfb88", "text": "Turning to geographical distribution, the difficulties encountered on the theory of descent with modification are grave enough. All the individuals of the same species, and all the species of the same genus, or even higher group, must have descended from common parents; and therefore, in however distant and isolated parts of the world they are now found, they must in the course of successive generations have passed from some one part to the others. We are often wholly unable even to conjecture how this could have been effected. Yet, as we have reason to believe that some species have retained the same specific form for very long periods, enormously long as measured by years, too much stress ought not to be laid on the occasional wide diffusion of the same species; for during very long periods of time there will always be a good chance for wide migration by many means. A broken or interrupted range may often be accounted for by the extinction of the species in the intermediate regions. It cannot be denied that we are as yet very ignorant of the full extent of the various climatal and geographical changes which have affected the earth during modern periods; and such changes will obviously have greatly facilitated migration. As an example, I have attempted to show how potent has been the influence of the Glacial period on the distribution both of the same and of representative species throughout the world. We are as yet profoundly ignorant of the many occasional means of transport. With respect to distinct species of the same genus inhabiting very distant and isolated regions, as the process of modification has necessarily been slow, all the means of migration will have been possible during a very long period; and consequently the difficulty of the wide diffusion of species of the same genus is in some degree lessened.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00717", "bookId": 1228, "start": 868596, "end": 870103, "sha256": "504c90081af5b2990b56594cbe10df73813b83622427cffb40d35a29e70baf72", "text": "As on the theory of natural selection an interminable number of intermediate forms must have existed, linking together all the species in each group by gradations as fine as our present varieties, it may be asked, Why do we not see these linking forms all around us? Why are not all organic beings blended together in an inextricable chaos? With respect to existing forms, we should remember that we have no right to expect (excepting in rare cases) to discover _directly_ connecting links between them, but only between each and some extinct and supplanted form. Even on a wide area, which has during a long period remained continuous, and of which the climate and other conditions of life change insensibly in going from a district occupied by one species into another district occupied by a closely allied species, we have no just right to expect often to find intermediate varieties in the intermediate zone. For we have reason to believe that only a few species are undergoing change at any one period; and all changes are slowly effected. I have also shown that the intermediate varieties which will at first probably exist in the intermediate zones, will be liable to be supplanted by the allied forms on either hand; and the latter, from existing in greater numbers, will generally be modified and improved at a quicker rate than the intermediate varieties, which exist in lesser numbers; so that the intermediate varieties will, in the long run, be supplanted and exterminated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00718", "bookId": 1228, "start": 870107, "end": 871096, "sha256": "b0276faaa4206ee7241e64cff2c27ae83b7572b56d822f7d18cc71315af4b0ee", "text": "On this doctrine of the extermination of an infinitude of connecting links, between the living and extinct inhabitants of the world, and at each successive period between the extinct and still older species, why is not every geological formation charged with such links? Why does not every collection of fossil remains afford plain evidence of the gradation and mutation of the forms of life? We meet with no such evidence, and this is the most obvious and forcible of the many objections which may be urged against my theory. Why, again, do whole groups of allied species appear, though certainly they often falsely appear, to have come in suddenly on the several geological stages? Why do we not find great piles of strata beneath the Silurian system, stored with the remains of the progenitors of the Silurian groups of fossils? For certainly on my theory such strata must somewhere have been deposited at these ancient and utterly unknown epochs in the world’s history.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00719", "bookId": 1228, "start": 871100, "end": 873686, "sha256": "446f36091770e4ace9843b108b5437424ea8ca48ae2aa22a7a065cf665418207", "text": "I can answer these questions and grave objections only on the supposition that the geological record is far more imperfect than most geologists believe. It cannot be objected that there has not been time sufficient for any amount of organic change; for the lapse of time has been so great as to be utterly inappreciable by the human intellect. The number of specimens in all our museums is absolutely as nothing compared with the countless generations of countless species which certainly have existed. We should not be able to recognise a species as the parent of any one or more species if we were to examine them ever so closely, unless we likewise possessed many of the intermediate links between their past or parent and present states; and these many links we could hardly ever expect to discover, owing to the imperfection of the geological record. Numerous existing doubtful forms could be named which are probably varieties; but who will pretend that in future ages so many fossil links will be discovered, that naturalists will be able to decide, on the common view, whether or not these doubtful forms are varieties? As long as most of the links between any two species are unknown, if any one link or intermediate variety be discovered, it will simply be classed as another and distinct species. Only a small portion of the world has been geologically explored. Only organic beings of certain classes can be preserved in a fossil condition, at least in any great number. Widely ranging species vary most, and varieties are often at first local,—both causes rendering the discovery of intermediate links less likely. Local varieties will not spread into other and distant regions until they are considerably modified and improved; and when they do spread, if discovered in a geological formation, they will appear as if suddenly created there, and will be simply classed as new species. Most formations have been intermittent in their accumulation; and their duration, I am inclined to believe, has been shorter than the average duration of specific forms. Successive formations are separated from each other by enormous blank intervals of time; for fossiliferous formations, thick enough to resist future degradation, can be accumulated only where much sediment is deposited on the subsiding bed of the sea. During the alternate periods of elevation and of stationary level the record will be blank. During these latter periods there will probably be more variability in the forms of life; during periods of subsidence, more extinction.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00720", "bookId": 1228, "start": 873690, "end": 874414, "sha256": "5c3f169d1e2f8352ef9705fa0e8d93bb640537b942327504a9622d58cc5ea8aa", "text": "With respect to the absence of fossiliferous formations beneath the lowest Silurian strata, I can only recur to the hypothesis given in the ninth chapter. That the geological record is imperfect all will admit; but that it is imperfect to the degree which I require, few will be inclined to admit. If we look to long enough intervals of time, geology plainly declares that all species have changed; and they have changed in the manner which my theory requires, for they have changed slowly and in a graduated manner. We clearly see this in the fossil remains from consecutive formations invariably being much more closely related to each other, than are the fossils from formations distant from each other in time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00721", "bookId": 1228, "start": 874418, "end": 875268, "sha256": "4bcbae8b78ba462fb55ac8f45be8ae662ce08894a6ccde183c313e06d0f7cc46", "text": "Such is the sum of the several chief objections and difficulties which may justly be urged against my theory; and I have now briefly recapitulated the answers and explanations which can be given to them. I have felt these difficulties far too heavily during many years to doubt their weight. But it deserves especial notice that the more important objections relate to questions on which we are confessedly ignorant; nor do we know how ignorant we are. We do not know all the possible transitional gradations between the simplest and the most perfect organs; it cannot be pretended that we know all the varied means of Distribution during the long lapse of years, or that we know how imperfect the Geological Record is. Grave as these several difficulties are, in my judgment they do not overthrow the theory of descent with modification.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00722", "bookId": 1228, "start": 875272, "end": 876419, "sha256": "0688c85bc3ba1633e192f3dec90a17b5b0943c8d3f3f7104c092eab2e50538da", "text": "Now let us turn to the other side of the argument. Under domestication we see much variability. This seems to be mainly due to the reproductive system being eminently susceptible to changes in the conditions of life; so that this system, when not rendered impotent, fails to reproduce offspring exactly like the parent-form. Variability is governed by many complex laws,—by correlation of growth, by use and disuse, and by the direct action of the physical conditions of life. There is much difficulty in ascertaining how much modification our domestic productions have undergone; but we may safely infer that the amount has been large, and that modifications can be inherited for long periods. As long as the conditions of life remain the same, we have reason to believe that a modification, which has already been inherited for many generations, may continue to be inherited for an almost infinite number of generations. On the other hand we have evidence that variability, when it has once come into play, does not wholly cease; for new varieties are still occasionally produced by our most anciently domesticated productions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00723", "bookId": 1228, "start": 876423, "end": 877479, "sha256": "594ac1c2deb5bf25bc68a46a9d1c5f80dd8d0c212712429a14ee0404e67dc6f3", "text": "Man does not actually produce variability; he only unintentionally exposes organic beings to new conditions of life, and then nature acts on the organisation, and causes variability. But man can and does select the variations given to him by nature, and thus accumulate them in any desired manner. He thus adapts animals and plants for his own benefit or pleasure. He may do this methodically, or he may do it unconsciously by preserving the individuals most useful to him at the time, without any thought of altering the breed. It is certain that he can largely influence the character of a breed by selecting, in each successive generation, individual differences so slight as to be quite inappreciable by an uneducated eye. This process of selection has been the great agency in the production of the most distinct and useful domestic breeds. That many of the breeds produced by man have to a large extent the character of natural species, is shown by the inextricable doubts whether very many of them are varieties or aboriginal species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00724", "bookId": 1228, "start": 877483, "end": 878986, "sha256": "ae3f67d681076052c2dac06fa73c4f6ac09cc0b2dd9d3e5e130c047ed91ecab8", "text": "There is no obvious reason why the principles which have acted so efficiently under domestication should not have acted under nature. In the preservation of favoured individuals and races, during the constantly-recurrent Struggle for Existence, we see the most powerful and ever-acting means of selection. The struggle for existence inevitably follows from the high geometrical ratio of increase which is common to all organic beings. This high rate of increase is proved by calculation, by the effects of a succession of peculiar seasons, and by the results of naturalisation, as explained in the third chapter. More individuals are born than can possibly survive. A grain in the balance will determine which individual shall live and which shall die,—which variety or species shall increase in number, and which shall decrease, or finally become extinct. As the individuals of the same species come in all respects into the closest competition with each other, the struggle will generally be most severe between them; it will be almost equally severe between the varieties of the same species, and next in severity between the species of the same genus. But the struggle will often be very severe between beings most remote in the scale of nature. The slightest advantage in one being, at any age or during any season, over those with which it comes into competition, or better adaptation in however slight a degree to the surrounding physical conditions, will turn the balance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00725", "bookId": 1228, "start": 878990, "end": 879422, "sha256": "524a632f367ad85bba3646caf63f5f12be001c6c0de3c31ef61144d32a6228d7", "text": "With animals having separated sexes there will in most cases be a struggle between the males for possession of the females. The most vigorous individuals, or those which have most successfully struggled with their conditions of life, will generally leave most progeny. But success will often depend on having special weapons or means of defence, or on the charms of the males; and the slightest advantage will lead to victory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00726", "bookId": 1228, "start": 879426, "end": 880720, "sha256": "0bfe70b06173e98a66d285d513480a4a0eb28698d8226240416fc63b22c4cad1", "text": "As geology plainly proclaims that each land has undergone great physical changes, we might have expected that organic beings would have varied under nature, in the same way as they generally have varied under the changed conditions of domestication. And if there be any variability under nature, it would be an unaccountable fact if natural selection had not come into play. It has often been asserted, but the assertion is quite incapable of proof, that the amount of variation under nature is a strictly limited quantity. Man, though acting on external characters alone and often capriciously, can produce within a short period a great result by adding up mere individual differences in his domestic productions; and every one admits that there are at least individual differences in species under nature. But, besides such differences, all naturalists have admitted the existence of varieties, which they think sufficiently distinct to be worthy of record in systematic works. No one can draw any clear distinction between individual differences and slight varieties; or between more plainly marked varieties and sub-species, and species. Let it be observed how naturalists differ in the rank which they assign to the many representative forms in Europe and North America.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00727", "bookId": 1228, "start": 880724, "end": 881767, "sha256": "c59074a00f3123b45cb594f20da40c4f8f355b983a3f767604fcd5c56e1cce9d", "text": "If then we have under nature variability and a powerful agent always ready to act and select, why should we doubt that variations in any way useful to beings, under their excessively complex relations of life, would be preserved, accumulated, and inherited? Why, if man can by patience select variations most useful to himself, should nature fail in selecting variations useful, under changing conditions of life, to her living products? What limit can be put to this power, acting during long ages and rigidly scrutinising the whole constitution, structure, and habits of each creature,—favouring the good and rejecting the bad? I can see no limit to this power, in slowly and beautifully adapting each form to the most complex relations of life. The theory of natural selection, even if we looked no further than this, seems to me to be in itself probable. I have already recapitulated, as fairly as I could, the opposed difficulties and objections: now let us turn to the special facts and arguments in favour of the theory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00728", "bookId": 1228, "start": 881771, "end": 883125, "sha256": "ad19c5e2dddfeeea42ec2b909a858d6b552b79447934279700fc39b16dfb7f9b", "text": "On the view that species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties, and that each species first existed as a variety, we can see why it is that no line of demarcation can be drawn between species, commonly supposed to have been produced by special acts of creation, and varieties which are acknowledged to have been produced by secondary laws. On this same view we can understand how it is that in each region where many species of a genus have been produced, and where they now flourish, these same species should present many varieties; for where the manufactory of species has been active, we might expect, as a general rule, to find it still in action; and this is the case if varieties be incipient species. Moreover, the species of the larger genera, which afford the greater number of varieties or incipient species, retain to a certain degree the character of varieties; for they differ from each other by a less amount of difference than do the species of smaller genera. The closely allied species also of the larger genera apparently have restricted ranges, and they are clustered in little groups round other species—in which respects they resemble varieties. These are strange relations on the view of each species having been independently created, but are intelligible if all species first existed as varieties.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00729", "bookId": 1228, "start": 883129, "end": 884849, "sha256": "b5f4df3b2bfc3d23c4d314dcb05a8828093124a6904c1f79da5683866e2a6baa", "text": "As each species tends by its geometrical ratio of reproduction to increase inordinately in number; and as the modified descendants of each species will be enabled to increase by so much the more as they become more diversified in habits and structure, so as to be enabled to seize on many and widely different places in the economy of nature, there will be a constant tendency in natural selection to preserve the most divergent offspring of any one species. Hence during a long-continued course of modification, the slight differences, characteristic of varieties of the same species, tend to be augmented into the greater differences characteristic of species of the same genus. New and improved varieties will inevitably supplant and exterminate the older, less improved and intermediate varieties; and thus species are rendered to a large extent defined and distinct objects. Dominant species belonging to the larger groups tend to give birth to new and dominant forms; so that each large group tends to become still larger, and at the same time more divergent in character. But as all groups cannot thus succeed in increasing in size, for the world would not hold them, the more dominant groups beat the less dominant. This tendency in the large groups to go on increasing in size and diverging in character, together with the almost inevitable contingency of much extinction, explains the arrangement of all the forms of life, in groups subordinate to groups, all within a few great classes, which we now see everywhere around us, and which has prevailed throughout all time. This grand fact of the grouping of all organic beings seems to me utterly inexplicable on the theory of creation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00730", "bookId": 1228, "start": 884853, "end": 885406, "sha256": "6da4fb0376703b7ab82a26844ffb9ad7eaa5f4c58f8bec4b437c679d38a2f36a", "text": "As natural selection acts solely by accumulating slight, successive, favourable variations, it can produce no great or sudden modification; it can act only by very short and slow steps. Hence the canon of “Natura non facit saltum,” which every fresh addition to our knowledge tends to make more strictly correct, is on this theory simply intelligible. We can plainly see why nature is prodigal in variety, though niggard in innovation. But why this should be a law of nature if each species has been independently created, no man can explain.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00731", "bookId": 1228, "start": 885410, "end": 886211, "sha256": "fc2aded0714bd911d8b6712bc4dbf310099d0ee309ced819b65677f86c40ee8a", "text": "Many other facts are, as it seems to me, explicable on this theory. How strange it is that a bird, under the form of woodpecker, should have been created to prey on insects on the ground; that upland geese, which never or rarely swim, should have been created with webbed feet; that a thrush should have been created to dive and feed on sub-aquatic insects; and that a petrel should have been created with habits and structure fitting it for the life of an auk or grebe! and so on in endless other cases. But on the view of each species constantly trying to increase in number, with natural selection always ready to adapt the slowly varying descendants of each to any unoccupied or ill-occupied place in nature, these facts cease to be strange, or perhaps might even have been anticipated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00732", "bookId": 1228, "start": 886215, "end": 887339, "sha256": "0f4931b28302ba81c782100b39f95004b99b96d2993c3effb816688637104e49", "text": "As natural selection acts by competition, it adapts the inhabitants of each country only in relation to the degree of perfection of their associates; so that we need feel no surprise at the inhabitants of any one country, although on the ordinary view supposed to have been specially created and adapted for that country, being beaten and supplanted by the naturalised productions from another land. Nor ought we to marvel if all the contrivances in nature be not, as far as we can judge, absolutely perfect; and if some of them be abhorrent to our ideas of fitness. We need not marvel at the sting of the bee causing the bee’s own death; at drones being produced in such vast numbers for one single act, and being then slaughtered by their sterile sisters; at the astonishing waste of pollen by our fir-trees; at the instinctive hatred of the queen bee for her own fertile daughters; at ichneumonidæ feeding within the live bodies of caterpillars; and at other such cases. The wonder indeed is, on the theory of natural selection, that more cases of the want of absolute perfection have not been observed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00733", "bookId": 1228, "start": 887343, "end": 888897, "sha256": "68e0f1f8b0729d7f9b9c9fbf13f95a87a346d3ddbb26b4d99b4f89027f1ff2ec", "text": "The complex and little known laws governing variation are the same, as far as we can see, with the laws which have governed the production of so-called specific forms. In both cases physical conditions seem to have produced but little direct effect; yet when varieties enter any zone, they occasionally assume some of the characters of the species proper to that zone. In both varieties and species, use and disuse seem to have produced some effect; for it is difficult to resist this conclusion when we look, for instance, at the logger-headed duck, which has wings incapable of flight, in nearly the same condition as in the domestic duck; or when we look at the burrowing tucutucu, which is occasionally blind, and then at certain moles, which are habitually blind and have their eyes covered with skin; or when we look at the blind animals inhabiting the dark caves of America and Europe. In both varieties and species correlation of growth seems to have played a most important part, so that when one part has been modified other parts are necessarily modified. In both varieties and species reversions to long-lost characters occur. How inexplicable on the theory of creation is the occasional appearance of stripes on the shoulder and legs of the several species of the horse-genus and in their hybrids! How simply is this fact explained if we believe that these species have descended from a striped progenitor, in the same manner as the several domestic breeds of pigeon have descended from the blue and barred rock-pigeon!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00734", "bookId": 1228, "start": 888901, "end": 890731, "sha256": "b5140c74fe20b7b166675a298ac74b858cf2fcec1fac7f62d9db52ccca3f312b", "text": "On the ordinary view of each species having been independently created, why should the specific characters, or those by which the species of the same genus differ from each other, be more variable than the generic characters in which they all agree? Why, for instance, should the colour of a flower be more likely to vary in any one species of a genus, if the other species, supposed to have been created independently, have differently coloured flowers, than if all the species of the genus have the same coloured flowers? If species are only well-marked varieties, of which the characters have become in a high degree permanent, we can understand this fact; for they have already varied since they branched off from a common progenitor in certain characters, by which they have come to be specifically distinct from each other; and therefore these same characters would be more likely still to be variable than the generic characters which have been inherited without change for an enormous period. It is inexplicable on the theory of creation why a part developed in a very unusual manner in any one species of a genus, and therefore, as we may naturally infer, of great importance to the species, should be eminently liable to variation; but, on my view, this part has undergone, since the several species branched off from a common progenitor, an unusual amount of variability and modification, and therefore we might expect this part generally to be still variable. But a part may be developed in the most unusual manner, like the wing of a bat, and yet not be more variable than any other structure, if the part be common to many subordinate forms, that is, if it has been inherited for a very long period; for in this case it will have been rendered constant by long-continued natural selection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00735", "bookId": 1228, "start": 890735, "end": 892039, "sha256": "34683a551c1ccfcb2214fb9014fe1a083ab55877efdcec49f2b007e846418f90", "text": "Glancing at instincts, marvellous as some are, they offer no greater difficulty than does corporeal structure on the theory of the natural selection of successive, slight, but profitable modifications. We can thus understand why nature moves by graduated steps in endowing different animals of the same class with their several instincts. I have attempted to show how much light the principle of gradation throws on the admirable architectural powers of the hive-bee. Habit no doubt sometimes comes into play in modifying instincts; but it certainly is not indispensable, as we see, in the case of neuter insects, which leave no progeny to inherit the effects of long-continued habit. On the view of all the species of the same genus having descended from a common parent, and having inherited much in common, we can understand how it is that allied species, when placed under considerably different conditions of life, yet should follow nearly the same instincts; why the thrush of South America, for instance, lines her nest with mud like our British species. On the view of instincts having been slowly acquired through natural selection we need not marvel at some instincts being apparently not perfect and liable to mistakes, and at many instincts causing other animals to suffer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00736", "bookId": 1228, "start": 892043, "end": 892534, "sha256": "9336e605fba13a72651b09621f921b60d0df40b03fed86685d900a2a1d0705de", "text": "If species be only well-marked and permanent varieties, we can at once see why their crossed offspring should follow the same complex laws in their degrees and kinds of resemblance to their parents,—in being absorbed into each other by successive crosses, and in other such points,—as do the crossed offspring of acknowledged varieties. On the other hand, these would be strange facts if species have been independently created, and varieties have been produced by secondary laws.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00737", "bookId": 1228, "start": 892538, "end": 894833, "sha256": "db21a2c49c77d6cdfa415be0d317f87506981bc5c5df142d2b749497d33d29ef", "text": "If we admit that the geological record is imperfect in an extreme degree, then such facts as the record gives, support the theory of descent with modification. New species have come on the stage slowly and at successive intervals; and the amount of change, after equal intervals of time, is widely different in different groups. The extinction of species and of whole groups of species, which has played so conspicuous a part in the history of the organic world, almost inevitably follows on the principle of natural selection; for old forms will be supplanted by new and improved forms. Neither single species nor groups of species reappear when the chain of ordinary generation has once been broken. The gradual diffusion of dominant forms, with the slow modification of their descendants, causes the forms of life, after long intervals of time, to appear as if they had changed simultaneously throughout the world. The fact of the fossil remains of each formation being in some degree intermediate in character between the fossils in the formations above and below, is simply explained by their intermediate position in the chain of descent. The grand fact that all extinct organic beings belong to the same system with recent beings, falling either into the same or into intermediate groups, follows from the living and the extinct being the offspring of common parents. As the groups which have descended from an ancient progenitor have generally diverged in character, the progenitor with its early descendants will often be intermediate in character in comparison with its later descendants; and thus we can see why the more ancient a fossil is, the oftener it stands in some degree intermediate between existing and allied groups. Recent forms are generally looked at as being, in some vague sense, higher than ancient and extinct forms; and they are in so far higher as the later and more improved forms have conquered the older and less improved organic beings in the struggle for life. Lastly, the law of the long endurance of allied forms on the same continent,—of marsupials in Australia, of edentata in America, and other such cases,—is intelligible, for within a confined country, the recent and the extinct will naturally be allied by descent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00738", "bookId": 1228, "start": 894837, "end": 896884, "sha256": "d42ca5ecec69c950bb5aa63aa98cdd092e28adbaf06282e44e844dfc32b31db8", "text": "Looking to geographical distribution, if we admit that there has been during the long course of ages much migration from one part of the world to another, owing to former climatal and geographical changes and to the many occasional and unknown means of dispersal, then we can understand, on the theory of descent with modification, most of the great leading facts in Distribution. We can see why there should be so striking a parallelism in the distribution of organic beings throughout space, and in their geological succession throughout time; for in both cases the beings have been connected by the bond of ordinary generation, and the means of modification have been the same. We see the full meaning of the wonderful fact, which must have struck every traveller, namely, that on the same continent, under the most diverse conditions, under heat and cold, on mountain and lowland, on deserts and marshes, most of the inhabitants within each great class are plainly related; for they will generally be descendants of the same progenitors and early colonists. On this same principle of former migration, combined in most cases with modification, we can understand, by the aid of the Glacial period, the identity of some few plants, and the close alliance of many others, on the most distant mountains, under the most different climates; and likewise the close alliance of some of the inhabitants of the sea in the northern and southern temperate zones, though separated by the whole intertropical ocean. Although two areas may present the same physical conditions of life, we need feel no surprise at their inhabitants being widely different, if they have been for a long period completely separated from each other; for as the relation of organism to organism is the most important of all relations, and as the two areas will have received colonists from some third source or from each other, at various periods and in different proportions, the course of modification in the two areas will inevitably be different.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00739", "bookId": 1228, "start": 896888, "end": 897558, "sha256": "e151ac89be31fc833349b3c705135d2eebac22012f136a51df2a2c2d4607f9ba", "text": "On this view of migration, with subsequent modification, we can see why oceanic islands should be inhabited by few species, but of these, that many should be peculiar. We can clearly see why those animals which cannot cross wide spaces of ocean, as frogs and terrestrial mammals, should not inhabit oceanic islands; and why, on the other hand, new and peculiar species of bats, which can traverse the ocean, should so often be found on islands far distant from any continent. Such facts as the presence of peculiar species of bats, and the absence of all other mammals, on oceanic islands, are utterly inexplicable on the theory of independent acts of creation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00740", "bookId": 1228, "start": 897562, "end": 898608, "sha256": "3ca1c580a7c000896ea1dcb7080bfcfdac4f6b388496290d053ad19b0e4d35ca", "text": "The existence of closely allied or representative species in any two areas, implies, on the theory of descent with modification, that the same parents formerly inhabited both areas; and we almost invariably find that wherever many closely allied species inhabit two areas, some identical species common to both still exist. Wherever many closely allied yet distinct species occur, many doubtful forms and varieties of the same species likewise occur. It is a rule of high generality that the inhabitants of each area are related to the inhabitants of the nearest source whence immigrants might have been derived. We see this in nearly all the plants and animals of the Galapagos archipelago, of Juan Fernandez, and of the other American islands being related in the most striking manner to the plants and animals of the neighbouring American mainland; and those of the Cape de Verde archipelago and other African islands to the African mainland. It must be admitted that these facts receive no explanation on the theory of creation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00741", "bookId": 1228, "start": 898612, "end": 899754, "sha256": "425d73979b0d87cb70b9162fa7ce87af090616d4e4bba87dd99bb368fda2917b", "text": "The fact, as we have seen, that all past and present organic beings constitute one grand natural system, with group subordinate to group, and with extinct groups often falling in between recent groups, is intelligible on the theory of natural selection with its contingencies of extinction and divergence of character. On these same principles we see how it is, that the mutual affinities of the species and genera within each class are so complex and circuitous. We see why certain characters are far more serviceable than others for classification;—why adaptive characters, though of paramount importance to the being, are of hardly any importance in classification; why characters derived from rudimentary parts, though of no service to the being, are often of high classificatory value; and why embryological characters are the most valuable of all. The real affinities of all organic beings are due to inheritance or community of descent. The natural system is a genealogical arrangement, in which we have to discover the lines of descent by the most permanent characters, however slight their vital importance may be.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00742", "bookId": 1228, "start": 899758, "end": 900961, "sha256": "fb4347555f9bcd40adf9baa62604892bcc1987a2206d43190ebb474d0b7b6fd3", "text": "The framework of bones being the same in the hand of a man, wing of a bat, fin of the porpoise, and leg of the horse,—the same number of vertebræ forming the neck of the giraffe and of the elephant,—and innumerable other such facts, at once explain themselves on the theory of descent with slow and slight successive modifications. The similarity of pattern in the wing and leg of a bat, though used for such different purpose,—in the jaws and legs of a crab,—in the petals, stamens, and pistils of a flower, is likewise intelligible on the view of the gradual modification of parts or organs, which were alike in the early progenitor of each class. On the principle of successive variations not always supervening at an early age, and being inherited at a corresponding not early period of life, we can clearly see why the embryos of mammals, birds, reptiles, and fishes should be so closely alike, and should be so unlike the adult forms. We may cease marvelling at the embryo of an air-breathing mammal or bird having branchial slits and arteries running in loops, like those in a fish which has to breathe the air dissolved in water, by the aid of well-developed branchiæ.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00743", "bookId": 1228, "start": 900965, "end": 902585, "sha256": "5802b00e7cabda4cccd10db98073cfc672817c5890b1aff287f5b53ef453456a", "text": "Disuse, aided sometimes by natural selection, will often tend to reduce an organ, when it has become useless by changed habits or under changed conditions of life; and we can clearly understand on this view the meaning of rudimentary organs. But disuse and selection will generally act on each creature, when it has come to maturity and has to play its full part in the struggle for existence, and will thus have little power of acting on an organ during early life; hence the organ will not be much reduced or rendered rudimentary at this early age. The calf, for instance, has inherited teeth, which never cut through the gums of the upper jaw, from an early progenitor having well-developed teeth; and we may believe, that the teeth in the mature animal were reduced, during successive generations, by disuse or by the tongue and palate having been fitted by natural selection to browse without their aid; whereas in the calf, the teeth have been left untouched by selection or disuse, and on the principle of inheritance at corresponding ages have been inherited from a remote period to the present day. On the view of each organic being and each separate organ having been specially created, how utterly inexplicable it is that parts, like the teeth in the embryonic calf or like the shrivelled wings under the soldered wing-covers of some beetles, should thus so frequently bear the plain stamp of inutility! Nature may be said to have taken pains to reveal, by rudimentary organs and by homologous structures, her scheme of modification, which it seems that we wilfully will not understand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00744", "bookId": 1228, "start": 902589, "end": 903825, "sha256": "8f2fc757f6c757e45f51697b995ce38c88bfad62ac3d4263df0dcf8549e062bc", "text": "I have now recapitulated the chief facts and considerations which have thoroughly convinced me that species have changed, and are still slowly changing by the preservation and accumulation of successive slight favourable variations. Why, it may be asked, have all the most eminent living naturalists and geologists rejected this view of the mutability of species? It cannot be asserted that organic beings in a state of nature are subject to no variation; it cannot be proved that the amount of variation in the course of long ages is a limited quantity; no clear distinction has been, or can be, drawn between species and well-marked varieties. It cannot be maintained that species when intercrossed are invariably sterile, and varieties invariably fertile; or that sterility is a special endowment and sign of creation. The belief that species were immutable productions was almost unavoidable as long as the history of the world was thought to be of short duration; and now that we have acquired some idea of the lapse of time, we are too apt to assume, without proof, that the geological record is so perfect that it would have afforded us plain evidence of the mutation of species, if they had undergone mutation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00745", "bookId": 1228, "start": 903829, "end": 904493, "sha256": "2803f14545000ca2e6cef91f9fcb6d5d405d5704e5f061fb90bf519e6ce40ede", "text": "But the chief cause of our natural unwillingness to admit that one species has given birth to other and distinct species, is that we are always slow in admitting any great change of which we do not see the intermediate steps. The difficulty is the same as that felt by so many geologists, when Lyell first insisted that long lines of inland cliffs had been formed, and great valleys excavated, by the slow action of the coast-waves. The mind cannot possibly grasp the full meaning of the term of a hundred million years; it cannot add up and perceive the full effects of many slight variations, accumulated during an almost infinite number of generations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00746", "bookId": 1228, "start": 904497, "end": 905693, "sha256": "b3370c5ea88f11d7fb51048a8cd6d7aa7a1a2b16f43d884643eab937c88ed5f3", "text": "Although I am fully convinced of the truth of the views given in this volume under the form of an abstract, I by no means expect to convince experienced naturalists whose minds are stocked with a multitude of facts all viewed, during a long course of years, from a point of view directly opposite to mine. It is so easy to hide our ignorance under such expressions as the “plan of creation,” “unity of design,” etc., and to think that we give an explanation when we only restate a fact. Any one whose disposition leads him to attach more weight to unexplained difficulties than to the explanation of a certain number of facts will certainly reject my theory. A few naturalists, endowed with much flexibility of mind, and who have already begun to doubt on the immutability of species, may be influenced by this volume; but I look with confidence to the future, to young and rising naturalists, who will be able to view both sides of the question with impartiality. Whoever is led to believe that species are mutable will do good service by conscientiously expressing his conviction; for only thus can the load of prejudice by which this subject is overwhelmed be removed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00747", "bookId": 1228, "start": 905697, "end": 907616, "sha256": "9a12665b30e71a1584a49bddeb37e1347e513c8ad326f504f329f9a12c78d8b3", "text": "Several eminent naturalists have of late published their belief that a multitude of reputed species in each genus are not real species; but that other species are real, that is, have been independently created. This seems to me a strange conclusion to arrive at. They admit that a multitude of forms, which till lately they themselves thought were special creations, and which are still thus looked at by the majority of naturalists, and which consequently have every external characteristic feature of true species,—they admit that these have been produced by variation, but they refuse to extend the same view to other and very slightly different forms. Nevertheless they do not pretend that they can define, or even conjecture, which are the created forms of life, and which are those produced by secondary laws. They admit variation as a _vera causa_ in one case, they arbitrarily reject it in another, without assigning any distinction in the two cases. The day will come when this will be given as a curious illustration of the blindness of preconceived opinion. These authors seem no more startled at a miraculous act of creation than at an ordinary birth. But do they really believe that at innumerable periods in the earth’s history certain elemental atoms have been commanded suddenly to flash into living tissues? Do they believe that at each supposed act of creation one individual or many were produced? Were all the infinitely numerous kinds of animals and plants created as eggs or seed, or as full grown? and in the case of mammals, were they created bearing the false marks of nourishment from the mother’s womb? Although naturalists very properly demand a full explanation of every difficulty from those who believe in the mutability of species, on their own side they ignore the whole subject of the first appearance of species in what they consider reverent silence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00748", "bookId": 1228, "start": 907620, "end": 908765, "sha256": "df5a66b207c85039f5e2d3da4fdca83d37bc38a452b18319aade650b4af89edb", "text": "It may be asked how far I extend the doctrine of the modification of species. The question is difficult to answer, because the more distinct the forms are which we may consider, by so much the arguments fall away in force. But some arguments of the greatest weight extend very far. All the members of whole classes can be connected together by chains of affinities, and all can be classified on the same principle, in groups subordinate to groups. Fossil remains sometimes tend to fill up very wide intervals between existing orders. Organs in a rudimentary condition plainly show that an early progenitor had the organ in a fully developed state; and this in some instances necessarily implies an enormous amount of modification in the descendants. Throughout whole classes various structures are formed on the same pattern, and at an embryonic age the species closely resemble each other. Therefore I cannot doubt that the theory of descent with modification embraces all the members of the same class. I believe that animals have descended from at most only four or five progenitors, and plants from an equal or lesser number.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00749", "bookId": 1228, "start": 908769, "end": 909532, "sha256": "a689034bfeea211897143cdc23dac94a670dfb0869e0e29289813e935fc3772f", "text": "Analogy would lead me one step further, namely, to the belief that all animals and plants have descended from some one prototype. But analogy may be a deceitful guide. Nevertheless all living things have much in common, in their chemical composition, their germinal vesicles, their cellular structure, and their laws of growth and reproduction. We see this even in so trifling a circumstance as that the same poison often similarly affects plants and animals; or that the poison secreted by the gall-fly produces monstrous growths on the wild rose or oak-tree. Therefore I should infer from analogy that probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00750", "bookId": 1228, "start": 909536, "end": 911740, "sha256": "73e00085986b20786e69485400129ece57e18a37a6554d0c2d88fe52e08d7941", "text": "When the views entertained in this volume on the origin of species, or when analogous views are generally admitted, we can dimly foresee that there will be a considerable revolution in natural history. Systematists will be able to pursue their labours as at present; but they will not be incessantly haunted by the shadowy doubt whether this or that form be in essence a species. This I feel sure, and I speak after experience, will be no slight relief. The endless disputes whether or not some fifty species of British brambles are true species will cease. Systematists will have only to decide (not that this will be easy) whether any form be sufficiently constant and distinct from other forms, to be capable of definition; and if definable, whether the differences be sufficiently important to deserve a specific name. This latter point will become a far more essential consideration than it is at present; for differences, however slight, between any two forms, if not blended by intermediate gradations, are looked at by most naturalists as sufficient to raise both forms to the rank of species. Hereafter we shall be compelled to acknowledge that the only distinction between species and well-marked varieties is, that the latter are known, or believed, to be connected at the present day by intermediate gradations, whereas species were formerly thus connected. Hence, without quite rejecting the consideration of the present existence of intermediate gradations between any two forms, we shall be led to weigh more carefully and to value higher the actual amount of difference between them. It is quite possible that forms now generally acknowledged to be merely varieties may hereafter be thought worthy of specific names, as with the primrose and cowslip; and in this case scientific and common language will come into accordance. In short, we shall have to treat species in the same manner as those naturalists treat genera, who admit that genera are merely artificial combinations made for convenience. This may not be a cheering prospect; but we shall at least be freed from the vain search for the undiscovered and undiscoverable essence of the term species.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00751", "bookId": 1228, "start": 911744, "end": 912702, "sha256": "51503cf556103c6489004599f3a2795cf338eced745c1eaa8ab7b206890d749f", "text": "The other and more general departments of natural history will rise greatly in interest. The terms used by naturalists of affinity, relationship, community of type, paternity, morphology, adaptive characters, rudimentary and aborted organs, etc., will cease to be metaphorical, and will have a plain signification. When we no longer look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension; when we regard every production of nature as one which has had a history; when we contemplate every complex structure and instinct as the summing up of many contrivances, each useful to the possessor, nearly in the same way as when we look at any great mechanical invention as the summing up of the labour, the experience, the reason, and even the blunders of numerous workmen; when we thus view each organic being, how far more interesting, I speak from experience, will the study of natural history become!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00752", "bookId": 1228, "start": 912706, "end": 913988, "sha256": "0edf312481f1263b773b9299614ed36214be3eac2c9d094c798946d873fa8a2a", "text": "A grand and almost untrodden field of inquiry will be opened, on the causes and laws of variation, on correlation of growth, on the effects of use and disuse, on the direct action of external conditions, and so forth. The study of domestic productions will rise immensely in value. A new variety raised by man will be a far more important and interesting subject for study than one more species added to the infinitude of already recorded species. Our classifications will come to be, as far as they can be so made, genealogies; and will then truly give what may be called the plan of creation. The rules for classifying will no doubt become simpler when we have a definite object in view. We possess no pedigrees or armorial bearings; and we have to discover and trace the many diverging lines of descent in our natural genealogies, by characters of any kind which have long been inherited. Rudimentary organs will speak infallibly with respect to the nature of long-lost structures. Species and groups of species, which are called aberrant, and which may fancifully be called living fossils, will aid us in forming a picture of the ancient forms of life. Embryology will reveal to us the structure, in some degree obscured, of the prototypes of each great class.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00753", "bookId": 1228, "start": 913992, "end": 914811, "sha256": "3430b3d1ab8d1e2eefb83744240f4d7c1cae1b2bab772ada7c1e6b908ef74d2c", "text": "When we can feel assured that all the individuals of the same species, and all the closely allied species of most genera, have within a not very remote period descended from one parent, and have migrated from some one birthplace; and when we better know the many means of migration, then, by the light which geology now throws, and will continue to throw, on former changes of climate and of the level of the land, we shall surely be enabled to trace in an admirable manner the former migrations of the inhabitants of the whole world. Even at present, by comparing the differences of the inhabitants of the sea on the opposite sides of a continent, and the nature of the various inhabitants of that continent in relation to their apparent means of immigration, some light can be thrown on ancient geography.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00754", "bookId": 1228, "start": 914815, "end": 917161, "sha256": "2079852b0a64d59f57ff766833281f68e3d278d9c67adb0cd0eefc14173d24b1", "text": "The noble science of Geology loses glory from the extreme imperfection of the record. The crust of the earth with its embedded remains must not be looked at as a well-filled museum, but as a poor collection made at hazard and at rare intervals. The accumulation of each great fossiliferous formation will be recognised as having depended on an unusual concurrence of circumstances, and the blank intervals between the successive stages as having been of vast duration. But we shall be able to gauge with some security the duration of these intervals by a comparison of the preceding and succeeding organic forms. We must be cautious in attempting to correlate as strictly contemporaneous two formations, which include few identical species, by the general succession of their forms of life. As species are produced and exterminated by slowly acting and still existing causes, and not by miraculous acts of creation and by catastrophes; and as the most important of all causes of organic change is one which is almost independent of altered and perhaps suddenly altered physical conditions, namely, the mutual relation of organism to organism,—the improvement of one being entailing the improvement or the extermination of others; it follows, that the amount of organic change in the fossils of consecutive formations probably serves as a fair measure of the lapse of actual time. A number of species, however, keeping in a body might remain for a long period unchanged, whilst within this same period, several of these species, by migrating into new countries and coming into competition with foreign associates, might become modified; so that we must not overrate the accuracy of organic change as a measure of time. During early periods of the earth’s history, when the forms of life were probably fewer and simpler, the rate of change was probably slower; and at the first dawn of life, when very few forms of the simplest structure existed, the rate of change may have been slow in an extreme degree. The whole history of the world, as at present known, although of a length quite incomprehensible by us, will hereafter be recognised as a mere fragment of time, compared with the ages which have elapsed since the first creature, the progenitor of innumerable extinct and living descendants, was created.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00755", "bookId": 1228, "start": 917165, "end": 917429, "sha256": "4512ba826c8e720ff0d0b16ca0300ce2c5f46d172f9adce6949bb3a57bb6f262", "text": "In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00756", "bookId": 1228, "start": 917433, "end": 919245, "sha256": "18e32c60a6c4a7e7b2da24096da6453e5b67eac1ba093051c189f31c2ed284e4", "text": "Authors of the highest eminence seem to be fully satisfied with the view that each species has been independently created. To my mind it accords better with what we know of the laws impressed on matter by the Creator, that the production and extinction of the past and present inhabitants of the world should have been due to secondary causes, like those determining the birth and death of the individual. When I view all beings not as special creations, but as the lineal descendants of some few beings which lived long before the first bed of the Silurian system was deposited, they seem to me to become ennobled. Judging from the past, we may safely infer that not one living species will transmit its unaltered likeness to a distant futurity. And of the species now living very few will transmit progeny of any kind to a far distant futurity; for the manner in which all organic beings are grouped, shows that the greater number of species of each genus, and all the species of many genera, have left no descendants, but have become utterly extinct. We can so far take a prophetic glance into futurity as to foretel that it will be the common and widely-spread species, belonging to the larger and dominant groups, which will ultimately prevail and procreate new and dominant species. As all the living forms of life are the lineal descendants of those which lived long before the Silurian epoch, we may feel certain that the ordinary succession by generation has never once been broken, and that no cataclysm has desolated the whole world. Hence we may look with some confidence to a secure future of equally inappreciable length. And as natural selection works solely by and for the good of each being, all corporeal and mental endowments will tend to progress towards perfection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00757", "bookId": 1228, "start": 919249, "end": 920585, "sha256": "ebe1d5c8b910e2a7b3dae777c3b097e0bdab473142e827c3023d60aad46dbb63", "text": "It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us. These laws, taken in the largest sense, being Growth with Reproduction; Inheritance which is almost implied by reproduction; Variability from the indirect and direct action of the external conditions of life, and from use and disuse; a Ratio of Increase so high as to lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a consequence to Natural Selection, entailing Divergence of Character and the Extinction of less-improved forms. Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00758", "bookId": 1228, "start": 920595, "end": 920601, "sha256": "8bfc1652fcd409a9a5c4a5b59cf1faea4fdeaf41a9258bd2174546e3d187d012", "text": "INDEX.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00759", "bookId": 1228, "start": 920607, "end": 920628, "sha256": "045337a987d10a5fe55207cc5b5dd676ee0614b8db87ca6627294e162270a213", "text": "Aberrant groups, 429.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00760", "bookId": 1228, "start": 920632, "end": 920658, "sha256": "117817c5f51c938cd538d4677629900abf40a96fe4da7869ec1060bfd7a7a53f", "text": "Abyssinia, plants of, 375.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00761", "bookId": 1228, "start": 920662, "end": 920683, "sha256": "ef6b53a4388760d4d35c5e0b943015c9257e67ebeeb3f99f2cd82d7fdf47211c", "text": "Acclimatisation, 139.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00762", "bookId": 1228, "start": 920687, "end": 920749, "sha256": "3fb635e2c6a25a9609e65c1b4d2168432ce2f4f158f30f22a88b46aa22e660bc", "text": "Affinities: of extinct species, 329. of organic beings, 411.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00763", "bookId": 1228, "start": 920753, "end": 921047, "sha256": "90c25c67486756b5ff420234a63663fadbb586958153d791e3bb8eac6213b324", "text": "Agassiz: on Amblyopsis, 139. on groups of species suddenly appearing, 302, 305. on embryological succession, 338. on the glacial period, 366. on embryological characters, 418. on the embryos of vertebrata, 439. on parallelism of embryological development and geological succession, 449.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00764", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921051, "end": 921077, "sha256": "b0cfc870750a8596369661d1caa3efbccee8273a0219144a14bfd355a955195f", "text": "Algæ of New Zealand, 376.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00765", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921081, "end": 921113, "sha256": "54d02fd71c7668ea74811fdfaf1a1da61c8e59af2b8929b7f747bcba74490eef", "text": "Alligators, males, fighting, 88.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00766", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921117, "end": 921145, "sha256": "d2887c078cf19559734f85b671a404194c6993139790b735271c0d74b834d2cb", "text": "Amblyopsis, blind fish, 139.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00767", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921149, "end": 921290, "sha256": "310d574f10bf2341158f46d153197066100cf11e5b3d2d2a9be768369e5f2605", "text": "America, North: productions allied to those of Europe, 371. boulders and glaciers of, 373. South, no modern formations on west coast, 290.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00768", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921294, "end": 921331, "sha256": "cf5caf32429ff9dc610330e0cdbf18701411dd57a954aa0b897ccb1fe3548a19", "text": "Ammonites, sudden extinction of, 321.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00769", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921335, "end": 921364, "sha256": "6aceb85663f643796d84c817080bde93de9b5c836d618de56478fcfc94cd4bef", "text": "Anagallis, sterility of, 247.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00770", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921368, "end": 921395, "sha256": "78601b228b4bf0541d01220d2867e41fe9c2df1e2138e50ae1f80fec7e431690", "text": "Analogy of variations, 159.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00771", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921399, "end": 921412, "sha256": "87f52b9d0300cf787de686c7d2eb3ee7135a13e9f786a88192c02f5590f13255", "text": "Ancylus, 386.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00772", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921416, "end": 921652, "sha256": "9ac6fb9ac2bd321498a93378f8a1ed94f1774fd7c46758dcbfe3bb5dba696b7e", "text": "Animals: not domesticated from being variable, 17. domestic, descended from several stocks, 19. acclimatisation of, 141. of Australia, 116. with thicker fur in cold climates, 133. blind, in caves, 137. extinct, of Australia, 339.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00773", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921656, "end": 921668, "sha256": "159ced7aef99a3ab514e7532955158051d9c9df0b7452b3c8161acc548b19945", "text": "Anomma, 240.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00774", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921672, "end": 921713, "sha256": "c33f06decd323ec82ab235b6b2b4283db84040b1c60f1a2fcda62e2216a9fe01", "text": "Antarctic islands, ancient flora of, 399.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00775", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921717, "end": 921734, "sha256": "9d89de5f5a70855c532e7f10565274ac3e8d1034de9a34746c290013ccf1f28b", "text": "Antirrhinum, 161.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00776", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921738, "end": 921797, "sha256": "1111c079bbe7b1396e5339b5d64a5745f1c3e1be1b6df6b7bbe011c069647eb0", "text": "Ants: attending aphides, 211. slave-making instinct, 219.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00777", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921801, "end": 921833, "sha256": "faec4f835af2ecc87569e6be9a37308817804e317c68d6a3e48a08c67fee38f0", "text": "Ants, neuter, structure of, 236.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00778", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921837, "end": 921867, "sha256": "f72b4385c508a60bf065e1aa3a54a46ebfef2f5977a30b00bedd0f513495544a", "text": "Aphides attended by ants, 211.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00779", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921871, "end": 921898, "sha256": "d1f250cf6b5f1776420a0ce37c5fc6243d95f64e649b99949c3bbae09c351bb5", "text": "Aphis, development of, 442.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00780", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921902, "end": 921915, "sha256": "9720c3097bb31d4ed43a4a068a833a5d299a10d8ad6a84eebeda8a1847f33121", "text": "Apteryx, 182.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00781", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921919, "end": 921935, "sha256": "5b94dce1b801a6cee8dda19518308b11521f5e2274d8519a902e6af9ee69a2ba", "text": "Arab horses, 35.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00782", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921939, "end": 921962, "sha256": "390a2148afed79cbee2c82637abe2560b5092e92019bfae2da2c6f99e64c4429", "text": "Aralo-Caspian Sea, 339.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00783", "bookId": 1228, "start": 921966, "end": 922016, "sha256": "606ac19b9736aa1f3b1678f9444a99300f35644a42d8984e74f9e91b490a70b1", "text": "Archiac, M. de, on the succession of species, 325.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00784", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922020, "end": 922046, "sha256": "adc112d12e96cb15331d5f4bb46e94698540f6b0d7e04bf3ca1edf4e9f8adf29", "text": "Artichoke, Jerusalem, 142.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00785", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922050, "end": 922076, "sha256": "46ffe4ee4fd7c2f1b884fdb35ae4dc9b7a900a00aeb2c824556e6b87175b9f5a", "text": "Ascension, plants of, 389.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00786", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922080, "end": 922106, "sha256": "c4778c001bf6901702500c18115c967de943fe863c234a466a27bdda067b7389", "text": "Asclepias, pollen of, 193.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00787", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922110, "end": 922125, "sha256": "ece4abc28d7bb5d37d4ae0652ea08e5328d360874b4b2fdf267a449b38486c9c", "text": "Asparagus, 359.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00788", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922129, "end": 922144, "sha256": "559cc415b3e2201912284f35dd3d3559f8f4158337408ff0f0332afa4c2a4927", "text": "Aspicarpa, 417.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00789", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922148, "end": 922168, "sha256": "f54656731b91576160be78070a1ba666cf299a6722e8dd261978bf7e25b13261", "text": "Asses, striped, 163.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00790", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922172, "end": 922186, "sha256": "626a3c2d95d35e19601b73f129f136d26cc3f1abffc068fbaf17fee2b6efc5ec", "text": "Ateuchus, 135.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00791", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922190, "end": 922298, "sha256": "f09fd3dff9dc3cb2ff184e73a0a260cbfa418652c6e78fc2c950bac0c6ed5a74", "text": "Audubon: on habits of frigate-bird, 185. on variation in birds’-nests, 212. on heron eating seeds, 387.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00792", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922302, "end": 922397, "sha256": "fb391b1fb3be285d3f93fae6f65de73e06fcbcfc5c74ef9374f413c742d16c43", "text": "Australia: animals of, 116. dogs of, 215. extinct animals of, 339. European plants in, 375.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00793", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922401, "end": 922438, "sha256": "6dc06c5b59fd363520a699e325a1aad6e91bfbc072e0b74cbf851471a39adb35", "text": "Azara on flies destroying cattle, 72.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00794", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922442, "end": 922464, "sha256": "3cf108e270be142b7a5c7d86e2c81eddd4e9fe519174d96815b74213219cde7a", "text": "Azores, flora of, 363.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00795", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922468, "end": 922506, "sha256": "d59683263448d3dced521745d5d2458927b3a3ef06045848a8669d6db910c455", "text": "Babington, Mr., on British plants, 48.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00796", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922510, "end": 922537, "sha256": "e96b0d078718fcdd5f269186a605d9f1e352a14f2c84739c3333fa095b312016", "text": "Balancement of growth, 147.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00797", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922541, "end": 922564, "sha256": "d9e27d441168511a3dc5ca0ead5ecfe9e3786098c7f591490c836a98638540f2", "text": "Bamboo with hooks, 197.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00798", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922568, "end": 922593, "sha256": "fa50145ba7764e9756da9420a97752589d142be1f24776fe29a5379f8b095ac0", "text": "Barberry, flowers of, 98.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00799", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922597, "end": 922761, "sha256": "6f2c2a73d817750d1c8d0d6007b4d1ba8001a49d991152ec1a89d597b499a171", "text": "Barrande, M.: on Silurian colonies, 313. on the succession of species, 325. on parallelism of palæozoic formations, 328. on affinities of ancient species, 330.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00800", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922765, "end": 922794, "sha256": "07255e7e97f3ce9458e9a1f20cbf280b3150d850134c860f983884f56ed6f2ab", "text": "Barriers, importance of, 347.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00801", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922798, "end": 922826, "sha256": "68853903e240c26033d651255795ad5846ecd9070db204e188f43164bfa3de76", "text": "Batrachians on islands, 393.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00802", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922830, "end": 922888, "sha256": "bf1310d1fe586701d34f5fd9891cfd9f6a7b833f3eb10f6bb22cea9cbf675634", "text": "Bats: how structure acquired, 180. distribution of, 394.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00803", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922892, "end": 922926, "sha256": "504d58f38789b3631a0f77a8eb4d964b4f6900270615391ebe69f3500b2fdbfe", "text": "Bear, catching water-insects, 184.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00804", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922930, "end": 922979, "sha256": "c52245ca2cb62ae3bfb5c1f69ac0b1df454e63a0e51e86298f9d551aca173cac", "text": "Bee: sting of, 202. queen, killing rivals, 202.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00805", "bookId": 1228, "start": 922983, "end": 923012, "sha256": "3ad14b5b1fe1a7ab08cbaa2b7d8811a262c4f8186ce11811404d15d71895afd7", "text": "Bees fertilising flowers, 73.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00806", "bookId": 1228, "start": 923016, "end": 923129, "sha256": "f89a3e8ec9bc0f2d35111100157e93ccd9a7f1a6df14a154fa030062065d2267", "text": "Bees: hive, not sucking the red clover, 95. cell-making instinct, 224. humble, cells of, 225. parasitic, 218.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00807", "bookId": 1228, "start": 923133, "end": 923197, "sha256": "6f15126b726bd1f60f0c93ef705795ed7e26a8d0e5511fe6a0b0005f1dea2d46", "text": "Beetles: wingless, in Madeira, 135. with deficient tarsi, 135.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00808", "bookId": 1228, "start": 923201, "end": 923263, "sha256": "3e6fb7baf4a04153a29880445d7b97b39a4b1fad86678aa7ce05d607c3a74caa", "text": "Bentham, Mr.: on British plants, 48. on classification, 419.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00809", "bookId": 1228, "start": 923267, "end": 923310, "sha256": "c36f5dd483e6819f3b3bf015d9293e10cffb5e0016fdee5d479b13a947829918", "text": "Berkeley, Mr., on seeds in salt-water, 358.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00810", "bookId": 1228, "start": 923314, "end": 923337, "sha256": "50c9e557e00f4775f399145743883a470ece67afd2c4f851dcfd435b87ee93a0", "text": "Bermuda, birds of, 391.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00811", "bookId": 1228, "start": 923341, "end": 923631, "sha256": "67b0d38e4a9dbd9187f7a0214d999a48518c7af9365809d056c2ab469f224a68", "text": "Birds: acquiring fear, 212. annually cross the Atlantic, 364. colour of, on continents, 132. fossil, in caves of Brazil, 339. of Madeira, Bermuda, and Galapagos, 390. song of males, 89. transporting seeds, 361. waders, 386. wingless, 134, 182. with traces of embryonic teeth, 451.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00812", "bookId": 1228, "start": 923635, "end": 923670, "sha256": "986499656d6a24df803637f7ed0891c1f6b41544083505c3eb92210b6f84900b", "text": "Bizcacha, 349. affinities of, 429.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00813", "bookId": 1228, "start": 923674, "end": 923708, "sha256": "2edfffe8183e2d17ddc13d0bf5267bab62122ceb139bfe4bd49caa1fe3aca047", "text": "Bladder for swimming in fish, 190.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00859", "bookId": 1228, "start": 925832, "end": 925873, "sha256": "b4d33aae9a3f22998f81998aa5ea53fb968bacf03f2b1243b09fab0f5c41bde0", "text": "Collections, palæontological, poor, 287.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00860", "bookId": 1228, "start": 925877, "end": 925952, "sha256": "2431f77d14973db70accc46025aec6724b0fe8b1118cdb09dba528f46de0769a", "text": "Colour: influenced by climate, 132. in relation to attacks by flies, 198.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00861", "bookId": 1228, "start": 925956, "end": 926002, "sha256": "3e94ba92708e5330de27c67318e6f05c16792bcbeed0df3f7caf21bf8e11046e", "text": "Columba livia, parent of domestic pigeons, 23.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00862", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926006, "end": 926022, "sha256": "d27e216d02adc59e8ce0714a671f5b124ddafe8e27b41d3fd5eadadd0b2a5e7f", "text": "Colymbetes, 386.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00863", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926026, "end": 926054, "sha256": "be3f51d6cef8425f1f4199eecc63e0c2be2ab7d02cb9c94e882b4e5cce3b8510", "text": "Compensation of growth, 147.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00864", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926058, "end": 926126, "sha256": "1bb962f1bb843b6b7d2c17e6f84e85c4c902b3da6836ef988d71c11ddac191d5", "text": "Compositæ: outer and inner florets of, 144. male flowers of, 451.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00865", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926130, "end": 926155, "sha256": "1da03f37a1c9708add07e62e1438127d6991966da60e76216193e05ab58b4c9f", "text": "Conclusion, general, 480.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00866", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926159, "end": 926219, "sha256": "c819c7c87657e46a3f78b3d8035613153d2e6b9f44190a7f180dadc7fb9072a1", "text": "Conditions, slight changes in, favourable to fertility, 267.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00867", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926223, "end": 926233, "sha256": "59117c0aa5ccbd441a67c6b096fe10e4e9929d08aa0bf3a7b984c5ea62bd1ab2", "text": "Coot, 185.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00868", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926237, "end": 926320, "sha256": "f49634f50ad61d797a670102cbf46e68d0f20e67f509f3722d96d8f5a7d41ebd", "text": "Coral: islands, seeds drifted to, 360. reefs, indicating movements of earth, 309.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00869", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926324, "end": 926340, "sha256": "bd029c2158c29e013bcfc26bfdbcc93cf73e5edc62bf2f5e7e086804c708f9c2", "text": "Corn-crake, 185.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00870", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926344, "end": 926418, "sha256": "4e252bbe0bfeb67987ee32b3d50f25ecba8c4bf745097e886a2d70db68728c32", "text": "Correlation: of growth in domestic productions, 11. of growth, 143, 198.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00871", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926422, "end": 926434, "sha256": "3a2b67220d811ad23acf45ffaf4520dc74c419d5adc4e334986907a624680148", "text": "Cowslip, 49.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00872", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926438, "end": 926471, "sha256": "64d6c2763e895e7554bb1080705184f9067473e0fc1ffdaa7e7bed3bf95bf2ee", "text": "Creation, single centres of, 352.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00873", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926475, "end": 926487, "sha256": "b2679b4bed8a7a83e99978b4299dbf425ee79f6a544f6fc4df47bf23508585a4", "text": "Crinum, 250.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00874", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926491, "end": 926516, "sha256": "390ec77b1d0198ef7c364a6b7fdb3d238e34923ced2e3df585c641930940b0a8", "text": "Crosses, reciprocal, 258.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00875", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926520, "end": 926639, "sha256": "dd61dcc61412dc8c07ada4d4940426a8ebb5ccd87fc53a06b3563d8f742d885b", "text": "Crossing: of domestic animals, importance in altering breeds, 20. advantages of, 96. unfavourable to selection, 102.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00876", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926643, "end": 926673, "sha256": "245bd9fc676f5f77688e52db92df2f880354b7e27b8c70ab3dd4836b32d3c052", "text": "Crustacea of New Zealand, 376.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00877", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926677, "end": 926700, "sha256": "5b24b31fd2c45d7909942b42ba96fcdc1a7d783bfa7484412e649bcef408dbeb", "text": "Crustacean, blind, 137.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00878", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926704, "end": 926721, "sha256": "804d99e6153161478f1179ebdb3279d174160456a8d7561b8c766088864bb182", "text": "Cryptocerus, 238.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00879", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926725, "end": 926746, "sha256": "92f3f92b041fdc62def60bba86810f860afa06f204d2d3e261b5dabb94c34997", "text": "Ctenomys, blind, 137.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00880", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926750, "end": 926775, "sha256": "6a960dbc236af19e6e01bb4305f7abb3413f3ee750e64550e5545f6ce95bc414", "text": "Cuckoo, instinct of, 216.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00881", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926779, "end": 926804, "sha256": "8f42d9d999e69b39f51198d6f8a66549e34771dfdea635a8a3b0514bec295a32", "text": "Currants, grafts of, 262.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00882", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926808, "end": 926838, "sha256": "1659c7776b20c4cda50a39ef598aa75e863b909d1856ef2b156574088aebd4a5", "text": "Currents of sea, rate of, 359.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00883", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926842, "end": 926908, "sha256": "270ffe4cf7548ebe9bdc54405cd574edb8890cc97b2439c9cc2ee51f38ac7cac", "text": "Cuvier: on conditions of existence, 206. on fossil monkeys, 303.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00884", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926912, "end": 926944, "sha256": "faa3dbd1774e028c6407bb61149a6b05a998820221672723d9575e81b3fde332", "text": "Cuvier, Fred., on instinct, 208.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00885", "bookId": 1228, "start": 926948, "end": 927074, "sha256": "cb1689035797e67f460911ad78b6a9ce1b537667230775e30d9b29818a3bb792", "text": "Dana, Professor: on blind cave-animals, 139. on relations of crustaceans of Japan, 372. on crustaceans of New Zealand, 376.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00886", "bookId": 1228, "start": 927078, "end": 927174, "sha256": "e1a296dde2a46cdc390418ed9bb903e186f729cdf077daddbe3b9581464381f2", "text": "De Candolle: on struggle for existence, 62. on umbelliferæ, 146. on general affinities, 430.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00887", "bookId": 1228, "start": 927178, "end": 927516, "sha256": "e447755d598ef39239eee50efc5b31ebbf1326ae14a4f1128248bfd9a1a2a381", "text": "De Candolle, Alph.: on low plants, widely dispersed, 406. on widely-ranging plants being variable, 53. on naturalisation, 115. on winged seeds, 146. on Alpine species suddenly becoming rare, 175. on distribution of plants with large seeds, 360. on vegetation of Australia, 379. on fresh-water plants, 386. on insular plants, 389.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00888", "bookId": 1228, "start": 927520, "end": 927552, "sha256": "ce586db0c989ce505011ef7e631eb9c010ed8980ccaec3b70524e1df2298ca4f", "text": "Degradation of coast-rocks, 282.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00889", "bookId": 1228, "start": 927556, "end": 927605, "sha256": "e98ae341306a436e72dbc0d957d9d17819abbe9fb2f1397948321b13549c5c0d", "text": "Denudation: rate of, 285. of oldest rocks, 308.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00890", "bookId": 1228, "start": 927609, "end": 927643, "sha256": "51043ecb0238d74f58480b0400e785e85842bb49bb56613bffa90e284d919bd6", "text": "Development of ancient forms, 336.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00891", "bookId": 1228, "start": 927647, "end": 927668, "sha256": "0c41e817e2e21cfe3b4874eed23917cf36bd7163e67ac08d304622dfdd047085", "text": "Devonian system, 334.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00892", "bookId": 1228, "start": 927672, "end": 927708, "sha256": "efb2af1ec9c1f7228d8907b811c2c4be7f61810305173913402544f6f22f3520", "text": "Dianthus, fertility of crosses, 256.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00893", "bookId": 1228, "start": 927712, "end": 927739, "sha256": "2b8e35311d77286e4a86239ec8479bbea3be17f8f67950fd08e2d7ee6369d29b", "text": "Dirt on feet of birds, 362.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00894", "bookId": 1228, "start": 927743, "end": 927798, "sha256": "46de5174ee7b37d94b55190db4de19ef01d266331179aed9d30b4128920f027a", "text": "Dispersal: means of, 356. during glacial period, 365.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00895", "bookId": 1228, "start": 927802, "end": 927851, "sha256": "7181aa05edc07ac02bfbf68caaae2a26f474cc018560eb68ace36a1fdcfa8e50", "text": "Distribution: geographical, 346. means of, 356.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00896", "bookId": 1228, "start": 927855, "end": 927893, "sha256": "f469f198b7293aaf61eb8cb2b1e6b1c8626558cba930e97a2ea46c0479ab0a02", "text": "Disuse, effects of, under nature, 134.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00897", "bookId": 1228, "start": 927897, "end": 927926, "sha256": "97458264a4e4e2d68781e1fd222e446648f990c33bdd76bb8bac0531ecf26f45", "text": "Divergence of character, 111.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00898", "bookId": 1228, "start": 927930, "end": 927970, "sha256": "6c4c1b9ae0a1ee84f5ea1e0fdfdc235aa8f0578d0119b9bba6c9f98002568074", "text": "Division, physiological, of labour, 115.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00899", "bookId": 1228, "start": 927974, "end": 928207, "sha256": "0e841c7524ff76abc6ed6048fb580084801052bbe73124de67e90eea0bb0e30f", "text": "Dogs: hairless, with imperfect teeth, 12. descended from several wild stocks, 18. domestic instincts of, 213. inherited civilisation of, 215. fertility of breeds together, 254. of crosses, 268. proportions of, when young, 444.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00900", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928211, "end": 928245, "sha256": "e8e9163f202f3eb2b335d57dcac137b56c108b6e9b763d49b97542d4a8021ea7", "text": "Domestication, variation under, 7.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00901", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928249, "end": 928293, "sha256": "29e4dd67a83a5a5ab78fcff3150c7159cca7b90716f3e898881e215f9ab25812", "text": "Downing, Mr., on fruit-trees in America, 85.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00902", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928297, "end": 928325, "sha256": "be9ac40c9821fbda0461333c21c9be9087dd76f18c2aef7e6e21e0b3be555077", "text": "Downs, North and South, 285.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00903", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928329, "end": 928362, "sha256": "f53596815ffd1ac05b607ee853d9af64b333c5505a9709a8e249ed791ab18325", "text": "Dragon-flies, intestines of, 190.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00904", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928366, "end": 928384, "sha256": "21d0fa255cbb37ef190741a1a0787690c78f7467360f584e918cbc02dcbe5dbb", "text": "Drift-timber, 360.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00905", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928388, "end": 928404, "sha256": "fe121953f008cd307e243de6a6eaccee676cf425e6e2addbbe1331633e867c85", "text": "Driver-ant, 240.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00906", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928408, "end": 928441, "sha256": "623c4d5e31885697921f757d5a035c9b4d2e3b741db79853f380b68745f314d5", "text": "Drones killed by other bees, 202.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00907", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928445, "end": 928505, "sha256": "5127467fa6b59a7fd7544f0e6dfc68e172cbf9dc533aea4cf593d746d2a04dd2", "text": "Duck: domestic, wings of, reduced, 11. logger-headed, 182.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00908", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928509, "end": 928523, "sha256": "554a8717087551ee97b5d9767828c09e53d4804b09edd30bec967b01c07ad612", "text": "Duckweed, 385.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00909", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928527, "end": 928554, "sha256": "80e47e22c756e78ba656512e56621b9bc862868d413b4eb68a083c2a42179b39", "text": "Dugong, affinities of, 414.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00910", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928558, "end": 928597, "sha256": "f3722287183a70c00e7104c939ab9ed98713fef497fc63e9ada46a6cf54d3e28", "text": "Dung-beetles with deficient tarsi, 135.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00911", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928601, "end": 928614, "sha256": "90b26dc0821ba82463c58b74bb357b03d4fb0c031c3ea97979cdd1f09c488817", "text": "Dyticus, 386.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00912", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928618, "end": 928662, "sha256": "705c09ac8e8ec731b92e5c864758162c214cf28b0b35d6970e9036ad7a13c36f", "text": "Earl, Mr. W., on the Malay Archipelago, 395.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00913", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928666, "end": 928726, "sha256": "133574169729d3b540d72e25db0ec748a8b3b3ff6004b7092c80e51829239ae3", "text": "Ears: drooping, in domestic animals, 11. rudimentary, 454.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00914", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928730, "end": 928766, "sha256": "3aa48407a7f8894966e7d02c75027780a9c0a398884c8d0b9020c960c42d0656", "text": "Earth, seeds in roots of trees, 361.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00915", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928770, "end": 928782, "sha256": "8fce512d5e7c677cd796e981af2568129cb6ba81351209da88c2760cd98d6355", "text": "Eciton, 238.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00916", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928786, "end": 928815, "sha256": "24223e9ef36366551dd80ed27ad346fa00fccd36a916a0d6ef06b620dcdddbaa", "text": "Economy of organisation, 147.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00917", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928819, "end": 928875, "sha256": "4b8e73e6419da7727b007b596fffe94869a08206af92cf8e3634b5e93711a93f", "text": "Edentata: teeth and hair, 144. fossil species of, 339.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00918", "bookId": 1228, "start": 928879, "end": 929007, "sha256": "26ad4767270f1ab4a74b09d22cb7f2dbb3548aca5184219d5cbfba4489c45f18", "text": "Edwards, Milne: on physiological divisions of labour, 115. on gradations of structure, 194. on embryological characters, 418.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00919", "bookId": 1228, "start": 929011, "end": 929047, "sha256": "a25801e6e24c15f11955512fa6d960e2a8edc9982499fe6972f8079dcc41d2a3", "text": "Eggs, young birds escaping from, 87.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00920", "bookId": 1228, "start": 929051, "end": 929072, "sha256": "a78f20a6e1ad1a3faa10ea566fe37625dfb2df16b92da051d93850574af6b7fa", "text": "Electric organs, 192.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00921", "bookId": 1228, "start": 929076, "end": 929133, "sha256": "7c6a5dd23bb0744b76691d3feb3978cb762deb22eca189c6e40a1e6ff1d8238a", "text": "Elephant: rate of increase, 64. of glacial period, 141.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00922", "bookId": 1228, "start": 929137, "end": 929153, "sha256": "e6cfedc0b0d289cab6c780c89dfa010b9d55827e16bd75578584725080b3a2e4", "text": "Embryology, 439.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00923", "bookId": 1228, "start": 929157, "end": 929207, "sha256": "43eb5233a3704b989019c5a5720983f81811c736e47e80912c8c3864e9c6f00b", "text": "Existence: struggle for, 60. conditions of, 206.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00939", "bookId": 1228, "start": 930237, "end": 930327, "sha256": "be39f7fd774becdc0ab2c50df8aeab33e905d50020d08f1251912d963001ac1f", "text": "Flowers: structure of, in relation to crossing, 97. of compositæ and umbelliferæ, 144.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00940", "bookId": 1228, "start": 930331, "end": 930622, "sha256": "4cc84f179d5a287d3928fc1257e82b65b2763e43be5c764fd0cfa71a7cca1ee4", "text": "Forbes, E.: on colours of shells, 132. on abrupt range of shells in depth, 175. on poorness of palæontological collections, 287. on continuous succession of genera, 316. on continental extensions, 357. on distribution during glacial period, 366 on parallelism in time and space, 409.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00974", "bookId": 1228, "start": 932288, "end": 932323, "sha256": "58bba3cdfe4c91775c0673fa4a4494e76145597fa2c17db9a236e5c3313eb4ea", "text": "Gould, Dr. A., on land-shells, 397.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00975", "bookId": 1228, "start": 932327, "end": 932440, "sha256": "0c22aa5c0df803222347d15547de364104e9d5341659f2a0f7be03c0c88d3dd9", "text": "Gould, Mr.: on colours of birds, 132. on birds of the Galapagos, 398. on distribution of genera of birds, 404.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00976", "bookId": 1228, "start": 932444, "end": 932465, "sha256": "f54bd4d2ebb2aae45e20aade05ecbff351a88b2fbc94a1ccc2bd60f7c16cb5e7", "text": "Gourds, crossed, 270.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00977", "bookId": 1228, "start": 932469, "end": 932494, "sha256": "1816b021982fbda75f9a145fce758dcbffed111406939e0c985cae7c96bd3a98", "text": "Grafts, capacity of, 261.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00978", "bookId": 1228, "start": 932498, "end": 932525, "sha256": "9920668f9824029b309f9fbc36103bbc838e13a2030e7282ca0fb3d45b9f936b", "text": "Grasses, varieties of, 113.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00979", "bookId": 1228, "start": 932529, "end": 932693, "sha256": "a2745cb70d6298910eecb9216cf1ef719168bad65c0ad6b753041a0d62b7d702", "text": "Gray, Dr. Asa: on trees of United States, 100. on naturalised plants in the United States, 115. on rarity of intermediate varieties, 176. on Alpine plants, 365.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00980", "bookId": 1228, "start": 932697, "end": 932735, "sha256": "8ada7dba6fbbee9b4e7a8a3c32e5beacc4c2da45dce279b4133c3fe8695766de", "text": "Gray, Dr. J. E., on striped mule, 165.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00981", "bookId": 1228, "start": 932739, "end": 932750, "sha256": "170de82fb6d5dceecd3480916f59cf8ac66bb7e8cdea51865a3d7165ad0e6625", "text": "Grebe, 185.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00982", "bookId": 1228, "start": 932754, "end": 932776, "sha256": "fb7bf6bb0f62620b4e734554b46323c5095f37357e6059a2992fe33a7e972d64", "text": "Groups, aberrant, 429.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00983", "bookId": 1228, "start": 932780, "end": 932834, "sha256": "ea41fc94d5e77cdf94a5088ba3fae60f2550b76d05bca78c76eb93fa13899534", "text": "Grouse: colours of, 84. red, a doubtful species, 49.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00984", "bookId": 1228, "start": 932838, "end": 932933, "sha256": "7e0cc5ed464da1c29b0eb36722aa19110cbb1d2be72d889ae5dc651ce96560cc", "text": "Growth: compensation of, 147. correlation of, in domestic products, 11. correlation of, 143.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00985", "bookId": 1228, "start": 932937, "end": 933047, "sha256": "7d99666ec9be1464c6ef804cb926c33fb9355f47b3fe4efa9feaa7c9030dfa8d", "text": "Habit: effect of, under domestication, 11. effect of, under nature, 134. diversified, of same species, 183.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00986", "bookId": 1228, "start": 933051, "end": 933083, "sha256": "3bb022a8eb6f16dbcd4d0061b89d8888834e51da453e5fcfb68ba4464cbe9bc6", "text": "Hair and teeth, correlated, 144.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00987", "bookId": 1228, "start": 933087, "end": 933137, "sha256": "7b480294b96503e9124131a42967ccd8d5a719c90cc661b512d0fd758af83be4", "text": "Harcourt, Mr. E. V., on the birds of Madeira, 391.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00988", "bookId": 1228, "start": 933141, "end": 933185, "sha256": "5481878def430d4541fb2d27ad9f58c8ee1797757c8c9cc1980d8d30a0afb33f", "text": "Hartung, M., on boulders in the Azores, 363.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00989", "bookId": 1228, "start": 933189, "end": 933205, "sha256": "43b6d3af867424ba8b27a7378dd905e634f024ec815b5988b9829053da0abd86", "text": "Hazel-nuts, 359.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B00990", "bookId": 1228, "start": 933209, "end": 933240, "sha256": "40890912f584c35a9fa299879f6ef3548de5fbcbab915c891d3ec5ce1c2d8adf", "text": "Hearne on habits of bears, 184.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01006", "bookId": 1228, "start": 933826, "end": 933868, "sha256": "c6e8647a55a896037444805eb90217ca7e8ceb77f06df193935135e2b0f6c317", "text": "Hooker, Dr., on trees of New Zealand, 100.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01007", "bookId": 1228, "start": 933872, "end": 934282, "sha256": "50e7e75d012a7302400b69a6c4c1a234dd5b717e59a6b950f992182381283ba3", "text": "Hooker, Dr.: on acclimatisation of Himalayan trees, 140. on flowers of umbelliferæ, 145. on glaciers of Himalaya, 373. on algæ of New Zealand, 376. on vegetation at the base of the Himalaya, 378. on plants of Tierra del Fuego, 374, 378. on Australian plants, 375, 399. on relations of flora of South America, 379. on flora of the Antarctic lands, 381, 399. on the plants of the Galapagos, 391, 398.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01008", "bookId": 1228, "start": 934286, "end": 934337, "sha256": "bc3c035d7aa62b327a82b9408ec3536e0f5c98075758c666b7a1e9379f15edcb", "text": "Hooks: on bamboos, 197. to seeds on islands, 392.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01009", "bookId": 1228, "start": 934341, "end": 934388, "sha256": "ef0e142d321e76eecdb4f33b7fe8c5dc0dbccb459444f0a9ffe82919df059032", "text": "Horner, Mr., on the antiquity of Egyptians, 18.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01010", "bookId": 1228, "start": 934392, "end": 934416, "sha256": "741f5cbaf28ccfcae6012bb6f3c983754acf8382f4e87bd00ff8ef0e4a8d2a5e", "text": "Horns, rudimentary, 454.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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M., on the birds of Bermuda, 391.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01037", "bookId": 1228, "start": 935782, "end": 935813, "sha256": "724bc6bc4367e92830e38adc46cd89a573bb31958df50de55107d2623a4ca1ee", "text": "Jussieu on classification, 417.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01038", "bookId": 1228, "start": 935817, "end": 935841, "sha256": "fedc59847550926163f1975873502e74d3779923006e89b472d84ceb6e1b7f03", "text": "Kentucky, caves of, 137.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01039", "bookId": 1228, "start": 935845, "end": 935880, "sha256": "0b0576af8cf1fe6078e9742e008450b82b773cd0c54b76070fbe1dbd27a93450", "text": "Kerguelen-land, flora of, 381, 399.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01061", "bookId": 1228, "start": 936798, "end": 936822, "sha256": "3a2ef015eba94c32794507fe0f6aaba590a3912dbf20714165341e806e3d9ee2", "text": "Loess of the Rhine, 384.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01062", "bookId": 1228, "start": 936826, "end": 936879, "sha256": "197f6972798abc93e090aabae02e6ffca11077204d9ca11515072dadebe317d9", "text": "Lowness of structure connected with variability, 149.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01063", "bookId": 1228, "start": 936883, "end": 936926, "sha256": "334ea4e5e4cfb1901f22966db9f35effd49866a6fee252eb1b92642b93f350ff", "text": "Lowness, related to wide distribution, 406.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01069", "bookId": 1228, "start": 937775, "end": 937813, "sha256": "942fc50ab10522e435f2bfdabc0d62dc41029b61ea13dda238063f5f48a5403e", "text": "Macleay on analogical characters, 427.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01070", "bookId": 1228, "start": 937817, "end": 937915, "sha256": "58b5cfcccab54fdc046a78805860f87d61668404e5aaaa89f443e0b060e9b378", "text": "Madeira: plants of, 107. beetles of, wingless, 135. fossil land-shells of, 339. birds of, 390.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01071", "bookId": 1228, "start": 937919, "end": 937946, "sha256": "a70eaeb701908eb56c313cd42d2288cd35aa0da58dd3c86df0ffdad47ea65c5e", "text": "Magpie tame in Norway, 212.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01072", "bookId": 1228, "start": 937950, "end": 937970, "sha256": "3c9c8dbb4f958995f86993e1168220a0c7e453c761f5fb1bfea13f5a5fd83b48", "text": "Maize, crossed, 270.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01073", "bookId": 1228, "start": 937974, "end": 938038, "sha256": "0d51150328d89163b16c5a7e882c123c9e4fb3c22013732f2f71605f9f251de6", "text": "Malay Archipelago: compared with Europe, 299. mammals of, 395.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01074", "bookId": 1228, "start": 938042, "end": 938061, "sha256": "5aa15d8b03c54d9995a25c940bb7bf8dfae55b62e1f8de4cb8daafad21a51da1", "text": "Malpighiaceæ, 417.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01078", "bookId": 1228, "start": 938192, "end": 938227, "sha256": "4cabf0a8444e47bd316ed152197ea26efb232ea8936dce446261c9d5a3fd4f4c", "text": "Manatee, rudimentary nails of, 454.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01079", "bookId": 1228, "start": 938231, "end": 938287, "sha256": "ed62e53d3a14a65bbc49554d4e37d025d098d548c2045d1f3b603a54c45ce2a5", "text": "Marsupials: of Australia, 116. fossil species of, 339.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01080", "bookId": 1228, "start": 938291, "end": 938329, "sha256": "1d0a07a2d645fe287381801d34af8c6da76bae2cabb920211fb6dcda71bb794b", "text": "Martens, M., experiment on seeds, 360.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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C., on striped mules, 165.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01082", "bookId": 1228, "start": 938378, "end": 938424, "sha256": "9f9b371c9351749fbe6ba96d5f147ba2e13344ddf9311d4def86ac6412973515", "text": "Matteuchi on the electric organs of rays, 193.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01083", "bookId": 1228, "start": 938428, "end": 938466, "sha256": "d13ba16930bfd69802ee906f840b8149b61decfbdb95e444800dc964641031e0", "text": "Matthiola, reciprocal crosses of, 258.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01084", "bookId": 1228, "start": 938470, "end": 938494, "sha256": "96dcfde60059e59f8d9f76bf9960b58cdd995848b2017378fb693bac3aae4689", "text": "Means of dispersal, 356.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01085", "bookId": 1228, "start": 938498, "end": 938522, "sha256": "4cf68d7e0b6315c0f19ef14bf731806605539869855a609d90abf99bb598adfe", "text": "Melipona domestica, 225.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01086", "bookId": 1228, "start": 938526, "end": 938560, "sha256": "3f3b00b628a31c1ffdaf3d8066001955c8f6629fa14e8be2efcda3758fff2834", "text": "Metamorphism of oldest rocks, 308.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01087", "bookId": 1228, "start": 938564, "end": 938617, "sha256": "5a5df384cc5121de56b04d401678a9ec8e96137e3e6148fc75e337b01ed217a5", "text": "Mice: destroying bees, 74. acclimatisation of, 141.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01088", "bookId": 1228, "start": 938621, "end": 938674, "sha256": "daadd1af239bcbd83bb58b93599e29f39fede6af5da09ca46eacc835cc594e47", "text": "Migration, bears on first appearance of fossils, 296.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01089", "bookId": 1228, "start": 938678, "end": 938723, "sha256": "b9f7502ccd6d07c5d797e09ce24e86abc5f61508f71373834b89b8c92d201140", "text": "Miller, Professor, on the cells of bees, 226.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01090", "bookId": 1228, "start": 938727, "end": 938754, "sha256": "042bcb4a9bbeada7bf2f728162038d5bd6865fd64ad85a19b8ab8aa969d406f8", "text": "Mirabilis, crosses of, 258.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01115", "bookId": 1228, "start": 939749, "end": 939773, "sha256": "212cbecb414ada4c931d32937cd561d7d9a53e379c5f7d86bf23898641c11f79", "text": "Nautilus, Silurian, 306.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01116", "bookId": 1228, "start": 939777, "end": 939798, "sha256": "b859294890fead31c236c500981fb25d853c48d1be0b1801c6d35da7155acca0", "text": "Nectar of plants, 92.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01117", "bookId": 1228, "start": 939802, "end": 939828, "sha256": "420c0008500696a091243df1a6634e700f0cda79040fe99b99bcdd53d1246b0f", "text": "Nectaries, how formed, 92.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01121", "bookId": 1228, "start": 939911, "end": 939943, "sha256": "a06baaf964e9e4299a04471fc963bf1c5224553b0fb670179b1d174b8b329644", "text": "Newman, Mr., on humble-bees, 74.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01122", "bookId": 1228, "start": 939947, "end": 940154, "sha256": "b791cdae793833748fe542a786689da3eed3620958305f45c00bc26fe90ddabe", "text": "New Zealand: productions of, not perfect, 201. naturalised products of, 337. fossil birds of, 339. glacial action in, 373. crustaceans of, 376. algæ of, 376. number of plants of, 389. flora of, 399.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01123", "bookId": 1228, "start": 940158, "end": 940232, "sha256": "36663d748e2a9af3efd538ca207d250dfb07124aab0223fada29ad0a283f28ae", "text": "Nicotiana: crossed varieties of, 271. certain species very sterile, 257.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01124", "bookId": 1228, "start": 940236, "end": 940282, "sha256": "b29386e1d9705584391f7cd10e51b10969178a37e299a2b058c0a62d1e47ece5", "text": "Noble, Mr., on fertility of Rhododendron, 251.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01125", "bookId": 1228, "start": 940286, "end": 940327, "sha256": "8ec4246d977d2248a9ed5a4f5d4a869b63afc74f248075acded256761a923172", "text": "Nodules, phosphatic, in azoic rocks, 307.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01126", "bookId": 1228, "start": 940331, "end": 940353, "sha256": "9190f93baf13a1e1bcd7a8d8c5a45cc6e1905d455a37babd19080a10231457f5", "text": "Oak, varieties of, 50.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01127", "bookId": 1228, "start": 940357, "end": 940377, "sha256": "9603a1eb4a4bbef944dcc3cff52c1bcd3dcdfd8b1a4d1e9192172bfcb8a59862", "text": "Onites apelles, 135.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01128", "bookId": 1228, "start": 940381, "end": 940404, "sha256": "01040944aca9b50aadf676fe21ffebd1e82642523b6ba59ad80c53d0d735c501", "text": "Orchis, pollen of, 193.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01129", "bookId": 1228, "start": 940408, "end": 940537, "sha256": "cb6a623cd10de36f122a644e84250d51541c6d6a2144a1e361d5f3bfa81b5a44", "text": "Organs: of extreme perfection, 186. electric, of fishes, 192. of little importance, 194. homologous, 434. rudiments of, 450.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01130", "bookId": 1228, "start": 940541, "end": 940567, "sha256": "fcd30997f88f92c7a24704f236c11bc13c1b89c243b80e997f1cb1a99cf01b55", "text": "Ornithorhynchus, 107, 416.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01131", "bookId": 1228, "start": 940571, "end": 940677, "sha256": "98f4a4c3f09851970e66e9c88d484b2e57c086d6c197199b2a41eeb07a79aec7", "text": "Ostrich: not capable of flight, 134. habit of laying eggs together, 218. American, two species of, 349.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01132", "bookId": 1228, "start": 940681, "end": 940717, "sha256": "b264991351fd3029cf0dd9fdd8634ea46f8d3e0dc74c4ebecaf33bef2f9221f1", "text": "Otter, habits of, how acquired, 179.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01133", "bookId": 1228, "start": 940721, "end": 940739, "sha256": "3349f8d5d3124356c5c48dd62f6c8724126db4bbf26dc9d91a292a814638e4e1", "text": "Ouzel, water, 185.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01134", "bookId": 1228, "start": 940743, "end": 941201, "sha256": "2c37ff26f1ab774f88ab97815952ef182b5db0dca821e2c4e49753c939284d7d", "text": "Owen, Professor: on birds not flying, 134. on vegetative repetition, 149. on variable length of arms in ourang-outang, 150. on the swim-bladder of fishes, 191. on electric organs, 192. on fossil horse of La Plata, 319. on relations of ruminants and pachyderms, 329. on fossil birds of New Zealand, 339. on succession of types, 339. on affinities of the dugong, 414. on homologous organs, 435. on the metamorphosis of cephalopods and spiders, 442.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01135", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941205, "end": 941235, "sha256": "9c57afdafde9dff5c78e642ba752e9cfb8c93aeecc2a0b1c0a9cd9361b716369", "text": "Pacific Ocean, faunas of, 348.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01136", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941239, "end": 941282, "sha256": "abbdb86336e47692adb831623f11f7458d96bcb515f9cf87b2473f834728247d", "text": "Paley on no organ formed to give pain, 201.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01137", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941286, "end": 941354, "sha256": "c53b07ad331f991622c5276f22e03ab3478bf48c0237736f2d4445596184c12b", "text": "Pallas on the fertility of the wild stocks of domestic animals, 253.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01138", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941358, "end": 941398, "sha256": "3d71559a454dee9dba4788da9f16b51d661beae47812209a67d5c2633140f7e8", "text": "Paraguay, cattle destroyed by flies, 72.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01139", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941402, "end": 941417, "sha256": "5ec673d148edd8724bc692ef44be4b48ce0c44103cd40b0837e3a6f341be9d15", "text": "Parasites, 217.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01140", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941421, "end": 941450, "sha256": "f730d5cf8caa7f506d75e8c25aa2ba55aadfc586b7ed3c1257be31bb16caeff5", "text": "Partridge, dirt on feet, 362.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01141", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941454, "end": 941524, "sha256": "d884d6c8a62ba4a941dcb5f9b83a4938337c789b1b9d91e043dc4fae7c5af072", "text": "Parts: greatly developed, variable, 150. degrees of utility of, 201.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01142", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941528, "end": 941545, "sha256": "011c674784a2369bf9a89f7a2e9e3434dc63bcb7194117b6034d4da952be727d", "text": "Parus major, 183.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01143", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941549, "end": 941565, "sha256": "010f4273b71b8150c0a9c32c021b6c4d257cd6e5d656a587c9222cfd59d60198", "text": "Passiflora, 251.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01144", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941569, "end": 941598, "sha256": "0d1f353ba06d29854704b51923182764b1840bf2ae990e821e60c1025c63518e", "text": "Peaches in United States, 85.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01145", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941602, "end": 941623, "sha256": "cf46fafc7e1dab96cf17eb42b74c46705a0e3e87b70a6dabe74cdd7418b544a7", "text": "Pear, grafts of, 261.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01146", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941627, "end": 941677, "sha256": "0643dc67e69a0e6ae74b19cc8e52a9c32634ba77da07b51d76aa50cd9f767b97", "text": "Pelargonium: flowers of, 145. sterility of, 251.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01147", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941681, "end": 941702, "sha256": "3bdca3973752be321968d90edfe254c43835e17c0afbda4a424fe791958d2cef", "text": "Pelvis of women, 144.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01148", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941706, "end": 941719, "sha256": "07b9c38bc0151e51d919fa14609a28dc37c29537a594d12ae645216164f25a9d", "text": "Peloria, 145.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01149", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941723, "end": 941744, "sha256": "14839310ccfb1bd47e1eba2aad438f8eac50cef5ae9e78fcdac1fa4bd1f092e6", "text": "Period, glacial, 365.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01150", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941748, "end": 941772, "sha256": "edbe12cc5880ce32e95ee0d946921441c9b97f5e35e6c6b1ae0074c79e254395", "text": "Petrels, habits of, 184.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01151", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941776, "end": 941813, "sha256": "5704c5dbd6a3bdcbd1920d3382c9c98cc7be8e39a7baef08709e03f0c439f5b8", "text": "Phasianus, fertility of hybrids, 253.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01152", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941817, "end": 941844, "sha256": "a00533b957f3f183e5eaa983ca8558361907327890d3e0db362492243bbcd4d4", "text": "Pheasant, young, wild, 216.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01153", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941848, "end": 941892, "sha256": "06a131cbfb0fee61673e1574868a5a3f7b38c5d1bbb8d4cae28bfdaaac483628", "text": "Philippi on tertiary species in Sicily, 312.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01154", "bookId": 1228, "start": 941896, "end": 942138, "sha256": "353d99b27fa4f53d5908bb852b5e30be612ea4021de9ebc5db75b63500541e79", "text": "Pictet, Professor: on groups of species suddenly appearing, 302, 305. on rate of organic change, 313. on continuous succession of genera, 316. on close alliance of fossils in consecutive formations, 335. on embryological succession, 338.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01155", "bookId": 1228, "start": 942142, "end": 942182, "sha256": "9c0776d3252f4c5b5338496e81ffc44d39bf93a272604652f3ebd9defa84ba6e", "text": "Pierce, Mr., on varieties of wolves, 91.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01162", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943011, "end": 943061, "sha256": "4232aa81fedf3ec7766e3fb2c471b3b04d92cbca7abf0413ff063b7fd9cb5b62", "text": "Poison not affecting certain coloured animals, 12.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01163", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943065, "end": 943119, "sha256": "f644d92cc2efded2cd9af1b0c8f29e4d4f268ec12dfbf6bc3a9a626fbf965cad", "text": "Poison, similar effect of, on animals and plants, 484.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01164", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943123, "end": 943148, "sha256": "681d0594c99efdd332d1ab76a8ce196aea06a050585f5d7215e8877b4ec790a3", "text": "Pollen of fir-trees, 203,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01165", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943152, "end": 943190, "sha256": "2bb390138d9ff60e5d91efbb897ab769128356fa4660a5cf5ef8d067f4228ecc", "text": "Poole, Col., on striped hemionus, 163.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01166", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943194, "end": 943211, "sha256": "e92762b4bb8c1ca63b3ea4aefa661b30fcbb2e69b1369bf518d55a016aecc696", "text": "Potamogeton, 387.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01167", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943215, "end": 943276, "sha256": "69af5cb6e007025df8fc93f1282ef5a7dbca1ad60ecc152af8eacd3aff77b1be", "text": "Prestwich, Mr., on English and French eocene formations, 328.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01168", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943280, "end": 943313, "sha256": "439bf645178099d261dec9078e2ca3806bc20396b6e116d7ec177d96c7b49985", "text": "Primrose, 49. sterility of, 247.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01169", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943317, "end": 943343, "sha256": "03335a51ceca1ce0fe5cb0a12458f713ae77ab84d12f13bca73ccc89eaa5999f", "text": "Primula, varieties of, 49.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01170", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943347, "end": 943364, "sha256": "2d2e6e9ac4353525dcd199f0ea69dc7950b33393f933e13bf3dcd40dce56b87a", "text": "Proteolepas, 148.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01174", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943450, "end": 943473, "sha256": "412c66b06cecf8f7512073ad9803ab5e159ea717a978e6eef5ccf5af77487a43", "text": "Quince, grafts of, 261.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01175", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943477, "end": 943511, "sha256": "c0f665088f0797a5805686dc1e51abae5b8b9fccd60e6465abc9881ca2be4583", "text": "Rabbit, disposition of young, 215.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01176", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943515, "end": 943550, "sha256": "7c3f6368c763511213d32e422d0d5d0f294aab83c7b9c4809375913e3ff3155a", "text": "Races, domestic, characters of, 16.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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English, 356.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01178", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943596, "end": 943630, "sha256": "b97bbc73bdb5fce5cc2448b9b40e0befeddfbe900acaf4ede8d7d41722953828", "text": "Ramond on plants of Pyrenees, 368.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01179", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943634, "end": 943715, "sha256": "f1ca9354d84f5785f728ea649745e91cc42c1e8a9b526a94d93ca8e1db2102a1", "text": "Ramsay, Professor: on thickness of the British formations, 284. on faults, 285.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01180", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943719, "end": 943741, "sha256": "e242bcc88150f649a2e790b8242fb3c117534116cfaf4a50e9a41458974faefd", "text": "Ratio of increase, 63.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01181", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943745, "end": 943826, "sha256": "b7a85a8713caea1a006c221a647cd10f0c2741c6c62f0ab597ae145e0d3a8165", "text": "Rats: supplanting each other, 76. acclimatisation of, 141. blind in cave, 137.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01182", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943830, "end": 943848, "sha256": "851d91722f18bfbfafae38a0ca9cdae45d550e07e2c5223a8bad952e3529d859", "text": "Rattle-snake, 201.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01183", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943852, "end": 943877, "sha256": "ae733b996d2a8efc8f1c7b56bd94ad808003d4c5200282e33898b53efe87676a", "text": "Reason and instinct, 208.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01184", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943881, "end": 943910, "sha256": "f8661e6da7a10f24b9b55d09633de35c656b8614d4090403f9a2e3e2f4223a37", "text": "Recapitulation, general, 459.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01185", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943914, "end": 943942, "sha256": "1380b313b94b126157f5927dffa3f6e3b9203216eee3ec23224a14b5cf92306e", "text": "Reciprocity of crosses, 258.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01186", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943946, "end": 943981, "sha256": "6bc1aa15dbff682af0bb09acd824e3148d48b3e73ce1df0148cc1800188bbc28", "text": "Record, geological, imperfect, 279.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01187", "bookId": 1228, "start": 943985, "end": 944024, "sha256": "b55b6e7f8a629b9f8168291e843ade5c55556c1471a551d54c148ad5ff8de280", "text": "Rengger on flies destroying cattle, 72.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01188", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944028, "end": 944054, "sha256": "2ab20826d457c84bb4c790e6b0dc2c926f3b01e65739751c1170b9d611dd8821", "text": "Reproduction, rate of, 63.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01189", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944058, "end": 944110, "sha256": "7984fa1225e1d502ecf6e6ded2ccda012ffc4c05ea8148611c91f71638113d68", "text": "Resemblance to parents in mongrels and hybrids, 273.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01190", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944114, "end": 944182, "sha256": "11112986f179e815e8b7f75dd377509f542fd3400e33cb5ef1f30dbfb6d6b5ba", "text": "Reversion: law of inheritance, 14. in pigeons to blue colour, 160.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01191", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944186, "end": 944218, "sha256": "f1ef8e976e3f35ae79efcbe6acc3715a28712bfaaf96916226a64209f286066d", "text": "Rhododendron, sterility of, 251.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01192", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944222, "end": 944260, "sha256": "cebb5014c7d8c94d0748bce83b652d61b894f4abbb4483d583185a0a8c180996", "text": "Richard, Professor, on Aspicarpa, 417.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01196", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944416, "end": 944440, "sha256": "99abd69338968f37e3a396192f64bc1dc808bbf77166f3b034b5d80718a69277", "text": "Rudimentary organs, 450.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01197", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944444, "end": 944488, "sha256": "9a9934534817f3b9dddaf2d1b9e772a0d951d41be18ce541551d3e08481b231d", "text": "Rudiments important for classification, 416.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01198", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944492, "end": 944515, "sha256": "581016aa193ff4890e56e8be46be4a90ff09bf7fd05af0cde1b4c533b70ea450", "text": "Sageret on grafts, 262.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01199", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944519, "end": 944567, "sha256": "cb5859d207caefb952dc74c52ceaf94cba4521e4d878768ccdf7dc05dffac7df", "text": "Salmons, males fighting, and hooked jaws of, 88.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01200", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944571, "end": 944615, "sha256": "853162eda70c2ee636a344569eb288cda6dcd2297b7df5dd933b99d064549103", "text": "Salt-water, how far injurious to seeds, 358.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01201", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944619, "end": 944648, "sha256": "76c32e9e41d19284c2daff58e1c6e48b82e57ca616042beb79d300285ca9d1e4", "text": "Saurophagus sulphuratus, 183.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01202", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944652, "end": 944684, "sha256": "b34553cbae7bdbeebb6939d464454aec45cb5d618e0b48e23c156e4e9a2465df", "text": "Schiödte on blind insects, 138.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01203", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944688, "end": 944712, "sha256": "b2019f55119ee4078309344bde5a597c0bf64964558173e0413b2398cbe16d18", "text": "Schlegel on snakes, 144.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01204", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944716, "end": 944759, "sha256": "6211b8000252e37e3e705dff881e0369cb260550273f22fcc67fd538d5b62ec4", "text": "Sea-water, how far injurious to seeds, 358.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01205", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944763, "end": 944835, "sha256": "52e3f858c419e45a4f96de8a5997c62eef0d13c27d3634c93151d77696e01330", "text": "Sebright, Sir J.: on crossed animals, 20. on selection of pigeons, 31.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01206", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944839, "end": 944905, "sha256": "b9509631bafc8d99a0204b7cb4989966a5e218178c376687c575c1277f4344a2", "text": "Sedgwick, Professor, on groups of species suddenly appearing, 302.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01207", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944909, "end": 944944, "sha256": "095493b3aef0ec6f7cfa38a81bb30f6e3c62200b27bf195cfa90a98edd94224a", "text": "Seedlings destroyed by insects, 67.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01208", "bookId": 1228, "start": 944948, "end": 945130, "sha256": "c1c7d6cfe9cf805acc815e4b364beee074fd670046bdff062b623ea9490654fb", "text": "Seeds: nutriment in, 77. winged, 146. power of resisting salt-water, 358. in crops and intestines of birds, 361. eaten by fish, 362, 387. in mud, 386. hooked, on islands, 392.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01209", "bookId": 1228, "start": 945134, "end": 945297, "sha256": "5e05489995ffa1816a9e011b48585a4524e8a7fbe76a9e750a8055edad650258", "text": "Selection: of domestic products, 29. principle not of recent origin, 33. unconscious, 34. natural, 80. sexual, 87. natural, circumstances favourable to, 101.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01210", "bookId": 1228, "start": 945301, "end": 945325, "sha256": "f2d071cc3fe81729849488fbf0783b05744412ebe7fe8faa520ff91263c018c2", "text": "Sexes, relations of, 87.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01211", "bookId": 1228, "start": 945329, "end": 945379, "sha256": "d8ea2f0f7d20009c90d26ea1557f14d9785ac20d7c215d415d652d34f6670ac7", "text": "Sexual: characters variable, 156. selection, 87.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01212", "bookId": 1228, "start": 945383, "end": 945494, "sha256": "5c0163c4cce0f1082489199d390e1cc3dc5c087ca593f0ac464ab9e51d175855", "text": "Sheep: Merino, their selection, 31. two sub-breeds unintentionally produced, 36. mountain, varieties of, 76.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01213", "bookId": 1228, "start": 945498, "end": 945636, "sha256": "a2cab9dd47191132c7946b2f32ce86f3e8d34125a8372cfd0007a77d62b9635e", "text": "Shells: colours of, 132. littoral, seldom embedded, 288. fresh-water, dispersal of, 385. of Madeira, 391. land, distribution of, 397.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01217", "bookId": 1228, "start": 945759, "end": 945786, "sha256": "7989a39428bd3de160c7630c337f6b9c0788af15dd219d598bbb4686bc420a7b", "text": "Slave-making instinct, 219.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01218", "bookId": 1228, "start": 945790, "end": 945835, "sha256": "421c79bd1291bd46d86c05f0399478db13f6bb923ccae40d17d8cf4b86d1428c", "text": "Smith, Col. 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01274", "bookId": 1228, "start": 948459, "end": 948480, "sha256": "bd47fa067dcd911b1768da8826fdd31972a566f3ec89f414693a518fb9744834", "text": "Tucutucu, blind, 137.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01275", "bookId": 1228, "start": 948484, "end": 948545, "sha256": "55038bfea1f40e066a6f36fd66bd2a22cfd1450899e3dfa490af6c6c2c675d08", "text": "Tumbler pigeons: habits of, hereditary, 214. young of, 446.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01276", "bookId": 1228, "start": 948549, "end": 948590, "sha256": "b3977a7c6af519d8fc91f8dd46bfdc2be8125f000ed3ef720358df4c8450976a", "text": "Turkey-cock, brush of hair on breast, 90.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01277", "bookId": 1228, "start": 948594, "end": 948646, "sha256": "063b80035cf95e6e6c550fafe53673e98da6412e92e657331fc91e8dec8f2a71", "text": "Turkey: naked skin on head, 197. young, wild, 216.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01278", "bookId": 1228, "start": 948650, "end": 948699, "sha256": "b8d1c61ae560c2881ab297767e0d1032ba88b1ffe173ac93b6b0b3d453164658", "text": "Turnip and cabbage, analogous variations of, 159.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01279", "bookId": 1228, "start": 948703, "end": 948723, "sha256": "f28952d25c72cb73c24400c13b29e5945dc7db11965565670fd980c1a98e0dd0", "text": "Type, unity of, 206.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01280", "bookId": 1228, "start": 948727, "end": 948768, "sha256": "c550018096464f4d910f18c21d1d9d13e79aa646ab64220b12be23244172fd9a", "text": "Types, succession of, in same areas, 338.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01281", "bookId": 1228, "start": 948772, "end": 948820, "sha256": "061396afcaaad217896d13db1c00c89019b138b6e8e2d136ee357d10e240912a", "text": "Udders: enlarged by use, 11. rudimentary, 451.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01282", "bookId": 1228, "start": 948824, "end": 948851, "sha256": "2d6edc1720cc840e0c751d2e8cda994f3204e9db771469bd4a59509721048d3a", "text": "Ulex, young leaves of, 439.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01283", "bookId": 1228, "start": 948855, "end": 948901, "sha256": "d6696f11035971c058df1be20908026b94015d3ea6d45c269f5b00620bccfbf8", "text": "Umbelliferæ, outer and inner florets of, 144.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01284", "bookId": 1228, "start": 948905, "end": 948924, "sha256": "e5a80de1bc6b109bf972c9ef2544730d711ac0a762ba7893ca363c05ffb1b466", "text": "Unity of type, 206.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01285", "bookId": 1228, "start": 948928, "end": 949010, "sha256": "1db010fe24d84fc188b993f2995645f43bfdb05a32f84298c8e3a564b22e9343", "text": "Use: effects of, under domestication, 11. effects of, in a state of nature, 134.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01286", "bookId": 1228, "start": 949014, "end": 949079, "sha256": "3ac2e8e9036adb92b284914fb0b001d8b3eb5af9b53005e8379066c55d71d106", "text": "Utility, how far important in the construction of each part, 199.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01287", "bookId": 1228, "start": 949083, "end": 949121, "sha256": "ffb6257ff91bf3c6876656148c18bfd6daa625112231f02101ae6977b0765c1a", "text": "Valenciennes on fresh-water fish, 384.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01288", "bookId": 1228, "start": 949125, "end": 949166, "sha256": "340b41f0c927c6491b4ddc30aa0f65c5c21ba1dcf75e621794f48ba495c8b5e3", "text": "Variability of mongrels and hybrids, 274.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01289", "bookId": 1228, "start": 949170, "end": 949311, "sha256": "6a9b1f114625d3f26128451fa8e2493d592e5a5cbe4093dd912ba8afe5c12bc1", "text": "Variation: under domestication, 7. caused by reproductive system being affected by conditions of life, 8. under nature, 44. laws of, 131.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01290", "bookId": 1228, "start": 949315, "end": 949402, "sha256": "9499c2c1e6dfa3681815777748a9d5ded6493e1e59d3976b86b02335b952b344", "text": "Variations: appear at corresponding ages, 14, 86. analogous in distinct species, 159.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01291", "bookId": 1228, "start": 949406, "end": 949598, "sha256": "e79e74f215913ca853ec01b0cc03a3184e1cf0de250f4f66fdcdf302323c3887", "text": "Varieties: natural, 44. struggle between, 75. domestic, extinction of, 111. transitional, rarity of, 172. when crossed, fertile, 267. when crossed, sterile, 269. classification of, 423.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01292", "bookId": 1228, "start": 949602, "end": 949661, "sha256": "0e16cb213c0a022f9780b4b5ddbc88fa292ab98402cfee7bf00c20660a073028", "text": "Verbascum: sterility of, 251. varieties of, crossed, 270.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01293", "bookId": 1228, "start": 949665, "end": 949716, "sha256": "a1b799b35a4ea13efed73cd322c40827d216a8548b280f2355b546c0a2086397", "text": "Verneuil, M. de, on the succession of species, 325.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01294", "bookId": 1228, "start": 949720, "end": 949739, "sha256": "45cfc5d33cb9e8419670147b78a00cbd6e2d7ea370a63419322b94f892b302a2", "text": "Viola tricolor, 73.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01295", "bookId": 1228, "start": 949743, "end": 949780, "sha256": "a8a8271b4f0b6923d4d626c6a67d42633cf5cb865fa095b91bf78748af3fe2b4", "text": "Volcanic islands, denudation of, 284.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01296", "bookId": 1228, "start": 949784, "end": 949817, "sha256": "e3a56cf1fdaf607ab904e689726c5a2aefcb0cece5fdaa00a5d1d4d9e3f460b9", "text": "Vulture, naked skin on head, 197.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01297", "bookId": 1228, "start": 949821, "end": 949839, "sha256": "507a7fe4db61585dc793e802781337a96c31d1ce766835f69f60249a8c114684", "text": "Wading-birds, 386.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01298", "bookId": 1228, "start": 949843, "end": 949957, "sha256": "0c532d2c8f793fbaaf387ddcec31f0b77c0f1d15022451e725b5844f9c8a4d4a", "text": "Wallace, Mr.: on origin of species, 2. on law of geographical distribution, 355. on the Malay Archipelago, 395.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01299", "bookId": 1228, "start": 949961, "end": 949981, "sha256": "29ac1f490ee2e7cce35700dec35019a5146ab5d0e146db3397ab9cdfa3a4e698", "text": "Wasp, sting of, 202.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01300", "bookId": 1228, "start": 949985, "end": 950019, "sha256": "6865daf424b512211be29912415eff18ed6e2502346e7852cb3d72972df3897b", "text": "Water, fresh, productions of, 383.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01301", "bookId": 1228, "start": 950023, "end": 950038, "sha256": "3fca0d1073b5c4eaff77e325904641c4f333b5498a4edd9cd12d0a483de4dd0a", "text": "Water-hen, 185.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01302", "bookId": 1228, "start": 950042, "end": 950196, "sha256": "5f3bc2f6170b15ebadfe5b31f86117e3474bd7dae74adae3ce3aff05c2100cab", "text": "Waterhouse, Mr.: on Australian marsupials, 116. on greatly developed parts being variable, 150. on the cells of bees, 225. on general affinities, 429.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01303", "bookId": 1228, "start": 950200, "end": 950217, "sha256": "c234a31c928a2934ed9bb3ecf5aa8666f491de30fa2d7ccc573c7c6eecf1e883", "text": "Water-ouzel, 185.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01304", "bookId": 1228, "start": 950221, "end": 950409, "sha256": "9ee2369a58e4b3128cce565e9d627be835420617268541c4504eb52de8caecea", "text": "Watson, Mr. H. C.: on range of varieties of British plants, 58. on acclimatisation, 140. on flora of Azores, 363. on Alpine plants, 367, 376. on rarity of intermediate varieties, 176.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01305", "bookId": 1228, "start": 950413, "end": 950439, "sha256": "8d1e6cd660a127ae6b306c80af9023f4cad5306730d2b472553afee42734d166", "text": "Weald, denudation of, 285.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01306", "bookId": 1228, "start": 950443, "end": 950475, "sha256": "b5b4192f75be5e6dfe069f0e7c45dea3bdd37220ad40ca92eb44667408cd5a2d", "text": "Web of feet in water-birds, 185.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01307", "bookId": 1228, "start": 950479, "end": 950516, "sha256": "2f5c35ea07f558ebf05bf86132fc278f66bcf0d77684c31d607b69b8b158cfd6", "text": "West Indian islands, mammals of, 395.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01308", "bookId": 1228, "start": 950520, "end": 950672, "sha256": "bd00de1031a1144bed7a2453ed19c614a2bcf44471c35623dfd159f4be400621", "text": "Westwood: on species in large genera being closely allied to others, 57. on the tarsi of Engidæ, 157. on the antennæ of hymenopterous insects, 416.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01309", "bookId": 1228, "start": 950676, "end": 950696, "sha256": "0259e80f8cae1928fefd3cfcfa31f05c1bcee71321524cc78a70b419f1a0ed46", "text": "Whales, fossil, 303.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01310", "bookId": 1228, "start": 950700, "end": 950725, "sha256": "cdd2a80067306149ef91aa9b2776427c082111c23e0d37c4ebcd2d1012e06ae2", "text": "Wheat, varieties of, 113.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01311", "bookId": 1228, "start": 950729, "end": 950760, "sha256": "367c49692f8285f493bc754d13d21c4d33dcae66d11615c79b82953edf156e4b", "text": "White Mountains, flora of, 365.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01312", "bookId": 1228, "start": 950764, "end": 950794, "sha256": "998358f720f3f7d0f617d4ac979af3f183a780e659d6640edeabd5747f1fa39a", "text": "Wings, reduction of size, 134.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01313", "bookId": 1228, "start": 950798, "end": 950879, "sha256": "936993b7123031b0524e0a4e2a1a698a9e0d684c50dcd1a22adef61ff5ae75d6", "text": "Wings: of insects homologous with branchiæ, 191. rudimentary, in insects, 451.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01314", "bookId": 1228, "start": 950883, "end": 950937, "sha256": "54282a6ea5088993ecbbfbf41e035af14a926da16de101ee7b844cf1aa1862bc", "text": "Wolf: crossed with dog, 214. of Falkland Isles, 393.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01315", "bookId": 1228, "start": 950941, "end": 951222, "sha256": "ce85ddfca939f920ea63cf13d0be91a13777a44b188e2f43a2e7d0fb958af09d", "text": "Wollaston, Mr.: on varieties of insects, 48. on fossil varieties of land-shells in Madeira, 52. on colours of insects on sea-shore, 132. on wingless beetles, 135. on rarity of intermediate varieties, 176. on insular insects, 389. on land-shells of Madeira, naturalised, 402.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01316", "bookId": 1228, "start": 951226, "end": 951251, "sha256": "945498623b481a4caf6732e4b260541a1d80fcfa642277446204d9bbb42bb170", "text": "Wolves, varieties of, 90.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01317", "bookId": 1228, "start": 951255, "end": 951306, "sha256": "ff91c470806a4286e8534bbd79db64f26430a2c71d12f99032cbc6b2bc6cb9a9", "text": "Woodpecker: habits of, 184. green colour of, 197.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01318", "bookId": 1228, "start": 951310, "end": 951445, "sha256": "c79bb50c0d2d116cc61d210453b2365263af61d10a82e05b9cd0ac98abb1ecc1", "text": "Woodward, Mr.: on the duration of specific forms, 293. on the continuous succession of genera, 316. on the succession of types, 339.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01319", "bookId": 1228, "start": 951449, "end": 951504, "sha256": "2e91e3d067140707bdc8f5c4047c7fa747ff82bfe33f4a3229f271576a39cb26", "text": "World, species changing simultaneously throughout, 322.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01320", "bookId": 1228, "start": 951508, "end": 951528, "sha256": "be903dccaf24cbf6536af1faef4bf4f7425adc716187e9bbc04184c047f037ac", "text": "Wrens, nest of, 243.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01321", "bookId": 1228, "start": 951532, "end": 951636, "sha256": "5db59aa291afc61bd6e5c00c02c6a6d088fbda8811415034975cb6c0d7fff520", "text": "Youatt, Mr.: on selection, 31. on sub-breeds of sheep, 36. on rudimentary horns in young cattle, 454.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG1228.B01322", "bookId": 1228, "start": 951640, "end": 951663, "sha256": "5d756ae4e45d6d5c2fcfedf9e00d032c1a68948456fdc8f4d02a8968ca5c8393", "text": "Zebra, stripes on, 163.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; 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ROSS, PH.D.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00059", "bookId": 15487, "start": 6309, "end": 6383, "sha256": "75d3ef307099e4d258ee037e7bf80f0c2306714fc3b4ec390651e499ca8b3a79", "text": "*HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATES.* BY JESSE MACY, LL.D.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00060", "bookId": 15487, "start": 6387, "end": 6448, "sha256": "6b4611e370937d4b3eced6c123d0c4ed7f7333933548aeaff7e826b3d9090738", "text": "*MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING AND SANITATION.* BY M.N. BAKER, PH.B.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00061", "bookId": 15487, "start": 6452, "end": 6499, "sha256": "1c25bd855461105ed9ac36131fb55497dfb99b14b10dccd9170186c6bef75f85", "text": "*DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL ETHICS.* BY JANE ADDAMS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00062", "bookId": 15487, "start": 6503, "end": 6559, "sha256": "e0a4805a20027cbddcf54ba047d7cb789a548b4873c9c241b75477f8bac0a5e0", "text": "*COLONIAL GOVERNMENT.* BY PAUL S. REINSCH, PH.D., LL.B.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00063", "bookId": 15487, "start": 6570, "end": 6603, "sha256": "92bf9343d426ee004c3cb7caa3f283036b2f3626f071d4807d38518427facd12", "text": "* * * * *", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00064", "bookId": 15487, "start": 6607, "end": 6624, "sha256": "705377e4e6b87dae32b3625d239770113ca02281f091a5be373eb9f5e17f9fa8", "text": "_IN PREPARATION._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00065", "bookId": 15487, "start": 6628, "end": 6686, "sha256": "9c8ec6f74cea8110196ba6f93e1730cacc8a82b3390575b96d533c066c393bdc", "text": "*CUSTOM AND COMPETITION.* BY RICHARD T. ELY, PH.D., LL.D.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00066", "bookId": 15487, "start": 6690, "end": 6733, "sha256": "c1f203752ed1cf4b17b62e9ae1a264eaef5b1ec2fe74543f409505fd9c8ffabc", "text": "*MUNICIPAL SOCIOLOGY.* BY CHARLES ZUEBLIN.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00067", "bookId": 15487, "start": 6744, "end": 6777, "sha256": "92bf9343d426ee004c3cb7caa3f283036b2f3626f071d4807d38518427facd12", "text": "* * * * *", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00068", "bookId": 15487, "start": 6781, "end": 6821, "sha256": "a28e830332e80f368cd6b75875e45fadcb9c99d9ee7dc19db1f08b60e4c55346", "text": "THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 FIFTH AVENUE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00069", "bookId": 15487, "start": 6831, "end": 6854, "sha256": "55d42a759e19168803e6427e9ae9486c08f49f2dbb0286efc2c4856934331193", "text": "_THE CITIZEN'S LIBRARY_", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00070", "bookId": 15487, "start": 6865, "end": 6898, "sha256": "92bf9343d426ee004c3cb7caa3f283036b2f3626f071d4807d38518427facd12", "text": "* * * * *", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00071", "bookId": 15487, "start": 6902, "end": 6929, "sha256": "0ec1236b73ce6e286d09bbf7e5eeba4759f4d8168c462275aab5b3d3e8a296d1", "text": "DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL ETHICS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00072", "bookId": 15487, "start": 6933, "end": 6935, "sha256": "60547bd9ab11c5459a6fffa441ed70d662c73f05c37822da5f3a653f95a9d2a4", "text": "BY", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00073", "bookId": 15487, "start": 6939, "end": 6971, "sha256": "0d35eaddf395ee76bf16a34a76d4b8101cd4921dd242c097eeb8b18941fa81d6", "text": "JANE ADDAMS HULL-HOUSE, CHICAGO", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00074", "bookId": 15487, "start": 6975, "end": 7045, "sha256": "1e304db7dbf6d14da3d912a8057afeb565308b4dc0c7e7db67ed86e4e2491f6c", "text": "_New York_ THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. 1902", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00075", "bookId": 15487, "start": 7055, "end": 7125, "sha256": "e5113ae4aeb91e272516940d090be60a4ce8d259888d841038780c4cd0550fce", "text": "Set up and electrotyped March, 1902. Reprinted June, September, 1902.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00076", "bookId": 15487, "start": 7129, "end": 7201, "sha256": "dd885af64a29b0ff50ffc63e4e646502473b0415e61ff6726902e2dd2afd8ad6", "text": "Norwood Press J.S. Cushing & Co.--Berwick & Smith Norwood Mass. U.S.A.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00077", "bookId": 15487, "start": 7211, "end": 7221, "sha256": "c0547931f8fab30e69fab9469d6b47a4330dae81bf8d2ff3902518fd6a4aa786", "text": "To: M.R.S.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00078", "bookId": 15487, "start": 7231, "end": 7245, "sha256": "ab3de4225d411cd4f9460959d146f1bbedfa4ea98050371483179b4d20722dfb", "text": "PREFATORY NOTE", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00079", "bookId": 15487, "start": 7251, "end": 7438, "sha256": "2ca5c2bac7cdacb2f6a92f61a3fe882d777f8b0c91097ba70ad3b4dbfe160a7f", "text": "The following pages present the substance of a course of twelve lectures on \"Democracy and Social Ethics\" which have been delivered at various colleges and university extension centres.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00080", "bookId": 15487, "start": 7442, "end": 7683, "sha256": "67b7683077b4ebd9edc174ceab18e5c8ab843f0203320ede014fa4afe4c3e121", "text": "In putting them into the form of a book, no attempt has been made to change the somewhat informal style used in speaking. The \"we\" and \"us\" which originally referred to the speaker and her audience are merely extended to possible readers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00081", "bookId": 15487, "start": 7687, "end": 7866, "sha256": "44ad775cb22dfb9dbd20956c82880a087cb90e7d09475cd54ee1bac1efb59ed6", "text": "Acknowledgment for permission to reprint is extended to _The Atlantic Monthly_, _The International Journal of Ethics_, _The American Journal of Sociology_, and to _The Commons_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00082", "bookId": 15487, "start": 7876, "end": 7884, "sha256": "eabe6aca2f0dcdbddb32c8f06e6edfa1b78618efaf57d677950d443b91d99175", "text": "CONTENTS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00083", "bookId": 15487, "start": 7890, "end": 8036, "sha256": "4f634cc8d443f24693ffdbb762d48c9d9f7c49257d0d75c2433ec6cb33d4e4f5", "text": "CHAPTER I PAGE INTRODUCTION 1", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00084", "bookId": 15487, "start": 8040, "end": 8124, "sha256": "a7e4000a458f70c6426d276d48fd73a48d6f2d9af6ce39b1252ef54f63964795", "text": "CHAPTER II CHARITABLE EFFORT 13", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00085", "bookId": 15487, "start": 8128, "end": 8213, "sha256": "fa06be82364a1203e1d7c74162e2429a54cc2923e58cf405437c40b8e5bdd8b6", "text": "CHAPTER III FILIAL RELATIONS 71", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00086", "bookId": 15487, "start": 8217, "end": 8301, "sha256": "f8704f9475b9bb4bc0ef6f6d3c03dbef0fce1c83c0e881dcc3d6fe310a7f7c69", "text": "CHAPTER IV HOUSEHOLD ADJUSTMENT 102", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00087", "bookId": 15487, "start": 8305, "end": 8388, "sha256": "057133ea2aeb9502f369a0166120968fe05a210254943d57b23ec4b3d587983a", "text": "CHAPTER V INDUSTRIAL AMELIORATION 137", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00088", "bookId": 15487, "start": 8392, "end": 8476, "sha256": "38b3c5400b3e46db0616103fb7df953bfef23b8cc9096aa354aae4dd0d926af0", "text": "CHAPTER VI EDUCATIONAL METHODS 178", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00089", "bookId": 15487, "start": 8480, "end": 8565, "sha256": "be38275063a60ca7111b781f1386928d470fa857cb28ed20e85ec825eac4d6a7", "text": "CHAPTER VII POLITICAL REFORM 221", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00090", "bookId": 15487, "start": 8569, "end": 8641, "sha256": "8915b1c28c15f5b05a72abe6eb88afa72349949e49144a4ae2d7b5e2a6043331", "text": "INDEX 279", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00091", "bookId": 15487, "start": 8651, "end": 8678, "sha256": "0ec1236b73ce6e286d09bbf7e5eeba4759f4d8168c462275aab5b3d3e8a296d1", "text": "DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL ETHICS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00092", "bookId": 15487, "start": 8688, "end": 8697, "sha256": "d0e5cb42d9924bed3d7ed4f8db06ecaf82716c56570480886725880fe4c6ea65", "text": "CHAPTER I", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00093", "bookId": 15487, "start": 8701, "end": 8713, "sha256": "348348036267fa046df6956d6bff62c93c2f7b89c711056c6a8cdcab6dd4a8e7", "text": "INTRODUCTION", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00094", "bookId": 15487, "start": 8719, "end": 8953, "sha256": "ae3ad5ee2a744c275c81f708d3b88f6a1eab877446c830ed49716b3c85595cf7", "text": "It is well to remind ourselves, from time to time, that \"Ethics\" is but another word for \"righteousness,\" that for which many men and women of every generation have hungered and thirsted, and without which life becomes meaningless.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00095", "bookId": 15487, "start": 8957, "end": 9909, "sha256": "64d813386cad85858a78b25a171a0b8e8896ef42d86cf2fe84f7d5405533d449", "text": "Certain forms of personal righteousness have become to a majority of the community almost automatic. It is as easy for most of us to keep from stealing our dinners as it is to digest them, and there is quite as much voluntary morality involved in one process as in the other. To steal would be for us to fall sadly below the standard of habit and expectation which makes virtue easy. In the same way we have been carefully reared to a sense of family obligation, to be kindly and considerate to the members of our own households, and to feel responsible for their well-being. As the rules of conduct have become established in regard to our self-development and our families, so they have been in regard to limited circles of friends. If the fulfilment of these claims were all that a righteous life required, the hunger and thirst would be stilled for many good men and women, and the clew of right living would lie easily in their hands.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00096", "bookId": 15487, "start": 9913, "end": 10375, "sha256": "cc25051cd4aeb7bb754ecde66519d3e16f3525023b962b561c1f1186d6555c5c", "text": "But we all know that each generation has its own test, the contemporaneous and current standard by which alone it can adequately judge of its own moral achievements, and that it may not legitimately use a previous and less vigorous test. The advanced test must indeed include that which has already been attained; but if it includes no more, we shall fail to go forward, thinking complacently that we have \"arrived\" when in reality we have not yet started.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00097", "bookId": 15487, "start": 10379, "end": 10589, "sha256": "89594277ead434fdb371381d9a19d41e54c6de84a18b492313a25a0e537c1a75", "text": "To attain individual morality in an age demanding social morality, to pride one's self on the results of personal effort when the time demands social adjustment, is utterly to fail to apprehend the situation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00098", "bookId": 15487, "start": 10593, "end": 10939, "sha256": "5db660ed970c395200e60fc486529781c906d22c70fcd122fa5ad676210cb3dc", "text": "It is perhaps significant that a German critic has of late reminded us that the one test which the most authoritative and dramatic portrayal of the Day of Judgment offers, is the social test. The stern questions are not in regard to personal and family relations, but did ye visit the poor, the criminal, the sick, and did ye feed the hungry?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00099", "bookId": 15487, "start": 10943, "end": 11627, "sha256": "f50f9360ff12048231696ba23cb07db2674a1780be23eebfc53ae24128dc0c86", "text": "All about us are men and women who have become unhappy in regard to their attitude toward the social order itself; toward the dreary round of uninteresting work, the pleasures narrowed down to those of appetite, the declining consciousness of brain power, and the lack of mental food which characterizes the lot of the large proportion of their fellow-citizens. These men and women have caught a moral challenge raised by the exigencies of contemporaneous life; some are bewildered, others who are denied the relief which sturdy action brings are even seeking an escape, but all are increasingly anxious concerning their actual relations to the basic organization of society.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00100", "bookId": 15487, "start": 11631, "end": 12719, "sha256": "14c478b80148760f7dc7962c83bbbdd4db09254ea57d6e6923bce9b60bb015e9", "text": "The test which they would apply to their conduct is a social test. They fail to be content with the fulfilment of their family and personal obligations, and find themselves striving to respond to a new demand involving a social obligation; they have become conscious of another requirement, and the contribution they would make is toward a code of social ethics. The conception of life which they hold has not yet expressed itself in social changes or legal enactment, but rather in a mental attitude of maladjustment, and in a sense of divergence between their consciences and their conduct. They desire both a clearer definition of the code of morality adapted to present day demands and a part in its fulfilment, both a creed and a practice of social morality. In the perplexity of this intricate situation at least one thing is becoming clear: if the latter day moral ideal is in reality that of a social morality, it is inevitable that those who desire it must be brought in contact with the moral experiences of the many in order to procure an adequate social motive.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00101", "bookId": 15487, "start": 12723, "end": 14299, "sha256": "2d1de66b4733dcd6c812220ad613090fac858c91cdeb81f2e49252b1f2440052", "text": "These men and women have realized this and have disclosed the fact in their eagerness for a wider acquaintance with and participation in the life about them. They believe that experience gives the easy and trustworthy impulse toward right action in the broad as well as in the narrow relations. We may indeed imagine many of them saying: \"Cast our experiences in a larger mould if our lives are to be animated by the larger social aims. We have met the obligations of our family life, not because we had made resolutions to that end, but spontaneously, because of a common fund of memories and affections, from which the obligation naturally develops, and we see no other way in which to prepare ourselves for the larger social duties.\" Such a demand is reasonable, for by our daily experience we have discovered that we cannot mechanically hold up a moral standard, then jump at it in rare moments of exhilaration when we have the strength for it, but that even as the ideal itself must be a rational development of life, so the strength to attain it must be secured from interest in life itself. We slowly learn that life consists of processes as well as results, and that failure may come quite as easily from ignoring the adequacy of one's method as from selfish or ignoble aims. We are thus brought to a conception of Democracy not merely as a sentiment which desires the well-being of all men, nor yet as a creed which believes in the essential dignity and equality of all men, but as that which affords a rule of living as well as a test of faith.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00102", "bookId": 15487, "start": 14303, "end": 14787, "sha256": "275fb27e419351e0368692112197bd14b5241cf109f300985b4bfee4b00edf3f", "text": "We are learning that a standard of social ethics is not attained by travelling a sequestered byway, but by mixing on the thronged and common road where all must turn out for one another, and at least see the size of one another's burdens. To follow the path of social morality results perforce in the temper if not the practice of the democratic spirit, for it implies that diversified human experience and resultant sympathy which are the foundation and guarantee of Democracy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00103", "bookId": 15487, "start": 14791, "end": 15091, "sha256": "c87d5097b8e80f9c31f8d5e2fa578e3233ef70dcd5d3dba0523aa2c2efda8163", "text": "There are many indications that this conception of Democracy is growing among us. We have come to have an enormous interest in human life as such, accompanied by confidence in its essential soundness. We do not believe that genuine experience can lead us astray any more than scientific data can.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00104", "bookId": 15487, "start": 15095, "end": 15606, "sha256": "fec902a4af681bfda61cbcbbf06ab4233356ec85b6851950751e3adba0e5f40d", "text": "We realize, too, that social perspective and sanity of judgment come only from contact with social experience; that such contact is the surest corrective of opinions concerning the social order, and concerning efforts, however humble, for its improvement. Indeed, it is a consciousness of the illuminating and dynamic value of this wider and more thorough human experience which explains in no small degree that new curiosity regarding human life which has more of a moral basis than an intellectual one.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00105", "bookId": 15487, "start": 15610, "end": 16054, "sha256": "125e1306fe86ab9ca41d326226d4afc9e4b8160165725006ce0f1d798f8a5928", "text": "The newspapers, in a frank reflection of popular demand, exhibit an omniverous curiosity equally insistent upon the trivial and the important. They are perhaps the most obvious manifestations of that desire to know, that \"What is this?\" and \"Why do you do that?\" of the child. The first dawn of the social consciousness takes this form, as the dawning intelligence of the child takes the form of constant question and insatiate curiosity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00106", "bookId": 15487, "start": 16058, "end": 16531, "sha256": "7d1210d96958200587239039280f3fe646e770bc27cf7ee22f83ae98407d71ea", "text": "Literature, too, portrays an equally absorbing though better adjusted desire to know all kinds of life. The popular books are the novels, dealing with life under all possible conditions, and they are widely read not only because they are entertaining, but also because they in a measure satisfy an unformulated belief that to see farther, to know all sorts of men, in an indefinite way, is a preparation for better social adjustment--for the remedying of social ills.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00107", "bookId": 15487, "start": 16535, "end": 16871, "sha256": "167fdf4f6ca145f18e055e2616b78665982e4f53c4c7e727b26224f2d53cbe02", "text": "Doubtless one under the conviction of sin in regard to social ills finds a vague consolation in reading about the lives of the poor, and derives a sense of complicity in doing good. He likes to feel that he knows about social wrongs even if he does not remedy them, and in a very genuine sense there is a foundation for this belief.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00108", "bookId": 15487, "start": 16875, "end": 17818, "sha256": "ad01a556cd48d6a31018d64b7b9cfef8ac49ac604d89a1576d72aed3004978ed", "text": "Partly through this wide reading of human life, we find in ourselves a new affinity for all men, which probably never existed in the world before. Evil itself does not shock us as it once did, and we count only that man merciful in whom we recognize an understanding of the criminal. We have learned as common knowledge that much of the insensibility and hardness of the world is due to the lack of imagination which prevents a realization of the experiences of other people. Already there is a conviction that we are under a moral obligation in choosing our experiences, since the result of those experiences must ultimately determine our understanding of life. We know instinctively that if we grow contemptuous of our fellows, and consciously limit our intercourse to certain kinds of people whom we have previously decided to respect, we not only tremendously circumscribe our range of life, but limit the scope of our ethics.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00109", "bookId": 15487, "start": 17822, "end": 18565, "sha256": "87ab9648cd50865e34588a55f7da4f2083a332131513c7e7bda34548425980f3", "text": "We can recall among the selfish people of our acquaintance at least one common characteristic,--the conviction that they are different from other men and women, that they need peculiar consideration because they are more sensitive or more refined. Such people \"refuse to be bound by any relation save the personally luxurious ones of love and admiration, or the identity of political opinion, or religious creed.\" We have learned to recognize them as selfish, although we blame them not for the will which chooses to be selfish, but for a narrowness of interest which deliberately selects its experience within a limited sphere, and we say that they illustrate the danger of concentrating the mind on narrow and unprogressive issues.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00110", "bookId": 15487, "start": 18569, "end": 19139, "sha256": "ec8d8f6391f2d63e2bd1fd76b189b3e27e5de86a4fc253d16bed7fb93e5cb848", "text": "We know, at last, that we can only discover truth by a rational and democratic interest in life, and to give truth complete social expression is the endeavor upon which we are entering. Thus the identification with the common lot which is the essential idea of Democracy becomes the source and expression of social ethics. It is as though we thirsted to drink at the great wells of human experience, because we knew that a daintier or less potent draught would not carry us to the end of the journey, going forward as we must in the heat and jostle of the crowd.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00111", "bookId": 15487, "start": 19143, "end": 19835, "sha256": "e759234345c5a2a625677987a5539492558208298436e7f336092c96bf815091", "text": "The six following chapters are studies of various types and groups who are being impelled by the newer conception of Democracy to an acceptance of social obligations involving in each instance a new line of conduct. No attempt is made to reach a conclusion, nor to offer advice beyond the assumption that the cure for the ills of Democracy is more Democracy, but the quite unlooked-for result of the studies would seem to indicate that while the strain and perplexity of the situation is felt most keenly by the educated and self-conscious members of the community, the tentative and actual attempts at adjustment are largely coming through those who are simpler and less analytical.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00112", "bookId": 15487, "start": 19845, "end": 19855, "sha256": "5e3969b3a1a5487e39f49c890b68174390d08c9fa8da2bd9289255e4bd0ae952", "text": "CHAPTER II", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00113", "bookId": 15487, "start": 19859, "end": 19876, "sha256": "bc3541d5525049a1879ebb620dd598b2e9e2d7d2a510a7f84426acfa557c5827", "text": "CHARITABLE EFFORT", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00114", "bookId": 15487, "start": 19882, "end": 20115, "sha256": "40c005d7ffe3b421fc51a6e61cfea494cb51769a8fead28f2718a66907f95159", "text": "All those hints and glimpses of a larger and more satisfying democracy, which literature and our own hopes supply, have a tendency to slip away from us and to leave us sadly unguided and perplexed when we attempt to act upon them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00115", "bookId": 15487, "start": 20119, "end": 20477, "sha256": "4c9d36d33ee955355b0c3cca13a4572ac12ca32cccdad2dfa31a47d347abb77b", "text": "Our conceptions of morality, as all our other ideas, pass through a course of development; the difficulty comes in adjusting our conduct, which has become hardened into customs and habits, to these changing moral conceptions. When this adjustment is not made, we suffer from the strain and indecision of believing one hypothesis and acting upon another.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00116", "bookId": 15487, "start": 20481, "end": 21112, "sha256": "924d4c266f703e0f25cbaa3f292fabac789d702a4edecbcfebe675b541773b60", "text": "Probably there is no relation in life which our democracy is changing more rapidly than the charitable relation--that relation which obtains between benefactor and beneficiary; at the same time there is no point of contact in our modern experience which reveals so clearly the lack of that equality which democracy implies. We have reached the moment when democracy has made such inroads upon this relationship, that the complacency of the old-fashioned charitable man is gone forever; while, at the same time, the very need and existence of charity, denies us the consolation and freedom which democracy will at last give.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00117", "bookId": 15487, "start": 21116, "end": 22841, "sha256": "83d2318e24bf548a46d56e9cbc087fc93bbf6fcb64b11cf10fa01522fc0e4e47", "text": "It is quite obvious that the ethics of none of us are clearly defined, and we are continually obliged to act in circles of habit, based upon convictions which we no longer hold. Thus our estimate of the effect of environment and social conditions has doubtless shifted faster than our methods of administrating charity have changed. Formerly when it was believed that poverty was synonymous with vice and laziness, and that the prosperous man was the righteous man, charity was administered harshly with a good conscience; for the charitable agent really blamed the individual for his poverty, and the very fact of his own superior prosperity gave him a certain consciousness of superior morality. We have learned since that time to measure by other standards, and have ceased to accord to the money-earning capacity exclusive respect; while it is still rewarded out of all proportion to any other, its possession is by no means assumed to imply the possession of the highest moral qualities. We have learned to judge men by their social virtues as well as by their business capacity, by their devotion to intellectual and disinterested aims, and by their public spirit, and we naturally resent being obliged to judge poor people so solely upon the industrial side. Our democratic instinct instantly takes alarm. It is largely in this modern tendency to judge all men by one democratic standard, while the old charitable attitude commonly allowed the use of two standards, that much of the difficulty adheres. We know that unceasing bodily toil becomes wearing and brutalizing, and our position is totally untenable if we judge large numbers of our fellows solely upon their success in maintaining it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00118", "bookId": 15487, "start": 22845, "end": 23223, "sha256": "00fed1e388958cf3d833df4f8dccb933c99fd5c7f7a45f68123ddefee44690cc", "text": "The daintily clad charitable visitor who steps into the little house made untidy by the vigorous efforts of her hostess, the washerwoman, is no longer sure of her superiority to the latter; she recognizes that her hostess after all represents social value and industrial use, as over against her own parasitic cleanliness and a social standing attained only through status.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00119", "bookId": 15487, "start": 23227, "end": 24690, "sha256": "2bb8cae346541cf48e21690cc11ac28440fedbad26406ae7fd77563a8fa4cd34", "text": "The only families who apply for aid to the charitable agencies are those who have come to grief on the industrial side; it may be through sickness, through loss of work, or for other guiltless and inevitable reasons; but the fact remains that they are industrially ailing, and must be bolstered and helped into industrial health. The charity visitor, let us assume, is a young college woman, well-bred and open-minded; when she visits the family assigned to her, she is often embarrassed to find herself obliged to lay all the stress of her teaching and advice upon the industrial virtues, and to treat the members of the family almost exclusively as factors in the industrial system. She insists that they must work and be self-supporting, that the most dangerous of all situations is idleness, that seeking one's own pleasure, while ignoring claims and responsibilities, is the most ignoble of actions. The members of her assigned family may have other charms and virtues--they may possibly be kind and considerate of each other, generous to their friends, but it is her business to stick to the industrial side. As she daily holds up these standards, it often occurs to the mind of the sensitive visitor, whose conscience has been made tender by much talk of brotherhood and equality, that she has no right to say these things; that her untrained hands are no more fitted to cope with actual conditions than those of her broken-down family.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00120", "bookId": 15487, "start": 24694, "end": 25511, "sha256": "d6b313af2e747761d7d16099d84aad2d776194873a538aba906505d40975544b", "text": "The grandmother of the charity visitor could have done the industrial preaching very well, because she did have the industrial virtues and housewifely training. In a generation our experiences have changed, and our views with them; but we still keep on in the old methods, which could be applied when our consciences were in line with them, but which are daily becoming more difficult as we divide up into people who work with their hands and those who do not. The charity visitor belonging to the latter class is perplexed by recognitions and suggestions which the situation forces upon her. Our democracy has taught us to apply our moral teaching all around, and the moralist is rapidly becoming so sensitive that when his life does not exemplify his ethical convictions, he finds it difficult to preach.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00121", "bookId": 15487, "start": 25515, "end": 26277, "sha256": "27a13ddee7bca6f642d99844430abfab7ec7a360b652b636b725eec7701c4b36", "text": "Added to this is a consciousness, in the mind of the visitor, of a genuine misunderstanding of her motives by the recipients of her charity, and by their neighbors. Let us take a neighborhood of poor people, and test their ethical standards by those of the charity visitor, who comes with the best desire in the world to help them out of their distress. A most striking incongruity, at once apparent, is the difference between the emotional kindness with which relief is given by one poor neighbor to another poor neighbor, and the guarded care with which relief is given by a charity visitor to a charity recipient. The neighborhood mind is at once confronted not only by the difference of method, but by an absolute clashing of two ethical standards.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00122", "bookId": 15487, "start": 26281, "end": 28919, "sha256": "1b5d82f8b2d0fd513c3fe32dcab84e2a8e8bda8f3d080689bd729ad34d320b2c", "text": "A very little familiarity with the poor districts of any city is sufficient to show how primitive and genuine are the neighborly relations. There is the greatest willingness to lend or borrow anything, and all the residents of the given tenement know the most intimate family affairs of all the others. The fact that the economic condition of all alike is on a most precarious level makes the ready outflow of sympathy and material assistance the most natural thing in the world. There are numberless instances of self-sacrifice quite unknown in the circles where greater economic advantages make that kind of intimate knowledge of one's neighbors impossible. An Irish family in which the man has lost his place, and the woman is struggling to eke out the scanty savings by day's work, will take in the widow and her five children who have been turned into the street, without a moment's reflection upon the physical discomforts involved. The most maligned landlady who lives in the house with her tenants is usually ready to lend a scuttle full of coal to one of them who may be out of work, or to share her supper. A woman for whom the writer had long tried in vain to find work failed to appear at the appointed time when employment was secured at last. Upon investigation it transpired that a neighbor further down the street was taken ill, that the children ran for the family friend, who went of course, saying simply when reasons for her non-appearance were demanded, \"It broke me heart to leave the place, but what could I do?\" A woman whose husband was sent up to the city prison for the maximum term, just three months, before the birth of her child found herself penniless at the end of that time, having gradually sold her supply of household furniture. She took refuge with a friend whom she supposed to be living in three rooms in another part of town. When she arrived, however, she discovered that her friend's husband had been out of work so long that they had been reduced to living in one room. The friend, however, took her in, and the friend's husband was obliged to sleep upon a bench in the park every night for a week, which he did uncomplainingly if not cheerfully. Fortunately it was summer, \"and it only rained one night.\" The writer could not discover from the young mother that she had any special claim upon the \"friend\" beyond the fact that they had formerly worked together in the same factory. The husband she had never seen until the night of her arrival, when he at once went forth in search of a midwife who would consent to come upon his promise of future payment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00123", "bookId": 15487, "start": 28923, "end": 30312, "sha256": "4ed5c3fd7e691bbb82643491a5d6d304b373cda702c11f004f024afeca7946dd", "text": "The evolutionists tell us that the instinct to pity, the impulse to aid his fellows, served man at a very early period, as a rude rule of right and wrong. There is no doubt that this rude rule still holds among many people with whom charitable agencies are brought into contact, and that their ideas of right and wrong are quite honestly outraged by the methods of these agencies. When they see the delay and caution with which relief is given, it does not appear to them a conscientious scruple, but as the cold and calculating action of a selfish man. It is not the aid that they are accustomed to receive from their neighbors, and they do not understand why the impulse which drives people to \"be good to the poor\" should be so severely supervised. They feel, remotely, that the charity visitor is moved by motives that are alien and unreal. They may be superior motives, but they are different, and they are \"agin nature.\" They cannot comprehend why a person whose intellectual perceptions are stronger than his natural impulses, should go into charity work at all. The only man they are accustomed to see whose intellectual perceptions are stronger than his tenderness of heart, is the selfish and avaricious man who is frankly \"on the make.\" If the charity visitor is such a person, why does she pretend to like the poor? Why does she not go into business at once?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00124", "bookId": 15487, "start": 30316, "end": 32483, "sha256": "04f306eed55e78e288e983f7fc37318eebf19c3b704b5ff7c4cc97b5bce4818c", "text": "We may say, of course, that it is a primitive view of life, which thus confuses intellectuality and business ability; but it is a view quite honestly held by many poor people who are obliged to receive charity from time to time. In moments of indignation the poor have been known to say: \"What do you want, anyway? If you have nothing to give us, why not let us alone and stop your questionings and investigations?\" \"They investigated me for three weeks, and in the end gave me nothing but a black character,\" a little woman has been heard to assert. This indignation, which is for the most part taciturn, and a certain kindly contempt for her abilities, often puzzles the charity visitor. The latter may be explained by the standard of worldly success which the visited families hold. Success does not ordinarily go, in the minds of the poor, with charity and kind-heartedness, but rather with the opposite qualities. The rich landlord is he who collects with sternness, who accepts no excuse, and will have his own. There are moments of irritation and of real bitterness against him, but there is still admiration, because he is rich and successful. The good-natured landlord, he who pities and spares his poverty-pressed tenants, is seldom rich. He often lives in the back of his house, which he has owned for a long time, perhaps has inherited; but he has been able to accumulate little. He commands the genuine love and devotion of many a poor soul, but he is treated with a certain lack of respect. In one sense he is a failure. The charity visitor, just because she is a person who concerns herself with the poor, receives a certain amount of this good-natured and kindly contempt, sometimes real affection, but little genuine respect. The poor are accustomed to help each other and to respond according to their kindliness; but when it comes to worldly judgment, they use industrial success as the sole standard. In the case of the charity visitor who has neither natural kindness nor dazzling riches, they are deprived of both standards, and they find it of course utterly impossible to judge of the motive of organized charity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00125", "bookId": 15487, "start": 32487, "end": 33539, "sha256": "602e40202f7ae3b50d96f603e440bf45b256ccbd5e5f66c879411ffde754ca01", "text": "Even those of us who feel most sorely the need of more order in altruistic effort and see the end to be desired, find something distasteful in the juxtaposition of the words \"organized\" and \"charity.\" We say in defence that we are striving to turn this emotion into a motive, that pity is capricious, and not to be depended on; that we mean to give it the dignity of conscious duty. But at bottom we distrust a little a scheme which substitutes a theory of social conduct for the natural promptings of the heart, even although we appreciate the complexity of the situation. The poor man who has fallen into distress, when he first asks aid, instinctively expects tenderness, consideration, and forgiveness. If it is the first time, it has taken him long to make up his mind to take the step. He comes somewhat bruised and battered, and instead of being met with warmth of heart and sympathy, he is at once chilled by an investigation and an intimation that he ought to work. He does not recognize the disciplinary aspect of the situation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00126", "bookId": 15487, "start": 33543, "end": 33806, "sha256": "39b0b5deb15399d7e68814fcae7a8dc68e146a883d07f677d6cb52947fa862e1", "text": "The only really popular charity is that of the visiting nurses, who by virtue of their professional training render services which may easily be interpreted into sympathy and kindness, ministering as they do to obvious needs which do not require investigation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00127", "bookId": 15487, "start": 33810, "end": 34065, "sha256": "c282f29c2d6d2efb1707072fab5986b40fe37657fdfb5a94875cc1fb23c8094d", "text": "The state of mind which an investigation arouses on both sides is most unfortunate; but the perplexity and clashing of different standards, with the consequent misunderstandings, are not so bad as the moral deterioration which is almost sure to follow.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00128", "bookId": 15487, "start": 34069, "end": 35493, "sha256": "ad8d557cb2abecb49a7fe42cefd96b3fb459afff92802676935e4524d622f89a", "text": "When the agent or visitor appears among the poor, and they discover that under certain conditions food and rent and medical aid are dispensed from some unknown source, every man, woman, and child is quick to learn what the conditions may be, and to follow them. Though in their eyes a glass of beer is quite right and proper when taken as any self-respecting man should take it; though they know that cleanliness is an expensive virtue which can be required of few; though they realize that saving is well-nigh impossible when but a few cents can be laid by at a time; though their feeling for the church may be something quite elusive of definition and quite apart from daily living: to the visitor they gravely laud temperance and cleanliness and thrift and religious observance. The deception in the first instances arises from a wondering inability to understand the ethical ideals which can require such impossible virtues, and from an innocent desire to please. It is easy to trace the development of the mental suggestions thus received. When A discovers that B, who is very little worse off than he, receives good things from an inexhaustible supply intended for the poor at large, he feels that he too has a claim for his share, and step by step there is developed the competitive spirit which so horrifies charity visitors when it shows itself in a tendency to \"work\" the relief-giving agencies.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00129", "bookId": 15487, "start": 35497, "end": 36145, "sha256": "35d1932488b1fb2d1d2d5f5722005340998f8bb416b75fa619c481d02d9fcf9e", "text": "The most serious effect upon the poor comes when dependence upon the charitable society is substituted for the natural outgoing of human love and sympathy, which, happily, we all possess in some degree. The spontaneous impulse to sit up all night with the neighbor's sick child is turned into righteous indignation against the district nurse, because she goes home at six o'clock, and doesn't do it herself. Or the kindness which would have prompted the quick purchase of much needed medicine is transformed into a voluble scoring of the dispensary, because it gives prescriptions and not drugs; and \"who can get well on a piece of paper?\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00130", "bookId": 15487, "start": 36149, "end": 37257, "sha256": "359e3deb6cc456b21e0b1f5efa2c17bc9aacc2a89ab334c597d3099bf2271f50", "text": "If a poor woman knows that her neighbor next door has no shoes, she is quite willing to lend her own, that her neighbor may go decently to mass, or to work; for she knows the smallest item about the scanty wardrobe, and cheerfully helps out. When the charity visitor comes in, all the neighbors are baffled as to what her circumstances may be. They know she does not need a new pair of shoes, and rather suspect that she has a dozen pairs at home; which, indeed, she sometimes has. They imagine untold stores which they may call upon, and her most generous gift is considered niggardly, compared with what she might do. She ought to get new shoes for the family all round, \"she sees well enough that they need them.\" It is no more than the neighbor herself would do, has practically done, when she lent her own shoes. The charity visitor has broken through the natural rule of giving, which, in a primitive society, is bounded only by the need of the recipient and the resources of the giver; and she gets herself into untold trouble when she is judged by the ethics of that primitive society.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00131", "bookId": 15487, "start": 37261, "end": 37741, "sha256": "7894f0915dad497fac9e9cde6a99313a1c5d17267cbe9eb0aac6d64754ab0b65", "text": "The neighborhood understands the selfish rich people who stay in their own part of town, where all their associates have shoes and other things. Such people don't bother themselves about the poor; they are like the rich landlords of the neighborhood experience. But this lady visitor, who pretends to be good to the poor, and certainly does talk as though she were kind-hearted, what does she come for, if she does not intend to give them things which are so plainly needed?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00132", "bookId": 15487, "start": 37745, "end": 38127, "sha256": "99c4a4d8a30799244ccbc811bc32094d9aa75a9a6127f7ee686d909c199d8519", "text": "The visitor says, sometimes, that in holding her poor family so hard to a standard of thrift she is really breaking down a rule of higher living which they formerly possessed; that saving, which seems quite commendable in a comfortable part of town, appears almost criminal in a poorer quarter where the next-door neighbor needs food, even if the children of the family do not.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00133", "bookId": 15487, "start": 38131, "end": 39075, "sha256": "fc5d0d07ae390e1de398d1912c08807600b0cef3b279079ef8cea09c0852a568", "text": "She feels the sordidness of constantly being obliged to urge the industrial view of life. The benevolent individual of fifty years ago honestly believed that industry and self-denial in youth would result in comfortable possessions for old age. It was, indeed, the method he had practised in his own youth, and by which he had probably obtained whatever fortune he possessed. He therefore reproved the poor family for indulging their children, urged them to work long hours, and was utterly untouched by many scruples which afflict the contemporary charity visitor. She says sometimes, \"Why must I talk always of getting work and saving money, the things I know nothing about? If it were anything else I had to urge, I could do it; anything like Latin prose, which I had worried through myself, it would not be so hard.\" But she finds it difficult to connect the experiences of her youth with the experiences of the visited family.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00134", "bookId": 15487, "start": 39079, "end": 39735, "sha256": "da89df87c64f9025d9246e80c87c74f4b3375def836ba48bd9fc07aab5d37f2f", "text": "Because of this diversity in experience, the visitor is continually surprised to find that the safest platitude may be challenged. She refers quite naturally to the \"horrors of the saloon,\" and discovers that the head of her visited family does not connect them with \"horrors\" at all. He remembers all the kindnesses he has received there, the free lunch and treating which goes on, even when a man is out of work and not able to pay up; the loan of five dollars he got there when the charity visitor was miles away and he was threatened with eviction. He may listen politely to her reference to \"horrors,\" but considers it only \"temperance talk.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00135", "bookId": 15487, "start": 39739, "end": 40999, "sha256": "3a58bf8f24bd5b53f5d145e5fde65e165c86cdcb6e86f7def410e6616b0c5a5c", "text": "The charity visitor may blame the women for lack of gentleness toward their children, for being hasty and rude to them, until she learns that the standard of breeding is not that of gentleness toward the children so much as the observance of certain conventions, such as the punctilious wearing of mourning garments after the death of a child. The standard of gentleness each mother has to work out largely by herself, assisted only by the occasional shame-faced remark of a neighbor, \"That they do better when you are not too hard on them\"; but the wearing of mourning garments is sustained by the definitely expressed sentiment of every woman in the street. The mother would have to bear social blame, a certain social ostracism, if she failed to comply with that requirement. It is not comfortable to outrage the conventions of those among whom we live, and, if our social life be a narrow one, it is still more difficult. The visitor may choke a little when she sees the lessened supply of food and the scanty clothing provided for the remaining children in order that one may be conventionally mourned, but she doesn't talk so strongly against it as she would have done during her first month of experience with the family since bereaved.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00136", "bookId": 15487, "start": 41003, "end": 43758, "sha256": "f624d88f740dda4ab6586710c5c3749753d4337b54ae93fee3d6a517302e4c87", "text": "The subject of clothes indeed perplexes the visitor constantly, and the result of her reflections may be summed up somewhat in this wise: The girl who has a definite social standing, who has been to a fashionable school or to a college, whose family live in a house seen and known by all her friends and associates, may afford to be very simple, or even shabby as to her clothes, if she likes. But the working girl, whose family lives in a tenement, or moves from one small apartment to another, who has little social standing and has to make her own place, knows full well how much habit and style of dress has to do with her position. Her income goes into her clothing, out of all proportion to the amount which she spends upon other things. But, if social advancement is her aim, it is the most sensible thing she can do. She is judged largely by her clothes. Her house furnishing, with its pitiful little decorations, her scanty supply of books, are never seen by the people whose social opinions she most values. Her clothes are her background, and from them she is largely judged. It is due to this fact that girls' clubs succeed best in the business part of town, where \"working girls\" and \"young ladies\" meet upon an equal footing, and where the clothes superficially look very much alike. Bright and ambitious girls will come to these down-town clubs to eat lunch and rest at noon, to study all sorts of subjects and listen to lectures, when they might hesitate a long time before joining a club identified with their own neighborhood, where they would be judged not solely on their own merits and the unconscious social standing afforded by good clothes, but by other surroundings which are not nearly up to these. For the same reason, girls' clubs are infinitely more difficult to organize in little towns and villages, where every one knows every one else, just how the front parlor is furnished, and the amount of mortgage there is upon the house. These facts get in the way of a clear and unbiassed judgment; they impede the democratic relationship and add to the self-consciousness of all concerned. Every one who has had to do with down-town girls' clubs has had the experience of going into the home of some bright, well-dressed girl, to discover it uncomfortable and perhaps wretched, and to find the girl afterward carefully avoiding her, although the working girl may not have been at home when the call was made, and the visitor may have carried herself with the utmost courtesy throughout. In some very successful down-town clubs the home address is not given at all, and only the \"business address\" is required. Have we worked out our democracy further in regard to clothes than anything else?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00137", "bookId": 15487, "start": 43762, "end": 45044, "sha256": "305574eb4a96d36c6871099818aced6ded5856415af79b5f407f816b1a763faa", "text": "The charity visitor has been rightly brought up to consider it vulgar to spend much money upon clothes, to care so much for \"appearances.\" She realizes dimly that the care for personal decoration over that for one's home or habitat is in some way primitive and undeveloped; but she is silenced by its obvious need. She also catches a glimpse of the fact that the disproportionate expenditure of the poor in the matter of clothes is largely due to the exclusiveness of the rich who hide from them the interior of their houses, and their more subtle pleasures, while of necessity exhibiting their street clothes and their street manners. Every one who goes shopping at the same time may see the clothes of the richest women in town, but only those invited to her receptions see the Corot on her walls or the bindings in her library. The poor naturally try to bridge the difference by reproducing the street clothes which they have seen. They are striving to conform to a common standard which their democratic training presupposes belongs to all of us. The charity visitor may regret that the Italian peasant woman has laid aside her picturesque kerchief and substituted a cheap street hat. But it is easy to recognize the first attempt toward democratic expression.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00138", "bookId": 15487, "start": 45048, "end": 46636, "sha256": "a62cf75cbea1657db543f338a35f98ec39b0f59a03699a3e23d7358430e95d61", "text": "The charity visitor finds herself still more perplexed when she comes to consider such problems as those of early marriage and child labor; for she cannot deal with them according to economic theories, or according to the conventions which have regulated her own life. She finds both of these fairly upset by her intimate knowledge of the situation, and her sympathy for those into whose lives she has gained a curious insight. She discovers how incorrigibly bourgeois her standards have been, and it takes but a little time to reach the conclusion that she cannot insist so strenuously upon the conventions of her own class, which fail to fit the bigger, more emotional, and freer lives of working people. The charity visitor holds well-grounded views upon the imprudence of early marriages, quite naturally because she comes from a family and circle of professional and business people. A professional man is scarcely equipped and started in his profession before he is thirty. A business man, if he is on the road to success, is much nearer prosperity at thirty-five than twenty-five, and it is therefore wise for these men not to marry in the twenties; but this does not apply to the workingman. In many trades he is laid upon the shelf at thirty-five, and in nearly all trades he receives the largest wages in his life between twenty and thirty. If the young workingman has all his wages to himself, he will probably establish habits of personal comfort, which he cannot keep up when he has to divide with a family--habits which he can, perhaps, never overcome.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00139", "bookId": 15487, "start": 46640, "end": 47811, "sha256": "84dd46d9d15a9247666334a8b4eeb7b5f0a8f77102728a0dad15167fddb01911", "text": "The sense of prudence, the necessity for saving, can never come to a primitive, emotional man with the force of a conviction; but the necessity of providing for his children is a powerful incentive. He naturally regards his children as his savings-bank; he expects them to care for him when he gets old, and in some trades old age comes very early. A Jewish tailor was quite lately sent to the Cook County poorhouse, paralyzed beyond recovery at the age of thirty-five. Had his little boy of nine been but a few years older, he might have been spared this sorrow of public charity. He was, in fact, better able to well support a family when he was twenty than when he was thirty-five, for his wages had steadily grown less as the years went on. Another tailor whom I know, who is also a Socialist, always speaks of saving as a bourgeois virtue, one quite impossible to the genuine workingman. He supports a family consisting of himself, a wife and three children, and his two parents on eight dollars a week. He insists it would be criminal not to expend every penny of this amount upon food and shelter, and he expects his children later to care for him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00140", "bookId": 15487, "start": 47815, "end": 48269, "sha256": "dcb588e2344a7728824f183b7eec3b6aa36de8bf434cf70dc6e6c0ae6fb30e43", "text": "This economic pressure also accounts for the tendency to put children to work overyoung and thus cripple their chances for individual development and usefulness, and with the avaricious parent also leads to exploitation. \"I have fed her for fourteen years, now she can help me pay my mortgage\" is not an unusual reply when a hardworking father is expostulated with because he would take his bright daughter out of school and put her into a factory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00141", "bookId": 15487, "start": 48273, "end": 48842, "sha256": "7c30f88080768a48145efe3e53aaa996a0b36ca82a2de751048a20a802db7623", "text": "It has long been a common error for the charity visitor, who is strongly urging her \"family\" toward self-support, to suggest, or at least connive, that the children be put to work early, although she has not the excuse that the parents have. It is so easy, after one has been taking the industrial view for a long time, to forget the larger and more social claim; to urge that the boy go to work and support his parents, who are receiving charitable aid. She does not realize what a cruel advantage the person who distributes charity has, when she gives advice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00142", "bookId": 15487, "start": 48846, "end": 49411, "sha256": "18e011294595f3a6eeebd6aa30b74f53b007eee6773b569c5f3674ed8716a42d", "text": "The manager in a huge mercantile establishment employing many children was able to show during a child-labor investigation, that the only children under fourteen years of age in his employ were proteges who had been urged upon him by philanthropic ladies, not only acquaintances of his, but valued patrons of the establishment. It is not that the charity visitor is less wise than other people, but she has fixed her mind so long upon the industrial lameness of her family that she is eager to seize any crutch, however weak, which may enable them to get on.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00143", "bookId": 15487, "start": 49415, "end": 49944, "sha256": "fff6ffbaa90d57aaf0228583c2c0fc565b13cbae30b5542c0eb584af176416a4", "text": "She has failed to see that the boy who attempts to prematurely support his widowed mother may lower wages, add an illiterate member to the community, and arrest the development of a capable workingman. As she has failed to see that the rules which obtain in regard to the age of marriage in her own family may not apply to the workingman, so also she fails to understand that the present conditions of employment surrounding a factory child are totally unlike those which obtained during the energetic youth of her father.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00144", "bookId": 15487, "start": 49948, "end": 51479, "sha256": "7ec2a9e469a19817b18c6bdd0e3cc2470905a8a65b0f922de679d48a6e6f05d8", "text": "The child who is prematurely put to work is constantly oppressed by this never ending question of the means of subsistence, and even little children are sometimes almost crushed with the cares of life through their affectionate sympathy. The writer knows a little Italian lad of six to whom the problems of food, clothing, and shelter have become so immediate and pressing that, although an imaginative child, he is unable to see life from any other standpoint. The goblin or bugaboo, feared by the more fortunate child, in his mind, has come to be the need of coal which caused his father hysterical and demonstrative grief when it carried off his mother's inherited linen, the mosaic of St. Joseph, and, worst of all, his own rubber boots. He once came to a party at Hull-House, and was interested in nothing save a gas stove which he saw in the kitchen. He became excited over the discovery that fire could be produced without fuel. \"I will tell my father of this stove. You buy no coal, you need only a match. Anybody will give you a match.\" He was taken to visit at a country-house and at once inquired how much rent was paid for it. On being told carelessly by his hostess that they paid no rent for that house, he came back quite wild with interest that the problem was solved. \"Me and my father will go to the country. You get a big house, all warm, without rent.\" Nothing else in the country interested him but the subject of rent, and he talked of that with an exclusiveness worthy of a single taxer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00145", "bookId": 15487, "start": 51483, "end": 52249, "sha256": "545a1dba1743b88ff680632ae7a975b0a642be7c874d5c950d50e881032221c8", "text": "The struggle for existence, which is so much harsher among people near the edge of pauperism, sometimes leaves ugly marks on character, and the charity visitor finds these indirect results most mystifying. Parents who work hard and anticipate an old age when they can no longer earn, take care that their children shall expect to divide their wages with them from the very first. Such a parent, when successful, impresses the immature nervous system of the child thus tyrannically establishing habits of obedience, so that the nerves and will may not depart from this control when the child is older. The charity visitor, whose family relation is lifted quite out of this, does not in the least understand the industrial foundation for this family tyranny.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00146", "bookId": 15487, "start": 52253, "end": 53055, "sha256": "2d9ba5580f3c83b175504a2b5151be8b55ea2664b5434ee3ba5b7e1031028c28", "text": "The head of a kindergarten training-class once addressed a club of working women, and spoke of the despotism which is often established over little children. She said that the so-called determination to break a child's will many times arose from a lust of dominion, and she urged the ideal relationship founded upon love and confidence. But many of the women were puzzled. One of them remarked to the writer as she came out of the club room, \"If you did not keep control over them from the time they were little, you would never get their wages when they are grown up.\" Another one said, \"Ah, of course she (meaning the speaker) doesn't have to depend upon her children's wages. She can afford to be lax with them, because even if they don't give money to her, she can get along without it.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00147", "bookId": 15487, "start": 53059, "end": 53991, "sha256": "4c375f36f3d2a5d8a02eb1093bc47d9fa4d0afac55ad6655bed350e10d2f15d3", "text": "There are an impressive number of children who uncomplainingly and constantly hand over their weekly wages to their parents, sometimes receiving back ten cents or a quarter for spending-money, but quite as often nothing at all; and the writer knows one girl of twenty-five who for six years has received two cents a week from the constantly falling wages which she earns in a large factory. Is it habit or virtue which holds her steady in this course? If love and tenderness had been substituted for parental despotism, would the mother have had enough affection, enough power of expression to hold her daughter's sense of money obligation through all these years? This girl who spends her paltry two cents on chewing-gum and goes plainly clad in clothes of her mother's choosing, while many of her friends spend their entire wages on those clothes which factory girls love so well, must be held by some powerful force.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00148", "bookId": 15487, "start": 53995, "end": 57294, "sha256": "bc3429b0a18ed3c851fc65c59fbc60aa3d7d0300c2133b8d568ab1dddc915e4a", "text": "The charity visitor finds these subtle and elusive problems most harrowing. The head of a family she is visiting is a man who has become black-listed in a strike. He is not a very good workman, and this, added to his agitator's reputation, keeps him out of work for a long time. The fatal result of being long out of work follows: he becomes less and less eager for it, and gets a \"job\" less and less frequently. In order to keep up his self-respect, and still more to keep his wife's respect for him, he yields to the little self-deception that this prolonged idleness follows because he was once blacklisted, and he gradually becomes a martyr. Deep down in his heart perhaps--but who knows what may be deep down in his heart? Whatever may be in his wife's, she does not show for an instant that she thinks he has grown lazy, and accustomed to see her earn, by sewing and cleaning, most of the scanty income for the family. The charity visitor, however, does see this, and she also sees that the other men who were in the strike have gone back to work. She further knows by inquiry and a little experience that the man is not skilful. She cannot, however, call him lazy and good-for-nothing, and denounce him as worthless as her grandmother might have done, because of certain intellectual conceptions at which she has arrived. She sees other workmen come to him for shrewd advice; she knows that he spends many more hours in the public library reading good books than the average workman has time to do. He has formed no bad habits and has yielded only to those subtle temptations toward a life of leisure which come to the intellectual man. He lacks the qualifications which would induce his union to engage him as a secretary or organizer, but he is a constant speaker at workingmen's meetings, and takes a high moral attitude on the questions discussed there. He contributes a certain intellectuality to his friends, and he has undoubted social value. The neighboring women confide to the charity visitor their sympathy with his wife, because she has to work so hard, and because her husband does not \"provide.\" Their remarks are sharpened by a certain resentment toward the superiority of the husband's education and gentle manners. The charity visitor is ashamed to take this point of view, for she knows that it is not altogether fair. She is reminded of a college friend of hers, who told her that she was not going to allow her literary husband to write unworthy potboilers for the sake of earning a living. \"I insist that we shall live within my own income; that he shall not publish until he is ready, and can give his genuine message.\" The charity visitor recalls what she has heard of another acquaintance, who urged her husband to decline a lucrative position as a railroad attorney, because she wished him to be free to take municipal positions, and handle public questions without the inevitable suspicion which unaccountably attaches itself in a corrupt city to a corporation attorney. The action of these two women seemed noble to her, but in their cases they merely lived on a lesser income. In the case of the workingman's wife, she faced living on no income at all, or on the precarious one which she might be able to get together.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00149", "bookId": 15487, "start": 57298, "end": 58393, "sha256": "9920a88e11d93157ba42c4ce0dcc47c2fe0669b1b63a626d54a71e2177b7db81", "text": "She sees that this third woman has made the greatest sacrifice, and she is utterly unwilling to condemn her while praising the friends of her own social position. She realizes, of course, that the situation is changed by the fact that the third family needs charity, while the other two do not; but, after all, they have not asked for it, and their plight was only discovered through an accident to one of the children. The charity visitor has been taught that her mission is to preserve the finest traits to be found in her visited family, and she shrinks from the thought of convincing the wife that her husband is worthless and she suspects that she might turn all this beautiful devotion into complaining drudgery. To be sure, she could give up visiting the family altogether, but she has become much interested in the progress of the crippled child who eagerly anticipates her visits, and she also suspects that she will never know many finer women than the mother. She is unwilling, therefore, to give up the friendship, and goes on bearing her perplexities as best she may.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00150", "bookId": 15487, "start": 58397, "end": 58987, "sha256": "e24f0788af913cb8e0d3d9f20137c0bf93bcaef118d6d600e9b0ffe1e3642575", "text": "The first impulse of our charity visitor is to be somewhat severe with her shiftless family for spending money on pleasures and indulging their children out of all proportion to their means. The poor family which receives beans and coal from the county, and pays for a bicycle on the instalment plan, is not unknown to any of us. But as the growth of juvenile crime becomes gradually understood, and as the danger of giving no legitimate and organized pleasure to the child becomes clearer, we remember that primitive man had games long before he cared for a house or regular meals.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00151", "bookId": 15487, "start": 58991, "end": 59725, "sha256": "590154bfb5d7809aa1179aceb79fbc1201f81c2f01c96c98290f778ac01d7335", "text": "There are certain boys in many city neighborhoods who form themselves into little gangs with a leader who is somewhat more intrepid than the rest. Their favorite performance is to break into an untenanted house, to knock off the faucets, and cut the lead pipe, which they sell to the nearest junk dealer. With the money thus procured they buy beer and drink it in little free-booter's groups sitting in the alley. From beginning to end they have the excitement of knowing that they may be seen and caught by the \"coppers,\" and are at times quite breathless with suspense. It is not the least unlike, in motive and execution, the practice of country boys who go forth in squads to set traps for rabbits or to round up a coon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00152", "bookId": 15487, "start": 59729, "end": 60184, "sha256": "76b0cbeb24f3ae30da2c6a300fe18f2fdf21692d1768710aa654e00379ac5871", "text": "It is characterized by a pure spirit for adventure, and the vicious training really begins when they are arrested, or when an older boy undertakes to guide them into further excitements. From the very beginning the most enticing and exciting experiences which they have seen have been connected with crime. The policeman embodies all the majesty of successful law and established government in his brass buttons and dazzlingly equipped patrol wagon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00153", "bookId": 15487, "start": 60188, "end": 60580, "sha256": "10b8c5751930c9a31419bd09e8d8fe3b6489ea6b6543b4710f988902e0ee4852", "text": "The boy who has been arrested comes back more or less a hero with a tale to tell of the interior recesses of the mysterious police station. The earliest public excitement the child remembers is divided between the rattling fire engines, \"the time there was a fire in the next block,\" and all the tense interest of the patrol wagon \"the time the drunkest lady in our street was arrested.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00154", "bookId": 15487, "start": 60584, "end": 61159, "sha256": "b4ef20439899ae867b2597c4597327a365a916aa7a87278d540b42779cf4d7c4", "text": "In the first year of their settlement the Hull-House residents took fifty kindergarten children to Lincoln Park, only to be grieved by their apathetic interest in trees and flowers. As they came back with an omnibus full of tired and sleepy children, they were surprised to find them galvanized into sudden life because a patrol wagon rattled by. Their eager little heads popped out of the windows full of questioning: \"Was it a man or a woman?\" \"How many policemen inside?\" and eager little tongues began to tell experiences of arrests which baby eyes had witnessed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00155", "bookId": 15487, "start": 61163, "end": 61572, "sha256": "51a832511e86d5905c818f69d072b4b54881be1a2fcf8dfc4831d312290f72ba", "text": "The excitement of a chase, the chances of competition, and the love of a fight are all centred in the outward display of crime. The parent who receives charitable aid and yet provides pleasure for his child, and is willing to indulge him in his play, is blindly doing one of the wisest things possible; and no one is more eager for playgrounds and vacation schools than the conscientious charity visitor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00156", "bookId": 15487, "start": 61576, "end": 63471, "sha256": "be7774566b354f9300914caa9f1697bcb8a49d26ee3056dc2427c52233b48737", "text": "This very imaginative impulse and attempt to live in a pictured world of their own, which seems the simplest prerogative of childhood, often leads the boys into difficulty. Three boys aged seven, nine, and ten were once brought into a neighboring police station under the charge of pilfering and destroying property. They had dug a cave under a railroad viaduct in which they had spent many days and nights of the summer vacation. They had \"swiped\" potatoes and other vegetables from hucksters' carts, which they had cooked and eaten in true brigand fashion; they had decorated the interior of the excavation with stolen junk, representing swords and firearms, to their romantic imaginations. The father of the ringleader was a janitor living in a building five miles away in a prosperous portion of the city. The landlord did not want an active boy in the building, and his mother was dead; the janitor paid for the boy's board and lodging to a needy woman living near the viaduct. She conscientiously gave him his breakfast and supper, and left something in the house for his dinner every morning when she went to work in a neighboring factory; but was too tired by night to challenge his statement that he \"would rather sleep outdoors in the summer,\" or to investigate what he did during the day. In the meantime the three boys lived in a world of their own, made up from the reading of adventurous stories and their vivid imaginations, steadily pilfering more and more as the days went by, and actually imperilling the safety of the traffic passing over the street on the top of the viaduct. In spite of vigorous exertions on their behalf, one of the boys was sent to the Reform School, comforting himself with the conclusive remark, \"Well, we had fun anyway, and maybe they will let us dig a cave at the School; it is in the country, where we can't hurt anything.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00157", "bookId": 15487, "start": 63475, "end": 64383, "sha256": "5be6885714822a5dd2e6bae31008d1901a28b4629a365be7812aaad7bba216a4", "text": "In addition to books of adventure, or even reading of any sort, the scenes and ideals of the theatre largely form the manners and morals of the young people. \"Going to the theatre\" is indeed the most common and satisfactory form of recreation. Many boys who conscientiously give all their wages to their mothers have returned each week ten cents to pay for a seat in the gallery of a theatre on Sunday afternoon. It is their one satisfactory glimpse of life--the moment when they \"issue forth from themselves\" and are stirred and thoroughly interested. They quite simply adopt as their own, and imitate as best they can, all that they see there. In moments of genuine grief and excitement the words and the gestures they employ are those copied from the stage, and the tawdry expression often conflicts hideously with the fine and genuine emotion of which it is the inadequate and vulgar vehicle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00158", "bookId": 15487, "start": 64387, "end": 64536, "sha256": "e40f204613e9c7d053479ad4df451a06aab26ab1711a95a46bbb85ad554cd4db", "text": "As in the matter of dress, more refined and simpler manners and mode of expressions are unseen by them, and they must perforce copy what they know.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00159", "bookId": 15487, "start": 64540, "end": 64857, "sha256": "7a863c49502ab3a415cfec339764da23ce97049e5df49a34b6b0fb3503198cfb", "text": "If we agree with a recent definition of Art, as that which causes the spectator to lose his sense of isolation, there is no doubt that the popular theatre, with all its faults, more nearly fulfils the function of art for the multitude of working people than all the \"free galleries\" and picture exhibits combined.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00160", "bookId": 15487, "start": 64861, "end": 66325, "sha256": "e8b7319ef040c47ea9e8b897cb35b055a77335ae8a6ce3ef02a681f466d83b2e", "text": "The greatest difficulty is experienced when the two standards come sharply together, and when both sides make an attempt at understanding and explanation. The difficulty of making clear one's own ethical standpoint is at times insurmountable. A woman who had bought and sold school books stolen from the school fund,--books which are all plainly marked with a red stamp,--came to Hull House one morning in great distress because she had been arrested, and begged a resident \"to speak to the judge.\" She gave as a reason the fact that the House had known her for six years, and had once been very good to her when her little girl was buried. The resident more than suspected that her visitor knew the school books were stolen when buying them, and any attempt to talk upon that subject was evidently considered very rude. The visitor wished to get out of her trial, and evidently saw no reason why the House should not help her. The alderman was out of town, so she could not go to him. After a long conversation the visitor entirely failed to get another point of view and went away grieved and disappointed at a refusal, thinking the resident simply disobliging; wondering, no doubt, why such a mean woman had once been good to her; leaving the resident, on the other hand, utterly baffled and in the state of mind she would have been in, had she brutally insisted that a little child should lift weights too heavy for its undeveloped muscles.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00161", "bookId": 15487, "start": 66329, "end": 66688, "sha256": "ca8683aff63f7d93ad49aee8dbd4d3a15503dc195d7bbab122c816dc88f55823", "text": "Such a situation brings out the impossibility of substituting a higher ethical standard for a lower one without similarity of experience, but it is not as painful as that illustrated by the following example, in which the highest ethical standard yet attained by the charity recipient is broken down, and the substituted one not in the least understood:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00162", "bookId": 15487, "start": 66692, "end": 69883, "sha256": "0f39de5fe3362ac2548c7c30961845a0163ae97edb32b4e89f6edfa15c6acbb0", "text": "A certain charity visitor is peculiarly appealed to by the weakness and pathos of forlorn old age. She is responsible for the well-being of perhaps a dozen old women to whom she sustains a sincerely affectionate and almost filial relation. Some of them learn to take her benefactions quite as if they came from their own relatives, grumbling at all she does, and scolding her with a family freedom. One of these poor old women was injured in a fire years ago. She has but the fragment of a hand left, and is grievously crippled in her feet. Through years of pain she had become addicted to opium, and when she first came under the visitor's care, was only held from the poorhouse by the awful thought that she would there perish without her drug. Five years of tender care have done wonders for her. She lives in two neat little rooms, where with her thumb and two fingers she makes innumerable quilts, which she sells and gives away with the greatest delight. Her opium is regulated to a set amount taken each day, and she has been drawn away from much drinking. She is a voracious reader, and has her head full of strange tales made up from books and her own imagination. At one time it seemed impossible to do anything for her in Chicago, and she was kept for two years in a suburb, where the family of the charity visitor lived, and where she was nursed through several hazardous illnesses. She now lives a better life than she did, but she is still far from being a model old woman. The neighbors are constantly shocked by the fact that she is supported and comforted by a \"charity lady,\" while at the same time she occasionally \"rushes the growler,\" scolding at the boys lest they jar her in her tottering walk. The care of her has broken through even that second standard, which the neighborhood had learned to recognize as the standard of charitable societies, that only the \"worthy poor\" are to be helped; that temperance and thrift are the virtues which receive the plums of benevolence. The old lady herself is conscious of this criticism. Indeed, irate neighbors tell her to her face that she doesn't in the least deserve what she gets. In order to disarm them, and at the same time to explain what would otherwise seem loving-kindness so colossal as to be abnormal, she tells them that during her sojourn in the suburb she discovered an awful family secret,--a horrible scandal connected with the long-suffering charity visitor; that it is in order to prevent the divulgence of this that she constantly receives her ministrations. Some of her perplexed neighbors accept this explanation as simple and offering a solution of this vexed problem. Doubtless many of them have a glimpse of the real state of affairs, of the love and patience which ministers to need irrespective of worth. But the standard is too high for most of them, and it sometimes seems unfortunate to break down the second standard, which holds that people who \"rush the growler\" are not worthy of charity, and that there is a certain justice attained when they go to the poorhouse. It is certainly dangerous to break down the lower, unless the higher is made clear.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00163", "bookId": 15487, "start": 69887, "end": 70192, "sha256": "6c336a27062cf0e6339bc23f72a8ef7a703ca00aa1784ec7532074c95b131ca3", "text": "Just when our affection becomes large enough to care for the unworthy among the poor as we would care for the unworthy among our own kin, is certainly a perplexing question. To say that it should never be so, is a comment upon our democratic relations to them which few of us would be willing to make.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00164", "bookId": 15487, "start": 70196, "end": 70834, "sha256": "63ad5cda5304470b5b5e792770d8f888f95667185b15a47f8200f1004216613f", "text": "Of what use is all this striving and perplexity? Has the experience any value? It is certainly genuine, for it induces an occasional charity visitor to live in a tenement house as simply as the other tenants do. It drives others to give up visiting the poor altogether, because, they claim, it is quite impossible unless the individual becomes a member of a sisterhood, which requires, as some of the Roman Catholic sisterhoods do, that the member first take the vows of obedience and poverty, so that she can have nothing to give save as it is first given to her, and thus she is not harassed by a constant attempt at adjustment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00165", "bookId": 15487, "start": 70838, "end": 71088, "sha256": "c33f28e8e29003b64cb31ffb07c0520403869295b12f57f8b62ef67dffcb31ac", "text": "Both the tenement-house resident and the sister assume to have put themselves upon the industrial level of their neighbors, although they have left out the most awful element of poverty, that of imminent fear of starvation and a neglected old age.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00166", "bookId": 15487, "start": 71092, "end": 71345, "sha256": "d94924c78c875282426054a6b0e0d2176d26b8e65db6ea056d70e92eb407ede0", "text": "The young charity visitor who goes from a family living upon a most precarious industrial level to her own home in a prosperous part of the city, if she is sensitive at all, is never free from perplexities which our growing democracy forces upon her.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00167", "bookId": 15487, "start": 71349, "end": 72446, "sha256": "c73a351a367bf5e87285012c2f822546b1aaadc7507a6f0cd67c4d02835139fb", "text": "We sometimes say that our charity is too scientific, but we would doubtless be much more correct in our estimate if we said that it is not scientific enough. We dislike the entire arrangement of cards alphabetically classified according to streets and names of families, with the unrelated and meaningless details attached to them. Our feeling of revolt is probably not unlike that which afflicted the students of botany and geology in the middle of the last century, when flowers were tabulated in alphabetical order, when geology was taught by colored charts and thin books. No doubt the students, wearied to death, many times said that it was all too scientific, and were much perplexed and worried when they found traces of structure and physiology which their so-called scientific principles were totally unable to account for. But all this happened before science had become evolutionary and scientific at all, before it had a principle of life from within. The very indications and discoveries which formerly perplexed, later illumined and made the study absorbing and vital.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00168", "bookId": 15487, "start": 72450, "end": 73258, "sha256": "10cc405e1df6fb544016f542773d374f60d23c7aa2ea6192d512cb0037959227", "text": "We are singularly slow to apply this evolutionary principle to human affairs in general, although it is fast being applied to the education of children. We are at last learning to follow the development of the child; to expect certain traits under certain conditions; to adapt methods and matter to his growing mind. No \"advanced educator\" can allow himself to be so absorbed in the question of what a child ought to be as to exclude the discovery of what he is. But in our charitable efforts we think much more of what a man ought to be than of what he is or of what he may become; and we ruthlessly force our conventions and standards upon him, with a sternness which we would consider stupid indeed did an educator use it in forcing his mature intellectual convictions upon an undeveloped mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00169", "bookId": 15487, "start": 73262, "end": 75832, "sha256": "4308f4890d5dc4979368b9816d5102dd7b7e017b1620c9cdff2a7c2f966f8fd0", "text": "Let us take the example of a timid child, who cries when he is put to bed because he is afraid of the dark. The \"soft-hearted\" parent stays with him, simply because he is sorry for him and wants to comfort him. The scientifically trained parent stays with him, because he realizes that the child is in a stage of development in which his imagination has the best of him, and in which it is impossible to reason him out of a belief in ghosts. These two parents, wide apart in point of view, after all act much alike, and both very differently from the pseudo-scientific parent, who acts from dogmatic conviction and is sure he is right. He talks of developing his child's self-respect and good sense, and leaves him to cry himself to sleep, demanding powers of self-control and development which the child does not possess. There is no doubt that our development of charity methods has reached this pseudo-scientific and stilted stage. We have learned to condemn unthinking, ill-regulated kind-heartedness, and we take great pride in mere repression much as the stern parent tells the visitor below how admirably he is rearing the child, who is hysterically crying upstairs and laying the foundation for future nervous disorders. The pseudo-scientific spirit, or rather, the undeveloped stage of our philanthropy, is perhaps most clearly revealed in our tendency to lay constant stress on negative action. \"Don't give;\" \"don't break down self-respect,\" we are constantly told. We distrust the human impulse as well as the teachings of our own experience, and in their stead substitute dogmatic rules for conduct. We forget that the accumulation of knowledge and the holding of convictions must finally result in the application of that knowledge and those convictions to life itself; that the necessity for activity and a pull upon the sympathies is so severe, that all the knowledge in the possession of the visitor is constantly applied, and she has a reasonable chance for an ultimate intellectual comprehension. Indeed, part of the perplexity in the administration of charity comes from the fact that the type of person drawn to it is the one who insists that her convictions shall not be unrelated to action. Her moral concepts constantly tend to float away from her, unless they have a basis in the concrete relation of life. She is confronted with the task of reducing her scruples to action, and of converging many wills, so as to unite the strength of all of them into one accomplishment, the value of which no one can foresee.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00170", "bookId": 15487, "start": 75836, "end": 76801, "sha256": "1f7bcb8e90e8727a7610bf4c95e433fefed62f41f71047e503829e2c1ab82e7f", "text": "On the other hand, the young woman who has succeeded in expressing her social compunction through charitable effort finds that the wider social activity, and the contact with the larger experience, not only increases her sense of social obligation but at the same time recasts her social ideals. She is chagrined to discover that in the actual task of reducing her social scruples to action, her humble beneficiaries are far in advance of her, not in charity or singleness of purpose, but in self-sacrificing action. She reaches the old-time virtue of humility by a social process, not in the old way, as the man who sits by the side of the road and puts dust upon his head, calling himself a contrite sinner, but she gets the dust upon her head because she has stumbled and fallen in the road through her efforts to push forward the mass, to march with her fellows. She has socialized her virtues not only through a social aim but by a social process.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00171", "bookId": 15487, "start": 76805, "end": 77786, "sha256": "9f6b542e5caed5d9c8aa445b04b2bb8a12d64d23f1c5372841fac0d6a95405d0", "text": "The Hebrew prophet made three requirements from those who would join the great forward-moving procession led by Jehovah. \"To love mercy\" and at the same time \"to do justly\" is the difficult task; to fulfil the first requirement alone is to fall into the error of indiscriminate giving with all its disastrous results; to fulfil the second solely is to obtain the stern policy of withholding, and it results in such a dreary lack of sympathy and understanding that the establishment of justice is impossible. It may be that the combination of the two can never be attained save as we fulfil still the third requirement--\"to walk humbly with God,\" which may mean to walk for many dreary miles beside the lowliest of His creatures, not even in that peace of mind which the company of the humble is popularly supposed to afford, but rather with the pangs and throes to which the poor human understanding is subjected whenever it attempts to comprehend the meaning of life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00172", "bookId": 15487, "start": 77796, "end": 77807, "sha256": "be0202436657672a43ffaae4b1f24b9495ff2085241aa8e05e3656b58de14b99", "text": "CHAPTER III", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00173", "bookId": 15487, "start": 77811, "end": 77827, "sha256": "85c179f447013dd5ca265fb52dc972876c7a402b86d85e7909bd14b0ce48af1c", "text": "FILIAL RELATIONS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00174", "bookId": 15487, "start": 77833, "end": 78373, "sha256": "8c6eabc1a0f63934206eb63c9aa3859aa08b2cb35504eee22312287f70487076", "text": "There are many people in every community who have not felt the \"social compunction,\" who do not share the effort toward a higher social morality, who are even unable to sympathetically interpret it. Some of these have been shielded from the inevitable and salutary failures which the trial of new powers involve, because they are content to attain standards of virtue demanded by an easy public opinion, and others of them have exhausted their moral energy in attaining to the current standard of individual and family righteousness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00175", "bookId": 15487, "start": 78377, "end": 79039, "sha256": "ee5a802e95fd77b8cd6f62d17e0f3d31335f75c4079978576704cbb848d39914", "text": "Such people, who form the bulk of contented society, demand that the radical, the reformer, shall be without stain or question in his personal and family relations, and judge most harshly any deviation from the established standards. There is a certain justice in this: it expresses the inherent conservatism of the mass of men, that none of the established virtues which have been so slowly and hardly acquired shall be sacrificed for the sake of making problematic advance; that the individual, in his attempt to develop and use the new and exalted virtue, shall not fall into the easy temptation of letting the ordinary ones slip through his fingers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00176", "bookId": 15487, "start": 79043, "end": 79427, "sha256": "5ad84c8eedd9ed008772fb3ba8f8cca67c954ae8fecb49e4f1afb8bc19fbfcb1", "text": "This instinct to conserve the old standards, combined with a distrust of the new standard, is a constant difficulty in the way of those experiments and advances depending upon the initiative of women, both because women are the more sensitive to the individual and family claims, and because their training has tended to make them content with the response to these claims alone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00177", "bookId": 15487, "start": 79431, "end": 79721, "sha256": "e1e430c54ed26ff5e40d3366088f93a6d97c85ba63bf198dbee5b6c2491dae79", "text": "There is no doubt that, in the effort to sustain the moral energy necessary to work out a more satisfactory social relation, the individual often sacrifices the energy which should legitimately go into the fulfilment of personal and family claims, to what he considers the higher claim.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00178", "bookId": 15487, "start": 79725, "end": 81176, "sha256": "f22a9b3ac705f0604b32b3f241a1377afe5d6c3696ccf25e647c836b096e8280", "text": "In considering the changes which our increasing democracy is constantly making upon various relationships, it is impossible to ignore the filial relation. This chapter deals with the relation between parents and their grown-up daughters, as affording an explicit illustration of the perplexity and mal-adjustment brought about by the various attempts of young women to secure a more active share in the community life. We constantly see parents very much disconcerted and perplexed in regard to their daughters when these daughters undertake work lying quite outside of traditional and family interests. These parents insist that the girl is carried away by a foolish enthusiasm, that she is in search of a career, that she is restless and does not know what she wants. They will give any reason, almost, rather than the recognition of a genuine and dignified claim. Possibly all this is due to the fact that for so many hundreds of years women have had no larger interests, no participation in the affairs lying quite outside personal and family claims. Any attempt that the individual woman formerly made to subordinate or renounce the family claim was inevitably construed to mean that she was setting up her own will against that of her family's for selfish ends. It was concluded that she could have no motive larger than a desire to serve her family, and her attempt to break away must therefore be wilful and self-indulgent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00179", "bookId": 15487, "start": 81180, "end": 81664, "sha256": "663d3f8454666e82cc410aa33f649de01f66fa8e73a9629bed1e2faa9e894b42", "text": "The family logically consented to give her up at her marriage, when she was enlarging the family tie by founding another family. It was easy to understand that they permitted and even promoted her going to college, travelling in Europe, or any other means of self-improvement, because these merely meant the development and cultivation of one of its own members. When, however, she responded to her impulse to fulfil the social or democratic claim, she violated every tradition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00180", "bookId": 15487, "start": 81668, "end": 82516, "sha256": "b7559c0282d4093f5021f62b4533649c40283465584e2fc2a2a989aeee69e36e", "text": "The mind of each one of us reaches back to our first struggles as we emerged from self-willed childhood into a recognition of family obligations. We have all gradually learned to respond to them, and yet most of us have had at least fleeting glimpses of what it might be to disregard them and the elemental claim they make upon us. We have yielded at times to the temptation of ignoring them for selfish aims, of considering the individual and not the family convenience, and we remember with shame the self-pity which inevitably followed. But just as we have learned to adjust the personal and family claims, and to find an orderly development impossible without recognition of both, so perhaps we are called upon now to make a second adjustment between the family and the social claim, in which neither shall lose and both be ennobled.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00181", "bookId": 15487, "start": 82520, "end": 84240, "sha256": "56c30f5baaf99f8283dca1ba35dc1040618b2fa5cd9ad1348348f2cc79dceff1", "text": "The attempt to bring about a healing compromise in which the two shall be adjusted in proper relation is not an easy one. It is difficult to distinguish between the outward act of him who in following one legitimate claim has been led into the temporary violation of another, and the outward act of him who deliberately renounces a just claim and throws aside all obligation for the sake of his own selfish and individual development. The man, for instance, who deserts his family that he may cultivate an artistic sensibility, or acquire what he considers more fulness of life for himself, must always arouse our contempt. Breaking the marriage tie as Ibsen's \"Nora\" did, to obtain a larger self-development, or holding to it as George Eliot's \"Romola\" did, because of the larger claim of the state and society, must always remain two distinct paths. The collision of interests, each of which has a real moral basis and a right to its own place in life, is bound to be more or less tragic. It is the struggle between two claims, the destruction of either of which would bring ruin to the ethical life. Curiously enough, it is almost exactly this contradiction which is the tragedy set forth by the Greek dramatist, who asserted that the gods who watch over the sanctity of the family bond must yield to the higher claims of the gods of the state. The failure to recognize the social claim as legitimate causes the trouble; the suspicion constantly remains that woman's public efforts are merely selfish and captious, and are not directed to the general good. This suspicion will never be dissipated until parents, as well as daughters, feel the democratic impulse and recognize the social claim.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00182", "bookId": 15487, "start": 84244, "end": 85072, "sha256": "f6e253644cc93c021d92a9411ecd7433678995cdde648667592511f00c2f9522", "text": "Our democracy is making inroads upon the family, the oldest of human institutions, and a claim is being advanced which in a certain sense is larger than the family claim. The claim of the state in time of war has long been recognized, so that in its name the family has given up sons and husbands and even the fathers of little children. If we can once see the claims of society in any such light, if its misery and need can be made clear and urged as an explicit claim, as the state urges its claims in the time of danger, then for the first time the daughter who desires to minister to that need will be recognized as acting conscientiously. This recognition may easily come first through the emotions, and may be admitted as a response to pity and mercy long before it is formulated and perceived by the intellect.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00183", "bookId": 15487, "start": 85076, "end": 87099, "sha256": "081187aa9405f9fe4bf97b87b769b25e3a4575c7c226e2eab29702f96ce869ac", "text": "The family as well as the state we are all called upon to maintain as the highest institutions which the race has evolved for its safeguard and protection. But merely to preserve these institutions is not enough. There come periods of reconstruction, during which the task is laid upon a passing generation, to enlarge the function and carry forward the ideal of a long-established institution. There is no doubt that many women, consciously and unconsciously, are struggling with this task. The family, like every other element of human life, is susceptible of progress, and from epoch to epoch its tendencies and aspirations are enlarged, although its duties can never be abrogated and its obligations can never be cancelled. It is impossible to bring about the higher development by any self-assertion or breaking away of the individual will. The new growth in the plant swelling against the sheath, which at the same time imprisons and protects it, must still be the truest type of progress. The family in its entirety must be carried out into the larger life. Its various members together must recognize and acknowledge the validity of the social obligation. When this does not occur we have a most flagrant example of the ill-adjustment and misery arising when an ethical code is applied too rigorously and too conscientiously to conditions which are no longer the same as when the code was instituted, and for which it was never designed. We have all seen parental control and the family claim assert their authority in fields of effort which belong to the adult judgment of the child and pertain to activity quite outside the family life. Probably the distinctively family tragedy of which we all catch glimpses now and then, is the assertion of this authority through all the entanglements of wounded affection and misunderstanding. We see parents and children acting from conscientious motives and with the tenderest affection, yet bringing about a misery which can scarcely be hidden.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00184", "bookId": 15487, "start": 87103, "end": 88730, "sha256": "133694e7bb99c53c68b6811737d43cd93905e5f7c22315e5a5f9fb04ce4c9f27", "text": "Such glimpses remind us of that tragedy enacted centuries ago in Assisi, when the eager young noble cast his very clothing at his father's feet, dramatically renouncing his filial allegiance, and formally subjecting the narrow family claim to the wider and more universal duty. All the conflict of tragedy ensued which might have been averted, had the father recognized the higher claim, and had he been willing to subordinate and adjust his own claim to it. The father considered his son disrespectful and hard-hearted, yet we know St. Francis to have been the most tender and loving of men, responsive to all possible ties, even to those of inanimate nature. We know that by his affections he freed the frozen life of his time. The elements of tragedy lay in the narrowness of the father's mind; in his lack of comprehension and his lack of sympathy with the power which was moving his son, and which was but part of the religious revival which swept Europe from end to end in the early part of the thirteenth century; the same power which built the cathedrals of the North, and produced the saints and sages of the South. But the father's situation was nevertheless genuine; he felt his heart sore and angry, and his dignity covered with disrespect. He could not, indeed, have felt otherwise, unless he had been touched by the fire of the same revival, and lifted out of and away from the contemplation of himself and his narrower claim. It is another proof that the notion of a larger obligation can only come through the response to an enlarged interest in life and in the social movements around us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00185", "bookId": 15487, "start": 88734, "end": 89442, "sha256": "48f76599a5a751b388b3ca9215e0ff26fc758299451349c36f892cea22fbcabd", "text": "The grown-up son has so long been considered a citizen with well-defined duties and a need of \"making his way in the world,\" that the family claim is urged much less strenuously in his case, and as a matter of authority, it ceases gradually to be made at all. In the case of the grown-up daughter, however, who is under no necessity of earning a living, and who has no strong artistic bent, taking her to Paris to study painting or to Germany to study music, the years immediately following her graduation from college are too often filled with a restlessness and unhappiness which might be avoided by a little clear thinking, and by an adaptation of our code of family ethics to modern conditions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00186", "bookId": 15487, "start": 89446, "end": 91580, "sha256": "0a6d9095e86837bb81ff7c4c8e8c0e8de76f82fc8f71bbcc6819ff96bf3ba0c5", "text": "It is always difficult for the family to regard the daughter otherwise than as a family possession. From her babyhood she has been the charm and grace of the household, and it is hard to think of her as an integral part of the social order, hard to believe that she has duties outside of the family, to the state and to society in the larger sense. This assumption that the daughter is solely an inspiration and refinement to the family itself and its own immediate circle, that her delicacy and polish are but outward symbols of her father's protection and prosperity, worked very smoothly for the most part so long as her education was in line with it. When there was absolutely no recognition of the entity of woman's life beyond the family, when the outside claims upon her were still wholly unrecognized, the situation was simple, and the finishing school harmoniously and elegantly answered all requirements. She was fitted to grace the fireside and to add lustre to that social circle which her parents selected for her. But this family assumption has been notably broken into, and educational ideas no longer fit it. Modern education recognizes woman quite apart from family or society claims, and gives her the training which for many years has been deemed successful for highly developing a man's individuality and freeing his powers for independent action. Perplexities often occur when the daughter returns from college and finds that this recognition has been but partially accomplished. When she attempts to act upon the assumption of its accomplishment, she finds herself jarring upon ideals which are so entwined with filial piety, so rooted in the tenderest affections of which the human heart is capable, that both daughter and parents are shocked and startled when they discover what is happening, and they scarcely venture to analyze the situation. The ideal for the education of woman has changed under the pressure of a new claim. The family has responded to the extent of granting the education, but they are jealous of the new claim and assert the family claim as over against it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00187", "bookId": 15487, "start": 91584, "end": 92894, "sha256": "0b0b9b30040832f39571d77a5d52159a4831621d3a4a17c07f19a3eccb78f949", "text": "The modern woman finds herself educated to recognize a stress of social obligation which her family did not in the least anticipate when they sent her to college. She finds herself, in addition, under an impulse to act her part as a citizen of the world. She accepts her family inheritance with loyalty and affection, but she has entered into a wider inheritance as well, which, for lack of a better phrase, we call the social claim. This claim has been recognized for four years in her training, but after her return from college the family claim is again exclusively and strenuously asserted. The situation has all the discomfort of transition and compromise. The daughter finds a constant and totally unnecessary conflict between the social and the family claims. In most cases the former is repressed and gives way to the family claim, because the latter is concrete and definitely asserted, while the social demand is vague and unformulated. In such instances the girl quietly submits, but she feels wronged whenever she allows her mind to dwell upon the situation. She either hides her hurt, and splendid reserves of enthusiasm and capacity go to waste, or her zeal and emotions are turned inward, and the result is an unhappy woman, whose heart is consumed by vain regrets and desires.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00188", "bookId": 15487, "start": 92898, "end": 94507, "sha256": "978c16c6f2d7e921678118cf51db032a392995853c2347f35c8ea2621dd77bd3", "text": "If the college woman is not thus quietly reabsorbed, she is even reproached for her discontent. She is told to be devoted to her family, inspiring and responsive to her social circle, and to give the rest of her time to further self-improvement and enjoyment. She expects to do this, and responds to these claims to the best of her ability, even heroically sometimes. But where is the larger life of which she has dreamed so long? That life which surrounds and completes the individual and family life? She has been taught that it is her duty to share this life, and her highest privilege to extend it. This divergence between her self-centred existence and her best convictions becomes constantly more apparent. But the situation is not even so simple as a conflict between her affections and her intellectual convictions, although even that is tumultuous enough, also the emotional nature is divided against itself. The social claim is a demand upon the emotions as well as upon the intellect, and in ignoring it she represses not only her convictions but lowers her springs of vitality. Her life is full of contradictions. She looks out into the world, longing that some demand be made upon her powers, for they are too untrained to furnish an initiative. When her health gives way under this strain, as it often does, her physician invariably advises a rest. But to be put to bed and fed on milk is not what she requires. What she needs is simple, health-giving activity, which, involving the use of all her faculties, shall be a response to all the claims which she so keenly feels.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00189", "bookId": 15487, "start": 94511, "end": 95755, "sha256": "0fac420c6efd709049292d84df0d144ea24a2fcb1d00c0a8541e1c7be94b6195", "text": "It is quite true that the family often resents her first attempts to be part of a life quite outside their own, because the college woman frequently makes these first attempts most awkwardly; her faculties have not been trained in the line of action. She lacks the ability to apply her knowledge and theories to life itself and to its complicated situations. This is largely the fault of her training and of the one-sidedness of educational methods. The colleges have long been full of the best ethical teaching, insisting that the good of the whole must ultimately be the measure of effort, and that the individual can only secure his own rights as he labors to secure those of others. But while the teaching has included an ever-broadening range of obligation and has insisted upon the recognition of the claims of human brotherhood, the training has been singularly individualistic; it has fostered ambitions for personal distinction, and has trained the faculties almost exclusively in the direction of intellectual accumulation. Doubtless, woman's education is at fault, in that it has failed to recognize certain needs, and has failed to cultivate and guide the larger desires of which all generous young hearts are full.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00190", "bookId": 15487, "start": 95759, "end": 97202, "sha256": "28302ff451a54f59ae576e4b4870395fa0af8e4b8bac98a30d801bdab94d2256", "text": "During the most formative years of life, it gives the young girl no contact with the feebleness of childhood, the pathos of suffering, or the needs of old age. It gathers together crude youth in contact only with each other and with mature men and women who are there for the purpose of their mental direction. The tenderest promptings are bidden to bide their time. This could only be justifiable if a definite outlet were provided when they leave college. Doubtless the need does not differ widely in men and women, but women not absorbed in professional or business life, in the years immediately following college, are baldly brought face to face with the deficiencies of their training. Apparently every obstacle is removed, and the college woman is at last free to begin the active life, for which, during so many years, she has been preparing. But during this so-called preparation, her faculties have been trained solely for accumulation, and she has learned to utterly distrust the finer impulses of her nature, which would naturally have connected her with human interests outside of her family and her own immediate social circle. All through school and college the young soul dreamed of self-sacrifice, of succor to the helpless and of tenderness to the unfortunate. We persistently distrust these desires, and, unless they follow well-defined lines, we repress them with every device of convention and caution.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00191", "bookId": 15487, "start": 97206, "end": 98357, "sha256": "fd7c8e40926c1531436d644eea4368a6e76bc2193ebc01d2c7d122d19e372eaa", "text": "One summer the writer went from a two weeks' residence in East London, where she had become sick and bewildered by the sights and sounds encountered there, directly to Switzerland. She found the beaten routes of travel filled with young English men and women who could walk many miles a day, and who could climb peaks so inaccessible that the feats received honorable mention in Alpine journals,--a result which filled their families with joy and pride. These young people knew to a nicety the proper diet and clothing which would best contribute toward endurance. Everything was very fine about them save their motive power. The writer does not refer to the hard-worked men and women who were taking a vacation, but to the leisured young people, to whom this period was the most serious of the year, and filled with the most strenuous exertion. They did not, of course, thoroughly enjoy it, for we are too complicated to be content with mere exercise. Civilization has bound us too closely with our brethren for any one of us to be long happy in the cultivation of mere individual force or in the accumulation of mere muscular energy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00192", "bookId": 15487, "start": 98361, "end": 99048, "sha256": "8c1d19274f00f9744a999e93eddb3d9cc7260bc2ea7f30e1e0e1eae9df0d9021", "text": "With Whitechapel constantly in mind, it was difficult not to advise these young people to use some of this muscular energy of which they were so proud, in cleaning neglected alleys and paving soggy streets. Their stores of enthusiasm might stir to energy the listless men and women of East London and utilize latent social forces. The exercise would be quite as good, the need of endurance as great, the care for proper dress and food as important; but the motives for action would be turned from selfish ones into social ones. Such an appeal would doubtless be met with a certain response from the young people, but would never be countenanced by their families for an instant.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00193", "bookId": 15487, "start": 99052, "end": 100009, "sha256": "9a629999dae669a92d1bdf295d03be875d60225784661d2cd3283ae5d94fe6e5", "text": "Fortunately a beginning has been made in another direction, and a few parents have already begun to consider even their little children in relation to society as well as to the family. The young mothers who attend \"Child Study\" classes have a larger notion of parenthood and expect given characteristics from their children, at certain ages and under certain conditions. They quite calmly watch the various attempts of a child to assert his individuality, which so often takes the form of opposition to the wishes of the family and to the rule of the household. They recognize as acting under the same law of development the little child of three who persistently runs away and pretends not to hear his mother's voice, the boy of ten who violently, although temporarily, resents control of any sort, and the grown-up son who, by an individualized and trained personality, is drawn into pursuits and interests quite alien to those of his family.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00194", "bookId": 15487, "start": 100013, "end": 100888, "sha256": "bfcb595ad67b1b496eb2995bc690e7f0bb96a49223ff30417df0c35e2f67cf06", "text": "This attempt to take the parental relation somewhat away from mere personal experience, as well as the increasing tendency of parents to share their children's pursuits and interests, will doubtless finally result in a better understanding of the social obligation. The understanding, which results from identity of interests, would seem to confirm the conviction that in the complicated life of to-day there is no education so admirable as that education which comes from participation in the constant trend of events. There is no doubt that most of the misunderstandings of life are due to partial intelligence, because our experiences have been so unlike that we cannot comprehend each other. The old difficulties incident to the clash of two codes of morals must drop away, as the experiences of various members of the family become larger and more identical.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00195", "bookId": 15487, "start": 100892, "end": 101857, "sha256": "ad50de418a3ff596b81c0ecd7d8c6adb0847e663c444394825ca840e8ac73ba4", "text": "At the present moment, however, many of those difficulties still exist and may be seen all about us. In order to illustrate the situation baldly, and at the same time to put it dramatically, it may be well to take an instance concerning which we have no personal feeling. The tragedy of King Lear has been selected, although we have been accustomed so long to give him our sympathy as the victim of the ingratitude of his two older daughters, and of the apparent coldness of Cordelia, that we have not sufficiently considered the weakness of his fatherhood, revealed by the fact that he should get himself into so entangled and unhappy a relation to all of his children. In our pity for Lear, we fail to analyze his character. The King on his throne exhibits utter lack of self-control. The King in the storm gives way to the same emotion, in repining over the wickedness of his children, which he formerly exhibited in his indulgent treatment of them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00196", "bookId": 15487, "start": 101861, "end": 103926, "sha256": "b4aebf9a6005ec4e91e63e2aa0232120a052d74aedb19e4fc4b33f6b44281f72", "text": "It might be illuminating to discover wherein he had failed, and why his old age found him roofless in spite of the fact that he strenuously urged the family claim with his whole conscience. At the opening of the drama he sat upon his throne, ready for the enjoyment which an indulgent parent expects when he has given gifts to his children. From the two elder, the responses for the division of his lands were graceful and fitting, but he longed to hear what Cordelia, his youngest and best beloved child, would say. He looked toward her expectantly, but instead of delight and gratitude there was the first dawn of character. Cordelia made the awkward attempt of an untrained soul to be honest and scrupulously to express her inmost feeling. The king was baffled and distressed by this attempt at self-expression. It was new to him that his daughter should be moved by a principle obtained outside himself, which even his imagination could not follow; that she had caught the notion of an existence in which her relation as a daughter played but a part. She was transformed by a dignity which recast her speech and made it self-contained. She found herself in the sweep of a feeling so large that the immediate loss of a kingdom seemed of little consequence to her. Even an act which might be construed as disrespect to her father was justified in her eyes, because she was vainly striving to fill out this larger conception of duty. The test which comes sooner or later to many parents had come to Lear, to maintain the tenderness of the relation between father and child, after that relation had become one between adults, to be content with the responses made by the adult child to the family claim, while at the same time she responded to the claims of the rest of life. The mind of Lear was not big enough for this test; he failed to see anything but the personal slight involved, and the ingratitude alone reached him. It was impossible for him to calmly watch his child developing beyond the stretch of his own mind and sympathy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00197", "bookId": 15487, "start": 103930, "end": 104705, "sha256": "d0dfd24c09d8db233cc91be630fc2f6cff1221ce1ccbb43e61860f3fc99132e6", "text": "That a man should be so absorbed in his own indignation as to fail to apprehend his child's thought, that he should lose his affection in his anger, simply reveals the fact that his own emotions are dearer to him than his sense of paternal obligation. Lear apparently also ignored the common ancestry of Cordelia and himself, and forgot her royal inheritance of magnanimity. He had thought of himself so long as a noble and indulgent father that he had lost the faculty by which he might perceive himself in the wrong. Even in the midst of the storm he declared himself more sinned against than sinning. He could believe any amount of kindness and goodness of himself, but could imagine no fidelity on the part of Cordelia unless she gave him the sign he demanded.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00198", "bookId": 15487, "start": 104709, "end": 105342, "sha256": "ca4f3859ed4290e0e87a125d606994513312352bae5427f247c1d1c107c4d689", "text": "At length he suffered many hardships; his spirit was buffeted and broken; he lost his reason as well as his kingdom; but for the first time his experience was identical with the experience of the men around him, and he came to a larger conception of life. He put himself in the place of \"the poor naked wretches,\" and unexpectedly found healing and comfort. He took poor Tim in his arms from a sheer desire for human contact and animal warmth, a primitive and genuine need, through which he suddenly had a view of the world which he had never had from his throne, and from this moment his heart began to turn toward Cordelia.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00199", "bookId": 15487, "start": 105346, "end": 106778, "sha256": "654bba3509e044e0f82a0fbadbe48be3405decc121fc6094c9bb1d1168452a38", "text": "In reading the tragedy of King Lear, Cordelia receives a full share of our censure. Her first words are cold, and we are shocked by her lack of tenderness. Why should she ignore her father's need for indulgence, and be unwilling to give him what he so obviously craved? We see in the old king \"the over-mastering desire of being beloved, selfish, and yet characteristic of the selfishness of a loving and kindly nature alone.\" His eagerness produces in us a strange pity for him, and we are impatient that his youngest and best-beloved child cannot feel this, even in the midst of her search for truth and her newly acquired sense of a higher duty. It seems to us a narrow conception that would break thus abruptly with the past and would assume that her father had no part in the new life. We want to remind her \"that pity, memory, and faithfulness are natural ties,\" and surely as much to be prized as is the development of her own soul. We do not admire the Cordelia who through her self-absorption deserts her father, as we later admire the same woman who comes back from France that she may include her father in her happiness and freer life. The first had selfishly taken her salvation for herself alone, and it was not until her conscience had developed in her new life that she was driven back to her father, where she perished, drawn into the cruelty and wrath which had now become objective and tragic.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00200", "bookId": 15487, "start": 106782, "end": 107424, "sha256": "b0eed3898b3a5b63c29cc1da1f2ef3fdf0b10b350da473b8ae8bc0151cf3a7cc", "text": "Historically considered, the relation of Lear to his children was archaic and barbaric, indicating merely the beginning of a family life since developed. His paternal expression was one of domination and indulgence, without the perception of the needs of his children, without any anticipation of their entrance into a wider life, or any belief that they could have a worthy life apart from him. If that rudimentary conception of family life ended in such violent disaster, the fact that we have learned to be more decorous in our conduct does not demonstrate that by following the same line of theory we may not reach a like misery.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00201", "bookId": 15487, "start": 107428, "end": 107805, "sha256": "b709c85c826382c6433340d05beaebd4b0141262d7c9a9a51448811a7da71ad2", "text": "Wounded affection there is sure to be, but this could be reduced to a modicum if we could preserve a sense of the relation of the individual to the family, and of the latter to society, and if we had been given a code of ethics dealing with these larger relationships, instead of a code designed to apply so exclusively to relationships obtaining only between individuals.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00202", "bookId": 15487, "start": 107809, "end": 108133, "sha256": "87a0fea4908c49d5e2db8965af3705cb45486b238931d0a52a48ecf6d3e9eecf", "text": "Doubtless the clashes and jars which we all feel most keenly are those which occur when two standards of morals, both honestly held and believed in, are brought sharply together. The awkwardness and constraint we experience when two standards of conventions and manners clash but feebly prefigure this deeper difference.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00203", "bookId": 15487, "start": 108143, "end": 108153, "sha256": "2d020cbd4cac00e9afab31268bd233f0c99cc1c86eb868fa1c53375b04b182ff", "text": "CHAPTER IV", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00204", "bookId": 15487, "start": 108157, "end": 108177, "sha256": "2262cb7837b0346337e260bf686bc2e712daba7b71af1c7ee7eadc970eb788d2", "text": "HOUSEHOLD ADJUSTMENT", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00205", "bookId": 15487, "start": 108183, "end": 108745, "sha256": "4d879389adf67c7f4562c9f9ba21129a423161b1f7628c1a37b2f0c4def9343f", "text": "If we could only be judged or judge other people by purity of motive, life would be much simplified, but that would be to abandon the contention made in the first chapter, that the processes of life are as important as its aims. We can all recall acquaintances of whose integrity of purpose we can have no doubt, but who cause much confusion as they proceed to the accomplishment of that purpose, who indeed are often insensible to their own mistakes and harsh in their judgments of other people because they are so confident of their own inner integrity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00206", "bookId": 15487, "start": 108749, "end": 109233, "sha256": "6ef6da6d9f7f131c736b051c230f05d0552de4154a88ee2886246d51d9783291", "text": "This tendency to be so sure of integrity of purpose as to be unsympathetic and hardened to the means by which it is accomplished, is perhaps nowhere so obvious as in the household itself. It nowhere operates as so constant a force as in the minds of the women who in all the perplexity of industrial transition are striving to administer domestic affairs. The ethics held by them are for the most part the individual and family codes, untouched by the larger social conceptions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00207", "bookId": 15487, "start": 109237, "end": 109640, "sha256": "487eb341844b7a0a99ce72f8915d275cec0b2f13009da57174cdceae68c3f440", "text": "These women, rightly confident of their household and family integrity and holding to their own code of morals, fail to see the household in its social aspect. Possibly no relation has been so slow to respond to the social ethics which we are now considering, as that between the household employer and the household employee, or, as it is still sometimes called, that between mistress and servant.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00208", "bookId": 15487, "start": 109644, "end": 110227, "sha256": "aa5393904f8b9c8761a61a494971fc0a119fd7ef2c4cd174df814b11aeccdefe", "text": "This persistence of the individual code in relation to the household may be partly accounted for by the fact that orderly life and, in a sense, civilization itself, grew from the concentration of interest in one place, and that moral feeling first became centred in a limited number of persons. From the familiar proposition that the home began because the mother was obliged to stay in one spot in order to cherish the child, we can see a foundation for the belief that if women are much away from home, the home itself will be destroyed and all ethical progress endangered.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00209", "bookId": 15487, "start": 110231, "end": 111724, "sha256": "69e3ee3e79ab7af76b7d426c203fb12ff4a3673fdb4092b376548123c5fb8f64", "text": "We have further been told that the earliest dances and social gatherings were most questionable in their purposes, and that it was, therefore, the good and virtuous women who first stayed at home, until gradually the two--the woman who stayed at home and the woman who guarded her virtue--became synonymous. A code of ethics was thus developed in regard to woman's conduct, and her duties were logically and carefully limited to her own family circle. When it became impossible to adequately minister to the needs of this circle without the help of many people who did not strictly belong to the family, although they were part of the household, they were added as aids merely for supplying these needs. When women were the brewers and bakers, the fullers, dyers, spinners, and weavers, the soap and candle makers, they administered large industries, but solely from the family point of view. Only a few hundred years ago, woman had complete control of the manufacturing of many commodities which now figure so largely in commerce, and it is evident that she let the manufacturing of these commodities go into the hands of men, as soon as organization and a larger conception of their production were required. She felt no responsibility for their management when they were taken from the home to the factory, for deeper than her instinct to manufacture food and clothing for her family was her instinct to stay with them, and by isolation and care to guard them from evil.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00210", "bookId": 15487, "start": 111728, "end": 112207, "sha256": "cbeedbe604876d1133ff8e780a216cff788e0b82a07eb25c98be570f29c00ff9", "text": "She had become convinced that a woman's duty extended only to her own family, and that the world outside had no claim upon her. The British matron ordered her maidens aright, when they were spinning under her own roof, but she felt no compunction of conscience when the morals and health of young girls were endangered in the overcrowded and insanitary factories. The code of family ethics was established in her mind so firmly that it excluded any notion of social effort.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00211", "bookId": 15487, "start": 112211, "end": 113061, "sha256": "c3048baa27deff969a7814eedc24970ad7be6ece298f136a7cd3fffe1bff84c5", "text": "It is quite possible to accept this explanation of the origin of morals, and to believe that the preservation of the home is at the foundation of all that is best in civilization, without at the same time insisting that the separate preparation and serving of food is an inherent part of the structure and sanctity of the home, or that those who minister to one household shall minister to that exclusively. But to make this distinction seems difficult, and almost invariably the sense of obligation to the family becomes confused with a certain sort of domestic management. The moral issue involved in one has become inextricably combined with the industrial difficulty involved in the other, and it is at this point that so many perplexed housekeepers, through the confusion of the two problems, take a difficult and untenable position.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00212", "bookId": 15487, "start": 113065, "end": 114207, "sha256": "547d1144667251beb6e6a52bcc77332bcbe8f546cb361c7492b7d5cc81adedf3", "text": "There are economic as well as ethical reasons for this survival of a simpler code. The wife of a workingman still has a distinct economic value to her husband. She cooks, cleans, washes, and mends--services for which, before his marriage, he paid ready money. The wife of the successful business or professional man does not do this. He continues to pay for his cooking, house service, and washing. The mending, however, is still largely performed by his wife; indeed, the stockings are pathetically retained and their darning given an exaggerated importance, as if women instinctively felt that these mended stockings were the last remnant of the entire household industry, of which they were formerly mistresses. But one industry, the cooking and serving of foods to her own family, woman has never relinquished. It has, therefore, never been organized, either by men or women, and is in an undeveloped state. Each employer of household labor views it solely from the family standpoint. The ethics prevailing in regard to it are distinctly personal and unsocial, and result in the unique isolation of the household employee.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00213", "bookId": 15487, "start": 114211, "end": 114668, "sha256": "a7a7874f0affea4d70ccbafa8e3edf35b5b245d6f7aaca3188bd6cf6ef413e31", "text": "As industrial conditions have changed, the household has simplified, from the mediaeval affair of journeymen, apprentices, and maidens who spun and brewed to the family proper; to those who love each other and live together in ties of affection and consanguinity. Were this process complete, we should have no problem of household employment. But, even in households comparatively humble, there is still one alien, one who is neither loved nor loving.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00214", "bookId": 15487, "start": 114672, "end": 115732, "sha256": "e612ba3e29adf522957bf3f7ef57161aec277cb8f75c254330569c435b4f54c9", "text": "The modern family has dropped the man who made its shoes, the woman who spun its clothes, and, to a large extent, the woman who washes them, but it stoutly refuses to drop the woman who cooks its food and ministers directly to its individual comfort; it strangely insists that to do that would be to destroy the family life itself. The cook is uncomfortable, the family is uncomfortable; but it will not drop her as all her fellow-workers have been dropped, although the cook herself insists upon it. So far has this insistence gone that every possible concession is made to retain her. The writer knows an employer in one of the suburbs who built a bay at the back of her house so that her cook might have a pleasant room in which to sleep, and another in which to receive her friends. This employer naturally felt aggrieved when the cook refused to stay in her bay. Viewed in an historic light, this employer might quite as well have added a bay to her house for her shoemaker, and then deemed him ungrateful because he declined to live in it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00215", "bookId": 15487, "start": 115736, "end": 116687, "sha256": "6528351afe602526b8939dfb5d187dea1f798fec97f49a8a28ae3ec996c65ad5", "text": "A listener, attentive to a conversation between two employers of household labor,--and we certainly all have opportunity to hear such conversations,--would often discover a tone implying that the employer was abused and put upon; that she was struggling with the problem solely because she was thus serving her family and performing her social duties; that otherwise it would be a great relief to her to abandon the entire situation, and \"never have a servant in her house again.\" Did she follow this impulse, she would simply yield to the trend of her times and accept the present system of production. She would be in line with the industrial organization of her age. Were she in line ethically, she would have to believe that the sacredness and beauty of family life do not consist in the processes of the separate preparation of food, but in sharing the corporate life of the community, and in making the family the unit of that life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00216", "bookId": 15487, "start": 116691, "end": 117013, "sha256": "291976c0e7847c17156e90c2934da3c0a679275dd3dc2635087619e3b7e861c5", "text": "The selfishness of a modern mistress, who, in her narrow social ethics, insists that those who minister to the comforts of her family shall minister to it alone, that they shall not only be celibate, but shall be cut off, more or less, from their natural social ties, excludes the best working-people from her service.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00217", "bookId": 15487, "start": 117017, "end": 117468, "sha256": "31350528e0721cbab95f27f1915b3625d91276f94c879a34c759fdc6b34cf6d6", "text": "A man of dignity and ability is quite willing to come into a house to tune a piano. Another man of mechanical skill will come to put up window shades. Another of less skill, but of perfect independence, will come to clean and relay a carpet. These men would all resent the situation and consider it quite impossible if it implied the giving up of their family and social ties, and living under the roof of the household requiring their services.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00218", "bookId": 15487, "start": 117472, "end": 117935, "sha256": "adfcae9b7849c8e27b17bfd20559df904ad5e953441629713b0bad428b739f2c", "text": "The isolation of the household employee is perhaps inevitable so long as the employer holds her belated ethics; but the situation is made even more difficult by the character and capacity of the girls who enter this industry. In any great industrial change the workmen who are permanently displaced are those who are too dull to seize upon changed conditions. The workmen who have knowledge and insight, who are in touch with their time, quickly reorganize.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00219", "bookId": 15487, "start": 117939, "end": 118826, "sha256": "08bd2b1f64f66648abefb1b0c099b5dab20a4738bfa464847c87f18ce6ccfec1", "text": "The general statement may be made that the enterprising girls of the community go into factories, and the less enterprising go into households, although there are many exceptions. It is not a question of skill, of energy, of conscientious work, which will make a girl rise industrially while she is in the household; she is not in the rising movement. She is belated in a class composed of the unprogressive elements of the community, which is recruited constantly by those from the ranks of the incompetent, by girls who are learning the language, girls who are timid and slow, or girls who look at life solely from the savings-bank point of view. The distracted housekeeper struggles with these unprogressive girls, holding to them not even the well-defined and independent relation of employer and employed, but the hazy and constantly changing one of mistress to servant.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00220", "bookId": 15487, "start": 118830, "end": 119541, "sha256": "a40673685c65998a48e73bbe17b1915137e291aa6e8d40d89d31cc952afdfb32", "text": "The latter relation is changing under pressure from various directions. In our increasing democracy the notion of personal service is constantly becoming more distasteful, conflicting, as it does, with the more modern notion of personal dignity. Personal ministration to the needs of childhood, illness, and old age seem to us reasonable, and the democratic adjustment in regard to them is being made. The first two are constantly raised nearer to the level of a profession, and there is little doubt that the third will soon follow. But personal ministrations to a normal, healthy adult, consuming the time and energy of another adult, we find more difficult to reconcile to our theories of democracy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00221", "bookId": 15487, "start": 119545, "end": 119873, "sha256": "e35f57ac73c177a5bd312176d66ecfe7025d6db4e3799e9d7376a486e4828407", "text": "A factory employer parts with his men at the factory gates at the end of a day's work; they go to their homes as he goes to his, in the assumption that they both do what they want and spend their money as they please; but this solace of equality outside of working hours is denied the bewildered employer of household labor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00222", "bookId": 15487, "start": 119877, "end": 120085, "sha256": "79258e68c257c7a394b332cbcbbae881f7da031f91b9e6712a75dd41d78d6d5d", "text": "She is obliged to live constantly in the same house with her employee, and because of certain equalities in food and shelter she is brought more sharply face to face with the mental and social inequalities.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00223", "bookId": 15487, "start": 120089, "end": 120630, "sha256": "f637186b524a8905614ba40c1270628a6acf4d19ac31a8de63c20968f3315b61", "text": "The difficulty becomes more apparent as the character of the work performed by the so-called servant is less absolutely useful and may be merely time consuming. A kind-hearted woman who will complacently take an afternoon drive, leaving her cook to prepare the five courses of a \"little dinner for only ten guests,\" will not be nearly so comfortable the next evening when she speeds her daughter to a dance, conscious that her waitress must spend the evening in dull solitude on the chance that a caller or two may ring the door-bell.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00224", "bookId": 15487, "start": 120634, "end": 121016, "sha256": "0b2a4d571f4b680103cf155341dc19c79245df345addf1aa038bb9db02ce77ac", "text": "A conscientious employer once remarked to the writer: \"In England it must be much easier; the maid does not look and dress so like your daughter, and you can at least pretend that she doesn't like the same things. But really, my new waitress is quite as pretty and stylish as my daughter is, and her wistful look sometimes when Mary goes off to a frolic quite breaks my heart.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00225", "bookId": 15487, "start": 121020, "end": 122318, "sha256": "0869f995a66684f36622156b7455e4ce31911cd754d38f3c51ec5dbdf6089831", "text": "Too many employers of domestic service have always been exempt from manual labor, and therefore constantly impose exacting duties upon employees, the nature of which they do not understand by experience; there is thus no curb of rationality imposed upon the employer's requirements and demands. She is totally unlike the foreman in a shop, who has only risen to his position by way of having actually performed with his own hands all the work of the men he directs. There is also another class of employers of domestic labor, who grow capricious and over-exacting through sheer lack of larger interests to occupy their minds; it is equally bad for them and the employee that the duties of the latter are not clearly defined. Tolstoy contends that an exaggerated notion of cleanliness has developed among such employers, which could never have been evolved among usefully employed people. He points to the fact that a serving man, in order that his hands may be immaculately clean, is kept from performing the heavier work of the household, and then is supplied with a tray, upon which to place a card, in order that even his clean hands may not touch it; later, even his clean hands are covered with a pair of clean white gloves, which hold the tray upon which the card is placed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00226", "bookId": 15487, "start": 122322, "end": 122847, "sha256": "1786fefcb5720f2da1b1792e0d3290983a598b499acdbb556f11128c817c2981", "text": "If it were not for the undemocratic ethics used by the employers of domestics, much work now performed in the household would be done outside, as is true of many products formerly manufactured in the feudal household. The worker in all other trades has complete control of his own time after the performance of definitely limited services, his wages are paid altogether in money which he may spend in the maintenance of a separate home life, and he has full opportunity to organize with the other workers in his trade.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00227", "bookId": 15487, "start": 122851, "end": 123011, "sha256": "df7ca66d2f033109f7c1c1aa995188c4ea507469dc6a75c58e3e99fa511f9837", "text": "The domestic employee is retained in the household largely because her \"mistress\" fatuously believes that she is thus maintaining the sanctity of family life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00228", "bookId": 15487, "start": 123015, "end": 123973, "sha256": "8248c036e3e7063fba70bb4f911e1f7f00a09fedc78639e313fa7599e9402b1b", "text": "The household employee has no regular opportunity for meeting other workers of her trade, and of attaining with them the dignity of a corporate body. The industrial isolation of the household employee results, as isolation in a trade must always result, in a lack of progress in the methods and products of that trade, and a lack of aspiration and education in the workman. Whether we recognize this isolation as a cause or not, we are all ready to acknowledge that household labor has been in some way belated; that the improvements there have not kept up with the improvement in other occupations. It is said that the last revolution in the processes of cooking was brought about by Count Rumford, who died a hundred years ago. This is largely due to the lack of _esprit de corps_ among the employees, which keeps them collectively from fresh achievements, as the absence of education in the individual keeps her from improving her implements.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00229", "bookId": 15487, "start": 123977, "end": 125188, "sha256": "ab486b594ecb4b9a6047c0c506c9dac0d93da897036ed6254b2ed980d8d8fa4a", "text": "Under this isolation, not only must one set of utensils serve divers purposes, and, as a consequence, tend to a lessened volume and lower quality of work, but, inasmuch as the appliances are not made to perform the fullest work, there is an amount of capital invested disproportionate to the product when measured by the achievement in other branches of industry. More important than this is the result of the isolation upon the worker herself. There is nothing more devastating to the inventive faculty, nor fatal to a flow of mind and spirit, than the constant feeling of loneliness and the absence of that fellowship which makes our public opinion. If an angry foreman reprimands a girl for breaking a machine, twenty other girls hear him, and the culprit knows perfectly well their opinion as to the justice or injustice of her situation. In either case she bears it better for knowing that, and not thinking it over in solitude. If a household employee breaks a utensil or a piece of porcelain and is reprimanded by her employer, too often the invisible jury is the family of the latter, who naturally uphold her censorious position and intensify the feeling of loneliness in the employee.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00230", "bookId": 15487, "start": 125192, "end": 126788, "sha256": "c9ffccea90c889f2b8b70e2eaefe6f5831d395dc26d569ad66ff3d6e75c410f6", "text": "The household employee, in addition to her industrial isolation, is also isolated socially. It is well to remember that the household employees for the better quarters of the city and suburbs are largely drawn from the poorer quarters, which are nothing if not gregarious. The girl is born and reared in a tenement house full of children. She goes to school with them, and there she learns to march, to read, and write in companionship with forty others. When she is old enough to go to parties, those she attends are usually held in a public hall and are crowded with dancers. If she works in a factory, she walks home with many other girls, in much the same spirit as she formerly walked to school with them. She mingles with the young men she knows, in frank, economic, and social equality. Until she marries she remains at home with no special break or change in her family and social life. If she is employed in a household, this is not true. Suddenly all the conditions of her life are altered. This change may be wholesome for her, but it is not easy, and thought of the savings-bank does not cheer one much, when one is twenty. She is isolated from the people with whom she has been reared, with whom she has gone to school, and among whom she expects to live when she marries. She is naturally lonely and constrained away from them, and the \"new maid\" often seems \"queer\" to her employer's family. She does not care to mingle socially with the people in whose house she is employed, as the girl from the country often does, but she surfers horribly from loneliness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00231", "bookId": 15487, "start": 126792, "end": 127232, "sha256": "5dd2642936ec5c9ab284eb3ee845a6485be2cfd3c2f560255b24cffa66ee6849", "text": "This wholesome, instinctive dread of social isolation is so strong that, as every city intelligence-office can testify, the filling of situations is easier, or more difficult, in proportion as the place offers more or less companionship. Thus, the easy situation to fill is always the city house, with five or six employees, shading off into the more difficult suburban home, with two, and the utterly impossible lonely country house.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00232", "bookId": 15487, "start": 127236, "end": 127897, "sha256": "d8ea890a540ba96e3088c0e35f909ebbed4548d28efa55fd3d42f2dbc037793c", "text": "There are suburban employers of household labor who make heroic efforts to supply domestic and social life to their employees; who take the domestic employee to drive, arrange to have her invited out occasionally; who supply her with books and papers and companionship. Nothing could be more praiseworthy in motive, but it is seldom successful in actual operation, resulting as it does in a simulacrum of companionship. The employee may have a genuine friendship for her employer, and a pleasure in her companionship, or she may not have, and the unnaturalness of the situation comes from the insistence that she has, merely because of the propinquity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00233", "bookId": 15487, "start": 127901, "end": 128346, "sha256": "7ee9c5d6e3a06a4978dd9153eff85b2fbea0c4d5747d1d0e16d1f774f04373ef", "text": "The unnaturalness of the situation is intensified by the fact that the employee is practically debarred by distance and lack of leisure from her natural associates, and that her employer sympathetically insists upon filling the vacancy in interests and affections by her own tastes and friendship. She may or may not succeed, but the employee should not be thus dependent upon the good will of her employer. That in itself is undemocratic.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00234", "bookId": 15487, "start": 128350, "end": 129460, "sha256": "01b79975c89af1425a88a9f373802ef8c643de1a3af3e55e157dcf4837341309", "text": "The difficulty is increasing by a sense of social discrimination which the household employee keenly feels is against her and in favor of the factory girls, in the minds of the young men of her acquaintance. Women seeking employment, understand perfectly well this feeling among mechanics, doubtless quite unjustifiable, but it acts as a strong inducement toward factory labor. The writer has long ceased to apologize for the views and opinions of working people, being quite sure that on the whole they are quite as wise and quite as foolish as the views and opinions of other people, but that this particularly foolish opinion of young mechanics is widely shared by the employing class can be easily demonstrated. The contrast is further accentuated by the better social position of the factory girl, and the advantages provided for her in the way of lunch clubs, social clubs, and vacation homes, from which girls performing household labor are practically excluded by their hours of work, their geographical situation, and a curious feeling that they are not as interesting as factory girls.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00235", "bookId": 15487, "start": 129464, "end": 130309, "sha256": "00744d011c9639ba9249f86ccc1efb57a7bfeea7bb8965bc30907a4b11c4494b", "text": "This separation from her natural social ties affects, of course, her opportunity for family life. It is well to remember that women, as a rule, are devoted to their families; that they want to live with their parents, their brothers and sisters, and kinsfolk, and will sacrifice much to accomplish this. This devotion is so universal that it is impossible to ignore it when we consider women as employees. Young unmarried women are not detached from family claims and requirements as young men are, and are more ready and steady in their response to the needs of aged parents and the helpless members of the family. But women performing labor in households have peculiar difficulties in responding to their family claims, and are practically dependent upon their employers for opportunities of even seeing their relatives and friends.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00236", "bookId": 15487, "start": 130313, "end": 130531, "sha256": "8d764061c657cec3b68ce7f8bef27c12c336486b3b5f2b790eb90e236e6b6b5b", "text": "Curiously enough the same devotion to family life and quick response to its claims, on the part of the employer, operates against the girl employed in household labor, and still further contributes to her isolation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00237", "bookId": 15487, "start": 130535, "end": 131158, "sha256": "29fb0691f01f300db1b9b6b8acabc2f6996c978f555201395810bbb6af59e65a", "text": "The employer of household labor, in her zeal to preserve her own family life intact and free from intrusion, acts inconsistently and grants to her cook, for instance, but once or twice a week, such opportunity for untrammelled association with her relatives as the employer's family claims constantly. This in itself is undemocratic, in that it makes a distinction between the value of family life for one set of people as over against another; or, rather, claims that one set of people are of so much less importance than another, that a valuable side of life pertaining to them should be sacrificed for the other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00238", "bookId": 15487, "start": 131162, "end": 132852, "sha256": "42d3fd64070eef927fa580f11a164433434cacf5c9850fe2880e7365b61bbf50", "text": "This cannot be defended theoretically, and no doubt much of the talk among the employers of household labor, that their employees are carefully shielded and cared for, and that it is so much better for a girl's health and morals to work in a household than to work in a factory, comes from a certain uneasiness of conscience, and from a desire to make up by individual scruple what would be done much more freely and naturally by public opinion if it had an untrammelled chance to assert itself. One person, or a number of isolated persons, however conscientious, cannot perform this office of public opinion. Certain hospitals in London have contributed statistics showing that seventy-eight per cent of illegitimate children born there are the children of girls working in households. These girls are certainly not less virtuous than factory girls, for they come from the same families and have had the same training, but the girls who remain at home and work in factories meet their lovers naturally and easily, their fathers and brothers know the men, and unconsciously exercise a certain supervision and a certain direction in their choice of companionship. The household employees living in another part of the city, away from their natural family and social ties, depend upon chance for the lovers whom they meet. The lover may be the young man who delivers for the butcher or grocer, or the solitary friend, who follows the girl from her own part of town and pursues unfairly the advantage which her social loneliness and isolation afford him. There is no available public opinion nor any standard of convention which the girl can apply to her own situation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00239", "bookId": 15487, "start": 132856, "end": 133294, "sha256": "e0f124198ea11447fc9a1c6ca12ce94d1db8816035e8d92632d3ba0d52f81438", "text": "It would be easy to point out many inconveniences arising from the fact that the old economic forms are retained when moral conditions which befitted them have entirely disappeared, but until employers of domestic labor become conscious of their narrow code of ethics, and make a distinct effort to break through the status of mistress and servant, because it shocks their moral sense, there is no chance of even beginning a reform.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00240", "bookId": 15487, "start": 133298, "end": 135029, "sha256": "1343ca34b91a2d77a61adac01596e13431f5edb866d08353dac090dba9552642", "text": "A fuller social and domestic life among household employees would be steps toward securing their entrance into the larger industrial organizations by which the needs of a community are most successfully administered. Many a girl who complains of loneliness, and who relinquishes her situation with that as her sole excuse, feebly tries to formulate her sense of restraint and social mal-adjustment. She sometimes says that she \"feels so unnatural all the time.\" The writer has known the voice of a girl to change so much during three weeks of \"service\" that she could not recognize it when the girl returned to her home. It alternated between the high falsetto in which a shy child \"speaks a piece\" and the husky gulp with which the _globus hystericus_ is swallowed. The alertness and _bonhomie_ of the voice of the tenement-house child had totally disappeared. When such a girl leaves her employer, her reasons are often incoherent and totally incomprehensible to that good lady, who naturally concludes that she wishes to get away from the work and back to her dances and giddy life, content, if she has these, to stand many hours in an insanitary factory. The charge of the employer is only half a truth. These dances may be the only organized form of social life which the disheartened employee is able to mention, but the girl herself, in her discontent and her moving from place to place, is blindly striving to respond to a larger social life. Her employer thinks that she should be able to consider only the interests and conveniences of her employer's family, because the employer herself is holding to a family outlook, and refuses to allow her mind to take in the larger aspects of the situation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00241", "bookId": 15487, "start": 135033, "end": 135426, "sha256": "45b46cfb6ad4924d807a1156a35395a0549bcbf2857afca910e5cb17e6b973a2", "text": "Although this household industry survives in the midst of the factory system, it must, of course, constantly compete with it. Women with little children, or those with invalids depending upon them, cannot enter either occupation, and they are practically confined to the sewing trades; but to all other untrained women seeking employment a choice is open between these two forms of labor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00242", "bookId": 15487, "start": 135430, "end": 136838, "sha256": "55350efcc143a13c296989fa10a0ee2459ceefe9336c8f50d3d68d5cae6276c9", "text": "There are few women so dull that they cannot paste labels on a box, or do some form of factory work; few so dull that some perplexed housekeeper will not receive them, at least for a trial, in her household. Household labor, then, has to compete with factory labor, and women seeking employment, more or less consciously compare these two forms of labor in point of hours, in point of permanency of employment, in point of wages, and in point of the advantage they afford for family and social life. Three points are easily disposed of. First, in regard to hours, there is no doubt that the factory has the advantage. The average factory hours are from seven in the morning to six in the evening, with the chance of working overtime in busy seasons. This leaves most of the evenings and Sundays entirely free. The average hours of household labor are from six in the morning until eight at night, with little difference in seasons. There is one afternoon a week, with an occasional evening, but Sunday is seldom wholly free. Even these evenings and afternoons take the form of a concession from the employer. They are called \"evenings out,\" as if the time really belonged to her, but that she was graciously permitting her employee to use it. This attitude, of course, is in marked contrast to that maintained by the factory operative, who, when she works evenings is paid for \"over-time.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00243", "bookId": 15487, "start": 136842, "end": 137060, "sha256": "2f9673d68841e769d7f08980327fdbc66dcd76ac2e6152ea8e5027b56da4a053", "text": "Second, in regard to permanency of position, the advantage is found clearly on the side of the household employee, if she proves in any measure satisfactory to her employer, for she encounters much less competition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00244", "bookId": 15487, "start": 137064, "end": 137677, "sha256": "ada18328630f8b5310dc845ab852d392e09e8a8911c946ab39482199269cdceb", "text": "Third, in point of wages, the household is again fairly ahead, if we consider not the money received, but the opportunity offered for saving money. This is greater among household employees, because they do not pay board, the clothing required is simpler, and the temptation to spend money in recreation is less frequent. The minimum wages paid an adult in household labor may be fairly put at two dollars and a half a week; the maximum at six dollars, this excluding the comparatively rare opportunities for women to cook at forty dollars a month, and the housekeeper's position at fifty dollars a month.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00245", "bookId": 15487, "start": 137681, "end": 139125, "sha256": "f197d1dfb1bec3ffb22a85412ccaa3fecd18a65859867cc54e337cccec52eb9e", "text": "The factory wages, viewed from the savings-bank point of view, may be smaller in the average, but this is doubtless counterbalanced in the minds of the employees by the greater chance which the factory offers for increased wages. A girl over sixteen seldom works in a factory for less than four dollars a week, and always cherishes the hope of at last being a forewoman with a permanent salary of from fifteen to twenty-five dollars a week. Whether she attains this or not, she runs a fair chance of earning ten dollars a week as a skilled worker. A girl finds it easier to be content with three dollars a week, when she pays for board, in a scale of wages rising toward ten dollars, than to be content with four dollars a week and pay no board, in a scale of wages rising toward six dollars; and the girl well knows that there are scores of forewomen at sixty dollars a month for one forty-dollar cook or fifty-dollar housekeeper. In many cases this position is well taken economically, for, although the opportunity for saving may be better for the employees in the household than in the factory, her family saves more when she works in a factory and lives with them. The rent is no more when she is at home. The two dollars and a half a week which she pays into the family fund more than covers the cost of her actual food, and at night she can often contribute toward the family labor by helping her mother wash and sew.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00246", "bookId": 15487, "start": 139129, "end": 139770, "sha256": "7f0b3ea255411ccef901a1b13476aaafd422afdaf6c7a0e8ee6b26f6af9dfd32", "text": "The fourth point has already been considered, and if the premise in regard to the isolation of the household employee is well taken, and if the position can be sustained that this isolation proves the determining factor in the situation, then certainly an effort should be made to remedy this, at least in its domestic and social aspects. To allow household employees to live with their own families and among their own friends, as factory employees now do, would be to relegate more production to industrial centres administered on the factory system, and to secure shorter hours for that which remains to be done in the household.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00247", "bookId": 15487, "start": 139774, "end": 141429, "sha256": "b50181666d5ab05be3ddfe34dacf71788bd8e505a029016417680cfce5f57785", "text": "In those cases in which the household employees have no family ties, doubtless a remedy against social isolation would be the formation of residence clubs, at least in the suburbs, where the isolation is most keenly felt. Indeed, the beginnings of these clubs are already seen in the servants' quarters at the summer hotels. In these residence clubs, the household employee could have the independent life which only one's own abiding place can afford. This, of course, presupposes a higher grade of ability than household employees at present possess; on the other hand, it is only by offering such possibilities that the higher grades of intelligence can be secured for household employment. As the plan of separate clubs for household employees will probably come first in the suburbs, where the difficulty of securing and holding \"servants\" under the present system is most keenly felt, so the plan of buying cooked food from an outside kitchen, and of having more and more of the household product relegated to the factory, will probably come from the comparatively poor people in the city, who feel most keenly the pressure of the present system. They already consume a much larger proportion of canned goods and bakers' wares and \"prepared meats\" than the more prosperous people do, because they cannot command the skill nor the time for the more tedious preparation of the raw material. The writer has seen a tenement-house mother pass by a basket of green peas at the door of a local grocery store, to purchase a tin of canned peas, because they could be easily prepared for supper and \"the children liked the tinny taste.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00248", "bookId": 15487, "start": 141433, "end": 142220, "sha256": "279343e89d7595875fe7c362fd01869d0602a62015d36d9d4fe1bb4814b41b1a", "text": "It is comparatively easy for an employer to manage her household industry with a cook, a laundress, a waitress. The difficulties really begin when the family income is so small that but one person can be employed in the household for all these varied functions, and the difficulties increase and grow almost insurmountable as they fall altogether upon the mother of the family, who is living in a flat, or, worse still, in a tenement house, where one stove and one set of utensils must be put to all sorts of uses, fit or unfit, making the living room of the family a horror in summer, and perfectly insupportable on rainy washing-days in winter. Such a woman, rather than the prosperous housekeeper, uses factory products, and thus no high standard of quality is established.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00249", "bookId": 15487, "start": 142224, "end": 143583, "sha256": "a71822f4531699670b9974bad38a9176061bd60addfff0172c16fdc3057e8aa0", "text": "The problem of domestic service, which has long been discussed in the United States and England, is now coming to prominence in France. As a well-known economist has recently pointed out, the large defection in the ranks of domestics is there regarded as a sign of revolt against an \"unconscious slavery,\" while English and American writers appeal to the statistics which point to the absorption of an enormous number of the class from which servants were formerly recruited into factory employments, and urge, as the natural solution, that more of the products used in households be manufactured in factories, and that personal service, at least for healthy adults, be eliminated altogether. Both of these lines of discussion certainly indicate that domestic service is yielding to the influence of a democratic movement, and is emerging from the narrower code of family ethics into the larger code governing social relations. It still remains to express the ethical advance through changed economic conditions by which the actual needs of the family may be supplied not only more effectively but more in line with associated effort. To fail to apprehend the tendency of one's age, and to fail to adapt the conditions of an industry to it, is to leave that industry ill-adjusted and belated on the economic side, and out of line ethically.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00250", "bookId": 15487, "start": 143593, "end": 143602, "sha256": "fd890be9c8f94bc23578edbbe4dc90914766a97a97700a3aea16557f8634e7fe", "text": "CHAPTER V", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00251", "bookId": 15487, "start": 143606, "end": 143629, "sha256": "d37e18821d2d9784aed064b0ce6887e0a2f46bdae1eab95b438b685372f8572b", "text": "INDUSTRIAL AMELIORATION", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00252", "bookId": 15487, "start": 143635, "end": 144214, "sha256": "2eb67490d323583e0aac3f6e92aec85e7c0c25a0d253e314029cbc762c054efa", "text": "There is no doubt that the great difficulty we experience in reducing to action our imperfect code of social ethics arises from the fact that we have not yet learned to act together, and find it far from easy even to fuse our principles and aims into a satisfactory statement. We have all been at times entertained by the futile efforts of half a dozen highly individualized people gathered together as a committee. Their aimless attempts to find a common method of action have recalled the wavering motion of a baby's arm before he has learned to cooerdinate his muscles.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00253", "bookId": 15487, "start": 144218, "end": 145351, "sha256": "a8feec0c2c8bea51b80182f3428a37bfaac44d8ae3431b089133930d056a0cf4", "text": "If, as is many times stated, we are passing from an age of individualism to one of association, there is no doubt that for decisive and effective action the individual still has the best of it. He will secure efficient results while committees are still deliberating upon the best method of making a beginning. And yet, if the need of the times demand associated effort, it may easily be true that the action which appears ineffective, and yet is carried out upon the more highly developed line of associated effort, may represent a finer social quality and have a greater social value than the more effective individual action. It is possible that an individual may be successful, largely because he conserves all his powers for individual achievement and does not put any of his energy into the training which will give him the ability to act with others. The individual acts promptly, and we are dazzled by his success while only dimly conscious of the inadequacy of his code. Nowhere is this illustrated more clearly than in industrial relations, as existing between the owner of a large factory and his employees.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00254", "bookId": 15487, "start": 145355, "end": 145859, "sha256": "742d2a5aef47f8f1f125cfa77b576d46a6965f31dc6c218552b5a85a30340dc5", "text": "A growing conflict may be detected between the democratic ideal, which urges the workmen to demand representation in the administration of industry, and the accepted position, that the man who owns the capital and takes the risks has the exclusive right of management. It is in reality a clash between individual or aristocratic management, and corporate or democratic management. A large and highly developed factory presents a sharp contrast between its socialized form and individualistic ends.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00255", "bookId": 15487, "start": 145863, "end": 146286, "sha256": "11d1360d06551cd461289c3fa447929e00e583be445516d69c41d6be49e8c703", "text": "It is possible to illustrate this difference by a series of events which occurred in Chicago during the summer of 1894. These events epitomized and exaggerated, but at the same time challenged, the code of ethics which regulates much of our daily conduct, and clearly showed that so-called social relations are often resting upon the will of an individual, and are in reality regulated by a code of individual ethics.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00256", "bookId": 15487, "start": 146290, "end": 146573, "sha256": "63d2689595ffd275af5fd006c94fbb5684692228289cb8e9e376866af2279408", "text": "As this situation illustrates a point of great difficulty to which we have arrived in our development of social ethics, it may be justifiable to discuss it at some length. Let us recall the facts, not as they have been investigated and printed, but as they remain in our memories.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00257", "bookId": 15487, "start": 146577, "end": 149312, "sha256": "aeccda6dc72171964a85887cc0c5eb8b8f250ee35f29c53fa415b64f2c7cc3db", "text": "A large manufacturing company had provided commodious workshops, and, at the instigation of its president, had built a model town for the use of its employees. After a series of years it was deemed necessary, during a financial depression, to reduce the wages of these employees by giving each workman less than full-time work \"in order to keep the shops open.\" This reduction was not accepted by the men, who had become discontented with the factory management and the town regulations, and a strike ensued, followed by a complete shut-down of the works. Although these shops were non-union shops, the strikers were hastily organized and appealed for help to the American Railway Union, which at that moment was holding its biennial meeting in Chicago. After some days' discussion and some futile attempts at arbitration, a sympathetic strike was declared, which gradually involved railway men in all parts of the country, and orderly transportation was brought to a complete standstill. In the excitement which followed, cars were burned and tracks torn up. The police of Chicago did not cope with the disorder, and the railway companies, apparently distrusting the Governor of the State, and in order to protect the United States mails, called upon the President of the United States for the federal troops, the federal courts further enjoined all persons against any form of interference with the property or operation of the railroads, and the situation gradually assumed the proportions of internecine warfare. During all of these events the president of the manufacturing company first involved, steadfastly refused to have the situation submitted to arbitration, and this attitude naturally provoked much discussion. The discussion was broadly divided between those who held that the long kindness of the president of the company had been most ungratefully received, and those who maintained that the situation was the inevitable outcome of the social consciousness developing among working people. The first defended the president of the company in his persistent refusal to arbitrate, maintaining that arbitration was impossible after the matter had been taken up by other than his own employees, and they declared that a man must be allowed to run his own business. They considered the firm stand of the president a service to the manufacturing interests of the entire country. The others claimed that a large manufacturing concern has ceased to be a private matter; that not only a number of workmen and stockholders are concerned in its management, but that the interests of the public are so involved that the officers of the company are in a real sense administering a public trust.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00258", "bookId": 15487, "start": 149316, "end": 149539, "sha256": "23b638d45bbadebfc5205e203d93497091eb6704c91df8765de47c2fc7147803", "text": "This prolonged strike clearly puts in a concrete form the ethics of an individual, in this case a benevolent employer, and the ethics of a mass of men, his employees, claiming what they believed to be their moral rights.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00259", "bookId": 15487, "start": 149543, "end": 150555, "sha256": "2849aa459aa2f1e50f6975d262ad6e3a69dde26e2e7b8686316236033a090c5c", "text": "These events illustrate the difficulty of managing an industry which has become organized into a vast social operation, not with the cooeperation of the workman thus socialized, but solely by the dictation of the individual owning the capital. There is a sharp divergence between the social form and the individual aim, which becomes greater as the employees are more highly socialized and dependent. The president of the company under discussion went further than the usual employer does. He socialized not only the factory, but the form in which his workmen were living. He built, and in a great measure regulated, an entire town, without calling upon the workmen either for self-expression or self-government. He honestly believed that he knew better than they what was for their good, as he certainly knew better than they how to conduct his business. As his factory developed and increased, making money each year under his direction, he naturally expected the town to prosper in the same way.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00260", "bookId": 15487, "start": 150559, "end": 150895, "sha256": "7a3365fba953737c7056617e7810cc81b9e07e9b3a91c72129eac61775128fb9", "text": "He did not realize that the men submitted to the undemocratic conditions of the factory organization because the economic pressure in our industrial affairs is so great that they could not do otherwise. Under this pressure they could be successfully discouraged from organization, and systematically treated on the individual basis.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00261", "bookId": 15487, "start": 150899, "end": 152636, "sha256": "e4d75a10dbe87cf9a0841b32628034ae503444b163ae31cf2f8ff9011a1610e2", "text": "Social life, however, in spite of class distinctions, is much freer than industrial life, and the men resented the extension of industrial control to domestic and social arrangements. They felt the lack of democracy in the assumption that they should be taken care of in these matters, in which even the humblest workman has won his independence. The basic difficulty lay in the fact that an individual was directing the social affairs of many men without any consistent effort to find out their desires, and without any organization through which to give them social expression. The president of the company was, moreover, so confident of the righteousness of his aim that he had come to test the righteousness of the process by his own feelings and not by those of the men. He doubtless built the town from a sincere desire to give his employees the best surroundings. As it developed, he gradually took toward it the artist attitude toward his own creation, which has no thought for the creation itself but is absorbed in the idea it stands for, and he ceased to measure the usefulness of the town by the standard of the men's needs. This process slowly darkened his glints of memory, which might have connected his experience with that of his men. It is possible to cultivate the impulses of the benefactor until the power of attaining a simple human relationship with the beneficiaries, that of frank equality with them, is gone, and there is left no mutual interest in a common cause. To perform too many good deeds may be to lose the power of recognizing good in others; to be too absorbed in carrying out a personal plan of improvement may be to fail to catch the great moral lesson which our times offer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00262", "bookId": 15487, "start": 152640, "end": 153424, "sha256": "cb3f8de3222774281e96075cd5f1596c35f7ae4d3cca2ced3dd65c211397a8df", "text": "The president of this company fostered his employees for many years; he gave them sanitary houses and beautiful parks; but in their extreme need, when they were struggling with the most difficult situation which the times could present to them, he lost his touch and had nothing wherewith to help them. The employer's conception of goodness for his men had been cleanliness, decency of living, and, above all, thrift and temperance. Means had been provided for all this, and opportunities had also been given for recreation and improvement. But this employer suddenly found his town in the sweep of a world-wide moral impulse. A movement had been going on about him and among his working men, of which he had been unconscious, or concerning which he had heard only by rumor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00263", "bookId": 15487, "start": 153428, "end": 153823, "sha256": "baabcb1708131732878b0e1f458d9dc2097332a53b2d6d35a3c0ef4589392342", "text": "Outside the ken of philanthropists the proletariat had learned to say in many languages, that \"the injury of one is the concern of all.\" Their watchwords were brotherhood, sacrifice, the subordination of individual and trade interests, to the good of the working classes, and they were moved by a determination to free that class from the untoward conditions under which they were laboring.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00264", "bookId": 15487, "start": 153827, "end": 154299, "sha256": "4ef3a22ee34afa5b95ba486e69a9822a5fe3181dc6e6c260046157c97d1db889", "text": "Compared to these watchwords, the old ones which this philanthropic employer had given his town were negative and inadequate. He had believed strongly in temperance and steadiness of individual effort, but had failed to apprehend the greater movement of combined abstinence and concerted action. With all his fostering, the president had not attained to a conception of social morality for his men and had imagined that virtue for them largely meant absence of vice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00265", "bookId": 15487, "start": 154303, "end": 154806, "sha256": "f8e9a8e13249e72b64816a1269f1594043b168ccdc1f463980329e2eec22f80e", "text": "When the labor movement finally stirred his town, or, to speak more fairly, when, in their distress and perplexity, his own employees appealed to an organized manifestation of this movement, they were quite sure that simply because they were workmen in distress they would not be deserted by it. This loyalty on the part of a widely ramified and well-organized union toward the workmen in a \"non-union shop,\" who had contributed nothing to its cause, was certainly a manifestation of moral power.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00266", "bookId": 15487, "start": 154810, "end": 155337, "sha256": "15b5319cadf3b1528dcb4ce0a39bc5503a9e812cc759454824bc198c95bd7ab9", "text": "In none of his utterances or correspondence did the president for an instant recognize this touch of nobility, although one would imagine that he would gladly point out this bit of virtue, in what he must have considered the moral ruin about him. He stood throughout for the individual virtues, those which had distinguished the model workmen of his youth; those which had enabled him and so many of his contemporaries to rise in life, when \"rising in life\" was urged upon every promising boy as the goal of his efforts.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00267", "bookId": 15487, "start": 155341, "end": 155843, "sha256": "3ef032a7baf5aedc4d965b26e63a08eb68e7ead84f0317cdecf7515eccfc66a6", "text": "Of the code of social ethics he had caught absolutely nothing. The morals he had advocated in selecting and training his men did not fail them in the hour of confusion. They were self-controlled, and they themselves destroyed no property. They were sober and exhibited no drunkenness, even although obliged to hold their meetings in the saloon hall of a neighboring town. They repaid their employer in kind, but he had given them no rule for the life of association into which they were plunged.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00268", "bookId": 15487, "start": 155847, "end": 156055, "sha256": "9eeb02d7248e3f7f0b603ee507db49327c7045daca745439a91440ee645a5864", "text": "The president of the company desired that his employees should possess the individual and family virtues, but did nothing to cherish in them the social virtues which express themselves in associated effort.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00269", "bookId": 15487, "start": 156059, "end": 156541, "sha256": "ae9796fa9291d2150fa11fe248def8e549c48d99c263d88deec9eda56f296ec9", "text": "Day after day, during that horrible time of suspense, when the wires constantly reported the same message, \"the President of the Company holds that there is nothing to arbitrate,\" one was forced to feel that the ideal of one-man rule was being sustained in its baldest form. A demand from many parts of the country and from many people was being made for social adjustment, against which the commercial training and the individualistic point of view held its own successfully.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00270", "bookId": 15487, "start": 156545, "end": 157102, "sha256": "786ccb17452f394e17efc458af03474bda1e36e46c98f61b6083be688ddc3a7d", "text": "The majority of the stockholders, not only of this company but of similar companies, and many other citizens, who had had the same commercial experience, shared and sustained this position. It was quite impossible for them to catch the other point of view. They not only felt themselves right from the commercial standpoint, but had gradually accustomed themselves also to the philanthropic standpoint, until they had come to consider their motives beyond reproach. Habit held them persistent in this view of the case through all changing conditions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00271", "bookId": 15487, "start": 157106, "end": 157889, "sha256": "3b7f688e11696e6467832ac21fd95b0909d27dc3920ee2abdf76d670fb177f54", "text": "A wise man has said that \"the consent of men and your own conscience are two wings given you whereby you may rise to God.\" It is so easy for the good and powerful to think that they can rise by following the dictates of conscience, by pursuing their own ideals, that they are prone to leave those ideals unconnected with the consent of their fellow-men. The president of the company thought out within his own mind a beautiful town. He had power with which to build this town, but he did not appeal to nor obtain the consent of the men who were living in it. The most unambitious reform, recognizing the necessity for this consent, makes for slow but sane and strenuous progress, while the most ambitious of social plans and experiments, ignoring this, is prone to failure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00272", "bookId": 15487, "start": 157893, "end": 159284, "sha256": "18e96f9c434ed6def33f0a97e5b2a129d38fde6ddd019c0989ecbd1af467879a", "text": "The man who insists upon consent, who moves with the people, is bound to consult the \"feasible right\" as well as the absolute right. He is often obliged to attain only Mr. Lincoln's \"best possible,\" and then has the sickening sense of compromise with his best convictions. He has to move along with those whom he leads toward a goal that neither he nor they see very clearly till they come to it. He has to discover what people really want, and then \"provide the channels in which the growing moral force of their lives shall flow.\" What he does attain, however, is not the result of his individual striving, as a solitary mountain-climber beyond that of the valley multitude but it is sustained and upheld by the sentiments and aspirations of many others. Progress has been slower perpendicularly, but incomparably greater because lateral. He has not taught his contemporaries to climb mountains, but he has persuaded the villagers to move up a few feet higher; added to this, he has made secure his progress. A few months after the death of the promoter of this model town, a court decision made it obligatory upon the company to divest itself of the management of the town as involving a function beyond its corporate powers. The parks, flowers, and fountains of this far-famed industrial centre were dismantled, with scarcely a protest from the inhabitants themselves.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00273", "bookId": 15487, "start": 159288, "end": 160037, "sha256": "cf7c019a935a0a8b7f54e4b141b0d8127c6fd6e8bc1c8ec14f4838a4d56da089", "text": "The man who disassociates his ambition, however disinterested, from the cooeperation of his fellows, always takes this risk of ultimate failure. He does not take advantage of the great conserver and guarantee of his own permanent success which associated efforts afford. Genuine experiments toward higher social conditions must have a more democratic faith and practice than those which underlie private venture. Public parks and improvements, intended for the common use, are after all only safe in the hands of the public itself; and associated effort toward social progress, although much more awkward and stumbling than that same effort managed by a capable individual, does yet enlist deeper forces and evoke higher social capacities.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00274", "bookId": 15487, "start": 160041, "end": 160704, "sha256": "f5a0465643311b07b2eb90733c71fd9cfa6333595162ec40f23964e4418304ae", "text": "The successful business man who is also the philanthropist is in more than the usual danger of getting widely separated from his employees. The men already have the American veneration for wealth and successful business capacity, and, added to this, they are dazzled by his good works. The workmen have the same kindly impulses as he, but while they organize their charity into mutual benefit associations and distribute their money in small amounts in relief for the widows and insurance for the injured, the employer may build model towns, erect college buildings, which are tangible and enduring, and thereby display his goodness in concentrated form.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00275", "bookId": 15487, "start": 160708, "end": 161377, "sha256": "09ffb9b464fb93d9289db6b10ec1d03efc70ca46d54918a183bb0a05724c66ec", "text": "By the very exigencies of business demands, the employer is too often cut off from the social ethics developing in regard to our larger social relationships, and from the great moral life springing from our common experiences. This is sure to happen when he is good \"to\" people rather than \"with\" them, when he allows himself to decide what is best for them instead of consulting them. He thus misses the rectifying influence of that fellowship which is so big that it leaves no room for sensitiveness or gratitude. Without this fellowship we may never know how great the divergence between ourselves and others may become, nor how cruel the misunderstandings.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00276", "bookId": 15487, "start": 161381, "end": 162301, "sha256": "ca82226334fc1cf5fda10f362fd4c063e62646d910bb9106577c4efa9498a4c9", "text": "During a recent strike of the employees of a large factory in Ohio, the president of the company expressed himself as bitterly disappointed by the results of his many kindnesses, and evidently considered the employees utterly unappreciative. His state of mind was the result of the fallacy of ministering to social needs from an individual impulse and expecting a socialized return of gratitude and loyalty. If the lunch-room was necessary, it was a necessity in order that the employees might have better food, and, when they had received the better food, the legitimate aim of the lunch-room was met. If baths were desirable, and the fifteen minutes of calisthenic exercise given the women in the middle of each half day brought a needed rest and change to their muscles, then the increased cleanliness and the increased bodily comfort of so many people should of themselves have justified the experiment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00277", "bookId": 15487, "start": 162305, "end": 162587, "sha256": "136f51056afdcb6f6f8cff95bfb41bf4440fc1ab676cf7b6d882976429e8b324", "text": "To demand, as a further result, that there should be no strikes in the factory, no revolt against the will of the employer because the employees were filled with loyalty as the result of the kindness, was of course to take the experiment from an individual basis to a social one.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00278", "bookId": 15487, "start": 162591, "end": 163504, "sha256": "68346e8e707010d3266cf68e36509e9225101515c23aad726b35643b8138569f", "text": "Large mining companies and manufacturing concerns are constantly appealing to their stockholders for funds, or for permission to take a percentage of the profits, in order that the money may be used for educational and social schemes designed for the benefit of the employees. The promoters of these schemes use as an argument and as an appeal, that better relations will be thus established, that strikes will be prevented, and that in the end the money returned to the stockholders will be increased. However praiseworthy this appeal may be in motive, it involves a distinct confusion of issues, and in theory deserves the failure it so often meets with in practice. In the clash which follows a strike, the employees are accused of an ingratitude, when there was no legitimate reason to expect gratitude; and useless bitterness, which has really a factitious basis, may be developed on both sides.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00279", "bookId": 15487, "start": 163508, "end": 163808, "sha256": "fff33ccd99467cc1a3d456d736014dd441af6b266b33bd1f609d0250ef08eb35", "text": "Indeed, unless the relation becomes a democratic one, the chances of misunderstanding are increased, when to the relation of employer and employees is added the relation of benefactor to beneficiaries, in so far as there is still another opportunity for acting upon the individual code of ethics.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00280", "bookId": 15487, "start": 163812, "end": 164713, "sha256": "d6368837d0835b1fe7f3aa966cdcbf507cf3c3b8500e795a09fdf0aabad8f3a7", "text": "There is no doubt that these efforts are to be commended, not only from the standpoint of their social value but because they have a marked industrial significance. Failing, as they do, however, to touch the question of wages and hours, which are almost invariably the points of trades-union effort, the employers confuse the mind of the public when they urge the amelioration of conditions and the kindly relation existing between them and their men as a reason for the discontinuance of strikes and other trades-union tactics. The men have individually accepted the kindness of the employers as it was individually offered, but quite as the latter urges his inability to increase wages unless he has the cooeperation of his competitors, so the men state that they are bound to the trades-union struggle for an increase in wages because it can only be undertaken by combinations of labor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00281", "bookId": 15487, "start": 164717, "end": 165017, "sha256": "9f0b7b11bd2d11db89a7c41c621cb906be37f6565ae6df99ee10b6ccc4584875", "text": "Even the much more democratic effort to divide a proportion of the profits at the end of the year among the employees, upon the basis of their wages and efficiency, is also exposed to a weakness, from the fact that the employing side has the power of determining to whom the benefit shall accrue.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00282", "bookId": 15487, "start": 165021, "end": 166700, "sha256": "028931287f95a49b531590f485823e77e2c4756625dc75fb53a0f37cae418e4f", "text": "Both individual acts of self-defence on the part of the wage earner and individual acts of benevolence on the part of the employer are most useful as they establish standards to which the average worker and employer may in time be legally compelled to conform. Progress must always come through the individual who varies from the type and has sufficient energy to express this variation. He first holds a higher conception than that held by the mass of his fellows of what is righteous under given conditions, and expresses this conviction in conduct, in many instances formulating a certain scruple which the others share, but have not yet defined even to themselves. Progress, however, is not secure until the mass has conformed to this new righteousness. This is equally true in regard to any advance made in the standard of living on the part of the trades-unionists or in the improved conditions of industry on the part of reforming employers. The mistake lies, not in overpraising the advance thus inaugurated by individual initiative, but in regarding the achievement as complete in a social sense when it is still in the realm of individual action. No sane manufacturer regards his factory as the centre of the industrial system. He knows very well that the cost of material, wages, and selling prices are determined by industrial conditions completely beyond his control. Yet the same man may quite calmly regard himself and his own private principles as merely self-regarding, and expect results from casual philanthropy which can only be accomplished through those common rules of life and labor established by the community for the common good.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00283", "bookId": 15487, "start": 166704, "end": 167791, "sha256": "794ac5caffbf02facf70ed54b01404f4bad12f09c6a72bf10fef2efe9e60968f", "text": "Outside of and surrounding these smaller and most significant efforts are the larger and irresistible movements operating toward combination. This movement must tend to decide upon social matters from the social standpoint. Until then it is difficult to keep our minds free from a confusion of issues. Such a confusion occurs when the gift of a large sum to the community for a public and philanthropic purpose, throws a certain glamour over all the earlier acts of a man, and makes it difficult for the community to see possible wrongs committed against it, in the accumulation of wealth so beneficently used. It is possible also that the resolve to be thus generous unconsciously influences the man himself in his methods of accumulation. He keeps to a certain individual rectitude, meaning to make an individual restitution by the old paths of generosity and kindness, whereas if he had in view social restitution on the newer lines of justice and opportunity, he would throughout his course doubtless be watchful of his industrial relationships and his social virtues.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00284", "bookId": 15487, "start": 167795, "end": 168672, "sha256": "e10957ed628a3f0e9331e6e9d86b346c97016f0e820d5bc169b4d1c18580ec9c", "text": "The danger of professionally attaining to the power of the righteous man, of yielding to the ambition \"for doing good\" on a large scale, compared to which the ambition for politics, learning, or wealth, are vulgar and commonplace, ramifies through our modern life; and those most easily beset by this temptation are precisely the men best situated to experiment on the larger social lines, because they so easily dramatize their acts and lead public opinion. Very often, too, they have in their hands the preservation and advancement of large vested interests, and often see clearly and truly that they are better able to administer the affairs of the community than the community itself: sometimes they see that if they do not administer them sharply and quickly, as only an individual can, certain interests of theirs dependent upon the community will go to ruin.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00285", "bookId": 15487, "start": 168676, "end": 169429, "sha256": "5a458f89bd542f01c325fff65f0f3a801b66db8a5d0b302c8c52adcaf18b19ae", "text": "The model employer first considered, provided a large sum in his will with which to build and equip a polytechnic school, which will doubtless be of great public value. This again shows the advantage of individual management, in the spending as well as in the accumulating of wealth, but this school will attain its highest good, in so far as it incites the ambition to provide other schools from public funds. The town of Zurich possesses a magnificent polytechnic institute, secured by the vote of the entire people and supported from public taxes. Every man who voted for it is interested that his child should enjoy its benefits, and, of course, the voluntary attendance must be larger than in a school accepted as a gift to the community.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00286", "bookId": 15487, "start": 169433, "end": 169826, "sha256": "6bb5ad18275fe25529cd5e9434c93e774cb8840668add3749c690d4d2e056632", "text": "In the educational efforts of model employers, as in other attempts toward social amelioration, one man with the best of intentions is trying to do what the entire body of employees should have undertaken to do for themselves. The result of his efforts will only attain its highest value as it serves as an incentive to procure other results by the community as well as for the community.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00287", "bookId": 15487, "start": 169830, "end": 171164, "sha256": "0d76b928225ce2e9a49952065759e5cfa91da91684a7bfbac42000a6af63e588", "text": "There are doubtless many things which the public would never demand unless they were first supplied by individual initiative, both because the public lacks the imagination, and also the power of formulating their wants. Thus philanthropic effort supplies kindergartens, until they become so established in the popular affections that they are incorporated in the public school system. Churches and missions establish reading rooms, until at last the public library system dots the city with branch reading rooms and libraries. For this willingness to take risks for the sake of an ideal, for those experiments which must be undertaken with vigor and boldness in order to secure didactic value in failure as well as in success, society must depend upon the individual possessed with money, and also distinguished by earnest and unselfish purpose. Such experiments enable the nation to use the Referendum method in its public affairs. Each social experiment is thus tested by a few people, given wide publicity, that it may be observed and discussed by the bulk of the citizens before the public prudently makes up its mind whether or not it is wise to incorporate it into the functions of government. If the decision is in its favor and it is so incorporated, it can then be carried on with confidence and enthusiasm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00288", "bookId": 15487, "start": 171168, "end": 172337, "sha256": "b00627146e88042e40e6180ba6215353f5d1292f16ab4b01a7b49e5147f9918d", "text": "But experience has shown that we can only depend upon successful men for a certain type of experiment in the line of industrial amelioration and social advancement. The list of those who found churches, educational institutions, libraries, and art galleries, is very long, as is again the list of those contributing to model dwellings, recreation halls, and athletic fields. At the present moment factory employers are doing much to promote \"industrial betterment\" in the way of sanitary surroundings, opportunities for bathing, lunch rooms provided with cheap and wholesome food, club rooms, and guild halls. But there is a line of social experiment involving social righteousness in its most advanced form, in which the number of employers and the \"favored class\" are so few that it is plain society cannot count upon them for continuous and valuable help. This lack is in the line of factory legislation and that sort of social advance implied in shorter hours and the regulation of wages; in short, all that organization and activity that is involved in such a maintenance and increase of wages as would prevent the lowering of the standard of life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00289", "bookId": 15487, "start": 172341, "end": 173438, "sha256": "e95fd53dc9156dcc9b1cbc596eda8484366689b0615a51254448d998521f12d9", "text": "A large body of people feel keenly that the present industrial system is in a state of profound disorder, and that there is no guarantee that the pursuit of individual ethics will ever right it. They claim that relief can only come through deliberate corporate effort inspired by social ideas and guided by the study of economic laws, and that the present industrial system thwarts our ethical demands, not only for social righteousness but for social order. Because they believe that each advance in ethics must be made fast by a corresponding advance in politics and legal enactment, they insist upon the right of state regulation and control. While many people representing all classes in a community would assent to this as to a general proposition, and would even admit it as a certain moral obligation, legislative enactments designed to control industrial conditions have largely been secured through the efforts of a few citizens, mostly those who constantly see the harsh conditions of labor and who are incited to activity by their sympathies as well as their convictions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00290", "bookId": 15487, "start": 173442, "end": 174694, "sha256": "a9a358f93e5f406b7ef5fbd1893514fce5c92e5f53b488786593ec17537cb070", "text": "This may be illustrated by the series of legal enactments regulating the occupations in which children may be allowed to work, also the laws in regard to the hours of labor permitted in those occupations, and the minimum age below which children may not be employed. The first child labor laws were enacted in England through the efforts of those members of parliament whose hearts were wrung by the condition of the little parish apprentices bound out to the early textile manufacturers of the north; and through the long years required to build up the code of child labor legislation which England now possesses, knowledge of the conditions has always preceded effective legislation. The efforts of that small number in every community who believe in legislative control have always been reenforced by the efforts of trades-unionists rather than by the efforts of employers. Partly because the employment of workingmen in the factories brings them in contact with the children who tend to lower wages and demoralize their trades, and partly because workingmen have no money nor time to spend in alleviating philanthropy, and must perforce seize upon agitation and legal enactment as the only channel of redress which is open to them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00291", "bookId": 15487, "start": 174698, "end": 176469, "sha256": "e31a0dfb9f31add5304bf8560b971ddb0c18950b07a59ec83945540269c5deac", "text": "We may illustrate by imagining a row of people seated in a moving street-car, into which darts a boy of eight, calling out the details of the last murder, in the hope of selling an evening newspaper. A comfortable looking man buys a paper from him with no sense of moral shock; he may even be a trifle complacent that he has helped along the little fellow, who is making his way in the world. The philanthropic lady sitting next to him may perhaps reflect that it is a pity that such a bright boy is not in school. She may make up her mind in a moment of compunction to redouble her efforts for various newsboys' schools and homes, that this poor child may have better teaching, and perhaps a chance at manual training. She probably is convinced that he alone, by his unaided efforts, is supporting a widowed mother, and her heart is moved to do all she can for him. Next to her sits a workingman trained in trades-union methods. He knows that the boy's natural development is arrested, and that the abnormal activity of his body and mind uses up the force which should go into growth; moreover, that this premature use of his powers has but a momentary and specious value. He is forced to these conclusions because he has seen many a man, entering the factory at eighteen and twenty, so worn out by premature work that he was \"laid on the shelf\" within ten or fifteen years. He knows very well that he can do nothing in the way of ameliorating the lot of this particular boy; that his only possible chance is to agitate for proper child-labor laws; to regulate, and if possible prohibit, street-vending by children, in order that the child of the poorest may have his school time secured to him, and may have at least his short chance for growth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00292", "bookId": 15487, "start": 176473, "end": 177180, "sha256": "0bd0857179a973aa6eb93e4ad885b88e56c2faeb4ce5542a0651de192227126e", "text": "These three people, sitting in the street car, are all honest and upright, and recognize a certain duty toward the forlorn children of the community. The self-made man is encouraging one boy's own efforts; the philanthropic lady is helping on a few boys; the workingman alone is obliged to include all the boys of his class. Workingmen, because of their feebleness in all but numbers, have been forced to appeal to the state, in order to secure protection for themselves and for their children. They cannot all rise out of their class, as the occasionally successful man has done; some of them must be left to do the work in the factories and mines, and they have no money to spend in philanthropy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00293", "bookId": 15487, "start": 177184, "end": 177797, "sha256": "90947cac0a5e9737c905ee45f31278e391e9ee17863219f6b541c51a0db2873e", "text": "Both public agitation and a social appeal to the conscience of the community is necessary in order to secure help from the state, and, curiously enough, child-labor laws once enacted and enforced are a matter of great pride, and even come to be regarded as a register of the community's humanity and enlightenment. If the method of public agitation could find quiet and orderly expression in legislative enactment, and if labor measures could be submitted to the examination and judgment of the whole without a sense of division or of warfare, we should have the ideal development of the democratic state.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00294", "bookId": 15487, "start": 177801, "end": 178153, "sha256": "77fec2278fb03e2252fd1cb04d1948e7cdd81d708a956e9c8d45d1dde38ce003", "text": "But we judge labor organizations as we do other living institutions, not by their declaration of principles, which we seldom read, but by their blundering efforts to apply their principles to actual conditions, and by the oft-time failure of their representatives, when the individual finds himself too weak to become the organ of corporate action.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00295", "bookId": 15487, "start": 178157, "end": 179480, "sha256": "5bc261123ff12b43fc2d1a91a6aa90b2fda91818a079dc006270b55b679fcfd9", "text": "The very blunders and lack of organization too often characterizing a union, in marked contrast to the orderly management of a factory, often confuse us as to the real issues involved, and we find it hard to trust uncouth and unruly manifestations of social effort. The situation is made even more complicated by the fact that those who are formulating a code of associated action so often break through the established code of law and order. As society has a right to demand of the reforming individual that he be sternly held to his personal and domestic claims, so it has a right to insist that labor organizations shall keep to the hardly won standards of public law and order; and the community performs but its plain duty when it registers its protest every time law and order are subverted, even in the interest of the so-called social effort. Yet in moments of industrial stress and strain the community is confronted by a moral perplexity which may arise from the mere fact that the good of yesterday is opposed to the good of today, and that which may appear as a choice between virtue and vice is really but a choice between virtue and virtue. In the disorder and confusion sometimes incident to growth and progress, the community may be unable to see anything but the unlovely struggle itself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00296", "bookId": 15487, "start": 179484, "end": 181024, "sha256": "b00090f4e39baa8fe45ce49af84c6723064d4c185c2e7a6b065a756f60c4d066", "text": "The writer recalls a conversation between two workingmen who were leaving a lecture on \"Organic Evolution.\" The first was much puzzled, and anxiously inquired of the second \"if evolution could mean that one animal turned into another.\" The challenged workman stopped in the rear of the hall, put his foot upon a chair, and expounded what he thought evolution did mean; and this, so nearly as the conversation can be recalled, is what he said: \"You see a lot of fishes are living in a stream, which overflows in the spring and strands some of them upon the bank. The weak ones die up there, but others make a big effort to get back into the water. They dig their fins into the sand, breathe as much air as they can with their gills, and have a terrible time. But after a while their fins turn into legs and their gills into lungs, and they have become frogs. Of course they are further along than the sleek, comfortable fishes who sail up and down the stream waving their tails and despising the poor damaged things thrashing around on the bank. He--the lecturer--did not say anything about men, but it is easy enough to think of us poor devils on the dry bank, struggling without enough to live on, while the comfortable fellows sail along in the water with all they want and despise us because we thrash about.\" His listener did not reply, and was evidently dissatisfied both with the explanation and the application. Doubtless the illustration was bungling in more than its setting forth, but the story is suggestive.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00297", "bookId": 15487, "start": 181028, "end": 181896, "sha256": "728a2f2ff0d79526b4f915b8ee5731e438619162a3fd112b8ea53bc17d90d35d", "text": "At times of social disturbance the law-abiding citizen is naturally so anxious for peace and order, his sympathies are so justly and inevitably on the side making for the restoration of law, that it is difficult for him to see the situation fairly. He becomes insensible to the unselfish impulse which may prompt a sympathetic strike in behalf of the workers in a non-union shop, because he allows his mind to dwell exclusively on the disorder which has become associated with the strike. He is completely side-tracked by the ugly phases of a great moral movement. It is always a temptation to assume that the side which has respectability, authority, and superior intelligence, has therefore righteousness as well, especially when the same side presents concrete results of individual effort as over against the less tangible results of associated effort.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00298", "bookId": 15487, "start": 181900, "end": 184238, "sha256": "892090c5fde27818923b1545f1d5e2124f5ab081b3f5c3e83a75fa1c256a1010", "text": "It is as yet most difficult for us to free ourselves from the individualistic point of view sufficiently to group events in their social relations and to judge fairly those who are endeavoring to produce a social result through all the difficulties of associated action. The philanthropist still finds his path much easier than do those who are attempting a social morality. In the first place, the public, anxious to praise what it recognizes as an undoubted moral effort often attended with real personal sacrifice, joyfully seizes upon this manifestation and overpraises it, recognizing the philanthropist as an old friend in the paths of righteousness, whereas the others are strangers and possibly to be distrusted as aliens. It is easy to confuse the response to an abnormal number of individual claims with the response to the social claim. An exaggerated personal morality is often mistaken for a social morality, and until it attempts to minister to a social situation its total inadequacy is not discovered. To attempt to attain a social morality without a basis of democratic experience results in the loss of the only possible corrective and guide, and ends in an exaggerated individual morality but not in social morality at all. We see this from time to time in the care-worn and overworked philanthropist, who has taxed his individual will beyond the normal limits and has lost his clew to the situation among a bewildering number of cases. A man who takes the betterment of humanity for his aim and end must also take the daily experiences of humanity for the constant correction of his process. He must not only test and guide his achievement by human experience, but he must succeed or fail in proportion as he has incorporated that experience with his own. Otherwise his own achievements become his stumbling-block, and he comes to believe in his own goodness as something outside of himself. He makes an exception of himself, and thinks that he is different from the rank and file of his fellows. He forgets that it is necessary to know of the lives of our contemporaries, not only in order to believe in their integrity, which is after all but the first beginnings of social morality, but in order to attain to any mental or moral integrity for ourselves or any such hope for society.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00299", "bookId": 15487, "start": 184248, "end": 184258, "sha256": "0a34ddace5e927cdeeddd973ecba01b825d1c2ca0a7f148d9025d773a34a8efb", "text": "CHAPTER VI", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00300", "bookId": 15487, "start": 184262, "end": 184281, "sha256": "73b2025def21b24d655246069a73e800c30317a00bb1d925582842d1f0f1d95d", "text": "EDUCATIONAL METHODS", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00301", "bookId": 15487, "start": 184287, "end": 185907, "sha256": "b5062ca035deeb03de40712fac52a359f3ebc5e5fce0cea863dd6c132e0bb31a", "text": "As democracy modifies our conception of life, it constantly raises the value and function of each member of the community, however humble he may be. We have come to believe that the most \"brutish man\" has a value in our common life, a function to perform which can be fulfilled by no one else. We are gradually requiring of the educator that he shall free the powers of each man and connect him with the rest of life. We ask this not merely because it is the man's right to be thus connected, but because we have become convinced that the social order cannot afford to get along without his special contribution. Just as we have come to resent all hindrances which keep us from untrammelled comradeship with our fellows, and as we throw down unnatural divisions, not in the spirit of the eighteenth-century reformers, but in the spirit of those to whom social equality has become a necessity for further social development, so we are impatient to use the dynamic power residing in the mass of men, and demand that the educator free that power. We believe that man's moral idealism is the constructive force of progress, as it has always been; but because every human being is a creative agent and a possible generator of fine enthusiasm, we are sceptical of the moral idealism of the few and demand the education of the many, that there may be greater freedom, strength, and subtilty of intercourse and hence an increase of dynamic power. We are not content to include all men in our hopes, but have become conscious that all men are hoping and are part of the same movement of which we are a part.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00302", "bookId": 15487, "start": 185911, "end": 186881, "sha256": "d2bbf620535f93294ba41d81a0f314f2455685acc4c759da7908c73bde7e6d93", "text": "Many people impelled by these ideas have become impatient with the slow recognition on the part of the educators of their manifest obligation to prepare and nourish the child and the citizen for social relations. The educators should certainly conserve the learning and training necessary for the successful individual and family life, but should add to that a preparation for the enlarged social efforts which our increasing democracy requires. The democratic ideal demands of the school that it shall give the child's own experience a social value; that it shall teach him to direct his own activities and adjust them to those of other people. We are not willing that thousands of industrial workers shall put all of their activity and toil into services from which the community as a whole reaps the benefit, while their mental conceptions and code of morals are narrow and untouched by any uplift which the consciousness of social value might give them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00303", "bookId": 15487, "start": 186885, "end": 187476, "sha256": "1d86d6292b35bdaad2d81a741eb7d59c1fdede99e958189705d319a3b4233248", "text": "We are impatient with the schools which lay all stress on reading and writing, suspecting them to rest upon the assumption that the ordinary experience of life is worth little, and that all knowledge and interest must be brought to the children through the medium of books. Such an assumption fails to give the child any clew to the life about him, or any power to usefully or intelligently connect himself with it. This may be illustrated by observations made in a large Italian colony situated in Chicago, the children from which are, for the most part, sent to the public schools.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00304", "bookId": 15487, "start": 187480, "end": 188637, "sha256": "8f42cdf8b102a211a30499fa84ce215388a81ed83645dfada91198a3a9220463", "text": "The members of the Italian colony are largely from South Italy,--Calabrian and Sicilian peasants, or Neapolitans from the workingmen's quarters of that city. They have come to America with the distinct aim of earning money, and finding more room for the energies of themselves and their children. In almost all cases they mean to go back again, simply because their imaginations cannot picture a continuous life away from the old surroundings. Their experiences in Italy have been those of simple outdoor activity, and their ideas have come directly to them from their struggle with Nature,--such a hand-to-hand struggle as takes place when each man gets his living largely through his own cultivation of the soil, or with tools simply fashioned by his own hands. The women, as in all primitive life, have had more diversified activities than the men. They have cooked, spun, and knitted, in addition to their almost equal work in the fields. Very few of the peasant men or women can either read or write. They are devoted to their children, strong in their family feeling, even to remote relationships, and clannish in their community life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00305", "bookId": 15487, "start": 188641, "end": 190373, "sha256": "e2f62aec53fd104e6054a4a2e9aed11e9c0257cad601b2b5fe46d60401bf440a", "text": "The entire family has been upheaved, and is striving to adjust itself to its new surroundings. The men, for the most part, work on railroad extensions through the summer, under the direction of a _padrone_, who finds the work for them, regulates the amount of their wages, and supplies them with food. The first effect of immigration upon the women is that of idleness. They no longer work in the fields, nor milk the goats, nor pick up faggots. The mother of the family buys all the clothing, not only already spun and woven but made up into garments, of a cut and fashion beyond her powers. It is, indeed, the most economical thing for her to do. Her house-cleaning and cooking are of the simplest; the bread is usually baked outside of the house, and the macaroni bought prepared for boiling. All of those outdoor and domestic activities, which she would naturally have handed on to her daughters, have slipped away from her. The domestic arts are gone, with their absorbing interests for the children, their educational value, and incentive to activity. A household in a tenement receives almost no raw material. For the hundreds of children who have never seen wheat grow, there are dozens who have never seen bread baked. The occasional washings and scrubbings are associated only with discomfort. The child of such a family receives constant stimulus of most exciting sort from his city street life, but he has little or no opportunity to use his energies in domestic manufacture, or, indeed, constructively in any direction. No activity is supplied to take the place of that which, in Italy, he would naturally have found in his own surroundings, and no new union with wholesome life is made for him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00306", "bookId": 15487, "start": 190377, "end": 191330, "sha256": "6f294a7c2248c9b8cbfee14891bc17d8c1a6c5bdcd78e15c6f0226392ff0ae05", "text": "Italian parents count upon the fact that their children learn the English language and American customs before they do themselves, and the children act not only as interpreters of the language, but as buffers between them and Chicago, resulting in a certain almost pathetic dependence of the family upon the child. When a child of the family, therefore, first goes to school, the event is fraught with much significance to all the others. The family has no social life in any structural form and can supply none to the child. He ought to get it in the school and give it to his family, the school thus becoming the connector with the organized society about them. It is the children aged six, eight, and ten, who go to school, entering, of course, the primary grades. If a boy is twelve or thirteen on his arrival in America, his parents see in him a wage-earning factor, and the girl of the same age is already looking toward her marriage.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00307", "bookId": 15487, "start": 191334, "end": 193005, "sha256": "274abdec5dfe4395704a874203150fa3a8502eebad3833bbd6ada13b8153437d", "text": "Let us take one of these boys, who has learned in his six or eight years to speak his native language, and to feel himself strongly identified with the fortunes of his family. Whatever interest has come to the minds of his ancestors has come through the use of their hands in the open air; and open air and activity of body have been the inevitable accompaniments of all their experiences. Yet the first thing that the boy must do when he reaches school is to sit still, at least part of the time, and he must learn to listen to what is said to him, with all the perplexity of listening to a foreign tongue. He does not find this very stimulating, and is slow to respond to the more subtle incentives of the schoolroom. The peasant child is perfectly indifferent to showing off and making a good recitation. He leaves all that to his schoolfellows, who are more sophisticated and equipped with better English. His parents are not deeply interested in keeping him in school, and will not hold him there against his inclination. Their experience does not point to the good American tradition that it is the educated man who finally succeeds. The richest man in the Italian colony can neither read nor write--even Italian. His cunning and acquisitiveness, combined with the credulity and ignorance of his countrymen, have slowly brought about his large fortune. The child himself may feel the stirring of a vague ambition to go on until he is as the other children are; but he is not popular with his schoolfellows, and he sadly feels the lack of dramatic interest. Even the pictures and objects presented to him, as well as the language, are strange.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00308", "bookId": 15487, "start": 193009, "end": 193964, "sha256": "248269f11da061e6413b0910552ec83e5315f2356760fee9b29dff70faec5ebd", "text": "If we admit that in education it is necessary to begin with the experiences which the child already has and to use his spontaneous and social activity, then the city streets begin this education for him in a more natural way than does the school. The South Italian peasant comes from a life of picking olives and oranges, and he easily sends his children out to pick up coal from railroad tracks, or wood from buildings which have been burned down. Unfortunately, this process leads by easy transition to petty thieving. It is easy to go from the coal on the railroad track to the coal and wood which stand before a dealer's shop; from the potatoes which have rolled from a rumbling wagon to the vegetables displayed by the grocer. This is apt to be the record of the boy who responds constantly to the stimulus and temptations of the street, although in the beginning his search for bits of food and fuel was prompted by the best of motives.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00309", "bookId": 15487, "start": 193968, "end": 194572, "sha256": "42e3d525718e8a3ad228c70132b0365d60692445b1a9706d23a931a1b9b7d4b3", "text": "The school has to compete with a great deal from the outside in addition to the distractions of the neighborhood. Nothing is more fascinating than that mysterious \"down town,\" whither the boy longs to go to sell papers and black boots, to attend theatres, and, if possible, to stay all night on the pretence of waiting for the early edition of the great dailies. If a boy is once thoroughly caught in these excitements, nothing can save him from over-stimulation and consequent debility and worthlessness; he arrives at maturity with no habits of regular work and with a distaste for its dulness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00310", "bookId": 15487, "start": 194576, "end": 198204, "sha256": "99755aa7061b7877e491a37cae83bbaccd8e54d9853ed53dc3a8da312965c56f", "text": "On the other hand, there are hundreds of boys of various nationalities who conscientiously remain in school and fulfil all the requirements of the early grades, and at the age of fourteen are found in factories, painstakingly performing their work year after year. These later are the men who form the mass of the population in every industrial neighborhood of every large city; but they carry on the industrial processes year after year without in the least knowing what it is all about. The one fixed habit which the boy carries away with him from the school to the factory is the feeling that his work is merely provisional. In school the next grade was continually held before him as an object of attainment, and it resulted in the conviction that the sole object of present effort is to get ready for something else. This tentative attitude takes the last bit of social stimulus out of his factory work; he pursues it merely as a necessity, and his very mental attitude destroys his chance for a realization of its social value. As the boy in school contracted the habit of doing his work in certain hours and taking his pleasure in certain other hours, so in the factory he earns his money by ten hours of dull work and spends it in three hours of lurid and unprofitable pleasure in the evening. Both in the school and in the factory, in proportion as his work grows dull and monotonous, his recreation must become more exciting and stimulating. The hopelessness of adding evening classes and social entertainments as a mere frill to a day filled with monotonous and deadening drudgery constantly becomes more apparent to those who are endeavoring to bring a fuller life to the industrial members of the community, and who are looking forward to a time when work shall cease to be senseless drudgery with no self-expression on the part of the worker. It sometimes seems that the public schools should contribute much more than they do to the consummation of this time. If the army of school children who enter the factories every year possessed thoroughly vitalized faculties, they might do much to lighten this incubus of dull factory work which presses so heavily upon so large a number of our fellow-citizens. Has our commercialism been so strong that our schools have become insensibly commercialized, whereas we supposed that our industrial life was receiving the broadening and illuminating effects of the schools? The training of these children, so far as it has been vocational at all, has been in the direction of clerical work. It is possible that the business men, whom we in America so tremendously admire, have really been dictating the curriculum of our public schools, in spite of the conventions of educators and the suggestions of university professors. The business man, of course, has not said, \"I will have the public schools train office boys and clerks so that I may have them easily and cheaply,\" but he has sometimes said, \"Teach the children to write legibly and to figure accurately and quickly; to acquire habits of punctuality and order; to be prompt to obey; and you will fit them to make their way in the world as I have made mine.\" Has the workingman been silent as to what he desires for his children, and allowed the business man to decide for him there, as he has allowed the politician to manage his municipal affairs, or has the workingman so far shared our universal optimism that he has really believed that his children would never need to go into industrial life at all, but that all of his sons would become bankers and merchants?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00311", "bookId": 15487, "start": 198208, "end": 198478, "sha256": "7d1ffca033e6cb41c8a7dbe8ba7b10484d21d979c31712e0964d46735c369e1b", "text": "Certain it is that no sufficient study has been made of the child who enters into industrial life early and stays there permanently, to give him some offset to its monotony and dulness, some historic significance of the part he is taking in the life of the community.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00312", "bookId": 15487, "start": 198482, "end": 198866, "sha256": "4c109a9080520dd1b6b2c7785667eb787c9501b1acd54a0cb84da4c654f5d0a3", "text": "It is at last on behalf of the average workingmen that our increasing democracy impels us to make a new demand upon the educator. As the political expression of democracy has claimed for the workingman the free right of citizenship, so a code of social ethics is now insisting that he shall be a conscious member of society, having some notion of his social and industrial value.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00313", "bookId": 15487, "start": 198870, "end": 199594, "sha256": "c28788e745f846ee284a7876c39df8612d0030335be25af259d1bfb12ac772c6", "text": "The early ideal of a city that it was a market-place in which to exchange produce, and a mere trading-post for merchants, apparently still survives in our minds and is constantly reflected in our schools. We have either failed to realize that cities have become great centres of production and manufacture in which a huge population is engaged, or we have lacked sufficient presence of mind to adjust ourselves to the change. We admire much more the men who accumulate riches, and who gather to themselves the results of industry, than the men who actually carry forward industrial processes; and, as has been pointed out, our schools still prepare children almost exclusively for commercial and professional life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00314", "bookId": 15487, "start": 199598, "end": 200340, "sha256": "610fa7e798dc7fe21a25d20ddec76c12bda8c586d96ba07f79312a21862c26ac", "text": "Quite as the country boy dreams of leaving the farm for life in town and begins early to imitate the travelling salesman in dress and manner, so the school boy within the town hopes to be an office boy, and later a clerk or salesman, and looks upon work in the factory as the occupation of ignorant and unsuccessful men. The schools do so little really to interest the child in the life of production, or to excite his ambition in the line of industrial occupation, that the ideal of life, almost from the very beginning, becomes not an absorbing interest in one's work and a consciousness of its value and social relation, but a desire for money with which unmeaning purchases may be made and an unmeaning social standing obtained.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00315", "bookId": 15487, "start": 200344, "end": 201971, "sha256": "59525848fe8c19e556f07b1697ce7036102b7732d884d8afa5d5784ee4ad1c1a", "text": "The son of a workingman who is successful in commercial life, impresses his family and neighbors quite as does the prominent city man when he comes back to dazzle his native town. The children of the working people learn many useful things in the public schools, but the commercial arithmetic, and many other studies, are founded on the tacit assumption that a boy rises in life by getting away from manual labor,--that every promising boy goes into business or a profession. The children destined for factory life are furnished with what would be most useful under other conditions, quite as the prosperous farmer's wife buys a folding-bed for her huge four-cornered \"spare room,\" because her sister, who has married a city man, is obliged to have a folding-bed in the cramped limits of her flat Partly because so little is done for him educationally, and partly because he must live narrowly and dress meanly, the life of the average laborer tends to become flat and monotonous, with nothing in his work to feed his mind or hold his interest. Theoretically, we would all admit that the man at the bottom, who performs the meanest and humblest work, so long as the work is necessary, performs a useful function; but we do not live up to our theories, and in addition to his hard and uninteresting work he is covered with a sort of contempt, and unless he falls into illness or trouble, he receives little sympathy or attention. Certainly no serious effort is made to give him a participation in the social and industrial life with which he comes in contact, nor any insight and inspiration regarding it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00316", "bookId": 15487, "start": 201975, "end": 203095, "sha256": "5957425d57d63a6bd06f089ed7db1cfe5a5ec5299b5343749a97a8d67e6fb2df", "text": "Apparently we have not yet recovered manual labor from the deep distrust which centuries of slavery and the feudal system have cast upon it. To get away from menial work, to do obviously little with one's hands, is still the desirable status. This may readily be seen all along the line. A workingman's family will make every effort and sacrifice that the brightest daughter be sent to the high school and through the normal school, quite as much because a teacher in the family raises the general social standing and sense of family consequence, as that the returns are superior to factory or even office work. \"Teacher\" in the vocabulary of many children is a synonym for women-folk gentry, and the name is indiscriminately applied to women of certain dress and manner. The same desire for social advancement is expressed by the purchasing of a piano, or the fact that the son is an office boy, and not a factory hand. The overcrowding of the professions by poorly equipped men arises from much the same source, and from the conviction that \"an education\" is wasted if a boy goes into a factory or shop.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00317", "bookId": 15487, "start": 203099, "end": 204000, "sha256": "ab9dd5babbd66f0d44213181b38afaf6445d7d6747a529b35ab0b9ff806b85f5", "text": "A Chicago manufacturer tells a story of twin boys, whom he befriended and meant to give a start in life. He sent them both to the Athenaeum for several winters as a preparatory business training, and then took them into his office, where they speedily became known as the bright one and the stupid one. The stupid one was finally dismissed after repeated trials, when to the surprise of the entire establishment, he quickly betook himself into the shops, where he became a wide-awake and valuable workman. His chagrined benefactor, in telling the story, admits that he himself had fallen a victim to his own business training and his early notion of rising in life. In reality he had merely followed the lead of most benevolent people who help poor boys. They test the success of their efforts by the number whom they have taken out of factory work into some other and \"higher occupation.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00318", "bookId": 15487, "start": 204004, "end": 204816, "sha256": "e5de373a109509e5f5d1b76f9e84931f32e25f713444fa1a958fdc5f736b247e", "text": "Quite in line with this commercial ideal are the night schools and institutions of learning most accessible to working people. First among them is the business college which teaches largely the mechanism of type-writing and book-keeping, and lays all stress upon commerce and methods of distribution. Commodities are treated as exports and imports, or solely in regard to their commercial value, and not, of course, in relation to their historic development or the manufacturing processes to which they have been subjected. These schools do not in the least minister to the needs of the actual factory employee, who is in the shop and not in the office. We assume that all men are searching for \"puddings and power,\" to use Carlyle's phrase, and furnish only the schools which help them to those ends.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00319", "bookId": 15487, "start": 204820, "end": 206074, "sha256": "42b53fa6fee7ba8f29beff36abd3951dd426e8b84c837fe18aaa22bc8df4f4b5", "text": "The business college man, or even the man who goes through an academic course in order to prepare for a profession, comes to look on learning too much as an investment from which he will later reap the benefits in earning money. He does not connect learning with industrial pursuits, nor does he in the least lighten or illuminate those pursuits for those of his friends who have not risen in life. \"It is as though nets were laid at the entrance to education, in which those who by some means or other escape from the masses bowed down by labor, are inevitably caught and held from substantial service to their fellows.\" The academic teaching which is accessible to workingmen through University Extension lectures and classes at settlements, is usually bookish and remote, and concerning subjects completely divorced from their actual experiences. The men come to think of learning as something to be added to the end of a hard day's work, and to be gained at the cost of toilsome mental exertion. There are, of course, exceptions, but many men who persist in attending classes and lectures year after year find themselves possessed of a mass of inert knowledge which nothing in their experience fuses into availability or realization.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00320", "bookId": 15487, "start": 206078, "end": 207730, "sha256": "ee40cfc604cd081e7587997e1408e07eb2aedb13fe802ef553a9ea179691de65", "text": "Among the many disappointments which the settlement experiment has brought to its promoters, perhaps none is keener than the fact that they have as yet failed to work out methods of education, specialized and adapted to the needs of adult working people in contra-distinction to those employed in schools and colleges, or those used in teaching children. There are many excellent reasons and explanations for this failure. In the first place, the residents themselves are for the most part imbued with academic methods and ideals, which it is most difficult to modify. To quote from a late settlement report, \"The most vaunted educational work in settlements amounts often to the stimulation mentally of a select few who are, in a sense, of the academic type of mind, and who easily and quickly respond to the academic methods employed.\" These classes may be valuable, but they leave quite untouched the great mass of the factory population, the ordinary workingman of the ordinary workingman's street, whose attitude is best described as that of \"acquiescence,\" who lives through the aimless passage of the years without incentive \"to imagine, to design, or to aspire.\" These men are totally untouched by all the educational and philanthropic machinery which is designed for the young and the helpless who live on the same streets with them. They do not often drink to excess, they regularly give all their wages to their wives, they have a vague pride in their superior children; but they grow prematurely old and stiff in all their muscles, and become more and more taciturn, their entire energies consumed in \"holding a job.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00321", "bookId": 15487, "start": 207734, "end": 208645, "sha256": "9c8736ff75fe3af65abfbe29e48f9407098de6d4e3c5558064e7b47ef5dc53cb", "text": "Various attempts have been made to break through the inadequate educational facilities supplied by commercialism and scholarship, both of which have followed their own ideals and have failed to look at the situation as it actually presents itself. The most noteworthy attempt has been the movement toward industrial education, the agitation for which has been ably seconded by manufacturers of a practical type, who have from time to time founded and endowed technical schools, designed for workingmen's sons. The early schools of this type inevitably reflected the ideal of the self-made man. They succeeded in transferring a few skilled workers into the upper class of trained engineers, and a few less skilled workers into the class of trained mechanics, but did not aim to educate the many who are doomed to the unskilled work which the permanent specialization of the division of labor demands.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00322", "bookId": 15487, "start": 208649, "end": 209067, "sha256": "b9ac11f4343a30874551a872fab1a191b0e005dd6dbccf60798daf5b2f0b2dec", "text": "The Peter Coopers and other good men honestly believed that if intelligence could be added to industry, each workingman who faithfully attended these schools could walk into increased skill and wages, and in time even become an employer himself. Such schools are useful beyond doubt; but so far as educating workingmen is concerned or in any measure satisfying the democratic ideal, they plainly beg the question.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00323", "bookId": 15487, "start": 209071, "end": 210382, "sha256": "07554710a181985d3e5d996bf45d6605f065f45f95daa37c0994e005610da259", "text": "Almost every large city has two or three polytechnic institutions founded by rich men, anxious to help \"poor boys.\" These have been captured by conventional educators for the purpose of fitting young men for the colleges and universities. They have compromised by merely adding to the usual academic course manual work, applied mathematics, mechanical drawing and engineering. Two schools in Chicago, plainly founded for the sons of workingmen, afford an illustration of this tendency and result. On the other hand, so far as schools of this type have been captured by commercialism, they turn out trained engineers, professional chemists, and electricians. They are polytechnics of a high order, but do not even pretend to admit the workingman with his meagre intellectual equipment. They graduate machine builders, but not educated machine tenders. Even the textile schools are largely seized by young men who expect to be superintendents of factories, designers, or manufacturers themselves, and the textile worker who actually \"holds the thread\" is seldom seen in them; indeed, in one of the largest schools women are not allowed, in spite of the fact that spinning and weaving have traditionally been woman's work, and that thousands of women are at present employed in the textile mills.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00324", "bookId": 15487, "start": 210386, "end": 211330, "sha256": "5874595ed175468cf13619bc9dcb4f27c013b4ce5ae4142278ee8da3a80b1024", "text": "It is much easier to go over the old paths of education with \"manual training\" thrown in, as it were; it is much simpler to appeal to the old ambitions of \"getting on in life,\" or of \"preparing for a profession,\" or \"for a commercial career,\" than to work out new methods on democratic lines. These schools gradually drop back into the conventional courses, modified in some slight degree, while the adaptation to workingmen's needs is never made, nor, indeed, vigorously attempted. In the meantime, the manufacturers continually protest that engineers, especially trained for devising machines, are not satisfactory. Three generations of workers have invented, but we are told that invention no longer goes on in the workshop, even when it is artificially stimulated by the offer of prizes, and that the inventions of the last quarter of the nineteenth century have by no means fulfilled the promise of the earlier three-quarters.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00325", "bookId": 15487, "start": 211334, "end": 212192, "sha256": "365fd2665e21270c39fca818d0bbac8fb0b0cc5b7942996790f9c54bcbe2ce0a", "text": "Every foreman in a large factory has had experience with two classes of men: first with those who become rigid and tolerate no change in their work, partly because they make more money \"working by the piece,\" when they stick to that work which they have learned to do rapidly, and partly because the entire muscular and nervous system has become by daily use adapted to particular motions and resents change. Secondly, there are the men who float in and out of the factory, in a constantly changing stream. They \"quit work\" for the slightest reason or none at all, and never become skilled at anything. Some of them are men of low intelligence, but many of them are merely too nervous and restless, too impatient, too easily \"driven to drink,\" to be of any use in a modern factory. They are the men for whom the demanded adaptation is impossible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00326", "bookId": 15487, "start": 212196, "end": 213142, "sha256": "67ca5a11100e7e0d06ab909cc818bfeeaaf7fc51aff1c54a3d65aba55f9bd1ae", "text": "The individual from whom the industrial order demands ever larger drafts of time and energy, should be nourished and enriched from social sources, in proportion as he is drained. He, more than other men, needs the conception of historic continuity in order to reveal to him the purpose and utility of his work, and he can only be stimulated and dignified as he obtains a conception of his proper relation to society. Scholarship is evidently unable to do this for him; for, unfortunately, the same tendency to division of labor has also produced over-specialization in scholarship, with the sad result that when the scholar attempts to minister to a worker, he gives him the result of more specialization rather than an offset from it. He cannot bring healing and solace because he himself is suffering from the same disease. There is indeed a deplorable lack of perception and adaptation on the part of educators all along the line.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00327", "bookId": 15487, "start": 213146, "end": 214202, "sha256": "f1c32178c13ead747b36b49d653bcefd3c4cf65862a7b58e4ea82c050a402e03", "text": "It will certainly be embarrassing to have our age written down triumphant in the matter of inventions, in that our factories were filled with intricate machines, the result of advancing mathematical and mechanical knowledge in relation to manufacturing processes, but defeated in that it lost its head over the achievement and forgot the men. The accusation would stand, that the age failed to perform a like service in the extension of history and art to the factory employees who ran the machines; that the machine tenders, heavy and almost dehumanized by monotonous toil, walked about in the same streets with us, and sat in the same cars; but that we were absolutely indifferent and made no genuine effort to supply to them the artist's perception or student's insight, which alone could fuse them into social consciousness. It would further stand that the scholars among us continued with yet more research, that the educators were concerned only with the young and the promising, and the philanthropists with the criminals and helpless.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00328", "bookId": 15487, "start": 214206, "end": 214507, "sha256": "ffb95549c17952bf3bd9dd13b559c8e31babd006e58f034f34a043f7222184ec", "text": "There is a pitiful failure to recognize the situation in which the majority of working people are placed, a tendency to ignore their real experiences and needs, and, most stupid of all, we leave quite untouched affections and memories which would afford a tremendous dynamic if they were utilized.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00329", "bookId": 15487, "start": 214511, "end": 215431, "sha256": "a59f6364c98ff86f92de8a2b9e78db40429d39b3d90ad51577ef4ec4cad560fa", "text": "We constantly hear it said in educational circles, that a child learns only by \"doing,\" and that education must proceed \"through the eyes and hands to the brain\"; and yet for the vast number of people all around us who do not need to have activities artificially provided, and who use their hands and eyes all the time, we do not seem able to reverse the process. We quote the dictum, \"What is learned in the schoolroom must be applied in the workshop,\" and yet the skill and handicraft constantly used in the workshop have no relevance or meaning given to them by the school; and when we do try to help the workingman in an educational way, we completely ignore his everyday occupation. Yet the task is merely one of adaptation. It is to take actual conditions and to make them the basis for a large and generous method of education, to perform a difficult idealization doubtless, but not an impossible one.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00330", "bookId": 15487, "start": 215435, "end": 217589, "sha256": "5c5c084a586366e09d636b99b211989b8370fa691b9d438144e5214a19283ae5", "text": "We apparently believe that the workingman has no chance to realize life through his vocation. We easily recognize the historic association in regard to ancient buildings. We say that \"generation after generation have stamped their mark upon them, have recorded their thoughts in them, until they have become the property of all.\" And yet this is even more true of the instruments of labor, which have constantly been held in human hands. A machine really represents the \"seasoned life of man\" preserved and treasured up within itself, quite as much as an ancient building does. At present, workmen are brought in contact with the machinery with which they work as abruptly as if the present set of industrial implements had been newly created. They handle the machinery day by day, without any notion of its gradual evolution and growth. Few of the men who perform the mechanical work in the great factories have any comprehension of the fact that the inventions upon which the factory depends, the instruments which they use, have been slowly worked out, each generation using the gifts of the last and transmitting the inheritance until it has become a social possession. This can only be understood by a man who has obtained some idea of social progress. We are still childishly pleased when we see the further subdivision of labor going on, because the quantity of the output is increased thereby, and we apparently are unable to take our attention away from the product long enough to really focus it upon the producer. Theoretically, \"the division of labor\" makes men more interdependent and human by drawing them together into a unity of purpose. \"If a number of people decide to build a road, and one digs, and one brings stones, and another breaks them, they are quite inevitably united by their interest in the road. But this naturally presupposes that they know where the road is going to, that they have some curiosity and interest about it, and perhaps a chance to travel upon it.\" If the division of labor robs them of interest in any part of it, the mere mechanical fact of interdependence amounts to nothing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00331", "bookId": 15487, "start": 217593, "end": 218528, "sha256": "f387afe4204981019b9da4f23d60039a93a1ca0df953dcdc25ba31a690cb1e72", "text": "The man in the factory, as well as the man with the hoe, has a grievance beyond being overworked and disinherited, in that he does not know what it is all about. We may well regret the passing of the time when the variety of work performed in the unspecialized workshop naturally stimulated the intelligence of the workingmen and brought them into contact both with the raw material and the finished product. But the problem of education, as any advanced educator will tell us, is to supply the essentials of experience by a short cut, as it were. If the shop constantly tends to make the workman a specialist, then the problem of the educator in regard to him is quite clear: it is to give him what may be an offset from the over-specialization of his daily work, to supply him with general information and to insist that he shall be a cultivated member of society with a consciousness of his industrial and social value.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00332", "bookId": 15487, "start": 218532, "end": 218817, "sha256": "e4b262df94b3b4d807e4b1decd5cbeda746aa308d31657f7de8916be36941ccc", "text": "As sad a sight as an old hand-loom worker in a factory attempting to make his clumsy machine compete with the flying shuttles about him, is a workingman equipped with knowledge so meagre that he can get no meaning into his life nor sequence between his acts and the far-off results.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00333", "bookId": 15487, "start": 218821, "end": 220806, "sha256": "451bc43844bade3dc204f2e807bd1bf6ace5e87ef7c9303299164420462522b9", "text": "Manufacturers, as a whole, however, when they attempt educational institutions in connection with their factories, are prone to follow conventional lines, and to exhibit the weakness of imitation. We find, indeed, that the middle-class educator constantly makes the mistakes of the middle-class moralist when he attempts to aid working people. The latter has constantly and traditionally urged upon the workingman the specialized virtues of thrift, industry, and sobriety--all virtues pertaining to the individual. When each man had his own shop, it was perhaps wise to lay almost exclusive stress upon the industrial virtues of diligence and thrift; but as industry has become more highly organized, life becomes incredibly complex and interdependent. If a workingman is to have a conception of his value at all, he must see industry in its unity and entirety; he must have a conception that will include not only himself and his immediate family and community, but the industrial organization as a whole. It is doubtless true that dexterity of hand becomes less and less imperative as the invention of machinery and subdivision of labor proceeds; but it becomes all the more necessary, if the workman is to save his life at all, that he should get a sense of his individual relation to the system. Feeding a machine with a material of which he has no knowledge, producing a product, totally unrelated to the rest of his life, without in the least knowing what becomes of it, or its connection with the community, is, of course, unquestionably deadening to his intellectual and moral life. To make the moral connection it would be necessary to give him a social consciousness of the value of his work, and at least a sense of participation and a certain joy in its ultimate use; to make the intellectual connection it would be essential to create in him some historic conception of the development of industry and the relation of his individual work to it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00334", "bookId": 15487, "start": 220810, "end": 222731, "sha256": "a2e0e623043688b9a2863607e9ce2c0428c1454af4a95a42e3967d254009f4e0", "text": "Workingmen themselves have made attempts in both directions, which it would be well for moralists and educators to study. It is a striking fact that when workingmen formulate their own moral code, and try to inspire and encourage each other, it is always a large and general doctrine which they preach. They were the first class of men to organize an international association, and the constant talk at a modern labor meeting is of solidarity and of the identity of the interests of workingmen the world over. It is difficult to secure a successful organization of men into the simplest trades organization without an appeal to the most abstract principles of justice and brotherhood. As they have formulated their own morals by laying the greatest stress upon the largest morality, so if they could found their own schools, it is doubtful whether they would be of the mechanic institute type. Courses of study arranged by a group of workingmen are most naive in their breadth and generality. They will select the history of the world in preference to that of any period or nation. The \"wonders of science\" or \"the story of evolution\" will attract workingmen to a lecture when zooelogy or chemistry will drive them away. The \"outlines of literature\" or \"the best in literature\" will draw an audience when a lecturer in English poetry will be solitary. This results partly from a wholesome desire to have general knowledge before special knowledge, and is partly a rebound from the specialization of labor to which the workingman is subjected. When he is free from work and can direct his own mind, he tends to roam, to dwell upon large themes. Much the same tendency is found in programmes of study arranged by Woman's Clubs in country places. The untrained mind, wearied with meaningless detail, when it gets an opportunity to make its demand heard, asks for general philosophy and background.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00335", "bookId": 15487, "start": 222735, "end": 223191, "sha256": "40fb909acdf858f7258cd7814d1623169d620405e788d76db2e48029247dc8dc", "text": "In a certain sense commercialism itself, at least in its larger aspect, tends to educate the workingman better than organized education does. Its interests are certainly world-wide and democratic, while it is absolutely undiscriminating as to country and creed, coming into contact with all climes and races. If this aspect of commercialism were utilized, it would in a measure counterbalance the tendency which results from the subdivision of labor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00336", "bookId": 15487, "start": 223195, "end": 223792, "sha256": "9b4a4ac7022cb8a857738012a17d91bb6201640049dad4325169a11184a37cf0", "text": "The most noteworthy attempt to utilize this democracy of commerce in relation to manufacturing is found at Dayton, Ohio, in the yearly gatherings held in a large factory there. Once a year the entire force is gathered together to hear the returns of the business, not so much in respect to the profits, as in regard to its extension. At these meetings, the travelling salesmen from various parts of the world--from Constantinople, from Berlin, from Rome, from Hong Kong--report upon the sales they have made, and the methods of advertisement and promotion adapted to the various countries.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00337", "bookId": 15487, "start": 223796, "end": 224686, "sha256": "e0013c27948930f8d1d1558634bfaa4d31267c23756cc660742e0b24c1dcaeb1", "text": "Stereopticon lectures are given upon each new country as soon as it has been successfully invaded by the product of the factory. The foremen in the various departments of the factory give accounts of the increased efficiency and the larger output over former years. Any man who has made an invention in connection with the machinery of the factory, at this time publicly receives a prize, and suggestions are approved that tend to increase the comfort and social facilities of the employees. At least for the moment there is a complete esprit de corps, and the youngest and least skilled employee sees himself in connection with the interests of the firm, and the spread of an invention. It is a crude example of what might be done in the way of giving a large framework of meaning to factory labor, and of putting it into a sentient background, at least on the commercial side.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00338", "bookId": 15487, "start": 224690, "end": 225015, "sha256": "cf709c3d602ffd2b8635e3017a2fd1014f0ce8bb7f8195aaaaf9e96aa712e729", "text": "It is easy to indict the educator, to say that he has gotten entangled in his own material, and has fallen a victim to his own methods; but granting this, what has the artist done about it--he who is supposed to have a more intimate insight into the needs of his contemporaries, and to minister to them as none other can?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00339", "bookId": 15487, "start": 225019, "end": 226138, "sha256": "5f36dc7d7bf6193e5acd45f19e77c4dd7523c3ac8aa236baf12c531aad667790", "text": "It is quite true that a few writers are insisting that the growing desire for labor, on the part of many people of leisure, has its counterpart in the increasing desire for general knowledge on the part of many laborers. They point to the fact that the same duality of conscience which seems to stifle the noblest effort in the individual because his intellectual conception and his achievement are so difficult to bring together, is found on a large scale in society itself, when we have the separation of the people who think from those who work. And yet, since Ruskin ceased, no one has really formulated this in a convincing form. And even Ruskin's famous dictum, that labor without art brutalizes, has always been interpreted as if art could only be a sense of beauty or joy in one's own work, and not a sense of companionship with all other workers. The situation demands the consciousness of participation and well-being which comes to the individual when he is able to see himself \"in connection and cooperation with the whole\"; it needs the solace of collective art inherent in collective labor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00340", "bookId": 15487, "start": 226142, "end": 226698, "sha256": "68340dbe7a930522e39c67eeb9909635bdfe92cd3a22440c8995cb8a7a3c49d5", "text": "As the poet bathes the outer world for us in the hues of human feeling, so the workman needs some one to bathe his surroundings with a human significance--some one who shall teach him to find that which will give a potency to his life. His education, however simple, should tend to make him widely at home in the world, and to give him a sense of simplicity and peace in the midst of the triviality and noise to which he is constantly subjected. He, like other men, can learn to be content to see but a part, although it must be a part of something.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00341", "bookId": 15487, "start": 226702, "end": 227243, "sha256": "49aac7bec8b02efe21ecf47c317fa895ec7df47b85fcccba05ba807ce9563a10", "text": "It is because of a lack of democracy that we do not really incorporate him in the hopes and advantages of society, and give him the place which is his by simple right. We have learned to say that the good must be extended to all of society before it can be held secure by any one person or any one class; but we have not yet learned to add to that statement, that unless all men and all classes contribute to a good, we cannot even be sure that it is worth having. In spite of many attempts we do not really act upon either statement.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00342", "bookId": 15487, "start": 227253, "end": 227264, "sha256": "313ce4fb75fc69bd011d34d2c46936bcb1fb567fef9dbdfc060d30d9652c0196", "text": "CHAPTER VII", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00343", "bookId": 15487, "start": 227268, "end": 227284, "sha256": "d02192afa5659146c7a4c5bde3333d31506f76ef7e5e9a73a5063781f6e3f500", "text": "POLITICAL REFORM", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00344", "bookId": 15487, "start": 227290, "end": 227708, "sha256": "a11b508eb785ef7de906fcc62b1bdbf3bf89da81e321dce73ab0bff8ed289a6f", "text": "Throughout this volume we have assumed that much of our ethical maladjustment in social affairs arises from the fact that we are acting upon a code of ethics adapted to individual relationships, but not to the larger social relationships to which it is bunglingly applied. In addition, however, to the consequent strain and difficulty, there is often an honest lack of perception as to what the situation demands.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00345", "bookId": 15487, "start": 227712, "end": 228206, "sha256": "e5ee5b21d0990f4de2593e0b1b75b1215f10e5fbafeddb1d520f8eb296c1905f", "text": "Nowhere is this more obvious than in our political life as it manifests itself in certain quarters of every great city. It is most difficult to hold to our political democracy and to make it in any sense a social expression and not a mere governmental contrivance, unless we take pains to keep on common ground in our human experiences. Otherwise there is in various parts of the community an inevitable difference of ethical standards which becomes responsible for much misunderstanding.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00346", "bookId": 15487, "start": 228210, "end": 230099, "sha256": "f3bc78e2389197e140f568ca8d017d951c465758a548eda7e7ec697c745ce7b7", "text": "It is difficult both to interpret sympathetically the motives and ideals of those who have acquired rules of conduct in experience widely different from our own, and also to take enough care in guarding the gains already made, and in valuing highly enough the imperfect good so painfully acquired and, at the best, so mixed with evil. This wide difference in daily experience exhibits itself in two distinct attitudes toward politics. The well-to-do men of the community think of politics as something off by itself; they may conscientiously recognize political duty as part of good citizenship, but political effort is not the expression of their moral or social life. As a result of this detachment, \"reform movements,\" started by business men and the better element, are almost wholly occupied in the correction of political machinery and with a concern for the better method of administration, rather than with the ultimate purpose of securing the welfare of the people. They fix their attention so exclusively on methods that they fail to consider the final aims of city government. This accounts for the growing tendency to put more and more responsibility upon executive officers and appointed commissions at the expense of curtailing the power of the direct representatives of the voters. Reform movements tend to become negative and to lose their educational value for the mass of the people. The reformers take the role of the opposition. They give themselves largely to criticisms of the present state of affairs, to writing and talking of what the future must be and of certain results which should be obtained. In trying to better matters, however, they have in mind only political achievements which they detach in a curious way from the rest of life, and they speak and write of the purification of politics as of a thing set apart from daily life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00347", "bookId": 15487, "start": 230103, "end": 230840, "sha256": "20ccdebc2e69c93d7dfd2a6233306f328aba50ae77cfb9ac9d6259ac60740a0d", "text": "On the other hand, the real leaders of the people are part of the entire life of the community which they control, and so far as they are representative at all, are giving a social expression to democracy. They are often politically corrupt, but in spite of this they are proceeding upon a sounder theory. Although they would be totally unable to give it abstract expression, they are really acting upon a formulation made by a shrewd English observer; namely, that, \"after the enfranchisement of the masses, social ideals enter into political programmes, and they enter not as something which at best can be indirectly promoted by government, but as something which it is the chief business of government to advance directly.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00348", "bookId": 15487, "start": 230844, "end": 231557, "sha256": "8132ae15f1e0a8703b0f4a8ebef90ade55b55cf0c9a43481c05938b3d5c7bfde", "text": "Men living near to the masses of voters, and knowing them intimately, recognize this and act upon it; they minister directly to life and to social needs. They realize that the people as a whole are clamoring for social results, and they hold their power because they respond to that demand. They are corrupt and often do their work badly; but they at least avoid the mistake of a certain type of business men who are frightened by democracy, and have lost their faith in the people. The two standards are similar to those seen at a popular exhibition of pictures where the cultivated people care most for the technique of a given painting, the moving mass for a subject that shall be domestic and human.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00349", "bookId": 15487, "start": 231561, "end": 232274, "sha256": "b530c6c873c4a8c1694b46b36288073b8e87bdf55d623707d610e7b216d4aebe", "text": "This difference may be illustrated by the writer's experience in a certain ward of Chicago, during three campaigns, when efforts were made to dislodge an alderman who had represented the ward for many years. In this ward there are gathered together fifty thousand people, representing a score of nationalities; the newly emigrated Latin, Teuton, Celt, Greek, and Slav who live there have little in common save the basic experiences which come to men in all countries and under all conditions. In order to make fifty thousand people, so heterogeneous in nationality, religion, and customs, agree upon any demand, it must be founded upon universal experiences which are perforce individual and not social.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00350", "bookId": 15487, "start": 232278, "end": 232595, "sha256": "e3a5ba130a17a773a1328622bc66df9fa88826e8823df56706310c24610f7dc3", "text": "An instinctive recognition of this on the part of the alderman makes it possible to understand the individualistic basis of his political success, but it remains extremely difficult to ascertain the reasons for the extreme leniency of judgment concerning the political corruption of which he is constantly guilty.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00351", "bookId": 15487, "start": 232599, "end": 233013, "sha256": "248ef0ccbad7978663b7f922118578b64664f548cecb86c5ccd6ec4d43fb9b5c", "text": "This leniency is only to be explained on the ground that his constituents greatly admire individual virtues, and that they are at the same time unable to perceive social outrages which the alderman may be committing. They thus free the alderman from blame because his corruption is social, and they honestly admire him as a great man and hero, because his individual acts are on the whole kindly and generous.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00352", "bookId": 15487, "start": 233017, "end": 233760, "sha256": "47eb1facf998f14cea0f2095ea7c97b69e1cdf4812128ffcc2c7f1f39fb43ba1", "text": "In certain stages of moral evolution, a man is incapable of action unless the results will benefit himself or some one of his acquaintances, and it is a long step in moral progress to set the good of the many before the interest of the few, and to be concerned for the welfare of a community without hope of an individual return. How far the selfish politician befools his constituents into believing that their interests are identical with his own; how far he presumes upon their inability to distinguish between the individual and social virtues, an inability which he himself shares with them; and how far he dazzles them by the sense of his greatness, and a conviction that they participate therein, it is difficult to determine.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00353", "bookId": 15487, "start": 233764, "end": 234188, "sha256": "1458536f093fa137277c6de2f7f8c64842c9a55bacb57b96a988158f23633a27", "text": "Morality certainly develops far earlier in the form of moral fact than in the form of moral ideas, and it is obvious that ideas only operate upon the popular mind through will and character, and must be dramatized before they reach the mass of men, even as the biography of the saints have been after all \"the main guide to the stumbling feet of thousands of Christians to whom the Credo has been but mysterious words.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00354", "bookId": 15487, "start": 234192, "end": 235066, "sha256": "20d6ec8f48d8ac52d191c29fe272950b385b5946aee1c260de6fcbad6824d998", "text": "Ethics as well as political opinions may be discussed and disseminated among the sophisticated by lectures and printed pages, but to the common people they can only come through example--through a personality which seizes the popular imagination. The advantage of an unsophisticated neighborhood is, that the inhabitants do not keep their ideas as treasures--they are untouched by the notion of accumulating them, as they might knowledge or money, and they frankly act upon those they have. The personal example promptly rouses to emulation. In a neighborhood where political standards are plastic and undeveloped, and where there has been little previous experience in self-government, the office-holder himself sets the standard, and the ideas that cluster around him exercise a specific and permanent influence upon the political morality of his constituents.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00355", "bookId": 15487, "start": 235070, "end": 235591, "sha256": "4b9977c7704c9cc1571d30614cdbde7f7d29a6cfd6548b57757a724b9d5b3fca", "text": "Nothing is more certain than that the quality which a heterogeneous population, living in one of the less sophisticated wards, most admires is the quality of simple goodness; that the man who attracts them is the one whom they believe to be a good man. We all know that children long \"to be good\" with an intensity which they give to no other ambition. We can all remember that the earliest strivings of our childhood were in this direction, and that we venerated grown people because they had attained perfection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00356", "bookId": 15487, "start": 235595, "end": 235949, "sha256": "6cd03b329bb055d8f64057c80394080242cc024ac785d0887d5eb2f0b563f1e8", "text": "Primitive people, such as the South Italian peasants, are still in this stage. They want to be good, and deep down in their hearts they admire nothing so much as the good man. Abstract virtues are too difficult for their untrained minds to apprehend, and many of them are still simple enough to believe that power and wealth come only to good people.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00357", "bookId": 15487, "start": 235953, "end": 236695, "sha256": "05bfe4cb234b71de5215ebf5f84c7dcd2ee6457c805979e242a5fb228e75dd09", "text": "The successful candidate, then, must be a good man according to the morality of his constituents. He must not attempt to hold up too high a standard, nor must he attempt to reform or change their standards. His safety lies in doing on a large scale the good deeds which his constituents are able to do only on a small scale. If he believes what they believe and does what they are all cherishing a secret ambition to do, he will dazzle them by his success and win their confidence. There is a certain wisdom in this course. There is a common sense in the mass of men which cannot be neglected with impunity, just as there is sure to be an eccentricity in the differing and reforming individual which it is perhaps well to challenge.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00358", "bookId": 15487, "start": 236699, "end": 237501, "sha256": "55fd213c8e8b57b92c16d683ac4644ccb4725bf63e78bed0a2a06a7eb88f24f1", "text": "The constant kindness of the poor to each other was pointed out in a previous chapter, and that they unfailingly respond to the need and distresses of their poorer neighbors even when in danger of bankruptcy themselves. The kindness which a poor man shows his distressed neighbor is doubtless heightened by the consciousness that he himself may be in distress next week; he therefore stands by his friend when he gets too drunk to take care of himself, when he loses his wife or child, when he is evicted for non-payment of rent, when he is arrested for a petty crime. It seems to such a man entirely fitting that his alderman should do the same thing on a larger scale--that he should help a constituent out of trouble, merely because he is in trouble, irrespective of the justice involved.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00359", "bookId": 15487, "start": 237505, "end": 239804, "sha256": "1307039fa6ff98d8d23505466c592425b88ff14e3d1a229da58ad6c1079447d2", "text": "The alderman therefore bails out his constituents when they are arrested, or says a good word to the police justice when they appear before him for trial, uses his pull with the magistrate when they are likely to be fined for a civil misdemeanor, or sees what he can do to \"fix up matters\" with the state's attorney when the charge is really a serious one, and in doing this he follows the ethics held and practised by his constituents. All this conveys the impression to the simple-minded that law is not enforced, if the lawbreaker have a powerful friend. One may instance the alderman's action in standing by an Italian padrone of the ward when he was indicted for violating the civil service regulations. The commissioners had sent out notices to certain Italian day-laborers who were upon the eligible list that they were to report for work at a given day and hour. One of the padrones intercepted these notifications and sold them to the men for five dollars apiece, making also the usual bargain for a share of their wages. The padrone's entire arrangement followed the custom which had prevailed for years before the establishment of civil service laws. Ten of the laborers swore out warrants against the padrone, who was convicted and fined seventy-five dollars. This sum was promptly paid by the alderman, and the padrone, assured that he would be protected from any further trouble, returned uninjured to the colony. The simple Italians were much bewildered by this show of a power stronger than that of the civil service, which they had trusted as they did the one in Italy. The first violation of its authority was made, and various sinister acts have followed, until no Italian who is digging a sewer or sweeping a street for the city feels quite secure in holding his job unless he is backed by the friendship of the alderman. According to the civil service law, a laborer has no right to a trial; many are discharged by the foreman, and find that they can be reinstated only upon the aldermanic recommendation. He thus practically holds his old power over the laborers working for the city. The popular mind is convinced that an honest administration of civil service is impossible, and that it is but one more instrument in the hands of the powerful.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00360", "bookId": 15487, "start": 239808, "end": 240044, "sha256": "1ed081cd3a2463a9598dab709ff8ba9643615ae1aa4d5b50d66833206d9b0f13", "text": "It will be difficult to establish genuine civil service among these men, who learn only by experience, since their experiences have been of such a nature that their unanimous vote would certainly be that \"civil service\" is \"no good.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00361", "bookId": 15487, "start": 240048, "end": 240811, "sha256": "c0d4acb00ff6c3039329d6b5403351544995ec14ee4db5720e7b778fbf9de4ed", "text": "As many of his constituents in this case are impressed with the fact that the aldermanic power is superior to that of government, so instances of actual lawbreaking might easily be cited. A young man may enter a saloon long after midnight, the legal closing hour, and seat himself at a gambling table, perfectly secure from interruption or arrest, because the place belongs to an alderman; but in order to secure this immunity the policeman on the beat must pretend not to see into the windows each time that he passes, and he knows, and the young man knows that he knows, that nothing would embarrass \"Headquarters\" more than to have an arrest made on those premises. A certain contempt for the whole machinery of law and order is thus easily fostered.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00362", "bookId": 15487, "start": 240815, "end": 241572, "sha256": "0fa55359b624d7eac5e13aab7ad3cd63d2b574b002317ec459a65234c1952ba4", "text": "Because of simple friendliness the alderman is expected to pay rent for the hard-pressed tenant when no rent is forthcoming, to find \"jobs\" when work is hard to get, to procure and divide among his constituents all the places which he can seize from the city hall. The alderman of the ward we are considering at one time could make the proud boast that he had twenty-six hundred people in his ward upon the public pay-roll. This, of course, included day laborers, but each one felt under distinct obligations to him for getting a position. When we reflect that this is one-third of the entire vote of the ward, we realize that it is very important to vote for the right man, since there is, at the least, one chance out of three for securing work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00363", "bookId": 15487, "start": 241576, "end": 242020, "sha256": "b7ad616398fa5fe4f6a8f22d9af0e12bb344a0333f354ddb6e3e8d18d42a3e8b", "text": "If we recollect further that the franchise-seeking companies pay respectful heed to the applicants backed by the alderman, the question of voting for the successful man becomes as much an industrial one as a political one. An Italian laborer wants a \"job\" more than anything else, and quite simply votes for the man who promises him one. It is not so different from his relation to the padrone, and, indeed, the two strengthen each other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00364", "bookId": 15487, "start": 242024, "end": 242535, "sha256": "3b11ae4ea75a6e3d7e5358a633f8ecbd85b3ae2d4ff7b592c51b245b80ba5c4e", "text": "The alderman may himself be quite sincere in his acts of kindness, for an office seeker may begin with the simple desire to alleviate suffering, and this may gradually change into the desire to put his constituents under obligations to him; but the action of such an individual becomes a demoralizing element in the community when kindly impulse is made a cloak for the satisfaction of personal ambition, and when the plastic morals of his constituents gradually conform to his own undeveloped standards.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00365", "bookId": 15487, "start": 242539, "end": 244191, "sha256": "9ea95eaefb7825265f87e4273db577ee1d8a4ac8a5dcf81531147cf3dea6ecde", "text": "The alderman gives presents at weddings and christenings. He seizes these days of family festivities for making friends. It is easiest to reach them in the holiday mood of expansive good-will, but on their side it seems natural and kindly that he should do it. The alderman procures passes from the railroads when his constituents wish to visit friends or attend the funerals of distant relatives; he buys tickets galore for benefit entertainments given for a widow or a consumptive in peculiar distress; he contributes to prizes which are awarded to the handsomest lady or the most popular man. At a church bazaar, for instance, the alderman finds the stage all set for his dramatic performance. When others are spending pennies, he is spending dollars. When anxious relatives are canvassing to secure votes for the two most beautiful children who are being voted upon, he recklessly buys votes from both sides, and laughingly declines to say which one he likes best, buying off the young lady who is persistently determined to find out, with five dollars for the flower bazaar, the posies, of course, to be sent to the sick of the parish. The moral atmosphere of a bazaar suits him exactly. He murmurs many times, \"Never mind, the money all goes to the poor; it is all straight enough if the church gets it, the poor won't ask too many questions.\" The oftener he can put such sentiments into the minds of his constituents, the better he is pleased. Nothing so rapidly prepares them to take his view of money getting and money spending. We see again the process disregarded, because the end itself is considered so praiseworthy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00366", "bookId": 15487, "start": 244195, "end": 245078, "sha256": "9658f200b69d2a7149e38aa5bb30ef4851b2e0ca4fb56eb696d7ec3f9a3c0be1", "text": "There is something archaic in a community of simple people in their attitude toward death and burial. There is nothing so easy to collect money for as a funeral, and one involuntarily remembers that the early religious tithes were paid to ward off death and ghosts. At times one encounters almost the Greek feeling in regard to burial. If the alderman seizes upon times of festivities for expressions of his good-will, much more does he seize upon periods of sorrow. At a funeral he has the double advantage of ministering to a genuine craving for comfort and solace, and at the same time of assisting a bereaved constituent to express that curious feeling of remorse, which is ever an accompaniment of quick sorrow, that desire to \"make up\" for past delinquencies, to show the world how much he loved the person who has just died, which is as natural as it is universal.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00367", "bookId": 15487, "start": 245082, "end": 246322, "sha256": "9f6db5817f51923009c8cb33ba5be9b04099bf88c0177e047ad16fd493721859", "text": "In addition to this, there is, among the poor, who have few social occasions, a great desire for a well-arranged funeral, the grade of which almost determines their social standing in the neighborhood. The alderman saves the very poorest of his constituents from that awful horror of burial by the county; he provides carriages for the poor, who otherwise could not have them. It may be too much to say that all the relatives and friends who ride in the carriages provided by the alderman's bounty vote for him, but they are certainly influenced by his kindness, and talk of his virtues during the long hours of the ride back and forth from the suburban cemetery. A man who would ask at such a time where all the money thus spent comes from would be considered sinister. The tendency to speak lightly of the faults of the dead and to judge them gently is transferred to the living, and many a man at such a time has formulated a lenient judgment of political corruption, and has heard kindly speeches which he has remembered on election day. \"Ah, well, he has a big Irish heart. He is good to the widow and the fatherless.\" \"He knows the poor better than the big guns who are always talking about civil service and reform.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00368", "bookId": 15487, "start": 246326, "end": 248703, "sha256": "9013c3d11099b815ec3234aa799497ec5351106313d3ab4a191ba72cad6223d6", "text": "Indeed, what headway can the notion of civic purity, of honesty of administration make against this big manifestation of human friendliness, this stalking survival of village kindness? The notions of the civic reformer are negative and impotent before it. Such an alderman will keep a standing account with an undertaker, and telephone every week, and sometimes more than once, the kind of funeral he wishes provided for a bereaved constituent, until the sum may roll up into \"hundreds a year.\" He understands what the people want, and ministers just as truly to a great human need as the musician or the artist. An attempt to substitute what we might call a later standard was made at one time when a delicate little child was deserted in the Hull-House nursery. An investigation showed that it had been born ten days previously in the Cook County hospital, but no trace could be found of the unfortunate mother. The little child lived for several weeks, and then, in spite of every care, died. It was decided to have it buried by the county authorities, and the wagon was to arrive at eleven o'clock; about nine o'clock in the morning the rumor of this awful deed reached the neighbors. A half dozen of them came, in a very excited state of mind, to protest. They took up a collection out of their poverty with which to defray a funeral. The residents of Hull-House were then comparatively new in the neighborhood and did not realize that they were really shocking a genuine moral sentiment of the community. In their crudeness they instanced the care and tenderness which had been expended upon the little creature while it was alive; that it had had every attention from a skilled physician and a trained nurse, and even intimated that the excited members of the group had not taken part in this, and that it now lay with the nursery to decide that it should be buried as it had been born, at the county's expense. It is doubtful if Hull-House has ever done anything which injured it so deeply in the minds of some of its neighbors. It was only forgiven by the most indulgent on the ground that the residents were spinsters, and could not know a mother's heart. No one born and reared in the community could possibly have made a mistake like that. No one who had studied the ethical standards with any care could have bungled so completely.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00369", "bookId": 15487, "start": 248707, "end": 249414, "sha256": "7a05e78b8e3b61a20403779ffefb22408aa31dc7de915b573222d10b7b7b8718", "text": "We are constantly underestimating the amount of sentiment among simple people. The songs which are most popular among them are those of a reminiscent old age, in which the ripened soul calmly recounts and regrets the sins of his youth, songs in which the wayward daughter is forgiven by her loving parents, in which the lovers are magnanimous and faithful through all vicissitudes. The tendency is to condone and forgive, and not hold too rigidly to a standard. In the theatres it is the magnanimous man, the kindly reckless villain who is always applauded. So shrewd an observer as Samuel Johnson once remarked that it was surprising to find how much more kindness than justice society contained.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00370", "bookId": 15487, "start": 249418, "end": 249853, "sha256": "3f1e3afb901ba67f8b31892a29cc84fa5f927125a1eb00c797b535e565052891", "text": "On the same basis the alderman manages several saloons, one down town within easy access of the city hall, where he can catch the more important of his friends. Here again he has seized upon an old tradition and primitive custom, the good fellowship which has long been best expressed when men drink together. The saloons offer a common meeting ground, with stimulus enough to free the wits and tongues of the men who meet there.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00371", "bookId": 15487, "start": 249857, "end": 251693, "sha256": "f4e386dab407e65638d901014725be55d4b06ddc86e4a41d0ac7d16b34da2269", "text": "He distributes each Christmas many tons of turkeys not only to voters, but to families who are represented by no vote. By a judicious management some families get three or four turkeys apiece; but what of that, the alderman has none of the nagging rules of the charitable societies, nor does he declare that because a man wants two turkeys for Christmas, he is a scoundrel who shall never be allowed to eat turkey again. As he does not distribute his Christmas favors from any hardly acquired philanthropic motive, there is no disposition to apply the carefully evolved rules of the charitable societies to his beneficiaries. Of course, there are those who suspect that the benevolence rests upon self-seeking motives, and feel themselves quite freed from any sense of gratitude; others go further and glory in the fact that they can thus \"soak the alderman.\" An example of this is the young man who fills his pockets with a handful of cigars, giving a sly wink at the others. But this freedom from any sense of obligation is often the first step downward to the position where he is willing to sell his vote to both parties, and then scratch his ticket as he pleases. The writer recalls a conversation with a man in which he complained quite openly, and with no sense of shame, that his vote had \"sold for only two dollars this year,\" and that he was \"awfully disappointed.\" The writer happened to know that his income during the nine months previous had been but twenty-eight dollars, and that he was in debt thirty-two dollars, and she could well imagine the eagerness with which he had counted upon this source of revenue. After some years the selling of votes becomes a commonplace, and but little attempt is made upon the part of the buyer or seller to conceal the fact, if the transaction runs smoothly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00372", "bookId": 15487, "start": 251697, "end": 252540, "sha256": "8dcc5cd40c93d2c7108933682f1c4911b80a4bfd337b10364394c3246c920747", "text": "A certain lodging-house keeper at one time sold the votes of his entire house to a political party and was \"well paid for it too\"; but being of a grasping turn, he also sold the house for the same election to the rival party. Such an outrage could not be borne. The man was treated to a modern version of tar and feathers, and as a result of being held under a street hydrant in November, contracted pneumonia which resulted in his death. No official investigation took place, since the doctor's certificate of pneumonia was sufficient for legal burial, and public sentiment sustained the action. In various conversations which the writer had concerning the entire transaction, she discovered great indignation concerning his duplicity and treachery, but none whatever for his original offence of selling out the votes of his house.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00373", "bookId": 15487, "start": 252544, "end": 253845, "sha256": "72d751d39adf2b939b6384f5357dd9ff4dc627caa2318bced9c9db63eae69ab5", "text": "A club will be started for the express purpose of gaining a reputation for political power which may later be sold out. The president and executive committee of such a club, who will naturally receive the funds, promise to divide with \"the boys\" who swell the size of the membership. A reform movement is at first filled with recruits who are active and loud in their assertions of the number of votes they can \"deliver.\" The reformers are delighted with this display of zeal, and only gradually find out that many of the recruits are there for the express purpose of being bought by the other side; that they are most active in order to seem valuable, and thus raise the price of their allegiance when they are ready to sell. Reformers seeing them drop away one by one, talk of desertion from the ranks of reform, and of the power of money over well-meaning men, who are too weak to withstand temptation; but in reality the men are not deserters because they have never actually been enrolled in the ranks. The money they take is neither a bribe nor the price of their loyalty, it is simply the consummation of a long-cherished plan and a well-earned reward. They came into the new movement for the purpose of being bought out of it, and have successfully accomplished that purpose.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00374", "bookId": 15487, "start": 253849, "end": 255140, "sha256": "fed0963e59ac8a2ba5501f4684a89c9a97aa819ba15c5ce53997a19249a87413", "text": "Hull-House assisted in carrying on two unsuccessful campaigns against the same alderman. In the two years following the end of the first one, nearly every man who had been prominent in it had received an office from the reelected alderman. A printer had been appointed to a clerkship in the city hall; a driver received a large salary for services in the police barns; the candidate himself, a bricklayer, held a position in the city construction department. At the beginning of the next campaign, the greatest difficulty was experienced in finding a candidate, and each one proposed, demanded time to consider the proposition. During this period he invariably became the recipient of the alderman's bounty. The first one, who was foreman of a large factory, was reported to have been bought off by the promise that the city institutions would use the product of his firm. The second one, a keeper of a grocery and family saloon, with large popularity, was promised the aldermanic nomination on the regular ticket at the expiration of the term of office held by the alderman's colleague, and it may be well to state in passing that he was thus nominated and successfully elected. The third proposed candidate received a place for his son in the office of the city attorney.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00375", "bookId": 15487, "start": 255144, "end": 256129, "sha256": "3d1a72644eac3d2131522ae363baee4cdeb611a1ea9df7effc7e8b4a52d193ce", "text": "Not only are offices in his gift, but all smaller favors as well. Any requests to the council, or special licenses, must be presented by the alderman of the ward in which the person desiring the favor resides. There is thus constant opportunity for the alderman to put his constituents under obligations to him, to make it difficult for a constituent to withstand him, or for one with large interests to enter into political action at all. From the Italian pedler who wants a license to peddle fruit in the street, to the large manufacturing company who desires to tunnel an alley for the sake of conveying pipes from one building to another, everybody is under obligations to his alderman, and is constantly made to feel it. In short, these very regulations for presenting requests to the council have been made, by the aldermen themselves, for the express purpose of increasing the dependence of their constituents, and thereby augmenting aldermanic power and prestige.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00376", "bookId": 15487, "start": 256133, "end": 257277, "sha256": "1bf9d20af9b95c750dc0f1977739ae1a806575f79d243aba2b159daf3897fd9a", "text": "The alderman has also a very singular hold upon the property owners of his ward. The paving, both of the streets and sidewalks throughout his district, is disgraceful; and in the election speeches the reform side holds him responsible for this condition, and promises better paving under another regime. But the paving could not be made better without a special assessment upon the property owners of the vicinity, and paying more taxes is exactly what his constituents do not want to do. In reality, \"getting them off,\" or at the worst postponing the time of the improvement, is one of the genuine favors which he performs. A movement to have the paving done from a general fund would doubtless be opposed by the property owners in other parts of the city who have already paid for the asphalt bordering their own possessions, but they have no conception of the struggle and possible bankruptcy which repaving may mean to the small property owner, nor how his chief concern may be to elect an alderman who cares more for the feelings and pocket-books of his constituents than he does for the repute and cleanliness of his city.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00377", "bookId": 15487, "start": 257281, "end": 258510, "sha256": "5adde9886f716b89a966a6150c97a53f61612e109ff1f17e771eb0999a79f72a", "text": "The alderman exhibited great wisdom in procuring from certain of his down-town friends the sum of three thousand dollars with which to uniform and equip a boys' temperance brigade which had been formed in one of the ward churches a few months before his campaign. Is it strange that the good leader, whose heart was filled with innocent pride as he looked upon these promising young scions of virtue, should decline to enter into a reform campaign? Of what use to suggest that uniforms and bayonets for the purpose of promoting temperance, bought with money contributed by a man who was proprietor of a saloon and a gambling house, might perhaps confuse the ethics of the young soldiers? Why take the pains to urge that it was vain to lecture and march abstract virtues into them, so long as the \"champion boodler\" of the town was the man whom the boys recognized as a loyal and kindhearted friend, the public-spirited citizen, whom their fathers enthusiastically voted for, and their mothers called \"the friend of the poor.\" As long as the actual and tangible success is thus embodied, marching whether in kindergartens or brigades, talking whether in clubs or classes, does little to change the code of ethics.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00378", "bookId": 15487, "start": 258514, "end": 261040, "sha256": "32b604ed053959042b67a3f6f46ed689830fa07ab0be1b6e6924200874058a49", "text": "The question of where does the money come from which is spent so successfully, does of course occur to many minds. The more primitive people accept the truthful statement of its sources without any shock to their moral sense. To their simple minds he gets it \"from the rich\" and, so long as he again gives it out to the poor as a true Robin Hood, with open hand, they have no objections to offer. Their ethics are quite honestly those of the merry-making foresters. The next less primitive people of the vicinage are quite willing to admit that he leads the \"gang\" in the city council, and sells out the city franchises; that he makes deals with the franchise-seeking companies; that he guarantees to steer dubious measures through the council, for which he demands liberal pay; that he is, in short, a successful \"boodler.\" When, however, there is intellect enough to get this point of view, there is also enough to make the contention that this is universally done, that all the aldermen do it more or less successfully, but that the alderman of this particular ward is unique in being so generous; that such a state of affairs is to be deplored, of course; but that that is the way business is run, and we are fortunate when a kind-hearted man who is close to the people gets a large share of the spoils; that he serves franchised companies who employ men in the building and construction of their enterprises, and that they are bound in return to give work to his constituents. It is again the justification of stealing from the rich to give to the poor. Even when they are intelligent enough to complete the circle, and to see that the money comes, not from the pockets of the companies' agents, but from the street-car fares of people like themselves, it almost seems as if they would rather pay two cents more each time they ride than to give up the consciousness that they have a big, warm-hearted friend at court who will stand by them in an emergency. The sense of just dealing comes apparently much later than the desire for protection and indulgence. On the whole, the gifts and favors are taken quite simply as an evidence of genuine loving-kindness. The alderman is really elected because he is a good friend and neighbor. He is corrupt, of course, but he is not elected because he is corrupt, but rather in spite of it. His standard suits his constituents. He exemplifies and exaggerates the popular type of a good man. He has attained what his constituents secretly long for.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00379", "bookId": 15487, "start": 261044, "end": 263206, "sha256": "815a4f271dd8f0786f114f39ce1882c7213245e1257b917dbf686deae4a317d6", "text": "At one end of the ward there is a street of good houses, familiarly called \"Con Row.\" The term is perhaps quite unjustly used, but it is nevertheless universally applied, because many of these houses are occupied by professional office holders. This row is supposed to form a happy hunting-ground of the successful politician, where he can live in prosperity, and still maintain his vote and influence in the ward. It would be difficult to justly estimate the influence which this group of successful, prominent men, including the alderman who lives there, have had upon the ideals of the youth in the vicinity. The path which leads to riches and success, to civic prominence and honor, is the path of political corruption. We might compare this to the path laid out by Benjamin Franklin, who also secured all of these things, but told young men that they could be obtained only by strenuous effort and frugal living, by the cultivation of the mind, and the holding fast to righteousness; or, again, we might compare it to the ideals which were held up to the American youth fifty years ago, lower, to be sure, than the revolutionary ideal, but still fine and aspiring toward honorable dealing and careful living. They were told that the career of the self-made man was open to every American boy, if he worked hard and saved his money, improved his mind, and followed a steady ambition. The writer remembers that when she was ten years old, the village schoolmaster told his little flock, without any mitigating clauses, that Jay Gould had laid the foundation of his colossal fortune by always saving bits of string, and that, as a result, every child in the village assiduously collected party-colored balls of twine. A bright Chicago boy might well draw the inference that the path of the corrupt politician not only leads to civic honors, but to the glories of benevolence and philanthropy. This lowering of standards, this setting of an ideal, is perhaps the worst of the situation, for, as we said in the first chapter, we determine ideals by our daily actions and decisions not only for ourselves, but largely for each other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00380", "bookId": 15487, "start": 263210, "end": 263507, "sha256": "921e2cc58b9dd9c6dee48fba5f62c77ab4d9e1c40cfcbf18fd35f60a10d7d2da", "text": "We are all involved in this political corruption, and as members of the community stand indicted. This is the penalty of a democracy,--that we are bound to move forward or retrograde together. None of us can stand aside; our feet are mired in the same soil, and our lungs breathe the same air.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00381", "bookId": 15487, "start": 263511, "end": 266951, "sha256": "5888aea5d7f35b5d076c1cf4bf7342454f01fc1fbae50293b6bea391e0b56755", "text": "That the alderman has much to do with setting the standard of life and desirable prosperity may be illustrated by the following incident: During one of the campaigns a clever cartoonist drew a poster representing the successful alderman in portraiture drinking champagne at a table loaded with pretentious dishes and surrounded by other revellers. In contradistinction was his opponent, a bricklayer, who sat upon a half-finished wall, eating a meagre dinner from a workingman's dinner-pail, and the passer-by was asked which type of representative he preferred, the presumption being that at least in a workingman's district the bricklayer would come out ahead. To the chagrin of the reformers, however, it was gradually discovered that, in the popular mind, a man who laid bricks and wore overalls was not nearly so desirable for an alderman as the man who drank champagne and wore a diamond in his shirt front. The district wished its representative \"to stand up with the best of them,\" and certainly some of the constituents would have been ashamed to have been represented by a bricklayer. It is part of that general desire to appear well, the optimistic and thoroughly American belief, that even if a man is working with his hands to-day, he and his children will quite likely be in a better position in the swift coming to-morrow, and there is no need of being too closely associated with common working people. There is an honest absence of class consciousness, and a naive belief that the kind of occupation quite largely determines social position. This is doubtless exaggerated in a neighborhood of foreign people by the fact that as each nationality becomes more adapted to American conditions, the scale of its occupation rises. Fifty years ago in America \"a Dutchman\" was used as a term of reproach, meaning a man whose language was not understood, and who performed menial tasks, digging sewers and building railroad embankments. Later the Irish did the same work in the community, but as quickly as possible handed it on to the Italians, to whom the name \"dago\" is said to cling as a result of the digging which the Irishman resigned to him. The Italian himself is at last waking up to this fact. In a political speech recently made by an Italian padrone, he bitterly reproached the alderman for giving the-four-dollars-a-day \"jobs\" of sitting in an office to Irishmen and the-dollar-and-a-half-a-day \"jobs\" of sweeping the streets to the Italians. This general struggle to rise in life, to be at least politically represented by one of the best, as to occupation and social status, has also its negative side. We must remember that the imitative impulse plays an important part in life, and that the loss of social estimation, keenly felt by all of us, is perhaps most dreaded by the humblest, among whom freedom of individual conduct, the power to give only just weight to the opinion of neighbors, is but feebly developed. A form of constraint, gentle, but powerful, is afforded by the simple desire to do what others do, in order to share with them the approval of the community. Of course, the larger the number of people among whom an habitual mode of conduct obtains, the greater the constraint it puts upon the individual will. Thus it is that the political corruption of the city presses most heavily where it can be least resisted, and is most likely to be imitated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00382", "bookId": 15487, "start": 266955, "end": 268678, "sha256": "edc684292766da7e64d93dd19f5a11e3af04f9eca1541b04549c96c9a0716af1", "text": "According to the same law, the positive evils of corrupt government are bound to fall heaviest upon the poorest and least capable. When the water of Chicago is foul, the prosperous buy water bottled at distant springs; the poor have no alternative but the typhoid fever which comes from using the city's supply. When the garbage contracts are not enforced, the well-to-do pay for private service; the poor suffer the discomfort and illness which are inevitable from a foul atmosphere. The prosperous business man has a certain choice as to whether he will treat with the \"boss\" politician or preserve his independence on a smaller income; but to an Italian day laborer it is a choice between obeying the commands of a political \"boss\" or practical starvation. Again, a more intelligent man may philosophize a little upon the present state of corruption, and reflect that it is but a phase of our commercialism, from which we are bound to emerge; at any rate, he may give himself the solace of literature and ideals in other directions, but the more ignorant man who lives only in the narrow present has no such resource; slowly the conviction enters his mind that politics is a matter of favors and positions, that self-government means pleasing the \"boss\" and standing in with the \"gang.\" This slowly acquired knowledge he hands on to his family. During the month of February his boy may come home from school with rather incoherent tales about Washington and Lincoln, and the father may for the moment be fired to tell of Garibaldi, but such talk is only periodic, and the long year round the fortunes of the entire family, down to the opportunity to earn food and shelter, depend upon the \"boss.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00383", "bookId": 15487, "start": 268682, "end": 269311, "sha256": "97d741cba5bf39e16ba86af94e4586dcb1617a79315c442bdbabd9f99b3227d2", "text": "In a certain measure also, the opportunities for pleasure and recreation depend upon him. To use a former illustration, if a man happens to have a taste for gambling, if the slot machine affords him diversion, he goes to those houses which are protected by political influence. If he and his friends like to drop into a saloon after midnight, or even want to hear a little music while they drink together early in the evening, he is breaking the law when he indulges in either of them, and can only be exempt from arrest or fine because the great political machine is friendly to him and expects his allegiance in return.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00384", "bookId": 15487, "start": 269315, "end": 270403, "sha256": "4bd3c24961701af08ebfabd09a61a25b58a53aad4455a07551bb463ae8ae836c", "text": "During the campaign, when it was found hard to secure enough local speakers of the moral tone which was desired, orators were imported from other parts of the town, from the so-called \"better element.\" Suddenly it was rumored on all sides that, while the money and speakers for the reform candidate were coming from the swells, the money which was backing the corrupt alderman also came from a swell source; that the president of a street-car combination, for whom he performed constant offices in the city council, was ready to back him to the extent of fifty thousand dollars; that this president, too, was a good man, and sat in high places; that he had recently given a large sum of money to an educational institution and was therefore as philanthropic, not to say good and upright, as any man in town; that the corrupt alderman had the sanction of the highest authorities, and that the lecturers who were talking against corruption, and the selling and buying of franchises, were only the cranks, and not the solid business men who had developed and built up Chicago.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00385", "bookId": 15487, "start": 270407, "end": 271007, "sha256": "6bbaec3cdb5c9e5baa4b1631ea31f0d67ef27ba72a251a0f0fba854b7bf741a9", "text": "All parts of the community are bound together in ethical development. If the so-called more enlightened members accept corporate gifts from the man who buys up the council, and the so-called less enlightened members accept individual gifts from the man who sells out the council, we surely must take our punishment together. There is the difference, of course, that in the first case we act collectively, and in the second case individually; but is the punishment which follows the first any lighter or less far-reaching in its consequences than the more obvious one which follows the second?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00386", "bookId": 15487, "start": 271011, "end": 271270, "sha256": "cd7f676cf316a1b4ec11dfdde545bb35d7e0f4ae25e0e84477a4fc60d8cc4b54", "text": "Have our morals been so captured by commercialism, to use Mr. Chapman's generalization, that we do not see a moral dereliction when business or educational interests are served thereby, although we are still shocked when the saloon interest is thus served?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00387", "bookId": 15487, "start": 271274, "end": 274393, "sha256": "4c36c1c79ec26c968877aa288507bf46d927ef69be48ae793e0c4124a6dcb474", "text": "The street-car company which declares that it is impossible to do business without managing the city council, is on exactly the same moral level with the man who cannot retain political power unless he has a saloon, a large acquaintance with the semi-criminal class, and questionable money with which to debauch his constituents. Both sets of men assume that the only appeal possible is along the line of self-interest. They frankly acknowledge money getting as their own motive power, and they believe in the cupidity of all the men whom they encounter. No attempt in either case is made to put forward the claims of the public, or to find a moral basis for action. As the corrupt politician assumes that public morality is impossible, so many business men become convinced that to pay tribute to the corrupt aldermen is on the whole cheaper than to have taxes too high; that it is better to pay exorbitant rates for franchises, than to be made unwilling partners in transportation experiments. Such men come to regard political reformers as a sort of monomaniac, who are not reasonable enough to see the necessity of the present arrangement which has slowly been evolved and developed, and upon which business is safely conducted. A reformer who really knew the people and their great human needs, who believed that it was the business of government to serve them, and who further recognized the educative power of a sense of responsibility, would possess a clew by which he might analyze the situation. He would find out what needs, which the alderman supplies, are legitimate ones which the city itself could undertake, in counter-distinction to those which pander to the lower instincts of the constituency. A mother who eats her Christmas turkey in a reverent spirit of thankfulness to the alderman who gave it to her, might be gradually brought to a genuine sense of appreciation and gratitude to the city which supplies her little children with a Kindergarten, or, to the Board of Health which properly placarded a case of scarlet-fever next door and spared her sleepless nights and wearing anxiety, as well as the money paid with such difficulty to the doctor and the druggist. The man who in his emotional gratitude almost kneels before his political friend who gets his boy out of jail, might be made to see the kindness and good sense of the city authorities who provided the boy with a playground and reading room, where he might spend his hours of idleness and restlessness, and through which his temptations to petty crime might be averted. A man who is grateful to the alderman who sees that his gambling and racing are not interfered with, might learn to feel loyal and responsible to the city which supplied him with a gymnasium and swimming tank where manly and well-conducted sports are possible. The voter who is eager to serve the alderman at all times, because the tenure of his job is dependent upon aldermanic favor, might find great relief and pleasure in working for the city in which his place was secured by a well-administered civil service law.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00388", "bookId": 15487, "start": 274397, "end": 275730, "sha256": "41b27768fdbc44a0ec5a30899b969d22994ac743d7b76a613013d5337225ba6e", "text": "After all, what the corrupt alderman demands from his followers and largely depends upon is a sense of loyalty, a standing-by the man who is good to you, who understands you, and who gets you out of trouble. All the social life of the voter from the time he was a little boy and played \"craps\" with his \"own push,\" and not with some other \"push,\" has been founded on this sense of loyalty and of standing in with his friends. Now that he is a man, he likes the sense of being inside a political organization, of being trusted with political gossip, of belonging to a set of fellows who understand things, and whose interests are being cared for by a strong friend in the city council itself. All this is perfectly legitimate, and all in the line of the development of a strong civic loyalty, if it were merely socialized and enlarged. Such a voter has already proceeded in the forward direction in so far as he has lost the sense of isolation, and has abandoned the conviction that city government does not touch his individual affairs. Even Mill claims that the social feelings of man, his desire to be at unity with his fellow-creatures, are the natural basis for morality, and he defines a man of high moral culture as one who thinks of himself, not as an isolated individual, but as a part in a social organism.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00389", "bookId": 15487, "start": 275734, "end": 276367, "sha256": "8157565d188e6379a250a0d664389897a7bd9a76d4704ea0fc8c36f9e8e993e3", "text": "Upon this foundation it ought not to be difficult to build a structure of civic virtue. It is only necessary to make it clear to the voter that his individual needs are common needs, that is, public needs, and that they can only be legitimately supplied for him when they are supplied for all. If we believe that the individual struggle for life may widen into a struggle for the lives of all, surely the demand of an individual for decency and comfort, for a chance to work and obtain the fulness of life may be widened until it gradually embraces all the members of the community, and rises into a sense of the common weal.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00390", "bookId": 15487, "start": 276371, "end": 276768, "sha256": "7e6123542280c035f131f802d9c5327f8a9dff49af3aaba7cf8c72ecaf35cac9", "text": "In order, however, to give him a sense of conviction that his individual needs must be merged into the needs of the many, and are only important as they are thus merged, the appeal cannot be made along the line of self-interest. The demand should be universalized; in this process it would also become clarified, and the basis of our political organization become perforce social and ethical.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00391", "bookId": 15487, "start": 276772, "end": 277213, "sha256": "7c908f11c00d13b86542161be7d5cc1e3b3e36be547e8d0a8629209810220de3", "text": "Would it be dangerous to conclude that the corrupt politician himself, because he is democratic in method, is on a more ethical line of social development than the reformer, who believes that the people must be made over by \"good citizens\" and governed by \"experts\"? The former at least are engaged in that great moral effort of getting the mass to express itself, and of adding this mass energy and wisdom to the community as a whole.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00392", "bookId": 15487, "start": 277217, "end": 278321, "sha256": "ff5689a5e51d3c27e5f52ea05d6d329bdf95e8d79caaf9f13e3446e451193b77", "text": "The wide divergence of experience makes it difficult for the good citizen to understand this point of view, and many things conspire to make it hard for him to act upon it. He is more or less a victim to that curious feeling so often possessed by the good man, that the righteous do not need to be agreeable, that their goodness alone is sufficient, and that they can leave the arts and wiles of securing popular favor to the self-seeking. This results in a certain repellent manner, commonly regarded as the apparel of righteousness, and is further responsible for the fatal mistake of making the surroundings of \"good influences\" singularly unattractive; a mistake which really deserves a reprimand quite as severe as the equally reprehensible deed of making the surroundings of \"evil influences\" so beguiling. Both are akin to that state of mind which narrows the entrance into a wider morality to the eye of a needle, and accounts for the fact that new moral movements have ever and again been inaugurated by those who have found themselves in revolt against the conventionalized good.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00393", "bookId": 15487, "start": 278325, "end": 279826, "sha256": "1c15e8906fa558abb4ffd885cb6a1a87f39ee1ac29b7877ad495c32349783cbf", "text": "The success of the reforming politician who insists upon mere purity of administration and upon the control and suppression of the unruly elements in the community, may be the easy result of a narrowing and selfish process. For the painful condition of endeavoring to minister to genuine social needs, through the political machinery, and at the same time to remodel that machinery so that it shall be adequate to its new task, is to encounter the inevitable discomfort of a transition into a new type of democratic relation. The perplexing experiences of the actual administration, however, have a genuine value of their own. The economist who treats the individual cases as mere data, and the social reformer who labors to make such cases impossible, solely because of the appeal to his reason, may have to share these perplexities before they feel themselves within the grasp of a principle of growth, working outward from within; before they can gain the exhilaration and uplift which comes when the individual sympathy and intelligence is caught into the forward intuitive movement of the mass. This general movement is not without its intellectual aspects, but it has to be transferred from the region of perception to that of emotion before it is really apprehended. The mass of men seldom move together without an emotional incentive. The man who chooses to stand aside, avoids much of the perplexity, but at the same time he loses contact with a great source of vitality.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00394", "bookId": 15487, "start": 279830, "end": 280974, "sha256": "3cfbaa39bf41927e696ec6a6ff71f96e8cb492b99c8e3b75efdd218ae2250a04", "text": "Perhaps the last and greatest difficulty in the paths of those who are attempting to define and attain a social morality, is that which arises from the fact that they cannot adequately test the value of their efforts, cannot indeed be sure of their motives until their efforts are reduced to action and are presented in some workable form of social conduct or control. For action is indeed the sole medium of expression for ethics. We continually forget that the sphere of morals is the sphere of action, that speculation in regard to morality is but observation and must remain in the sphere of intellectual comment, that a situation does not really become moral until we are confronted with the question of what shall be done in a concrete case, and are obliged to act upon our theory. A stirring appeal has lately been made by a recognized ethical lecturer who has declared that \"It is insanity to expect to receive the data of wisdom by looking on. We arrive at moral knowledge only by tentative and observant practice. We learn how to apply the new insight by having attempted to apply the old and having found it to fail.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00395", "bookId": 15487, "start": 280978, "end": 281466, "sha256": "f1b193402a93c14a581a2f934d279cbe0f825607c2b930a810ce832e205e0f99", "text": "This necessity of reducing the experiment to action throws out of the undertaking all timid and irresolute persons, more than that, all those who shrink before the need of striving forward shoulder to shoulder with the cruder men, whose sole virtue may be social effort, and even that not untainted by self-seeking, who are indeed pushing forward social morality, but who are doing it irrationally and emotionally, and often at the expense of the well-settled standards of morality.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00396", "bookId": 15487, "start": 281470, "end": 282419, "sha256": "950407d23532fde19ea47eae6670e436e4d534907ac6e84ef2ba2a2a6f6395c9", "text": "The power to distinguish between the genuine effort and the adventitious mistakes is perhaps the most difficult test which comes to our fallible intelligence. In the range of individual morals, we have learned to distrust him who would reach spirituality by simply renouncing the world, or by merely speculating upon its evils. The result, as well as the process of virtues attained by repression, has become distasteful to us. When the entire moral energy of an individual goes into the cultivation of personal integrity, we all know how unlovely the result may become; the character is upright, of course, but too coated over with the result of its own endeavor to be attractive. In this effort toward a higher morality in our social relations, we must demand that the individual shall be willing to lose the sense of personal achievement, and shall be content to realize his activity only in connection with the activity of the many.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00397", "bookId": 15487, "start": 282423, "end": 282712, "sha256": "e58f3f682e0e95e832e6058bee8835ed60845f3644b22a8e218733e9e69dc296", "text": "The cry of \"Back to the people\" is always heard at the same time, when we have the prophet's demand for repentance or the religious cry of \"Back to Christ,\" as though we would seek refuge with our fellows and believe in our common experiences as a preparation for a new moral struggle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00398", "bookId": 15487, "start": 282716, "end": 283954, "sha256": "c7c9f5a3a1d12e2c61c354e23a529cb177517059a61082cdc9dae67d07b5db34", "text": "As the acceptance of democracy brings a certain life-giving power, so it has its own sanctions and comforts. Perhaps the most obvious one is the curious sense which comes to us from time to time, that we belong to the whole, that a certain basic well being can never be taken away from us whatever the turn of fortune. Tolstoy has portrayed the experience in \"Master and Man.\" The former saves his servant from freezing, by protecting him with the heat of his body, and his dying hours are filled with an ineffable sense of healing and well-being. Such experiences, of which we have all had glimpses, anticipate in our relation to the living that peace of mind which envelopes us when we meditate upon the great multitude of the dead. It is akin to the assurance that the dead understand, because they have entered into the Great Experience, and therefore must comprehend all lesser ones; that all the misunderstandings we have in life are due to partial experience, and all life's fretting comes of our limited intelligence; when the last and Great Experience comes, it is, perforce, attended by mercy and forgiveness. Consciously to accept Democracy and its manifold experiences is to anticipate that peace and freedom.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00399", "bookId": 15487, "start": 283964, "end": 283972, "sha256": "a62f574f11bd38bd630aaff4717b8c99592384ed5061eddf847655095df25fe7", "text": "INDEX[1]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00400", "bookId": 15487, "start": 283978, "end": 284222, "sha256": "56fcce20503cf77dfa7c96ac284025d82101f11b26b99fc3e77e060142356d80", "text": "Alderman, basis of his political success, 226, 228, 240, 243, 248, 267; his influence on morals of the American boy, 251, 255, 256; on standard of life, 257; his power, 232, 233, 235, 246, 260; his social duties, 234, 236, 243, 250.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00401", "bookId": 15487, "start": 284226, "end": 284259, "sha256": "a20515c51fd3d8b158026e5908b8a3fc3dd401dd92533586fe4f438fb2189ac8", "text": "Art and the workingman, 219, 225.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00402", "bookId": 15487, "start": 284265, "end": 284317, "sha256": "403eca17cd40f6a3b222efa63ff9d1197a2e11959dd533f54d027f7f0b69270f", "text": "\"Boss,\" the, ignorant man's dependence on, 260, 266.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00403", "bookId": 15487, "start": 284321, "end": 284348, "sha256": "59e672d974a98f735e6327096ab7454d7c3462208be8fb95604d6488fcb73758", "text": "Business college, the, 197.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00404", "bookId": 15487, "start": 284354, "end": 284529, "sha256": "6cc1c0b3aa4acb13b9ec58e02258b65c8f8898a3f90b26cd006c1999ad5c81a4", "text": "Charity, administration of, 14, 22; neighborly relations in, 29, 230; organized, 25; standards in, 15, 27, 32, 38, 49, 58; scientific _vs._ human relations in, 64.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00405", "bookId": 15487, "start": 284533, "end": 284606, "sha256": "ae42a6b3d735c5b7a542b78343001a15f7ea0ef0e23744981862088a95da5d56", "text": "Child labor, premature work, 41, 188; first laws concerning, 167, 170.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00406", "bookId": 15487, "start": 284610, "end": 284641, "sha256": "b5a901cc5bcbaccaad13a60d972d166537079c259c4ef78bf44596289f50b63b", "text": "City, responsibilities of, 266.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00407", "bookId": 15487, "start": 284645, "end": 284690, "sha256": "0097f361d199a2f65be66b0de8acffb3f1798f2c57b3edc515e52ad2af0a2117", "text": "Civil service law, its enforcement, 231, 233.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00408", "bookId": 15487, "start": 284694, "end": 284760, "sha256": "fe5d9ceb7940fb63952655ebd3c60e9a5c84f5be49b5769a67bf4942c5a91395", "text": "Commercial and industrial life, social position of, compared, 193.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00409", "bookId": 15487, "start": 284764, "end": 284872, "sha256": "623ccd79eb13a9f1a7ea9ae7a1d37b6340e97d168c189f76776419ca6236d5a7", "text": "Commercialism and education, 190-199, 216; morals captured by, 264; polytechnic schools taken by, 202.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00410", "bookId": 15487, "start": 284876, "end": 284899, "sha256": "c4b87ffa1f4bbd8e73d8f119f46daf1d8fa33dcce1baad988a15708b6e96a2c5", "text": "Cooeperation, 153, 158.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00411", "bookId": 15487, "start": 284903, "end": 284922, "sha256": "2fe29f0a9e1ad13ae39923f6c26e26419c064deaa2404b8417588790a375821d", "text": "Cooper, Peter, 202.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00412", "bookId": 15487, "start": 284928, "end": 284958, "sha256": "90c225f8c4a19b474cfe5521c2deb47915c4f44332a0b8c3dc7cfd0cc5482dcd", "text": "Dayton, Ohio, factory at, 216.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00413", "bookId": 15487, "start": 284962, "end": 285005, "sha256": "bbe45bc072fb9df856129d079429523104bb9756523711b5ea0937935baadacf", "text": "Death and burials among simple people, 238.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00414", "bookId": 15487, "start": 285009, "end": 285135, "sha256": "019b0e339906426046f3abeff5c2852b390837fe4673aa3db37be28601d7a7d1", "text": "Domestic service, problem of, in France, England, and America, 135; industrial difficulty of, 106; moral issues of, 106.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00415", "bookId": 15487, "start": 285141, "end": 285605, "sha256": "4abbd89c10c25ee81eeb2a1f58ca1cd6770b7f7e61f588f3a4d005e5544dbdcc", "text": "Education, attempts at industrial, 201; commercialism in, 196, 201; in commercialism, 216; in technical schools, 201; lack of adaptation in, 199, 208, 212; of industrial workers, 180, 193, 199, 219; offset to overspecialization, 211; public school and, 190, 192; relation of, to the child, 180, 185, 193; relation of, to the immigrant, 181-186; university extension lectures and settlements, 199; workingmen's lecture courses, 214.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00416", "bookId": 15487, "start": 285609, "end": 285676, "sha256": "f52fc352e902b1e3cc21269f9049af2e92eeda3c9ed9f431bb96a79fac726979", "text": "Educators, mistakes of, 212; new demands on, 178, 192, 201, 211.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00417", "bookId": 15487, "start": 285682, "end": 285837, "sha256": "4975c1d7b43f6722d110e4c617b752639b47de205bb49fc8b9ca6a448323fc3d", "text": "Family claim, the, 4, 74, 78; 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no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00421", "bookId": 15487, "start": 285981, "end": 286301, "sha256": "164ef2581bf36a2d33f617fd75c0bef82f84cfb61809280030cf706538f397a5", "text": "Household employee, the, 108, 109; character of, 112; domestic _vs._ factory, 116, 118, 119, 122; isolation of, 109, 111, 117, 120, 132; morals of, 125; unnatural relation of, 113, 120, 121, 126, 127; unreasonable demands on, 113, 115; residence clubs for, 133; social position of, 114, 119, 122.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00422", "bookId": 15487, "start": 286305, "end": 286402, "sha256": "3c68e550536d22a942dfac76d217595f621362e31498b58cad38f7db22704536", "text": "Household employer, the, undemocratic ethics of, 116; reform of, in relation to employee, 126.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00423", "bookId": 15487, "start": 286406, "end": 286781, "sha256": "04a0fb385a17fed108f27b8a89a3c0485a283adea37bd0990dbcbc7fb49bf1bf", "text": "Household, the, advantages and disadvantages of factory work over, 129; competition of factory work with, 128; difficulties of the small, 135; industrial isolation of, 117; industry of, transferred to factory, 104, 105; lack of progress in, 117; origin of, 104; social _vs._ individual aspects of, 103; suburban difficulties of, 134; wages in, 131.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00424", "bookId": 15487, "start": 286785, "end": 286834, "sha256": "5ac302d9619375900622883daba11b7c8c3a81b2c5038834eed2cf9546c7a59c", "text": "Hull-house experiences, 43, 53, 58, 59, 240, 247.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00425", "bookId": 15487, "start": 286838, "end": 286867, "sha256": "c8e13b9530913fa16eafffc934485096dc79a3f5456b6cc05fd7f3913ac986c6", "text": "Human life, value of, 7, 178.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00426", "bookId": 15487, "start": 286873, "end": 287012, "sha256": "574c56061c772237a83f011d56e5c5c3811c2d256324a3b763c7e1f02d0cca17", "text": "Individual action _vs._ associated, 137, 153, 158; advantages of, 158, 162; limitations of, 165; moral evolution involved in, 226.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00427", "bookId": 15487, "start": 287016, "end": 287056, "sha256": "d3729bfc11d8d3f419467719b647806f4e7beb8d0a438dc3ed5dd12a61492f16", "text": "Individual _vs._ social needs, 155, 269.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00428", "bookId": 15487, "start": 287060, "end": 287107, "sha256": "3800e21fbf39ae1d2ca6302a2ad85bf3fbd407aa0837cdfc3de20cf0277a4e08", "text": "Individual _vs._ social virtues, 224, 227, 265.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00429", "bookId": 15487, "start": 287111, "end": 287275, "sha256": "010933be8c0a16b506d23f7a3af6557c89ae8e5460aa130aa061d5e27c0fdb4c", "text": "Italian immigrant, the, conception of abstract virtue among, 229; dependence of, on their children, 184; education of, 185; new conditions of life of, 181.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00430", "bookId": 15487, "start": 287281, "end": 287330, "sha256": "505a4d3caa8626d067b0cb691ddf8e14a7a74a3166ee39b472b09992be589aa9", "text": "Juvenile criminal, the, evolution of, 53-56, 187.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00431", "bookId": 15487, "start": 287336, "end": 287388, "sha256": "676bc273cf027b4e52f0de9f262f1f07f29a1e67cde6f4f81ac56470902ba658", "text": "Labor, division of, 210, 213; reaction from, 215.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00432", "bookId": 15487, "start": 287392, "end": 287421, "sha256": "f7d4c5d4e2e992655868d515c77780d4e1534ddeee7075b9df0f66a7a8bfed37", "text": "Law and order, 172, 174, 234.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00433", "bookId": 15487, "start": 287427, "end": 287468, "sha256": "1071d44c999c93cdfa8e95f0733a947b20f6142d9515b06e151f46bc12e07520", "text": "Moral fact and moral idea, 227, 229, 273.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00434", "bookId": 15487, "start": 287472, "end": 287541, "sha256": "690b591d74620bf3cf30e00b26bde7f5ea43d1d51f763418ca8b90a2fe9f3412", "text": "Morality, natural basis of, 268; personal and social, 6, 176, 103.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00435", "bookId": 15487, "start": 287547, "end": 287604, "sha256": "17d25e4fe600abce1487fdc01eaadbc4e7bf10eb8bf424b3eeac60855b42d5cd", "text": "Philanthropic standpoint, the, its dangers, 150, 155-157.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00436", "bookId": 15487, "start": 287608, "end": 287642, "sha256": "81d264a2ddaf1c9944d9cd4e525fb68d8d19a6823f755a504fdff5a8138960ba", "text": "Philanthropist, the, 154, 175-176.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00437", "bookId": 15487, "start": 287646, "end": 287940, "sha256": "fbf8184d47af543f11bbd933b7fee7f67646b3dac8ea3a67b851d07f4edc9ad7", "text": "Political corruption, ethical development in, 270; formation of reform clubs, 246; greatest pressure of, 260; individual and social aspect of, 264; leniency in regard to, 239; responsibility for, 256, 263; selling of votes, 244-246; street railway and saloon interest, 262.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00438", "bookId": 15487, "start": 287944, "end": 287989, "sha256": "342f4e93c31f8966c4b74fa06bbf11c3411fcc6bce68293b770f5425bcb2913e", "text": "Political leaders, causes of success of, 224.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00439", "bookId": 15487, "start": 287993, "end": 288080, "sha256": "1e60faa7c9a10fb94190f63cd049d87241a6cf6d41f16cb6cf125835deb4fbaa", "text": "Political standards, 228, 229, 251-253, 261; compared with Benjamin Franklin's, 255.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00440", "bookId": 15487, "start": 288086, "end": 288114, "sha256": "745fde800961bdd0e21251d71e25b3f4ee77bf704c0f544858bd59917c292ba5", "text": "Referendum method, the, 164.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00441", "bookId": 15487, "start": 288118, "end": 288148, "sha256": "619ee1398443d695f09d5e81412378e5d7b2dc71123b67859faf073ba0219b37", "text": "Reformer, the, ethics of, 270.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00442", "bookId": 15487, "start": 288152, "end": 288268, "sha256": "73a5b2a1c61d173f6ad65eab6f47ef35c3b4ace61a7ee18706125f297ae032de", "text": "Reform movements in politics, causes of failure in, 222, 240, 262, 272, 274; business men's attitude toward, 265.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00443", "bookId": 15487, "start": 288272, "end": 288292, "sha256": "8dfa3f5ac481ecc55a60805681d4a47dc1c1d1c605dfcad39d95247c1684bcab", "text": "Rumford, Count, 117.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00444", "bookId": 15487, "start": 288296, "end": 288308, "sha256": "65bfd5e0eae77bf90d4f724b4c035e8bd6fd9c1ded79f4bdea8a76505cd1fed3", "text": "Ruskin, 219.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00445", "bookId": 15487, "start": 288314, "end": 288336, "sha256": "b0366c00dd68e087e4f623d233d787cab706bb1eb3a1f700a2f7e283a73fc241", "text": "Saloon, the, 243, 264.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00446", "bookId": 15487, "start": 288340, "end": 288423, "sha256": "1a2116b6d16e63948810e7138fd18e0566a2093ce19f8a4d385aa6507c11044c", "text": "Social claim, the, 4, 77; child study and, 92, 180; misplaced energy and, 90.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00447", "bookId": 15487, "start": 288427, "end": 288503, "sha256": "0d35bab6c0dbad4ee2058ed7b56baa35ddfc9125f1f08c594197981416ce5061", "text": "Social virtues, code of employer, 143, 148; code of laboring man, _ibid._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00448", "bookId": 15487, "start": 288509, "end": 288674, "sha256": "1d4bac1f6f054eb656c1ad79322003cd154c643a288f679794e690c3253da397", "text": "Technical schools, 201; adaptation of, to workingmen, 204; compromises in, 203; polytechnic institutions, 202; textile schools, 203; women in, _ibid._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00449", "bookId": 15487, "start": 288678, "end": 288716, "sha256": "6c20dc45997e2aa2cfa8583db5fcb5a3e88581afceed9d6aeb503095937a961c", "text": "Thrift, individualism of, 31, 40, 212.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00450", "bookId": 15487, "start": 288720, "end": 288788, "sha256": "af522d6361237067146f0a4d9ff1b3acf15ae9b512a7afab060ab535c967dc1d", "text": "Trades unions, 148, 158, 167, 169, 171; sympathetic strikes, 174.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00451", "bookId": 15487, "start": 288794, "end": 289095, "sha256": "e8608f003358d0c021ecbf39925e2ad469ed5080a22eaf8f2fd1fca174c033c3", "text": "Workingman, the, ambition of, for his children, 191, 258; art in relation to, 218; charity of, 154; evening classes and social entertainment for, 189; grievance of, 211; historical perspective in the work of, _ibid._; organizations of, 214; standards for political candidate, 257.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00452", "bookId": 15487, "start": 289099, "end": 289157, "sha256": "10cb8330e5f2aa29f8815d9524017fde735e5bd0f3698f752fe1776b93452bb6", "text": "[Footnote 1: This index is not intended to be exhaustive.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG15487.B00453", "bookId": 15487, "start": 289169, "end": 289239, "sha256": "69a8459e45db4b44f3de71c34646d6efc38cab485fec90171074c6835b2e2983", "text": "End of Project Gutenberg's Democracy and Social Ethics, by Jane Addams", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00001", "bookId": 12439, "start": 996, "end": 1013, "sha256": "856069160bad6d2b233af5e20513e4a204df2d893b8d18807922702aa599b900", "text": "NOTES ON NURSING:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00002", "bookId": 12439, "start": 1017, "end": 1048, "sha256": "1a69718b3343067ed68cbf1069fec0f74dc44436c62f26a31224e6f361cee984", "text": "WHAT IT IS, AND WHAT IT IS NOT.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00003", "bookId": 12439, "start": 1052, "end": 1077, "sha256": "eb5a0b8adf6183529edea710e78ea8229d8cb48e6524b3c0ecddf3f40fe68977", "text": "BY FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00004", "bookId": 12439, "start": 1083, "end": 1141, "sha256": "0590463c69c8763ccfe11720eb59907330f7180a6d9ea64580fec2c5552b7a37", "text": "NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 72 FIFTH AVENUE 1898.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00005", "bookId": 12439, "start": 1151, "end": 1159, "sha256": "027490d745c7c8ff49ec56b0e3fb74105b7f81ce69a7a23dbc11aed956852609", "text": "PREFACE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00006", "bookId": 12439, "start": 1163, "end": 1998, "sha256": "7875e280dedcb53ea45bb37ddba0938435327055c4c31e3202fd8f8cc799a194", "text": "The following notes are by no means intended as a rule of thought by which nurses can teach themselves to nurse, still less as a manual to teach nurses to nurse. They are meant simply to give hints for thought to women who have personal charge of the health of others. Every woman, or at least almost every woman, in England has, at one time or another of her life, charge of the personal health of somebody, whether child or invalid,--in other words, every woman is a nurse. Every day sanitary knowledge, or the knowledge of nursing, or in other words, of how to put the constitution in such a state as that it will have no disease, or that it can recover from disease, takes a higher place. It is recognized as the knowledge which every one ought to have--distinct from medical knowledge, which only a profession can have.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00007", "bookId": 12439, "start": 2002, "end": 2240, "sha256": "9f8bc1d6a2a6b3945b03e58bd1717214596aa48a4a08176bea769de0e20480ab", "text": "If, then, every woman must at some time or other of her life, become a nurse, _i.e._, have charge of somebody's health, how immense and how valuable would be the produce of her united experience if every woman would think how to nurse.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00008", "bookId": 12439, "start": 2244, "end": 2362, "sha256": "84d14be1406028c7ec19c3c83df2236f69c1fc0915847d68ec79b65cac06c776", "text": "I do not pretend to teach her how, I ask her to teach herself, and for this purpose I venture to give her some hints.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00009", "bookId": 12439, "start": 2370, "end": 2388, "sha256": "e41162c1a99b2448968267cc3a995f8ca758464ede24a27508899e52734b9ee5", "text": "TABLE OF CONTENTS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00010", "bookId": 12439, "start": 2392, "end": 2647, "sha256": "80cf98dd3730c38f8a82b2c7c87adae0e99ff7a3bfe1a7064ee5676c9543d3e3", "text": "VENTILATION AND WARMING HEALTH OF HOUSES PETTY MANAGEMENT NOISE VARIETY TAKING FOOD WHAT FOOD? BED AND BEDDING LIGHT CLEANLINESS OF ROOMS AND WALLS PERSONAL CLEANLINESS CHATTERING HOPES AND ADVICES OBSERVATION OF THE SICK CONCLUSION APPENDIX", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00011", "bookId": 12439, "start": 2655, "end": 2672, "sha256": "856069160bad6d2b233af5e20513e4a204df2d893b8d18807922702aa599b900", "text": "NOTES ON NURSING:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00012", "bookId": 12439, "start": 2676, "end": 2707, "sha256": "1a69718b3343067ed68cbf1069fec0f74dc44436c62f26a31224e6f361cee984", "text": "WHAT IT IS, AND WHAT IT IS NOT.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00013", "bookId": 12439, "start": 2711, "end": 2720, "sha256": "1cec0fa1fffc54374c4b78b2e63d1395db1a15a7f0472ab86a41bc09ee0f2094", "text": "* * * * *", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00014", "bookId": 12439, "start": 2726, "end": 2767, "sha256": "be7cc7c243a97458641fd2bfc797a27690b667649c1ce5772ed28897e6dba1cc", "text": "[Sidenote: Disease a reparative process.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00015", "bookId": 12439, "start": 2771, "end": 3207, "sha256": "8d5c17de178e51f77a870a96ce3410d009f3cf93804451ffc058c5c9412fcc4b", "text": "Shall we begin by taking it as a general principle--that all disease, at some period or other of its course, is more or less a reparative process, not necessarily accompanied with suffering: an effort of nature to remedy a process of poisoning or of decay, which has taken place weeks, months, sometimes years beforehand, unnoticed, the termination of the disease being then, while the antecedent process was going on, determined?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00016", "bookId": 12439, "start": 3211, "end": 3770, "sha256": "8152d55d87ccdc90e01976a7a80b00c89a88238edbefb0c539ca7b43351f398a", "text": "If we accept this as a general principle, we shall be immediately met with anecdotes and instances to prove the contrary. Just so if we were to take, as a principle--all the climates of the earth are meant to be made habitable for man, by the efforts of man--the objection would be immediately raised,--Will the top of Mount Blanc ever be made habitable? Our answer would be, it will be many thousands of years before we have reached the bottom of Mount Blanc in making the earth healthy. Wait till we have reached the bottom before we discuss the top.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00017", "bookId": 12439, "start": 3776, "end": 3847, "sha256": "db959c6f76e520ce9fc06b1937fb76f84955a777d79ffd0e3aedfae2b96ede9e", "text": "[Sidenote: Of the sufferings of disease, disease not always the cause.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00018", "bookId": 12439, "start": 3851, "end": 4415, "sha256": "e0f2d65eb54bd6695179506eb3487cc1714e0cccbb9f2d7f4d067cdeada1892c", "text": "In watching diseases, both in private houses and in public hospitals, the thing which strikes the experienced observer most forcibly is this, that the symptoms or the sufferings generally considered to be inevitable and incident to the disease are very often not symptoms of the disease at all, but of something quite different--of the want of fresh air, or of light, or of warmth, or of quiet, or of cleanliness, or of punctuality and care in the administration of diet, of each or of all of these. And this quite as much in private as in hospital nursing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00019", "bookId": 12439, "start": 4419, "end": 4658, "sha256": "b8f26e7ee8fc5e68d04cdbbde01bcf6bc94c26726d921d81c3eb012e56b3a425", "text": "The reparative process which Nature has instituted and which we call disease, has been hindered by some want of knowledge or attention, in one or in all of these things, and pain, suffering, or interruption of the whole process sets in.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00020", "bookId": 12439, "start": 4662, "end": 4855, "sha256": "31ecf97621fb6ba96f2949554c288ce32f0b8159ba85739b4cb3e1d76fd9a56c", "text": "If a patient is cold, if a patient is feverish, if a patient is faint, if he is sick after taking food, if he has a bed-sore, it is generally the fault not of the disease, but of the nursing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00021", "bookId": 12439, "start": 4861, "end": 4898, "sha256": "97dffdff0b16a6564e2aefaa3bc484d64d18b8d80e1eabd739ba58ba91934555", "text": "[Sidenote: What nursing ought to do.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00022", "bookId": 12439, "start": 4902, "end": 5258, "sha256": "0e8817159ca7dbfe2b2b6b081aca269ca7962961b430077530ac99162ef1e25f", "text": "I use the word nursing for want of a better. It has been limited to signify little more than the administration of medicines and the application of poultices. It ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and the proper selection and administration of diet--all at the least expense of vital power to the patient.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00023", "bookId": 12439, "start": 5264, "end": 5311, "sha256": "f1537bf81be710a11b17eb04c48b7079eb5ba73cedfd1c6d306bc8eef0c5eaca", "text": "[Sidenote: Nursing the sick little understood.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00024", "bookId": 12439, "start": 5315, "end": 5482, "sha256": "addb8c7b51fdb13f856f1d4363b39b661a008ec5f1db6e1c573cc05fe519e5e3", "text": "It has been said and written scores of times, that every woman makes a good nurse. I believe, on the contrary, that the very elements of nursing are all but unknown.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00025", "bookId": 12439, "start": 5486, "end": 5648, "sha256": "73257b8bc467dbc5adca109265e3b02e7e035692c77cc47deb6a4961cb412681", "text": "By this I do not mean that the nurse is always to blame. Bad sanitary, bad architectural, and bad administrative arrangements often make it impossible to nurse.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00026", "bookId": 12439, "start": 5652, "end": 5764, "sha256": "eacd4ee12efd2241e3f0f489a114756d19f9fc55e2f38cb6ee01c9bd8ba4472d", "text": "But the art of nursing ought to include such arrangements as alone make what I understand by nursing, possible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00027", "bookId": 12439, "start": 5768, "end": 5911, "sha256": "46f5d8b338c50041b613e485964e7660826c67d81fd7a04c13d1600785fc28dc", "text": "The art of nursing, as now practised, seems to be expressly constituted to unmake what God had made disease to be, viz., a reparative process.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00028", "bookId": 12439, "start": 5917, "end": 5976, "sha256": "d94740e89954ca3a11e1d531a92b2811c4ed33cb29b3735e9410740097cb2ee0", "text": "[Sidenote: Nursing ought to assist the reparative process.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00029", "bookId": 12439, "start": 5980, "end": 6562, "sha256": "d1ea4768354db5db5bec96c0a453749b9b4e2cbe7ee7bb801d869dd11056264c", "text": "To recur to the first objection. If we are asked, Is such or such a disease a reparative process? Can such an illness be unaccompanied with suffering? Will any care prevent such a patient from suffering this or that?--I humbly say, I do not know. But when you have done away with all that pain and suffering, which in patients are the symptoms not of their disease, but of the absence of one or all of the above-mentioned essentials to the success of Nature's reparative processes, we shall then know what are the symptoms of and the sufferings inseparable from the disease.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00030", "bookId": 12439, "start": 6566, "end": 7147, "sha256": "f27e7f16796685275826312d476e138e2d650efc576a81c24d764abac93658a4", "text": "Another and the commonest exclamation which will be instantly made is-- Would you do nothing, then, in cholera, fever, &c.?--so deep-rooted and universal is the conviction that to give medicine is to be doing something, or rather everything; to give air, warmth, cleanliness, &c., is to do nothing. The reply is, that in these and many other similar diseases the exact value of particular remedies and modes of treatment is by no means ascertained, while there is universal experience as to the extreme importance of careful nursing in determining the issue of the disease.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00031", "bookId": 12439, "start": 7153, "end": 7182, "sha256": "ca5782aa76a25b87d765fbbc01386984974c0b12bed7b85b04ba910efd8a00d8", "text": "[Sidenote: Nursing the well.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00032", "bookId": 12439, "start": 7186, "end": 7549, "sha256": "7d2709d13f1145de9ea27fa63adb218fa38fe7e4eb017fa2c36ab95ce3d8a420", "text": "II. The very elements of what constitutes good nursing are as little understood for the well as for the sick. The same laws of health or of nursing, for they are in reality the same, obtain among the well as among the sick. The breaking of them produces only a less violent consequence among the former than among the latter,--and this sometimes, not always.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00033", "bookId": 12439, "start": 7553, "end": 7677, "sha256": "185a3089b052b5a6640744783e70aceeb12272146f9bc507fc0b2ac7427843a8", "text": "It is constantly objected,--\"But how can I obtain this medical knowledge? I am not a doctor. I must leave this to doctors.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00034", "bookId": 12439, "start": 7683, "end": 7713, "sha256": "fcc1edc06342e792ad14b7080ca5d9a8c898a2fefb7461aa920b57f876c132c8", "text": "[Sidenote: Little understood.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00035", "bookId": 12439, "start": 7717, "end": 8390, "sha256": "95cc2d8f3e76b7a326964d3e165eb1e9899eb758161aa0d0acdc535b84d10539", "text": "Oh, mothers of families! You who say this, do you know that one in every seven infants in this civilized land of England perishes before it is one year old? That, in London, two in every five die before they are five years old? And, in the other great cities of England, nearly one out of two?[1] \"The life duration of tender babies\" (as some Saturn, turned analytical chemist, says) \"is the most delicate test\" of sanitary conditions. Is all this premature suffering and death necessary? Or did Nature intend mothers to be always accompanied by doctors? Or is it better to learn the piano-forte than to learn the laws which subserve the preservation of offspring?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00036", "bookId": 12439, "start": 8394, "end": 8720, "sha256": "c6a7aa5f60ec098fb631abc8093b42d432e7e5ed5c5789efacae1eb381176372", "text": "Macaulay somewhere says, that it is extraordinary that, whereas the laws of the motions of the heavenly bodies, far removed as they are from us, are perfectly well understood, the laws of the human mind, which are under our observation all day and every day, are no better understood than they were two thousand years ago.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00037", "bookId": 12439, "start": 8724, "end": 9586, "sha256": "5b2b9758c570faa65d3b2143d3a5497edd10e49a100be0fe68135fbd1ce73a38", "text": "But how much more extraordinary is it that, whereas what we might call the coxcombries of education--_e.g._, the elements of astronomy--are now taught to every school-girl, neither mothers of families of any class, nor school-mistresses of any class, nor nurses of children, nor nurses of hospitals, are taught anything about those laws which God has assigned to the relations of our bodies with the world in which He has put them. In other words, the laws which make these bodies, into which He has put our minds, healthy or unhealthy organs of those minds, are all but unlearnt. Not but that these laws--the laws of life--are in a certain measure understood, but not even mothers think it worth their while to study them--to study how to give their children healthy existences. They call it medical or physiological knowledge, fit only for doctors.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00038", "bookId": 12439, "start": 9590, "end": 9608, "sha256": "446f079279e66770e3573b96d822aadbba7647161c3441523897c136b37584f0", "text": "Another objection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00039", "bookId": 12439, "start": 9612, "end": 9862, "sha256": "ec40df9642e3b175555a3604d983d37693f9357e1446f6eac0d76f589f9e792b", "text": "We are constantly told,--\"But the circumstances which govern our children's healths are beyond our control. What can we do with winds? There is the east wind. Most people can tell before they get up in the morning whether the wind is in the east.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00040", "bookId": 12439, "start": 9866, "end": 10271, "sha256": "0741ee7ecb9d5b247a5c10029fe42cf851ce802214d681c807a736f4262c855f", "text": "To this one can answer with more certainty than to the former objections. Who is it who knows when the wind is in the east? Not the Highland drover, certainly, exposed to the east wind, but the young lady who is worn out with the want of exposure to fresh air, to sunlight, &c. Put the latter under as good sanitary circumstances as the former, and she too will not know when the wind is in the east.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00041", "bookId": 12439, "start": 10277, "end": 10287, "sha256": "55ef8349ad07203ec2cca0f3d97640f57c9e65b07c838ffd97e6bcdc1006aed5", "text": "FOOTNOTES:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00042", "bookId": 12439, "start": 10291, "end": 10356, "sha256": "96eaf0f9cfe9dae6421ebfac3a76fb60fcdada00a0df8fd1d784e590adfbd348", "text": "[1] [Sidenote: Curious deductions from an excessive death rate.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00043", "bookId": 12439, "start": 10360, "end": 11557, "sha256": "228efa9cc9eb6906d7282a53feef8b203978766448bd83efec2b79297380c4f4", "text": "Upon this fact the most wonderful deductions have been strung. For a long time an announcement something like the following has been going the round of the papers:--\"More than 25,000 children die every year in London under 10 years of age; therefore we want a Children's Hospital.\" This spring there was a prospectus issued, and divers other means taken to this effect:--\"There is a great want of sanitary knowledge in women; therefore we want a Women's Hospital.\" Now, both the above facts are too sadly true. But what is the deduction? The causes of the enormous child mortality are perfectly well known; they are chiefly want of cleanliness, want of ventilation, want of whitewashing; in one word, defective _household_ hygiene. The remedies are just as well known; and among them is certainly not the establishment of a Child's Hospital. This may be a want; just as there may be a want of hospital room for adults. But the Registrar-General would certainly never think of giving us as a cause for the high rate of child mortality in (say) Liverpool that there was not sufficient hospital room for children; nor would he urge upon us, as a remedy, to found an hospital for them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00044", "bookId": 12439, "start": 11561, "end": 12100, "sha256": "b4b563f58e04150eb053abe9367e34bd82e6aeb0fdb60a22ffee783ef5281d69", "text": "Again, women, and the best women, are wofully deficient in sanitary knowledge; although it is to women that we must look, first and last, for its application, as far as _household_ hygiene is concerned. But who would ever think of citing the institution of a Women's Hospital as the way to cure this want? We have it, indeed, upon very high authority that there is some fear lest hospitals, as they have been _hitherto_, may not have generally increased, rather than diminished, the rate of mortality--especially of child mortality.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00045", "bookId": 12439, "start": 12110, "end": 12137, "sha256": "5fa726fe3648e206b51a966bbb94fe5c0a9974ac74cd92acc648f134c9f24641", "text": "I. VENTILATION AND WARMING.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00046", "bookId": 12439, "start": 12143, "end": 12229, "sha256": "58deee1f8a62fa20d2ac5e0a5b6b73b2d274a493d339badebdef8ed4907e9ef6", "text": "[Sidenote: First rule of nursing, to keep the air within as pure as the air without.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00047", "bookId": 12439, "start": 12233, "end": 13487, "sha256": "4ce4e61af5faa53e7160f43456a0b39da0305201802f357fd0a513a9b69e143c", "text": "The very first canon of nursing, the first and the last thing upon which a nurse's attention must be fixed, the first essential to a patient, without which all the rest you can do for him is as nothing, with which I had almost said you may leave all the rest alone, is this: TO KEEP THE AIR HE BREATHES AS PURE AS THE EXTERNAL AIR, WITHOUT CHILLING HIM. Yet what is so little attended, to? Even where it is thought of at all, the most extraordinary misconceptions reign about it. Even in admitting air into the patient's room or ward, few people ever think, where that air comes from. It may come from a corridor into which other wards are ventilated, from a hall, always unaired, always full of the fumes of gas, dinner, of various kinds of mustiness; from an underground kitchen, sink, washhouse, water-closet, or even, as I myself have had sorrowful experience, from open sewers loaded with filth; and with this the patient's room or ward is aired, as it is called--poisoned, it should rather be said. Always, air from the air without, and that, too, through those windows, through which the air comes freshest. From a closed court, especially if the wind do not blow that way, air may come as stagnant as any from a hall or corridor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00048", "bookId": 12439, "start": 13491, "end": 14033, "sha256": "57c6058dc2aef95abaed7c75cd403c4b90560177c4c822fd698dc093f901f6ea", "text": "Again, a thing I have often seen both in private houses and institutions. A room remains uninhabited; the fireplace is carefully fastened up with a board; the windows are never opened; probably the shutters are kept always shut; perhaps some kind of stores are kept in the room; no breath of fresh air can by possibility enter into that room, nor any ray of sun. The air is as stagnant, musty, and corrupt as it can by possibility be made. It is quite ripe to breed small-pox, scarlet-fever, diphtheria, or anything else you please.[1]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00049", "bookId": 12439, "start": 14037, "end": 14235, "sha256": "176c0ab7c5b68936d1664eea880b35e21d4005e0a71163a436d2267787893db8", "text": "Yet the nursery, ward, or sick room adjoining will positively be aired (?) by having the door opened into that room. Or children will be put into that room, without previous preparation, to sleep.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00050", "bookId": 12439, "start": 14239, "end": 14472, "sha256": "1f0595bf626f422ef58361a41b6ae278de4f324156648c572badc87a0aba7579", "text": "A short time ago a man walked into a back-kitchen in Queen square, and cut the throat of a poor consumptive creature, sitting by the fire. The murderer did not deny the act, but simply said, \"It's all right.\" Of course he was mad.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00051", "bookId": 12439, "start": 14476, "end": 14831, "sha256": "c727361f831680faa879f9da0cfc60aa2c7b6f4d56ce432473cdc65ef378d5c7", "text": "But in our case, the extraordinary thing is that the victim says, \"It's all right,\" and that we are not mad. Yet, although we \"nose\" the murderers, in the musty unaired unsunned room, the scarlet fever which is behind the door, or the fever and hospital gangrene which are stalking among the crowded beds of a hospital ward, we say, \"It's all right.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00052", "bookId": 12439, "start": 14837, "end": 14863, "sha256": "b576cd29f2231f45294b3229ecb96f72b7fc854ef483d90b0e623f88d619593f", "text": "[Sidenote: Without chill.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00053", "bookId": 12439, "start": 14867, "end": 15273, "sha256": "539ae05d4c9af71801c5ee741427190d243266ba73ac08a5a5070340208e1ca8", "text": "With a proper supply of windows, and a proper supply of fuel in open fire places, fresh air is comparatively easy to secure when your patient or patients are in bed. Never be afraid of open windows then. People don't catch cold in bed. This is a popular fallacy. With proper bed-clothes and hot bottles, if necessary, you can always keep a patient warm in bed, and well ventilate him at the same time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00054", "bookId": 12439, "start": 15277, "end": 16093, "sha256": "5781e08735de9c67f42a301ea336c4d41d9f1c5d0e85f81fe4df16774d8eb830", "text": "But a careless nurse, be her rank and education what it may, will stop up every cranny and keep a hot-house heat when her patient is in bed,-- and, if he is able to get up, leave him comparatively unprotected. The time when people take cold (and there are many ways of taking cold, besides a cold in the nose,) is when they first get up after the two-fold exhaustion of dressing and of having had the skin relaxed by many hours, perhaps days, in bed, and thereby rendered more incapable of re-action. Then the same temperature which refreshes the patient in bed may destroy the patient just risen. And common sense will point out, that, while purity of air is essential, a temperature must be secured which shall not chill the patient. Otherwise the best that can be expected will be a feverish re-action.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00055", "bookId": 12439, "start": 16097, "end": 16221, "sha256": "c33b3497f7ec93d6a234bcb19ed4ca58fc7ec6079a543c45811d3560cbcdecd7", "text": "To have the air within as pure as the air without, it is not necessary, as often appears to be thought, to make it as cold.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00056", "bookId": 12439, "start": 16225, "end": 16452, "sha256": "2d01509f43e745dd0ba7b6d46bce3dbd2ff1a77a7e26b07c02bee8feb7d59f73", "text": "In the afternoon again, without care, the patient whose vital powers have then risen often finds the room as close and oppressive as he found it cold in the morning. Yet the nurse will be terrified, if a window is opened.[2]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00057", "bookId": 12439, "start": 16458, "end": 16483, "sha256": "4b1e115b2e340320dbc76a53cc3dbb23f4146a4dcda0f256142d583a76cbe6af", "text": "[Sidenote: Open windows.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00058", "bookId": 12439, "start": 16487, "end": 16770, "sha256": "e2b59093d61a8f6538f4d87fafa659eeb6ecd9bbc7aa323b5b48e9984b645908", "text": "I know an intelligent humane house surgeon who makes a practice of keeping the ward windows open. The physicians and surgeons invariably close them while going their rounds; and the house surgeon very properly as invariably opens them whenever the doctors have turned their backs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00059", "bookId": 12439, "start": 16774, "end": 17100, "sha256": "ddde2757ab02735f3050d54f79b72a74bee1c8fe3decc1e11c57b36225a5ff0f", "text": "In a little book on nursing, published a short time ago, we are told, that, \"with proper care it is very seldom that the windows cannot be opened for a few minutes twice in the day to admit fresh air from without.\" I should think not; nor twice in the hour either. It only shows how little the subject has been considered.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00060", "bookId": 12439, "start": 17106, "end": 17148, "sha256": "2124dab2d934481c36267a163810a94be790e1cc1c5f6988b5362d9fae58872e", "text": "[Sidenote: What kind of warmth desirable.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00061", "bookId": 12439, "start": 17152, "end": 17562, "sha256": "a1e36de4f89be69451fd1229f0b57b0d08b8264fd5119d92a4cd3467e41800f0", "text": "Of all methods of keeping patients warm the very worst certainly is to depend for heat on the breath and bodies of the sick. I have known a medical officer keep his ward windows hermetically closed. Thus exposing the sick to all the dangers of an infected atmosphere, because he was afraid that, by admitting fresh air, the temperature of the ward would be too much lowered. This is a destructive fallacy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00062", "bookId": 12439, "start": 17566, "end": 17750, "sha256": "6a9a4908c8e5e68058de4bc21e02f3822b42422ffb9750f9689c34ba677fb493", "text": "To attempt to keep a ward warm at the expense of making the sick repeatedly breathe their own hot, humid, putrescing atmosphere is a certain way to delay recovery or to destroy life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00063", "bookId": 12439, "start": 17756, "end": 17801, "sha256": "db192f6b8d2935820a8031885ca80121b38b32283aa4a391f07aa2bbb53e6bb2", "text": "[Sidenote: Bedrooms almost universally foul.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00064", "bookId": 12439, "start": 17805, "end": 18790, "sha256": "6c52d451d86566fc633425f698fd9ea804f4acef4c33757c2809d4f4cf6227e5", "text": "Do you ever go into the bed-rooms of any persons of any class, whether they contain one, two, or twenty people, whether they hold sick or well, at night, or before the windows are opened in the morning, and ever find the air anything but unwholesomely close and foul? And why should it be so? And of how much importance it is that it should not be so? During sleep, the human body, even when in health, is far more injured by the influence of foul air than when awake. Why can't you keep the air all night, then, as pure as the air without in the rooms you sleep in? But for this, you must have sufficient outlet for the impure air you make yourselves to go out; sufficient inlet for the pure air from without to come in. You must have open chimneys, open windows, or ventilators; no close curtains round your beds; no shutters or curtains to your windows, none of the contrivances by which you undermine your own health or destroy the chances of recovery of your sick.[3]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00065", "bookId": 12439, "start": 18796, "end": 18853, "sha256": "025bf34e5f37c125dd7b2d35f7c5621b27cb68e273cbc0c00c2aa7c93c841753", "text": "[Sidenote: When warmth must be most carefully looked to.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00066", "bookId": 12439, "start": 18857, "end": 20302, "sha256": "0f9b9e23993b7958d08b3a35a93eb6320abb0c3a9374608fae825b4be5634e6b", "text": "A careful nurse will keep a constant watch over her sick, especially weak, protracted, and collapsed cases, to guard against the effects of the loss of vital heat by the patient himself. In certain diseased states much less heat is produced than in health; and there is a constant tendency to the decline and ultimate extinction of the vital powers by the call made upon them to sustain the heat of the body. Cases where this occurs should be watched with the greatest care from hour to hour, I had almost said from minute to minute. The feet and legs should be examined by the hand from time to time, and whenever a tendency to chilling is discovered, hot bottles, hot bricks, or warm flannels, with some warm drink, should be made use of until the temperature is restored. The fire should be, if necessary, replenished. Patients are frequently lost in the latter stages of disease from want of attention to such simple precautions. The nurse may be trusting to the patient's diet, or to his medicine, or to the occasional dose of stimulant which she is directed to give him, while the patient is all the while sinking from want of a little external warmth. Such cases happen at all times, even during the height of summer. This fatal chill is most apt to occur towards early morning at the period of the lowest temperature of the twenty-four hours, and at the time when the effect of the preceding day's diets is exhausted.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00067", "bookId": 12439, "start": 20306, "end": 20732, "sha256": "39f85e1194cefefe13fa0d17187a163f011034ea0954778ad6ce2db4b3efc838", "text": "Generally speaking, you may expect that weak patients will suffer cold much more in the morning than in the evening. The vital powers are much lower. If they are feverish at night, with burning hands and feet, they are almost sure to be chilly and shivering in the morning. But nurses are very fond of heating the foot-warmer at night, and of neglecting it in the morning, when they are busy. I should reverse the matter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00068", "bookId": 12439, "start": 20736, "end": 20885, "sha256": "e278b3a1abe27a87e8b3d8d4eec6d323af98816a758ddda1a87a8e8bf608d406", "text": "All these things require common sense and care. Yet perhaps in no one single thing is so little common sense shown, in all ranks, as in nursing.[4]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00069", "bookId": 12439, "start": 20891, "end": 20961, "sha256": "2d3536429f2386534e80dd2f2b00bacb73f986c0babd5d90134b9d861c9819ae", "text": "[Sidenote: Cold air not ventilation, nor fresh air a method of chill.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00070", "bookId": 12439, "start": 20965, "end": 21710, "sha256": "8beb37f44dab0d78e02a82954523a909ff6d6d4f383746cdb5d132a5ffb3e702", "text": "The extraordinary confusion between cold and ventilation, even in the minds of well educated people, illustrates this. To make a room cold is by no means necessarily to ventilate it. Nor is it at all necessary, in order to ventilate a room, to chill it. Yet, if a nurse finds a room close, she will let out the fire, thereby making it closer, or she will open the door into a cold room, without a fire, or an open window in it, by way of improving the ventilation. The safest atmosphere of all for a patient is a good fire and an open window, excepting in extremes of temperature. (Yet no nurse can ever be made to understand this.) To ventilate a small room without draughts of course requires more care than to ventilate a large one.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00071", "bookId": 12439, "start": 21716, "end": 21738, "sha256": "d5df0a82ebba97daf1fb48c68d62afc5ec162a5662acb46550869a789e1a5b24", "text": "[Sidenote: Night air.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00072", "bookId": 12439, "start": 21742, "end": 22742, "sha256": "84df1b631159c4b200de7f6e39827bb12512a763cc8e6c5c1e1cd6f04877445a", "text": "Another extraordinary fallacy is the dread of night air. What air can we breathe at night but night air? The choice is between pure night air from without and foul night air from within. Most people prefer the latter. An unaccountable choice. What will they say if it is proved to be true that fully one-half of all the disease we suffer from is occasioned by people sleeping with their windows shut? An open window most nights in the year can never hurt any one. This is not to say that light is not necessary for recovery. In great cities, night air is often the best and purest air to be had in the twenty-four hours. I could better understand in towns shutting the windows during the day than during the night, for the sake of the sick. The absence of smoke, the quiet, all tend to making night the best time for airing the patients. One of our highest medical authorities on Consumption and Climate has told me that the air in London is never so good as after ten o'clock at night.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00073", "bookId": 12439, "start": 22748, "end": 22817, "sha256": "32bff95a1591d166bac7f0ff8dd184ade38d231f3c9288087ee4fbb41b8779c4", "text": "[Sidenote: Air from the outside. Open your windows, shut your doors.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00074", "bookId": 12439, "start": 22821, "end": 23671, "sha256": "e3e7c9a59dce8e732d17a67636259fa4b4c5d1748766754b149ed966824d3390", "text": "Always air your room, then, from the outside air, if possible. Windows are made to open; doors are made to shut--a truth which seems extremely difficult of apprehension. I have seen a careful nurse airing her patient's room through the door, near to which were two gaslights, (each of which consumes as much air as eleven men,) a kitchen, a corridor, the composition of the atmosphere in which consisted of gas, paint, foul air, never changed, full of effluvia, including a current of sewer air from an ill-placed sink, ascending in a continual stream by a well-staircase, and discharging themselves constantly into the patient's room. The window of the said room, if opened, was all that was desirable to air it. Every room must be aired from without--every passage from without. But the fewer passages there are in a hospital the better.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00075", "bookId": 12439, "start": 23677, "end": 23695, "sha256": "5f8aa71c5e1d6ca47d8d2babf58516e61b9e36b417641169166676a887245551", "text": "[Sidenote: Smoke.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00076", "bookId": 12439, "start": 23699, "end": 24325, "sha256": "bd4e563fc99ab498e7ec60372056b8616e33035c0b53b915dcada58948ba296b", "text": "If we are to preserve the air within as pure as the air without, it is needless to say that the chimney must not smoke. Almost all smoky chimneys can be cured--from the bottom, not from the top. Often it is only necessary to have an inlet for air to supply the fire, which is feeding itself, for want of this, from its own chimney. On the other hand, almost all chimneys can be made to smoke by a careless nurse, who lets the fire get low and then overwhelms it with coal; not, as we verily believe, in order to spare herself trouble, (for very rare is unkindness to the sick), but from not thinking what she is about.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00077", "bookId": 12439, "start": 24331, "end": 24382, "sha256": "6138715666399d2a591ea39f063c09146ac475b9e7581cb331c0b5da57022e18", "text": "[Sidenote: Airing damp things in a patient's room.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00078", "bookId": 12439, "start": 24386, "end": 25236, "sha256": "000f4b6efa89a430e83a1835b7ccb3f7d1c6b9408fdf4b896457a75fb3fcdffa", "text": "In laying down the principle that this first object of the nurse must be to keep the air breathed by her patient as pure as the air without, it must not be forgotten that everything in the room which can give off effluvia, besides the patient, evaporates itself into his air. And it follows that there ought to be nothing in the room, excepting him, which can give off effluvia or moisture. Out of all damp towels, &c., which become dry in the room, the damp, of course, goes into the patient's air. Yet this \"of course\" seems as little thought of, as if it were an obsolete fiction. How very seldom you see a nurse who acknowledges by her practice that nothing at all ought to be aired in the patient's room, that nothing at all ought to be cooked at the patient's fire! Indeed the arrangements often make this rule impossible to observe.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00079", "bookId": 12439, "start": 25240, "end": 25759, "sha256": "35aa153a49cc8a8ef551fdd53ba69ab71aba739b58a3ee020ed034d7b7f4a940", "text": "If the nurse be a very careful one, she will, when the patient leaves his bed, but not his room, open the sheets wide, and throw the bed-clothes back, in order to air his bed. And she will spread the wet towels or flannels carefully out upon a horse, in order to dry them. Now either these bed-clothes and towels are not dried and aired, or they dry and air themselves into the patient's air. And whether the damp and effluvia do him most harm in his air or in his bed, I leave to you to determine, for I cannot.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00080", "bookId": 12439, "start": 25765, "end": 25799, "sha256": "47d2b2d42f4af0cdd88b8ba64d508743c278b72c765283f2f8b74838be70d77a", "text": "[Sidenote: Effluvia from excreta.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00081", "bookId": 12439, "start": 25803, "end": 26269, "sha256": "0c5a42f2bf5b9f835778fd6959b13ee1bbe698b25e0003650491f6b16cadee11", "text": "Even in health people cannot repeatedly breathe air in which they live with impunity, on account of its becoming charged with unwholesome matter from the lungs and skin. In disease where everything given off from the body is highly noxious and dangerous, not only must there be plenty of ventilation to carry off the effluvia, but everything which the patient passes must be instantly removed away, as being more noxious than even the emanations from the sick.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00082", "bookId": 12439, "start": 26273, "end": 26731, "sha256": "448c88559d74f915462f22a1eeccb94d34e8ce2f2dd80cd30d63eaa0b627e5e4", "text": "Of the fatal effects of the effluvia from the excreta it would seem unnecessary to speak, were they not so constantly neglected. Concealing the utensils behind the vallance to the bed seems all the precaution which is thought necessary for safety in private nursing. Did you but think for one moment of the atmosphere under that bed, the saturation of the under side of the mattress with the warm evaporations, you would be startled and frightened too!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00083", "bookId": 12439, "start": 26737, "end": 26779, "sha256": "8fd27e971253f3161f40a1abfef5ab85c18e70a5c8d36fcac16db996e878c992", "text": "[Sidenote: Chamber utensils without lids.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00084", "bookId": 12439, "start": 26783, "end": 27178, "sha256": "66fda4f0673a50dfac9caccc12e08ec46fd9944d2c842ce6d412db4d4d0ccb69", "text": "The use of any chamber utensil _without a lid_[5] should be utterly abolished, whether among sick or well. You can easily convince yourself of the necessity of this absolute rule, by taking one with a lid, and examining the under side of that lid. It will be found always covered, whenever the utensil is not empty, by condensed offensive moisture. Where does that go, when there is no lid?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00085", "bookId": 12439, "start": 27182, "end": 27587, "sha256": "681b8e81731524336e8be402022055f6e81eeec9e29e8ccd43e498b4b49b7ed5", "text": "Earthenware, or if there is any wood, highly polished and varnished wood, are the only materials fit for patients' utensils. The very lid of the old abominable close-stool is enough to breed a pestilence. It becomes saturated with offensive matter, which scouring is only wanted to bring out. I prefer an earthenware lid as being always cleaner. But there are various good new-fashioned arrangements.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00086", "bookId": 12439, "start": 27593, "end": 27624, "sha256": "49a7673b752de08e271cbaaa10eff8aa0aa8ceb6e28b8cd23fe054d1057f2c94", "text": "[Sidenote: Abolish slop-pails.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00087", "bookId": 12439, "start": 27628, "end": 28499, "sha256": "548ab512129f9e1b89b234ba512dc536521b1e85d2dcfccda11aad4057ae8670", "text": "A slop pail should never be brought into a sick room. It should be a rule invariable, rather more important in the private house than elsewhere, that the utensil should be carried directly to the water-closet, emptied there, rinsed there, and brought back. There should always be water and a cock in every water-closet for rinsing. But even if there is not, you must carry water there to rinse with. I have actually seen, in the private sick room, the utensils emptied into the foot-pan, and put back unrinsed under the bed. I can hardly say which is most abominable, whether to do this or to rinse the utensil _in_ the sick room. In the best hospitals it is now a rule that no slop-pail shall ever be brought into the wards, but that the utensils, shall be carried direct to be emptied and rinsed at the proper place. I would it were so in the private house.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00088", "bookId": 12439, "start": 28505, "end": 28529, "sha256": "87d287b09ad174de7da3df5983531e0245c58eae810f9092583b55aacd3dab5e", "text": "[Sidenote: Fumigations.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00089", "bookId": 12439, "start": 28533, "end": 29013, "sha256": "263d61727d87ef12e2cad244dc2273c12c9fcee40743884a4f0c11581c75a967", "text": "Let no one ever depend upon fumigations, \"disinfectants,\" and the like, for purifying the air. The offensive thing, not its smell, must be removed. A celebrated medical lecturer began one day, \"Fumigations, gentlemen, are of essential importance. They make such an abominable smell that they compel you to open the window.\" I wish all the disinfecting fluids invented made such an \"abominable smell\" that they forced you to admit fresh air. That would be a useful invention.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00090", "bookId": 12439, "start": 29019, "end": 29029, "sha256": "55ef8349ad07203ec2cca0f3d97640f57c9e65b07c838ffd97e6bcdc1006aed5", "text": "FOOTNOTES:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00091", "bookId": 12439, "start": 29033, "end": 29084, "sha256": "b1a185f71dd70715984e1fe30db5bd69d19b6f4060228d593a4630f53f6860ac", "text": "[1] [Sidenote: Why are uninhabited rooms shut up?]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00092", "bookId": 12439, "start": 29088, "end": 29540, "sha256": "724aca88d580610c02f8c6b37f4899f0ab0f8a36d9befadf5e8a2c179daa8948", "text": "The common idea as to uninhabited rooms is, that they may safely be left with doors, windows, shutters, and chimney-board, all closed-- hermetically sealed if possible--to keep out the dust, it is said; and that no harm will happen if the room is but opened a short hour before the inmates are put in. I have often been asked the question for uninhabited rooms.--But when ought the windows to be opened? The answer is--When ought they to be shut?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00093", "bookId": 12439, "start": 29544, "end": 30059, "sha256": "64529c4fa3d9ffbef5e91c044d1bdb9165cac9f88041d0c5d16d122cebdd3552", "text": "[2] It is very desirable that the windows in a sick room should be such that the patient shall, if he can move about, be able to open and shut them easily himself. In fact, the sick room is very seldom kept aired if this is not the case--so very few people have any perception of what is a healthy atmosphere for the sick. The sick man often says, \"This room where I spend 22 hours out of the 24, is fresher than the other where I only spend 2. Because here I can manage the windows myself.\" And it is true.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00094", "bookId": 12439, "start": 30063, "end": 30117, "sha256": "f9641c00c95b488682a5d4954d00a92705407e4aa3e3d83e3190ab857173821b", "text": "[3] [Sidenote: An air-test of essential consequence.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00095", "bookId": 12439, "start": 30121, "end": 31334, "sha256": "9e3a4ba509b2af76b864e49d2ad46beca319be8c8c77d91eb4078e0cea1c86d7", "text": "Dr. Angus Smith's air test, if it could be made of simpler application, would be invaluable to use in every sleeping and sick room. Just as without the use of a thermometer no nurse should ever put a patient into a bath, so should no nurse, or mother, or superintendent, be without the air test in any ward, nursery, or sleeping-room. If the main function of a nurse is to maintain the air within the room as fresh as the air without, without lowering the temperature, then she should always be provided with a thermometer which indicates the temperature, with an air test which indicates the organic matter of the air. But to be used, the latter must be made as simple a little instrument as the former, and both should be self-registering. The senses of nurses and mothers become so dulled to foul air, that they are perfectly unconscious of what an atmosphere they have let their children, patients, or charges, sleep in. But if the tell-tale air test were to exhibit in the morning, both to nurses and patients, and to the superior officer going round, what the atmosphere has been during the night, I question if any greater security could be afforded against a recurrence of the misdemeanor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00096", "bookId": 12439, "start": 31338, "end": 31759, "sha256": "bc34e8f0178feaea56a1b9abf7880c0b0abbeeb773edbce2a6edad866881db27", "text": "And oh, the crowded national school! where so many children's epidemics have their origin, what a tale its air-test would tell! We should have parents saying, and saying rightly, \"I will not send my child to that school, the air-test stands at 'Horrid.'\" And the dormitories of our great boarding schools! Scarlet fever would be no more ascribed to contagion, but to its right cause, the air-test standing at \"Foul.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00097", "bookId": 12439, "start": 31763, "end": 32046, "sha256": "3d2b7296816ef2b8083158ed583673dada4dca2ce582cc54edf170e752ef5864", "text": "We should hear no longer of \"Mysterious Dispensations,\" and of \"Plague and Pestilence,\" being \"in God's hands,\" when, so far as we know, He has put them into our own. The little air-test would both betray the cause of these \"mysterious pestilences,\" and call upon us to remedy it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00098", "bookId": 12439, "start": 32050, "end": 32264, "sha256": "691aa3e16c1222ee92ef1153f18addea0ee679ac507032056356ffa3360dd660", "text": "[4] With private sick, I think, but certainly with hospital sick, the nurse should never be satisfied as to the freshness of their atmosphere, unless she can feel the air gently moving over her face, when still.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00099", "bookId": 12439, "start": 32268, "end": 32975, "sha256": "3a571f8df417fc092f2a041bac5016c522c137bc71084d9cdea63e552bf2f4fd", "text": "But it is often observed that the nurses who make the greatest outcry against open windows, are those who take the least pains to prevent dangerous draughts. The door of the patients' room or ward _must_ sometimes stand open to allow of persons passing in and out, or heavy things being carried in and out. The careful nurse will keep the door shut while she shuts the windows, and then, and not before, set the door open, so that a patient may not be left sitting up in bed, perhaps in a profuse perspiration, directly in the draught between the open door and window. Neither, of course, should a patient, while being washed, or in any way exposed, remain in the draught of an open window or door.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00100", "bookId": 12439, "start": 32979, "end": 33035, "sha256": "aa2072efbb9ff8ef96167cbff89a58ad8ae4fbd251b111048d541a84d13a656b", "text": "[5] [Sidenote: Don't make your sick room into a sewer.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00101", "bookId": 12439, "start": 33039, "end": 33875, "sha256": "a3f3dfad5c81f2749dd58b28545b7df780ceecde36cd4997f4b2f3868056e468", "text": "But never, never should the possession of this indispensable lid confirm you in the abominable practice of letting the chamber utensil remain in a patient's room unemptied, except once in the 24 hours, i.e., when the bed is made. Yes, impossible as it may appear, I have known the best and most attentive nurses guilty of this; aye, and have known, too, a patient afflicted with severe diarrhoea for ten days, and the nurse (a very good one) not know of it, because the chamber utensil (one with a lid) was emptied only once in 24 hours, and that by the housemaid who came in and made the patient's bed every evening. As well might you have a sewer under the room, or think that in a water-closet the plug need be pulled up but once a day. Also take care that your _lid_, as well as your utensil, be always thoroughly rinsed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00102", "bookId": 12439, "start": 33879, "end": 34633, "sha256": "61770daef658bd3a52573e085a70ff0d29d0290068afaf632e2b4343abbc64ed", "text": "If a nurse declines to do these kinds of things for her patient, \"because it is not her business,\" I should say that nursing was not her calling. I have seen surgical \"sisters,\" women whose hands were worth to them two or three guineas a-week, down upon their knees scouring a room or hut, because they thought it otherwise not fit for their patients to go into. I am far from wishing nurses to scour. It is a waste of power. But I do say that these women had the true nurse-calling--the good of their sick first, and second only the consideration what it was their \"place\" to do--and that women who wait for the housemaid to do this, or for the charwoman to do that, when their patients are suffering, have not the _making_ of a nurse in them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00103", "bookId": 12439, "start": 34643, "end": 34667, "sha256": "3a74c690b1a3d8e66990ceb2131d079e19421fff785706ecbedd8c78ffeca3d3", "text": "II. HEALTH OF HOUSES.[1]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00104", "bookId": 12439, "start": 34673, "end": 34725, "sha256": "a15be25f42e5983dfa257fdf547c17972f29cfd11c5f63cee1d0103663920d63", "text": "[Sidenote: Health of houses. Five points essential.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00105", "bookId": 12439, "start": 34729, "end": 34796, "sha256": "61988cc7db5095f372297e74f088215c487ee3413fb858be1b3a8a829eb9ccd7", "text": "There are five essential points in securing the health of houses:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00106", "bookId": 12439, "start": 34800, "end": 34880, "sha256": "d13b1578259b27fe8da9cae2fe334c4c3d04be18ab3af2be040ef12600fc797d", "text": "1. Pure air. 2. Pure water. 3. Efficient drainage. 4. Cleanliness. 5. Light.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00107", "bookId": 12439, "start": 34884, "end": 34991, "sha256": "ffd8b7125a0b679531c43bb19b56c2ca9e14df10107de859665eb27673134578", "text": "Without these, no house can be healthy. And it will be unhealthy just in proportion as they are deficient.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00108", "bookId": 12439, "start": 34997, "end": 35018, "sha256": "ed66702033572897184f7e47c15a86254cef5e05d8b4835c0eb0386e090b379d", "text": "[Sidenote: Pure air.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00109", "bookId": 12439, "start": 35022, "end": 36200, "sha256": "857f68bcbc3872c6279ba308fffdf78ca90162e65a4f48712ec94d5e4cd45c3c", "text": "1. To have pure air, your house be so constructed as that the outer atmosphere shall find its way with ease to every corner of it. House architects hardly ever consider this. The object in building a house is to obtain the largest interest for the money, not to save doctors' bills to the tenants. But, if tenants should ever become so wise as to refuse to occupy unhealthy constructed houses, and if Insurance Companies should ever come to understand their interest so thoroughly as to pay a Sanitary Surveyor to look after the houses where their clients live, speculative architects would speedily be brought to their senses. As it is, they build what pays best. And there are always people foolish enough to take the houses they build. And if in the course of time the families die off, as is so often the case, nobody ever thinks of blaming any but Providence[2] for the result. Ill-informed medical men aid in sustaining the delusion, by laying the blame on \"current contagions.\" Badly constructed houses do for the healthy what badly constructed hospitals do for the sick. Once insure that the air in a house is stagnant, and sickness is certain to follow.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00110", "bookId": 12439, "start": 36206, "end": 36229, "sha256": "700d5182210241bc1b19d1c67ca6c6453ec30d13580777b3835fe2292baaf7b6", "text": "[Sidenote: Pure water.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00111", "bookId": 12439, "start": 36233, "end": 36734, "sha256": "17b585ca85bffa8c3a8d452f35ab97ab93a54a17f7d0c563fcc4725f50128366", "text": "2. Pure water is more generally introduced into houses than it used to be, thanks to the exertions of the sanitary reformers. Within the last few years, a large part of London was in the daily habit of using water polluted by the drainage of its sewers and water closets. This has happily been remedied. But, in many parts of the country, well water of a very impure kind is used for domestic purposes. And when epidemic disease shows itself, persons using such water are almost sure to suffer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00112", "bookId": 12439, "start": 36740, "end": 36761, "sha256": "e2fc2a23b0f6fb72052bbae78b97bfdaa148a95d86c3383b92fb5c4cc1a18f40", "text": "[Sidenote: Drainage.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00113", "bookId": 12439, "start": 36765, "end": 37462, "sha256": "8bc5b02ae060af99c8960f2952933847388abc1df83952319febd7b3efa238d1", "text": "3. It would be curious to ascertain by inspection, how many houses in London are really well drained. Many people would say, surely all or most of them. But many people have no idea in what good drainage consists. They think that a sewer in the street, and a pipe leading to it from the house is good drainage. All the while the sewer may be nothing but a laboratory from which epidemic disease and ill health is being distilled into the house. No house with any untrapped drain pipe communicating immediately with a sewer, whether it be from water closet, sink, or gully-grate, can ever be healthy. An untrapped sink may at any time spread fever or pyaemia among the inmates of a palace.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00114", "bookId": 12439, "start": 37468, "end": 37486, "sha256": "354b04e633664a4547106c78fc560d285affe84b706a0df06796ceac8b1532f1", "text": "[Sidenote: Sinks.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00115", "bookId": 12439, "start": 37490, "end": 38091, "sha256": "b211d3598243891b249153f11a519b05879a46a867d855d135e3ce5700f48bc9", "text": "The ordinary oblong sink is an abomination. That great surface of stone, which is always left wet, is always exhaling into the air. I have known whole houses and hospitals smell of the sink. I have met just as strong a stream of sewer air coming up the back staircase of a grand London house from the sink, as I have ever met at Scutari; and I have seen the rooms in that house all ventilated by the open doors, and the passages all _un_ventilated by the closed windows, in order that as much of the sewer air as possible might be conducted into and retained in the bed-rooms. It is wonderful.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00116", "bookId": 12439, "start": 38095, "end": 39076, "sha256": "4104af93799cc62de001c8ab5a8b296cff7badae0caa440ffc8c292b28137b98", "text": "Another great evil in house construction is carrying drains underneath the house. Such drains are never safe. All house drains should begin and end outside the walls. Many people will readily admit, as a theory, the importance of these things. But how few are there who can intelligently trace disease in their households to such causes! Is it not a fact, that when scarlet fever, measles, or small-pox appear among the children, the very first thought which occurs is, \"where\" the children can have \"caught\" the disease? And the parents immediately run over in their minds all the families with whom they may have been. They never think of looking at home for the source of the mischief. If a neighbour's child is seized with small-pox, the first question which occurs is whether it had been vaccinated. No one would undervalue vaccination; but it becomes of doubtful benefit to society when it leads people to look abroad for the source of evils which exist at home.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00117", "bookId": 12439, "start": 39082, "end": 39106, "sha256": "8e3e8608cfb12ac89cc82f3e61cd85bb5a5e1efa719e1bee8b3d98bbd4825e83", "text": "[Sidenote: Cleanliness.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00118", "bookId": 12439, "start": 39110, "end": 39897, "sha256": "044476d67b79ffb900d650ec05091ff4a482a3c7e2985776259a9c85890d8994", "text": "4. Without cleanliness, within and without your house, ventilation is comparatively useless. In certain foul districts of London, poor people used to object to open their windows and doors because of the foul smells that came in. Rich people like to have their stables and dunghill near their houses. But does it ever occur to them that with many arrangements of this kind it would be safer to keep the windows shut than open? You cannot have the air of the house pure with dung-heaps under the windows. These are common all over London. And yet people are surprised that their children, brought up in large \"well-aired\" nurseries and bed-rooms suffer from children's epidemics. If they studied Nature's laws in the matter of children's health, they would not be so surprised.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00119", "bookId": 12439, "start": 39901, "end": 40589, "sha256": "49248defee32e61ae56d3fc474c32606c52e99888e9eaff00af4942d11e4427e", "text": "There are other ways of having filth inside a house besides having dirt in heaps. Old papered walls of years' standing, dirty carpets, uncleansed furniture, are just as ready sources of impurity to the air as if there were a dung-heap in the basement. People are so unaccustomed from education and habits to consider how to make a home healthy, that they either never think of it at all, and take every disease as a matter of course, to be \"resigned to\" when it comes \"as from the hand of Providence;\" or if they ever entertain the idea of preserving the health of their household as a duty, they are very apt to commit all kinds of \"negligences and ignorances\" in performing it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00120", "bookId": 12439, "start": 40595, "end": 40613, "sha256": "c5997ddf7aa3be637a5fbeaadbb1accf54bb15640c6231a9901615b74f3add09", "text": "[Sidenote: Light.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00121", "bookId": 12439, "start": 40617, "end": 40798, "sha256": "d1947f758e52a2cc3c6c0c5ce4b62122d579fd4218ecad5b385ff05d1866d0ae", "text": "5. A dark house is always an unhealthy house, always an ill-aired house, always a dirty house. Want of light stops growth, and promotes scrofula, rickets, &c., among the children.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00122", "bookId": 12439, "start": 40802, "end": 40939, "sha256": "74bb537852af762ac6d54edccf4cf7bd3b8db870ac3788ea7657647337d376a8", "text": "People lose their health in a dark house, and if they get ill they cannot get well again in it. More will be said about this farther on.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00123", "bookId": 12439, "start": 40945, "end": 41010, "sha256": "50fd451882a1e4a8c116f50416869765875bad2c1e448a1ee6b3b2ba35e1a18e", "text": "[Sidenote: Three common errors in managing the health of houses.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00124", "bookId": 12439, "start": 41014, "end": 42548, "sha256": "0883a29a700c5f79828c23b1b807d5283c0e0b354d2d6606ca24c3098f669a1c", "text": "Three out of many \"negligences, and ignorances\" in managing the health of houses generally, I will here mention as specimens--1. That the female head in charge of any building does not think it necessary to visit every hole and corner of it every day. How can she expect those who are under her to be more careful to maintain her house in a healthy condition than she who is in charge of it?--2. That it is not considered essential to air, to sun, and to clean rooms while uninhabited; which is simply ignoring the first elementary notion of sanitary things, and laying the ground ready for all kinds of diseases.--3. That the window, and one window, is considered enough to air a room. Have you never observed that any room without a fire-place is always close? And, if you have a fire-place, would you cram it up not only with a chimney-board, but perhaps with a great wisp of brown paper, in the throat of the chimney--to prevent the soot from coming down, you say? If your chimney is foul, sweep it; but don't expect that you can ever air a room with only one aperture; don't suppose that to shut up a room is the way to keep it clean. It is the best way to foul the room and all that is in it. Don't imagine that if you, who are in charge, don't look to all these things yourself, those under you will be more careful than you are. It appears as if the part of a mistress now is to complain of her servants, and to accept their excuses--not to show them how there need be neither complaints made nor excuses.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00125", "bookId": 12439, "start": 42554, "end": 42626, "sha256": "cf859977798b5457f12367cc772b71fdefba09dcd3893c756fd41d12429a5b25", "text": "[Sidenote: Head in charge must see to House Hygiene, not do it herself.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00126", "bookId": 12439, "start": 42630, "end": 43207, "sha256": "106ac090008a5e764ca1b338a4f7f6ed18984c249247e1bfd46e57a37fde2803", "text": "But again, to look to all these things yourself does not mean to do them yourself. \"I always open the windows,\" the head in charge often says. If you do it, it is by so much the better, certainly, than if it were not done at all. But can you not insure that it is done when not done by yourself? Can you insure that it is not undone when your back is turned? This is what being \"in charge\" means. And a very important meaning it is, too. The former only implies that just what you can do with your own hands is done. The latter that what ought to be done is always done.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00127", "bookId": 12439, "start": 43213, "end": 43269, "sha256": "3ad22ede93e1b23ecf70d54a54a2d587dc87105590d3176110be9aa40c868ab0", "text": "[Sidenote: Does God think of these things so seriously?]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00128", "bookId": 12439, "start": 43273, "end": 44210, "sha256": "02b6b2ee82e2dfec3c64be0f5344f4b038b6abe3e3643b066b524c1a6f567519", "text": "And now, you think these things trifles, or at least exaggerated. But what you \"think\" or what I \"think\" matters little. Let us see what God thinks of them. God always justifies His ways. While we are thinking, He has been teaching. I have known cases of hospital pyaemia quite as severe in handsome private houses as in any of the worst hospitals, and from the same cause, viz., foul air. Yet nobody learnt the lesson. Nobody learnt _anything_ at all from it. They went on _thinking_-- thinking that the sufferer had scratched his thumb, or that it was singular that \"all the servants\" had \"whitlows,\" or that something was \"much about this year; there is always sickness in our house.\" This is a favourite mode of thought--leading not to inquire what is the uniform cause of these general \"whitlows,\" but to stifle all inquiry. In what sense is \"sickness\" being \"always there,\" a justification of its being \"there\" at all?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00129", "bookId": 12439, "start": 44216, "end": 44259, "sha256": "fd8c3912c8e401b6afd1ecc2fd128773e232079b97147c2e3f685e46418c383e", "text": "[Sidenote: How does He carry out His laws?]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00130", "bookId": 12439, "start": 44263, "end": 44302, "sha256": "8ca23943c2c39bf7e7ab21049fc54812e36deb825c3d374f166493d64b94cd6b", "text": "[Sidenote: How does He teach His laws?]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00131", "bookId": 12439, "start": 44306, "end": 46231, "sha256": "3f9f3220b62c1aa283ca4bb23cf683c913664ba632b78448766f4094376b94ed", "text": "I will tell you what was the cause of this hospital pyaemia being in that large private house. It was that the sewer air from an ill-placed sink was carefully conducted into all the rooms by sedulously opening all the doors, and closing all the passage windows. It was that the slops were emptied into the foot pans!--it was that the utensils were never properly rinsed;--it was that the chamber crockery was rinsed with dirty water;--it was that the beds were never properly shaken, aired, picked to pieces, or changed. It was that the carpets and curtains were always musty;--it was that the furniture was always dusty;--it was that the papered walls were saturated with dirt;--it was that the floors were never cleaned;--it was that the uninhabited rooms were never sunned, or cleaned, or aired;--it was that the cupboards were always reservoirs of foul air;--it was that the windows were always tight shut up at night;-- it was that no window was ever systematically opened even in the day, or that the right window was not opened. A person gasping for air might open a window for himself. But the servants were not taught to open the windows, to shut the doors; or they opened the windows upon a dank well between high walls, not upon the airier court; or they opened the room doors into the unaired halls and passages, by way of airing the rooms. Now all this is not fancy, but fact. In that handsome house I have known in one summer three cases of hospital pyaemia, one of phlebitis, two of consumptive cough; all the _immediate_ products of foul air. When, in temperate climates, a house is more unhealthy in summer than in winter, it is a certain sign of something wrong. Yet nobody learns the lesson. Yes, God always justifies His ways. He is teaching while you are not learning. This poor body loses his finger, that one loses his life. And all from the most easily preventible causes.[3]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00132", "bookId": 12439, "start": 46237, "end": 46295, "sha256": "a5078ebed96fec007145825ccd7b3d60f074b784291c1fe181be4df04a7c255f", "text": "[Sidenote: Physical degeneration in families. Its causes.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00133", "bookId": 12439, "start": 46299, "end": 47561, "sha256": "d8931df3dfb270154202cf9adbb39f3ebb3c470336d48c39f33dcc1bde231a41", "text": "The houses of the grandmothers and great grandmothers of this generation, at least the country houses, with front door and back door always standing open, winter and summer, and a thorough draught always blowing through--with all the scrubbing, and cleaning, and polishing, and scouring which used to go on, the grandmothers, and still more the great grandmothers, always out of doors and never with a bonnet on except to go to church, these things entirely account for the fact so often seen of a great grandmother, who was a tower of physical vigour descending into a grandmother perhaps a little less vigorous but still sound as a bell and healthy to the core, into a mother languid and confined to her carriage and house, and lastly into a daughter sickly and confined to her bed. For, remember, even with a general decrease of mortality you may often find a race thus degenerating and still oftener a family. You may see poor little feeble washed-out rags, children of a noble stock, suffering morally and physically, throughout their useless, degenerate lives, and yet people who are going to marry and to bring more such into the world, will consult nothing but their own convenience as to where they are to live, or how they are to live.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00134", "bookId": 12439, "start": 47567, "end": 47650, "sha256": "0f899d318d8f9a1d99f9817d98569d74bf9bfabff2a530840303ffcc2b08aed0", "text": "[Sidenote: Don't make your sickroom into a ventilating shaft for the whole house.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00135", "bookId": 12439, "start": 47654, "end": 48240, "sha256": "056ce15d79d993a9671ab1ad041869c04e58c66814f51c1f8c4350551e662dd8", "text": "With regard to the health of houses where there is a sick person, it often happens that the sick room is made a ventilating shaft for the rest of the house. For while the house is kept as close, unaired, and dirty as usual, the window of the sick room is kept a little open always, and the door occasionally. Now, there are certain sacrifices which a house with one sick person in it does make to that sick person: it ties up its knocker; it lays straw before it in the street. Why can't it keep itself thoroughly clean and unusually well aired, in deference to the sick person?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00136", "bookId": 12439, "start": 48246, "end": 48268, "sha256": "faf248c1c4be2c5b06c775da83568c166d43bd00dfca656f34ddede4b07abef1", "text": "[Sidenote: Infection.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00137", "bookId": 12439, "start": 48272, "end": 49865, "sha256": "aa1481cdee0e6494c1c49888e5c485574a4c2c4a94762e1c06edc641fd1133b0", "text": "We must not forget what, in ordinary language, is called \"Infection;\"[4]--a thing of which people are generally so afraid that they frequently follow the very practice in regard to it which they ought to avoid. Nothing used to be considered so infectious or contagious as small-pox; and people not very long ago used to cover up patients with heavy bed clothes, while they kept up large fires and shut the windows. Small-pox, of course, under this _regime_, is very \"infectious.\" People are somewhat wiser now in their management of this disease. They have ventured to cover the patients lightly and to keep the windows open; and we hear much less of the \"infection\" of small-pox than we used to do. But do people in our days act with more wisdom on the subject of \"infection\" in fevers--scarlet fever, measles, &c.--than their forefathers did with small-pox? Does not the popular idea of \"infection\" involve that people should take greater care of themselves than of the patient? that, for instance, it is safer not to be too much with the patient, not to attend too much to his wants? Perhaps the best illustration of the utter absurdity of this view of duty in attending on \"infectious\" diseases is afforded by what was very recently the practice, if it is not so even now, in some of the European lazarets--in which the plague-patient used to be condemned to the horrors of filth, overcrowding, and want of ventilation, while the medical attendant was ordered to examine the patient's tongue through an opera-glass and to toss him a lancet to open his abscesses with?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00138", "bookId": 12439, "start": 49869, "end": 50068, "sha256": "96463c82f88954e8ee2a491a4622843c4827bf368da63a8dcb31468e7f0a4395", "text": "True nursing ignores infection, except to prevent it. Cleanliness and fresh air from open windows, with unremitting attention to the patient, are the only defence a true nurse either asks or needs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00139", "bookId": 12439, "start": 50072, "end": 50155, "sha256": "46ad428a11ef0ebcad2587a990e852ac157f47ffca799901d6a90daf0befe088", "text": "Wise and humane management of the patient is the best safeguard against infection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00140", "bookId": 12439, "start": 50161, "end": 50209, "sha256": "75d82d71fade7a76facc432a102df81707f1faaf77fdaeb478d372d8605fe872", "text": "[Sidenote: Why must children have measles, &c.,]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00141", "bookId": 12439, "start": 50213, "end": 50609, "sha256": "3326ea4899a399ea1b480b4d82c0b4676e4ae38dd53f6707f4da30c836ed96c4", "text": "There are not a few popular opinions, in regard to which it is useful at times to ask a question or two. For example, it is commonly thought that children must have what are commonly called \"children's epidemics,\" \"current contagions,\" &c., in other words, that they are born to have measles, hooping-cough, perhaps even scarlet fever, just as they are born to cut their teeth, if they live.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00142", "bookId": 12439, "start": 50613, "end": 50660, "sha256": "26a125ab6620e152fdaa8d7e2cb4b788f74856e85b3a405bfc0ff31a8e3151bc", "text": "Now, do tell us, why must a child have measles?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00143", "bookId": 12439, "start": 50664, "end": 50803, "sha256": "be499a500792ff38a0c80693b915970d10fb71370391f4712f3891564545314f", "text": "Oh because, you say, we cannot keep it from infection--other children have measles--and it must take them--and it is safer that it should.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00144", "bookId": 12439, "start": 50807, "end": 50897, "sha256": "969194d6c2aebdffa6f9bf22e719289858af0c7031f54dd94d6f08c5e2032aa3", "text": "But why must other children have measles? And if they have, why must yours have them too?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00145", "bookId": 12439, "start": 50901, "end": 51322, "sha256": "703fdc4e0e94f39f6fd09bac392270ad30d82dd61128388d12b2d32bae1114ae", "text": "If you believed in and observed the laws for preserving the health of houses which inculcate cleanliness, ventilation, white-washing, and other means, and which, by the way, _are laws_, as implicitly as you believe in the popular opinion, for it is nothing more than an opinion, that your child must have children's epidemics, don't you think that upon the whole your child would be more likely to escape altogether?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00146", "bookId": 12439, "start": 51328, "end": 51338, "sha256": "55ef8349ad07203ec2cca0f3d97640f57c9e65b07c838ffd97e6bcdc1006aed5", "text": "FOOTNOTES:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00147", "bookId": 12439, "start": 51342, "end": 51379, "sha256": "60b34b294375a060edd22dca1996334a447274ff2a857a7f627df4db170c9b17", "text": "[1] [Sidenote: Health of carriages.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00148", "bookId": 12439, "start": 51383, "end": 52211, "sha256": "ba9bc83f5cf74c049aa1721f10f3ed06128b80ec88a85dcc68b588f482d8ecdc", "text": "The health of carriages, especially close carriages, is not of sufficient universal importance to mention here, otherwise than cursorily. Children, who are always the most delicate test of sanitary conditions, generally cannot enter a close carriage without being sick-- and very lucky for them that it is so. A close carriage, with the horse-hair cushions and linings always saturated with organic matter, if to this be added the windows up, is one of the most unhealthy of human receptacles. The idea of taking an _airing_ in it is something preposterous. Dr. Angus Smith has shown that a crowded railway carriage, which goes at the rate of 30 miles an hour, is as unwholesome as the strong smell of a sewer, or as a back yard in one of the most unhealthy courts off one of the most unhealthy streets in Manchester.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00149", "bookId": 12439, "start": 52215, "end": 52654, "sha256": "6cef71509ac50ed9263f432d2d668a1570e2fd0e2179e1af6746298f06b52917", "text": "[2] God lays down certain physical laws. Upon His carrying out such laws depends our responsibility (that much abused word), for how could we have any responsibility for actions, the results of which we could not foresee--which would be the case if the carrying out of His laws were not certain. Yet we seem to be continually expecting that He will work a miracle--i.e., break His own laws expressly to relieve us of responsibility.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00150", "bookId": 12439, "start": 52658, "end": 52690, "sha256": "044d945a3e944971adc3ed87ca3730862f840ccd990b40b98b74090218ac8f7d", "text": "[3] [Sidenote: Servants rooms.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00151", "bookId": 12439, "start": 52694, "end": 53618, "sha256": "2b20a387a660b55f1a7abc60fb5b74d34b902c08a7f250d923bb0d2f754edda6", "text": "I must say a word about servants' bed-rooms. From the way they are built, but oftener from the way they are kept, and from no intelligent inspection whatever being exercised over them, they are almost invariably dens of foul air, and the \"servants' health\" suffers in an \"unaccountable\" (?) way, even in the country. For I am by no means speaking only of London houses, where too often servants are put to live under the ground and over the roof. But in a country \"_mansion_,\" which was really a \"mansion,\" (not after the fashion of advertisements,) I have known three maids who slept in the same room ill of scarlet fever. \"How catching it is,\" was of course the remark. One look at the room, one smell of the room, was quite enough. It was no longer \"unaccountable.\" The room was not a small one; it was up stairs, and it had two large windows--but nearly every one of the neglects enumerated above was there.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00152", "bookId": 12439, "start": 53622, "end": 53752, "sha256": "646cb95ef6c1c4140e4363ffbcf0eb68f5981d7e03a932ecd8501f53b18a26a6", "text": "[4] [Sidenote: Diseases are not individuals arranged in classes, like cats and dogs, but conditions growing out of one another.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00153", "bookId": 12439, "start": 53756, "end": 54122, "sha256": "d44e83f6e4cb32ae4faa26f3f92d89c2c95402d725bceab11f54bf01cae433b0", "text": "Is it not living in a continual mistake to look upon diseases, as we do now, as separate entities, which _must_ exist, like cats and dogs? instead of looking upon them as conditions, like a dirty and a clean condition, and just as much under our own control; or rather as the reactions of kindly nature, against the conditions in which we have placed ourselves.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00154", "bookId": 12439, "start": 54126, "end": 54567, "sha256": "cfccb5a0c43c17a7d4a5b76dd7ca0b6bc7f9c621d1bd577a5e7de748054e00a7", "text": "I was brought up, both by scientific men and ignorant women, distinctly to believe that small-pox, for instance, was a thing of which there was once a first specimen in the world, which went on propagating itself, in a perpetual chain of descent, just as much as that there was a first dog, (or a first pair of dogs,) and that small-pox would not begin itself any more than a new dog would begin without there having been a parent dog.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00155", "bookId": 12439, "start": 54571, "end": 54909, "sha256": "388fe30ee5fce8615321fadeb0ea24de7bd39a42e29de77da47dc90d3292c89f", "text": "Since then I have seen with my eyes and smelt with my nose small-pox growing up in first specimens, either in close rooms, or in overcrowded wards, where it could not by any possibility have been \"caught,\" but must have begun. Nay, more, I have seen diseases begin, grow up, and pass into one another. Now, dogs do not pass into cats.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00156", "bookId": 12439, "start": 54913, "end": 55098, "sha256": "995951d8631df7f81f950cce41b27f79ebf76e28a877d6d8796445f8c1690887", "text": "I have seen, for instance, with a little overcrowding, continued fever grow up; and with a little more, typhoid fever; and with a little more, typhus, and all in the same ward or hut.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00157", "bookId": 12439, "start": 55102, "end": 55198, "sha256": "c35593c553a196b5e17a97eb7eb5c9dab15a56ae7772131e368b74e257d2a120", "text": "Would it not be far better, truer, and more practical, if we looked upon disease in this light?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00158", "bookId": 12439, "start": 55202, "end": 55326, "sha256": "4faadc672e3a112294e39970c63c5ed3101ed0258b9500a6322096ddb30aff71", "text": "For diseases, as all experiences hows,[Transcriber's note: Possibly typo for \"show\"] are adjectives, not noun substantives.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00159", "bookId": 12439, "start": 55336, "end": 55358, "sha256": "d229ca541b74aabc534611260896f8e80949f5a2e86e4bde7a2883c4f0954904", "text": "III. PETTY MANAGEMENT.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00160", "bookId": 12439, "start": 55364, "end": 55393, "sha256": "1e8ec0e218885822010b27a4ea2c52d88e42fef7ce2e956e5b933ce9be6e8142", "text": "[Sidenote: Petty management.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00161", "bookId": 12439, "start": 55397, "end": 56085, "sha256": "81fb3f128f31dc9427d01ab4ccd0f4b2696c84a587048ddee5611f73d987bcf6", "text": "All the results of good nursing, as detailed in these notes, may be spoiled or utterly negatived by one defect, viz.: in petty management, or in other words, by not knowing how to manage that what you do when you are there, shall be done when you are not there. The most devoted friend or nurse cannot be always _there_. Nor is it desirable that she should. And she may give up her health, all her other duties, and yet, for want of a little management, be not one-half so efficient as another who is not one-half so devoted, but who has this art of multiplying herself--that is to say, the patient of the first will not really be so well cared for, as the patient of the second.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00162", "bookId": 12439, "start": 56089, "end": 56625, "sha256": "4eff7d817dc35bf6ec057ed1793a495eac8178d9db04b4761b422dff6d21c8c9", "text": "It is as impossible in a book to teach a person in charge of sick how to _manage_, as it is to teach her how to nurse. Circumstances must vary with each different case. But it _is_ possible to press upon her to think for herself: Now what does happen during my absence? I am obliged to be away on Tuesday. But fresh air, or punctuality is not less important to my patient on Tuesday than it was on Monday. Or: At 10 P.M. I am never with my patient; but quiet is of no less consequence to him at 10 than it was at 5 minutes to 10.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00163", "bookId": 12439, "start": 56629, "end": 56959, "sha256": "b45014e07281eb519037ef8816d00896de40a704f73ed428ed5430e1c787efa5", "text": "Curious as it may seem, this very obvious consideration occurs comparatively to few, or, if it does occur, it is only to cause the devoted friend or nurse to be absent fewer hours or fewer minutes from her patient--not to arrange so as that no minute and no hour shall be for her patient without the essentials of her nursing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00164", "bookId": 12439, "start": 56965, "end": 57009, "sha256": "1a8920f16032fe1f34e3c67b48b7f2609a4655383226fd0b468c34b56f5eb081", "text": "[Sidenote: Illustrations of the want of it.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00165", "bookId": 12439, "start": 57013, "end": 57093, "sha256": "838dad21d8cb576d6d1db765cd09e2e8bee70f3785943c5c04bd4d8b456edeb5", "text": "A very few instances will be sufficient, not as precepts, but as illustrations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00166", "bookId": 12439, "start": 57099, "end": 57147, "sha256": "06663c9bbe94c0b78058523dd58c6b70d1488ca16b2eb3b24c774128720fffab", "text": "[Sidenote: Strangers coming into the sick room.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00167", "bookId": 12439, "start": 57151, "end": 57594, "sha256": "6dc02e8fdc73ec6d271b5b1d863647e2b8aa78d36cbb3088fc7d7e8c35074b75", "text": "A strange washerwoman, coming late at night for the \"things,\" will burst in by mistake to the patient's sickroom, after he has fallen into his first doze, giving him a shock, the effects of which are irremediable, though he himself laughs at the cause, and probably never even mentions it. The nurse who is, and is quite right to be, at her supper, has not provided that the washerwoman shall not lose her way and go into the wrong room.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00168", "bookId": 12439, "start": 57600, "end": 57645, "sha256": "09273284764b2ce591eb8bf1d7a02e3847ee355e2c691469d644840747e6c352", "text": "[Sidenote: Sick room airing the whole house.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00169", "bookId": 12439, "start": 57649, "end": 58067, "sha256": "526c015b5072137abe0d5d6ce0e68fcf66b2e34a9655ab313903cfb5de489de4", "text": "The patient's room may always have the window open. But the passage outside the patient's room, though provided with several large windows, may never have one open. Because it is not understood that the charge of the sick-room extends to the charge of the passage. And thus, as often happens, the nurse makes it her business to turn the patient's room into a ventilating shaft for the foul air of the whole house.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00170", "bookId": 12439, "start": 58073, "end": 58126, "sha256": "1e3dfadc3ca3be29a9718a74454d76d58f3c5d14c770752f8292e9b3167ff36d", "text": "[Sidenote: Uninhabited room fouling the whole house.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00171", "bookId": 12439, "start": 58130, "end": 58444, "sha256": "ae6d70cd5a79d33271a208c43a511d1b599c3b55b5f05c38d7b7326d428e3e17", "text": "An uninhabited room, a newly-painted room,[1] an uncleaned closet or cupboard, may often become the reservoir of foul air for the whole house, because the person in charge never thinks of arranging that these places shall be always aired, always cleaned; she merely opens the window herself \"when she goes in.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00172", "bookId": 12439, "start": 58450, "end": 58512, "sha256": "85df7414411b86b3b36e72669890cf827c5029017b12ed7ea24ce7f86ade619c", "text": "[Sidenote: Delivery and non-delivery of letters and messages.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00173", "bookId": 12439, "start": 58516, "end": 58856, "sha256": "d5cbc0fa055769d0760ab406dd70d157eec9894afb5c4a8b7c81a424844f2e2f", "text": "An agitating letter or message may be delivered, or an important letter or message _not_ delivered; a visitor whom it was of consequence to see, may be refused, or whom it was of still more consequence to _not_ see may be admitted--because the person in charge has never asked herself this question, What is done when I am not there?[2]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00174", "bookId": 12439, "start": 58860, "end": 59094, "sha256": "41d64bfcbe9fdae3d3912920b7a34dde71c56cc98f2ebab01fcfef5963c887c6", "text": "At all events, one may safely say, a nurse cannot be with the patient, open the door, eat her meals, take a message, all at one and the same time. Nevertheless the person in charge never seems to look the impossibility in the face.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00175", "bookId": 12439, "start": 59098, "end": 59234, "sha256": "afd7fc9957c0783d297272a85372a70f2fb6f30678d9ae3a1931880201954321", "text": "Add to this that the _attempting_ this impossibility does more to increase the poor patient's hurry and nervousness than anything else.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00176", "bookId": 12439, "start": 59240, "end": 59399, "sha256": "103e51e9ba5b62b893af7194dd3e3ec2e59a456e94cc6cc7e2ee7842a037ea83", "text": "[Sidenote: Partial measures such as \"being always in the way\" yourself, increase instead of saving the patient's anxiety. Because they must be only partial.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00177", "bookId": 12439, "start": 59403, "end": 59742, "sha256": "1394d63929dbff2ab21439ac4cacee2f02cebc5e8de4db439c757635ce6e6968", "text": "It is never thought that the patient remembers these things if you do not. He has not only to think whether the visit or letter may arrive, but whether you will be in the way at the particular day and hour when it may arrive. So that your _partial_ measures for \"being in the way\" yourself, only increase the necessity for his thought.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00178", "bookId": 12439, "start": 59746, "end": 59884, "sha256": "25296f0bc27a4635fde421b8449a3a80b79e006e88ecdf378e9fadc3aff5c477", "text": "Whereas, if you could but arrange that the thing should always be done whether you are there or not, he need never think at all about it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00179", "bookId": 12439, "start": 59888, "end": 60071, "sha256": "ef0798f3972939696151bcd8989f03b0d6547f2fde83fc019a737fa1f3b10ef8", "text": "For the above reasons, whatever a patient _can_ do for himself, it is better, i.e. less anxiety, for him to do for himself, unless the person in charge has the spirit of management.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00180", "bookId": 12439, "start": 60075, "end": 60323, "sha256": "fb658e21bed85d0d4ee7885426ac00e2043dc38241878886afc914e813fe0cf9", "text": "It is evidently much less exertion for a patient to answer a letter for himself by return of post, than to have four conversations, wait five days, have six anxieties before it is off his mind, before the person who has to answer it has done so.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00181", "bookId": 12439, "start": 60327, "end": 60680, "sha256": "6f5bd3b5c95989cb51fb1c968c80d974eef8e6a0b4f78ceeaed8b0245613edb7", "text": "Apprehension, uncertainty, waiting, expectation, fear of surprise, do a patient more harm than any exertion. Remember, he is face to face with his enemy all the time, internally wrestling with him, having long imaginary conversations with him. You are thinking of something else. \"Rid him of his adversary quickly,\" is a first rule with the sick.[3]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00182", "bookId": 12439, "start": 60684, "end": 61108, "sha256": "d98ba33ae134dd3cd1219f8ba3017c3549d79e6a2ca10fdf99f9cfd3923908f9", "text": "For the same reasons, always tell a patient and tell him beforehand when you are going out and when you will be back, whether it is for a day, an hour, or ten minutes. You fancy perhaps that it is better for him if he does not find out your going at all, better for him if you do not make yourself \"of too much importance\" to him; or else you cannot bear to give him the pain or the anxiety of the temporary separation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00183", "bookId": 12439, "start": 61112, "end": 61598, "sha256": "39482cd3bfc6a0a97a7d5d4d1bfd2cbb488691d2ca960f192237a4c69ad328b6", "text": "No such thing. You _ought_ to go, we will suppose. Health or duty requires it. Then say so to the patient openly. If you go without his knowing it, and he finds it out, he never will feel secure again that the things which depend upon you will be done when you are away, and in nine cases out of ten he will be right. If you go out without telling him when you will be back, he can take no measures nor precautions as to the things which concern you both, or which you do for him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00184", "bookId": 12439, "start": 61604, "end": 61669, "sha256": "132a7c90484c44f5b81c50a15e250733b1f9ff8697c109178b8be641400ad31c", "text": "[Sidenote: What is the cause of half the accidents which happen?]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00185", "bookId": 12439, "start": 61673, "end": 62763, "sha256": "9c8ffe33419993b544bf6de2e6abc3980e569b7d020d75db4ef1f71c93ef1828", "text": "If you look into the reports of trials or accidents, and especially of suicides, or into the medical history of fatal cases, it is almost incredible how often the whole thing turns upon something which has happened because \"he,\" or still oftener \"she,\" \"was not there.\" But it is still more incredible how often, how almost always this is accepted as a sufficient reason, a justification; why, the very fact of the thing having happened is the proof of its not being a justification. The person in charge was quite right not to be \"_there_,\" he was called away for quite sufficient reason, or he was away for a daily recurring and unavoidable cause; yet no provision was made to supply his absence. The fault was not in his \"being away,\" but in there being no management to supplement his \"being away.\" When the sun is under a total eclipse or during his nightly absence, we light candles. But it would seem as if it did not occur to us that we must also supplement the person in charge of sick or of children, whether under an occasional eclipse or during a regular absence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00186", "bookId": 12439, "start": 62767, "end": 62937, "sha256": "2aa4e3db76c21a03b8b3ceb72344fa3d33dd9c6ad005ee55b62acd42ecfdd0f5", "text": "In institutions where many lives would be lost and the effect of such want of management would be terrible and patent, there is less of it than in the private house.[4]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00187", "bookId": 12439, "start": 62941, "end": 63134, "sha256": "4ae851a2ab051afad5dc3b99f76b1097f6c7a4870e343bb5b2fee3b301420758", "text": "But in both, let whoever is in charge keep this simple question in her head (_not,_ how can I always do this right thing myself, but) how can I provide for this right thing to be always done?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00188", "bookId": 12439, "start": 63138, "end": 63477, "sha256": "6d4e5b5f620d9f8d72a9889c7206a364f322d489b6be3ed7abaaac1dc61e78a6", "text": "Then, when anything wrong has actually happened in consequence of her absence, which absence we will suppose to have been quite right, let her question still be (_not,_ how can I provide against any more of such absences? which is neither possible nor desirable, but) how can I provide against anything wrong arising out of my absence?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00189", "bookId": 12439, "start": 63483, "end": 63524, "sha256": "961a6379cd9a3a70cf4b57a4b15323b4a9ef25af69555fbe4f79b487d823f15c", "text": "[Sidenote: What it is to be \"in charge.\"]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00190", "bookId": 12439, "start": 63528, "end": 64544, "sha256": "1535ec9a6628d4f629a5efe5d797ff35ea2e1fb3919bad227e263e89741902b8", "text": "How few men, or even women, understand, either in great or in little things, what it is the being \"in charge\"--I mean, know how to carry out a \"charge.\" From the most colossal calamities, down to the most trifling accidents, results are often traced (or rather _not_ traced) to such want of some one \"in charge\" or of his knowing how to be \"in charge.\" A short time ago the bursting of a funnel-casing on board the finest and strongest ship that ever was built, on her trial trip, destroyed several lives and put several hundreds in jeopardy--not from any undetected flaw in her new and untried works--but from a tap being closed which ought not to have been closed--from what every child knows would make its mother's tea-kettle burst. And this simply because no one seemed to know what it is to be \"in charge,\" or _who_ was in charge. Nay more, the jury at the inquest actually altogether ignored the same, and apparently considered the tap \"in charge,\" for they gave as a verdict \"accidental death.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00191", "bookId": 12439, "start": 64548, "end": 65018, "sha256": "1e355de97c516d62ed9ce6e738d42294cc9b09682fdb4dcfe32a5a06af6fab2f", "text": "This is the meaning of the word, on a large scale. On a much smaller scale, it happened, a short time ago, that an insane person burned herself slowly and intentionally to death, while in her doctor's charge and almost in her nurse's presence. Yet neither was considered \"at all to blame.\" The very fact of the accident happening proves its own case. There is nothing more to be said. Either they did not know their business or they did not know how to perform it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00192", "bookId": 12439, "start": 65022, "end": 65828, "sha256": "c6c1bc0aedbd294bd377cb09a57063b083dcc27e11b17921a1a74d9e24ae9a92", "text": "To be \"in charge\" is certainly not only to carry out the proper measures yourself but to see that every one else does so too; to see that no one either wilfully or ignorantly thwarts or prevents such measures. It is neither to do everything yourself nor to appoint a number of people to each duty, but to ensure that each does that duty to which he is appointed. This is the meaning which must be attached to the word by (above all) those \"in charge\" of sick, whether of numbers or of individuals, (and indeed I think it is with individual sick that it is least understood. One sick person is often waited on by four with less precision, and is really less cared for than ten who are waited on by one; or at least than 40 who are waited on by 4; and all for want of this one person \"in charge.\")", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00193", "bookId": 12439, "start": 65832, "end": 66238, "sha256": "9574b4d38110b39eb36c55cb5be16fc79d630582afaf77708afa7c9d1fc4f294", "text": "It is often said that there are few good servants now; I say there are few good mistresses now. As the jury seems to have thought the tap was in charge of the ship's safety, so mistresses now seem to think the house is in charge of itself. They neither know how to give orders, nor how to teach their servants to obey orders--_i.e._, to obey intelligently, which is the real meaning of all discipline.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00194", "bookId": 12439, "start": 66242, "end": 66779, "sha256": "5b2596f312518198177470778e9dd846ee1cce060150bf02b25e93e8d9e4483a", "text": "Again, people who are in charge often seem to have a pride in feeling that they will be \"missed,\" that no one can understand or carry on their arrangements, their system, books, accounts, &c., but themselves. It seems to me that the pride is rather in carrying on a system, in keeping stores, closets, books, accounts, &c., so that any body can understand and carry them on--so that, in case of absence or illness, one can deliver every thing up to others and know that all will go on as usual, and that one shall never be missed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00195", "bookId": 12439, "start": 66785, "end": 66835, "sha256": "f70c25713628d27a21602e08000193d50389ffb34b37e7f47d6cd21a3a893ad0", "text": "[Sidenote: Why hired nurses give so much trouble.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00196", "bookId": 12439, "start": 66839, "end": 67531, "sha256": "69fc919c7cac5947f7de17944211280efb0e7e250ff98d99e20d50e9874ae297", "text": "NOTE.--It is often complained, that professional nurses, brought into private families, in case of sickness, make themselves intolerable by \"ordering about\" the other servants, under plea of not neglecting the patient. Both things are true; the patient is often neglected, and the servants are often unfairly \"put upon.\" But the fault is generally in the want of management of the head in charge. It is surely for her to arrange both that the nurse's place is, when necessary, supplemented, and that the patient is never neglected--things with a little management quite compatible, and indeed only attainable together. It is certainly not for the nurse to \"order about\" the servants.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00197", "bookId": 12439, "start": 67537, "end": 67547, "sha256": "55ef8349ad07203ec2cca0f3d97640f57c9e65b07c838ffd97e6bcdc1006aed5", "text": "FOOTNOTES:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00198", "bookId": 12439, "start": 67551, "end": 67608, "sha256": "95f63bc9fc8b8930d29d3ef999d4c1c5a5281bca31c54ec6b3f1fb2ce846d056", "text": "[1] [Sidenote: Lingering smell of paint a want of care.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00199", "bookId": 12439, "start": 67612, "end": 68013, "sha256": "a8dfcad78bd3c3909f9d71d3e8ec53c1797739671fb605462f1deee4e6eab360", "text": "That excellent paper, the _Builder_, mentions the lingering of the smell of paint for a month about a house as a proof of want of ventilation. Certainly--and, where there are ample windows to open, and these are never opened to get rid of the smell of paint, it is a proof of want of management in using the means of ventilation. Of course the smell will then remain for months. Why should it go?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00200", "bookId": 12439, "start": 68017, "end": 68073, "sha256": "c44c234129df34a021db8e76e8f41ec07b2d956becf0d2708bbfc10b8b2bc6c9", "text": "[2] [Sidenote: Why let your patient ever be surprised?]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00201", "bookId": 12439, "start": 68077, "end": 68544, "sha256": "ae562b1bc17736838cdf21732ae79f223dab4899d1f75f3388f8e6c3cdbd08b2", "text": "Why should you let your patient ever be surprised, except by thieves? I do not know. In England, people do not come down the chimney, or through the window, unless they are thieves. They come in by the door, and somebody must open the door to them. The \"somebody\" charged with opening the door is one of two, three, or at most four persons. Why cannot these, at most, four persons be put in charge as to what is to be done when there is a ring at the door-bell?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00202", "bookId": 12439, "start": 68548, "end": 69052, "sha256": "bd2a2d8ec29c58666ecce645c1f6f552a148db70e92c2d43306817ce1ecdf37b", "text": "The sentry at a post is changed much oftener than any servant at a private house or institution can possibly be. But what should we think of such an excuse as this: that the enemy had entered such a post because A and not B had been on guard? Yet I have constantly heard such an excuse made in the private house or institution, and accepted: viz., that such a person had been \"let in\" or _not_ \"let in,\" and such a parcel had been wrongly delivered or lost because A and not B had opened the door!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00203", "bookId": 12439, "start": 69056, "end": 69521, "sha256": "336690666f7974c485157aec223906b0815f713ec7e75f78848adb356d6011c9", "text": "[3] There are many physical operations where _coeteris paribus_ the danger is in a direct ratio to the time the operation lasts; and _coeteris paribus_ the operator's success will be in direct ratio to his quickness. Now there are many mental operations where exactly the same rule holds good with the sick; _coeteris paribus_ their capability of bearing such operations depends directly on the quickness, _without hurry_, with which they can be got through.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00204", "bookId": 12439, "start": 69525, "end": 69617, "sha256": "def3785bee9c2215d079bd5e497037ed1668a04dd2e54bbdae44baf43a4ffaed", "text": "[4] [Sidenote: Petty management better understood in institutions than in private houses.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00205", "bookId": 12439, "start": 69621, "end": 69905, "sha256": "d2897728cb1baa9575260a0bdf6d2bb3a61923b722d19a3f9250e5bec5dae394", "text": "So true is this that I could mention two cases of women of very high position, both of whom died in the same way of the consequences of a surgical operation. And in both cases, I was told by the highest authority that the fatal result would not have happened in a London hospital.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00206", "bookId": 12439, "start": 69911, "end": 69959, "sha256": "2446256564b27f50783d07e1aa990ab187d642504aa52f9e4f65229526ab95d5", "text": "[Sidenote: What institutions are the exception?]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00207", "bookId": 12439, "start": 69963, "end": 71538, "sha256": "1f23f15ecd8cfbb1626b8c96f5d97f840d448ef2e483ffb536cfbf5f4d0ce19e", "text": "But, as far as regards the art of petty management in hospitals, all the military hospitals I know must be excluded. Upon my own experience I stand, and I solemnly declare that I have seen or known of fatal accidents, such as suicides in _delirium tremens,_ bleedings to death, dying patients dragged out of bed by drunken Medical Staff Corps men, and many other things less patent and striking, which would not have happened in London civil hospitals nursed by women. The medical officers should be absolved from all blame in these accidents. How can a medical officer mount guard all day and all night over a patient (say) in _delirium tremens?_ The fault lies in there being no organized system of attendance. Were a trustworthy _man_ in charge of each ward, or set of wards, not as office clerk, but as head nurse, (and head nurse the best hospital serjeant, or ward master, is not now and cannot be, from default of the proper regulations,) the thing would not, in all probability, have happened. But were a trustworthy _woman_ in charge of the ward, or set of wards, the thing would not, in all certainty, have happened. In other words, it does not happen where a trustworthy woman is really in charge. And, in these remarks, I by no means refer only to exceptional times of great emergency in war hospitals, but also, and quite as much, to the ordinary run of military hospitals at home, in time of peace; or to a time in war when our army was actually more healthy than at home in peace, and the pressure on our hospitals consequently much less.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00208", "bookId": 12439, "start": 71544, "end": 71588, "sha256": "e493ee66ff0744ca874729b3bfc11203b21f32356d306cb508031953693f729c", "text": "[Sidenote: Nursing in Regimental Hospitals.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00209", "bookId": 12439, "start": 71592, "end": 72086, "sha256": "b1649f47bbf215cfddb98250fc80192d421118a2b4e4b0833bb135ca3a9df3bf", "text": "It is often said that, in regimental hospitals, patients ought to \"nurse each other,\" because the number of sick altogether being, say, but thirty, and out of these one only perhaps being seriously ill, and the other twenty-nine having little the matter with them, and nothing to do, they should be set to nurse the one; also, that soldiers are so trained to obey, that they will be the most obedient, and therefore the best of nurses, add to which they are always kind to their comrades.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00210", "bookId": 12439, "start": 72090, "end": 73168, "sha256": "c1afd25884925e4011c90a101e804d963515bdfba8a33d8b51c1d0eb16a462ef", "text": "Now, have those who say this, considered that, in order to obey, you must know _how_ to obey, and that these soldiers certainly do not know how to obey in nursing. I have seen these \"kind\" fellows (and how kind they are no one knows so well as myself) move a comrade so that, in one case at least, the man died in the act. I have seen the comrades' \"kindness\" produce abundance of spirits, to be drunk in secret. Let no one understand by this that female nurses ought to, or could be introduced in regimental hospitals. It would be most undesirable, even were it not impossible. But the head nurseship of a hospital serjeant is the more essential, the more important, the more inexperienced the nurses. Undoubtedly, a London hospital \"sister\" does sometimes set relays of patients to watch a critical case; but, undoubtedly also, always under her own superintendence; and she is called to whenever there is something to be done, and she knows how to do it. The patients are not left to do it of their own unassisted genius, however \"kind\" and willing they may be.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00211", "bookId": 12439, "start": 73178, "end": 73188, "sha256": "55149b29eb7ddcea3c0617c5084a3c9eea9a9870a93980f3ce536dc49548155d", "text": "IV. NOISE.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00212", "bookId": 12439, "start": 73194, "end": 73224, "sha256": "14a7487d8f3c6efd81d1fc871b35f7fb527c67ec5d3e9e3279e0a5e0c9855820", "text": "[Sidenote: Unnecessary noise.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00213", "bookId": 12439, "start": 73228, "end": 73672, "sha256": "4a60fa051ee46144a52b4b106c85bed2c5578e0c82c5d156c5e43537e1fd70d9", "text": "Unnecessary noise, or noise that creates an expectation in the mind, is that which hurts a patient. It is rarely the loudness of the noise, the effect upon the organ of the ear itself, which appears to affect the sick. How well a patient will generally bear, _e. g._, the putting up of a scaffolding close to the house, when he cannot bear the talking, still less the whispering, especially if it be of a familiar voice, outside his door.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00214", "bookId": 12439, "start": 73676, "end": 74242, "sha256": "ab5bf01db631f4ae9ae8a4b28e7fb30c5d7601db3d0ebc17ee9a179afdffe2f3", "text": "There are certain patients, no doubt, especially where there is slight concussion or other disturbance of the brain, who are affected by mere noise. But intermittent noise, or sudden and sharp noise, in these as in all other cases, affects far more than continuous noise--noise with jar far more than noise without. Of one thing you may be certain, that anything which wakes a patient suddenly out of his sleep will invariably put him into a state of greater excitement, do him more serious, aye, and lasting mischief, than any continuous noise, however loud.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00215", "bookId": 12439, "start": 74248, "end": 74312, "sha256": "bf1a335a9fe1e06871ea37106f108cc1ae8f295fad8fa5c5549b3d0943c2dc7d", "text": "[Sidenote: Never let a patient be waked out of his first sleep.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00216", "bookId": 12439, "start": 74316, "end": 75370, "sha256": "2616b0b12b1cb4ad0a197b3311894ab7255953d0bee0aa2c4c02066fa660295a", "text": "Never to allow a patient to be waked, intentionally or accidentally, is a _sine qua non_ of all good nursing. If he is roused out of his first sleep, he is almost certain to have no more sleep. It is a curious but quite intelligible fact that, if a patient is waked after a few hours' instead of a few minutes' sleep, he is much more likely to sleep again. Because pain, like irritability of brain, perpetuates and intensifies itself. If you have gained a respite of either in sleep you have gained more than the mere respite. Both the probability of recurrence and of the same intensity will be diminished; whereas both will be terribly increased by want of sleep. This is the reason why sleep is so all-important. This is the reason why a patient waked in the early part of his sleep loses not only his sleep, but his power to sleep. A healthy person who allows himself to sleep during the day will lose his sleep at night. But it is exactly the reverse with the sick generally; the more they sleep, the better will they be able to sleep.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00217", "bookId": 12439, "start": 75376, "end": 75420, "sha256": "6d49d9b76ab5647cd727bc2d05b34b0df19f7a39e96fb31a043dd8da8c024956", "text": "[Sidenote: Noise which excites expectation.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00218", "bookId": 12439, "start": 75424, "end": 75471, "sha256": "a26e5679e1dda9eac75e73a8a622047e3518e5a8ecec6062c208b5826c85f964", "text": "[Sidenote: Whispered conversation in the room.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00219", "bookId": 12439, "start": 75475, "end": 77718, "sha256": "48460de3cf7736b48323b70a3ecf48de598ba93a8b541506de5c9613418b20aa", "text": "I have often been surprised at the thoughtlessness, (resulting in cruelty, quite unintentionally) of friends or of doctors who will hold a long conversation just in the room or passage adjoining to the room of the patient, who is either every moment expecting them to come in, or who has just seen them, and knows they are talking about him. If he is an amiable patient, he will try to occupy his attention elsewhere and not to listen--and this makes matters worse--for the strain upon his attention and the effort he makes are so great that it is well if he is not worse for hours after. If it is a whispered conversation in the same room, then it is absolutely cruel; for it is impossible that the patient's attention should not be involuntarily strained to hear. Walking on tip-toe, doing any thing in the room very slowly, are injurious, for exactly the same reasons. A firm light quick step, a steady quick hand are the desiderata; not the slow, lingering, shuffling foot, the timid, uncertain touch. Slowness is not gentleness, though it is often mistaken for such: quickness, lightness, and gentleness are quite compatible. Again, if friends and doctors did but watch, as nurses can and should watch, the features sharpening, the eyes growing almost wild, of fever patients who are listening for the entrance from the corridor of the persons whose voices they are hearing there, these would never run the risk again of creating such expectation, or irritation of mind.--Such unnecessary noise has undoubtedly induced or aggravated delirium in many cases. I have known such--in one case death ensued. It is but fair to say that this death was attributed to fright. It was the result of a long whispered conversation, within sight of the patient, about an impending operation; but any one who has known the more than stoicism, the cheerful coolness, with which the certainty of an operation will be accepted by any patient, capable of bearing an operation at all, if it is properly communicated to him, will hesitate to believe that it was mere fear which produced, as was averred, the fatal result in this instance. It was rather the uncertainty, the strained expectation as to what was to be decided upon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00220", "bookId": 12439, "start": 77724, "end": 77761, "sha256": "6995588ca2d7c69d5582ab1dc3fd5f9897099072f557bfb8b283afd8b4c600bb", "text": "[Sidenote: Or just outside the door.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00221", "bookId": 12439, "start": 77765, "end": 78091, "sha256": "a2e05f4e614b55a299cd5c88c68e2bdc36038eb5b5815470bbb224290904066b", "text": "I need hardly say that the other common cause, namely, for a doctor or friend to leave the patient and communicate his opinion on the result of his visit to the friends just outside the patient's door, or in the adjoining room, after the visit, but within hearing or knowledge of the patient is, if possible, worst of all.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00222", "bookId": 12439, "start": 78097, "end": 78131, "sha256": "caa27de5d2128adf747da493bed57239fab1e39c2ec3b7ae999df1dd6d0af34e", "text": "[Sidenote: Noise of female dress.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00223", "bookId": 12439, "start": 78135, "end": 78803, "sha256": "ece4bec4375e98325e170824a88806965fc0c68ca2b7806b1e0081e56f7432ba", "text": "It is, I think, alarming, peculiarly at this time, when the female ink-bottles are perpetually impressing upon us \"woman's\" \"particular worth and general missionariness,\" to see that the dress of women is daily more and more unfitting them for any \"mission,\" or usefulness at all. It is equally unfitted for all poetic and all domestic purposes. A man is now a more handy and far less objectionable being in a sick room than a woman. Compelled by her dress, every woman now either shuffles or waddles--only a man can cross the floor of a sick-room without shaking it! What is become of woman's light step?--the firm, light, quick step we have been asking for?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00224", "bookId": 12439, "start": 78807, "end": 79053, "sha256": "5c3bc49dc9a33f1f21113b2e74baa1448860102b68ba9945e4f78b5d5d96cd9c", "text": "Unnecessary noise, then, is the most cruel absence of care which can be inflicted either on sick or well. For, in all these remarks, the sick are only mentioned as suffering in a greater proportion than the well from precisely the same causes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00225", "bookId": 12439, "start": 79057, "end": 79174, "sha256": "d8871ac8fde6e9f5c76c88848ca1944b0dab696c8ba7802f8f44231be228353d", "text": "Unnecessary (although slight) noise injures a sick person much more than necessary noise (of a much greater amount).", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00226", "bookId": 12439, "start": 79180, "end": 79233, "sha256": "aa4c8d18dc49ccabd013ab626cdfded6e51c18aa789b28fad58cbea123534be7", "text": "[Sidenote: Patient's repulsion to nurses who rustle.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00227", "bookId": 12439, "start": 79237, "end": 79408, "sha256": "9a429e0e418f5774bfd7a353bb3e39c0b7a6c1de1fafeb528a1fe4ea793bd567", "text": "All doctrines about mysterious affinities and aversions will be found to resolve themselves very much, if not entirely, into presence or absence of care in these things.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00228", "bookId": 12439, "start": 79412, "end": 79556, "sha256": "37018dd6380e0b0cb89330e25d0f52c8c267fd219e1357795ecc3c18d30ab37f", "text": "A nurse who rustles (I am speaking of nurses professional and unprofessional) is the horror of a patient, though perhaps he does not know why.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00229", "bookId": 12439, "start": 79560, "end": 79738, "sha256": "4b4cc3d57f9c6a738e776c3c013470fb4853272883309e411500d996a3f98b19", "text": "The fidget of silk and of crinoline, the rattling of keys, the creaking of stays and of shoes, will do a patient more harm than all the medicines in the world will do him good.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00230", "bookId": 12439, "start": 79742, "end": 79988, "sha256": "ca51ead9a6f6be4fdb04f28b5622c96747fb651f12a75208b0acb62160c2ccdc", "text": "The noiseless step of woman, the noiseless drapery of woman, are mere figures of speech in this day. Her skirts (and well if they do not throw down some piece of furniture) will at least brush against every article in the room as she moves.[1]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00231", "bookId": 12439, "start": 79992, "end": 80183, "sha256": "e9f487dfc4984bb2a42a73a7a6306bf7b9dbfe8268ceabc714c8801239694ad9", "text": "Again, one nurse cannot open the door without making everything rattle. Or she opens the door unnecessarily often, for want of remembering all the articles that might be brought in at once.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00232", "bookId": 12439, "start": 80187, "end": 80788, "sha256": "633d74bcd5a3e3cd51b6395870248339b92bd870d67fbcf7edafe0ddf3d21067", "text": "A good nurse will always make sure that no door or window in her patient's room shall rattle or creak; that no blind or curtain shall, by any change of wind through the open window be made to flap--especially will she be careful of all this before she leaves her patients for the night. If you wait till your patients tell you, or remind you of these things, where is the use of their having a nurse? There are more shy than exacting patients, in all classes; and many a patient passes a bad night, time after time, rather than remind his nurse every night of all the things she has forgotten.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00233", "bookId": 12439, "start": 80792, "end": 80987, "sha256": "d3d82d6e31fadf7eb3ef51640f2d21a4d16756fa871309eaaf9f04e0f997c0b7", "text": "If there are blinds to your windows, always take care to have them well up, when they are not being used. A little piece slipping down, and flapping with every draught, will distract a patient.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00234", "bookId": 12439, "start": 80993, "end": 81038, "sha256": "057323e36c924980f8c4cbfa769adb600d5e0f1217b54b5668da679d91723b1f", "text": "[Sidenote: Hurry peculiarly hurtful to sick.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00235", "bookId": 12439, "start": 81042, "end": 81700, "sha256": "1d369bd5558a378b1131ed86ec9949c4ac8b499fac01688cb1b5d99bfa62d7a1", "text": "All hurry or bustle is peculiarly painful to the sick. And when a patient has compulsory occupations to engage him, instead of having simply to amuse himself, it becomes doubly injurious. The friend who remains standing and fidgetting about while a patient is talking business to him, or the friend who sits and proses, the one from an idea of not letting the patient talk, the other from an idea of amusing him, --each is equally inconsiderate. Always sit down when a sick person is talking business to you, show no signs of hurry give complete attention and full consideration if your advice is wanted, and go away the moment the subject is ended.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00236", "bookId": 12439, "start": 81706, "end": 81758, "sha256": "11946e1709dfea604f327e1839e0c98fec2a84fdc4699f140dcee0e0c4e5f7e4", "text": "[Sidenote: How to visit the sick and not hurt them.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00237", "bookId": 12439, "start": 81762, "end": 82210, "sha256": "f1f03cf5524dde8ce64c6c878199f892b72b4cbe274498fbc7138a0a10dd3e54", "text": "Always sit within the patient's view, so that when you speak to him he has not painfully to turn his head round in order to look at you. Everybody involuntarily looks at the person speaking. If you make this act a wearisome one on the part of the patient you are doing him harm. So also if by continuing to stand you make him continuously raise his eyes to see you. Be as motionless as possible, and never gesticulate in speaking to the sick.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00238", "bookId": 12439, "start": 82214, "end": 82899, "sha256": "f8756fbacaa5a68512b469d3a9bc64f77b737d03741d3c6b6678fec9b20154ca", "text": "Never make a patient repeat a message or request, especially if it be some time after. Occupied patients are often accused of doing too much of their own business. They are instinctively right. How often you hear the person, charged with the request of giving the message or writing the letter, say half an hour afterwards to the patient, \"Did you appoint 12 o'clock?\" or, \"What did you say was the address?\" or ask perhaps some much more agitating question--thus causing the patient the effort of memory, or worse still, of decision, all over again. It is really less exertion to him to write his letters himself. This is the almost universal experience of occupied invalids.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00239", "bookId": 12439, "start": 82903, "end": 83060, "sha256": "4ced635a9a0c81c562225dbed6c3f1eb851e367300a0baa7e6222c0c534287c8", "text": "This brings us to another caution. Never speak to an invalid from behind, nor from the door, nor from any distance from him, nor when he is doing anything.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00240", "bookId": 12439, "start": 83064, "end": 83221, "sha256": "4b255811259fb33eba008187cc4fe0311fad93123e0c592adeb0bb43cc3a27b9", "text": "The official politeness of servants in these things is so grateful to invalids, that many prefer, without knowing why, having none but servants about them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00241", "bookId": 12439, "start": 83227, "end": 83262, "sha256": "fd282facfbc15cc4ce4128794ae4316c3f278b0b829aae89778064ad667f4207", "text": "[Sidenote: These things not fancy.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00242", "bookId": 12439, "start": 83266, "end": 83896, "sha256": "126d51d8b90aea06b93694b708a4945108d1dff6fd6efc4c33bae863b1d90cf4", "text": "These things are not fancy. If we consider that, with sick as with well, every thought decomposes some nervous matter,--that decomposition as well as re-composition of nervous matter is always going on, and more quickly with the sick than with the well,--that, to obtrude abruptly another thought upon the brain while it is in the act of destroying nervous matter by thinking, is calling upon it to make a new exertion,-- if we consider these things, which are facts, not fancies, we shall remember that we are doing positive injury by interrupting, by \"startling a fanciful\" person, as it is called. Alas! it is no fancy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00243", "bookId": 12439, "start": 83902, "end": 83944, "sha256": "3c2340b7988465753f4c58e0f0e91137f7d8397ed97b488b02cdf8325ea1e547", "text": "[Sidenote: Interruption damaging to sick.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00244", "bookId": 12439, "start": 83948, "end": 84575, "sha256": "23dfb48e724f818cebd1cb6c3978a8321887bf5e9ff0e3298bce21b1631f51bf", "text": "If the invalid is forced, by his avocations, to continue occupations requiring much thinking, the injury is doubly great. In feeding a patient suffering under delirium or stupor you may suffocate him, by giving him his food suddenly, but if you rub his lips gently with a spoon and thus attract his attention, he will swallow the food unconsciously, but with perfect safety. Thus it is with the brain. If you offer it a thought, especially one requiring a decision, abruptly, you do it a real not fanciful injury. Never speak to a sick person suddenly; but, at the same time, do not keep his expectation on the tiptoe.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00245", "bookId": 12439, "start": 84581, "end": 84605, "sha256": "379b61496a34f04b7b01c0bf2f24f301ff4c649cea38c621a2d01191bccbe0da", "text": "[Sidenote: And to well.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00246", "bookId": 12439, "start": 84609, "end": 84927, "sha256": "783a2a086cca0c78d8e9a7e3f04de4f7db708b0df892416f9112d2dba4892e78", "text": "This rule, indeed, applies to the well quite as much as to the sick. I have never known persons who exposed themselves for years to constant interruption who did not muddle away their intellects by it at last. The process with them may be accomplished without pain. With the sick, pain gives warning of the injury.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00247", "bookId": 12439, "start": 84933, "end": 84972, "sha256": "493a05326343e97240157097f98b9ef00edc3c5b370dac3777d6a383bbd44108", "text": "[Sidenote: Keeping a patient standing.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00248", "bookId": 12439, "start": 84976, "end": 85762, "sha256": "da85a336179dba8b5473e588f37d97b10d2eeeeaa00debdcf871aa355e6dfd31", "text": "Do not meet or overtake a patient who is moving about in order to speak to him, or to give him any message or letter. You might just as well give him a box on the ear. I have seen a patient fall flat on the ground who was standing when his nurse came into the room. This was an accident which might have happened to the most careful nurse. But the other is done with intention. A patient in such a state is not going to the East Indies. If you would wait ten seconds, or walk ten yards further, any promenade he could make would be over. You do not know the effort it is to a patient to remain standing for even a quarter of a minute to listen to you. If I had not seen the thing done by the kindest nurses and friends, I should have thought this caution quite superfluous.[2]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00249", "bookId": 12439, "start": 85768, "end": 85804, "sha256": "717492d8b2b62bfbfaa69f8091cb1ab4b0c03c7191ae77bcda2e833df3904c06", "text": "[Sidenote: Patients dread surprise.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00250", "bookId": 12439, "start": 85808, "end": 87017, "sha256": "2395098a125f5d464906d57ccb2e9d69b78c2950915b06091512736af5b61408", "text": "Patients are often accused of being able to \"do much more when nobody is by.\" It is quite true that they can. Unless nurses can be brought to attend to considerations of the kind of which we have given here but a few specimens, a very weak patient finds it really much less exertion to do things for himself than to ask for them. And he will, in order to do them, (very innocently and from instinct) calculate the time his nurse is likely to be absent, from a fear of her \"coming in upon\" him or speaking to him, just at the moment when he finds it quite as much as he can do to crawl from his bed to his chair, or from one room to another, or down stairs, or out of doors for a few minutes. Some extra call made upon his attention at that moment will quite upset him. In these cases you may be sure that a patient in the state we have described does not make such exertions more than once or twice a day, and probably much about the same hour every day. And it is hard, indeed, if nurse and friends cannot calculate so as to let him make them undisturbed. Remember, that many patients can walk who cannot stand or even sit up. Standing is, of all positions, the most trying to a weak patient.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00251", "bookId": 12439, "start": 87021, "end": 87250, "sha256": "cc0b7c5aabb18ba488f9815af2b5e9dcbcf2ff06b4fb10a63785bd219a53ea32", "text": "Everything you do in a patient's room, after he is \"put up\" for the night, increases tenfold the risk of his having a bad night. But, if you rouse him up after he has fallen asleep, you do not risk, you secure him a bad night.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00252", "bookId": 12439, "start": 87254, "end": 87719, "sha256": "54cb5eafffe059a2822fe8636e71bdbe4e4f03dbad74ef2403c1c0847da18eca", "text": "One hint I would give to all who attend or visit the sick, to all who have to pronounce an opinion upon sickness or its progress. Come back and look at your patient _after_ he has had an hour's animated conversation with you. It is the best test of his real state we know. But never pronounce upon him from merely seeing what he does, or how he looks, during such a conversation. Learn also carefully and exactly, if you can, how he passed the night after it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00253", "bookId": 12439, "start": 87725, "end": 87770, "sha256": "e7a26cd0891c1545debbf5d8f331edede43de3c7923280180286caa670f7043d", "text": "[Sidenote: Effects of over-exertion on sick.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00254", "bookId": 12439, "start": 87774, "end": 88174, "sha256": "34d925e2ce1b1a32554a5599ee68d626da80e7480b5d75813fdcd83b2d23a296", "text": "People rarely, if ever, faint while making an exertion. It is after it is over. Indeed, almost every effect of over-exertion appears after, not during such exertion. It is the highest folly to judge of the sick, as is so often done, when you see them merely during a period of excitement. People have very often died of that which, it has been proclaimed at the time, has \"done them no harm.\"[3]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00255", "bookId": 12439, "start": 88178, "end": 88537, "sha256": "b464ea40440551da096f406b7565b2a14ffd1ce33b02742327a684cdcd72b746", "text": "Remember never to lean against, sit upon, or unnecessarily shake, or even touch the bed in which a patient lies. This is invariably a painful annoyance. If you shake the chair on which he sits, he has a point by which to steady himself, in his feet. But on a bed or sofa, he is entirely at your mercy, and he feels every jar you give him all through him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00256", "bookId": 12439, "start": 88543, "end": 88598, "sha256": "4fe0b1fc6d5b9f8d04fa8207fa90b331db03d0264c1eff4be4d0ff064de39e2c", "text": "[Sidenote: Difference between real and fancy patients.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00257", "bookId": 12439, "start": 88602, "end": 89175, "sha256": "aabcfc44708d52596fb9e742c0ef40c5549da7c0b4d0d8ebc317b0f94d0647a1", "text": "In all that we have said, both here and elsewhere, let it be distinctly understood that we are not speaking of hypochondriacs. To distinguish between real and fancied disease forms an important branch of the education of a nurse. To manage fancy patients forms an important branch of her duties. But the nursing which real and that which fancied patients require is of different, or rather of opposite, character. And the latter will not be spoken of here. Indeed, many of the symptoms which are here mentioned are those which distinguish real from fancied disease.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00258", "bookId": 12439, "start": 89179, "end": 89731, "sha256": "ef5e76cba37b9b2299b044761234c6ee10573bcd294738be129817fd4bbff14a", "text": "It is true that hypochondriacs very often do that behind a nurse's back which they would not do before her face. Many such I have had as patients who scarcely ate anything at their regular meals; but if you concealed food for them in a drawer, they would take it at night or in secret. But this is from quite a different motive. They do it from the wish to conceal. Whereas the real patient will often boast to his nurse or doctor, if these do not shake their heads at him, of how much he has done, or eaten or walked. To return to real disease.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00259", "bookId": 12439, "start": 89737, "end": 89781, "sha256": "0890e1a8666b59ba186d67ab555409d0ab36dd9cc4ec99580df3dc4167546cb1", "text": "[Sidenote: Conciseness necessary with sick.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00260", "bookId": 12439, "start": 89785, "end": 90381, "sha256": "6c74b6c4f5f318a998176aef0223e77d5ab1390908eeb9a0c8c7462f7be7cd6b", "text": "Conciseness and decision are, above all things, necessary with the sick. Let your thought expressed to them be concisely and decidedly expressed. What doubt and hesitation there may be in your own mind must never be communicated to theirs, not even (I would rather say especially not) in little things. Let your doubt be to yourself, your decision to them. People who think outside their heads, the whole process of whose thought appears, like Homer's, in the act of secretion, who tell everything that led them towards this conclusion and away from that, ought never to be with the sick.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00261", "bookId": 12439, "start": 90387, "end": 90433, "sha256": "f711e0d8f64cda0030a7aea426d8e1c8a4d51704c757085cd5a506ad4f70a1fb", "text": "[Sidenote: Irresolution most painful to them.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00262", "bookId": 12439, "start": 90437, "end": 91268, "sha256": "9150c53e04ef2b9bb5a28e3e0626a20ab0a1f3f241003115f21df844191505c6", "text": "Irresolution is what all patients most dread. Rather than meet this in others, they will collect all their data, and make up their minds for themselves. A change of mind in others, whether it is regarding an operation, or re-writing a letter, always injures the patient more than the being called upon to make up his mind to the most dreaded or difficult decision. Farther than this, in very many cases, the imagination in disease is far more active and vivid than it is in health. If you propose to the patient change of air to one place one hour, and to another the next, he has, in each case, immediately constituted himself in imagination the tenant of the place, gone over the whole premises in idea, and you have tired him as much by displacing his imagination, as if you had actually carried him over both places.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00263", "bookId": 12439, "start": 91272, "end": 91722, "sha256": "41d323efdcf4c3fcb923c20712af00ebd4bfc77ec2694c20333d41d1569304fc", "text": "Above all, leave the sick room quickly and come into it quickly, not suddenly, not with a rush. But don't let the patient be wearily waiting for when you will be out of the room or when you will be in it. Conciseness and decision in your movements, as well as your words, are necessary in the sick room, as necessary as absence of hurry and bustle. To possess yourself entirely will ensure you from either failing--either loitering or hurrying.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00264", "bookId": 12439, "start": 91728, "end": 91779, "sha256": "8a936676c3b5121cb47481496e1b81d51af8dbed0657473d8503ee08723c6ed3", "text": "[Sidenote: What a patient must not have to see to.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00265", "bookId": 12439, "start": 91783, "end": 92122, "sha256": "8dff72ff3b692199d1ef81a30e0e507dfc9dfd40a04ffff43b01eaf35f6dc772", "text": "If a patient has to see, not only to his own but also to his nurse's punctuality, or perseverance, or readiness, or calmness, to any or all of these things, he is far better without that nurse than with her-- however valuable and handy her services may otherwise be to him, and however incapable he may be of rendering them to himself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00266", "bookId": 12439, "start": 92128, "end": 92154, "sha256": "8c543284493838d7ea86d976919e8baefc5386a9768e999c25f9abead7c9f3fd", "text": "[Sidenote: Reading aloud.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00267", "bookId": 12439, "start": 92158, "end": 92814, "sha256": "d76ce957c13bc8fb930e0cc1f2c078aae6a65021ccbf58faa0a41a31d183b403", "text": "With regard to reading aloud in the sick room, my experience is, that when the sick are too ill to read to themselves, they can seldom bear to be read to. Children, eye-patients, and uneducated persons are exceptions, or where there is any mechanical difficulty in reading. People who like to be read to, have generally not much the matter with them; while in fevers, or where there is much irritability of brain, the effort of listening to reading aloud has often brought on delirium. I speak with great diffidence; because there is an almost universal impression that it is _sparing_ the sick to read aloud to them. But two things are certain:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00268", "bookId": 12439, "start": 92820, "end": 92888, "sha256": "02da57613d465ea73cf336d211f41111cdc882059ac1dd6c40ecc4b64e37e47f", "text": "[Sidenote: Read aloud slowly, distinctly, and steadily to the sick.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00269", "bookId": 12439, "start": 92892, "end": 94266, "sha256": "1a0d4ca8af42855572a58a7636127d0f0c35dc3d9d76b34916cc8315cd4e06d7", "text": "(1.) If there is some matter which _must_ be read to a sick person, do it slowly. People often think that the way to get it over with least fatigue to him is to get it over in least time. They gabble; they plunge and gallop through the reading. There never was a greater mistake. Houdin, the conjuror, says that the way to make a story seem short is to tell it slowly. So it is with reading to the sick. I have often heard a patient say to such a mistaken reader, \"Don't read it to me; tell it me.\"[4] Unconsciously he is aware that this will regulate the plunging, the reading with unequal paces, slurring over one part, instead of leaving it out altogether, if it is unimportant, and mumbling another. If the reader lets his own attention wander, and then stops to read up to himself, or finds he has read the wrong bit, then it is all over with the poor patient's chance of not suffering. Very few people know how to read to the sick; very few read aloud as pleasantly even as they speak. In reading they sing, they hesitate, they stammer, they hurry, they mumble; when in speaking they do none of these things. Reading aloud to the sick ought always to be rather slow, and exceedingly distinct, but not mouthing--rather monotonous, but not sing song--rather loud but not noisy--and, above all, not too long. Be very sure of what your patient can bear.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00270", "bookId": 12439, "start": 94272, "end": 94332, "sha256": "ce386fc848d2016358a3130ad2427284e2e168339fde1317d140c7048258002c", "text": "[Sidenote: Never read aloud by fits and starts to the sick.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00271", "bookId": 12439, "start": 94336, "end": 95164, "sha256": "fcfe8aaa3befa7f358e4e2bad640a8e9594e9291a7860038eb08f723a7c63feb", "text": "(2.) The extraordinary habit of reading to oneself in a sick room, and reading aloud to the patient any bits which will amuse him or more often the reader, is unaccountably thoughtless. What _do_ you think the patient is thinking of during your gaps of non-reading? Do you think that he amuses himself upon what you have read for precisely the time it pleases you to go on reading to yourself, and that his attention is ready for something else at precisely the time it pleases you to begin reading again? Whether the person thus read to be sick or well, whether he be doing nothing or doing something else while being thus read to, the self-absorption and want of observation of the person who does it, is equally difficult to understand--although very often the read_ee_ is too amiable to say how much it hurts him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00272", "bookId": 12439, "start": 95170, "end": 95198, "sha256": "b45a6c6867c9a9eebab486a13d75ae979118dc0294afad8252fef2d34d15b07c", "text": "[Sidenote: People overhead.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00273", "bookId": 12439, "start": 95202, "end": 96562, "sha256": "88334b76042c669350a0fd010bfa73f3330e06fd9af5371736da6e84238da8c9", "text": "One thing more:--From, the flimsy manner in which most modern houses are built, where every step on the stairs, and along the floors, is felt all over the house; the higher the story, the greater the vibration. It is inconceivable how much the sick suffer by having anybody overhead. In the solidly built old houses, which, fortunately, most hospitals are, the noise and shaking is comparatively trifling. But it is a serious cause of suffering, in lightly built houses, and with the irritability peculiar to some diseases. Better far put such patients at the top of the house, even with the additional fatigue of stairs, if you cannot secure the room above them being untenanted; you may otherwise bring on a state of restlessness which no opium will subdue. Do not neglect the warning, when a patient tells you that he \"Feels every step above him to cross his heart.\" Remember that every noise a patient cannot _see_ partakes of the character of suddenness to him; and I am persuaded that patients with these peculiarly irritable nerves, are positively less injured by having persons in the same room with them than overhead, or separated by only a thin compartment. Any sacrifice to secure silence for these cases is worth while, because no air, however good, no attendance, however careful, will do anything for such cases without quiet.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00274", "bookId": 12439, "start": 96568, "end": 96586, "sha256": "4b3d9ad0446c8d0b298d73a5ba980ca3668468353c46fcde69b6c846966c19f4", "text": "[Sidenote: Music.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00275", "bookId": 12439, "start": 96590, "end": 97276, "sha256": "20cb0bbce5dd0ab72e45599306f78f90de48489061210244406fbcbb27f3043f", "text": "NOTE.--The effect of music upon the sick has been scarcely at all noticed. In fact, its expensiveness, as it is now, makes any general application of it quite out of the question. I will only remark here, that wind instruments, including the human voice, and stringed instruments, capable of continuous sound, have generally a beneficent effect--while the piano-forte, with such instruments as have _no_ continuity of sound, has just the reverse. The finest piano-forte playing will damage the sick, while an air, like \"Home, sweet home,\" or \"Assisa a piè d'un salice,\" on the most ordinary grinding organ, will sensibly soothe them--and this quite independent of association.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00276", "bookId": 12439, "start": 97282, "end": 97292, "sha256": "55ef8349ad07203ec2cca0f3d97640f57c9e65b07c838ffd97e6bcdc1006aed5", "text": "FOOTNOTES:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00277", "bookId": 12439, "start": 97296, "end": 97339, "sha256": "52c5549b260de71c516488814bb05f069e226fb182e20477db6bd5f381ecae77", "text": "[1] [Sidenote: Burning of the crinolines.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00278", "bookId": 12439, "start": 97343, "end": 97871, "sha256": "aa66da6d144e75d7c990f9d172b3d26ae0975360274c7ca59d116953e3bfa69a", "text": "Fortunate it is if her skirts do not catch fire--and if the nurse does not give herself up a sacrifice together with her patient, to be burnt in her own petticoats. I wish the Registrar-General would tell us the exact number of deaths by burning occasioned by this absurd and hideous custom. But if people will be stupid, let them take measures to protect themselves from their own stupidity--measures which every chemist knows, such as putting alum into starch, which prevents starched articles of dress from blazing up.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00279", "bookId": 12439, "start": 97877, "end": 97917, "sha256": "29ff51d73743ac05be9641cc92f7b5846aaa197fd24a8049472152c13b189d7c", "text": "[Sidenote: Indecency of the crinolines.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00280", "bookId": 12439, "start": 97921, "end": 98269, "sha256": "f662d249740e6c13f21111b8cf1b9898e6313a223dfa64a4ef67917ff98809e6", "text": "I wish, too, that people who wear crinoline could see the indecency of their own dress as other people see it. A respectable elderly woman stooping forward, invested in crinoline, exposes quite as much of her own person to the patient lying in the room as any opera dancer does on the stage. But no one will ever tell her this unpleasant truth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00281", "bookId": 12439, "start": 98273, "end": 98336, "sha256": "70237206a4979b9331766bfe6cfcbf83a45f701e38d56b063fe4d0e788241929", "text": "[2] [Sidenote: Never speak to a patient in the act of moving.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00282", "bookId": 12439, "start": 98340, "end": 99210, "sha256": "1ac7d18feb8723874af2fec30b0534f07f0144f96f6c2b4fc74b835b6944e362", "text": "It is absolutely essential that a nurse should lay this down as a positive rule to herself, never to speak to any patient who is standing or moving, as long as she exercises so little observation as not to know when a patient cannot bear it. I am satisfied that many of the accidents which happen from feeble patients tumbling down stairs, fainting after getting up, &c., happen solely from the nurse popping out of a door to speak to the patient just at that moment; or from his fearing that she will do so. And that if the patient were even left to himself, till he can sit down, such accidents would much seldomer occur. If the nurse accompanies the patient, let her not call upon him to speak. It is incredible that nurses cannot picture to themselves the strain upon the heart, the lungs, and the brain, which the act of moving is to any feeble patient.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00283", "bookId": 12439, "start": 99214, "end": 99286, "sha256": "1791fb0a6923c73abf6edbabbf5dbe61fbf8f3ffb525199ff527fc990980d40c", "text": "[3] [Sidenote: Careless observation of the results of careless Visits.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00284", "bookId": 12439, "start": 99290, "end": 99725, "sha256": "c4229eefc8db7cd9e033afcf424a6d6a27239265dfc3501097924af60ca0744f", "text": "As an old experienced nurse, I do most earnestly deprecate all such careless words. I have known patients delirious all night, after seeing a visitor who called them \"better,\" thought they \"only wanted a little amusement,\" and who came again, saying, \"I hope you were not the worse for my visit,\" neither waiting for an answer, nor even looking at the case. No real patient will ever say, \"Yes, but I was a great deal the worse.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00285", "bookId": 12439, "start": 99729, "end": 100221, "sha256": "adc5ec2a5dd74a7020b27b7011393a71451e62a42afb0bd188a62333908d17cc", "text": "It is not, however, either death or delirium of which, in these cases, there is most danger to the patient. Unperceived consequences are far more likely to ensue. _You_ will have impunity--the poor patient will _not_. That is, the patient will suffer, although neither he nor the inflictor of the injury will attribute it to its real cause. It will not be directly traceable, except by a very careful observant nurse. The patient will often not even mention what has done him most harm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00286", "bookId": 12439, "start": 100225, "end": 100307, "sha256": "229e49cf84da4964ca0af8bef38f14a0feaed4a89ed25e81877aaf72f38cbdf9", "text": "[4] [Sidenote: The sick would rather be told a thing than have it read to them.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00287", "bookId": 12439, "start": 100311, "end": 100462, "sha256": "41ce16328ba68b6f1219e594ba7dd303a2d5570697c4ff25853763d12da21432", "text": "Sick children, if not too shy to speak, will always express this wish. They invariably prefer a story to be _told_ to them, rather than read to them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00288", "bookId": 12439, "start": 100472, "end": 100483, "sha256": "baacda3c7490823123629da496cad6bee56b82ee0f008c4c1ed002f75b77270c", "text": "V. VARIETY.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00289", "bookId": 12439, "start": 100489, "end": 100529, "sha256": "6c5fc94405ef69ddd7bae0c0048fdc2f30e2965ff4e84a40b86ae851f36f59c7", "text": "[Sidenote: Variety a means of recovery.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00290", "bookId": 12439, "start": 100533, "end": 100773, "sha256": "286046bed8f7f8dd64c262ba1c521ea3fada118936a43c8004e4a8db22b7b02f", "text": "To any but an old nurse, or an old patient, the degree would be quite inconceivable to which the nerves of the sick suffer from seeing the same walls, the same ceiling, the same surroundings during a long confinement to one or two rooms.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00291", "bookId": 12439, "start": 100777, "end": 101284, "sha256": "4d772b953687f8c56db19dc6f0f4941cba806dccd1d1caa2e36eb31b5b03b44b", "text": "The superior cheerfulness of persons suffering severe paroxysms of pain over that of persons suffering from nervous debility has often been remarked upon, and attributed to the enjoyment of the former of their intervals of respite. I incline to think that the majority of cheerful cases is to be found among those patients who are not confined to one room, whatever their suffering, and that the majority of depressed cases will be seen among those subjected to a long monotony of objects about them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00292", "bookId": 12439, "start": 101288, "end": 101454, "sha256": "933aebcbbf29a7171740f527e47d8f93929a08aad5fd6677017791629ff6edf9", "text": "The nervous frame really suffers as much from this as the digestive organs from long monotony of diet, as e.g. the soldier from his twenty-one years' \"boiled beef.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00293", "bookId": 12439, "start": 101460, "end": 101506, "sha256": "57094ab0afc0a902b23d8a7c497b0012d6ce61eb37a6a549b2d70315acf67cc9", "text": "[Sidenote: Colour and form means of recovery.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00294", "bookId": 12439, "start": 101510, "end": 101647, "sha256": "9c1e075d6d6f6c0344c4acc0c8abf4f021e35e37310705c4d82239f7ecfb7aeb", "text": "The effect in sickness of beautiful objects, of variety of objects, and especially of brilliancy of colour is hardly at all appreciated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00295", "bookId": 12439, "start": 101651, "end": 102009, "sha256": "cc94537591778f1e70124a703c8882ed0d14a32b41058286543867e2d3bdffe7", "text": "Such cravings are usually called the \"fancies\" of patients. And often doubtless patients have \"fancies,\" as e.g. when they desire two contradictions. But much more often, their (so called) \"fancies\" are the most valuable indications of what is necessary for their recovery. And it would be well if nurses would watch these (so called) \"fancies\" closely.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00296", "bookId": 12439, "start": 102013, "end": 102446, "sha256": "c86fd67233292fa8ab93f786703d72c7cd4eaf35b0d1f09fe8f6c6c9a409bf14", "text": "I have seen, in fevers (and felt, when I was a fever patient myself), the most acute suffering produced from the patient (in a hut) not being able to see out of window, and the knots in the wood being the only view. I shall never forget the rapture of fever patients over a bunch of bright-coloured flowers. I remember (in my own case) a nosegay of wild flowers being sent me, and from that moment recovery becoming more rapid.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00297", "bookId": 12439, "start": 102452, "end": 102481, "sha256": "a4f3213437880263923e087b270b3a6c85a5d8b4e945e2b632711814eb8fb07a", "text": "[Sidenote: This is no fancy.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00298", "bookId": 12439, "start": 102485, "end": 102730, "sha256": "1a265ccf13a7100dc30741800969503e8e5c29a83cef6d6266ad1f81ae933f2e", "text": "People say the effect is only on the mind. It is no such thing. The effect is on the body, too. Little as we know about the way in which we are affected by form, by colour, and light, we do know this, that they have an actual physical effect.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00299", "bookId": 12439, "start": 102734, "end": 102842, "sha256": "e19404d2a44ba282957f2a7b96a9588d31b956bd226f5e6c02e35085c22ccf4b", "text": "Variety of form and brilliancy of colour in the objects presented to patients are actual means of recovery.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00300", "bookId": 12439, "start": 102846, "end": 103136, "sha256": "757b18b8022613738d3e7d82bc0bb767f6cee4865c53824aa98395f3ba418991", "text": "But it must be _slow_ variety, e.g., if you shew a patient ten or twelve engravings successively, ten-to-one that he does not become cold and faint, or feverish, or even sick; but hang one up opposite him, one on each successive day, or week, or month, and he will revel in the variety.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00301", "bookId": 12439, "start": 103142, "end": 103162, "sha256": "9840dd456f62c78fca51b72266e0dc25653b52a614ce167f185e989210fb603b", "text": "[Sidenote: Flowers.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00302", "bookId": 12439, "start": 103166, "end": 103949, "sha256": "f225e6e531c806ce76ef4b617faae75c95e562c3c88fdfeb32e53e6d13a9255c", "text": "The folly and ignorance which reign too often supreme over the sick-room, cannot be better exemplified than by this. While the nurse will leave the patient stewing in a corrupting atmosphere, the best ingredient of which is carbonic acid; she will deny him, on the plea of unhealthiness, a glass of cut-flowers, or a growing plant. Now, no one ever saw \"overcrowding\" by plants in a room or ward. And the carbonic acid they give off at nights would not poison a fly. Nay, in overcrowded rooms, they actually absorb carbonic acid and give off oxygen. Cut-flowers also decompose water and produce oxygen gas. It is true there are certain flowers, e.g. lilies, the smell of which is said to depress the nervous system. These are easily known by the smell, and can be avoided.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00303", "bookId": 12439, "start": 103955, "end": 103990, "sha256": "04e23854c4edff00f5c4e7f80fc8f951849425eed730331c8e4d1104b16c7108", "text": "[Sidenote: Effect of body on mind.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00304", "bookId": 12439, "start": 103994, "end": 104718, "sha256": "d5749a71661c8ca8505a4b95636bd7ac8932cc23239522e1283c6f469328e91a", "text": "Volumes are now written and spoken upon the effect of the mind upon the body. Much of it is true. But I wish a little more was thought of the effect of the body on the mind. You who believe yourselves overwhelmed with anxieties, but are able every day to walk up Regent-street, or out in the country, to take your meals with others in other rooms, &c., &c., you little know how much your anxieties are thereby lightened; you little know how intensified they become to those who can have no change;[1] how the very walls of their sick rooms seem hung with their cares; how the ghosts of their troubles haunt their beds; how impossible it is for them to escape from a pursuing thought without some help from variety.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00305", "bookId": 12439, "start": 104722, "end": 104990, "sha256": "094c68b9112052b31fcfab1fb512714def7c466ad6b0c8b35271da03c8fa5841", "text": "A patient can just as much move his leg when it is fractured as change his thoughts when no external help from variety is given him. This is, indeed, one of the main sufferings of sickness; just as the fixed posture is one of the main sufferings of the broken limb.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00306", "bookId": 12439, "start": 104996, "end": 105045, "sha256": "2910358a4221b7886906260028d7d448e037ea0846f941967be5a67c963b6786", "text": "[Sidenote: Help the sick to vary their thoughts.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00307", "bookId": 12439, "start": 105049, "end": 105564, "sha256": "46aba42e83d68bcc8eca375c9ed7f331e30f885adaaf11524bd072e37555bb0b", "text": "It is an ever recurring wonder to see educated people, who call themselves nurses, acting thus. They vary their own objects, their own employments, many times a day; and while nursing (!) some bed-ridden sufferer, they let him lie there staring at a dead wall, without any change of object to enable him to vary his thoughts; and it never even occurs to them, at least to move his bed so that he can look out of window. No, the bed is to be always left in the darkest, dullest, remotest, part of the room.[2]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00308", "bookId": 12439, "start": 105568, "end": 106167, "sha256": "e7972199ad93eda3ea5b3fa12c002fe1dff841329ecde741cebc2cf0aea51879", "text": "I think it is a very common error among the well to think that \"with a little more self-control\" the sick might, if they choose, \"dismiss painful thoughts\" which \"aggravate their disease,\" &c. Believe me, almost _any_ sick person, who behaves decently well, exercises more self-control every moment of his day than you will ever know till you are sick yourself. Almost every step that crosses his room is painful to him; almost every thought that crosses his brain is painful to him: and if he can speak without being savage, and look without being unpleasant, he is exercising self-control.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00309", "bookId": 12439, "start": 106171, "end": 106451, "sha256": "b60edf9869584b73f4022eb3a6ea31ec240d58da6c3f3bfb3c7e8e7dcf96bcbc", "text": "Suppose you have been up all night, and instead of being allowed to have your cup of tea, you were to be told that you ought to \"exercise self-control,\" what should you say? Now, the nerves of the sick are always in the state that yours are in after you have been up all night.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00310", "bookId": 12439, "start": 106457, "end": 106516, "sha256": "c4de03d445038b7e0711dce89bf9688718436d8b270151c62b97ce27def06a27", "text": "[Sidenote: Supply to the sick the defect of manual labour.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00311", "bookId": 12439, "start": 106520, "end": 107007, "sha256": "af6fdab294249d2bbe28f1af37f5d2b8f4e86f4f0ac6d852049239898d21599d", "text": "We will suppose the diet of the sick to be cared for. Then, this state of nerves is most frequently to be relieved by care in affording them a pleasant view, a judicious variety as to flowers,[3] and pretty things. Light by itself will often relieve it. The craving for \"the return of day,\" which the sick so constantly evince, is generally nothing but the desire for light, the remembrance of the relief which a variety of objects before the eye affords to the harassed sick mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00312", "bookId": 12439, "start": 107011, "end": 107416, "sha256": "8c8634264cfe083dbaf98765fcdac668431c46d7557fbe17a5970dbcfd175690", "text": "Again, every man and every woman has some amount of manual employment, excepting a few fine ladies, who do not even dress themselves, and who are virtually in the same category, as to nerves, as the sick. Now, you can have no idea of the relief which manual labour is to you--of the degree to which the deprivation of manual employment increases the peculiar irritability from which many sick suffer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00313", "bookId": 12439, "start": 107420, "end": 107893, "sha256": "b47c9116cae474f2d813235ca61579d8790e040ac016d83d0efc6269d33dc328", "text": "A little needle-work, a little writing, a little cleaning, would be the greatest relief the sick could have, if they could do it; these _are_ the greatest relief to you, though you do not know it. Reading, though it is often the only thing the sick can do, is not this relief. Bearing this in mind, bearing in mind that you have all these varieties of employment which the sick cannot have, bear also in mind to obtain for them all the varieties which they can enjoy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00314", "bookId": 12439, "start": 107897, "end": 108119, "sha256": "e97546fc3c9457febdef6d08f985eceec3bc6d74a8d76603cb652d8caca3c3ce", "text": "I need hardly say that I am well aware that excess in needle-work, in writing, in any other continuous employment, will produce the same irritability that defect in manual employment (as one cause) produces in the sick.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00315", "bookId": 12439, "start": 108125, "end": 108135, "sha256": "55ef8349ad07203ec2cca0f3d97640f57c9e65b07c838ffd97e6bcdc1006aed5", "text": "FOOTNOTES:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00316", "bookId": 12439, "start": 108139, "end": 108213, "sha256": "85ef8e05c6eb35adcfcfd4ca7303b216f0f9860994d0b92e55a5292bb892b21c", "text": "[1] [Sidenote: Sick suffer to excess from mental as well as bodily pain.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00317", "bookId": 12439, "start": 108217, "end": 108991, "sha256": "1cf5a4bfd061e92c9f10c58d1491ebb8043b8547fac830643bf4f2d9eba2e116", "text": "It is a matter of painful wonder to the sick themselves, how much painful ideas predominate over pleasurable ones in their impressions; they reason with themselves; they think themselves ungrateful; it is all of no use. The fact is, that these painful impressions are far better dismissed by a real laugh, if you can excite one by books or conversation, than by any direct reasoning; or if the patient is too weak to laugh, some impression from nature is what he wants. I have mentioned the cruelty of letting him stare at a dead wall. In many diseases, especially in convalescence from fever, that wall will appear to make all sorts of faces at him; now flowers never do this. Form, colour, will free your patient from his painful ideas better than any argument.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00318", "bookId": 12439, "start": 108997, "end": 109066, "sha256": "c75e0f65312b72673f783325076123b167bfed20bbd61924f223064f1b97f677", "text": "[2] [Sidenote: Desperate desire in the sick to \"see out of window.\"]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00319", "bookId": 12439, "start": 109070, "end": 110175, "sha256": "9200e5b92ba35a8b9b6ddcec759838135cf2cb63fbe1a3df57e6a43c4dbd77e4", "text": "I remember a case in point. A man received an injury to the spine, from an accident, which after a long confinement ended in death. He was a workman--had not in his composition a single grain of what is called \"enthusiasm for nature\"--but he was desperate to \"see once more out of window.\" His nurse actually got him on her back, and managed to perch him up at the window for an instant, \"to see out.\" The consequence to the poor nurse was a serious illness, which nearly proved fatal. The man never knew it; but a great many other people did. Yet the consequence in none of their minds, so far as I know, was the conviction that the craving for variety in the starving eye, is just as desperate as that of food in the starving stomach, and tempts the famishing creature in either case to steal for its satisfaction. No other word will express it but \"desperation.\" And it sets the seal of ignorance and stupidity just as much on the governors and attendants of the sick if they do not provide the sick-bed with a \"view\" of some kind, as if they did not provide the hospital with a kitchen.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00320", "bookId": 12439, "start": 110179, "end": 110222, "sha256": "547fd95c979dd4ceab16be2133eae615f7c2d04fd3b482c68b4151d3434602ba", "text": "[3] [Sidenote: Physical effect of colour.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00321", "bookId": 12439, "start": 110226, "end": 110378, "sha256": "cac354179ea7627bcb7294a1d97588b999ac05f526cdd57ff9c783834d427fb6", "text": "No one who has watched the sick can doubt the fact, that some feel stimulus from looking at scarlet flowers, exhaustion from looking at deep blue, &c.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00322", "bookId": 12439, "start": 110388, "end": 110404, "sha256": "2eb2fcc3a9f72deb363014abf5bd0f378ddc7cd09c0f7fa86f38062ee10f98ff", "text": "VI. TAKING FOOD.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00323", "bookId": 12439, "start": 110410, "end": 110464, "sha256": "851ae3ad57652f18c2603eea4f5ac50fd5cfd5798123252224a8bcf4431a6cbf", "text": "[Sidenote: Want of attention to hours of taking food.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00324", "bookId": 12439, "start": 110468, "end": 110894, "sha256": "f871425e8b6771ca6cc0db8ca26a160ae2e1e4093cb381d84764ba0526fa8dd5", "text": "Every careful observer of the sick will agree in this that thousands of patients are annually starved in the midst of plenty, from want of attention to the ways which alone make it possible for them to take food. This want of attention is as remarkable in those who urge upon the sick to do what is quite impossible to them, as in the sick themselves who will not make the effort to do what is perfectly possible to them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00325", "bookId": 12439, "start": 110898, "end": 111819, "sha256": "8635256a7c4c54b3fb300fdefd11535c329b357d1ad1c62066264434365a63eb", "text": "For instance, to the large majority of very weak patients it is quite impossible to take any solid food before 11 A.M., nor then, if their strength is still further exhausted by fasting till that hour. For weak patients have generally feverish nights and, in the morning, dry mouths; and, if they could eat with those dry mouths, it would be the worse for them. A spoonful of beef-tea, of arrowroot and wine, of egg flip, every hour, will give them the requisite nourishment, and prevent them from being too much exhausted to take at a later hour the solid food, which is necessary for their recovery. And every patient who can swallow at all can swallow these liquid things, if he chooses. But how often do we hear a mutton-chop, an egg, a bit of bacon, ordered to a patient for breakfast, to whom (as a moment's consideration would show us) it must be quite impossible to masticate such things at that hour.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00326", "bookId": 12439, "start": 111823, "end": 112067, "sha256": "9df89d662d1f0a017212024dfb145ea98cd82542801bc89e3059ef4757be7897", "text": "Again, a nurse is ordered to give a patient a tea-cup full of some article of food every three hours. The patient's stomach rejects it. If so, try a table-spoon full every hour; if this will not do, a tea-spoon full every quarter of an hour.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00327", "bookId": 12439, "start": 112071, "end": 112453, "sha256": "199e57cc86eaa72e1d1d724cd940451ee47b98427264d603b6c7e945eb588c7d", "text": "I am bound to say, that I think more patients are lost by want of care and ingenuity in these momentous minutiae in private nursing than in public hospitals. And I think there is more of the _entente cordiale_ to assist one another's hands between the doctor and his head nurse in the latter institutions, than between the doctor and the patient's friends in the private house.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00328", "bookId": 12439, "start": 112459, "end": 112516, "sha256": "343f88e4ef6ca3ed58ecf0eb0fcc0205108339e98b3deb4b50bf22c151709c74", "text": "[Sidenote: Life often hangs upon minutes in taking food.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00329", "bookId": 12439, "start": 112520, "end": 113402, "sha256": "7c8971977cb95ed96497777d34a7ad191dfe2a4b03cf496b98895b477954e89b", "text": "If we did but know the consequences which may ensue, in very weak patients, from ten minutes' fasting or repletion (I call it repletion when they are obliged to let too small an interval elapse between taking food and some other exertion, owing to the nurse's unpunctuality), we should be more careful never to let this occur. In very weak patients there is often a nervous difficulty of swallowing, which is so much increased by any other call upon their strength that, unless they have their food punctually at the minute, which minute again must be arranged so as to fall in with no other minute's occupation, they can take nothing till the next respite occurs--so that an unpunctuality or delay of ten minutes may very well turn out to be one of two or three hours. And why is it not as easy to be punctual to a minute? Life often literally hangs upon these minutes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00330", "bookId": 12439, "start": 113406, "end": 113778, "sha256": "171ecbd4de31ef3e609eda4e66e1961e7a3e9da194d1036bc335ae2ffa32d664", "text": "In acute cases, where life or death is to be determined in a few hours, these matters are very generally attended to, especially in Hospitals; and the number of cases is large where the patient is, as it were, brought back to life by exceeding care on the part of the Doctor or Nurse, or both, in ordering and giving nourishment with minute selection and punctuality.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00331", "bookId": 12439, "start": 113784, "end": 113845, "sha256": "d116bf1c6668a793a8a7127f2ce185440736894c525e9d6edb8109861c842588", "text": "[Sidenote: Patients often starved to death in chronic cases.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00332", "bookId": 12439, "start": 113849, "end": 114522, "sha256": "0235743413cb352e45878e21af4ea11e4ca3db0d0f4ea69bb61f9518b95fa6b1", "text": "But in chronic cases, lasting over months and years, where the fatal issue is often determined at last by mere protracted starvation, I had rather not enumerate the instances which I have known where a little ingenuity, and a great deal of perseverance, might, in all probability, have averted the result. The consulting the hours when the patient can take food, the observation of the times, often varying, when he is most faint, the altering seasons of taking food, in order to anticipate and prevent such times--all this, which requires observation, ingenuity, and perseverance (and these really constitute the good Nurse), might save more lives than we wot of.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00333", "bookId": 12439, "start": 114528, "end": 114584, "sha256": "358206d35b6e573fadb31bb364e9c52d7f2d58e7541385dc18356a5bd8e18029", "text": "[Sidenote: Food never to be left by the patient's side.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00334", "bookId": 12439, "start": 114588, "end": 115088, "sha256": "94ec3658f3ba680cf5db2c6ebebcc9db21c48c7ff7ea6fc22ae3a1143b639216", "text": "To leave the patient's untasted food by his side, from meal to meal, in hopes that he will eat it in the interval is simply to prevent him from taking any food at all. I have known patients literally incapacitated from taking one article of food after another, by this piece of ignorance. Let the food come at the right time, and be taken away, eaten or uneaten, at the right time; but never let a patient have \"something always standing\" by him, if you don't wish to disgust him of everything.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00335", "bookId": 12439, "start": 115092, "end": 115494, "sha256": "f86aad4231b3a0f82f06b54e0ebd35c57c2b1854fd57c47e25fbff1344d55fa2", "text": "On the other hand, I have known a patient's life saved (he was sinking for want of food) by the simple question, put to him by the doctor, \"But is there no hour when you feel you could eat?\" \"Oh, yes,\" he said, \"I could always take something at ---- o'clock and ---- o'clock.\" The thing was tried and succeeded. Patients very seldom, however, can tell this; it is for you to watch and find it out.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00336", "bookId": 12439, "start": 115500, "end": 115562, "sha256": "83aa13e7a9068b5ac965597bb63aa83ced858c622ec8ce012f75c4e41afe8153", "text": "[Sidenote: Patient had better not see more food than his own.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00337", "bookId": 12439, "start": 115566, "end": 115893, "sha256": "55806933658ac746ecffe3dd3659bf0d3ee0836ca5d4bc3af956b060b6d07210", "text": "A patient should, if possible, not see or smell either the food of others, or a greater amount of food than he himself can consume at one time, or even hear food talked about or see it in the raw state. I know of no exception to the above rule. The breaking of it always induces a greater or less incapacity of taking food.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00338", "bookId": 12439, "start": 115897, "end": 116550, "sha256": "6898e80ae912cb11df3442a6a334e27af0588f2ca68f2e81c23975215897dd1a", "text": "In hospital wards it is of course impossible to observe all this; and in single wards, where a patient must be continuously and closely watched, it is frequently impossible to relieve the attendant, so that his or her own meals can be taken out of the ward. But it is not the less true that, in such cases, even where the patient is not himself aware of it, his possibility of taking food is limited by seeing the attendant eating meals under his observation. In some cases the sick are aware of it, and complain. A case where the patient was supposed to be insensible, but complained as soon as able to speak, is now present to my recollection.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00339", "bookId": 12439, "start": 116554, "end": 116948, "sha256": "33e774b2d8a727d07c9d9a4534e2a0bbbf9a5499a4dfdfdb48d079252d0dc934", "text": "Remember, however, that the extreme punctuality in well-ordered hospitals, the rule that nothing shall be done in the ward while the patients are having their meals, go far to counterbalance what unavoidable evil there is in having patients together. I have often seen the private nurse go on dusting or fidgeting about in a sick room all the while the patient is eating, or trying to eat.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00340", "bookId": 12439, "start": 116952, "end": 117162, "sha256": "797263fea4252576d8bd57b49dd82d47ec08d123cb21068f143d03465cf807f2", "text": "That the more alone an invalid can be when taking food, the better, is unquestionable; and, even if he must be fed, the nurse should not allow him to talk, or talk to him, especially about food, while eating.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00341", "bookId": 12439, "start": 117166, "end": 117594, "sha256": "68cafadd70fc523e4bf9a51953f4ebb2dc88f45f478d92bb0419ea79d39bd77e", "text": "When a person is compelled, by the pressure of occupation, to continue his business while sick, it ought to be a rule WITHOUT ANY EXCEPTION WHATEVER, that no one shall bring business to him or talk to him while he is taking food, nor go on talking to him on interesting subjects up to the last moment before his meals, nor make an engagement with him immediately after, so that there be any hurry of mind while taking them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00342", "bookId": 12439, "start": 117598, "end": 117810, "sha256": "86544d411e3a40c06e9d9c70ed8a8c3b80f81b09959ea703437718dd2a3138d4", "text": "Upon the observance of these rules, especially the first, often depends the patient's capability of taking food at all, or, if he is amiable and forces himself to take food, of deriving any nourishment from it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00343", "bookId": 12439, "start": 117816, "end": 117881, "sha256": "b8e5999b8838b0a1a5e3fbf9f116fd44eb3f074e8cf25660f827b8c96e3cbdaa", "text": "[Sidenote: You cannot be too careful as to quality in sick diet.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00344", "bookId": 12439, "start": 117885, "end": 118519, "sha256": "7da3da289cfaef99395627089f3b772bc7830d5753e2d50a4f3c702613a4f5f2", "text": "A nurse should never put before a patient milk that is sour, meat or soup that is turned, an egg that is bad, or vegetables underdone. Yet often I have seen these things brought in to the sick in a state perfectly perceptible to every nose or eye except the nurse's. It is here that the clever nurse appears; she will not bring in the peccant article, but, not to disappoint the patient, she will whip up something else in a few minutes. Remember that sick cookery should half do the work of your poor patient's weak digestion. But if you further impair it with your bad articles, I know not what is to become of him or of it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00345", "bookId": 12439, "start": 118523, "end": 119729, "sha256": "f8cf6200ec55ea38111c3087d47294a52ce5cd6be61ea454402c5b224c8bd52c", "text": "If the nurse is an intelligent being, and not a mere carrier of diets to and from the patient, let her exercise her intelligence in these things. How often we have known a patient eat nothing at all in the day, because one meal was left untasted (at that time he was incapable of eating), at another the milk was sour, the third was spoiled by some other accident. And it never occurred to the nurse to extemporize some expedient,--it never occurred to her that as he had had no solid food that day he might eat a bit of toast (say) with his tea in the evening, or he might have some meal an hour earlier. A patient who cannot touch his dinner at two, will often accept it gladly, if brought to him at seven. But somehow nurses never \"think of these things.\" One would imagine they did not consider themselves bound to exercise their judgment; they leave it to the patient. Now I am quite sure that it is better for a patient rather to suffer these neglects than to try to teach his nurse to nurse him, if she does not know how. It ruffles him, and if he is ill he is in no condition to teach, especially upon himself. The above remarks apply much more to private nursing than to hospitals.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00346", "bookId": 12439, "start": 119735, "end": 119810, "sha256": "fe1d620f8f515735b74a73eaec0d4aead0c285fe194a25a12b2047223d737f1f", "text": "[Sidenote: Nurse must have some rule of thought about her patient's diet.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00347", "bookId": 12439, "start": 119814, "end": 120557, "sha256": "16302fc65f47cdac0d2bc21b67d5b87845a094f3cd9673e20276ec312f0e9516", "text": "I would say to the nurse, have a rule of thought about your patient's diet; consider, remember how much he has had, and how much he ought to have to-day. Generally, the only rule of the private patient's diet is what the nurse has to give. It is true she cannot give him what she has not got; but his stomach does not wait for her convenience, or even her necessity.[1] If it is used to having its stimulus at one hour to-day, and to-morrow it does not have it, because she has failed in getting it, he will suffer. She must be always exercising her ingenuity to supply defects, and to remedy accidents which will happen among the best contrivers, but from which the patient does not suffer the less, because \"they cannot be helped.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00348", "bookId": 12439, "start": 120563, "end": 120614, "sha256": "d8977bbc53513f2e17abcebad863904da4e0902d2c83a1e9dbd6d9f8f75827d0", "text": "[Sidenote: Keep your patient's cup dry underneath.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00349", "bookId": 12439, "start": 120618, "end": 121128, "sha256": "9390d304f9cd9c88294c2c54337fea2c59f29e99585fad04c1bd15b81a4965a5", "text": "One very minute caution,--take care not to spill into your patient's saucer, in other words, take care that the outside bottom rim of his cup shall be quite dry and clean; if, every time he lifts his cup to his lips, he has to carry the saucer with it, or else to drop the liquid upon, and to soil his sheet, or his bed-gown, or pillow, or if he is sitting up, his dress, you have no idea what a difference this minute want of care on your part makes to his comfort and even to his willingness for food.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00350", "bookId": 12439, "start": 121134, "end": 121221, "sha256": "5c3e34abb1f27eb0f9e3b1ee7529fc0387ce441a36164a183c34c1afca2f3208", "text": "FOOTNOTE: [1] [Sidenote: Nurse must have some rule of time about the patient's diet.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00351", "bookId": 12439, "start": 121225, "end": 121883, "sha256": "3466319d2b8530156f974c39612db552cfe44e34717c2e3c1538560505ffb86c", "text": "Why, because the nurse has not got some food to-day which the patient takes, can the patient wait four hours for food to-day, who could not wait two hours yesterday? Yet this is the only logic one generally hears. On the other hand, the other logic, viz., of the nurse giving a patient a thing because she _has_ got it, is equally fatal. If she happens to have fresh jelly, or fresh fruit, she will frequently give it to the patient half an hour after his dinner, or at his dinner, when he cannot possibly eat that and the broth too--or worse still, leave it by his bed-side till he is so sickened with the sight of it, that he cannot eat it at all.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00352", "bookId": 12439, "start": 121893, "end": 121908, "sha256": "f62d45ef9a7de1f2cd303296dd460de3488524e955e0296cc837118fd0328afd", "text": "VII. WHAT FOOD?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00353", "bookId": 12439, "start": 121914, "end": 121948, "sha256": "77120f8b5d8c212574b7dcb175437d441b16a26f971ac3e4feb12783435eaf49", "text": "[Sidenote: Common errors in diet.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00354", "bookId": 12439, "start": 121952, "end": 121973, "sha256": "3844fc0fb1530f523e8d885697ec287960fd11d9f52e4b0712becfa45a88ed31", "text": "[Sidenote: Beef tea.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00355", "bookId": 12439, "start": 121977, "end": 121994, "sha256": "f492f73aeb4d94b93ef4f9d0b16fd78c2a7fe93418546c0fffd839aa95ef7702", "text": "[Sidenote: Eggs.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00356", "bookId": 12439, "start": 121998, "end": 122034, "sha256": "819b4d4b552e52671c154d6ff0db907031c1b5f34aa5dacb48f72bfb702a675b", "text": "[Sidenote: Meat without vegetables.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00357", "bookId": 12439, "start": 122038, "end": 122060, "sha256": "e2c70e484d12f95b038590517738b3f68498cef17891db7b8bcdbf8be1dd1dd5", "text": "[Sidenote: Arrowroot.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00358", "bookId": 12439, "start": 122064, "end": 123920, "sha256": "f45daf31349845878076a5fb9a418a8e4af55bbdd3eea839ebe22c0d5dd3e06c", "text": "I will mention one or two of the most common errors among women in charge of sick respecting sick diet. One is the belief that beef tea is the most nutritive of all articles. Now, just try and boil down a lb. of beef into beef tea, evaporate your beef tea, and see what is left of your beef. You will find that there is barely a teaspoonful of solid nourishment to half a pint of water in beef tea;--nevertheless there is a certain reparative quality in it, we do not know what, as there is in tea;--but it may safely be given in almost any inflammatory disease, and is as little to be depended upon with the healthy or convalescent where much nourishment is required. Again, it is an ever ready saw that an egg is equivalent to a lb. of meat,--whereas it is not at all so. Also, it is seldom noticed with how many patients, particularly of nervous or bilious temperament, eggs disagree. All puddings made with eggs, are distasteful to them in consequence. An egg, whipped up with wine, is often the only form in which they can take this kind of nourishment. Again, if the patient has attained to eating meat, it is supposed that to give him meat is the only thing needful for his recovery; whereas scorbutic sores have been actually known to appear among sick persons living in the midst of plenty in England, which could be traced to no other source than this, viz.: that the nurse, depending on meat alone, had allowed the patient to be without vegetables for a considerable time, these latter being so badly cooked that he always left them untouched. Arrowroot is another grand dependence of the nurse. As a vehicle for wine, and as a restorative quickly prepared, it is all very well. But it is nothing but starch and water. Flour is both more nutritive, and less liable to ferment, and is preferable wherever it can be used.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00359", "bookId": 12439, "start": 123926, "end": 123962, "sha256": "7ee8b3507af4451a9c25f3bf3fbabf3fbc219aae7793f37c2aab9b1294c4d9a0", "text": "[Sidenote: Milk, butter, cream, &c.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00360", "bookId": 12439, "start": 123966, "end": 124898, "sha256": "98aa8584441a6f74cdfd45ecf0321b47c1d6a2fb9dcf182a71f76e20c6b6b82c", "text": "Again, milk and the preparations from milk, are a most important article of food for the sick. Butter is the lightest kind of animal fat, and though it wants the sugar and some of the other elements which there are in milk, yet it is most valuable both in itself and in enabling the patient to eat more bread. Flour, oats, groats, barley, and their kind, are, as we have already said, preferable in all their preparations to all the preparations of arrowroot, sago, tapioca, and their kind. Cream, in many long chronic diseases, is quite irreplaceable by any other article whatever. It seems to act in the same manner as beef tea, and to most it is much easier of digestion than milk. In fact, it seldom disagrees. Cheese is not usually digestible by the sick, but it is pure nourishment for repairing waste; and I have seen sick, and not a few either, whose craving for cheese shewed how much it was needed by them.[1]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00361", "bookId": 12439, "start": 124902, "end": 125863, "sha256": "cc7870b7097731eb1306a97789f4c43082774c5c6577d34660daef2e98c67f40", "text": "But, if fresh milk is so valuable a food for the sick, the least change or sourness in it, makes it of all articles, perhaps, the most injurious; diarrhoea is a common result of fresh milk allowed to become at all sour. The nurse therefore ought to exercise her utmost care in this. In large institutions for the sick, even the poorest, the utmost care is exercised. Wenham Lake ice is used for this express purpose every summer, while the private patient, perhaps, never tastes a drop of milk that is not sour, all through the hot weather, so little does the private nurse understand the necessity of such care. Yet, if you consider that the only drop of real nourishment in your patient's tea is the drop of milk, and how much almost all English patients depend upon their tea, you will see the great importance of not depriving your patient of this drop of milk. Buttermilk, a totally different thing, is often very useful, especially in fevers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00362", "bookId": 12439, "start": 125869, "end": 125894, "sha256": "36cbb3e7713633859b16c5b3240c8ab7a56c3759d007247316cbbc62cfa94c49", "text": "[Sidenote: Sweet things.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00363", "bookId": 12439, "start": 125898, "end": 127152, "sha256": "c35e6ae8c40ecbcd85bc401540794b1ce3d65f130286e0eb23a43402f19dfc3b", "text": "In laying down rules of diet, by the amounts of \"solid nutriment\" in different kinds of food, it is constantly lost sight of what the patient requires to repair his waste, what he can take and what he can't. You cannot diet a patient from a book, you cannot make up the human body as you would make up a prescription,--so many parts \"carboniferous,\" so many parts \"nitrogenous\" will constitute a perfect diet for the patient. The nurse's observation here will materially assist the doctor--the patient's \"fancies\" will materially assist the nurse. For instance, sugar is one of the most nutritive of all articles, being pure carbon, and is particularly recommended in some books. But the vast majority of all patients in England, young and old, male and female, rich and poor, hospital and private, dislike sweet things,--and while I have never known a person take to sweets when he was ill who disliked them when he was well, I have known many fond of them when in health, who in sickness would leave off anything sweet, even to sugar in tea,--sweet puddings, sweet drinks, are their aversion; the furred tongue almost always likes what is sharp or pungent. Scorbutic patients are an exception, they often crave for sweetmeats and jams.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00364", "bookId": 12439, "start": 127158, "end": 127176, "sha256": "d075cea13b9ce78a15bf86d4ca49b21271910923ef5176a20dbb8037d75311d2", "text": "[Sidenote: Jelly.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00365", "bookId": 12439, "start": 127180, "end": 127909, "sha256": "ed45849f5909ab2b6e8dabd6ea9307c80177fe7e69ca4a3d0739bc6e57239d1f", "text": "Jelly is another article of diet in great favour with nurses and friends of the sick; even if it could be eaten solid, it would not nourish, but it is simply the height of folly to take 1/8 oz. of gelatine and make it into a certain bulk by dissolving it in water and then to give it to the sick, as if the mere bulk represented nourishment. It is now known that jelly does not nourish, that it has a tendency to produce diarrhoea,-- and to trust to it to repair the waste of a diseased constitution is simply to starve the sick under the guise of feeding them. If 100 spoonfuls of jelly were given in the course of the day, you would have given one spoonful of gelatine, which spoonful has no nutritive power whatever.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00366", "bookId": 12439, "start": 127913, "end": 128204, "sha256": "aa161d50343aa4ba76b57f8583aba29f9cf71c348579293affab31baaf806595", "text": "And, nevertheless, gelatine contains a large quantity of nitrogen, which is one of the most powerful elements in nutrition; on the other hand, beef tea may be chosen as an illustration of great nutrient power in sickness, co-existing with a very small amount of solid nitrogenous matter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00367", "bookId": 12439, "start": 128210, "end": 128230, "sha256": "a0e56c17ebfa91bc1f58c063c6c438cf6e45068b907ece160b74dd14bb34e5f5", "text": "[Sidenote: Beef tea]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00368", "bookId": 12439, "start": 128234, "end": 129000, "sha256": "5662765475f619a445a62ae529eed206f79489eccdaae0f54839e3e0e112fe5a", "text": "Dr. Christison says that \"every one will be struck with the readiness with which\" certain classes of \"patients will often take diluted meat juice or beef tea repeatedly, when they refuse all other kinds of food.\" This is particularly remarkable in \"cases of gastric fever, in which,\" he says, \"little or nothing else besides beef tea or diluted meat juice\" has been taken for weeks or even months, \"and yet a pint of beef tea contains scarcely 1/4 oz. of anything but water,\"--the result is so striking that he asks what is its mode of action? \"Not simply nutrient-- 1/4 oz. of the most nutritive material cannot nearly replace the daily wear and tear of the tissues in any circumstances. Possibly,\" he says, \"it belongs to a new denomination of remedies.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00369", "bookId": 12439, "start": 129004, "end": 129182, "sha256": "aaf802576b91331a117724aff5cdb891805b2a6d1dd15f023b69105ee3795cf2", "text": "It has been observed that a small quantity of beef tea added to other articles of nutrition augments their power out of all proportion to the additional amount of solid matter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00370", "bookId": 12439, "start": 129186, "end": 129394, "sha256": "f03e475693e098c05b5274c8b618beedf4870d378b13316421a446d7a68ed678", "text": "The reason why jelly should be innutritious and beef tea nutritious to the sick, is a secret yet undiscovered, but it clearly shows that careful observation of the sick is the only clue to the best dietary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00371", "bookId": 12439, "start": 129400, "end": 129462, "sha256": "f22a9f6a43d26a83c36d3ea38eea5f4a340f5e4b5ec8f6f293d63993c35b24dd", "text": "[Sidenote: Observation, not chemistry, must decide sick diet.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00372", "bookId": 12439, "start": 129466, "end": 130506, "sha256": "c78bd5d8b561e39807d130a4d4d2f8e24e600261bc21095267f11ce7be6bfbd3", "text": "Chemistry has as yet afforded little insight into the dieting of sick. All that chemistry can tell us is the amount of \"carboniferous\" or \"nitrogenous\" elements discoverable in different dietetic articles. It has given us lists of dietetic substances, arranged in the order of their richness in one or other of these principles; but that is all. In the great majority of cases, the stomach of the patient is guided by other principles of selection than merely the amount of carbon or nitrogen in the diet. No doubt, in this as in other things, nature has very definite rules for her guidance, but these rules can only be ascertained by the most careful observation at the bedside. She there teaches us that living chemistry, the chemistry of reparation, is something different from the chemistry of the laboratory. Organic chemistry is useful, as all knowledge is, when we come face to face with nature; but it by no means follows that we should learn in the laboratory any one of the reparative processes going on in disease.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00373", "bookId": 12439, "start": 130510, "end": 131383, "sha256": "36ebc2b2b5eb72707384432fcd68b786713423707e4b4800c47e0bcd94003156", "text": "Again, the nutritive power of milk and of the preparations from milk, is very much undervalued; there is nearly as much nourishment in half a pint of milk as there is in a quarter of a lb. of meat. But this is not the whole question or nearly the whole. The main question is what the patient's stomach can assimilate or derive nourishment from, and of this the patient's stomach is the sole judge. Chemistry cannot tell this. The patient's stomach must be its own chemist. The diet which will keep the healthy man healthy, will kill the sick one. The same beef which is the most nutritive of all meat and which nourishes the healthy man, is the least nourishing of all food to the sick man, whose half-dead stomach can _assimilate_ no part of it, that is, make no food out of it. On a diet of beef tea healthy men on the other hand speedily lose their strength.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00374", "bookId": 12439, "start": 131389, "end": 131417, "sha256": "f9b9c3b5a9f4b80b8c2cd68178bc4a676b3cf68cacb235277077d06ba31f7327", "text": "[Sidenote: Home-made bread.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00375", "bookId": 12439, "start": 131421, "end": 131744, "sha256": "1d9498d2e648e111a814858e451101c10bb18bcfed59a06066664ffab3e5e569", "text": "I have known patients live for many months without touching bread, because they could not eat baker's bread. These were mostly country patients, but not all. Home-made bread or brown bread is a most important article of diet for many patients. The use of aperients may be entirely superseded by it. Oat cake is another.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00376", "bookId": 12439, "start": 131750, "end": 131832, "sha256": "11232d7bfbe280cdb90d848f3ce9a509446b19df88399deb906527b6d5b0d1ba", "text": "[Sidenote: Sound observation has scarcely yet been brought to bear on sick diet.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00377", "bookId": 12439, "start": 131836, "end": 132111, "sha256": "412f0c672305f55a3229e5ddc52e8a1037ab86030988ca19bb6026eeda0f4ae4", "text": "To watch for the opinions, then, which the patient's stomach gives, rather than to read \"analyses of foods,\" is the business of all those who have to settle what the patient is to eat--perhaps the most important thing to be provided for him after the air he is to breathe.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00378", "bookId": 12439, "start": 132115, "end": 132691, "sha256": "08f3670b4be6f7031777af31721a782bbbd3e288d8a5ca5c6e0594bc3421f6ee", "text": "Now the medical man who sees the patient only once a day or even only once or twice a week, cannot possibly tell this without the assistance of the patient himself, or of those who are in constant observation on the patient. The utmost the medical man can tell is whether the patient is weaker or stronger at this visit than he was at the last visit. I should therefore say that incomparably the most important office of the nurse, after she has taken care of the patient's air, is to take care to observe the effect of his food, and report it to the medical attendant.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00379", "bookId": 12439, "start": 132695, "end": 132886, "sha256": "d71a942d9a01d130cb6aca2956ef8fe8f624b7e4fe5e8f0c20fab74c72fb00ce", "text": "It is quite incalculable the good that would certainly come from such _sound_ and close observation in this almost neglected branch of nursing, or the help it would give to the medical man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00380", "bookId": 12439, "start": 132892, "end": 132919, "sha256": "40ee3f5597cc9321646ed945b84194edec53d4047799e1c8a30040b396443b76", "text": "[Sidenote: Tea and coffee.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00381", "bookId": 12439, "start": 132923, "end": 135233, "sha256": "b6aa8095708d0785cd2da42e228e813418de9e3c9ae798b1ee668d659dc4d5e4", "text": "A great deal too much against tea[2] is said by wise people, and a great deal too much of tea is given to the sick by foolish people. When you see the natural and almost universal craving in English sick for their \"tea,\" you cannot but feel that nature knows what she is about. But a little tea or coffee restores them quite as much as a great deal, and a great deal of tea and especially of coffee impairs the little power of digestion they have. Yet a nurse, because she sees how one or two cups of tea or coffee restores her patient, thinks that three or four cups will do twice as much. This is not the case at all; it is however certain that there is nothing yet discovered which is a substitute to the English patient for his cup of tea; he can take it when he can take nothing else, and he often can't take anything else if he has it not. I should be very glad if any of the abusers of tea would point out what to give to an English patient after a sleepless night, instead of tea. If you give it at 5 or 6 o'clock in the morning, he may even sometimes fall asleep after it, and get perhaps his only two or three hours' sleep during the twenty-four. At the same time you never should give tea or coffee to the sick, as a rule, after 5 o'clock in the afternoon. Sleeplessness in the early night is from excitement generally and is increased by tea or coffee; sleeplessness which continues to the early morning is from exhaustion often, and is relieved by tea. The only English patients I have ever known refuse tea, have been typhus cases, and the first sign of their getting better was their craving again for tea. In general, the dry and dirty tongue always prefers tea to coffee, and will quite decline milk, unless with tea. Coffee is a better restorative than tea, but a greater impairer of the digestion. Let the patient's taste decide. You will say that, in cases of great thirst, the patient's craving decides that it will drink _a great deal_ of tea, and that you cannot help it. But in these cases be sure that the patient requires diluents for quite other purposes than quenching the thirst; he wants a great deal of some drink, not only of tea, and the doctor will order what he is to have, barley water or lemonade, or soda water and milk, as the case may be.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00382", "bookId": 12439, "start": 135237, "end": 135719, "sha256": "0a950bb5b9bc4a32825bfc9de19e985b56bc2f20abea37d162ebd4a0045f6d4d", "text": "Lehman, quoted by Dr. Christison, says that, among the well and active \"the infusion of 1 oz. of roasted coffee daily will diminish the waste\" going on in the body\" \"by one-fourth,\" [Transcriber's note: Quotes as in the original] and Dr. Christison adds that tea has the same property. Now this is actual experiment. Lehman weighs the man and finds the fact from his weight. It is not deduced from any \"analysis\" of food. All experience among the sick shows the same thing.[3]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00383", "bookId": 12439, "start": 135725, "end": 135743, "sha256": "68d1914a483a607def1445e9bbf0f6f6e4a1e77d6cda08bf2b4146c3e8277d02", "text": "[Sidenote: Cocoa.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00384", "bookId": 12439, "start": 135747, "end": 136208, "sha256": "398e62de34734eae2f40ee53937f28c7ae7f6e41cb94e36d77de16eb6c7adab2", "text": "Cocoa is often recommended to the sick in lieu of tea or coffee. But independently of the fact that English sick very generally dislike cocoa, it has quite a different effect from tea or coffee. It is an oily starchy nut having no restorative power at all, but simply increasing fat. It is pure mockery of the sick, therefore, to call it a substitute for tea. For any renovating stimulus it has, you might just as well offer them chestnuts instead of tea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00385", "bookId": 12439, "start": 136214, "end": 136231, "sha256": "dc5ebcf10d7bc9d9ffc8c2e1a66b235d44839ac6432302c338762d9d37691a61", "text": "[Sidenote: Bulk.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00386", "bookId": 12439, "start": 136235, "end": 137151, "sha256": "902e410521676e9b350ce0e5c1b0e7ffd606a7f31eb9985d742d52b10c279718", "text": "An almost universal error among nurses is in the bulk of the food and especially the drinks they offer to their patients. Suppose a patient ordered 4 oz. brandy during the day, how is he to take this if you make it into four pints with diluting it? The same with tea and beef tea, with arrowroot, milk, &c. You have not increased the nourishment, you have not increased the renovating power of these articles, by increasing their bulk,--you have very likely diminished both by giving the patient's digestion more to do, and most likely of all, the patient will leave half of what he has been ordered to take, because he cannot swallow the bulk with which you have been pleased to invest it. It requires very nice observation and care (and meets with hardly any) to determine what will not be too thick or strong for the patient to take, while giving him no more than the bulk which he is able to swallow.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00387", "bookId": 12439, "start": 137157, "end": 137167, "sha256": "55ef8349ad07203ec2cca0f3d97640f57c9e65b07c838ffd97e6bcdc1006aed5", "text": "FOOTNOTES:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00388", "bookId": 12439, "start": 137171, "end": 137261, "sha256": "4768886438cdce90101648f1550841700a866bc85f411896fdcb0895d165092d", "text": "[1] [Sidenote: Intelligent cravings of particular sick for particular articles of diet.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00389", "bookId": 12439, "start": 137265, "end": 137883, "sha256": "5c6b8fdb88cced0df5832d298d5babd55101e293cf896e177394b78afe30313d", "text": "In the diseases produced by bad food, such as scorbutic dysentery and diarrhoea, the patient's stomach often craves for and digests things, some of which certainly would be laid down in no dietary that ever was invented for sick, and especially not for such sick. These are fruit, pickles, jams, gingerbread, fat of ham or bacon, suet, cheese, butter, milk. These cases I have seen not by ones, nor by tens, but by hundreds. And the patient's stomach was right and the book was wrong. The articles craved for, in these cases, might have been principally arranged under the two heads of fat and vegetable acids.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00390", "bookId": 12439, "start": 137887, "end": 138015, "sha256": "f7ec2eb828918e0888288eaa0b5440c0a80da964e4bc98655a0a67a184cd2d79", "text": "There is often a marked difference between men and women in this matter of sick feeding. Women's digestion is generally slower.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00391", "bookId": 12439, "start": 138019, "end": 139257, "sha256": "d2f195e4e52359ea2e57aefb8b0828ce24b8e0fc1cc40d80072ce31f7b7e562a", "text": "[2] It is made a frequent recommendation to persons about to incur great exhaustion, either from the nature of the service, or from their being not in a state fit for it, to eat a piece of bread before they go. I wish the recommenders would themselves try the experiment of substituting a piece of bread for a cup of tea or coffee, or beef-tea, as a refresher. They would find it a very poor comfort. When soldiers have to set out fasting on fatiguing duty, when nurses have to go fasting in to their patients, it is a hot restorative they want, and ought to have, before they go, not a cold bit of bread. And dreadful have been the consequences of neglecting this. If they can take a bit of bread _with_ the hot cup of tea, so much the better, but not _instead_ of it. The fact that there is more nourishment in bread than in almost anything else, has probably induced the mistake. That it is a fatal mistake, there is no doubt. It seems, though very little is known on the subject, that what \"assimilates\" itself directly, and with the least trouble of digestion with the human body, is the best for the above circumstances. Bread requires two or three processes of assimilation, before it becomes like the human body.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00392", "bookId": 12439, "start": 139261, "end": 139527, "sha256": "728d7a389f2eaa53c34f3ea035b44e5363123b5ec88f94f34a15eba156c2e821", "text": "The almost universal testimony of English men and women who have undergone great fatigue, such as riding long journeys without stopping, or sitting up for several nights in succession, is that they could do it best upon an occasional cup of tea--and nothing else.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00393", "bookId": 12439, "start": 139531, "end": 139601, "sha256": "7e82be49658c93c62ec8caaaabed6a23d72f21d6626bf42da13618e6ea7565fb", "text": "Let experience, not theory, decide upon this as upon all other things.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00394", "bookId": 12439, "start": 139605, "end": 139989, "sha256": "f53a00d3ceb74e6ec1bd4f0a8e5d76b7394e9171c5db06d922274276f02b30bf", "text": "[3] In making coffee, it is absolutely necessary to buy it in the berry and grind it at home. Otherwise you may reckon upon its containing a certain amount of chicory, _at least_. This is not a question of the taste, or of the wholesomeness of chicory. It is that chicory has nothing at all of the properties for which you give coffee. And therefore you may as well not give it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00395", "bookId": 12439, "start": 139993, "end": 140553, "sha256": "9f30c4198795cd4e4333dd2230a4d97a7134773db632420be4f43e10b427b065", "text": "Again, all laundresses, mistresses of dairy-farms, head nurses, (I speak of the good old sort only--women who unite a good deal of hard manual labour with the head-work necessary for arranging the day's business, so that none of it shall tread upon the heels of something else,) set great value, I have observed, upon having a high-priced tea. This is called extravagant. But these women are \"extravagant\" in nothing else. And they are right in this. Real tea-leaf tea alone contains the restorative they want; which is not to be found in sloe-leaf tea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00396", "bookId": 12439, "start": 140557, "end": 140824, "sha256": "ae31a70b32c41d7b7f24786a9c3b305666c0f5d9e0bdb7b39d7a23796cc32124", "text": "The mistresses of houses, who cannot even go over their own house once a day, are incapable of judging for these women. For they are incapable themselves, to all appearance, of the spirit of arrangement (no small task) necessary for managing a large ward or dairy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00397", "bookId": 12439, "start": 140834, "end": 140856, "sha256": "7712ad6246ac08fe6d452dfe9b7e817b5e31c16a12afcdad30cb57545e528eea", "text": "VIII. BED AND BEDDING.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00398", "bookId": 12439, "start": 140862, "end": 140908, "sha256": "afeec10fb09b63c8b68f9f039a2d086f567521356e2dfd907d1637e08e1feb81", "text": "[Sidenote: Feverishness a symptom of bedding.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00399", "bookId": 12439, "start": 140912, "end": 141043, "sha256": "4f585e3f8fe526c229523aefce50c7cdf77d91beb60de56fb7bcfbf9e3e6e35e", "text": "A few words upon bedsteads and bedding; and principally as regards patients who are entirely, or almost entirely, confined to bed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00400", "bookId": 12439, "start": 141047, "end": 141388, "sha256": "0921452957d7c0e32befc53a1e96a36a1cd9587b1b1eb4b5b4a4b60a002ef6bb", "text": "Feverishness is generally supposed to be a symptom of fever--in nine cases out of ten it is a symptom of bedding.[1] The patient has had re-introduced into the body the emanations from himself which day after day and week after week saturate his unaired bedding. How can it be otherwise? Look at the ordinary bed in which a patient lies.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00401", "bookId": 12439, "start": 141394, "end": 141440, "sha256": "7f160e95deaf4675b77078c1dcdc5c645093dc9eaa9b96bb53316311f31cd5c4", "text": "[Sidenote: Uncleanliness of ordinary bedding.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00402", "bookId": 12439, "start": 141444, "end": 142050, "sha256": "1fc591f3326cbc8f8171e136206dcc6853114ff5c581c99606b9fe7277d82fd1", "text": "If I were looking out for an example in order to show what _not_ to do, I should take the specimen of an ordinary bed in a private house: a wooden bedstead, two or even three mattresses piled up to above the height of a table; a vallance attached to the frame--nothing but a miracle could ever thoroughly dry or air such a bed and bedding. The patient must inevitably alternate between cold damp after his bed is made, and warm damp before, both saturated with organic matter[2], and this from the time the mattresses are put under him till the time they are picked to pieces, if this is ever done.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00403", "bookId": 12439, "start": 142056, "end": 142116, "sha256": "a156b9c476c2f7a07b27cc4256584016e2d991b48cda21c5e44aa5375837193d", "text": "[Sidenote: Air your dirty sheets, not only your clean ones.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00404", "bookId": 12439, "start": 142120, "end": 143339, "sha256": "d9c35805efc01ad0d3e3d5f78b74313c3197a0e0e6cc65f65df0892db7b1b4f2", "text": "If you consider that an adult in health exhales by the lungs and skin in the twenty-four hours three pints at least of moisture, loaded with organic matter ready to enter into putrefaction; that in sickness the quantity is often greatly increased, the quality is always more noxious --just ask yourself next where does all this moisture go to? Chiefly into the bedding, because it cannot go anywhere else. And it stays there; because, except perhaps a weekly change of sheets, scarcely any other airing is attempted. A nurse will be careful to fidgetiness about airing the clean sheets from clean damp, but airing the dirty sheets from noxious damp will never even occur to her. Besides this, the most dangerous effluvia we know of are from the excreta of the sick--these are placed, at least temporarily, where they must throw their effluvia into the under side of the bed, and the space under the bed is never aired; it cannot be, with our arrangements. Must not such a bed be always saturated, and be always the means of re-introducing into the system of the unfortunate patient who lies in it, that excrementitious matter to eliminate which from the body nature had expressly appointed the disease?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00405", "bookId": 12439, "start": 143343, "end": 143724, "sha256": "ece81394353f3bb95244cee8da10ef3592f0b37e1b6006a69e826adc32729146", "text": "My heart always sinks within me when I hear the good house-wife, of every class, say, \"I assure you the bed has been well slept in,\" and I can only hope it is not true. What? is the bed already saturated with somebody else's damp before my patient comes to exhale in it his own damp? Has it not had a single chance to be aired? No, not one. \"It has been slept in every night.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00406", "bookId": 12439, "start": 143730, "end": 143773, "sha256": "6aa88409800e207b9ecf3db3a4e66cc4434f499f067b1619e94b820951148f99", "text": "[Sidenote: Iron spring bedsteads the best.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00407", "bookId": 12439, "start": 143777, "end": 143827, "sha256": "a4d403ee7c5eafc3dd4f1a861e5fb2e115dc4ee6d0e4385cc635cb5195965240", "text": "[Sidenote: Comfort and cleanliness of _two_ beds.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00408", "bookId": 12439, "start": 143831, "end": 144711, "sha256": "bdee6050c6ea7205183b4a976e39268a5aff8c3c8caa2c55e5d53a6099a93611", "text": "The only way of really nursing a real patient is to have an _iron_ bedstead, with rheocline springs, which are permeable by the air up to the very mattress (no vallance, of course), the mattress to be a thin hair one; the bed to be not above 3-1/2 feet wide. If the patient be entirely confined to his bed, there should be _two_ such bedsteads; each bed to be \"made\" with mattress, sheets, blankets, &c., complete--the patient to pass twelve hours in each bed; on no account to carry his sheets with him. The whole of the bedding to be hung up to air for each intermediate twelve hours. Of course there are many cases where this cannot be done at all--many more where only an approach to it can be made. I am indicating the ideal of nursing, and what I have actually had done. But about the kind of bedstead there can be no doubt, whether there be one or two provided.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00409", "bookId": 12439, "start": 144717, "end": 144752, "sha256": "341995f7bf4bd8c9e01c4fba40a7037fb94c1d2b33a06eb534a1a477f2e0634b", "text": "[Sidenote: Bed not to be too wide.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00410", "bookId": 12439, "start": 144756, "end": 145805, "sha256": "a449280580fc25c703fdeaf56694d64425fc936a1b017a2762e40168c7196589", "text": "There is a prejudice in favour of a wide bed--I believe it to be a prejudice. All the refreshment of moving a patient from one side to the other of his bed is far more effectually secured by putting him into a fresh bed; and a patient who is really very ill does not stray far in bed. But it is said there is no room to put a tray down on a narrow bed. No good nurse will ever put a tray on a bed at all. If the patient can turn on his side, he will eat more comfortably from a bed-side table; and on no account whatever should a bed ever be higher than a sofa. Otherwise the patient feels himself \"out of humanity's reach;\" he can get at nothing for himself: he can move nothing for himself. If the patient cannot turn, a table over the bed is a better thing. I need hardly say that a patient's bed should never have its side against the wall. The nurse must be able to get easily to both sides of the bed, and to reach easily every part of the patient without stretching--a thing impossible if the bed be either too wide or too high.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00411", "bookId": 12439, "start": 145811, "end": 145846, "sha256": "f492a66912e5fd054f0126c8348cd2d5604bfa82f46cda006952fcbf8d99d202", "text": "[Sidenote: Bed not to be too high.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00412", "bookId": 12439, "start": 145850, "end": 146863, "sha256": "26b0e57ccaca90dd10861a39f0ad6aa42ae20de372aefa401436d12df4290bb3", "text": "When I see a patient in a room nine or ten feet high upon a bed between four and five feet high, with his head, when he is sitting up in bed, actually within two or three feet of the ceiling, I ask myself, is this expressly planned to produce that peculiarly distressing feeling common to the sick, viz., as if the walls and ceiling were closing in upon them, and they becoming sandwiches between floor and ceiling, which imagination is not, indeed, here so far from the truth? If, over and above this, the window stops short of the ceiling, then the patient's head may literally be raised above the stratum of fresh air, even when the window is open. Can human perversity any farther go, in unmaking the process of restoration which God has made? The fact is, that the heads of sleepers or of sick should never be higher than the throat of the chimney, which ensures their being in the current of best air. And we will not suppose it possible that you have closed your chimney with a chimney-board.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00413", "bookId": 12439, "start": 146867, "end": 147426, "sha256": "a6a534c769de15b955a9446837d00cb621c05d5d783bc058d06d6e66110e8163", "text": "If a bed is higher than a sofa, the difference of the fatigue of getting in and out of bed will just make the difference, very often, to the patient (who can get in and out of bed at all) of being able to take a few minutes' exercise, either in the open air or in another room. It is so very odd that people never think of this, or of how many more times a patient who is in bed for the twenty-four hours is obliged to get in and out of bed than they are, who only, it is to be hoped, get into bed once and out of bed once during the twenty-four hours.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00414", "bookId": 12439, "start": 147432, "end": 147464, "sha256": "119d23740a8867b3c1818234e131c369e6e03e5e545cc141c50e5ccbcfdbb4a2", "text": "[Sidenote: Nor in a dark place.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00415", "bookId": 12439, "start": 147468, "end": 147579, "sha256": "8ea22005f390cb808eb2dc8f3195d73eb63515e8dab8977027ed0d5a6a95174d", "text": "A patient's bed should always be in the lightest spot in the room; and he should be able to see out of window.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00416", "bookId": 12439, "start": 147585, "end": 147629, "sha256": "0f5c82ac39a68583e4258436da4ca0932bd9db10db6cfd576d2ad13c5665b8c7", "text": "[Sidenote: Nor a four poster with curtains.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00417", "bookId": 12439, "start": 147633, "end": 147834, "sha256": "d49efa981dc1634433b5bd168e3383e37dd3da4321755ac234f93339bc0786ed", "text": "I need scarcely say that the old four-post bed with curtains is utterly inadmissible, whether for sick or well. Hospital bedsteads are in many respects very much less objectionable than private ones.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00418", "bookId": 12439, "start": 147840, "end": 147906, "sha256": "30ff86043442b845d50d648b8866c20cd202e70a07bfce5cca12f551aafc6f25", "text": "[Sidenote: Scrofula often a result of disposition of bed clothes.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00419", "bookId": 12439, "start": 147910, "end": 148505, "sha256": "5cdd2a4b1ee6f485ea5665f9e4ca38caa04e9e72afa85de24a0abf9305dafdaa", "text": "There is reason to believe that not a few of the apparently unaccountable cases of scrofula among children proceed from the habit of sleeping with the head under the bed clothes, and so inhaling air already breathed, which is farther contaminated by exhalations from the skin. Patients are sometimes given to a similar habit, and it often happens that the bed clothes are so disposed that the patient must necessarily breathe air more or less contaminated by exhalations from his skin. A good nurse will be careful to attend to this. It is an important part, so to speak, of ventilation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00420", "bookId": 12439, "start": 148511, "end": 148533, "sha256": "f6cb0bd5a44d51d1afbda469587113e4d92255e262fcc847c929c537d4dbde9b", "text": "[Sidenote: Bed sores.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00421", "bookId": 12439, "start": 148537, "end": 148711, "sha256": "1669c6dcb2895da5a3855b6f785c7c383d199b6ceab5f74457b808d693103968", "text": "It may be worth while to remark, that where there is any danger of bed-sores a blanket should never be placed _under_ the patient. It retains damp and acts like a poultice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00422", "bookId": 12439, "start": 148717, "end": 148762, "sha256": "267a46cb8a91275d1800e7df4ca499088376b755df1cf32417e6a394076efea7", "text": "[Sidenote: Heavy and impervious bed clothes.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00423", "bookId": 12439, "start": 148766, "end": 149150, "sha256": "98404e70b5a28fc4520ee2005f0b7b0d9e4c409501efbbd476c963ae27346d59", "text": "Never use anything but light Whitney blankets as bed covering for the sick. The heavy cotton impervious counterpane is bad, for the very reason that it keeps in the emanations from the sick person, while the blanket allows them to pass through. Weak patients are invariably distressed by a great weight of bed clothes, which often prevents their getting any sound sleep whatever.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00424", "bookId": 12439, "start": 149156, "end": 150404, "sha256": "8fcf9fcc37a26382188064944ae2e959a29fc88df9de9ae4cade98ecddc3651a", "text": "NOTE.--One word about pillows. Every weak patient, be his illness what it may, suffers more or less from difficulty in breathing. To take the weight of the body off the poor chest, which is hardly up to its work as it is, ought therefore to be the object of the nurse in arranging his pillows. Now what does she do and what are the consequences? She piles the pillows one a-top of the other like a wall of bricks. The head is thrown upon the chest. And the shoulders are pushed forward, so as not to allow the lungs room to expand. The pillows, in fact, lean upon the patient, not the patient upon the pillows. It is impossible to give a rule for this, because it must vary with the figure of the patient. And tall patients suffer much more than short ones, because of the _drag_ of the long limbs upon the waist. But the object is to support, with the pillows, the back _below_ the breathing apparatus, to allow the shoulders room to fall back, and to support the head, without throwing it forward. The suffering of dying patients is immensely increased by neglect of these points. And many an invalid, too weak to drag about his pillows himself, slips his book or anything at hand behind the lower part of his back to support it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00425", "bookId": 12439, "start": 150410, "end": 150420, "sha256": "55ef8349ad07203ec2cca0f3d97640f57c9e65b07c838ffd97e6bcdc1006aed5", "text": "FOOTNOTES:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00426", "bookId": 12439, "start": 150424, "end": 150525, "sha256": "428643ba69a9d5f1dfc1c6227eeaa19830426b1fbe0851ccc8292bea68ff16c6", "text": "[1] [Sidenote: Nurses often do not think the sick room any business of theirs, but only, the sick.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00427", "bookId": 12439, "start": 150529, "end": 150889, "sha256": "383fae942070a1f72c3303287d3852c41e631bc4d1817b716f89de7cf10ba526", "text": "I once told a \"very good nurse\" that the way in which her patient's room was kept was quite enough to account for his sleeplessness; and she answered quite good-humouredly she was not at all surprised at it--as if the state of the room were, like the state of the weather, entirely out of her power. Now in what sense was this woman to be called a \"nurse?\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00428", "bookId": 12439, "start": 150893, "end": 151272, "sha256": "bc8537a60373c8f2de98c01965371b846dc3b96cf2c49e3ef2e60b7f59beb4cd", "text": "[2] For the same reason if, after washing a patient, you must put the same night-dress on him again, always give it a preliminary warm at the fire. The night-gown he has worn must be, to a certain extent, damp. It has now got cold from having been off him for a few minutes. The fire will dry and at the same time air it. This is much more important than with clean things.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00429", "bookId": 12439, "start": 151282, "end": 151292, "sha256": "87e1100f6f987a5d9eddde6fc8d15dde332128917f8192e876e986882b594acf", "text": "IX. LIGHT.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00430", "bookId": 12439, "start": 151298, "end": 151354, "sha256": "3b0b4e655ca89d219fd1a324004055a0df098e74a0ff915be33e9e64c2212cf5", "text": "[Sidenote: Light essential to both health and recovery.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00431", "bookId": 12439, "start": 151358, "end": 152794, "sha256": "2bd4e1f8f2b5dd43e3c0b3c042815754de40bb9f2d1cad5876141c4c0c9629fd", "text": "It is the unqualified result of all my experience with the sick, that second only to their need of fresh air is their need of light; that, after a close room, what hurts them most is a dark room. And that it is not only light but direct sun-light they want. I had rather have the power of carrying my patient about after the sun, according to the aspect of the rooms, if circumstances permit, than let him linger in a room when the sun is off. People think the effect is upon the spirits only. This is by no means the case. The sun is not only a painter but a sculptor. You admit that he does the photograph. Without going into any scientific exposition we must admit that light has quite as real and tangible effects upon the human body. But this is not all. Who has not observed the purifying effect of light, and especially of direct sunlight, upon the air of a room? Here is an observation within everybody's experience. Go into a room where the shutters are always shut (in a sick room or a bedroom there should never be shutters shut), and though the room be uninhabited, though the air has never been polluted by the breathing of human beings, you will observe a close, musty smell of corrupt air, of air _i.e._ unpurified by the effect of the sun's rays. The mustiness of dark rooms and corners, indeed, is proverbial. The cheerfulness of a room, the usefulness of light in treating disease is all-important.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00432", "bookId": 12439, "start": 152800, "end": 152880, "sha256": "df0ee29d6b54f2b040f2bc4af09587100541359564d9e4208498890b1b2376a2", "text": "[Sidenote: Aspect, view, and sunlight matters of first importance to the sick.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00433", "bookId": 12439, "start": 152884, "end": 154005, "sha256": "353c62662c8e65a8c54f35c29b2779d2c3c33d90989686bfbe67a7b333e75987", "text": "A very high authority in hospital construction has said that people do not enough consider the difference between wards and dormitories in planning their buildings. But I go farther, and say, that healthy people never remember the difference between _bed_-rooms and _sick_-rooms in making arrangements for the sick. To a sleeper in health it does not signify what the view is from his bed. He ought never to be in it excepting when asleep, and at night. Aspect does not very much signify either (provided the sun reach his bed-room some time in every day, to purify the air), because he ought never to be in his bed-room except during the hours when there is no sun. But the case is exactly reversed with the sick, even should they be as many hours out of their beds as you are in yours, which probably they are not. Therefore, that they should be able, without raising themselves or turning in bed, to see out of window from their beds, to see sky and sun-light at least, if you can show them nothing else, I assert to be, if not of the very first importance for recovery, at least something very near it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00434", "bookId": 12439, "start": 154009, "end": 154591, "sha256": "d2e03e9936dc8a80764273e4df1542dccfe46511e1cdd9c644c5db66b1283e12", "text": "And you should therefore look to the position of the beds of your sick one of the very first things. If they can see out of two windows instead of one, so much the better. Again, the morning sun and the mid-day sun-- the hours when they are quite certain not to be up, are of more importance to them, if a choice must be made, than the afternoon sun. Perhaps you can take them out of bed in the afternoon and set them by the window, where they can see the sun. But the best rule is, if possible, to give them direct sunlight from the moment he rises till the moment he sets.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00435", "bookId": 12439, "start": 154595, "end": 155050, "sha256": "b9991f1e0f1e4720196f09de450b3158186023c3c0ea93451030a0c8cd0b8266", "text": "Another great difference between the _bed_-room and the _sick_-room is, that the _sleeper_ has a very large balance of fresh air to begin with, when he begins the night, if his room has been open all day as it ought to be; the _sick_ man has not, because all day he has been breathing the air in the same room, and dirtying it by the emanations from himself. Far more care is therefore necessary to keep up a constant change of air in the sick room.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00436", "bookId": 12439, "start": 155054, "end": 155351, "sha256": "110b8b59bac32d54636990183ed52817e5561451613e2c0293a053496ab6c30c", "text": "It is hardly necessary to add that there are acute cases (particularly a few ophthalmic cases, and diseases where the eye is morbidly sensitive), where a subdued light is necessary. But a dark north room is inadmissible even for these. You can always moderate the light by blinds and curtains.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00437", "bookId": 12439, "start": 155355, "end": 155629, "sha256": "9c89486f0041ab383853965f8a2c18b7ee24c88d81540d2139190e3c02361563", "text": "Heavy, thick, dark window or bed curtains should, however, hardly ever be used for any kind of sick in this country. A light white curtain at the head of the bed is, in general, all that is necessary, and a green blind to the window, to be drawn down only when necessary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00438", "bookId": 12439, "start": 155635, "end": 155693, "sha256": "26be897cb3eb58cbf5e3b88b0f6363a0005f21b169b13b4d0414d862d3a9fdd8", "text": "[Sidenote: Without sunlight, we degenerate body and mind.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00439", "bookId": 12439, "start": 155697, "end": 156210, "sha256": "f8d710132816a29cc777104d6d7704f11917a5d3b4aa6b20ded0fbf9b45cad5e", "text": "One of the greatest observers of human things (not physiological), says, in another language, \"Where there is sun there is thought.\" All physiology goes to confirm this. Where is the shady side of deep vallies, there is cretinism. Where are cellars and the unsunned sides of narrow streets, there is the degeneracy and weakliness of the human race--mind and body equally degenerating. Put the pale withering plant and human being into the sun, and, if not too far gone, each will recover health and spirit.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00440", "bookId": 12439, "start": 156216, "end": 156282, "sha256": "dc156706fa521462b841aac21b88c841ff8e5dc6bacea6ccf129db8e52f879e9", "text": "[Sidenote: Almost all patients lie with their faces to the light.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00441", "bookId": 12439, "start": 156286, "end": 157088, "sha256": "44881847d2c2a8670dde344d615f4bc6c535fba031f9b599d0778606c7e578cb", "text": "It is a curious thing to observe how almost all patients lie with their faces turned to the light, exactly as plants always make their way towards the light; a patient will even complain that it gives him pain \"lying on that side.\" \"Then why _do_ you lie on that side?\" He does not know,--but we do. It is because it is the side towards the window. A fashionable physician has recently published in a government report that he always turns his patient's faces from the light. Yes, but nature is stronger than fashionable physicians, and depend upon it she turns the faces back and _towards_ such light as she can get. Walk through the wards of a hospital, remember the bed sides of private patients you have seen, and count how many sick you ever saw lying with their faces towards the wall.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00442", "bookId": 12439, "start": 157098, "end": 157132, "sha256": "0f3c962d7302c0aa00d291e6884db004e2fb002978ee5af50cdfcbd1cfdeef11", "text": "X. CLEANLINESS OF ROOMS AND WALLS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00443", "bookId": 12439, "start": 157138, "end": 157187, "sha256": "cfd41a1d9e762abf4def6351668e96ca5cc611cb5db9e0c5d2b044a6a5680c93", "text": "[Sidenote: Cleanliness of carpets and furniture.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00444", "bookId": 12439, "start": 157191, "end": 158200, "sha256": "db95b49f790b6b9a56ce1ab637c3f39bd2ad922774edff3a3a7bc6e60c7fe2bc", "text": "It cannot be necessary to tell a nurse that she should be clean, or that she should keep her patient clean,--seeing that the greater part of nursing consists in preserving cleanliness. No ventilation can freshen a room or ward where the most scrupulous cleanliness is not observed. Unless the wind be blowing through the windows at the rate of twenty miles an hour, dusty carpets, dirty wainscots, musty curtains and furniture, will infallibly produce a close smell. I have lived in a large and expensively furnished London house, where the only constant inmate in two very lofty rooms, with opposite windows, was myself, and yet, owing to the above-mentioned dirty circumstances, no opening of windows could ever keep those rooms free from closeness; but the carpet and curtains having been turned out of the rooms altogether, they became instantly as fresh as could be wished. It is pure nonsense to say that in London a room cannot be kept clean. Many of our hospitals show the exact reverse.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00445", "bookId": 12439, "start": 158206, "end": 158241, "sha256": "35300fa294d59f5182fa96ec3302bd77f55036e9062634b23722aa7cf0e02184", "text": "[Sidenote: Dust never removed now.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00446", "bookId": 12439, "start": 158245, "end": 159387, "sha256": "b61fe18b990db2598b41e6d9a00cc5f1e454b881e75eebb1306daad6e2b6464e", "text": "But no particle of dust is ever or can ever be removed or really got rid of by the present system of dusting. Dusting in these days means nothing but flapping the dust from one part of a room on to another with doors and windows closed. What you do it for I cannot think. You had much better leave the dust alone, if you are not going to take it away altogether. For from the time a room begins to be a room up to the time when it ceases to be one, no one atom of dust ever actually leaves its precincts. Tidying a room means nothing now but removing a thing from one place, which it has kept clean for itself, on to another and a dirtier one.[1] Flapping by way of cleaning is only admissible in the case of pictures, or anything made of paper. The only way I know to _remove_ dust, the plague of all lovers of fresh air, is to wipe everything with a damp cloth. And all furniture ought to be so made as that it may be wiped with a damp cloth without injury to itself, and so polished as that it may be damped without injury to others. To dust, as it is now practised, truly means to distribute dust more equally over a room.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00447", "bookId": 12439, "start": 159393, "end": 159412, "sha256": "944d215fec3ec703416bef34072ce084d47dc144e05b32352361bd19d991ed44", "text": "[Sidenote: Floors.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00448", "bookId": 12439, "start": 159416, "end": 159713, "sha256": "331d0117d6a05fa813f15263e69737ce8d893c704f6c8121028728d46af3ec21", "text": "As to floors, the only really clean floor I know is the Berlin _lackered_ floor, which is wet rubbed and dry rubbed every morning to remove the dust. The French _parquet_ is always more or less dusty, although infinitely superior in point of cleanliness and healthiness to our absorbent floor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00449", "bookId": 12439, "start": 159717, "end": 160127, "sha256": "abc6d6cc20a8f338b6a840ecdc5f9451213bb1e44d2784b1979509cae8e9e74d", "text": "For a sick room, a carpet is perhaps the worst expedient which could by any possibility have been invented. If you must have a carpet, the only safety is to take it up two or three times a year, instead of once. A dirty carpet literally infects the room. And if you consider the enormous quantity of organic matter from the feet of people coming in, which must saturate it, this is by no means surprising.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00450", "bookId": 12439, "start": 160133, "end": 160183, "sha256": "a129e3ba2f086a17218a3b33d93d2a25ad21f0a514ad5bdcb5b9ca0844ed4d0b", "text": "[Sidenote: Papered, plastered, oil-painted walls.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00451", "bookId": 12439, "start": 160187, "end": 160481, "sha256": "4cfd3c67e46692ce173de52744cb46f6589e6ef08157aec14a4b8d3d8bd781af", "text": "As for walls, the worst is the papered wall; the next worst is plaster. But the plaster can be redeemed by frequent lime-washing; the paper requires frequent renewing. A glazed paper gets rid of a good deal of the danger. But the ordinary bed-room paper is all that it ought _not_ to be.[2]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00452", "bookId": 12439, "start": 160485, "end": 160688, "sha256": "2990fb023485d062e002d5c703e79daf954e53cb12899bfcbd935774ab555c87", "text": "The close connection between ventilation and cleanliness is shown in this. An ordinary light paper will last clean much longer if there is an Arnott's ventilator in the chimney than it otherwise would.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00453", "bookId": 12439, "start": 160692, "end": 160777, "sha256": "b084c7ef07459d7d87a092e5da4222f917835084e8391bbb5bb0e0d6b41045da", "text": "The best wall now extant is oil paint. From this you can wash the animal exuviæ.[3]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00454", "bookId": 12439, "start": 160781, "end": 160814, "sha256": "98211fbc7ffeed24c2de55cd332d0eb3ad1b1de8362374ca053b794c40f63dab", "text": "These are what make a room musty.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00455", "bookId": 12439, "start": 160820, "end": 160866, "sha256": "37775f1e0db457866e1dcf684b69bfb90ac3d8fac201a2a4365c0c546e793120", "text": "[Sidenote: Best kind of wall for a sick-room.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00456", "bookId": 12439, "start": 160870, "end": 161024, "sha256": "f48be5e18958c3a9907ccae368644d1ad3c2ba1dea5590c834232075371d9d61", "text": "The best wall for a sick-room or ward that could be made is pure white non-absorbent cement or glass, or glazed tiles, if they were made sightly enough.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00457", "bookId": 12439, "start": 161028, "end": 161259, "sha256": "991f9a8ca0cc53ed5c155fc151e1508314c15f6930e39159a1acc72eb25dab54", "text": "Air can be soiled just like water. If you blow into water you will soil it with the animal matter from your breath. So it is with air. Air is always soiled in a room where walls and carpets are saturated with animal exhalations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00458", "bookId": 12439, "start": 161263, "end": 161370, "sha256": "5edc8211aa99d83da2e2808481e60beec67f500f21e48d6cab675fe4111e98af", "text": "Want of cleanliness, then, in rooms _and_ wards, which you have to guard against, may arise in three ways.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00459", "bookId": 12439, "start": 161376, "end": 161411, "sha256": "8f6bc461203df7eda6e5f1b1a0e95fbdaee795dbbb0ce721ba7b753ec61df756", "text": "[Sidenote: Dirty air from without.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00460", "bookId": 12439, "start": 161415, "end": 161581, "sha256": "e52bb4a237740f4d1b64617218cfb6704f7512215b42919c6f900bf097455322", "text": "1. Dirty air coming in from without, soiled by sewer emanations, the evaporation from dirty streets, smoke, bits of unburnt fuel, bits of straw, bits of horse dung.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00461", "bookId": 12439, "start": 161587, "end": 161629, "sha256": "488a313ac244a74f7c8d2ca6cce12fc2c2408f3b1506b4d5b262cda10ae6ee58", "text": "[Sidenote: Best kind of wall for a house.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00462", "bookId": 12439, "start": 161633, "end": 162004, "sha256": "358de3336173c93878c2e7f79659fda0edc05e0430c17dc94a529c61b0035683", "text": "If people would but cover the outside walls of their houses with plain or encaustic tiles, what an incalculable improvement would there be in light, cleanliness, dryness, warmth, and consequently economy. The play of a fire-engine would then effectually wash the outside of a house. This kind of _walling_ would stand next to paving in improving the health of towns.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00463", "bookId": 12439, "start": 162010, "end": 162044, "sha256": "9e1f212fd9c3de2d487c5ac2f948f9a06047188fe6602ae6142a2c4da89b99c6", "text": "[Sidenote: Dirty air from within.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00464", "bookId": 12439, "start": 162048, "end": 163087, "sha256": "45a575b76606764fee6147fec78d864a3327a4607f95d66b0f3706435daa91d6", "text": "2. Dirty air coming from within, from dust, which you often displace, but never remove. And this recalls what ought to be a _sine qua non_. Have as few ledges in your room or ward as possible. And under no pretence have any ledge whatever out-of sight. Dust accumulates there, and will never be wiped off. This is a certain way to soil the air. Besides this, the animal exhalations from your inmates saturate your furniture. And if you never clean your furniture properly, how can your rooms or wards be anything but musty? Ventilate as you please, the rooms will never be sweet. Besides this, there is a constant _degradation_, as it is called, taking place from everything except polished or glazed articles--_E.g._ in colouring certain green papers arsenic is used. Now in the very dust even, which is lying about in rooms hung with this kind of green paper, arsenic has been distinctly detected. You see your dust is anything but harmless; yet you will let such dust lie about your ledges for months, your rooms for ever.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00465", "bookId": 12439, "start": 163091, "end": 163137, "sha256": "f9888d0f9d0456d5e942cb4fde1b1cf1d89beb2f286cdcd472bfc301347932c1", "text": "Again, the fire fills the room with coal-dust.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00466", "bookId": 12439, "start": 163143, "end": 163181, "sha256": "d610f573c13eb5546188a796b56ac7e6f4f5fc82ffac62545a8f72ca000b988c", "text": "[Sidenote: Dirty air from the carpet.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00467", "bookId": 12439, "start": 163185, "end": 163601, "sha256": "b1b59dbc0ca6e47b681e5c58826c4c52faec3badd4776290e3a7ca827b952c01", "text": "3. Dirty air coming from the carpet. Above all, take care of the carpets, that the animal dirt left there by the feet of visitors does not stay there. Floors, unless the grain is filled up and polished, are just as bad. The smell from the floor of a school-room or ward, when any moisture brings out the organic matter by which it is saturated, might alone be enough to warn us of the mischief that is going on.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00468", "bookId": 12439, "start": 163607, "end": 163628, "sha256": "bded713f4274fe3805a995fad5fbcc0b96cf02cdc4dd4c16c00fdc565819d919", "text": "[Sidenote: Remedies.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00469", "bookId": 12439, "start": 163632, "end": 163813, "sha256": "b641d16c5207005845848b71e7da861dc1a5e809be87dee421135cded920294b", "text": "The outer air, then, can only be kept clean by sanitary improvements, and by consuming smoke. The expense in soap, which this single improvement would save, is quite incalculable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00470", "bookId": 12439, "start": 163817, "end": 164117, "sha256": "fa1321eb8eaebc19b2ec1ef254c3d8cde72a590386168ebc28b45fe25b7a2fa1", "text": "The inside air can only be kept clean by excessive care in the ways mentioned above--to rid the walls, carpets, furniture, ledges, &c., of the organic matter and dust--dust consisting greatly of this organic matter--with which they become saturated, and which is what really makes the room musty.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00471", "bookId": 12439, "start": 164121, "end": 164248, "sha256": "e7c82348f8d9d1dc638b202f01a8362c47e3b3461af13f4a2c77e9235c636bb9", "text": "Without cleanliness, you cannot have all the effect of ventilation; without ventilation, you can have no thorough cleanliness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00472", "bookId": 12439, "start": 164252, "end": 164617, "sha256": "c2fd84a27b9fed3cbd0d3fc5c83a9a701e759e24cc0cde38675078fd407d2760", "text": "Very few people, be they of what class they may, have any idea of the exquisite cleanliness required in the sick-room. For much of what I have said applies less to the hospital than to the private sick-room. The smoky chimney, the dusty furniture, the utensils emptied but once a day, often keep the air of the sick constantly dirty in the best private houses.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00473", "bookId": 12439, "start": 164621, "end": 165358, "sha256": "c5f817f7fe0f00cfb29cce1d9f1f874d8d55b9f91098a1356bba8600729cc950", "text": "The well have a curious habit of forgetting that what is to them but a trifling inconvenience, to be patiently \"put up\" with, is to the sick a source of suffering, delaying recovery, if not actually hastening death. The well are scarcely ever more than eight hours, at most, in the same room. Some change they can always make, if only for a few minutes. Even during the supposed eight hours, they can change their posture or their position in the room. But the sick man who never leaves his bed, who cannot change by any movement of his own his air, or his light, or his warmth; who cannot obtain quiet, or get out of the smoke, or the smell, or the dust; he is really poisoned or depressed by what is to you the merest trifle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00474", "bookId": 12439, "start": 165362, "end": 165642, "sha256": "c8c6bdd5ef691a8d955ddbae65ab68152e9c40bbc419b1883b1f74b9b328a364", "text": "\"What can't be cured must be endured,\" is the very worst and most dangerous maxim for a nurse which ever was made. Patience and resignation in her are but other words for carelessness or indifference --contemptible, if in regard to herself; culpable, if in regard to her sick.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00475", "bookId": 12439, "start": 165648, "end": 165658, "sha256": "55ef8349ad07203ec2cca0f3d97640f57c9e65b07c838ffd97e6bcdc1006aed5", "text": "FOOTNOTES:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00476", "bookId": 12439, "start": 165662, "end": 165702, "sha256": "1d635ccc8826a38a3f49141dcad2701001351105eefb4c30998c6a46e146beba", "text": "[1] [Sidenote: How a room is _dusted_.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00477", "bookId": 12439, "start": 165706, "end": 166622, "sha256": "23bdcf1739df88ecc0707e9e6f40805961606908658ae422834ea8741f0f3c27", "text": "If you like to clean your furniture by laying out your clean clothes upon your dirty chairs or sofa, this is one way certainly of doing it. Having witnessed the morning process called \"tidying the room,\" for many years, and with ever-increasing astonishment, I can describe what it is. From the chairs, tables, or sofa, upon which the \"things\" have lain during the night, and which are therefore comparatively clean from dust or blacks, the poor \"_things_\" having \"caught\" it, they are removed to other chairs, tables, sofas, upon which you could write your name with your finger in the dust or blacks. The _other_ side of the \"things\" is therefore now evenly dirtied or dusted. The housemaid then flaps everything, or some things, not out of her reach, with a thing called a duster--the dust flies up, then re-settles more equally than it lay before the operation. The room has now been \"put to rights.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00478", "bookId": 12439, "start": 166626, "end": 166706, "sha256": "816a20dc85cafef26d6e794f735a285f19cf5d507c2cf862af4d9ddfb3e00b79", "text": "[2] [Sidenote: Atmosphere in painted and papered rooms quite distinguishable.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00479", "bookId": 12439, "start": 166710, "end": 167017, "sha256": "5e0377eaf24b9e769395575cfecdcd1f68e16b228ed028d91d354079d865f7cf", "text": "I am sure that a person who has accustomed her senses to compare atmospheres proper and improper, for the sick and for children, could tell, blindfold, the difference of the air in old painted and in old papered rooms, _coeteris paribus._ The latter will always be dusty, even with all the windows open.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00480", "bookId": 12439, "start": 167021, "end": 167097, "sha256": "7dd4661919f9068da5f26230304215fe4bc368a3ec3892d1a410130b7e45ab72", "text": "[3] [Sidenote: How to keep your wall clean at the expense of your clothes.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00481", "bookId": 12439, "start": 167101, "end": 167361, "sha256": "068cc371d82d7f9c056aaae2a03ceddd910dae748b7702c28dc5d6be2d6b84dc", "text": "If you like to wipe your dirty door, or some portion of your dirty wall, by hanging up your clean gown or shawl against it on a peg, this is one way certainly, and the most usual way, and generally the only way of cleaning either door or wall in a bed room!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00482", "bookId": 12439, "start": 167371, "end": 167396, "sha256": "6cba386d9095580d5dc8d69e0317da1d0e2600a7f5d19ba6bed30a0856e3cefc", "text": "XI. PERSONAL CLEANLINESS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00483", "bookId": 12439, "start": 167402, "end": 167436, "sha256": "4d6d093e771966f111c31d17baf039051194274f8ed2c7f68b622d1ff665eff5", "text": "[Sidenote: Poisoning by the skin.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00484", "bookId": 12439, "start": 167440, "end": 168232, "sha256": "1eae5d74670d0c15e7751f0262a9133a934b2537e4207e4a8a0e5e5e608a186c", "text": "In almost all diseases, the function of the skin is, more or less, disordered; and in many most important diseases nature relieves herself almost entirely by the skin. This is particularly the case with children. But the excretion, which comes from the skin, is left there, unless removed by washing or by the clothes. Every nurse should keep this fact constantly in mind,--for, if she allow her sick to remain unwashed, or their clothing to remain on them after being saturated with perspiration or other excretion, she is interfering injuriously with the natural processes of health just as effectually as if she were to give the patient a dose of slow poison by the mouth. Poisoning by the skin is no less certain than poisoning by the mouth--only it is slower in its operation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00485", "bookId": 12439, "start": 168238, "end": 168301, "sha256": "6b8aef8eb70cc3b5cc486f79e6e59d8ee7a575f3fb3877e13360135b80a95431", "text": "[Sidenote: Ventilation and skin-cleanliness equally essential.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00486", "bookId": 12439, "start": 168305, "end": 168888, "sha256": "9b33638129a0ad0f9c636ed3f69190f14a7023be670301aba912805a9aaac473", "text": "The amount of relief and comfort experienced by sick after the skin has been carefully washed and dried, is one of the commonest observations made at a sick bed. But it must not be forgotten that the comfort and relief so obtained are not all. They are, in fact, nothing more than a sign that the vital powers have been relieved by removing something that was oppressing them. The nurse, therefore, must never put off attending to the personal cleanliness of her patient under the plea that all that is to be gained is a little relief, which can be quite as well given later.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00487", "bookId": 12439, "start": 168892, "end": 169027, "sha256": "be0c2387c522cc6b80cdabc70bddb31ec9196d529ae1f16c6593e1894e4ea572", "text": "In all well-regulated hospitals this ought to be, and generally is, attended to. But it is very generally neglected with private sick.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00488", "bookId": 12439, "start": 169031, "end": 169437, "sha256": "d80fd416a40ffc5c6da10939a51dffb840d11fd848cff00674840015bdf1342e", "text": "Just as it is necessary to renew the air round a sick person frequently, to carry off morbid effluvia from the lungs and skin, by maintaining free ventilation, so is it necessary to keep the pores of the skin free from all obstructing excretions. The object, both of ventilation and of skin-cleanliness, is pretty much the same,--to wit, removing noxious matter from the system as rapidly as possible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00489", "bookId": 12439, "start": 169441, "end": 169653, "sha256": "b181b4d695c359763f6f29abdafda2a15df89b7a257323f97fe6ba3fb2977a59", "text": "Care should be taken in all these operations of sponging, washing, and cleansing the skin, not to expose too great a surface at once, so as to check the perspiration, which would renew the evil in another form.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00490", "bookId": 12439, "start": 169657, "end": 169784, "sha256": "4ec1eff54a589685fa90af52f9451e8f1a89f61614d51f138a30f1e1fa319840", "text": "The various ways of washing the sick need not here be specified,--the less so as the doctors ought to say which is to be used.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00491", "bookId": 12439, "start": 169788, "end": 170069, "sha256": "b6e3aee27f4b3e31418a7f4e83da849a36afc649b0d5a5d7b512c47372d5ae1e", "text": "In several forms of diarrhoea, dysentery, &c., where the skin is hard and harsh, the relief afforded by washing with a great deal of soft soap is incalculable. In other cases, sponging with tepid soap and water, then with tepid water and drying with a hot towel will be ordered.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00492", "bookId": 12439, "start": 170073, "end": 170192, "sha256": "aab50c6dd056efe2fdf0cbcc8efb5c3809dd719a98a727927bd5f0e2a296cb42", "text": "Every nurse ought to be careful to wash her hands very frequently during the day. If her face too, so much the better.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00493", "bookId": 12439, "start": 170196, "end": 170245, "sha256": "2ae9162e0a8afcb90905077df2271ac1dcff1e923175e4d6bbc174c4bd49f860", "text": "One word as to cleanliness merely as cleanliness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00494", "bookId": 12439, "start": 170251, "end": 170293, "sha256": "0e192cf8d6f7b9bebab2be45a8b318d651bd1095fba4db6b578fe2ce3c1c50a8", "text": "[Sidenote: Steaming and rubbing the skin.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00495", "bookId": 12439, "start": 170297, "end": 171695, "sha256": "ea07071ce6e68a73cd101106876f4e0887c94c67f276459c8ec915dc2132eed8", "text": "Compare the dirtiness of the water in which you have washed when it is cold without soap, cold with soap, hot with soap. You will find the first has hardly removed any dirt at all, the second a little more, the third a great deal more. But hold your hand over a cup of hot water for a minute or two, and then, by merely rubbing with the finger, you will bring off flakes of dirt or dirty skin. After a vapour bath you may peel your whole self clean in this way. What I mean is, that by simply washing or sponging with water you do not really clean your skin. Take a rough towel, dip one corner in very hot water,--if a little spirit be added to it it will be more effectual,--and then rub as if you were rubbing the towel into your skin with your fingers. The black flakes which will come off will convince you that you were not clean before, however much soap and water you have used. These flakes are what require removing. And you can really keep yourself cleaner with a tumbler of hot water and a rough towel and rubbing, than with a whole apparatus of bath and soap and sponge, without rubbing. It is quite nonsense to say that anybody need be dirty. Patients have been kept as clean by these means on a long voyage, when a basin full of water could not be afforded, and when they could not be moved out of their berths, as if all the appurtenances of home had been at hand.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00496", "bookId": 12439, "start": 171699, "end": 171984, "sha256": "0c1627dd8a3a09655a1bf4bbf3c222b952e7f2a8068f44fa3fe8297258258585", "text": "Washing, however, with a large quantity of water has quite other effects than those of mere cleanliness. The skin absorbs the water and becomes softer and more perspirable. To wash with soap and soft water is, therefore, desirable from other points of view than that of cleanliness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00497", "bookId": 12439, "start": 171994, "end": 172028, "sha256": "76c8f0da39769b1bc3377e607696e4f192d8c11e4fdd5e421061c83e05bebca4", "text": "XII. CHATTERING HOPES AND ADVICES.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00498", "bookId": 12439, "start": 172034, "end": 172064, "sha256": "7d4256ece20ff0a04d5866a256dc1560aa5944c59d902245486ed64eecafd1fa", "text": "[Sidenote: Advising the sick.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00499", "bookId": 12439, "start": 172068, "end": 173257, "sha256": "315eb1e1de772a11ba1bde6e8e1880ff2e6636a340133f305f1774b4826d3b3b", "text": "The sick man to his advisers. \"My advisers! Their name is legion. * * * Somehow or other, it seems a provision of the universal destinies, that every man, woman, and child should consider him, her, or itself privileged especially to advise me. Why? That is precisely what I want to know.\" And this is what I have to say to them. I have been advised to go to every place extant in and out of England--to take every kind of exercise by every kind of cart, carriage---yes, and even swing (!) and dumb-bell (!) in existence; to imbibe every different kind of stimulus that ever has been invented; And this when those _best_ fitted to know, viz., medical men, after long and close attendance, had declared any journey out of the question, had prohibited any kind of motion whatever, had closely laid down the diet and drink. What would my advisers say, were they the medical attendants, and I the patient left their advice, and took the casual adviser's? But the singularity in Legion's mind is this: it never occurs to him that everybody else is doing the same thing, and that I the patient _must_ perforce say, in sheer self-defence, like Rosalind, \"I could not do with all.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00500", "bookId": 12439, "start": 173263, "end": 173313, "sha256": "03ac3316582bdd27c3b05da0a7b77633f49053f9224aef19c170cd1dd634afb9", "text": "[Sidenote: Chattering hopes the bane of the sick.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00501", "bookId": 12439, "start": 173317, "end": 173912, "sha256": "cef589366add4ede2e8be965517a4483dbb634377c3a51572d7903f6e987c8cc", "text": "\"Chattering Hopes\" may seem an odd heading. But I really believe there is scarcely a greater worry which invalids have to endure than the incurable hopes of their friends. There is no one practice against which I can speak more strongly from actual personal experience, wide and long, of its effects during sickness observed both upon others and upon myself. I would appeal most seriously to all friends, visitors, and attendants of the sick to leave off this practice of attempting to \"cheer\" the sick by making light of their danger and by exaggerating their probabilities of recovery.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00502", "bookId": 12439, "start": 173916, "end": 174055, "sha256": "cd3af6507d70ff5c787297607bed62eb78fdaaa8276e478df9cec9729fa2dc33", "text": "Far more now than formerly does the medical attendant tell the truth to the sick who are really desirous to hear it about their own state.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00503", "bookId": 12439, "start": 174059, "end": 174529, "sha256": "f54951df4a54540564bfa69ab144c467d0565afb6ae2c44743515b919a31a01e", "text": "How intense is the folly, then, to say the least of it, of the friend, be he even a medical man, who thinks that his opinion, given after a cursory observation, will weigh with the patient, against the opinion of the medical attendant, given, perhaps, after years of observation, after using every help to diagnosis afforded by the stethoscope, the examination of pulse, tongue, &c.; and certainly after much more observation than the friend can possibly have had.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00504", "bookId": 12439, "start": 174533, "end": 174865, "sha256": "e1f3037705a250cc56fae5fb83a4f018094e3afa190fabeea05d2743c3cc9fdf", "text": "Supposing the patient to be possessed of common sense,--how can the \"favourable\" opinion, if it is to be called an opinion at all, of the casual visitor \"cheer\" him,--when different from that of the experienced attendant? Unquestionably the latter may, and often does, turn out to be wrong. But which is most likely to be wrong?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00505", "bookId": 12439, "start": 174871, "end": 174924, "sha256": "385f167dee3e7a7b95e604d69dd22633ed7cbeff06531a8c2a05512ae53306a1", "text": "[Sidenote: Patient does not want to talk of himself.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00506", "bookId": 12439, "start": 174928, "end": 175559, "sha256": "976a8e5936517392140c1762b150c6ac32f9a23613490170ea6cdc64f65a6b52", "text": "The fact is, that the patient[1] is not \"cheered\" at all by these well-meaning, most tiresome friends. On the contrary, he is depressed and wearied. If, on the one hand, he exerts himself to tell each successive member of this too numerous conspiracy, whose name is legion, why he does not think as they do,--in what respect he is worse,--what symptoms exist that they know nothing of,--he is fatigued instead of \"cheered,\" and his attention is fixed upon himself. In general, patients who are really ill, do not want to talk about themselves. Hypochondriacs do, but again I say we are not on the subject of hypochondriacs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00507", "bookId": 12439, "start": 175565, "end": 175635, "sha256": "31ebf430c5c4b3f988990936edad02081689fe92f408d89ddf5693b96d51382d", "text": "[Sidenote: Absurd consolations put forth for the benefit of the sick.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00508", "bookId": 12439, "start": 175639, "end": 176933, "sha256": "31f9498ac32776d0e980466d1e9c266d8a695d3c50bc0cfa2e11081ab8daf54c", "text": "If, on the other hand, and which is much more frequently the case, the patient says nothing but the Shakespearian \"Oh!\" \"Ah!\" \"Go to!\" and \"In good sooth!\" in order to escape from the conversation about himself the sooner, he is depressed by want of sympathy. He feels isolated in the midst of friends. He feels what a convenience it would be, if there were any single person to whom he could speak simply and openly, without pulling the string upon himself of this shower-bath of silly hopes and encouragements; to whom he could express his wishes and directions without that person persisting in saying, \"I hope that it will please God yet to give you twenty years,\" or, \"You have a long life of activity before you.\" How often we see at the end of biographies or of cases recorded in medical papers, \"after a long illness A. died rather suddenly,\" or, \"unexpectedly both to himself and to others.\" \"Unexpectedly\" to others, perhaps, who did not see, because they did not look; but by no means \"unexpectedly to himself,\" as I feel entitled to believe, both from the internal evidence in such stories, and from watching similar cases; there was every reason to expect that A. would die, and he knew it; but he found it useless to insist upon his own knowledge to his friends.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00509", "bookId": 12439, "start": 176937, "end": 177039, "sha256": "dab1c3dd6eab21dcaf283f82df4936037e37e01377918dc6ac666f9d09b28f6d", "text": "In these remarks I am alluding neither to acute cases which terminate rapidly nor to \"nervous\" cases.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00510", "bookId": 12439, "start": 177043, "end": 177504, "sha256": "9752c89431c71bfd35d374e6f28865a6de36d6a3ac215f57a24d642e412ff037", "text": "By the first much interest in, their own danger is very rarely felt. In writings of fiction, whether novels or biographies, these death-beds are generally depicted as almost seraphic in lucidity of intelligence. Sadly large has been my experience in death-beds, and I can only say that I have seldom or never seen such. Indifference, excepting with regard to bodily suffering, or to some duty the dying man desires to perform, is the far more usual state.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00511", "bookId": 12439, "start": 177508, "end": 177611, "sha256": "1ed84207e07801e6a2735d48d278276d21035f6269c6dd03b2ef91ce3bd496db", "text": "The \"nervous case,\" on the other hand, delights in figuring to himself and others a fictitious danger.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00512", "bookId": 12439, "start": 177615, "end": 178046, "sha256": "1ef069907e6edd13747c7a38f9a8c8ad68e9c3b1a3aa58c84c288717bbb816a8", "text": "But the long chronic case, who knows too well himself, and who has been told by his physician that he will never enter active life again, who feels that every month he has to give up something he could do the month before--oh! spare such sufferers your chattering hopes. You do not know how you worry and weary them. Such real sufferers cannot bear to talk of themselves, still less to hope for what they cannot at all expect.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00513", "bookId": 12439, "start": 178050, "end": 178630, "sha256": "d83435f76b2df96e291423087c641a439d213817ee92b9761faea489852cdf6f", "text": "So also as to all the advice showered so profusely upon such sick, to leave off some occupation, to try some other doctor, some other house, climate, pill, powder, or specific; I say nothing of the inconsistency-- for these advisers are sure to be the same persons who exhorted the sick man not to believe his own doctor's prognostics, because \"doctors are always mistaken,\" but to believe some other doctor, because \"this doctor is always right.\" Sure also are these advisers to be the persons to bring the sick man fresh occupation, while exhorting him to leave his own.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00514", "bookId": 12439, "start": 178636, "end": 178698, "sha256": "8306463c3f6fc203f64b39fbcb8f52f14ae45c614dc068751e8eedca7d83b2b0", "text": "[Sidenote: Wonderful presumption of the advisers of the sick.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00515", "bookId": 12439, "start": 178702, "end": 179330, "sha256": "c47e14c07108618bb45253ef1b206f831664f445a66e83b2e9d0ecd216737fe8", "text": "Wonderful is the face with which friends, lay and medical, will come in and worry the patient with recommendations to do something or other, having just as little knowledge as to its being feasible, or even safe for him, as if they were to recommend a man to take exercise, not knowing he had broken his leg. What would the friend say, if _he_ were the medical attendant, and if the patient, because some _other_ friend had come in, because somebody, anybody, nobody, had recommended something, anything, nothing, were to disregard _his_ orders, and take that other body's recommendation? But people never think of this.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00516", "bookId": 12439, "start": 179336, "end": 179395, "sha256": "12a9b0d16c9e85474956b20ec505c89fca3dd7fd2c5fe9a3c5dc83fc16c386f3", "text": "[Sidenote: Advisers the same now as two hundred years ago.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00517", "bookId": 12439, "start": 179399, "end": 180438, "sha256": "951c77c7299c9f15e00c2b26c37c45852a8c56ed9cab7b3e457533fe1678995a", "text": "A celebrated historical personage has related the commonplaces which, when on the eve of executing a remarkable resolution, were showered in nearly the same words by every one around successively for a period of six months. To these the personage states that it was found least trouble always to reply the same thing, viz., that it could not be supposed that such a resolution had been taken without sufficient previous consideration. To patients enduring every day for years from every friend or acquaintance, either by letter or _viva voce_, some torment of this kind, I would suggest the same answer. It would indeed be spared, if such friends and acquaintances would but consider for one moment, that it is probable the patient has heard such advice at least fifty times before, and that, had it been practicable, it would have been practised long ago. But of such consideration there appears to be no chance. Strange, though true, that people should be just the same in these things as they were a few hundred years ago!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00518", "bookId": 12439, "start": 180442, "end": 180703, "sha256": "dd5e6c2bf9c2eb6609f1d6267a82a56b0f36e4ebeba26ce4a280e9f03ffda4bc", "text": "To me these commonplaces, leaving their smear upon the cheerful, single-hearted, constant devotion to duty, which is so often seen in the decline of such sufferers, recall the slimy trail left by the snail on the sunny southern garden-wall loaded with fruit.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00519", "bookId": 12439, "start": 180709, "end": 180757, "sha256": "c9dad6b679c48ba19da103facbcc61154b9b2901a169d83542291164bfe22780", "text": "[Sidenote: Mockery of the advice given to sick.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00520", "bookId": 12439, "start": 180761, "end": 181383, "sha256": "9a244939875e84d4d6b58abb22f289081d44e3221f8c14c80dda3e855c9bdb96", "text": "No mockery in the world is so hollow as the advice showered upon the sick. It is of no use for the sick to say anything, for what the adviser wants is, _not_ to know the truth about the state of the patient, but to turn whatever the sick may say to the support of his own argument, set forth, it must be repeated, without any inquiry whatever into the patient's real condition. \"But it would be impertinent or indecent in me to make such an inquiry,\" says the adviser. True; and how much more impertinent is it to give your advice when you can know nothing about the truth, and admit you could not inquire into it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00521", "bookId": 12439, "start": 181387, "end": 181956, "sha256": "c254d74261f3bd1e05d8e782265ec915ebf9ed259be679b5fec93505c1c5f844", "text": "To nurses I say--these are the visitors who do your patient harm. When you hear him told:--1. That he has nothing the matter with him, and that he wants cheering. 2. That he is committing suicide, and that he wants preventing. 3. That he is the tool of somebody who makes use of him for a purpose. 4. That he will listen to nobody, but is obstinately bent upon his own way; and 5. That, he ought to be called to a sense of duty, and is flying in the face of Providence;--then know that your patient is receiving all the injury that he can receive from a visitor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00522", "bookId": 12439, "start": 181960, "end": 182127, "sha256": "9137ae211d18935c0da70ff3170ac36af5c95cffd5d212c09e00e70d5340a6f8", "text": "How little the real sufferings of illness are known or understood. How little does any one in good health fancy him or even _her_self into the life of a sick person.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00523", "bookId": 12439, "start": 182133, "end": 182182, "sha256": "2650638263c927e44a0659dc317fec175592339a88610a0f0123a003b34afe8e", "text": "[Sidenote: Means of giving pleasure to the sick.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00524", "bookId": 12439, "start": 182186, "end": 182962, "sha256": "fbff26b76a0cf00d1c83ab2752036aaa701544233da16a9e022aabf4644d4ee3", "text": "Do, you who are about the sick or who visit the sick, try and give them pleasure, remember to tell them what will do so. How often in such visits the sick person has to do the whole conversation, exerting his own imagination and memory, while you would take the visitor, absorbed in his own anxieties, making no effort of memory or imagination, for the sick person. \"Oh! my dear, I have so much to think of, I really quite forgot to tell him that; besides, I thought he would know it,\" says the visitor to another friend. How could \"he know it?\" Depend upon it, the people who say this are really those who have little \"to think of.\" There are many burthened with business who always manage to keep a pigeon-hole in their minds, full of things to tell the \"invalid.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00525", "bookId": 12439, "start": 182966, "end": 183158, "sha256": "c773fefd9fec057673da687a1a97b6eeaedd52c6d0d3b1a1da6151283100f6c7", "text": "I do not say, don't tell him your anxieties--I believe it is good for him and good for you too; but if you tell him what is anxious, surely you can remember to tell him what is pleasant too.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00526", "bookId": 12439, "start": 183162, "end": 183485, "sha256": "1ea96332d5b266d9593aa8622a577cac748fe998e796783cdfb8d58c1b30fb14", "text": "A sick person does so enjoy hearing good news:--for instance, of a love and courtship, while in progress to a good ending. If you tell him only when the marriage takes place, he loses half the pleasure, which God knows he has little enough of; and ten to one but you have told him of some love-making with a bad ending.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00527", "bookId": 12439, "start": 183489, "end": 183880, "sha256": "82443f8e7712636601b818b76c689afb12cb80c9c2fdbc70d39d615f31c99c2c", "text": "A sick person also intensely enjoys hearing of any _material_ good, any positive or practical success of the right. He has so much of books and fiction, of principles, and precepts, and theories; do, instead of advising him with advice he has heard at least fifty times before, tell him of one benevolent act which has really succeeded practically,--it is like a day's health to him.[2]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00528", "bookId": 12439, "start": 183884, "end": 184067, "sha256": "fa957bb65a17640df47a32199ffe3038d72af0f5693b555a562451674c90996a", "text": "You have no idea what the craving of sick with undiminished power of thinking, but little power of doing, is to hear of good practical action, when they can no longer partake in it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00529", "bookId": 12439, "start": 184071, "end": 184392, "sha256": "13a0e05e7e71b9fb337418bc829b56c138f4e66270495f1416f4a2dec37f450e", "text": "Do observe these things with the sick. Do remember how their life is to them disappointed and incomplete. You see them lying there with miserable disappointments, from which they can have no escape but death, and you can't remember to tell them of what would give them so much pleasure, or at least an hour's variety.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00530", "bookId": 12439, "start": 184396, "end": 184660, "sha256": "6243fc0c9501cb764bed30adedd579e7d6898696feb89ac41e064f4b1597fc07", "text": "They don't want you to be lachrymose and whining with them, they like you to be fresh and active and interested, but they cannot bear absence of mind, and they are so tired of the advice and preaching they receive from everybody, no matter whom it is, they see.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00531", "bookId": 12439, "start": 184664, "end": 185220, "sha256": "77b6f6fdc889307545f51e96bad178e5ab5e23ac79270c4637bd856926628974", "text": "There is no better society than babies and sick people for one another. Of course you must manage this so that neither shall suffer from it, which is perfectly possible. If you think the \"air of the sick room\" bad for the baby, why it is bad for the invalid too, and, therefore, you will of course correct it for both. It freshens up a sick person's whole mental atmosphere to see \"the baby.\" And a very young child, if unspoiled, will generally adapt itself wonderfully to the ways of a sick person, if the time they spend together is not too long.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00532", "bookId": 12439, "start": 185224, "end": 186112, "sha256": "f42903e32e6145004a48c59fa18d267715471408cde306ddaf7b53a08003083b", "text": "If you knew how unreasonably sick people suffer from reasonable causes of distress, you would take more pains about all these things. An infant laid upon the sick bed will do the sick person, thus suffering, more good than all your logic. A piece of good news will do the same. Perhaps you are afraid of \"disturbing\" him. You say there is no comfort for his present cause of affliction. It is perfectly reasonable. The distinction is this, if he is obliged to act, do not \"disturb\" him with another subject of thought just yet; help him to do what he wants to do; but, if he _has_ done this, or if nothing _can_ be done, then \"disturb\" him by all means. You will relieve, more effectually, unreasonable suffering from reasonable causes by telling him \"the news,\" showing him \"the baby,\" or giving him something new to think of or to look at than by all the logic in the world.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00533", "bookId": 12439, "start": 186116, "end": 186731, "sha256": "2a9628190acf6c47222e832f6bf5f3ed7fe9fbfc3ca5685cbecfc6f4d1e286a7", "text": "It has been very justly said that the sick are like children in this, that there is no _proportion_ in events to them. Now it is your business as their visitor to restore this right proportion for them--to show them what the rest of the world is doing. How can they find it out otherwise? You will find them far more open to conviction than children in this. And you will find that their unreasonable intensity of suffering from unkindness, from want of sympathy, &c., will disappear with their freshened interest in the big world's events. But then you must be able to give them real interests, not gossip.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00534", "bookId": 12439, "start": 186737, "end": 186805, "sha256": "7754f39407034a60bff0dc488cfcbabd5066b42f19c5b9b085a75ec7b42bd1fb", "text": "[Sidenote: Two new classes of patients peculiar to this generation.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00535", "bookId": 12439, "start": 186809, "end": 187513, "sha256": "7bb611b5aa8f67018c4113910177067f8b2038d6d07b90ff38306309450ada7b", "text": "NOTE.--There are two classes of patients which are unfortunately becoming more common every day, especially among women of the richer orders, to whom all these remarks are pre-eminently inapplicable. 1. Those who make health an excuse for doing nothing, and at the same time allege that the being able to do nothing is their only grief. 2. Those who have brought upon themselves ill-health by over pursuit of amusement, which they and their friends have most unhappily called intellectual activity. I scarcely know a greater injury that can be inflicted than the advice too often given to the first class to \"vegetate\"--or than the admiration too often bestowed on the latter class for \"pluck.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00536", "bookId": 12439, "start": 187519, "end": 187529, "sha256": "55ef8349ad07203ec2cca0f3d97640f57c9e65b07c838ffd97e6bcdc1006aed5", "text": "FOOTNOTES:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00537", "bookId": 12439, "start": 187533, "end": 187666, "sha256": "6822100fdaabc85f331a11441d5b8a37e086a5239c7cb9c5a601c7922e066fcb", "text": "[1] [Sidenote: Absurd statistical comparisons made in common conversation by the most sensible people for the benefit of the sick.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00538", "bookId": 12439, "start": 187670, "end": 188310, "sha256": "7618ffe742f497fd65300fb4f414b02cadf2a929178e619dae9d36626c4bc9f8", "text": "There are, of course, cases, as in first confinements, when an assurance from the doctor or experienced nurse to the frightened suffering woman that there is nothing unusual in her case, that she has nothing to fear but a few hours' pain, may cheer her most effectually. This is advice of quite another order. It is the advice of experience to utter inexperience. But the advice we have been referring to is the advice of inexperience to bitter experience; and, in general, amounts to nothing more than this, that _you_ think _I_ shall recover from consumption because somebody knows somebody somewhere who has recovered from fever.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00539", "bookId": 12439, "start": 188314, "end": 189389, "sha256": "b016767fdb21b26c8a79f187b00ae2407462b231de4d340f5dcb80abd4d0a67f", "text": "I have heard a doctor condemned whose patient did not, alas! recover, because another doctor's patient of a _different_ sex, of a _different_ age, recovered from a _different_ disease, in a _different_ place. Yes, this is really true. If people who make these comparisons did but know (only they do not care to know), the care and preciseness with which such comparisons require to be made, (and are made,) in order to be of any value whatever, they would spare their tongues. In comparing the deaths of one hospital with those of another, any statistics are justly considered absolutely valueless which do not give the ages, the sexes, and the diseases of all the cases. It does not seem necessary to mention this. It does not seem necessary to say that there can be no comparison between old men with dropsies and young women with consumptions. Yet the cleverest men and the cleverest women are often heard making such comparisons, ignoring entirely sex, age, disease, place--in fact, _all_ the conditions essential to the question. It is the merest _gossip_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00540", "bookId": 12439, "start": 189393, "end": 189692, "sha256": "8af98ffea605d0fd3292ee17189c48408f3512347bd5f8589315470194e4b143", "text": "[2] A small pet animal is often an excellent companion for the sick, for long chronic cases especially. A pet bird in a cage is sometimes the only pleasure of an invalid confined for years to the same room. If he can feed and clean the animal himself, he ought always to be encouraged to do so.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00541", "bookId": 12439, "start": 189702, "end": 189732, "sha256": "74e3319b85b7bf4d9a0b112cad1a5eaccbcfb64f114d8b89a30d91df6c2e92b0", "text": "XIII. OBSERVATION OF THE SICK.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00542", "bookId": 12439, "start": 189738, "end": 189796, "sha256": "753a685b2417cc898aa0e23f40823a8ee7d0be8f740aa49630fe358e5856798c", "text": "[Sidenote: What is the use of the question, Is he better?]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00543", "bookId": 12439, "start": 189800, "end": 190354, "sha256": "d616916157834d9ad33391e145d4fa4bafb8eb9298a1eb9feeedc1c4b046d71c", "text": "There is no more silly or universal question scarcely asked than this, \"Is he better?\" Ask it of the medical attendant, if you please. But of whom else, if you wish for a real answer to your question, would you ask? Certainly not of the casual visitor; certainly not of the nurse, while the nurse's observation is so little exercised as it is now. What you want are facts, not opinions--for who can have any opinion of any value as to whether the patient is better or worse, excepting the constant medical attendant, or the really observing nurse?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00544", "bookId": 12439, "start": 190358, "end": 190636, "sha256": "f18b88984ff3526ef2859a539efd0659f4595ff1f8667a8f5334dcfd265912bb", "text": "The most important practical lesson that can be given to nurses is to teach them what to observe--how to observe--what symptoms indicate improvement--what the reverse--which are of importance--which are of none--which are the evidence of neglect--and of what kind of neglect.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00545", "bookId": 12439, "start": 190640, "end": 190887, "sha256": "efd4710a3fde44abe0d542044d74c41ec8a0e70298dc9b419347e6a793f163a0", "text": "All this is what ought to make part, and an essential part, of the training of every nurse. At present how few there are, either professional or unprofessional, who really know at all whether any sick person they may be with is better or worse.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00546", "bookId": 12439, "start": 190891, "end": 191207, "sha256": "aefd7a4796f5f620f6e709958ac4e0a3de10ff032c060e778299229e0d113c6a", "text": "The vagueness and looseness of the information one receives in answer to that much abused question, \"Is he better?\" would be ludicrous, if it were not painful. The only sensible answer (in the present state of knowledge about sickness) would be \"How can I know? I cannot tell how he was when I was not with him.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00547", "bookId": 12439, "start": 191211, "end": 191517, "sha256": "70b84e555306ee8e8fd3559aaf5f4670bcf631d8dff6d0583c3e61c52465c533", "text": "I can record but a very few specimens of the answers[1] which I have heard made by friends and nurses, and accepted by physicians and surgeons at the very bed-side of the patient, who could have contradicted every word, but did not--sometimes from amiability, often from shyness, oftenest from languor!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00548", "bookId": 12439, "start": 191521, "end": 191688, "sha256": "956fa5dd81977515296833c2dc3cae33bc90cc9d10f8e5c7b85e83d8dc4bd352", "text": "\"How often have the bowels acted, nurse?\" \"Once, sir.\" This generally means that the utensil has been emptied once, it having been used perhaps seven or eight times.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00549", "bookId": 12439, "start": 191692, "end": 192095, "sha256": "0653cd95f529081c1928a8a881c41e925a71cb1706417333698b6f7f5865a922", "text": "\"Do you think the patient is much weaker than he was six weeks ago?\" \"Oh no, sir; you know it is very long since he has been up and dressed, and he can get across the room now.\" This means that the nurse has not observed that whereas six weeks ago he sat up and occupied himself in bed, he now lies still doing nothing; that, although he can \"get across the room,\" he cannot stand for five seconds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00550", "bookId": 12439, "start": 192099, "end": 192271, "sha256": "21034913a0609a41927187c4a1f1a213a04b9b46dcbb16768bdd583a4751def2", "text": "Another patient who is eating well, recovering steadily, although slowly, from fever, but cannot walk or stand, is represented to the doctor as making no progress at all.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00551", "bookId": 12439, "start": 192277, "end": 192329, "sha256": "2a71ab56aa58451de4de2587ba02526739f1f1684b794d15ca3d9f521105f6cc", "text": "[Sidenote: Leading questions useless or misleading.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00552", "bookId": 12439, "start": 192333, "end": 194091, "sha256": "ef96775c5f7b1995ae52d65301d8eac5d2cdb012ff6172b4450a0ecbe2699eef", "text": "Questions, too, as asked now (but too generally) of or about patients, would obtain no information at all about them, even if the person asked of had every information to give. The question is generally a leading question; and it is singular that people never think what must be the answer to this question before they ask it: for instance, \"Has he had a good night?\" Now, one patient will think he has a bad night if he has not slept ten hours without waking. Another does not think he has a bad night if he has had intervals of dosing occasionally. The same answer has, actually been given as regarded two patients--one who had been entirely sleepless for five times twenty-four hours, and died of it, and another who had not slept the sleep of a regular night, without waking. Why cannot the question be asked, How many hours' sleep has ---- had? and at what hours of the night?[2] \"I have never closed my eyes all night,\" an answer as frequently made when the speaker has had several hours' sleep as when he has had none, would then be less often said. Lies, intentional and unintentional, are much seldomer told in answer to precise than to leading questions. Another frequent error is to inquire whether one cause remains, and not whether the effect which may be produced by a great many different causes, _not_ inquired after, remains. As when it is asked, whether there was noise in the street last night; and if there were not, the patient is reported, without more ado, to have had a good night. Patients are completely taken aback by these kinds of leading questions, and give only the exact amount of information asked for, even when they know it to be completely misleading. The shyness of patients is seldom allowed for.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00553", "bookId": 12439, "start": 194095, "end": 194256, "sha256": "e4fa0ebe9c0a9d63395a7503ebc0a14aa7d4b84a77ad97b0c8602d67206db1a1", "text": "How few there are who, by five or six pointed questions, can elicit the whole case, and get accurately to know and to be able to report _where_ the patient is.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00554", "bookId": 12439, "start": 194262, "end": 194316, "sha256": "e8b09ed622a4384dcf06f624ed23d0a166b881b1494d4be4ea31cbd5833b17ed", "text": "[Sidenote: Means of obtaining inaccurate information.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00555", "bookId": 12439, "start": 194320, "end": 194647, "sha256": "acbe52b0849486d679076d542a2f0d2d5788e08a664194a7cac127d36d457e84", "text": "I knew a very clever physician, of large dispensary and hospital practice, who invariably began his examination of each patient with \"Put your finger where you be bad.\" That man would never waste his time with collecting inaccurate information from nurse or patient. Leading questions always collect inaccurate information.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00556", "bookId": 12439, "start": 194651, "end": 195273, "sha256": "82b761aafbc7dfefe9d47ac219c5c39c6f63654891ee574481bfcc1f33d761a4", "text": "At a recent celebrated trial, the following leading question was put successively to nine distinguished medical men. \"Can you attribute these symptoms to anything else but poison?\" And out of the nine, eight answered \"No!\" without any qualification whatever. It appeared, upon cross-examination:--1. That none of them had ever seen a case of the kind of poisoning supposed. 2. That none of them had ever seen a case of the kind of disease to which the death, if not to poison, was attributable. 3. That none of them were even aware of the main fact of the disease and condition to which the death was attributable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00557", "bookId": 12439, "start": 195277, "end": 195383, "sha256": "7228ae3e343044450e5af7ddebeed4c2b127d9d53f8baf5a9b0feff354ec0a2b", "text": "Surely nothing stronger can be adduced to prove what use leading questions are of, and what they lead to.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00558", "bookId": 12439, "start": 195387, "end": 195599, "sha256": "91aa5a432f038f6997f027de72992b024edd9541dc38c5741297fbaaeb344f0f", "text": "I had rather not say how many instances I have known, where, owing to this system of leading questions, the patient has died, and the attendants have been actually unaware of the principal feature of the case.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00559", "bookId": 12439, "start": 195605, "end": 195659, "sha256": "5a4fb5bc21e7b9f859951ac9e7ec72faf688ddf3924915045c3ccf6b34e425b4", "text": "[Sidenote: As to food patient takes or does not take.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00560", "bookId": 12439, "start": 195663, "end": 196284, "sha256": "3bcb87da91d2e539728409726f3ea61efbc70d6e39f558b30f5aac60e938396b", "text": "It is useless to go through all the particulars, besides sleep, in which people have a peculiar talent for gleaning inaccurate information. As to food, for instance, I often think that most common question, How is your appetite? can only be put because the questioner believes the questioned has really nothing the matter with him, which is very often the case. But where there is, the remark holds good which has been made about sleep. The _same_ answer will often be made as regards a patient who cannot take two ounces of solid food per diem, and a patient who does not enjoy five meals a day as much as usual.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00561", "bookId": 12439, "start": 196288, "end": 197011, "sha256": "034b53463930279963334fef0cfd4f31e4a0f77e3130b2682fdbcddab60d833a", "text": "Again, the question, How is your appetite? is often put when How is your digestion? is the question meant. No doubt the two things depend on one another. But they are quite different. Many a patient can eat, if you can only \"tempt his appetite.\" The fault lies in your not having got him the thing that he fancies. But many another patient does not care between grapes and turnips--everything is equally distasteful to him. He would try to eat anything which would do him good; but everything \"makes him worse.\" The fault here generally lies in the cooking. It is not his \"appetite\" which requires \"tempting,\" it is his digestion which requires sparing. And good sick cookery will save the digestion half its work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00562", "bookId": 12439, "start": 197015, "end": 197166, "sha256": "96b18e5c732c14b2f67c3b2f8dde5ca184c4af4e5f033c15adaf10fd137bdcd9", "text": "There may be four different causes, any one of which will produce the same result, viz., the patient slowly starving to death from want of nutrition:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00563", "bookId": 12439, "start": 197170, "end": 197191, "sha256": "8144f75554f223fd442559045c98fa1aecd9a262308fec3da4b5f54a206f5cc5", "text": "1. Defect in cooking;", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00564", "bookId": 12439, "start": 197195, "end": 197223, "sha256": "d6cc9cc93ebdc93eb2c28db17dad840662061dae162fd32b7f84d3c97dca9175", "text": "2. Defect in choice of diet;", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00565", "bookId": 12439, "start": 197227, "end": 197272, "sha256": "9546950cb9e2123eaf00c0573555c4c421f55b6c6ccdd8b9de512d15969a2e07", "text": "3. Defect in choice of hours for taking diet;", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00566", "bookId": 12439, "start": 197276, "end": 197309, "sha256": "97bc4bd8bcbe013180ec62729b57044d8597084b4445e80b2845eab520519b37", "text": "4. Defect of appetite in patient.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00567", "bookId": 12439, "start": 197313, "end": 197420, "sha256": "ac17e352ebc40ef6b7adb2d5c2447516a5d6dd288cccff0e826b1106114f7b8d", "text": "Yet all these are generally comprehended in the one sweeping assertion that the patient has \"no appetite.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00568", "bookId": 12439, "start": 197424, "end": 197875, "sha256": "c9d74ed9d80bcabc0f013e8a5afa3822ca7739648180af44d59b89a3076cfcf4", "text": "Surely many lives might be saved by drawing a closer distinction; for the remedies are as diverse as the causes. The remedy for the first is to cook better; for the second, to choose other articles of diet; for the third, to watch for the hours when the patient is in want of food; for the fourth, to show him what he likes, and sometimes unexpectedly. But no one of these remedies will do for any other of the defects not corresponding with it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00569", "bookId": 12439, "start": 197879, "end": 198110, "sha256": "79ab5fa62601b41d30544c6bb688eb345536e560f3589b996139572969464d11", "text": "I cannot too often repeat that patients are generally either too languid to observe these things, or too shy to speak about them; nor is it well that they should be made to observe them, it fixes their attention upon themselves.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00570", "bookId": 12439, "start": 198114, "end": 198241, "sha256": "b3a2be31d7ca9a5dc45d26f0967515792800ead0df3886094f8564cd7abe085a", "text": "Again, I say, what _is_ the nurse or friend there for except to take note of these things, instead of the patient doing so?[3]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00571", "bookId": 12439, "start": 198247, "end": 198274, "sha256": "7204ebcbd0804f9dbbc2f621fd295745efefe4ff0902cbc0f9d72478fc2f745c", "text": "[Sidenote: As to diarrhoea]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00572", "bookId": 12439, "start": 198278, "end": 198605, "sha256": "e32cdae1ad13ba628ba1eeb1180ab5d70926181d0b4d51cd146a51cd427817b4", "text": "Again, the question is sometimes put, Is there diarrhoea? And the answer will be the same, whether it is just merging into cholera, whether it is a trifling degree brought on by some trifling indiscretion, which will cease the moment the cause is removed, or whether there is no diarrhoea at all, but simply relaxed bowels.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00573", "bookId": 12439, "start": 198609, "end": 198934, "sha256": "af87564b9dddf17019f30a16d41f54e31f182a72eaf191b7b12060bf778421cc", "text": "It is useless to multiply instances of this kind. As long as observation is so little cultivated as it is now, I do believe that it is better for the physician _not_ to see the friends of the patient at all. They will oftener mislead him than not. And as often by making the patient out worse as better than he really is.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00574", "bookId": 12439, "start": 198938, "end": 199116, "sha256": "9cfb9eaff20ee58efcd69422d7154dfa26c452e9d3a1ebb6b60c4fa986b87217", "text": "In the case of infants, _everything_ must depend upon the accurate observation of the nurse or mother who has to report. And how seldom is this condition of accuracy fulfilled.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00575", "bookId": 12439, "start": 199122, "end": 199183, "sha256": "fdb655afdda57eeaac69f90bdc11a297074c8564e66faee5b3d8cdd65bd942f7", "text": "[Sidenote: Means of cultivating sound and ready observation.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00576", "bookId": 12439, "start": 199187, "end": 199874, "sha256": "d3e94b73caf45b1b2d1d59c24fccdfcb0d5e0caabe53cfb2474d8a70a0702cf1", "text": "A celebrated man, though celebrated only for foolish things, has told us that one of his main objects in the education of his son, was to give him a ready habit of accurate observation, a certainty of perception, and that for this purpose one of his means was a month's course as follows:--he took the boy rapidly past a toy-shop; the father and son then described to each other as many of the objects as they could, which they had seen in passing the windows, noting them down with pencil and paper, and returning afterwards to verify their own accuracy. The boy always succeeded best, e.g., if the father described 30 objects, the boy did 40, and scarcely ever made a mistake.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00577", "bookId": 12439, "start": 199878, "end": 200211, "sha256": "3311e19343a2bcaac1f3c704d630704c02812efa0cda59ce63cb8321d36704cc", "text": "I have often thought how wise a piece of education this would be for much higher objects; and in our calling of nurses the thing itself is essential. For it may safely be said, not that the habit of ready and correct observation will by itself make us useful nurses, but that without it we shall be useless with all our devotion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00578", "bookId": 12439, "start": 200215, "end": 200589, "sha256": "e1630ddc08a63581247ce096cb334a84638ef79bc952ea882d60ef98ed22ccba", "text": "I have known a nurse in charge of a set of wards, who not only carried in her head all the little varieties in the diets which each patient was allowed to fix for himself, but also exactly what each patient had taken during each day. I have known another nurse in charge of one single patient, who took away his meals day after day all but untouched, and never knew it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00579", "bookId": 12439, "start": 200593, "end": 200941, "sha256": "160b9127e595686919579fbb2bc614f3ab39564296c248d4427580f90a619e60", "text": "If you find it helps you to note down such things on a bit of paper, in pencil, by all means do so. I think it more often lames than strengthens the memory and observation. But if you cannot get the habit of observation one way or other, you had better give up the being a nurse, for it is not your calling, however kind and anxious you may be.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00580", "bookId": 12439, "start": 200945, "end": 201348, "sha256": "b9206931f8749248d292963b1fe6292be90fbb124faad5e7affa95e719c4346b", "text": "Surely you can learn at least to judge with the eye how much an oz. of solid food is, how much an oz. of liquid. You will find this helps your observation and memory very much, you will then say to yourself, \"A. took about an oz. of his meat to day;\" \"B. took three times in 24 hours about 1/4 pint of beef tea;\" instead of saying \"B. has taken nothing all day,\" or \"I gave A. his dinner as usual.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00581", "bookId": 12439, "start": 201354, "end": 201415, "sha256": "11d450e59dcd2b0bb54222258d84789ee8ef5d66c6d45c92f93601124a5a18c2", "text": "[Sidenote: Sound and ready observation essential in a nurse.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00582", "bookId": 12439, "start": 201419, "end": 202501, "sha256": "ad16992a6e924acf8013a3fe9bb5426d42d5e83251e46b9e08d8bce0f62e967d", "text": "I have known several of our real old-fashioned hospital \"sisters,\" who could, as accurately as a measuring glass, measure out all their patients' wine and medicine by the eye, and never be wrong. I do not recommend this, one must be very sure of one's self to do it. I only mention it, because if a nurse can by practice measure medicine by the eye, surely she is no nurse who cannot measure by the eye about how much food (in oz.) her patient has taken.[4] In hospitals those who cut up the diets give with sufficient accuracy, to each patient, his 12 oz. or his 6 oz. of meat without weighing. Yet a nurse will often have patients loathing all food and incapable of any will to get well, who just tumble over the contents of the plate or dip the spoon in the cup to deceive the nurse, and she will take it away without ever seeing that there is just the same quantity of food as when she brought it, and she will tell the doctor, too, that the patient has eaten all his diets as usual, when all she ought to have meant is that she has taken away his diets as usual.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00583", "bookId": 12439, "start": 202505, "end": 202538, "sha256": "b1faa8c643baaf6641b4371e208dd348fe355c836f1f2dc4646119ac203bb71f", "text": "Now what kind of a nurse is this?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00584", "bookId": 12439, "start": 202544, "end": 202612, "sha256": "76c6e7ed4d5fdc12ff18ba5001a79050f6f6ee5fe41ebb4a29a3f19b84c38c5f", "text": "[Sidenote: Difference of excitable and _accumulative_ temperaments.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00585", "bookId": 12439, "start": 202616, "end": 203962, "sha256": "e3e9c827ce97df628c616e36d6417021cf3264bb2c56382a11912ead5a8915b9", "text": "I would call attention to something else, in which nurses frequently fail in observation. There is a well-marked distinction between the excitable and what I will call the _accumulative_ temperament in patients. One will blaze up at once, under any shock or anxiety, and sleep very comfortably after it; another will seem quite calm and even torpid, under the same shock, and people say, \"He hardly felt it at all,\" yet you will find him some time after slowly sinking. The same remark applies to the action of narcotics, of aperients, which, in the one, take effect directly, in the other not perhaps for twenty-four hours. A journey, a visit, an unwonted exertion, will affect the one immediately, but he recovers after it; the other bears it very well at the time, apparently, and dies or is prostrated for life by it. People often say how difficult the excitable temperament is to manage. I say how difficult is the _accumulative_ temperament. With the first you have an out-break which you could anticipate, and it is all over. With the second you never know where you are--you never know when the consequences are over. And it requires your closest observation to know what _are_ the consequences of what--for the consequent by no means follows immediately upon the antecedent--and coarse observation is utterly at fault.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00586", "bookId": 12439, "start": 203968, "end": 204022, "sha256": "c81d2d5845dba9114b8f6a7cb809e118c0138382faeb109b9429ff837779827b", "text": "[Sidenote: Superstition the fruit of bad observation.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00587", "bookId": 12439, "start": 204026, "end": 204418, "sha256": "7c1cc43d437e2381f888649836dc4951e11130b7be18878f4ad1d9d5762ae8b7", "text": "Almost all superstitions are owing to bad observation, to the _post hoc, ergo propter hoc_; and bad observers are almost all superstitious. Farmers used to attribute disease among cattle to witchcraft; weddings have been attributed to seeing one magpie, deaths to seeing three; and I have heard the most highly educated now-a-days draw consequences for the sick closely resembling these.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00588", "bookId": 12439, "start": 204424, "end": 204484, "sha256": "20fa7661bdcdc12c73737fc9a4d7f507efceac574067e6b0adf340372de85afd", "text": "[Sidenote: Physiognomy of disease little shewn by the face.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00589", "bookId": 12439, "start": 204488, "end": 205629, "sha256": "a78150a9b55cc0e1821e9be3d76caf5603334b369e0c2d058f19526a244dfdd4", "text": "Another remark: although there is unquestionably a physiognomy of disease as well as of health; of all parts of the body, the face is perhaps the one which tells the least to the common observer or the casual visitor. Because, of all parts of the body, it is the one most exposed to other influences, besides health. And people never, or scarcely ever, observe enough to know how to distinguish between the effect of exposure, of robust health, of a tender skin, of a tendency to congestion, of suffusion, flushing, or many other things. Again, the face is often the last to shew emaciation. I should say that the hand was a much surer test than the face, both as to flesh, colour, circulation, &c., &c. It is true that there are _some_ diseases which are only betrayed at all by something in the face, _e.g._, the eye or the tongue, as great irritability of brain by the appearance of the pupil of the eye. But we are talking of casual, not minute, observation. And few minute observers will hesitate to say that far more untruth than truth is conveyed by the oft repeated words, He _looks_ well, or ill, or better or worse.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00590", "bookId": 12439, "start": 205633, "end": 205859, "sha256": "59aa8465f7b3c093beb728763365deaab772770446234c4dd46e677329b78608", "text": "Wonderful is the way in which people will go upon the slightest observation, or often upon no observation at all, or upon some _saw_ which the world's experience, if it had any, would have pronounced utterly false long ago.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00591", "bookId": 12439, "start": 205863, "end": 206440, "sha256": "9fa0f81aeb5236dd1959f288b5404999099a03d47ed7fec80c4a2a15c60c4a55", "text": "I have known patients dying of sheer pain, exhaustion, and want of sleep, from one of the most lingering and painful diseases known, preserve, till within a few days of death, not only the healthy colour of the cheek, but the mottled appearance of a robust child. And scores of times have I heard these unfortunate creatures assailed with, \"I am glad to see you looking so well.\" \"I see no reason why you should not live till ninety years of age.\" \"Why don't you take a little more exercise and amusement,\" with all the other commonplaces with which we are so familiar.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00592", "bookId": 12439, "start": 206444, "end": 206520, "sha256": "1b23ebb4153ecaeac4b54ba823c533e4276e9399d487c40d77adcd3eba0715ea", "text": "There is, unquestionably, a physiognomy of disease. Let the nurse learn it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00593", "bookId": 12439, "start": 206524, "end": 206786, "sha256": "53027e02259db4967d55275f906e5e35219026a28f9c995ab012542677d19b0e", "text": "The experienced nurse can always tell that a person has taken a narcotic the night before by the patchiness of the colour about the face, when the re-action of depression has set in; that very colour which the inexperienced will point to as a proof of health.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00594", "bookId": 12439, "start": 206790, "end": 207021, "sha256": "931970de48a8b7bea29aaf6643602aaa8b7d669965bc717f79eb0fcc26ee9dbe", "text": "There is, again, a faintness, which does not betray itself by the colour at all, or in which the patient becomes brown instead of white. There is a faintness of another kind which, it is true, can always be seen by the paleness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00595", "bookId": 12439, "start": 207025, "end": 207255, "sha256": "e0b65ce1e23ccbf796f85b3d36ad0352dfada304a21c25d9c29556b46fddea73", "text": "But the nurse seldom distinguishes. She will talk to the patient who is too faint to move, without the least scruple, unless he is pale and unless, luckily for him, the muscles of the throat are affected and he loses his voice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00596", "bookId": 12439, "start": 207259, "end": 207356, "sha256": "84bcb67f85b5f2a0052e6befa0dfd74c4efe8c7580c131d2510ea2d7ac7d893c", "text": "Yet these two faintnesses are perfectly distinguishable, by the mere countenance of the patient.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00597", "bookId": 12439, "start": 207362, "end": 207400, "sha256": "6190cd5f702dfd46a028bac63775887ed505ccaae1c9a03e3b9ec418c6b80215", "text": "[Sidenote: Peculiarities of patients.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00598", "bookId": 12439, "start": 207404, "end": 207941, "sha256": "7c4bb54ab9b3e2ad15053320a6dc55a98faac80090e074ee3e1a46cf5758106d", "text": "Again, the nurse must distinguish between the idiosyncracies of patients. One likes to suffer out all his suffering alone, to be as little looked after as possible. Another likes to be perpetually made much of and pitied, and to have some one always by him. Both these peculiarities might be observed and indulged much more than they are. For quite as often does it happen that a busy attendance is forced upon the first patient, who wishes for nothing but to be \"let alone,\" as that the second is left to think himself neglected.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00599", "bookId": 12439, "start": 207947, "end": 208049, "sha256": "a54e3f2d4c5324e66f89a4f0631d525f912d98c9d2c3697fd5d48c379cdd21db", "text": "[Sidenote: Nurse must observe for herself increase of patient's weakness, patient will not tell her.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00600", "bookId": 12439, "start": 208053, "end": 209382, "sha256": "642c7bac74b0c1afb09534eedd10f5b18a52da566491c46dda4878dc03d2b5de", "text": "Again, I think that few things press so heavily on one suffering from long and incurable illness, as the necessity of recording in words from time to time, for the information of the nurse, who will not otherwise see, that he cannot do this or that, which he could do a month or a year ago. What is a nurse there for if she cannot observe these things for herself? Yet I have known--and known too among those--and _chiefly_ among those--whom money and position put in possession of everything which money and position could give--I have known, I say, more accidents (fatal, slowly or rapidly) arising from this want of observation among nurses than from almost anything else. Because a patient could get out of a warm-bath alone a month ago--because a patient could walk as far as his bell a week ago, the nurse concludes that he can do so now. She has never observed the change; and the patient is lost from being left in a helpless state of exhaustion, till some one accidentally comes in. And this not from any unexpected apoplectic, paralytic, or fainting fit (though even these could be expected far more, at least, than they are now, if we did but _observe_). No, from the unexpected, or to be expected, inevitable, visible, calculable, uninterrupted increase of weakness, which none need fail to observe.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00601", "bookId": 12439, "start": 209388, "end": 209455, "sha256": "f71087f87a8c70eb01ac6ee69d9ab92e1ff16a372545449ab9010d92a52b96b7", "text": "[Sidenote: Accidents arising from the nurse's want of observation.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00602", "bookId": 12439, "start": 209459, "end": 210309, "sha256": "21e0d977ffbde727a480a4522987bc22f067c8c7c4d82bbe6f8f902f43de7cc8", "text": "Again, a patient not usually confined to bed, is compelled by an attack of diarrhoea, vomiting, or other accident, to keep his bed for a few days; he gets up for the first time, and the nurse lets him go into another room, without coming in, a few minutes afterwards, to look after him. It never occurs to her that he is quite certain to be faint, or cold, or to want something. She says, as her excuse, Oh, he does not like to be fidgetted after. Yes, he said so some weeks ago; but he never said he did not like to be \"fidgetted after,\" when he is in the state he is in now; and if he did, you ought to make some excuse to go in to him. More patients have been lost in this way than is at all generally known, viz., from relapses brought on by being left for an hour or two faint, or cold, or hungry, after getting up for the first time.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00603", "bookId": 12439, "start": 210315, "end": 210370, "sha256": "7273ea1cfbf2449fed94b0ba3991708a7cb0d675ecbd81cc894a77a27ec6f82c", "text": "[Sidenote: Is the faculty of observing on the decline?]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00604", "bookId": 12439, "start": 210374, "end": 210793, "sha256": "6c0be779cadda649994a79e3e36dcc6dbe0a4ad6352663412c21497979ccc3cd", "text": "Yet it appears that scarcely any improvement in the faculty of observing is being made. Vast has been the increase of knowledge in pathology-- that science which teaches us the final change produced by disease on the human frame--scarce any in the art of observing the signs of the change while in progress. Or, rather, is it not to be feared that observation, as an essential part of medicine, has been declining?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00605", "bookId": 12439, "start": 210797, "end": 211506, "sha256": "1997f264cec03e6f03414a3df2c85d158e615d15725cd611810f240ac2667d55", "text": "Which of us has not heard fifty times, from one or another, a nurse, or a friend of the sick, aye, and a medical friend too, the following remark:--\"So A is worse, or B is dead. I saw him the day before; I thought him so much better; there certainly was no appearance from which one could have expected so sudden (?) a change.\" I have never heard any one say, though one would think it the more natural thing, \"There _must_ have been _some_ appearance, which I should have seen if I had but looked; let me try and remember what there was, that I may observe another time.\" No, this is not what people say. They boldly assert that there was nothing to observe, not that their observation was at fault.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00606", "bookId": 12439, "start": 211510, "end": 211757, "sha256": "f44ae6851e6e04d832de928cb88d97617a99b7f13545a780b5a3984d3b3bb352", "text": "Let people who have to observe sickness and death look back and try to register in their observation the appearances which have preceded relapse, attack, or death, and not assert that there were none, or that there were not the _right_ ones.[5]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00607", "bookId": 12439, "start": 211763, "end": 211809, "sha256": "42196a6c0026b511a566d42f2e6362d4159cd2a6fc264b265e0a8cd6e3151f57", "text": "[Sidenote: Observation of general conditions.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00608", "bookId": 12439, "start": 211813, "end": 211943, "sha256": "4ac6d5afde0474615fd70fb537b26393ac5b55eb6e0ff88aae8003e800a1340f", "text": "A want of the habit of observing conditions and an inveterate habit of taking averages are each of them often equally misleading.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00609", "bookId": 12439, "start": 211947, "end": 212651, "sha256": "db3ee7364fa8d9f23e47779660aa92ee3df0a32d4dbfd2dc421ec5ebb3cd8552", "text": "Men whose profession like that of medical men leads them to observe only, or chiefly, palpable and permanent organic changes are often just as wrong in their opinion of the result as those who do not observe at all. For instance, there is a broken leg; the surgeon has only to look at it once to know; it will not be different if he sees it in the morning to what it would have been had he seen it in the evening. And in whatever conditions the patient is, or is likely to be, there will still be the broken leg, until it is set. The same with many organic diseases. An experienced physician has but to feel the pulse once, and he knows that there is aneurism which will kill some time or other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00610", "bookId": 12439, "start": 212655, "end": 213955, "sha256": "3b921a01855b1b3c022cdada98eb764d8ccd27406f4fe3d9463577677979bfde", "text": "But with the great majority of cases, there is nothing of the kind; and the power of forming any correct opinion as to the result must entirely depend upon an enquiry into all the conditions in which the patient lives. In a complicated state of society in large towns, death, as every one of great experience knows, is far less often produced by any one organic disease than by some illness, after many other diseases, producing just the sum of exhaustion necessary for death. There is nothing so absurd, nothing so misleading as the verdict one so often hears: So-and-so has no organic disease,--there is no reason why he should not live to extreme old age; sometimes the clause is added, sometimes not: Provided he has quiet, good food, good air, &c., &c., &c.: the verdict is repeated by ignorant people _without_ the latter clause; or there is no possibility of the conditions of the latter clause being obtained; and this, the _only_ essential part of the whole, is made of no effect. I have heard a physician, deservedly eminent, assure the friends of a patient of his recovery. Why? Because he had now prescribed a course, every detail of which the patient had followed for years. And because he had forbidden a course which the patient could not by any possibility alter.[6]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00611", "bookId": 12439, "start": 213959, "end": 214354, "sha256": "962e6f564ee8f6d5a609e5fd5341ba750ad991beaab103bbb811f7dbc2406c86", "text": "Undoubtedly a person of no scientific knowledge whatever but of observation and experience in these kinds of conditions, will be able to arrive at a much truer guess as to the probable duration of life of members of a family or inmates of a house, than the most scientific physician to whom the same persons are brought to have their pulse felt; no enquiry being made into their conditions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00612", "bookId": 12439, "start": 214358, "end": 214968, "sha256": "8f9c05f1f49ef2daeee17370f7c2319ead71e73a4a58a78ad3f104f0eb17cb7d", "text": "In Life Insurance and such like societies, were they instead of having the person examined by the medical man, to have the houses, conditions, ways of life, of these persons examined, at how much truer results would they arrive! W. Smith appears a fine hale man, but it might be known that the next cholera epidemic he runs a bad chance. Mr. and Mrs. J. are a strong healthy couple, but it might be known that they live in such a house, in such a part of London, so near the river that they will kill four-fifths of their children; which of the children will be the ones to survive might also be known.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00613", "bookId": 12439, "start": 214974, "end": 215137, "sha256": "0088a5842e72464513fc18a59b1ff8bde879b61fda8e3f13d59632d415183dd8", "text": "[Sidenote: \"Average rate of mortality\" tells us only that so many per cent. will die. Observation must tell us _which_ in the hundred they will be who will die.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00614", "bookId": 12439, "start": 215141, "end": 215787, "sha256": "47d99841325ac506b98d55af4617a365c214635a76958cc505baa7365a25d423", "text": "Averages again seduce us away from minute observation. \"Average mortalities\" merely tell that so many per cent. die in this town and so many in that, per annum. But whether A or B will be among these, the \"average rate\" of course does not tell. We know, say, that from 22 to 24 per 1,000 will die in London next year. But minute enquiries into conditions enable us to know that in such a district, nay, in such a street,--or even on one side of that street, in such a particular house, or even on one floor of that particular house, will be the excess of mortality, that is, the person will die who ought not to have died before old age.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00615", "bookId": 12439, "start": 215791, "end": 215963, "sha256": "72f50195a461727c492247cd9e9924fdbc4dc4be36292d1c395de543452f6503", "text": "Now, would it not very materially alter the opinion of whoever were endeavouring to form one, if he knew that from that floor, of that house, of that street the man came.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00616", "bookId": 12439, "start": 215967, "end": 216066, "sha256": "81aa3f21e5f452de6a1f18d4396c59768e5bb357d291bf2f35f479c051b18e26", "text": "Much more precise might be our observations even than this, and much more correct our conclusions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00617", "bookId": 12439, "start": 216070, "end": 216497, "sha256": "1f145e81dd7fe4f1480a72e0ff9cf1d74e5625af692ed2aa2958356325d9cf58", "text": "It is well known that the same names may be seen constantly recurring on workhouse books for generations. That is, the persons were born and brought up, and will be born and brought up, generation after generation, in the conditions which make paupers. Death and disease are like the workhouse, they take from the same family, the same house, or in other words, the same conditions. Why will we not observe what they are?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00618", "bookId": 12439, "start": 216501, "end": 217067, "sha256": "a746af51a290408df41f0c2c0e5c9f2181704c39c6f512fa03aab7011bdfc090", "text": "The close observer may safely predict that such a family, whether its members marry or not, will become extinct; that such another will degenerate morally and physically. But who learns the lesson? On the contrary, it may be well known that the children die in such a house at the rate of 8 out of 10; one would think that nothing more need be said; for how could Providence speak more distinctly? yet nobody listens, the family goes on living there till it dies out, and then some other family takes it. Neither would they listen \"if one rose from the dead.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00619", "bookId": 12439, "start": 217073, "end": 217109, "sha256": "6f2a4b433c184b800edeb5926dc4fe713d5b10c6de536332b38af908c87a3ba1", "text": "[Sidenote: What observation is for.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00620", "bookId": 12439, "start": 217113, "end": 218325, "sha256": "f6f1652b90c3786f0d642936c334b4da92bc98473797f38c84909e924a60b794", "text": "In dwelling upon the vital importance of _sound_ observation, it must never be lost sight of what observation is for. It is not for the sake of piling up miscellaneous information or curious facts, but for the sake of saving life and increasing health and comfort. The caution may seem useless, but it is quite surprising how many men (some women do it too), practically behave as if the scientific end were the only one in view, or as if the sick body were but a reservoir for stowing medicines into, and the surgical disease only a curious case the sufferer has made for the attendant's special information. This is really no exaggeration. You think, if you suspected your patient was being poisoned, say, by a copper kettle, you would instantly, as you ought, cut off all possible connection between him and the suspected source of injury, without regard to the fact that a curious mine of observation is thereby lost. But it is not everybody who does so, and it has actually been made a question of medical ethics, what should the medical man do if he suspected poisoning? The answer seems a very simple one,--insist on a confidential nurse being placed with the patient, or give up the case.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00621", "bookId": 12439, "start": 218331, "end": 218379, "sha256": "0dd70f6302f73de95c8b39ae2a6d40564745320e086d016b0a12d48d116a55de", "text": "[Sidenote: What a confidential nurse should be.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00622", "bookId": 12439, "start": 218383, "end": 219074, "sha256": "fd5b1be4ad8d316908738c40824b62af1ac83cff851aa804c9753b1b95b27f64", "text": "And remember every nurse should be one who is to be depended upon, in other words, capable of being, a \"confidential\" nurse. She does not know how soon she may find herself placed in such a situation; she must be no gossip, no vain talker; she should never answer questions about her sick except to those who have a right to ask them; she must, I need not say, be strictly sober and honest; but more than this, she must be a religious and devoted woman; she must have a respect for her own calling, because God's precious gift of life is often literally placed in her hands; she must be a sound, and close, and quick observer; and she must be a woman of delicate and decent feeling.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00623", "bookId": 12439, "start": 219080, "end": 219130, "sha256": "fc5e8251a5defeb2c88c182c4036f1aee0c8ed9cb95d80291492a292d8177187", "text": "[Sidenote: Observation is for practical purposes.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00624", "bookId": 12439, "start": 219134, "end": 220068, "sha256": "1b4653fbfb3ace97bbb247a22d9390b1298505f36d26b5fef3fa64e19107a844", "text": "To return to the question of what observation is for:--It would really seem as if some had considered it as its own end, as if detection, not cure, was their business; nay more, in a recent celebrated trial, three medical men, according to their own account, suspected poison, prescribed for dysentery, and left the patient to the poisoner. This is an extreme case. But in a small way, the same manner of acting falls under the cognizance of us all. How often the attendants of a case have stated that they knew perfectly well that the patient could not get well in such an air, in such a room, or under such circumstances, yet have gone on dosing him with medicine, and making no effort to remove the poison from him, or him from the poison which they knew was killing him; nay, more, have sometimes not so much as mentioned their conviction in the right quarter--that is, to the only person who could act in the matter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00625", "bookId": 12439, "start": 220074, "end": 220683, "sha256": "866d9ffc8bd79e4ca937f4be3d486c02396485d765f6342b70bf43796c76cc3f", "text": "FOOTNOTES: [1] It is a much more difficult thing to speak the truth than people commonly imagine. There is the want of observation _simple_, and the want of observation _compound_, compounded, that is, with the imaginative faculty. Both may equally intend to speak the truth. The information of the first is simply defective. That of the second is much more dangerous. The first gives, in answer to a question asked about a thing that has been before his eyes perhaps for years, information exceedingly imperfect, or says, he does not know. He has never observed. And people simply think him stupid.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00626", "bookId": 12439, "start": 220687, "end": 221195, "sha256": "18795ef09579c9794de5cc8eab19a13a3a518063e89931718d3552f63aa61c9b", "text": "The second has observed just as little, but imagination immediately steps in, and he describes the whole thing from imagination merely, being perfectly convinced all the while that he has seen or heard it; or he will repeat a whole conversation, as if it were information which had been addressed to him; whereas it is merely what he has himself said to somebody else. This is the commonest of all. These people do not even observe that they have _not_ observed, nor remember that they have forgotten.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00627", "bookId": 12439, "start": 221199, "end": 221454, "sha256": "1020b8b25cf38c88daf08a1cefcd29da1e1ce13660c016474814874971e70194", "text": "Courts of justice seem to think that anybody can speak \"the whole truth, and nothing but the truth,\" if he does but intend it. It requires many faculties combined of observation and memory to speak \"the whole truth,\" and to say \"nothing but the truth.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00628", "bookId": 12439, "start": 221458, "end": 221683, "sha256": "e6c8d0ba1d375357457d1267fcb75a276f2d73150d69e93a10e3a096e69f9393", "text": "\"I knows I fibs dreadful; but believe me, Miss, I never finds out I have fibbed until they tells me so,\" was a remark actually made. It is also one of much more extended application than most people have the least idea of.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00629", "bookId": 12439, "start": 221687, "end": 221920, "sha256": "ef792afeccde5306c131ee5111010848e8d965c21b715d2e12887b035b4306ea", "text": "Concurrence of testimony, which is so often adduced as final proof, may prove nothing more, as is well known to those accustomed to deal with the unobservant imaginative, than that one person has told his story a great many times.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00630", "bookId": 12439, "start": 221924, "end": 222079, "sha256": "28548a43e410a4c03ce02946e51ba2683e3a0bc909b134deaf708c85cece50bf", "text": "I have heard thirteen persons \"concur\" in declaring that fourteenth, who had never left his bed, went to a distant chapel every morning at seven o'clock.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00631", "bookId": 12439, "start": 222083, "end": 222542, "sha256": "946fc3808e330b3571d12cdd6992f423c055c54f3252f09f6051373ef3849a17", "text": "I have heard persons in perfect good faith declare, that a man came to dine every day at the house where they lived, who had never dined there once; that a person had never taken the sacrament, by whose side they had twice at least knelt at Communion; that but one meal a day came out of a hospital kitchen, which for six weeks they had seen provide from three to five and six meals a day. Such instances might be multiplied _ad infinitum_ if necessary.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00632", "bookId": 12439, "start": 222546, "end": 223064, "sha256": "cdf2849317d9f87db958a967c9f4da37422cba1261eefbbb66ff2eb201a2e8c9", "text": "[2] This is important, because on this depends what the remedy will be. If a patient sleeps two or three hours early in the night, and then does not sleep again at all, ten to one it is not a narcotic he wants, but food or stimulus, or perhaps only warmth. If, on the other hand, he is restless and awake all night, and is drowsy in the morning, he probably wants sedatives, either quiet, coolness, or medicine, a lighter diet, or all four. Now the doctor should be told this, or how can he judge what to give?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00633", "bookId": 12439, "start": 223068, "end": 223153, "sha256": "02937a4d06b23e24d6c9c73ec221ffc4fe14bc7d9d1b15e6ee1da2a9af9b0330", "text": "[3] [Sidenote: More important to spare the patient thought than physical exertion.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00634", "bookId": 12439, "start": 223157, "end": 223742, "sha256": "9b521612468becd2d3494facd546273b78c0fb7d24fdbf088db7bca9041c4084", "text": "It is commonly supposed that the nurse is there to spare the patient from making physical exertion for himself--I would rather say that she ought to be there to spare him from taking thought for himself. And I am quite sure, that if the patient were spared all thought for himself, and _not_ spared all physical exertion, he would be infinitely the gainer. The reverse is generally the case in the private house. In the hospital it is the relief from all anxiety, afforded by the rules of a well-regulated institution, which has often such a beneficial effect upon the patient.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00635", "bookId": 12439, "start": 223748, "end": 223845, "sha256": "be10b1e87abc0b019c304715571d7f50d62e59e824029329011da3e70048fd83", "text": "[4] [Sidenote: English women have great capacity of, but little practice in close observation.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00636", "bookId": 12439, "start": 223849, "end": 224866, "sha256": "d023dc64ca3e0b9bf47adc4868b8118571b7058ff80d5678fd98cb4738d127eb", "text": "It may be too broad an assertion, and it certainly sounds like a paradox. But I think that in no country are women to be found so deficient in ready and sound observation as in England, while peculiarly capable of being trained to it. The French or Irish woman is too quick of perception to be so sound an observer--the Teuton is too slow to be so ready an observer as the English woman might be. Yet English women lay themselves open to the charge so often made against them by men, viz., that they are not to be trusted in handicrafts to which their strength is quite equal, for want of a practised and steady observation. In countries where women (with average intelligence certainly not superior to that of English women) are employed, e.g., in dispensing, men responsible for what these women do (not theorizing about man's and woman's \"missions,\") have stated that they preferred the service of women to that of men, as being more exact, more careful, and incurring fewer mistakes of inadvertence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00637", "bookId": 12439, "start": 224870, "end": 224942, "sha256": "654364db182371706453a3b7f43f76ed2d5d5da35f0e405df6cb117c0a68963f", "text": "Now certainly English women are peculiarly capable of attaining to this.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00638", "bookId": 12439, "start": 224946, "end": 225217, "sha256": "ee2d052b2b67249f26aae7fa0392327ebe1d576585e5e162fae99534b0b3379d", "text": "I remember when a child, hearing the story of an accident, related by some one who sent two girls to fetch a \"bottle of salvolatile from her room;\" \"Mary could not stir,\" she said, \"Fanny ran and fetched a bottle that was not salvolatile, and that was not in my room.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00639", "bookId": 12439, "start": 225221, "end": 225644, "sha256": "83acbd6517ed69161a5c8873f591fc04be0fd5624f2e32b325d1e5fc90eafff3", "text": "Now this sort of thing pursues every one through life. A woman is asked to fetch a large new bound red book, lying on the table by the window, and she fetches five small old boarded brown books lying on the shelf by the fire. And this, though she has \"put that room to rights\" every day for a month perhaps, and must have observed the books every day, lying in the same places, for a month, if she had any observation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00640", "bookId": 12439, "start": 225648, "end": 225889, "sha256": "ae7d3c31dd561d67772c42b707fc296908c2d247125249a6dba6c9a3437b31f7", "text": "Habitual observation is the more necessary, when any sudden call arises. If \"Fanny\" had observed \"the bottle of salvolatile\" in \"the aunt's room,\" every day she was there, she would more probably have found it when it was suddenly wanted.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00641", "bookId": 12439, "start": 225893, "end": 226064, "sha256": "0c8916ff8de2fe01e5a188917155407a42906ba0132e79e240cd40b94961644b", "text": "There are two causes for these mistakes of inadvertence. 1. A want of ready attention; only a part of the request is heard at all. 2. A want of the habit of observation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00642", "bookId": 12439, "start": 226068, "end": 226384, "sha256": "f415f5937452e8ef2793cb9a1204f7b76a121348269c3fcfc40e4c8384d1adaf", "text": "To a nurse I would add, take care that you always put the same things in the same places; you don't know how suddenly you may be called on some day to find something, and may not be able to remember in your haste where you yourself had put it, if your memory is not in the habit of seeing the thing there always.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00643", "bookId": 12439, "start": 226388, "end": 226489, "sha256": "d96c9d1ea549e05bc686577bf634d71eb5da149df4342cd3e67a2f02a6c6bd4d", "text": "[5] [Sidenote: Approach of death, paleness by no means an invariable effect, as we find in novels.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00644", "bookId": 12439, "start": 226493, "end": 227282, "sha256": "6e39e764acda9dbd1fcc468f9ce63859a550b59b33d08fe062a8d9285e7e9fd0", "text": "It falls to few ever to have had the opportunity of observing the different aspects which the human face puts on at the sudden approach of certain forms of death by violence; and as it is a knowledge of little use, I only mention it here as being the most startling example of what I mean. In the nervous temperament the face becomes pale (this is the only _recognised_ effect); in the sanguine temperament purple; in the bilious yellow, or every manner of colour in patches. Now, it is generally supposed that paleness is the one indication of almost any violent change in the human being, whether from terror, disease, or anything else. There can be no more false observation. Granted, it is the one recognised livery, as I have said--_de rigueur_ in novels, but nowhere else.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00645", "bookId": 12439, "start": 227286, "end": 227819, "sha256": "6f349601da77902a169ceff9002cf858e1c6924348e5c626880ad87652c7d928", "text": "[6] I have known two cases, the one of a man who intentionally and repeatedly displaced a dislocation, and was kept and petted by all the surgeons; the other of one who was pronounced to have nothing the matter with him, there being no organic change perceptible, but who died within the week. In both these cases, it was the nurse who, by accurately pointing out what she had accurately observed, to the doctors, saved the one case from persevering in a fraud, the other from being discharged when actually in a dying state.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00646", "bookId": 12439, "start": 227823, "end": 229140, "sha256": "b03a77a055cf4069bb64c8b17e4ab4f6013e3d7def01664e8fea7d8a9fd2a6d6", "text": "I will even go further and say, that in diseases which have their origin in the feeble or irregular action of some function, and not in organic change, it is quite an accident if the doctor who sees the case only once a day, and generally at the same time, can form any but a negative idea of its real condition. In the middle of the day, when such a patient has been refreshed by light and air, by his tea, his beef-tea, and his brandy, by hot bottles to his feet, by being washed and by clean linen, you can scarcely believe that he is the same person as lay with a rapid fluttering pulse, with puffed eye-lids, with short breath, cold limbs, and unsteady hands, this morning. Now what is a nurse to do in such a case? Not cry, \"Lord, bless you, sir, why you'd have thought he were a dying all night.\" This may be true, but it is not the way to impress with the truth a doctor, more capable of forming a judgment from the facts, if he did but know them, than you are. What he wants is not your opinion, however respectfully given, but your facts. In all diseases it is important, but in diseases which do not run a distinct and fixed course, it is not only important, it is essential that the facts the nurse alone can observe, should be accurately observed, and accurately reported to the doctor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00647", "bookId": 12439, "start": 229144, "end": 230246, "sha256": "d88dc8a4c802bdf4c08dea27c48e05a6e01ace1c9a411cd01f3ba7634d813b45", "text": "I must direct the nurse's attention to the extreme variation there is not unfrequently in the pulse of such patients during the day. A very common case is this: Between 3 and 4 A.M., the pulse become quick, perhaps 130, and so thready it is not like a pulse at all, but like a string vibrating just underneath the skin. After this the patient gets no more sleep. About mid-day the pulse has come down to 80; and though feeble and compressible, is a very respectable pulse. At night, if the patient has had a day of excitement, it is almost imperceptible. But, if the patient has had a good day, it is stronger and steadier, and not quicker than at mid-day. This is a common history of a common pulse; and others, equally varying during the day, might be given. Now, in inflammation, which may almost always be detected by the pulse, in typhoid fever, which is accompanied by the low pulse that nothing will raise, there is no such great variation. And doctors and nurses become accustomed not to look for it. The doctor indeed cannot. But the variation is in itself an important feature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00648", "bookId": 12439, "start": 230250, "end": 230773, "sha256": "223056c52ac1d81c4962560e42a2824ba06353548346fbecb1e8887a86358065", "text": "Cases like the above often \"go off rather suddenly,\" as it is called, from some trifling ailment of a few days, which just makes up the sum of exhaustion necessary to produce death. And everybody cries, Who would have thought it? except the observing nurse, if there is one, who had always expected the exhaustion to come, from which there would be no rally, because she knew the patient had no capital in strength on which to draw, if he failed for a few days to make his barely daily income in sleep and nutrition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00649", "bookId": 12439, "start": 230777, "end": 231497, "sha256": "a704f56a8dbe916b5920ae9c7bd944ee2924e2b7ec721635d704acab62c9cfc4", "text": "I have often seen really good nurses distressed, because they could not impress the doctor with the real danger of their patient; and quite provoked because the patient \"would look\" either \"so much better\" or \"so much worse\" than he really is \"when the doctor was there.\" The distress is very legitimate, but it generally arises from the nurse not having the power of laying clearly and shortly before the doctor the facts from which she derives her opinion, or from the doctor being hasty and inexperienced, and not capable of eliciting them. A man who really cares for his patients, will soon learn to ask for and appreciate the information of a nurse, who is at once a careful observer and a clear reporter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00650", "bookId": 12439, "start": 231507, "end": 231518, "sha256": "1cdcc37a3b191b2b6d97e7c2e167839798cc8b9f01ea5a7854e21118b2fe7389", "text": "CONCLUSION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00651", "bookId": 12439, "start": 231524, "end": 231638, "sha256": "c58567894382e14e9855a54c886ff8853a22dd592967a3f9903c271859a96d0c", "text": "[Sidenote: Sanitary nursing as essential in surgical as in medical cases, but not to supersede surgical nursing.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00652", "bookId": 12439, "start": 231642, "end": 232807, "sha256": "6ca2e46c0027a8392e0283d70a6e50d1962f1f8cd1abf3c71485f35dab37124b", "text": "The whole of the preceding remarks apply even more to children and to puerperal woman than to patients in general. They also apply to the nursing of surgical, quite as much as to that of medical cases. Indeed, if it be possible, cases of external injury require such care even more than sick. In surgical wards, one duty of every nurse certainly is _prevention_. Fever, or hospital gangrene, or pyaemia, or purulent discharge of some kind may else supervene. Has she a case of compound fracture, of amputation, or of erysipelas, it may depend very much on how she looks upon the things enumerated in these notes, whether one or other of these hospital diseases attacks her patient or not. If she allows her ward to become filled with the peculiar close foetid smell, so apt to be produced among surgical cases, especially where there is great suppuration and discharge, she may see a vigorous patient in the prime of life gradually sink and die where, according to all human probability, he ought to have recovered. The surgical nurse must be ever on the watch, ever on her guard, against want of cleanliness, foul air, want of light, and of warmth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00653", "bookId": 12439, "start": 232811, "end": 234008, "sha256": "52a653264c5c45363549925f176b0c1327cd979d9ef6b9e0b60e29076ad8dfd3", "text": "Nevertheless let no one think that because _sanitary_ nursing is the subject of these notes, therefore, what may be called the handicraft of nursing is to be undervalued. A patient may be left to bleed to death in a sanitary palace. Another who cannot move himself may die of bed-sores, because the nurse does not know how to change and clean him, while he has every requisite of air, light, and quiet. But nursing, as a handicraft, has not been treated of here for three reasons: 1. That these notes do not pretend to be a manual for nursing, any more than for cooking for the sick; 2. That the writer, who has herself seen more of what may be called surgical nursing, i.e. practical manual nursing, than, perhaps, any one in Europe, honestly believes that it is impossible to learn it from any book, and that it can only be thoroughly learnt in the wards of a hospital; and she also honestly believes that the perfection of surgical nursing may be seen practised by the old-fashioned \"Sister\" of a London hospital, as it can be seen nowhere else in Europe. 3. While thousands die of foul air, &c., who have this surgical nursing to perfection, the converse is comparatively rare.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00654", "bookId": 12439, "start": 234014, "end": 234084, "sha256": "d0485d86cef43ea17cf2e10b9c16633dd58b489e640a15c135790f59cf739ee1", "text": "[Sidenote: Children: their greater susceptibility to the same things.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00655", "bookId": 12439, "start": 234088, "end": 234757, "sha256": "a97e0c0fe174823b8689646107e4ea45ec83e11e3d9f44873369e38b4d6b7ed8", "text": "To revert to children. They are much more susceptible than grown people to all noxious influences. They are affected by the same things, but much more quickly and seriously, viz., by want of fresh air, of proper warmth, want of cleanliness in house, clothes, bedding, or body, by startling noises, improper food, or want of punctuality, by dulness and by want of light, by too much or too little covering in bed, or when up, by want of the spirit of management generally in those in charge of them. One can, therefore, only press the importance, as being yet greater in the case of children, greatest in the case of sick children, of attending to these things.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00656", "bookId": 12439, "start": 234761, "end": 235138, "sha256": "416d7b164c72476d19bae42da82013eaacf78707ce1ce8428158b782a11c3e62", "text": "That which, however, above all, is known to injure children seriously is foul air, and most seriously at night. Keeping the rooms where they sleep tight shut up, is destruction to them. And, if the child's breathing be disordered by disease, a few hours only of such foul air may endanger its life, even where no inconvenience is felt by grown-up persons in the same room.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00657", "bookId": 12439, "start": 235142, "end": 235508, "sha256": "fbebf2c51c7ce9656cb03aa4d52569c78f52c8fbf282386cf5e92c141e6d4ef7", "text": "The following passages, taken out of an excellent \"Lecture on Sudden Death in Infancy and Childhood,\" just published, show the vital importance of careful nursing of children. \"In the great majority of instances, when death suddenly befalls the infant or young child, it is an _accident_; it is not a necessary result of any disease from which it is suffering.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00658", "bookId": 12439, "start": 235512, "end": 235799, "sha256": "589c9d7c8e364b8dbd19ba2f216feaef6ea9c01866b7fa995a004032206b944a", "text": "It may be here added, that it would be very desirable to know how often death is, with adults, \"not a necessary, inevitable result of any disease.\" Omit the word \"sudden;\" (for _sudden_ death is comparatively rare in middle age;) and the sentence is almost equally true for all ages.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00659", "bookId": 12439, "start": 235803, "end": 236233, "sha256": "bd5afe1f0e0c8ac512629816da655a56171e80ee7b2fb4443148a31285730409", "text": "The following causes of \"accidental\" death in sick children are enumerated:--\"Sudden noises, which startle--a rapid change of temperature, which chills the surface, though only for a moment--a rude awakening from sleep--or even an over-hasty, or an overfull meal\"--\"any sudden impression on the nervous system--any hasty alteration of posture--in short, any cause whatever by which the respiratory process may be disturbed.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00660", "bookId": 12439, "start": 236237, "end": 236451, "sha256": "a5f575b67c70e5b632d7cda0f2593000cc0503e03e32074d0acd9de54a5179b0", "text": "It may again be added, that, with very weak adult patients, these causes are also (not often \"suddenly fatal,\" it is true, but) very much oftener than is at all generally known, irreparable in their consequences.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00661", "bookId": 12439, "start": 236455, "end": 236884, "sha256": "5887667e77ea3c7e8fd361cfc165584b6b6aa4e6481627dc1a1c72657284fc09", "text": "Both for children and for adults, both for sick and for well (although more certainly in the case of sick children than in any others), I would here again repeat, the most frequent and most fatal cause of all is sleeping, for even a few hours, much more for weeks and months, in foul air, a condition which, more than any other condition, disturbs the respiratory process, and tends to produce \"accidental\" death in disease.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00662", "bookId": 12439, "start": 236888, "end": 237174, "sha256": "c7adeaa654a977ebc550d0d6197d869a6b4f82114b124870e2133f250e54ca93", "text": "I need hardly here repeat the warning against any confusion of ideas between cold and fresh air. You may chill a patient fatally without giving him fresh air at all. And you can quite well, nay, much better, give him fresh air without chilling him. This is the test of a good nurse.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00663", "bookId": 12439, "start": 237178, "end": 237458, "sha256": "bc34ffd9a3f3723ce9fad0d03c25d66deacb87f49fca8b1c31dbcc2f45bd1018", "text": "In cases of long recurring faintnesses from disease, for instance, especially disease which affects the organs of breathing, fresh air to the lungs, warmth to the surface, and often (as soon as the patient can swallow) hot drink, these are the right remedies and the only ones.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00664", "bookId": 12439, "start": 237462, "end": 237727, "sha256": "2981119352ba4072d74830911d9a1b5e83506bd6d9566da6c122ba1fa0bb6d80", "text": "Yet, oftener than not, you see the nurse or mother just reversing this; shutting up every cranny through which fresh air can enter, and leaving the body cold, or perhaps throwing a greater weight of clothes upon it, when already it is generating too little heat.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00665", "bookId": 12439, "start": 237731, "end": 238093, "sha256": "441969d586ce2edb5ae0d4758dfdafb9e868550156816fd9f2fe0c5de11cd47a", "text": "\"Breathing carefully, anxiously, as though respiration were a function which required all the attention for its performance,\" is cited as a not unusual state in children, and as one calling for care in all the things enumerated above. That breathing becomes an almost voluntary act, even in grown up patients who are very weak, must often have been remarked.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00666", "bookId": 12439, "start": 238097, "end": 238492, "sha256": "c01295f5be313e677f5ee553e22c8e440f7ec5068645acfcbed9900535763b72", "text": "\"Disease having interfered with the perfect accomplishment of the respiratory function, some sudden demand for its complete exercise, issues in the sudden standstill of the whole machinery,\" is given as one process:--\"life goes out for want of nervous power to keep the vital functions in activity,\" is given as another, by which \"accidental\" death is most often brought to pass in infancy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00667", "bookId": 12439, "start": 238496, "end": 238706, "sha256": "b0781d87240c76194f8dc230fcc6e4c3951da3da48f87082263aa690b937eafd", "text": "Also in middle age, both these processes may be seen ending in death, although generally not suddenly. And I have seen, even in middle age, the \"_sudden_ stand-still\" here mentioned, and from the same causes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00668", "bookId": 12439, "start": 238712, "end": 238732, "sha256": "47fbdc96f600bdfbc38c6442bcb3dd4aee5f8f4a9da539241652c820e989e6cb", "text": "[Sidenote: Summary.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00669", "bookId": 12439, "start": 238736, "end": 238976, "sha256": "7c6ca0e82894a907b2b88bbc2277f6ac842d86d0dff046b4d47dacb9b85680dd", "text": "To sum up:--the answer to two of the commonest objections urged, one by women themselves, the other by men, against the desirableness of sanitary knowledge for women, _plus_ a caution, comprises the whole argument for the art of nursing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00670", "bookId": 12439, "start": 238982, "end": 239091, "sha256": "8699afdada6a4a03c2e5d0aac3e25cbd47dfd88d338a6d1083d96df7539014be", "text": "[Sidenote: Reckless amateur physicking by women. Real knowledge of the laws of health alone can check this.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00671", "bookId": 12439, "start": 239095, "end": 240372, "sha256": "5e228b43d762927d16dab9b326c8dad29ca361f3ca04c9ad38a075cd30648297", "text": "(1.) It is often said by men, that it is unwise to teach women anything about these laws of health, because they will take to physicking,--that there is a great deal too much of amateur physicking as it is, which is indeed true. One eminent physician told me that he had known more calomel given, both at a pinch and for a continuance, by mothers, governesses, and nurses, to children than he had ever heard of a physician prescribing in all his experience. Another says, that women's only idea in medicine is calomel and aperients. This is undeniably too often the case. There is nothing ever seen in any professional practice like the reckless physicking by amateur females.[1] But this is just what the really experienced and observing nurse does _not_ do; she neither physics herself nor others. And to cultivate in things pertaining to health observation and experience in women who are mothers, governesses or nurses, is just the way to do away with amateur physicking, and if the doctors did but know it, to make the nurses obedient to them,--helps to them instead of hindrances. Such education in women would indeed diminish the doctor's work--but no one really believes that doctors wish that there should be more illness, in order to have more work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00672", "bookId": 12439, "start": 240378, "end": 240490, "sha256": "0c8efda13eafec2cff5e98e5afc6c2cb00348f18918cecadb5055bbbaefd7956", "text": "[Sidenote: What pathology teaches. What observation alone teaches. What medicine does. What nature alone does.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00673", "bookId": 12439, "start": 240494, "end": 240766, "sha256": "0e055545705d88ae081b05e9dda4376b29e5238919abc10450baff96f538d9b8", "text": "(2.) It is often said by women, that they cannot know anything of the laws of health, or what to do to preserve their children's health, because they can know nothing of \"Pathology,\" or cannot \"dissect,\"--a confusion of ideas which it is hard to attempt to disentangle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00674", "bookId": 12439, "start": 240770, "end": 242145, "sha256": "229b3b20513aa5d3419f85a49ca3982086faab0674b6efa2057f84ce5f4440db", "text": "Pathology teaches the harm that disease has done. But it teaches nothing more. We know nothing of the principle of health, the positive of which pathology is the negative, except from observation and experience. And nothing but observation and experience will teach us the ways to maintain or to bring back the state of health. It is often thought that medicine is the curative process. It is no such thing; medicine is the surgery of functions, as surgery proper is that of limbs and organs. Neither can do anything but remove obstructions; neither can cure; nature alone cures. Surgery removes the bullet out of the limb, which is an obstruction to cure, but nature heals the wound. So it is with medicine; the function of an organ becomes obstructed; medicine, so far as we know, assists nature to remove the obstruction, but does nothing more. And what nursing has to do in either case, is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him. Generally, just the contrary is done. You think fresh air, and quiet and cleanliness extravagant, perhaps dangerous, luxuries, which should be given to the patient only when quite convenient, and medicine the _sine qua non_, the panacea. If I have succeeded in any measure in dispelling this illusion, and in showing what true nursing is, and what it is not, my object will have been answered.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00675", "bookId": 12439, "start": 242149, "end": 242171, "sha256": "faf646a736f08c040b0ae94c32f1d38e4a2cfe3995ebe9c56c7290c888d9a935", "text": "Now for the caution:--", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00676", "bookId": 12439, "start": 242175, "end": 242422, "sha256": "523f2e0564e5fe9c358f86683c5d9d6e8183d94f85fa8cfda630ce057893010f", "text": "(3.) It seems a commonly received idea among men and even among women themselves that it requires nothing but a disappointment in love, the want of an object, a general disgust, or incapacity for other things, to turn a woman into a good nurse.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00677", "bookId": 12439, "start": 242426, "end": 242547, "sha256": "09e54fdaef94bc61efd1171698f51f8ecb3f3eb17056a26f5abf7483d6d94af0", "text": "This reminds one of the parish where a stupid old man was set to be schoolmaster because he was \"past keeping the pigs.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00678", "bookId": 12439, "start": 242551, "end": 242664, "sha256": "1b3d137a41f7db0282af367f9ba0dbdaa93c539fc31ba4768e0160029ed35aab", "text": "Apply the above receipt for making a good nurse to making a good servant. And the receipt will be found to fail.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00679", "bookId": 12439, "start": 242668, "end": 243064, "sha256": "da1b92658af645bc933caba889a866fa518fdec876dde17db40930daad6c22e1", "text": "Yet popular novelists of recent days have invented ladies disappointed in love or fresh out of the drawing-room turning into the war-hospitals to find their wounded lovers, and when found, forthwith abandoning their sick-ward for their lover, as might be expected. Yet in the estimation of the authors, these ladies were none the worse for that, but on the contrary were heroines of nursing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00680", "bookId": 12439, "start": 243068, "end": 243227, "sha256": "86c04ab149035440f59880376e6a3ff08caaf483becdddec81f705046c443bb5", "text": "What cruel mistakes are sometimes made by benevolent men and women in matters of business about which they can know nothing and think they know a great deal.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00681", "bookId": 12439, "start": 243231, "end": 243771, "sha256": "0e590b0f506cc420b248d5e7a93d0246add72e2bf909c33235a79b5ffbe55ffb", "text": "The everyday management of a large ward, let alone of a hospital--the knowing what are the laws of life and death for men, and what the laws of health for wards--(and wards are healthy or unhealthy, mainly according to the knowledge or ignorance of the nurse)--are not these matters of sufficient importance and difficulty to require learning by experience and careful inquiry, just as much as any other art? They do not come by inspiration to the lady disappointed in love, nor to the poor workhouse drudge hard up for a livelihood.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00682", "bookId": 12439, "start": 243775, "end": 243857, "sha256": "433fe46ecef51609bbf1bbbe0bcb8460aa3259c510f5653bb5e0dd2b488a7772", "text": "And terrible is the injury which has followed to the sick from such wild notions!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00683", "bookId": 12439, "start": 243861, "end": 244232, "sha256": "76d6c5382c7f2181f98cec7288dfde42ce29a611a4a14a5d41dcbc06faaafe26", "text": "In this respect (and why is it so?), in Roman Catholic countries, both writers and workers are, in theory at least, far before ours. They would never think of such a beginning for a good working Superior or Sister of Charity. And many a Superior has refused to admit a _Postulant_ who appeared to have no better \"vocation\" or reasons for offering herself than these.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00684", "bookId": 12439, "start": 244236, "end": 244636, "sha256": "4cfc55843ba8c920ff3a4fce12a550be4b758d571d988935f2bd09aa5518f561", "text": "It is true _we_ make \"no vows.\" But is a \"vow\" necessary to convince us that the true spirit for learning any art, most especially an art of charity, aright, is not a disgust to everything or something else? Do we really place the love of our kind (and of nursing, as one branch of it) so low as this? What would the Mère Angélique of Port Royal, what would our own Mrs. Fry have said to this?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00685", "bookId": 12439, "start": 244642, "end": 245732, "sha256": "96faee543fbf85ed73e8bba5477973a9ac48669f6f7575052084b9d9f772b366", "text": "NOTE.--I would earnestly ask my sisters to keep clear of both the jargons now current every where (for they _are_ equally jargons); of the jargon, namely, about the \"rights\" of women, which urges women to do all that men do, including the medical and other professions, merely because men do it, and without regard to whether this _is_ the best that women, can do; and of the jargon which urges women to do nothing that men do, merely because they are women, and should be \"recalled to a sense of their duty as women,\" and because \"this is women's work,\" and \"that is men's,\" and \"these are things which women should not do,\" which is all assertion, and nothing more. Surely woman should bring the best she has, _whatever_ that is, to the work of God's world, without attending to either of these cries. For what are they, both of them, the one _just_ as much as the other, but listening to the \"what people will say,\" to opinion, to the \"voices from without?\" And as a wise man has said, no one has ever done anything great or useful by listening to the voices from without.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00686", "bookId": 12439, "start": 245736, "end": 246059, "sha256": "5a9e814cd5e122d5946cf89750bf5e2bcbe7e3a7b5cc18e012cecb57cb7ace88", "text": "You do not want the effect of your good things to be, \"How wonderful for a _woman_!\" nor would you be deterred from good things by hearing it said, \"Yes, but she ought not to have done this, because it is not suitable for a woman.\" But you want to do the thing that is good, whether it is \"suitable for a woman\" or not.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00687", "bookId": 12439, "start": 246063, "end": 246276, "sha256": "d2010176abf0ec003ce821a39cde3501749a3ac63362b73fa9c2ac86a6d2a7a0", "text": "It does not make a thing good, that it is remarkable that a woman should have been able to do it. Neither does it make a thing bad, which would have been good had a man done it, that it has been done by a woman.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00688", "bookId": 12439, "start": 246280, "end": 246384, "sha256": "8b3de030975c696827eb4471cb608937da6b9e0d9508f89292dc059c67089c1a", "text": "Oh, leave these jargons, and go your way straight to God's work, in simplicity and singleness of heart.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00689", "bookId": 12439, "start": 246390, "end": 246400, "sha256": "55ef8349ad07203ec2cca0f3d97640f57c9e65b07c838ffd97e6bcdc1006aed5", "text": "FOOTNOTES:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00690", "bookId": 12439, "start": 246404, "end": 246461, "sha256": "9f8486c5e34718f933ccf529d8ba4a740277d6586c61bde6c572a34e24753f7b", "text": "[1] [Sidenote: Danger of physicking by amateur females.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00691", "bookId": 12439, "start": 246465, "end": 246888, "sha256": "a78627a04abfcb009363311525673c611deb2af1b76bf804ff5aaedede63e936", "text": "I have known many ladies who, having once obtained a \"blue pill\" prescription from a physician, gave and took it as a common aperient two or three times a week--with what effect may be supposed. In one case I happened to be the person to inform the physician of it, who substituted for the prescription a comparatively harmless aperient pill. The lady came to me and complained that it \"did not suit her half so well.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00692", "bookId": 12439, "start": 246892, "end": 247235, "sha256": "5460e426337a84eb74caf2c9f38a8f94fdd85fd7131f524c35faad6619c179fd", "text": "If women will take or give physic, by far the safest plan is to send for \"the doctor\" every time--for I have known ladies who both gave and took physic, who would not take the pains to learn the names of the commonest medicines, and confounded, _e.g._, colocynth with colchicum. This _is_ playing with sharp-edged tools \"with a vengeance.\"", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00693", "bookId": 12439, "start": 247239, "end": 248032, "sha256": "50a6c7ec995bbc2258318bc0a59dfea8a3daa1aee63501f3f53f31d29591c1f6", "text": "There are excellent women who will write to London to their physician that there is much sickness in their neighbourhood in the country, and ask for some prescription from him, which they used to like themselves, and then give it to all their friends and to all their poorer neighbours who will take it. Now, instead of giving medicine, of which you cannot possibly know the exact and proper application, nor all its consequences, would it not be better if you were to persuade and help your poorer neighbours to remove the dung-hill from before the door, to put in a window which opens, or an Arnott's ventilator, or to cleanse and lime-wash the cottages? Of these things the benefits are sure. The benefits of the inexperienced administration of medicines are by no means so sure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00694", "bookId": 12439, "start": 248036, "end": 248407, "sha256": "883bd4157660e07b1e912f0d34bfb84642e89e5b3ec6db13bde3bf89dc367bd3", "text": "Homoeopathy has introduced one essential amelioration in the practice of physic by amateur females; for its rules are excellent, its physicking comparatively harmless--the \"globule\" is the one grain of folly which appears to be necessary to make any good thing acceptable. Let then women, if they will give medicine, give homoeopathic medicine. It won't do any harm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00695", "bookId": 12439, "start": 248411, "end": 248631, "sha256": "726d88c2621d2e64d0d49b502ceed976c6c02066af5e4135c13e57c6518e32ab", "text": "An almost universal error among women is the supposition that everybody _must_ have the bowels opened once in every twenty-four hours, or must fly immediately to aperients. The reverse is the conclusion of experience.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00696", "bookId": 12439, "start": 248635, "end": 248841, "sha256": "966b93167604fc9abe9d33f3b0c48cb682769a7b59368b77c11b4b66ec0dc245", "text": "This is a doctor's subject, and I will not enter more into it; but will simply repeat, do not go on taking or giving to your children your abominable \"courses of aperients,\" without calling in the doctor.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00697", "bookId": 12439, "start": 248845, "end": 249215, "sha256": "4573c448db22abd85ca318a82460ab21aaf8378562e128b448b5b58ee9a80825", "text": "It is very seldom indeed, that by choosing your diet, you cannot regulate your own bowels; and every woman may watch herself to know what kind of diet will do this; I have known deficiency of meat produce constipation, quite as often as deficiency of vegetables; baker's bread much oftener than either. Home made brown bread will oftener cure it than anything else.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00698", "bookId": 12439, "start": 249225, "end": 249234, "sha256": "73c176ab4298434c102e56726c925a76b901528e7c8000bda593ab88a63e5694", "text": "APPENDIX.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00699", "bookId": 12439, "start": 249238, "end": 249316, "sha256": "26e2baf7ba101610c277c3e87080860c28f728bc8e09abc178cc0abd6417ad0e", "text": "[Transcriber's note: These tables have been transposed to fit the page width.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00700", "bookId": 12439, "start": 249320, "end": 249528, "sha256": "7046c954f061e6357dd928f7dc0e62b458d40ee53c5cd1576410b7d7e713ceb0", "text": "The figures in the left hand column, Table B: Nurse (not Domestic Servant) do not add up. There is probably a typographical error in this column since it cannot be accounted for by errors in transcription.]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00701", "bookId": 12439, "start": 249536, "end": 249544, "sha256": "824accca01181eb53e73505392d1064ecef523242493fa0cecf0e0515c305815", "text": "TABLE A.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00702", "bookId": 12439, "start": 249548, "end": 249562, "sha256": "b2aa9f6d6efd337fd18cf1d26239c48139f24bdcbd1d6705d8ddd448220613bc", "text": "GREAT BRITAIN.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00703", "bookId": 12439, "start": 249566, "end": 249571, "sha256": "a311b8fc69224cce19a0685dcbfc73449a6f6291a25d12aef25b03621dfb2c6b", "text": "AGES.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00704", "bookId": 12439, "start": 249575, "end": 250529, "sha256": "be3981ddc5571b169bb955e0ea0c35f9160a1c8c1b0fef4b313178b2aa902f9a", "text": "NURSES. Nurse (not Domestic Nurse (Domestic Servant) Servant) All Ages. 25,466 39,139 Under 5 years ... ... 5- ... 508 10- ... 7,259 15- ... 10,355 20- 624 6,537 25- 817 4,174 30- 1,118 2,495 35- 1,359 1,681 40- 2,223 1,468 45- 2,748 1,206 50- 3,982 1,196 55- 3,456 833 60- 3,825 712 65- 2,542 369 70- 1,568 204 75- 746 101 80- 311 25 85 and upwards 147 16", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00705", "bookId": 12439, "start": 250537, "end": 250546, "sha256": "a65d112731f49a0020cf8c9047d0a2e53b2a4bbbf1ad9592c6679771f25c7e86", "text": "TABLE B.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00706", "bookId": 12439, "start": 250550, "end": 250577, "sha256": "1523acd8df030522a8c6ccda0984eb831bb2be888a9c78cd4872b3db1650ff8c", "text": "AGED 20 YEARS, AND UPWARDS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00707", "bookId": 12439, "start": 250581, "end": 251750, "sha256": "b070caccc10a6229d0706dff9eb743016c3b85df5a7f498bc9a519ea1734072a", "text": "NURSES. Nurse (not Domestic Nurse (Domestic Servant) Servant) Great Britain and 25,466 21,017 Islands in the British Seas. England and Wales. 23,751 18,945 Scotland. 1,543 1,922 Islands in the British Seas. 172 150 1st Division. London. 7,807 5,061 2nd Division. South Eastern. 2,878 2,514 3rd Division. South Midland. 2,286 1,252 4th Division. Eastern Counties. 2,408 959 5th Division. South Western Counties. 3,055 1,737 6th Division. West Midland Counties. 1,225 2,283 7th Division. North Midland Counties. 1,003 957 8th Division. North Western Counties. 970 2,135 9th Division. Yorkshire. 1,074 1,023 10th Division. Northern Counties. 462 410 11th Division. Monmouth and Wales. 343 614", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00708", "bookId": 12439, "start": 251756, "end": 251823, "sha256": "cab29bf5af05032306040157a41c6890108677b03a28672a8d0cc413ade76507", "text": "NOTE AS TO THE NUMBER OF WOMEN EMPLOYED AS NURSES IN GREAT BRITAIN.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00709", "bookId": 12439, "start": 251827, "end": 252063, "sha256": "664225ed3159add994197def9821b3c4bf94742091745268e9f741efb58d81a8", "text": "25,466 were returned, at the census of 1851, as nurses by profession, 39,139 nurses in domestic service,[1] and 2,822 midwives. The numbers of different ages are shown in table A, and in table B their distribution over Great Britain.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00710", "bookId": 12439, "start": 252067, "end": 252229, "sha256": "f6b8c2adfe6aae54e2c0d7cfd1863b5b14f1a34f97c7ad720c1ec590a5cd7e02", "text": "To increase the efficiency of this class, and to make as many of them as possible the disciples of the true doctrines of health, would be a great national work.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00711", "bookId": 12439, "start": 252233, "end": 252558, "sha256": "a2dd2e72e549e85ca200ca07a0378369a842a565d71f8d43fb1cf82e1e869e20", "text": "For there the material exists, and will be used for nursing, whether the real \"conclusion of the matter\" be to nurse or to poison the sick. A man, who stands perhaps at the head of our medical profession, once said to me, I send a nurse into a private family to nurse the sick, but I know that it is only to do them harm.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00712", "bookId": 12439, "start": 252562, "end": 253076, "sha256": "6a1848868371e5249f51fb7bc3f31787cb918fe62301c873e67e40347f82d394", "text": "Now a nurse means any person in charge of the personal health of another. And, in the preceding notes, the term _nurse_ is used indiscriminately for amateur and professional nurses. For, besides nurses of the sick and nurses of children, the numbers of whom are here given, there are friends or relations who take temporary charge of a sick person, there are mothers of families. It appears as if these unprofessional nurses were just as much in want of knowledge of the laws of health as professional ones.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00713", "bookId": 12439, "start": 253080, "end": 254003, "sha256": "d0e2cdc025aa53321cad151ab5d9fb23604d4904e8dcfda02569bca7b9df82bd", "text": "Then there are the schoolmistresses of all national and other schools throughout the kingdom. How many of children's epidemics originate in these! Then the proportion of girls in these schools, who become mothers or members among the 64,600 nurses recorded above, or schoolmistresses in their turn. If the laws of health, as far as regards fresh air, cleanliness, light, &c., were taught to these, would this not prevent some children being killed, some evil being perpetuated? On women we must depend, first and last, for personal and household hygiene--for preventing the race from degenerating in as far as these things are concerned. Would not the true way of infusing the art of preserving its own health into the human race be to teach the female part of it in schools and hospitals, both by practical teaching and by simple experiments, in as far as these illustrate what may be called the theory of it?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00714", "bookId": 12439, "start": 254007, "end": 254180, "sha256": "2d010578593374716fad8e20161700f8cee4fe6bd41ed207aa6e6f4e80df2c81", "text": "[1] A curious fact will be shown by Table A, viz., that 18,122 out of 39,139, or nearly one-half of all the nurses, in domestic service, are between 5 and 20 years of age.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG12439.B00715", "bookId": 12439, "start": 254192, "end": 254260, "sha256": "06897f68d73b7c85f9f0cd70ad91302a9e2799ca6dcbd7affa5fdadbcfb8f68e", "text": "End of Project Gutenberg's Notes on Nursing, by Florence Nightingale", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00001", "bookId": 67363, "start": 1152, "end": 1772, "sha256": "2aa4b52192328d420035f1a314122a110f74b516659a2b43061ee6d8957fc7f0", "text": "THE THEORY OF MORAL SENTIMENTS; OR, AN ESSAY TOWARDS An ANALYSIS of the PRINCIPLES by which MEN naturally judge concerning the CONDUCT and CHARACTER, first of their NEIGHBOURS, and afterwards of THEMSELVES. TO WHICH IS ADDED, A DISSERTATION ON THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGES.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00002", "bookId": 67363, "start": 1800, "end": 1828, "sha256": "5aab0389b6332fa4e66aa9ad81c2ca5858fd67f071cbb48ba99cb232b2be90b1", "text": "BY ADAM SMITH, L.L.D. F.R.S.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00003", "bookId": 67363, "start": 1835, "end": 1967, "sha256": "e9a6bb30d6efd55202664d3ec71cdd8ba0a2a294bcfc0d02a8a09d6499dfcb43", "text": "Formerly Professor of Philosophy in the University of Glasgow; and Author of the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00004", "bookId": 67363, "start": 2000, "end": 2018, "sha256": "ff8dd880887f5c61745bb9c56f79818e577285f7c2297d775f6298244875c45c", "text": "THE SIXTH EDITION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00005", "bookId": 67363, "start": 2056, "end": 2063, "sha256": "4d6f3af5505d1b80a5d6907f6615256502a84022631a426cbdec19f287811efe", "text": "DUBLIN:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00006", "bookId": 67363, "start": 2074, "end": 2132, "sha256": "02d663dad4a12529ff5a5ecc4eadad692acf8cb1a84cff06f187541b25c5141b", "text": "Printed for J. BEATTY and C. JACKSON, No. 32, SKINNER-ROW.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00007", "bookId": 67363, "start": 2165, "end": 2178, "sha256": "4b0fde1e4142f942752f1b108385c0594393bd901526143efaf337f35bfba0a6", "text": "M,DCC,LXXVII.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00008", "bookId": 67363, "start": 2219, "end": 2228, "sha256": "08e211c5879863b87ee66ee06cee95d514f6a092091c5934a745960d93baf2db", "text": "CONTENTS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00009", "bookId": 67363, "start": 2267, "end": 2274, "sha256": "6448fe091ce6c03bede0d301366e158d471ee014b3243744f5d7eb4cea939c43", "text": "PART I.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00010", "bookId": 67363, "start": 2279, "end": 2306, "sha256": "c542efeba334b8e7c5a5ddadde9a2a31282bedc0575d5301910a86e038ee723f", "text": "Of the Propriety of Action.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00011", "bookId": 67363, "start": 2343, "end": 2353, "sha256": "92de46314d28f33ecb66bb54b586553799325ce8ead1bde60fdc6a7562f765ee", "text": "SECTION I.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00012", "bookId": 67363, "start": 2358, "end": 2503, "sha256": "92719aecfad2d6486ef766820f867224aa5d12070e1c120a1a91115e1c2c50f3", "text": "Of the sense of propriety Page 1.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00013", "bookId": 67363, "start": 2508, "end": 2579, "sha256": "34dee3ce7b097ce71fb557d8cba6272d2d68e1b34e86a384aac254f0c3348bfb", "text": "CHAP. I. _Of Sympathy_ ibid.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00014", "bookId": 67363, "start": 2584, "end": 2655, "sha256": "51e7311de7d6f21b0d7cf16fcb43e610b6aa255cde007d452dbe08c63f9457d0", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of the Pleasure of mutual Sympathy_ 9", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00015", "bookId": 67363, "start": 2660, "end": 2865, "sha256": "9b6daaa7d5f50010eb1a93dd023872f97e8e13de5f3d6aadd1abd22e927e32ef", "text": "CHAP. III. _Of the manner in which we judge of the propriety or impropriety of the affections of other men, by their concord or dissonance with our own_ 14", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00016", "bookId": 67363, "start": 2870, "end": 2941, "sha256": "ae2aad6b9e3ed24b8471ae0811054ffaade8842eb2c83490efd38b3bd8aef4c7", "text": "CHAP. IV. _The same subject continued_ 19", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00017", "bookId": 67363, "start": 2946, "end": 3017, "sha256": "f2509a3510ebd0069f158f1475a95fcc2191b27ca9e20107ce287f48a72de434", "text": "CHAP. V. _Of the amiable and respectable virtues_ 27", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00018", "bookId": 67363, "start": 3054, "end": 3065, "sha256": "97fd01c7801a056ea773fd87b87e83d7a0ba7884aa5f8a1d62d3edd5bc103ba5", "text": "SECTION II.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00019", "bookId": 67363, "start": 3070, "end": 3205, "sha256": "e74040b9fd7a4c1e97e683a3aedaedc643270ad90fd9882644814148e3bed6f8", "text": "Of the degrees of the different passions which are consistent with propriety 33", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00020", "bookId": 67363, "start": 3210, "end": 3281, "sha256": "4f57b978f62de4ca5423ac44b980eb8f4ec5d053b65b722f1c3c265fcd4608ea", "text": "CHAP. I. _Of the passions which take their origin from the body_ 34", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00021", "bookId": 67363, "start": 3286, "end": 3419, "sha256": "94f3bb10dbe098726f84ec6b47b34e2e633abe56eeb3538725dfc559dd74fa3f", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of those passions which take their origin from a particular turn or habit of the imagination_ 41", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00022", "bookId": 67363, "start": 3424, "end": 3495, "sha256": "b0126609a4a6a0a4932fc6f4f53f6f44481637dac4bfb056b9e8e4afa2d41e0b", "text": "CHAP. III. _Of the unsocial passions_ 46", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00023", "bookId": 67363, "start": 3500, "end": 3571, "sha256": "407a0b0866b65bbc5941e927b0e351339cf0273c45f2bec7af5ebce7db99e974", "text": "CHAP. IV. _Of the social passions_ 54", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00024", "bookId": 67363, "start": 3576, "end": 3647, "sha256": "fce8855df0f9ee81c576a7627146e723e1a8efd9dc51eb127eecbc18ded4011f", "text": "CHAP. V. _Of the selfish passions_ 58", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00025", "bookId": 67363, "start": 3683, "end": 3695, "sha256": "b6f5d02729776785456640617a570b50f1c6eeb2644a0dd0e383163610dc8459", "text": "SECTION III.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00026", "bookId": 67363, "start": 3700, "end": 3970, "sha256": "bf824a8c7183fc5552c47a5f656fafd3b4f0b199f80cfab937d445cd9b9ec385", "text": "Of the effects of prosperity and adversity upon the judgment of mankind with regard to the propriety of action; and why it is more easy to obtain their approbation in the one state than in the other 64", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00027", "bookId": 67363, "start": 3975, "end": 4244, "sha256": "ee7b789be194faf0f68c288d605926ac8be033200952c9948513ecba70477db1", "text": "CHAP. I. _That though our sympathy with sorrow is generally a more lively sensation than our sympathy with joy, it commonly falls much more short of the violence of what is naturally felt by the person principally concerned_ ibid.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00028", "bookId": 67363, "start": 4249, "end": 4386, "sha256": "9e7d88f8ee1b96b29793952088518a312822e95ba86ba5fd70e8e09d35a1b5f6", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of the origin of ambition, and of the distinction of ranks_ 74", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00029", "bookId": 67363, "start": 4391, "end": 4462, "sha256": "a37e30600b5418044085894834e86c08fce48f2f3fa1d503bef7162e14f2d79d", "text": "CHAP. III. _Of the stoical philosophy_ 89", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00030", "bookId": 67363, "start": 4500, "end": 4508, "sha256": "1f1fb02ae92f2396a1b6d1e85ed77e4081e1fc553c1d6fc9c1610a82f7a06209", "text": "PART II.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00031", "bookId": 67363, "start": 4516, "end": 4581, "sha256": "9041626c98e992c0c44ade1ed2b36131b7cf701100ca1500e1ce16e434aa5364", "text": "Of Merit and Demerit; or of the objects of reward and punishment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00032", "bookId": 67363, "start": 4618, "end": 4628, "sha256": "92de46314d28f33ecb66bb54b586553799325ce8ead1bde60fdc6a7562f765ee", "text": "SECTION I.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00033", "bookId": 67363, "start": 4633, "end": 4704, "sha256": "5ee982ff04608062076cb297f02eef90ad130e8fb656e9140b82a1620a7f8548", "text": "Of the sense of merit and demerit 97", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00034", "bookId": 67363, "start": 4709, "end": 4973, "sha256": "4813e4cd92e75502243047878a7dc2fa41e9d99445e53b830902686d1f866dcf", "text": "CHAP. I. _That whatever appears to be the proper object of gratitude, appears to deserve reward; and that, in the same manner, whatever appears to be the proper object of resentment, appears to deserve punishment_ 98", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00035", "bookId": 67363, "start": 4978, "end": 5049, "sha256": "ee939baeaccbc291fda24bb1e92e7a27b53c853ec12d872697675f4bcf0b1c62", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of the proper objects of gratitude and resentment_ 102", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00036", "bookId": 67363, "start": 5054, "end": 5453, "sha256": "51154bfd51ab31de55f9a3baa2196baef1510ca6d91f7de91b3ee68b0827a8cc", "text": "CHAP. III. _That where there is no approbation of the conduct of the person who confers the benefit, there is little sympathy with the gratitude of him who receives it: and that, on the contrary, where there is no disapprobation of the motives of the person who does the mischief, there is no sort of sympathy with the resentment of him who suffers it_ 106", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00037", "bookId": 67363, "start": 5458, "end": 5529, "sha256": "4405e66bf9163473116d0f33134d2a945857d09f3b9a76578b38cf5fec2519d0", "text": "CHAP. IV. _Recapitulation of the foregoing chapters_ 109", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00038", "bookId": 67363, "start": 5534, "end": 5605, "sha256": "6e1e79dc945a5f8368de94c67393f2e938b91fc382e82afe7a18c0d2fceb4391", "text": "CHAP. V. _The analysis of the sense of merit and demerit_ 112", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00039", "bookId": 67363, "start": 5642, "end": 5653, "sha256": "97fd01c7801a056ea773fd87b87e83d7a0ba7884aa5f8a1d62d3edd5bc103ba5", "text": "SECTION II.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00040", "bookId": 67363, "start": 5658, "end": 5729, "sha256": "2fced36ec8c2b5367f5d15b57f4c0c5a2bcc590dfb989689036345d6df754f9c", "text": "Of justice and beneficence 119", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00041", "bookId": 67363, "start": 5734, "end": 5805, "sha256": "ad82d555dd6d8e0f1440d5506d391f6dcd0602587272d23252d9f547e18581df", "text": "CHAP. I. _Comparison of those two virtues_ ibid.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00042", "bookId": 67363, "start": 5810, "end": 5942, "sha256": "1bdf57d0244d703b69721bfbc7c57c3c13f7dacc99e0a53209f1a54db6fb52d8", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of the sense of justice, of remorse, and of the consciousness of merit_ 126", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00043", "bookId": 67363, "start": 5947, "end": 6018, "sha256": "01515d8341a09f585ad6d11639e666f4eefeec30337e145530bc6cb00336e14a", "text": "CHAP. III. _Of the utility of this constitution of nature_ 132", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00044", "bookId": 67363, "start": 6054, "end": 6066, "sha256": "b6f5d02729776785456640617a570b50f1c6eeb2644a0dd0e383163610dc8459", "text": "SECTION III.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00045", "bookId": 67363, "start": 6071, "end": 6209, "sha256": "1f3c2e0845b57553cd258fdafbe6758b4a53efd9bdbcba0d3c254656f9537ea7", "text": "Of the influence of fortune upon the sentiments of mankind, with regard to the merit or demerit of actions 145", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00046", "bookId": 67363, "start": 6214, "end": 6285, "sha256": "21b843a5aa474f729d123840445653272c9acd6e610abe63d3f8f8804b878ccc", "text": "CHAP. I. _Of the causes of this influence of fortune_ 148", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00047", "bookId": 67363, "start": 6290, "end": 6361, "sha256": "5f6f89f84bdfca77d6949c0d36515b4064b73a0519fac2efd130606e0a8015aa", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of the extent of this influence of fortune_ 154", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00048", "bookId": 67363, "start": 6366, "end": 6494, "sha256": "59bc77ff97362df840594eeb4e6b3f5088d0a4d6b14287f2a7c497aea5ce9993", "text": "CHAP. III. _Of the final cause of this irregularity of sentiments_ 167", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00049", "bookId": 67363, "start": 6532, "end": 6541, "sha256": "6526012c7d7ce206384b143e5d28855b683a3ebed5dd0642cac40e11cb04b446", "text": "PART III.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00050", "bookId": 67363, "start": 6547, "end": 6670, "sha256": "3dbaeb5f3de03b7dba11eee4bf6d8ab317f69290a0156798fe5651df37f3090a", "text": "Of the foundation of our judgments concerning our own sentiments and conduct, and of the sense of duty.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00051", "bookId": 67363, "start": 6675, "end": 6746, "sha256": "234da7b7eea621b45ad54620fd79726563793291300cf67586af9aba37491c63", "text": "CHAP. I. _Of the consciousness of merited praise or blame_ 173", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00052", "bookId": 67363, "start": 6751, "end": 6952, "sha256": "80e265da1e398814924f0719cdc4e055295fd2b1818b4cf76f7845a1d1d6d841", "text": "CHAP. II. _In what manner our own judgments refer to what ought to be the judgments of others: and of the origin of general rules_ 180", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00053", "bookId": 67363, "start": 6957, "end": 7160, "sha256": "83701d7df8f95832dfd2488a12347afa96846058d8cea5afc627cc593ca5fccc", "text": "CHAP. III. _Of the influence and authority of the general rules of morality, and that they are justly regarded as the laws of the Deity_ 207", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00054", "bookId": 67363, "start": 7165, "end": 7369, "sha256": "6179990684516a22a639ec2df102e43524a346ce840bae5a7d771bff7b91592a", "text": "CHAP. IV. _In what cases the sense of duty ought to be the sole principle of our conduct; and in what cases it ought to concur with other motives_ 223", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00055", "bookId": 67363, "start": 7407, "end": 7415, "sha256": "3e53d0a55c8d6658a945c38e5551c6a7e6f8bd8cc6f6b0142e996755084fd38b", "text": "PART IV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00056", "bookId": 67363, "start": 7425, "end": 7485, "sha256": "52138f0965f6bc920d562c81e2fa444243c2e5d5cea8c6a72e99aee80a8201a5", "text": "Of the effect of utility upon the sentiments of approbation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00057", "bookId": 67363, "start": 7490, "end": 7695, "sha256": "c3484deb2aa360d6b9485c446650bdc34b7f03a8752c17bd20c3de1b631a3226", "text": "CHAP. I. _Of the beauty which the appearance of Utility bestows upon all the productions of art, and of the extensive influence of this species of beauty_ 237", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00058", "bookId": 67363, "start": 7700, "end": 7958, "sha256": "3bbdda64b68c5f37adbfa00e49ad95d1468b48d911f19a25e50e929291d3d8b6", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of the beauty which the appearance of utility bestows upon the characters and actions of men; and how far the perception of this beauty may be regarded as one of the original principles of approbation_ 250", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00059", "bookId": 67363, "start": 7997, "end": 8004, "sha256": "b5c528fd12e089485127ffcba01bbfc46ae6a243cead93f5d6711f72ce497b82", "text": "PART V.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00060", "bookId": 67363, "start": 8011, "end": 8132, "sha256": "e50c65a8534a5030988e1c6b6be4f75904b87e3ca7f5b722e4f58534f4b9c739", "text": "Of the influence of custom and fashion upon the sentiments of moral approbation and disapprobation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00061", "bookId": 67363, "start": 8137, "end": 8276, "sha256": "869113cf41045aabc3f86519c7a4366103b6a39a8d47f1a10f04a59c7c27c29a", "text": "CHAP. I. _Of the influence of custom and fashion upon our notions of beauty and deformity_ 261", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00062", "bookId": 67363, "start": 8281, "end": 8415, "sha256": "5b04da1f2c91d886a5fc1547e971b0e8ec914f94c4004c727bb4f740239ce11e", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of the influence of custom and fashion upon moral sentiments_ 271", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00063", "bookId": 67363, "start": 8453, "end": 8461, "sha256": "e36b353cdc69ea50d646e4ad30ef1206f5c9927ae87a79766d3e810b335159ed", "text": "PART VI.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00064", "bookId": 67363, "start": 8486, "end": 8517, "sha256": "d17bc1c72fa01865e5eab979186f99e7a5daa24231dc352b9cd09120a65878ed", "text": "Of Systems of Moral Philosophy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00065", "bookId": 67363, "start": 8554, "end": 8564, "sha256": "92de46314d28f33ecb66bb54b586553799325ce8ead1bde60fdc6a7562f765ee", "text": "SECTION I.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00066", "bookId": 67363, "start": 8569, "end": 8707, "sha256": "a396a53ebbeab48ea30b9ab804cbe4e52aaa58bc13b05e250cfafd7fd9a6966c", "text": "Of the questions which ought to be examined in a theory of moral sentiments 291", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00067", "bookId": 67363, "start": 8744, "end": 8755, "sha256": "97fd01c7801a056ea773fd87b87e83d7a0ba7884aa5f8a1d62d3edd5bc103ba5", "text": "SECTION II.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00068", "bookId": 67363, "start": 8760, "end": 8898, "sha256": "7d29158d66ffe3480142eccf127a8dc4738ebe3fb5b468754215d9a5d52a4677", "text": "Of the different accounts which have been given of the nature of virtue 294", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00069", "bookId": 67363, "start": 8903, "end": 9032, "sha256": "f41255d27ec0ae9ffa97a090c60fda249f401535c6583e2393dfb48a49e653fa", "text": "CHAP. I. _Of those systems which make virtue consist in propriety_ 295", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00070", "bookId": 67363, "start": 9037, "end": 9167, "sha256": "29821095b4b5a6bd8e44e2c4f9c78b2b8d0b95769bc03657cd714d2fd4caecda", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of those systems which make virtue consist in prudence_ 311", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00071", "bookId": 67363, "start": 9172, "end": 9303, "sha256": "236373b96de46e772c6baa06d61ea7d9dcc4cde24ddecc9d55aef3758a53e482", "text": "CHAP. III. _Of those systems which make virtue consist in benevolence_ 321", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00072", "bookId": 67363, "start": 9308, "end": 9379, "sha256": "05e23cd6f5b8d8303948832872bbc68fa06ea73bfda4b7b3e5458de906ed0000", "text": "CHAP. IV. _Of licentious systems_ 331", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00073", "bookId": 67363, "start": 9415, "end": 9427, "sha256": "b6f5d02729776785456640617a570b50f1c6eeb2644a0dd0e383163610dc8459", "text": "SECTION III.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00074", "bookId": 67363, "start": 9432, "end": 9568, "sha256": "2cede16cc93e38de6146555a649380301376840ee01b6cd961de4897397721d2", "text": "Of the different systems which have been formed concerning the principle of approbation 345", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00075", "bookId": 67363, "start": 9573, "end": 9703, "sha256": "a211ab1f11f066bfc691c1c1f4a021bfcbc7bcf0de656be1ff36670285c08b87", "text": "CHAP. I. _Of those systems which deduce the principle of approbation from self-love_ 346", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00076", "bookId": 67363, "start": 9708, "end": 9844, "sha256": "0c936cae584c02b015cb97c3a1e439e6a07429b0fcde1fe581cf24e3a8ec6256", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of those systems which make reason the principle of approbation_ 350", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00077", "bookId": 67363, "start": 9849, "end": 9986, "sha256": "9d978b8803458056a35a14839ca5b971a58bc818eff5ca6cee0ecb0250208f8d", "text": "CHAP. III. _Of those systems which make sentiment the principle of approbation_ 356", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00078", "bookId": 67363, "start": 10023, "end": 10034, "sha256": "9903d9645e53fd7ed2b1de3367d62f13bb4ec09fa24315e56eb1f5ac848a29e6", "text": "SECTION IV.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00079", "bookId": 67363, "start": 10039, "end": 10173, "sha256": "e051839f8ded3f4d276808e3f0cfae6c95dcdb74d7f21cb88d715fa4fe0b1242", "text": "Of the manner in which different authors have treated of the practical rules of morality 367", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00080", "bookId": 67363, "start": 10178, "end": 10316, "sha256": "526fb3380ea5632a0e09d9584aab420fab1d62ad79b9eb3feff29c7b523e3845", "text": "_Considerations concerning the first formation of languages, and the different genius of original and compound languages_ 389", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00081", "bookId": 67363, "start": 10358, "end": 10416, "sha256": "21bc66d43c28365c9572c0347628519fe222a6f0b2a65c993d7e0df855b33a2c", "text": "PART I. Of the PROPRIETY of ACTION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00082", "bookId": 67363, "start": 10441, "end": 10470, "sha256": "f0eceb28b188e184b4711d25adc0ab9fd4dc06058df20800f66dbcddbe12cb1f", "text": "Consisting of three Sections.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00083", "bookId": 67363, "start": 10511, "end": 10572, "sha256": "38a4dccf2daa38353526357d42813e6c261f4bc5922bf82a40936daa5ce91729", "text": "SECTION I. Of the SENSE of PROPRIETY.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00084", "bookId": 67363, "start": 10614, "end": 10667, "sha256": "96829990258cb559d1b6a7679a8d413b2f4059a05966f0d56e4a0c88c0600729", "text": "CHAP. I. _Of_ SYMPATHY.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00085", "bookId": 67363, "start": 10673, "end": 11519, "sha256": "00a460fed5aefc4e1cbf37da588db896dbdd818efbe1543a97834f5a54a7e85f", "text": "How selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in his nature, which interest him in the fortune of others, and render their happiness necessary to him, though he derives nothing from it, except the pleasure of seeing it. Of this kind is pity or compassion, the emotion which we feel for the misery of others, when we either see it, or are made to conceive it in a very lively manner. That we often derive sorrow from the sorrow of others, is a matter of fact too obvious to require any instances to prove it; for this sentiment, like all the other original passions of human nature, is by no means confined to the virtuous and humane, though they perhaps may feel it with the most exquisite sensibility. The greatest ruffian, the most hardened violator of the laws of society, is not altogether without it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00086", "bookId": 67363, "start": 11523, "end": 12980, "sha256": "7cb1745ee290de68e32c7afde4b09dfe03637a367d5738d324d41cae8f1a77cd", "text": "As we have no immediate experience of what other men feel, we can form no idea of the manner in which they are affected, but by conceiving what we ourselves should feel in the like situation. Though our brother is upon the rack, as long as we ourselves are at our ease, our senses will never inform us of what he suffers. They never did and never can carry us beyond our own person, and it is by the imagination only that we can form any conception of what are his sensations. Neither can that faculty help us to this any other way, than by representing to us what would be our own, if we were in his case. It is the impressions of our own senses only, not those of his, which our imaginations copy. By the imagination we place ourselves in his situation, we conceive ourselves enduring all the same torments, we enter as it were into his body and become in some measure him, and thence form some idea of his sensations and even feel something which, though weaker in degree, is not altogether unlike them. His agonies, when they are thus brought home to ourselves, when we have thus adopted and made them our own, begin at last to affect us, and we then tremble and shudder at the thought of what he feels. For as to be in pain or distress of any kind excites the most excessive sorrow, so to conceive or to imagine that we are in it, excites some degree of the same emotion, in proportion to the vivacity or dullness of the conception.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00087", "bookId": 67363, "start": 12984, "end": 14774, "sha256": "1d8f4d7dd43154b52501183a08d7dc8773256ce747c33f4a2376237f7576f534", "text": "That this is the source of our fellow-feeling for the misery of others, that it is by changing places in fancy with the sufferer, that we come either to conceive or to be affected by what he feels, may be demonstrated by many obvious observations, if it should not be thought sufficiently evident of itself. When we see a stroke aimed and just ready to fall upon the leg or arm of another person, we naturally shrink and draw back our own leg or our own arm; and when it does fall, we feel it in some measure, and are hurt by it as well as the sufferer. The mob, when they are gazing at a dancer on the slack rope, naturally writhe and twist and balance their own bodies, as they see him do, and as they feel that they themselves must do if in his situation. Persons of delicate fibres and a weak constitution of body, complain that in looking on the sores and ulcers which are exposed by beggars in the streets, they are apt to feel an itching or uneasy sensation in the correspondent part of their own bodies. The horror which they conceive at the misery of those wretches affects that particular part in themselves more than any other; because that horror arises from conceiving what they themselves would suffer, if they really were the wretches whom they are looking upon, and if that particular part in themselves was actually affected in the same miserable manner. The very force of this conception is sufficient, in their feeble frames, to produce that itching or uneasy sensation complained of. Men of the most robust make, observe that in looking upon sore eyes they often feel a very sensible soreness in their own, which proceeds from the same reason; that organ being in the strongest man more delicate than any other part of the body is in the weakest.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00088", "bookId": 67363, "start": 14778, "end": 15755, "sha256": "fe8b6528b805f8db67072bf21c4865120fd0571719fb7c17703030cf72932382", "text": "Neither is it those circumstances only, which create pain or sorrow, that call forth our fellow-feeling. Whatever is the passion which arises from any object in the person principally concerned, an analogous emotion springs up, at the thought of his situation, in the breast of every attentive spectator. Our joy for the deliverance of those heroes of tragedy or romance who interest us, is as sincere as our grief for their distress, and our fellow-feeling with their misery is not more real than that with their happiness. We enter into their gratitude towards those faithful friends who did not desert them in their difficulties; and we heartily go along with their resentment against those perfidious traitors who injured, abandoned, or deceived them. In every passion of which the mind of man is susceptible, the emotions of the by-stander always correspond to what, by bringing the case home to himself, he imagines, should be the sentiments of the sufferer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00089", "bookId": 67363, "start": 15759, "end": 16040, "sha256": "f9db7835ec567688a022d4f594584079a35e5e85abc75a66abffe94215507e74", "text": "Pity and compassion are words appropriated to signify our fellow-feeling with the sorrow of others. Sympathy, though its meaning was, perhaps, originally the same, may now, however, without much impropriety, be made use of to denote our fellow-feeling with any passion whatever.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00090", "bookId": 67363, "start": 16044, "end": 16656, "sha256": "4e19a4d9d0ae3072606fb1fcbe44095aec02044fb285aad3aaff8df28d58baf5", "text": "Upon some occasions sympathy may seem to arise merely from the view of a certain emotion in another person. The passions, upon some occasions, may seem to be transfused from one man to another, instantaneously, and antecedent to any knowledge of what excited them in the person principally concerned. Grief and joy, for example, strongly expressed in the look and gestures of any one, at once affect the spectator with some degree of a like painful or agreeable emotion. A smiling face is, to every body that sees it, a chearful object; as a sorrowful countenance, on the other hand, is a melancholy one.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00091", "bookId": 67363, "start": 16660, "end": 17510, "sha256": "cd8a89befc789144b5c905a70bc2e9a8b6a46c559cbe7df0a4c1fea0d7aa9312", "text": "This, however, does not hold universally, or with regard to every passion. There are some passions of which the expressions excite no sort of sympathy, but before we are acquainted with what gave occasion to them, serve rather to disgust and provoke us against them. The furious behavior of an angry man is more likely to exasperate us against himself than against his enemies. As we are unacquainted with his provocation, we cannot bring his case home to ourselves, nor conceive any thing like the passions which it excites. But we plainly see what is the situation of those with whom he is angry, and to what violence they may be exposed from so enraged an adversary. We readily, therefore, sympathize with their fear or resentment, and are immediately disposed to take part against the man from whom they appear to be in so much danger.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00092", "bookId": 67363, "start": 17514, "end": 18444, "sha256": "bac038def068bdbd96edb110b68edeaededb9ceba54caafa598c70b39be0bf50", "text": "If the very appearances of grief and joy inspire us with some degree of the like emotions, it is because they suggest to us the general idea of some good or bad fortune that has befallen the person in whom we observe them: and in these passions this is sufficient to have some little influence upon us. The effects of grief and joy terminate in the person who feels those emotions, of which the expressions do not, like those of resentment, suggest to us the idea of any other person for whom we are concerned, and whose interests are opposite to his. The general idea of good or bad fortune, therefore, creates some concern for the person who has met with it, but the general idea of provocation excites no sympathy with the anger of the man who has received it. Nature, it seems, teaches us to be more averse to enter into this passion, and, till informed of its cause, to be disposed rather to take part against it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00093", "bookId": 67363, "start": 18448, "end": 19095, "sha256": "7982a4b24a2eb7de0cf7a6508b26be096ec8504ee98209de9a3273a8ba245a25", "text": "Even our sympathy with the grief or joy of another, before we are informed of the cause of either, is always extremely imperfect. General lamentations, which express nothing but the anguish of the sufferer, create rather a curiosity to inquire into his situation, along with some disposition to sympathize with him, than any actual sympathy that is very sensible. The first question which we ask is, What has befallen you? Till this be answered, tho’ we are uneasy both from the vague idea of his misfortune, and still more from torturing ourselves with conjectures about what it may be, yet our fellow-feeling is not very considerable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00094", "bookId": 67363, "start": 19099, "end": 19722, "sha256": "eddd58cf03c3272a973360f38c4b9ef4c07eb6f25f4f05781ac2b554d33237b4", "text": "Sympathy, therefore, does not arise so much from the view of the passion, as from that of the situation which excites it. We sometimes feel for another, a passion of which he himself seems to be altogether incapable; because when we put ourselves in his case, that passion arises in our breast from the imagination, though it does not in his from the reality. We blush for the impudence and rudeness of another, though he himself appears to have no sense of the impropriety of his own behavior; because we cannot help feeling with what confusion we ourselves should be covered, had we behaved in so absurd a manner.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00095", "bookId": 67363, "start": 19726, "end": 20519, "sha256": "1471d9d4b5ef7ae5ff7b6975f9522a6a76992c6eee3c81583fc007df60be312a", "text": "Of all the calamities to which the condition of mortality exposes mankind, the loss of reason appears, to those who have the least spark of humanity, by far the most dreadful, and they behold that last stage of human wretchedness with deeper commiseration than any other. But the poor wretch, who is in it, laughs and sings perhaps, and is altogether insensible of his own misery. The anguish which humanity feels, therefore, at the sight of such an object, cannot be the reflection of any sentiment of the sufferer. The compassion of the spectator must arise altogether from the consideration of what he himself would feel if he was reduced to the same unhappy situation, and, what perhaps is impossible, was at the same time able to regard it with his present reason and judgment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00096", "bookId": 67363, "start": 20523, "end": 21325, "sha256": "53741d699873823434208894288009f2c6d6501a58cb36348ea051f50721012b", "text": "What are the pangs of a mother when she hears the moanings of her infant that during the agony of disease cannot express what it feels? In her idea of what it suffers, she joins, to its real helplessness, her own consciousness of that helplessness, and her own terrors for the unknown consequences of its disorder; and out of all these, forms, for her own sorrow, the most complete image of misery and distress. The infant, however, feels only the uneasiness of the present instant, which can never be great. With regard to the future it is perfectly secure, and in its thoughtlessness and want of foresight possesses an antidote against fear and anxiety, the great tormentors of the human breast, from which reason and philosophy will in vain attempt to defend it when it grows up to a man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00097", "bookId": 67363, "start": 21329, "end": 23845, "sha256": "a5d07f69f8342019cb201e82b5575924210ea23b09b6c2328285f298a9ad0d6f", "text": "We sympathize even with the dead, and overlooking what is of real importance in their situation, that awful futurity which awaits them, we are chiefly affected by those circumstances which strike our senses, but can have no influence upon their happiness. It is miserable, we think, to be deprived of the light of the sun; to be shut out from life and conversation; to be laid in the cold grave, a prey to corruption and the reptiles of the earth; to be no more thought of in this world, but to be obliterated in a little time from the affections and almost from the memory of their dearest friends and relations. Surely, we imagine, we can never feel too much for those who have suffered so dreadful a calamity. The tribute of our fellow-feeling seems doubly due to them now, when they are in danger of being forgot by every body; and, by the vain honors which we pay to their memory, we endeavor, for our own misery, artificially to keep alive our melancholy remembrance of their misfortune. That our sympathy can afford them no consolation seems to be an addition to their calamity; and to think that all we can do is unavailing, and that, what alleviates all other distress, the regret, the love, and the lamentations of their friends, can yield no comfort to them, serves only to exasperate our sense of their misery. The happiness of the dead, however, most assuredly, is affected by none of these circumstances; nor is it the thought of these things which can ever disturb the profound security of their repose. The idea of that dreary and endless melancholy, which the fancy naturally ascribes to their condition, arises altogether from our joining to the change which has been produced upon them, our own consciousness of that change, from our putting ourselves in their situation, and from our lodging, if I may be allowed to say so, our own living souls in their inanimated bodies, and thence conceiving what would be our emotions in this case. It is from this very illusion of the imagination, that the foresight of our own dissolution is so terrible to us, and that the idea of those circumstances, which undoubtedly can give us no pain when we are dead, makes us miserable while we are alive. And from thence arises one of the most important principles in human nature, the dread of death, the great poison to the happiness, but the great restraint upon the injustice of mankind, which, while it afflicts and mortifies the individual, guards and protects the society.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00098", "bookId": 67363, "start": 23886, "end": 23951, "sha256": "886ccebc4054e258615abd261e0690db31967c52613232f0a8ee12550558cd75", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of the Pleasure of mutual Sympathy._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00099", "bookId": 67363, "start": 23957, "end": 25261, "sha256": "acf550075144ce41bec3ad6a2d43d6dff7811df90c37177c8faebfbf47029d38", "text": "But whatever may be the cause of sympathy, or however it may be excited, nothing pleases us more than to observe in other men a fellow-feeling with all the emotions of our own breast; nor are we ever so much shocked as by the appearance of the contrary. Those who are fond of deducing all our sentiments from certain refinements of self-love, think themselves at no loss to account, according to their own principles, both for this pleasure and this pain. Man, say they, conscious of his own weakness and of the need which he has for the assistance of others, rejoices whenever he observes that they adopt his own passions, because he is then assured of that assistance; and grieves whenever he observes the contrary, because he is then assured of their opposition. But both the pleasure and the pain are always felt so instantaneously, and often upon such frivolous occasions, that it seems evident that neither of them can be derived from any such self-interested consideration. A man is mortified when, after having endeavored to divert the company, he looks round and sees that no body laughs at his jests but himself. On the contrary, the mirth of the company is highly agreeable to him, and he regards this correspondence of their sentiments with his own as the greatest applause.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00100", "bookId": 67363, "start": 25265, "end": 27224, "sha256": "666f72bd550128055e700e2a7391d537bb4085fc81570d9c68fdab5c9338b949", "text": "Neither does his pleasure seem to arise altogether from the additional vivacity which his mirth may receive from sympathy with theirs, nor his pain from the disappointment he meets with when he misses this pleasure; though both the one and the other, no doubt, do in some measure. When we have read a book or poem so often that we can no longer find any amusement in reading it by ourselves, we can still take pleasure in reading it to a companion. To him it has all the graces of novelty; we enter into the surprise and admiration which it naturally excites in him, but which it is no longer capable of exciting in us; we consider all the ideas which it presents rather in the light in which they appear to him, than in that in which they appear to ourselves, and we are amused by sympathy with his amusement which thus enlivens our own. On the contrary, we should be vexed if he did not seem to be entertained with it, and we could no longer take any pleasure in reading it to him. It is the same case here. The mirth of the company, no doubt, enlivens our own mirth, and their silence, no doubt, disappoints us. But though this may contribute both to the pleasure which we derive from the one, and to the pain which we feel from the other, it is by no means the sole cause of either; and this correspondence of the sentiments of others with our own appears to be a cause of pleasure, and the want of it a cause of pain, which cannot be accounted for in this manner. The sympathy, which my friends express with my joy, might, indeed, give me pleasure by enlivening that joy: but that which they express with my grief could give me none, if it served only to enliven that grief. Sympathy, however, enlivens joy and alleviates grief. It enlivens joy by presenting another source of satisfaction; and it alleviates grief by insinuating into the heart almost the only agreeable sensation which it is at that time capable of receiving.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00101", "bookId": 67363, "start": 27228, "end": 27533, "sha256": "ea59f3bc7aa4bcfd7171b76a15c6d1fefefcea6f87d1ee5fa02ff0f90e34c754", "text": "It is to be observed accordingly, that we are still more anxious to communicate to our friends our disagreeable than our agreeable passions, that we derive still more satisfaction from their sympathy with the former than from that with the latter, and that we are still more shocked by the want of it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00102", "bookId": 67363, "start": 27537, "end": 28863, "sha256": "19541c562ed42066a9543be75e92b965b341bea15611ab8a8b9aeee6afed7c5d", "text": "How are the unfortunate relieved when they have sound out a person to whom they can communicate the cause of their sorrow? Upon his sympathy they seem to disburthen themselves of a part of their distress: he is not improperly said to share it with them. He not only feels a sorrow of the same kind with that which they feel, but as if he had derived a part of it to himself, what he feels seems to alleviate the weight of what they feel. Yet by relating their misfortunes, they in some measure renew their grief. They awaken in their memory the remembrance of those circumstances which occasion their affliction. Their tears accordingly flow faster than before, and they are apt to abandon themselves to all the weakness of sorrow. They take pleasure, however, in all this, and, it is evident, are sensibly relieved by it; because the sweetness of his sympathy more than compensates the bitterness of that sorrow, which, in order to excite that sympathy, they had thus enlivened and renewed. The cruelest insult, on the contrary, which can be offered to the unfortunate, is to appear to make light of their calamities. To seem not to be affected with the joy of our companions is but want of politeness; but not to wear a serious countenance when they tell us their afflictions, is real and gross inhumanity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00103", "bookId": 67363, "start": 28867, "end": 29965, "sha256": "aa44eaa64da5d8c0836a8337cd56273cd86cc44f5a6f37b3da3436033e2e3b54", "text": "Love is an agreeable, resentment a disagreeable passion; and accordingly we are not half so anxious that our friends should adopt our friendships, as that they should enter into our resentments. We can forgive them though they seem to be little affected with the favors which we may have received, but lose all patience if they seem indifferent about the injuries which may have been done to us: nor are we half so angry with them for not entering into our gratitude, as for not sympathizing with our resentment. They can easily avoid being friends to our friends, but can hardly avoid being enemies to those with whom we are at variance. We seldom resent their being at enmity with the first, though upon that account we may sometimes affect to make an awkward quarrel with them; but we quarrel with them in good earnest if they live in friendship with the last. The agreeable passions of love and joy can satisfy and support the heart without any auxiliary pleasure. The bitter and painful emotions of grief and resentment more strongly require the healing consolation of sympathy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00104", "bookId": 67363, "start": 29969, "end": 31442, "sha256": "e8f1f94aa75d1a07d50caa880e70302d72b40e21c1d4992df87826c8f1e29ad2", "text": "As the person who is principally interested in any event is pleased with our sympathy, and hurt by the want of it, so we, too, seem to be pleased when we are able to sympathize with him, and to be hurt when we are unable to do so. We run not only to congratulate the successful, but to condole with the afflicted; and the pleasure which we find in the conversation of one whom in all the passions of his heart we can entirely sympathize with, seems to do more than compensate the painfulness of that sorrow with which the view of his situation affects us. On the contrary, it is always disagreeable to feel that we cannot sympathize with him, and instead of being pleased with this exemption from sympathetic pain, it hurts us to find that we cannot share his uneasiness. If we hear a person loudly lamenting his misfortunes, which, however, upon bringing the case home to ourselves, we feel, can produce no such violent effect upon us, we are shocked at his grief; and, because we cannot enter into it, call it pusillanimity and weakness. It gives us the spleen, on the other hand, to see another too happy or too much elevated, as we call it, with any little piece of good fortune. We are disobliged even with his joy, and, because we cannot go along with it, call it levity and folly. We are even put out of humor if our companion laughs louder or longer at a joke than we think it deserves; that is, than we feel that we ourselves could laugh at it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00105", "bookId": 67363, "start": 31483, "end": 31639, "sha256": "9e190e90f12a8b96a929674fc33be326091232491b30a6719bd4c97eafb55b9b", "text": "CHAP. III. _Of the manner in which we judge of the propriety or impropriety of the affections of other men, by their concord or dissonance with our own._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00106", "bookId": 67363, "start": 31645, "end": 33807, "sha256": "a6d640b090318dd5297b48d07f59510d936745c9734efab58b166ace1d8c9da0", "text": "When the original passions of the person principally concerned are in perfect concord with the sympathetic emotions of the spectator, they necessarily appear to this last just and proper, and suitable to their objects; and, on the contrary, when, upon bringing the case home to himself, he finds that they do not coincide with what he feels, they necessarily appear to him unjust and improper, and unsuitable to the causes which excite them. To approve of the passions of another, therefore, as suitable to their objects, is the same thing as to observe that we entirely sympathize with them; and not to approve of them as such, is the same thing as to observe that we do not entirely sympathize with them. The man who resents the injuries that have been done to me, and observes that I resent them precisely as he does, necessarily approves of my resentment. The man whose sympathy keeps time to my grief, cannot but admit the reasonableness of my sorrow. He who admires the same poem, or the same picture, and admires them exactly as I do, must surely allow the justness of my admiration. He who laughs at the same joke, and laughs along with me, cannot well deny the propriety of my laughter. On the contrary, the person who, upon these different occasions, either feels no such emotion as that which I feel, or feels none that bears any proportion to mine, cannot avoid disapproving my sentiments on account of their dissonance with his own. If my animosity goes beyond what the indignation of my friend can correspond to; if my grief exceeds what his most tender compassion can go along with; if my admiration is either too high or too low to tally with his own; if I laugh loud and heartily when he only smiles, or, on the contrary, only smile when he laughs loud and heartily; in all these cases, as soon as he comes from considering the object, to observe how I am affected by it, according as there is more or less disproportion between his sentiments and mine, I must incur a greater or less degree of his disapprobation: and upon all occasions his own sentiments are the standards and measures by which he judges of mine.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00107", "bookId": 67363, "start": 33811, "end": 34452, "sha256": "b025d8e8f0e7b05901725080ce272a55d09be210e6074b9c608f155cdc0150e6", "text": "To approve of another man’s opinions is to adopt those opinions, and to adopt them is to approve of them. If the same arguments which convince you convince me likewise, I necessarily approve of your conviction; and if they do not, I necessarily disapprove of it: neither can I possibly conceive that I should do the one without the other. To approve or disapprove, therefore, of the opinions of others is acknowledged, by every body, to mean no more than to observe their agreement or disagreement with our own. But this is equally the case with regard to our approbation or disapprobation of the sentiments or passions of others.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00108", "bookId": 67363, "start": 34456, "end": 35668, "sha256": "d2e1482309509f792fc21690e438df27ac96bd3f465db2da76bda1bd7c2ccba9", "text": "There are, indeed, some cases in which we seem to approve without any sympathy or correspondence of sentiments, and in which, consequently, the sentiment of approbation would seem to be different from the perception of this coincidence. A little attention, however, will convince us that even in these cases our approbation is ultimately founded upon a sympathy or correspondence of this kind. I shall give an instance in things of a very frivolous nature, because in them the judgments of mankind are less apt to be perverted by wrong systems. We may often approve of a jest, and think the laughter of the company quite just and proper, though we ourselves do not laugh, because, perhaps, we are in a grave humour, or happen to have our attention engaged with other objects. We have learned, however, from experience, what sort of pleasantry as upon most occasions capable of making us laugh, and we observe that this is one of that kind. We approve, therefore, of the laughter of the company, and feel that it is natural and suitable to its object; because, though in our present mood we cannot easily enter into it, we are sensible that upon most occasions we should very heartily join in it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00109", "bookId": 67363, "start": 35672, "end": 37082, "sha256": "2f0b237325c7fede4225804f80c47da7bd76f1a7ad771a05056958447a5cd8c3", "text": "The same thing often happens with regard to all the other passions. A stranger passes by us in the street with all the marks of the deepest affliction; and we are immediately told that he has just received the news of the death of his father. It is impossible that, in this case, we should not approve of his grief. Yet it may often happen, without any defect of humanity on our part, that, so far from entering into the violence of his sorrow, we should scarce conceive the first movements of concern upon his account. Both he and his father, perhaps, are intirely unknown to us, or we happen to be employed about other things, and do not take time to picture out in our imagination the different circumstances of distress which must occur to him. We have learned, however, from experience, that such a misfortune naturally excites such a degree of sorrow, and we know that if we took time to consider his situation, fully and in all its parts, we should, without doubt, most sincerely sympathize with him. It is upon the consciousness of this conditional sympathy, that our approbation of his sorrow is founded, even in those cases in which that sympathy does not actually take place; and the general rules derived from our preceding experience of what our sentiments would commonly correspond with, correct upon this, as upon many other occasions, the impropriety of our present emotions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00110", "bookId": 67363, "start": 37086, "end": 37493, "sha256": "fb71b3b74e17145db953c22cb2edc84ad6592cae6ddbb977362875ce976165a8", "text": "The sentiment or affection of the heart from which any action proceeds, and upon which its whole virtue or vice must ultimately depend, may be considered under two different aspects, or in two different relations; first, in relation to the cause which excites it, or the motive which gives occasion to it; and secondly, in relation to the end which it proposes, or the effect which it tends to produce.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00111", "bookId": 67363, "start": 37497, "end": 37743, "sha256": "73b546bb200f30c8187233fc08f182e5bcfc53a346337d9d60c7c646a52cee57", "text": "In the suitableness or unsuitableness, in the proportion or disproportion which the affection seems to bear to the cause or object which excites it, consists the propriety or impropriety, the decency or ungracefulness of the consequent action.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00112", "bookId": 67363, "start": 37747, "end": 37975, "sha256": "a95bc116a6187f4a0c3b75b2c601ee1d0fb9c3e60bce3bd76f8f1b69e740b274", "text": "In the beneficial or hurtful nature of the effects which the affection aims at, or tends to produce, consists the merit or demerit of the action, the qualities by which it is entitled to reward, or is deserving of punishment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00113", "bookId": 67363, "start": 37979, "end": 38834, "sha256": "e687a187c2733ba2dfcb1b70fa4919cf1882b7c5c063bb2fdfc490bff0b3b883", "text": "Philosophers have, of late years, considered chiefly the tendency of affections, and have given little attention to the relation which they stand in to the cause which excites them. In common life, however, when we judge of any person’s conduct, and of the sentiments which directed it, we constantly consider them under both these aspects. When we blame in another man the excesses of love, of grief, of resentment, we not only consider the ruinous effects which they tend to produce, but the little occasion which was given for them. The merit of his favourite, we say, is not so great, his misfortune is not so dreadful, his provocation is not so extraordinary, as to justify so violent a passion. We should have indulged, we say; perhaps, have approved of the violence of his emotion, had the cause been in any respect proportioned to it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00114", "bookId": 67363, "start": 38838, "end": 39381, "sha256": "738bbe7e2d0ad9a09c7c2495e35299b19af496c26a218887cd7636f3f85e2225", "text": "When we judge in this manner of any affection, as proportioned or disproportioned to the cause which excites it, it is scarce possible that we should make use of any other rule or canon but the correspondent affection in ourselves. If, upon bringing the case home to our own breast, we find that the sentiments which it gives occasion to, coincide and tally with our own, we necessarily approve of them as proportioned and suitable to their objects; if otherwise, we necessarily disapprove of them, as extravagant and out of proportion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00115", "bookId": 67363, "start": 39385, "end": 39693, "sha256": "6225f5436ab797ac8821253762234b2c1dd172e47c196c84af09246c329ec05e", "text": "Every faculty in one man is the measure by which he judges of the like faculty in another. I judge of your sight by my sight, of your ear by my ear, of your reason by my reason, of your resentment by my resentment, of your love by my love. I neither have nor can have any other way of judging about them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00116", "bookId": 67363, "start": 39734, "end": 39795, "sha256": "3acb543063e334731cb27284f609cf6b4d7da1405933ed4d315b9280460f6343", "text": "CHAP. IV. _The same subject continued._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00117", "bookId": 67363, "start": 39801, "end": 40217, "sha256": "84801c734cea4638e6b027cffe70a50409ed4797ed974f60907f33b613f7852d", "text": "We may judge of the propriety or impropriety of the sentiments of another person by their correspondence or disagreement with our own, upon two different occasions; either, first, when the objects which excite them are considered without any peculiar relation, either to themselves or to the person whose sentiments we judge of; or, secondly, when they are considered as peculiarly affecting one or other of us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00118", "bookId": 67363, "start": 40221, "end": 41591, "sha256": "1c805e088fabd7416ab7b36ae7463eab1883e882809aab4be1aedfac10ddc692", "text": "1. With regard to those objects which are considered without any peculiar relation either to ourselves or to the person whose sentiments we judge of; wherever his sentiments intirely correspond with our own, we ascribe to him the qualities of taste and good judgment. The beauty of a plain, the greatness of a mountain, the ornaments of a building, the expression of a picture, the composition of a discourse, the conduct of a third person, the proportions of different quantities and numbers, the various appearances which the great machine of the universe is perpetually exhibiting, with the secret wheels and springs which produce them; all the general subjects of science and taste, are what we and our companions regard, as having no peculiar relation to either of us. We both look at them from the same point of view, and we have no occasion for sympathy, or for that imaginary change of situations from which it arises, in order to produce, with regard to these, the most perfect harmony of sentiments and affections. If, notwithstanding, we are often differently affected, it arises either from the different degrees of attention, which our different habits of life allow us to give easily to the several parts of those complex objects, or from the different degrees of natural acuteness in the faculty of the mind to which they are addressed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00119", "bookId": 67363, "start": 41595, "end": 43412, "sha256": "27cb07514eb1ad19a46c191810df20b16d2c4529cb9d113c33382ff5899c5674", "text": "When the sentiments of our companion coincide with our own in things of this kind, which are obvious and easy, and in which, perhaps, we never found a single person who differed from us, though we, no doubt, must approve of them, yet he seems to deserve no praise or admiration on account of them. But when they not only coincide with our own, but lead and direct our own; when in forming them he appears to have attended to many things which we had overlooked, and to have adjusted them to all the various circumstances of their objects; we not only approve of them, but wonder and are surprised at their uncommon and unexpected acuteness and comprehensiveness, and he appears to deserve a very high degree of admiration and applause. For approbation heightened by wonder and surprise, constitutes the sentiment which is properly palled admiration, and of which applause is the natural expression. The decision of the man who judges that exquisite beauty is preferable to the grossest deformity, or that twice two are equal to four, must certainly be approved of by all the world, but will not, surely, be much admired. It is the acute and delicate discernment of the man of taste, who distinguishes the minute, and scarce perceptible, differences of beauty and deformity; it is the comprehensive accuracy of the experienced mathematician, who unravels, with ease, the most intricate and perplexed proportions; it is the great leader in science and taste, the man who directs and conducts our own sentiments, the extent and superior justness of whole talents astonish us with wonder and surprise, who excites our admiration and seems to deserve our applause: and upon this foundation is grounded the greater part of the praise which is bestowed upon what are called the intellectual virtues.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00120", "bookId": 67363, "start": 43416, "end": 44153, "sha256": "69b228f05483bd26791002ea8bacc9d7b4c81398f0f83d7fc24304a5bdc2eedb", "text": "The utility of those qualities, it may be thought, is what first recommends them to us; and, no doubt, the consideration of this, when we come to attend to it, gives them a new value. Originally, however, we approve of another man’s judgment, not as something useful, but as right, as accurate, as agreeable to truth and reality: and it is evident we attribute those qualities to it for no other reason but because we find that it agrees with our own. Taste, in the same manner, is originally approved of, not as useful, but as just, as delicate, and as precisely suited to its object. The idea of the utility of all qualities of this kind, is plainly an after-thought, and not what first recommended them to our approbation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00121", "bookId": 67363, "start": 44157, "end": 46402, "sha256": "029405c1a44535be6fcae0e4e2a172a6532901b36add87f4c00f6cb0c29cea19", "text": "2. With regard to those objects, which affect in a particular manner either ourselves or the person whose sentiments we judge of, it is at once more difficult to preserve this harmony and correspondence, and at the same time, vastly more important. My companion does not naturally look upon the misfortune that has befallen me, or the injury that has been done me, from the same point of view in which I consider them. They affect me much more nearly. We do not view them from the same station, as we do a picture, or a poem, or a system of philosophy, and are, therefore, apt to be very differently affected by them. But I can much more easily overlook the want of this correspondence of sentiments with regard to such indifferent objects as concern neither me nor my companion, than with regard to what interests me so much as the misfortune that has befallen me, or the injury that has been done me. Though you despise that picture, or that poem, or even that system of philosophy, which I admire, there is little danger of our quarrelling upon that account. Neither of us can reasonably be much interested about them. They ought all of them to be matters of great indifference to us both; so that, though our opinions may be opposite, our affections may still be very nearly the same. But it is quite otherwise with regard to those objects by which either you or I are particularly affected. Though your judgment in matters of speculation, though your sentiments in matters of taste, are quite opposite to mine, I can easily overlook this opposition; and if I have any degree of temper, I may still find some entertainment in your conversation, even upon those very subjects. But if you have either no fellow-feeling for the misfortunes I have met with, or none that bears any proportion to the grief which distracts me, or if you have either no indignation at the injuries I have suffered, or none that bears any proportion to the resentment which transports me, we can no longer converse upon these subjects. We become intolerable to one another. I can neither support your company, nor you mine. You are confounded at my violence and passion, and I am enraged at your cold insensibility and want of feeling.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00122", "bookId": 67363, "start": 46406, "end": 46957, "sha256": "21452c5db08640d305ad070ab7acdd671a333b488a0965543e7a44239241af6c", "text": "In all such cases, that there may be some correspondence of sentiments between the spectator and the person principally concerned, the spectator must, first of all, endeavour, as much as he can, to put himself in the situation of the other, and to bring home to himself every little circumstance of distress which can possibly occur to the sufferer. He must adopt the whole case of his companion with all its minutest incidents; and strive to render as perfect as possible, that imaginary change of situation upon which his sympathy is founded.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00123", "bookId": 67363, "start": 46961, "end": 49078, "sha256": "a8b4aa431a289c72506a3a587af5e9cc0fbe1427709587bf9bbdd08b05649ab4", "text": "After all this, however, the emotions of the spectator will still be very apt to fall short of the violence of what is felt by the sufferer. Mankind, though naturally sympathetic, never conceive, for what has befallen another, that degree of passion which naturally animates the person principally concerned. That imaginary change of situation, upon which their sympathy is founded, is but momentary. The thought of their own safety, the thought that they themselves are not really the sufferers, continually intrudes itself upon them; and though it does not hinder them from conceiving a passion somewhat analogous to what is felt by the sufferer, hinders them from conceiving any thing that approaches to the same degree of violence. The person principally concerned is sensible of this, and, at the same time passionately desires a more complete sympathy. He longs for that relief which nothing can afford him but the entire concord of the affections of the spectators with his own. To see the emotions of their hearts, in every respect, beat time to his own, in the violent and disagreeable passions, constitutes his sole consolation. But he can only hope to obtain this by lowering his passion to that pitch, in which the spectators are capable of going along with him. He must flatten, if I may be allowed to say so, the sharpness of its natural tone, in order to reduce it to harmony and concord with the emotions of those who are about him. What they feel, will, indeed, always be, in some respects, different from what he feels, and compassion can never be exactly the same with original sorrow; because the secret consciousness that the change of situations, from which the sympathetic sentiment arises, is but imaginary, not only lowers it in degree, but in some measure, varies it in kind, and gives it a quite different modification. These two sentiments, however, may, it is evident, have such a correspondence with one another, as is sufficient for the harmony of society. Though they will never be unisons, they may be concords, and this is all that is wanted or required.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00124", "bookId": 67363, "start": 49082, "end": 50364, "sha256": "f45c253f4e8647263cc51971df2831decf43e181c3feed50e601b0a38949a60d", "text": "In order to produce this concord, as nature teaches the spectators to assume the circumstances of the person principally concerned, so she teaches this last in some measure to assume those of the spectators. As they are continually placing themselves in this situation, and thence conceiving emotions similar to what he feels; so he is as constantly placing himself in theirs, and thence conceiving some degree of that coolness about his own fortune, with which he is sensible that they will view it. As they are constantly considering what they themselves would feel, if they actually were the sufferers, so he is as constantly led to imagine in what manner he would be affected if he was only one of the spectators of his own situation. As their sympathy makes them look at it, in some measure, with his eyes, so his sympathy makes him look at it, in some measure, with theirs, especially when in their presence and acting under their observation: and as the reflected passion, which he thus conceives, is much weaker than the original one, it necessarily abates the violence of what he felt before he came into their presence, before he began to recollect in what manner they would be affected by it, and to view his situation in this candid and impartial light.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00125", "bookId": 67363, "start": 50368, "end": 51638, "sha256": "46a8b8349cf95be98a14f9e0c003d8bc339c032df2f28b2172d6166ae6d66d35", "text": "The mind, therefore, is rarely so disturbed, but that the company of a friend will restore it to some degree of tranquillity and sedateness. The breast is, in some measure, calmed and composed the moment we come into his presence. We are immediately put in mind of the light in which he will view our situation, and we begin to view it ourselves in the same light; for the effect of sympathy is instantaneous. We expect less sympathy from a common acquaintance than from a friend: we cannot open to the former all those little circumstances which we can unfold to the latter: we assume, therefore, more tranquillity before him, and endeavour to fix our thoughts upon those general outlines of our situation which he is willing to consider. We expect still less sympathy from an assembly of strangers, and we assume, therefore, still more tranquillity before them, and always endeavour to bring down our passion to that pitch, which the particular company we are in may be expected to go along with. Nor is this only an assumed appearance: for if we are at all masters of ourselves, the presence of a mere acquaintance will really compose us, still more than that of a friend; and that of an assembly of strangers still more than that of an acquaintance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00126", "bookId": 67363, "start": 51642, "end": 52210, "sha256": "971be45dca90d307afeec2abe879e8a2006e28618b2b6fd5a0c5b1f10fecc135", "text": "Society and conversation, therefore, are the most powerful remedies for restoring the mind to its tranquillity, if, at any time, it has unfortunately lost it; as well as the best preservatives of that equal and happy temper, which is so necessary to self-satisfaction and enjoyment. Men of retirement and speculation, who are apt to sit brooding at home over either grief or resentment, though they may often have more humanity, more generosity, and a nicer sense of honour, yet seldom possess that equality of temper which is so common among men of the world.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00127", "bookId": 67363, "start": 52252, "end": 52318, "sha256": "da6c83959deaf1aa583029c0938ad5fd38ce2092bb04403bd65fbbae8499169a", "text": "CHAP. V. _Of the amiable and respectable virtues._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00128", "bookId": 67363, "start": 52324, "end": 53034, "sha256": "b5cdd6f68e9c3ca16095dec5ea2f1867d7210f8a7f00c8ff18ef1e3a38662ae1", "text": "Upon these two different efforts, upon that of the spectator to enter into the sentiments of the person principally concerned, and upon that of the person principally concerned, to bring down his emotions to what the spectator can go along with, are founded two different sets of virtues. The soft, the gentle, the amiable virtues, the virtues of candid condescension and indulgent humanity, are founded upon the one: the great, the awful and respectable, the virtues of self-denial, of self-government, of that command of the passions which subjects all the movements of our nature to what our own dignity and honour, and the propriety of our own conduct require, derive their origin from the other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00129", "bookId": 67363, "start": 53038, "end": 53858, "sha256": "b8a94732a7aec603152d77ca18be5371bb971f22e8f1eccd0eaa9817173fcc6e", "text": "How amiable does he appear to be, whose sympathetic heart seems to re-echo all the sentiments of those with whom he converses, who grieves for their calamities, who resents their injuries, and rejoices at their good fortune! When we bring home to ourselves the situation of his companions, we enter into their gratitude, and feel what consolation they must derive from the tender sympathy of so affectionate a friend. And for a contrary reason, how disagreeable does he appear to be, whose hard and obdurate heart feels for himself only, but is altogether insensible of the happiness or misery of others! We enter, in this case too, into the pain which his presence must give to every mortal with whom he converses, to those especially with whom we are most apt to sympathize, the unfortunate and the injured.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00130", "bookId": 67363, "start": 53862, "end": 54760, "sha256": "8a6127ac8f5b1d042cf635ecb0c7f69d0765b843647fb118e28e977118a81acd", "text": "On the other hand, what noble propriety and grace do we feel in the conduct of those who, in their own case, exert that recollection and self-command which constitute the dignity of every passion, and which bring it down to what others can enter into? We are disgusted with that clamorous grief, which, without any delicacy, calls upon our compassion with sighs and tears and importunate lamentations. But we reverence that reserved, that silent and majestic sorrow, which discovers itself only in the swelling of the eyes, in the quivering of the lips and cheeks, and in the distant, but affecting, coldness of the whole behaviour. It imposes the like silence upon us. We regard it with respectful attention, and watch with anxious concern over our whole behaviour, lest by any impropriety we should disturb that concerted tranquillity, which it requires so great an effort to support.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00131", "bookId": 67363, "start": 54764, "end": 55472, "sha256": "94a2e9468e0e11a7ff8ba5cb52ab6c6a9392d37e13394ab580af26de52bcd66e", "text": "The insolence and brutality of anger, in the same manner when we indulge its fury without check or restraint, is, of all subjects, the most detestable. But we admire that noble and generous resentment which governs its pursuit of the greatest injuries, not by the rage which they are apt to excite in the breast of the sufferer, but by the indignation which they naturally call forth in that of the impartial spectator; which allows no word, no gesture, to escape it beyond what this more equitable sentiment would dictate; which never, even in thought, attempts any greater vengeance, nor desires to inflict any greater punishment, than what every indifferent person would rejoice to see executed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00132", "bookId": 67363, "start": 55476, "end": 56037, "sha256": "b91ba6d9561c6f819a4c3da44840c13a3df395130a402ff89c94b79253c681dd", "text": "And hence it is, that to feel much for others and little for ourselves, that to restrain our selfish, and to indulge our benevolent affections, constitutes the perfection of human nature; and can alone produce among mankind that harmony of sentiments and passions in which consist their whole grace and propriety. As to love our neighbour as we love ourselves is the great law of christianity, so it is the great precept of nature to love ourselves only as we love our neighbour, or what comes to the same thing, as our neighbour is capable of loving us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00133", "bookId": 67363, "start": 56041, "end": 57236, "sha256": "f96bc63016c7a7273ed314d4adf46f12772fe76a97908f8704359239b342a4b0", "text": "As taste and good judgment, when they are considered as qualities which deserve praise and admiration, are supposed to imply a delicacy of sentiment and an acuteness of understanding not commonly to be met with; so the virtues of sensibility and self-command are not apprehended to consist in the ordinary, but in the uncommon degrees of those qualities. The amiable virtue of humanity requires, surely, a sensibility, much beyond what is possessed by the rude vulgar of mankind. The great and exalted virtue of magnanimity undoubtedly demands much more than that degree of self-command, which the weakest of mortals are capable of exerting. As in the common degree of the intellectual qualities, there are no abilities; so in the common degree of the moral, there is no virtue. Virtue is excellence, something uncommonly great and beautiful, which rises far above what is vulgar and ordinary. The amiable virtues consist in that degree of sensibility which surprises by its exquisite and unexpected delicacy and tenderness. The awful and respectable, in that degree of self-command which astonishes by its amazing superiority over the most ungovernable passions of human nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00134", "bookId": 67363, "start": 57240, "end": 57969, "sha256": "5006bff9adb77071c397325023bfc6805441c4a4fd063409815524e08d1e5855", "text": "There is, in this respect, a considerable difference between virtue and mere propriety; between those qualities and actions which deserve to be admired and celebrated, and those which simply deserve to be approved of. Upon many occasions, to act with the most perfect propriety, requires no more than that common and ordinary degree of sensibility or self-command which the most worthless of mankind are possessed of, and sometimes even that degree is not necessary. Thus, to give a very low instance, to eat when we are hungry, is certainly, upon ordinary occasions, perfectly right and proper, and cannot miss being approved of as such by every body. Nothing, however, could be more absurd than to say it is virtuous.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00135", "bookId": 67363, "start": 57973, "end": 59241, "sha256": "42f458277367c47149ac2b164079c07ad40ff9fb3e35a86af8b0e6100475a158", "text": "On the contrary, there may frequently be a considerable degree of virtue in those actions, which fall short of the most perfect propriety; because they may still approach nearer to perfection than could well be expected upon occasions in which it was so extremely difficult to attain it: and this is very often the case upon those occasions which require the greatest exertions of self-command. There are some situations which bear so hard upon human nature, that the greatest degree of self-government, which can belong to so imperfect a creature as man, is not able to stifle, altogether, the voice of human weakness, or reduce the violence of the passions to that pitch of moderation, in which the impartial spectator can entirely enter into them. Though in those cases, therefore, the behaviour of the sufferer fall short of the most perfect propriety, it may still deserve some applause, and even in a certain sense, may be denominated virtuous. It may still manifest an effort or generosity and magnanimity of which the greater part of men are incapable; and though it fails of absolute perfection, it may be a much nearer approximation towards perfection, than what, upon such trying occasions, is commonly either to be found or to be expected.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00136", "bookId": 67363, "start": 59245, "end": 59996, "sha256": "3f25b1b255c0a78839975404e9a3f4660f6ef1fd0610e94905c80bb340fd90a4", "text": "In cases of this kind, when we are determining the degree of blame or applause which seems due to any action, we very frequently make use of two different standards. The first is the idea of complete propriety and perfection, which, in those difficult situations, no human conduct ever did, or even can come up to; and in comparison with which the actions of all men must for ever appear blameable and imperfect. The second is the idea of that degree of proximity or distance from this complete perfection, which the actions of the greater part of men commonly arrive at. Whatever goes beyond this degree, how far soever it may be removed from absolute perfection, seems to deserve applause; and whatever falls short of it, to deserve blame.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00137", "bookId": 67363, "start": 60000, "end": 60932, "sha256": "62f3fb02ee355df817888d9dd3864fe1bf81a39f6eac1522d2b5511c50fb5920", "text": "It is in the same manner that we judge of the productions of all arts which address themselves to the imagination. When a critic examines the work of any of the great masters for poetry or painting, he may sometimes examine it by an idea of perfection, in his own mind, which neither that nor any other human work will ever come up to; and as long as he compares it with this standard, he can see nothing in it but faults and imperfections. But when he come to consider the rank which it ought to hold among other works of the same kind, he necessarily compares it with a very different standard, the common degree of excellence which is usually attained in this particular art; and when he judges of it by this new measure, it may often appear to deserve the highest applause, upon account of its approaching much nearer to perfection than the greater part of those works which can be brought into competition with it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00138", "bookId": 67363, "start": 60972, "end": 61097, "sha256": "87bd155566cfdecedb48a96ab7b2cb40298955e2b6be46b0d9b17bd31d7b80cc", "text": "SECTION II. Of the degrees of the different passions which are consistent with propriety.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00139", "bookId": 67363, "start": 61132, "end": 61145, "sha256": "762d10af887f2b4a9299813419b04ed2821b36dd51e9dedd6d11353d8443c3bd", "text": "INTRODUCTION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00140", "bookId": 67363, "start": 61149, "end": 61815, "sha256": "9a0671fa4d38477792e419853ed11b4b9a9fd438d86a7a0875ce701388cba5cf", "text": "The propriety of every passion excited by objects peculiarly related to ourselves the pitch which the spectator can go along with, must lie, it is evident, in certain mediocrity. If the passion is too high, or if it is too low, he cannot enter into it. Grief and resentment for private misfortunes and injuries may easily, for example, be too high, and in the greater part of mankind they are so. They may likewise, though this more rarely happens, be too low. We denominate the excess, weakness and fury: and we call the defect, stupidity, insensibility, and want of spirit. We can enter into neither of them, but are astonished and confounded to see them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00141", "bookId": 67363, "start": 61819, "end": 62705, "sha256": "2d21a11e4e847116363d9ce9e46638595b2ae27aa1316ddc37f34851cb94010c", "text": "This mediocrity, however, in which the point of propriety consists, is different in different passions. It is high in some, and low in others. There are some passions which it is indecent to express very strongly, even upon those occasions, in which it is acknowledged that we cannot avoid feeling them in the highest degree. And there are others of which the strongest expressions are upon many occasions extremely graceful, even though the passions themselves do not, perhaps, arise so necessarily. The first are those passions with which, for certain reasons, there is little or no sympathy: the second are those with which, for other reasons, there is the greatest. And if we consider all the different passions of human nature, we shall find that they are regarded as decent, or indecent, just in proportion as mankind are more or less disposed to sympathize with them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00142", "bookId": 67363, "start": 62747, "end": 62821, "sha256": "6360aa8a27e1ab58f51bb34594f3cea873b7f8bc82b75f42b69c0ec0e7eebbc0", "text": "CHAP. I. _Of the passions which take their origin from the body._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00143", "bookId": 67363, "start": 62827, "end": 64149, "sha256": "a057822166132d6cd1d4468a4fa4953c1b33b632ebf9981206a44dbf9700b4a8", "text": "1. It is indecent to express any strong degree of those passions which arise from a certain situation or disposition of the body; because the company, not being in the same disposition, cannot be expected to sympathize with them. Violent hunger, for example, though upon many occasions not only natural, but unavoidable, is always indecent, and to eat voraciously is universally regarded as a piece of ill manners. There is, however, some degree of sympathy, even with hunger. It is agreeable to see our companions eat with a good appetite, and all expressions of loathing are offensive. The disposition of body which is habitual to a man in health, makes his stomach easily keep time, if I may be allowed so coarse an expression, with the one, and not with the other. We can sympathize with the distress which excessive hunger occasions when we read the description of it in the journal of a siege, or of a sea voyage. We imagine ourselves in the situation of the sufferers, and thence readily conceive the grief, the fear and consternation, which must necessarily distract them. We feel, ourselves, some degree of those passions, and therefore sympathize with them: but as we do not grow hungry by reading the description, we cannot properly, even in this case, be said to sympathize with their hunger.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00144", "bookId": 67363, "start": 64153, "end": 64828, "sha256": "354d5dc1d39a9f29cb109ca5d1dcd4c265f0fa217ba92d4bba6dfb4219311bd3", "text": "It is the same case with the passion by which Nature unites the two sexes. Though naturally the most furious of all passions, all strong expressions of it are upon every occasion indecent, even between persons in whom its most complete indulgence is acknowledged by all laws, both human and divine, to be perfectly innocent. There seems, however, to be some degree of sympathy even with this passion. To talk to a woman as we should to a man is improper: it is expected that their company should inspire us with more gaiety, more pleasantry, and more attention; and an entire insensibility to the fair sex, renders a man contemptible in some measure even to the men.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00145", "bookId": 67363, "start": 64832, "end": 66137, "sha256": "f1310e39f0373f7f34e4e404d6ae7c3c9aea169b21af7f8a60329b2d97172656", "text": "Such is our aversion for all the appetites which take their origin from the body: all strong expressions of them are loathsome and disagreeable. According to some ancient philosophers, these are the passions which we share in common with the brutes, and which having no connexion with the characteristical qualities of human nature, are upon that account beneath its dignity. But there are many other passions which we share in common with the brutes, such as resentment, natural affection, even gratitude, which do not, upon that account, appear to be so brutal. The true cause of the peculiar disgust which we conceive for the appetites of the body when we see them in other men, is that we cannot enter into them. To the person himself who feels them, as soon as they are gratified, the object that excited them ceases to be agreeable: even its presence often becomes offensive to him; he looks round to no purpose for the charm which transported him the moment before, and he can now as little enter into his own passion as another person. When we have dined, we order the covers to be removed; and we should treat in the same manner the objects of the most ardent and passionate desires, if they were the objects of no other passions but those which take their origin from the body.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00146", "bookId": 67363, "start": 66141, "end": 66496, "sha256": "a0b4604e8806bc7b8357deda37cb121417f49c2147814a88900169d182a110bd", "text": "In the command of those appetites of the body consists that virtue which is properly called temperance. To restrain them within those bounds, which regard to health and fortune prescribes, is the part of prudence. But to confine them within those limits, which grace, which propriety, which delicacy, and modesty, require, is the office of temperance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00147", "bookId": 67363, "start": 66500, "end": 67369, "sha256": "2b55bcaf9b0e5db0b98affdbbd7be1f25c9d46fd77f96bc8d2e8c6fec93ce5dd", "text": "2. It is for the same reason that to cry out with bodily pain, how intolerable soever, appears always unmanly and unbecoming. There is, however, a good deal of sympathy even with bodily pain. If, as has already been observed, I see a stroke aimed, and just ready to fall upon the leg or arm, of another person, I naturally shrink and draw back my own leg, or my own arm; and when it does fall, I feel it in some measure, and am hurt by it as well as the sufferer. My hurt, however, is, no doubt, excessively slight, and, upon that account, if he makes any violent out-cry, as I cannot go along with him, I never fail to despise him. And this is the case of all the passions which take their origin from the body: they excite either no sympathy at all, or such a degree of it, as is altogether disproportioned to the violence of what is felt by the sufferer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00148", "bookId": 67363, "start": 67373, "end": 68406, "sha256": "e04a2198168e15a6d641c7f4e6abe2f07de514cf7fa24b0ebc8717b069a8400b", "text": "It is quite otherwise with those passions which take their origin from the imagination. The frame of my body can be but little affected by the alterations which are brought about upon that of my companion: but my imagination is more ductile, and more readily assumes, if I may so, the shape and configuration of the imaginations of those with whom I am familiar. A disappointment in love, or ambition, will, upon this account, call forth more sympathy than the greatest bodily evil. Those passions arise altogether from the imagination. The person who has lost his whole fortune, if he is in health, feels nothing in his body. What he suffers is from the imagination only, which represents to him the loss of his dignity, neglect from his friends, contempt from his enemies, dependence, want, and misery, coming fast upon him; and we sympathize with him more strongly upon this account, because our imaginations can more readily mould themselves upon his imagination, than our bodies can mould themselves upon his body.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00149", "bookId": 67363, "start": 68410, "end": 68729, "sha256": "9332b89b9d440e8e342256ec4676905467fc3854a0affdf6998cb97517cfd609", "text": "The loss of a leg may generally be regarded as a more real calamity than the loss of a mistress. It would be a ridiculous tragedy, however, of which the catastrophe was to turn upon a loss of that kind. A misfortune of the other kind, how frivolous soever it may appear to be, has given occasion to many a fine one.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00150", "bookId": 67363, "start": 68733, "end": 69435, "sha256": "db994538d2a1a6e254482fd799b6572ce15d24b28f50ea307c953f82039afca3", "text": "Nothing is so soon forgot as pain. The moment it is gone the whole agony of it is over, and the thought of it can no longer give us any sort of disturbance. We ourselves cannot then enter into the anxiety and anguish which we had before conceived. An unguarded word from a friend will occasion a more durable uneasiness. The agony which this creates is by no means over with the word. What at first disturbs us is not the object of the senses, but the idea of the imagination. As it is an idea, therefore, which occasions our uneasiness, till time and other accidents have in some measure effaced it from our memory, the imagination continues to fret and rankle within, from the thought of it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00151", "bookId": 67363, "start": 69439, "end": 69994, "sha256": "dd0e4f608c60c227d088b5cc0208f97a3d754b6dfbd172786b7df89a6929cf46", "text": "Pain never calls forth any very lively sympathy unless it is accompanied with danger. We sympathize with the fear, though not with the agony of the sufferer. Fear, however, is a passion derived altogether from the imagination, which represents, with an uncertainty and fluctuation that increases our anxiety, not what we really feel, but what we may hereafter possibly suffer. The gout or the tooth-ache, though exquisitely painful, excite very little sympathy; more dangerous diseases, though accompanied with very little pain, excite the highest.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00152", "bookId": 67363, "start": 69998, "end": 71029, "sha256": "f59c07e553fe602c85cb7fdce59f1d064ec6cd36b22abc9cc2b542c2091e14a6", "text": "Some people faint and grow sick at the sight of a chirurgical operation, and that bodily pain which is occasioned by tearing the flesh, seems, in them, to excite the most excessive sympathy. We conceive in a much more lively and distinct manner, the pain which proceeds from an external cause, than we do that which arises from an internal disorder. I can scarce form an idea of the agonies of my neighbour when he is tortured with the gout, or the stone; but I have the clearest conception of what he must suffer from an incision, a wound, or a fracture. The chief cause, however, why such objects produce such violent effects upon us, is their novelty. Once who has been witness to a dozen dissections, and as many amputations, sees, ever after, all operations of this kind with great indifference, and often with perfect insensibility. Though we have read or seen represented more than five hundred tragedies, we shall seldom feel so entire an abatement of our sensibility to the object which they represent to us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00153", "bookId": 67363, "start": 71033, "end": 72196, "sha256": "18af2de449d659de169437f479b8bf49d1902a82937d7cff2aaa66b9310a6f6a", "text": "In some of the Greek tragedies there is an attempt to excite compassion, by the representation of the agonies of bodily pain. Philoctetes cries out and faints from the extremity of his sufferings. Hippolytus and Hercules are both introduced as expiring under the severest tortures, which, it seems, even the fortitude of Hercules was incapable of supporting. In all these cases, however, it is not the pain which interests us, but some other circumstance. It is not the sore foot, but the solitude, of Philoctetes which affects us, and diffuses over that charming tragedy, that romantic wildness, which is so agreeable to the imagination. The agonies of Hercules and Hippolytus are interested only because we foresee that death is to be the consequence. If those heroes were to recover, we should think the representation of their sufferings perfectly ridiculous. What a tragedy would that be of which the distress consisted in a colic. Yet no pain is more exquisite. These attempts to excite compassion by the representation of bodily pain, may be regarded as among the greatest breaches of decorum of which the Greek theatre has set the example.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00154", "bookId": 67363, "start": 72200, "end": 73072, "sha256": "138d4622aa54080c1a1796f84db3c844fce63a1d6942b44ee55c44c5c94461dc", "text": "The little sympathy which we feel with bodily pain is the foundation of the propriety of constancy and patience in enduring it. The man, who under the severest tortures allows no weakness to escape him, vents no groan, gives way to no passion which we do not entirely enter into, commands our highest admiration. His firmness enables him to keep time with our indifference and insensibility. We admire and entirely go along with the magnanimous effort which he makes for this purpose. We approve of his behaviour, and from our experience of the common weakness of human nature, we are surprised, and wonder how he should be able to act so as to deserve approbation. Approbation, mixed and animated by wonder and surprise, constitutes the sentiment which is properly called admiration, of which, applause is the natural expression, as has already been observed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00155", "bookId": 67363, "start": 73113, "end": 73245, "sha256": "6fcaabf7d58201ea455dcbd74e8cff7a497e29698d540413901bb35f7234a1d3", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of those passions which take their origin from a particular turn or habit of the imagination._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00156", "bookId": 67363, "start": 73251, "end": 75428, "sha256": "ca0d5723a95cba6a55afd7e4632badd6aeca79e7a674107f97cff510789b64bd", "text": "Even of the passions derived from the imagination, those which take their origin from a peculiar turn or habit it has acquired, though they may be acknowledged to be perfectly natural, are, however, but little sympathized with. The imaginations of mankind, not having acquired that particular turn, cannot enter into them; and such passions, though they may be allowed to be almost unavoidable in some part of life, are always in some measure ridiculous. This is the case with that strong attachment which naturally grows up between two persons of different sexes, who have long fixed their thoughts upon one another. Our imagination not having run in the same channel with that of the lover, we cannot enter into the eagerness of his emotions. If our friend has been injured, we readily sympathize with his resentment, and grow angry with the very person with whom he is angry. If he has received a benefit, we readily enter into his gratitude, and have a very high sense of the merit of his benefactor. But if he is in love, though we may think his passion just as reasonable as any of the kind, yet we never think ourselves bound to conceive a passion of the same kind, and for the same person for whom he has conceived it. The passion appears to every body, but the man who feels it, entirely disproportioned to the value of the object; and love, though it is pardoned in a certain age because we know it is natural, is always laughed at, because we cannot enter into it. All serious and strong expressions of it appear ridiculous to a third person; and though a lover may be good company to his mistress, he is so to nobody else. He himself is sensible of this; and as long as he continues in his sober senses, endeavours to treat his own passion with raillery and ridicule. It is the only style in which we care to hear of it; because it is the only style in which we ourselves are disposed to talk of it. We grow weary of the grave, pedantic, and long-sentenced love of Cowley and Propertius, who never have done with exaggerating the violence of their attachments; but the gaiety of Ovid, and the gallantry of Horace, are always agreeable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00157", "bookId": 67363, "start": 75432, "end": 77574, "sha256": "67d8e3083cfffe378dabcaef272e318ee06f0373660750d31a48eef21d4a44c2", "text": "But though we feel no proper sympathy with an attachment of this kind, though we never approach even in imagination towards conceiving a passion for that particular person, yet as we either have conceived, or may be disposed to conceive, passions of the same kind, we readily enter into those high hopes of happiness which are proposed from its gratification, as well as into that exquisite distress which is feared from its disappointment. It interests us not as a passion, but as a situation that gives occasion to other passions which interest us; to hope, to fear, and to distress of every kind: in the same manner as in a description of a sea voyage, it is not the hunger which interests us, but the distress which that hunger occasions. Though we do not properly enter into the attachment of the lover, we readily go along with those expectations of romantic happiness which he derives from it. We feel how natural it is for the mind, in a certain situation, relaxed with indolence, and fatigued with the violence of desire, to long for serenity and quiet, to hope to find them in the gratification of that passion which distracts it, and to frame to itself the idea of that life of pastoral tranquillity and retirement which the elegant, the tender, and the passionate Tibullus takes so much pleasure in deferring; a life like what the poets describe in the Fortunate Islands, a life of friendship, liberty, and repose; free from labour, and from care, and from all the turbulent passions which attend them. Even scenes of this kind interest us most, when they are painted rather as what is hoped, than as what is enjoyed. The grossness of that passion which mixes with, and is, perhaps, the foundation of love, disappears when its gratification is far off and at a distance; but renders the whole offensive, when described as what is immediately possessed. The happy passion, upon this account, interests us much less than the fearful and the melancholy. We tremble for whatever can disappoint such natural and agreeable hopes: and thus enter into all the anxiety, and concern, and distress of the lover.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00158", "bookId": 67363, "start": 77578, "end": 78297, "sha256": "87ed52e67021057c9de9ef175c89579afe5c76cd549d3e4f9fe742795658f614", "text": "Hence it is, that, in some modern tragedies and romances, this passion appears so wonderfully interesting. It is not so much the love of Castalio and Monimia which attaches us in the Orphan, as the distress which that love occasions. The author who should introduce two lovers, in a scene of perfect security, expressing their mutual fondness for one another, would excite laughter, and not sympathy. If a scene of this kind is ever admitted into a tragedy, it is always, in some measure, improper, and is endured, not from any sympathy with the passion that is expressed in it, but from concern for the dangers and difficulties with which the audience foresee that its gratification is likely to be attended.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00159", "bookId": 67363, "start": 78301, "end": 79097, "sha256": "a273ac59eed79eac1021e28ef5eecacfc954896888aab2c832014522932997ad", "text": "The reserve which the laws of society impose upon the fair sex, with regard to this weakness, renders it more peculiarly distressful in them, and, upon that very account, more deeply interesting. We are charmed with the love of Phædra, as it is expressed in the French tragedy of that name, notwithstanding all the extravagance and guilt which attends it. That very extravagance and guilt may be said, in some measure, to recommend it to us. Her fear, her shame, her remorse, her horror, her despair, become thereby more natural and interesting. All the secondary passions, if I may be allowed to call them so, which arise from the situation of love, become necessarily more furious and violent: and it is with these secondary passions only that we can properly be said to sympathize.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00160", "bookId": 67363, "start": 79101, "end": 80680, "sha256": "b0fcf43b1f8e616a30f592f737c10a5db628793633939f1f07e615a148453ba9", "text": "Of all the passions, however, which are so extravagantly disproportioned to the value of their objects, love is the only one that appears, even to the weakest minds, to have any thing in it that is either graceful or agreeable. In itself, first of all, though it may be ridiculous, it is not naturally odious; and though its consequences are often fatal and dreadful, its intentions are seldom mischievous. And then, though there is little propriety in the passion itself, there is a good deal in some of those which always accompany it. There is in love a strong mixture of humanity, generality, kindness, friendship, esteem; passions with which, of all others, for reasons which shall be explained immediately, we have the greatest propensity to sympathize, even notwithstanding we are sensible that they are, in some measure, excessive. The sympathy which we feel with them, renders the passion which they accompany less disagreeable, and supports it in our imagination, notwithstanding all the vices which commonly go along with it; though in the one sex it necessarily leads to ruin and infamy; and though in the other, where it is apprehended to be least fatal, it is almost always attended with an incapacity for labour, a neglect of duty, a contempt of fame, and even of common reputation. Notwithstanding all this, the degree of sensibility and generosity with which it is supposed to be accompanied, renders it to many the object of vanity; and they are fond of appearing capable of feeling what would do them no honour if they had really felt it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00161", "bookId": 67363, "start": 80684, "end": 81159, "sha256": "418c5b97e580ed4f6deaaad31bf8ac988272686e397f6ff906411f8c3d5abfbe", "text": "It is for a reason of the same kind, that a certain reserve is necessary when we talk of our own friends, our own studies, our own professions. All these are objects which we cannot expect should interest our companions in the same degree in which they interest us. And it is for want of this reserve, that the one half of mankind make bad company to the other. A philosopher is company to a philosopher only; the member of a club, to his own little knot of companions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00162", "bookId": 67363, "start": 81200, "end": 81261, "sha256": "e59a099991acd1fc7f95327819a4744ae2f5a8c40abae5c1701128c59c9f0820", "text": "CHAP. III. _Of the unsocial passions._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00163", "bookId": 67363, "start": 81267, "end": 82640, "sha256": "97fc7f366c387efacc7696ef5f6fe84de9697062d3e81435aa2ce1aa616347bb", "text": "There is another set of passions, which though derived from the imagination, yet before we can enter into them, or regard them as graceful or becoming, must always be brought down to a pitch much lower than that to which undisciplined nature would raise them. These are hatred and resentment, with all their different modifications. With regard to all such passions, our sympathy is divided between the person who feels them and the person who is the object of them. The interests of these two are directly opposite. What our sympathy with the person who feels them would prompt us to wish for, our fellow-feeling with the other would lead us to fear. As they are both men, we are concerned for both, and our fear for what the one may suffer, damps our resentment for what the other has suffered. Our sympathy, therefore, with the man who has received the provocation, necessarily falls short of the passion which naturally animates him, not only upon account of those general causes which render all sympathetic passions inferior to the original ones, but upon account of that particular cause which is peculiar to itself, our opposite sympathy with another person. Before resentment, therefore, can become graceful and agreeable, it must be more humbled and brought down below that pitch to which it would naturally rise, than almost any other passion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00164", "bookId": 67363, "start": 82644, "end": 83530, "sha256": "e8d1baa5fcc6a8a74cdd81239e2a9303538f3bda615a9d267b20425fc7e68be1", "text": "Mankind, at the same time, have a very strong sense of the injuries that are done to another. The villain, in a tragedy or romance, is as much the object of our indignation, as the hero is that of our sympathy and affection. We detest Iago as much as we esteem Othello; and delight as much in the punishment of the one, as we are grieved at the distress of the other. But though mankind have so strong a fellow-feeling with the injuries that are done to their brethren, they do not always resent them the more that the sufferer appears to resent them. Upon most occasions, the greater his patience, his mildness, his humanity, provided it does not appear that he wants spirit, or that fear was the motive of his forbearance, the higher the resentment against the person who injured him. The amiableness of the character exasperates their sense of the atrocity of the injury.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00165", "bookId": 67363, "start": 83534, "end": 84476, "sha256": "6433fd15e323d75a8e80c61d2673e982b43b06705a81f0d582b6eefcc8fc3306", "text": "These passions, however, are regarded as necessary parts of the character of human nature. A person becomes contemptible who tamely sits still, and submits to insults, without attempting either to repel or to revenge them. We cannot enter into his indifference and insensibility: we call his behaviour mean-spiritedness, and are as really provoked by it as by the insolence of his adversary. Even the mob are enraged to see any man submit patiently to affronts and ill usage. They desire to see this insolence resented, and resented by the person who suffers from it. They cry to him with fury, to defend, or to revenge himself. If his indignation rouses at last, they heartily applaud, and sympathize with it. It enlivens their own indignation against his enemy, whom they rejoice to see him attack in turn, and are as really gratified by his revenge, provided it is not immoderate, as if the injury had been done to themselves.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00166", "bookId": 67363, "start": 84480, "end": 88703, "sha256": "089b04ff38dda74aa847b333f74dcae88112f5b985fbbbdd73ecd012937b2bd8", "text": "But though the utility of those passions to the individual, by rendering it dangerous to insult or injure him, be acknowledged; and though their utility to the public, as the guardians of justice, and of the equality of its administration, be not less considerable, as shall be shewn hereafter; yet there is still something disagreeable in the passions themselves, which makes the appearance of them in other men the natural object of our aversion. The expression of anger towards any body present, if it exceeds a bare intimation that we are sensible of his ill usage, is regarded not only as an insult to that particular person, but as a rudeness to the whole company. Respect for them ought to have restrained us from giving way to so boisterous and offensive an emotion. It is the remote effects of these passions which are agreeable; the immediate effects are mischief to the person against whom they are directed. But it is the immediate, and not the remote effects of objects which render them agreeable or disagreeable to the imagination. A prison is certainly more useful to the public than a palace; and the person who founds the one is generally directed by a much juster spirit of patriotism, than he who builds the other. But the immediate effects of a prison, the confinement of the wretches shut up in it, are disagreeable; and the imagination either does not take time to trace out the remote ones, or sees them at too great a distance to be much affected by them. A prison, therefore, will always be a disagreeable object; and the fitter it is for the purpose for which it was intended, it will be the more so. A palace, on the contrary, will always be agreeable; yet its remote effects may often be inconvenient to the public. It may serve to promote luxury, and set the example of the dissolution of manners. Its immediate effects, however, the conveniency, the pleasure, and the gaiety of the people who live in it, being all agreeable, and suggesting to the imagination a thousand agreeable ideas, that faculty generally rests upon them, and seldom goes further in tracing its more distant consequences. Trophies of the instruments of music or of agriculture, imitated in painting or in stucco, make a common and an agreeable ornament of our halls and dining-rooms. A trophy of the same kind, composed of the instruments of surgery, of dissecting and amputation-knives, of saws for cutting the bones, of trepanning instruments, &c. would be absurd and shocking. Instruments of surgery, however, are always more finely polished, and generally more nicely adapted to the purposes for which they are intended, than instruments of agriculture. The remote effects of them too, the health of the patient, is agreeable, yet as the immediate effect of them is pain and suffering, the sight of them always displeases us. Instruments of war are agreeable, though their immediate effect may seem to be in the same manner pain and suffering. But then it is the pain and suffering of our enemies, with whom we have no sympathy. With regard to us, they are immediately connected with the agreeable ideas of courage, victory, and honour. They are themselves, therefore, supposed to make one of the noblest parts of dress, and the imitation of them one of the finest ornaments of architecture. It is the same case with the qualities of the mind. The ancient stoics were of opinion, that as the world was governed by the all-ruling providence of a wise, powerful, and good God, every single event ought to be regarded, as making a necessary part of the plan of the universe, and as tending to promote the general order and happiness of the whole: that the vices and follies of mankind, therefore, made as necessary a part of this plan as their wisdom or their virtue; and by that eternal art which educes good from ill, were made to tend equally to the prosperity and perfection of the great system of nature. No speculation of this kind, however, how deeply soever it might be rooted in the mind, could diminish our natural abhorrence for vice, whose immediate effects are so destructive, and whose remote ones are too distant to be traced by the imagination.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00167", "bookId": 67363, "start": 88707, "end": 91066, "sha256": "ea051c115326fd494872f17ea40fa49bb3d181862ff9b429db64c31d57963b56", "text": "It is the same case with those passions we have been just now considering. Their immediate effects are so disagreeable, that even when they are most justly provoked, there is still something about them which disgusts us. These, therefore, are the only passions of which the expressions, as I formerly observed, do not dispose and prepare us to sympathize with them, before we are informed of the cause which excites them. The plaintive voice of misery, when heard at a distance, will not allow us to be indifferent about the person from whom it comes. As soon as it strikes our ear, it interests us in his fortune, and, if continued, forces us almost involuntarily to fly to his assistance. The sight of a smiling countenance, in the same manner, elevates even the pensive into that gay and airy mood, which disposes him to sympathize with, and share the joy which it expresses; and he feels his heart, which with thought and care was before that shrunk and depressed, instantly expanded and elated. But it is quite otherwise with the expressions of hatred and resentment. The hoarse, boisterous, and discordant voice of anger, when heard at a distance, inspires us either with fear or aversion. We do not fly towards it, as to one who cries out with pain and agony. Women, and men of weak nerves, tremble and are overcome with fear, though sensible that themselves are not the objects of the anger. They conceive fear, however, by putting themselves in the situation of the person who is so. Even those of stouter hearts are disturbed; not indeed enough to make them afraid, but enough to make them angry; for anger is the passion which they would feel in the situation of the other person. It is the same case with hatred. Mere expressions of spite inspire it against no body, but the man who uses them. Both these passions are by nature the objects of our aversion. Their disagreeable and boisterous appearance never excites, never prepares, and often disturbs our sympathy. Grief does not more powerfully engage and attract us to the person in whom we observe it, than these, while we are ignorant of their cause, disgust and detach us from him. It was, it seems, the intention of Nature, that those rougher and more unamiable emotions, which drive men from one another, should be less easily and more rarely communicated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00168", "bookId": 67363, "start": 91070, "end": 92270, "sha256": "cd62be204febec624f478ff3dd413518017b3b2e84983da16a5e4ba4735843ec", "text": "When music imitates the modulations of grief or joy, it either actually inspires us with those passions, or at least puts us in the mood which disposes us to conceive them. But when it imitates the notes of anger, it inspires us with fear. Joy, grief, love, admiration, devotion, are all of them passions which are naturally musical. Their natural tones are all soft, clear, and melodious; and they naturally express themselves in periods which are distinguished by regular pauses, and which upon that account are easily adapted to the regular returns of the correspondent airs of a tune. The voice of anger, on the contrary, and of all the passions which are akin to it, is harsh and discordant. It periods too are all irregular, sometimes very long, and sometimes very short, and distinguished by no regular pauses. It is with difficulty, therefore, that music can imitate any of those passions; and the music which does imitate them is not the most agreeable. A whole entertainment may consist, without any impropriety, of the imitation of the social and agreeable passions. It would be a strange entertainment which consisted altogether of the imitations of hatred and resentment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00169", "bookId": 67363, "start": 92274, "end": 93249, "sha256": "86d5909d0a832de77226a81d2d253bf16abdd75b0d4fedc88058ea7769e5fd10", "text": "If those passions are disagreeable to the spectator, they are not less so to the person who feels them. Hatred and anger are the greatest poison to the happiness of a good mind. There is, in the very feeling of those passions, something harsh, jarring, and convulsive, something that tears and distracts the breast, and is altogether destructive of that composure and tranquillity of mind which is so necessary to happiness, and which is best promoted by the contrary passions of gratitude and love. It is not the value of what they lose by the perfidy and ingratitude of those they live with, which the generous and humane are most apt to regret. Whatever they may have lost, they can generally be very happy without it. What most disturbs them is the idea of perfidy and ingratitude exercised towards themselves; and the discordant and disagreeable passions which this excites, constitutes, in their own opinion, the chief part of the injury which they suffer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00170", "bookId": 67363, "start": 93253, "end": 95123, "sha256": "2b4ce38c84a8c2d90d5602d4ac64f938c9c0085a694dd55faface99d13fbd978", "text": "How many things are requisite to render the gratification of resentment compleatly agreeable, and to make the spectator thoroughly sympathize with our revenge? The provocation must first of all be such that we should become contemptible, and be exposed to perpetual insults, if we did not, in some measure, resent it. Smaller offences are always better neglected; nor is there any thing more despicable than that froward and captious humour which takes fire upon every slight occasion of quarrel. We should resent more from a sense of the propriety of resentment, from a sense that mankind expect and require it of us, than because we feel in ourselves the furies of that disagreeable passion. There is no passion, of which the human mind is capable, concerning whose justness we ought to be so doubtful, concerning whose indulgence we ought so carefully to consult our natural sense of propriety, or so diligently to consider what will be the sentiments of the impartial spectator. Magnanimity, or a regard to maintain our own rank and dignity in society, is the only motive which can ennoble the expressions of this disagreeable passion. This motive must characterize our whole stile and deportment. These must be plain, open, and direct; determined without positiveness, and elevated without insolence; not only free from petulance and low scurrility, but generous, candid, and full of all proper regards, even for the person who has offended us. It must appear, in short, from our whole manner, without our labouring affectedly to express it, that passion has not extinguished our humanity; and that if we yield to the dictates of revenge, it is with reluctance, from necessity, and in consequence of great and repeated provocations. When resentment is guarded and qualified in this manner, it may be admitted to be even generous and noble.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00171", "bookId": 67363, "start": 95164, "end": 95223, "sha256": "a116c9f26cb5e320a853809a6f99ed5395f0a9cc35d0b45f2092829c6094d3fa", "text": "CHAP. IV. _Of the social passions._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00172", "bookId": 67363, "start": 95229, "end": 97622, "sha256": "0608cb3ca699c2c96fde843eef38215a14e1e497962a7384345220284e39f2e9", "text": "As it is a divided sympathy which renders the whole set of passions just now mentioned, upon most occasions, so ungraceful and disagreeable; so there is another set opposite to these, which a redoubled sympathy renders almost always peculiarly agreeable and becoming. Generosity, humanity, kindness, compassion, mutual friendship and esteem, all the social and benevolent affections, when expressed in the countenance or behaviour, even towards those who are peculiarly connected with ourselves, please the indifferent spectator upon almost every occasion. His sympathy with the person who feels those passions, exactly coincides with his concern for the person who is the object of them. The interest, which, as a man, he is obliged to take in the happiness of this last, enlivens his fellow-feeling with the sentiments of the other, whose emotions are employed about the same object. We have always, therefore, the strongest disposition to sympathize with the benevolent affections. They appear in every respect agreeable to us. We enter into the satisfaction both of the person who feels them, and of the person who is the object of them. For as to be the object of hatred and indignation gives more pain than all the evils which a brave man can fear from his enemies; so there is a satisfaction in the consciousness of being beloved, which, to a person of delicacy and sensibility, is of more importance to happiness than all the advantage which he can expect to derive from it. What character is so detectable as that of one who takes pleasure to sow dissension among friends, and to turn their most tender love into mortal hatred? Yet wherein does the atrocity of this so much abhorred injury consist? Is it in depriving them of the frivolous good offices, which had their friendship continued, they might have expected from one another? It is in depriving them of that friendship itself, in robbing them of each others affections, from which both derived so much satisfaction; it is in disturbing the harmony of their hearts, and putting an end to that happy commerce which had before subsisted between them. These affections, that harmony, this commerce, are felt, not only by the tender and the delicate, but by the rudest vulgar of mankind, to be of more importance to happiness than all the little services which could be expected to flow from them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00173", "bookId": 67363, "start": 97626, "end": 99123, "sha256": "f1867b8cc412a18d1575e3e4bc192213f77e1f0bcb8fd1e92b05c7588ab66de8", "text": "The sentiment of love is, in itself, agreeable to the person who feels it. It sooths and composes the breast, seems to favour the vital motions, and to promote the healthful state of the human constitution; and it is rendered still more delightful by the consciousness of the gratitude and satisfaction which it must excite in him who is the object of it. Their mutual regard renders them happy in one another, and sympathy, with this mutual regard, makes them agreeable to every other person. With what pleasure do we look upon a family, through the whole of which reign mutual love and esteem, where the parents and children are companions for one another, without any other difference than what is made by respectful affection on the one side, and kind indulgence on the other; where freedom and fondness, mutual raillery, and mutual kindness, show that no opposition of interest divides the brothers, nor any rivalship of favour sets the sisters at variance, and where every thing presents us with the idea of peace, chearfulness, harmony, and contentment? On the contrary, how uneasy are we made when we go into a house in which jarring contention sets one half of those who dwell in it against the other; where amidst affected smoothness and complaisance, suspicious looks and sudden starts of passion betray the mutual jealousies which burn within them, and which are every moment ready to burst out through all the restraints which the presence of the company imposes?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00174", "bookId": 67363, "start": 99127, "end": 100636, "sha256": "bd41ac784e66e99ef4c0fbfb62517c9a6bfd74d5a826696baf8dedfe2a40be9f", "text": "Those amiable passions, even when they are acknowledged to be excessive, are never regarded with aversion. There is something agreeable even in the weakness of friendship and humanity. The too tender mother, the too indulgent father, the too generous and affectionate friend, may sometimes, perhaps, on account of the softness of their natures, be looked upon with a species of pity, in which, however, there is a mixture of love, but can never be regarded with hatred and aversion, nor even with contempt, unless by the most brutal and worthless of mankind: It is always with concern, with sympathy and kindness, that we blame them for the extravagance of their attachment. There is a helplessness in the character of extreme humanity which more than any thing interests our pity. There is nothing in itself which renders it either ungraceful or disagreeable. We only regret that it is unfit for the world, because the world is unworthy of it, and because it must expose the person who is endowed with it as a prey to the perfidy and ingratitude of insinuating falsehood, and to a thousand pains and uneasinesses, which, of all men, he the least deserves to feel, and which generally too he is, of all men, the least capable of supporting. It is quite otherwise with hatred and resentment. Too violent a propensity to those detestable passions, renders a person the object of universal dread and abhorrence, who, like a wild beast, ought, we think, to be hunted out of all civil society.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00175", "bookId": 67363, "start": 100678, "end": 100737, "sha256": "11bb9de22e42365b4d0840e75b6b45ce5657eb748338e5fd5393dfd809f2cc37", "text": "CHAP. V. _Of the selfish passions._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00176", "bookId": 67363, "start": 100743, "end": 104107, "sha256": "9975ae7b2cda3d97380230a10f23b21266af87e42dc5f0da70f842f4fe4b2e97", "text": "Besides those two opposite sets of passions, the social and unsocial, there is another which holds a sort of middle place between them; is never either so graceful as is sometimes the one set, nor is ever so odious as is sometimes the other. Grief and joy, when conceived upon account of our own private good or bad fortune, constitute this third set of passions. Even when excessive, they are never so disagreeable as excessive resentment, because no opposite sympathy can ever interest us against them: and when most suitable to their objects they are never so agreeable as impartial humanity and just benevolence; because no double sympathy can ever interest us for them. There is, however, this difference between grief and joy, that we are generally most disposed to sympathize with small joys and great sorrows. The man, who, by some sudden revolution of fortune, is lifted up all at once into a condition of life, greatly above what he had formerly lived in, may be assured that the congratulations of his best friends are not all of them perfectly sincere. An upstart, though of the greatest merit, is generally disagreeable, and a sentiment of envy commonly prevents us from heartily sympathizing with his joy. If he has any judgment he is sensible of this, and instead of appearing to be elated with his good fortune, he endeavours, as much as he can, to smother his joy, and keep down that elevation of mind with which his new circumstances naturally inspire him. He affects the same plainness of dress, and the same modesty of behaviour, which became him in his former station. He redoubles his attention to his old friends, and endeavours more than ever to be humble, assiduous, and complaisant. And this is the behaviour which in his situation we most approve of; because we expect, it seems, that he should have more sympathy with our envy and aversion to his happiness, than we have with his happiness. It is seldom that with all this he succeeds. We suspect the sincerity of his humility, and he grows weary of this constraint. In a little time, therefore, he generally leaves all his old friends behind him, some of the meanest of them excepted, who may, perhaps, condescend to become his dependents: nor does he always acquire any new ones; the pride of his new connections is as much affronted at finding him their equal, as that of his old ones had been by his becoming their superior: and it requires the most obstinate and persevering modesty to atone for this mortification to either. He generally grows weary too soon, and is provoked, by the sullen and suspicious pride of the one, and by the saucy contempt of the other, to treat the first with neglect, and the second with petulance, till at last he grows habitually insolent, and forfeits the esteem of all. If the chief part of human happiness arises from the consciousness of being beloved, as I believe it does, those sudden changes of fortune seldom contribute much to happiness. He is happiest who advances more gradually to greatness, whom the public destines to every step of his preferment long before he arrives at it, in whom, upon that account, when it comes, it can excite no extravagant joy, and with regard to whom it cannot reasonably create either any jealousy in those he overtakes, or any envy in those he leaves behind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00177", "bookId": 67363, "start": 104111, "end": 105710, "sha256": "155e739a4bb47151ab395bfde468883f5e64a759fed8088d285e91b166d458ac", "text": "Mankind, however, more readily sympathize with those smaller joys which flow from less important causes. It is decent to be humble amidst great prosperity; but we can scarce express too much satisfaction in all the little occurrences of common life, in the company with which we spent the evening last night, in the entertainment that was set before us, in what was said and what was done, in all the little incidents of the present conversation, and in all those frivolous nothings which fill up the void of human life. Nothing is more graceful than habitual chearfulness, which is always founded upon a peculiar relish for all the little pleasures which common occurrences afford. We readily sympathize with it: it inspires us with the same joy, and makes every trifle turn up to us in the same agreeable aspect in which it presents itself to the person endowed with this happy disposition. Hence it is that youth, the season of gaiety, so easily engages our affections. That propensity to joy which seems even to animate the bloom, and to sparkle from the eyes of youth and beauty, though in a person of the same sex, exalts, even the aged, to a more joyous mood than ordinary. They forget, for a time, their infirmities, and abandon themselves to those agreeable ideas and emotions to which they have long been strangers, but which, when the presence of so much happiness recalls them to their breast, take their place there, like old acquaintance, from whom they are sorry to have ever been parted, and whom they embrace more heartily upon account of this long separation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00178", "bookId": 67363, "start": 105714, "end": 108189, "sha256": "2595635f97ef3d7fb3b0f758f082920d6bdd61786b6b1d7adbe8071d1d2503d5", "text": "It is quite otherwise with grief. Small vexations excite no sympathy, but deep affliction calls forth the greatest. The man who is made uneasy by every little disagreeable incident, who is hurt if either the cook or the butler have failed in the least article of their duty, who feels every defect in the highest ceremonial of politeness, whether it be shewn to himself or to any other person, who takes it amiss that his intimate friend did not bid him good-morrow when they met in the forenoon, and that his brother hummed a tune all the time he himself was telling a story; who is put out of humour by the badness of the weather when in the country, by the badness of the roads when upon a journey, and by the want of company, and dullness of all public diversions when in town; such a person, I say, though he should have some reason, will seldom meet with much sympathy. Joy is a pleasant emotion, and we gladly abandon ourselves to it upon the slightest occasion. We readily, therefore, sympathize with it in others, whenever we are not prejudiced by envy. But grief is painful, and the mind, even when it is our own misfortune, naturally resists and recoils from it. We would endeavour either not to conceive it at all, or to shake it off as soon as we have conceived it. Our aversion to grief will not, indeed, always hinder us from conceiving it in our own case upon very trifling occasions, but it constantly prevents us from sympathizing with it in others when excited by the like frivolous causes: for our sympathetic passions are always less irresistible than our original ones. There is, besides, a malice in mankind, which not only prevents all sympathy with little uneasinesses, but renders them in some measure diverting. Hence the delight which we all take in raillery, and in the small vexation which we observe in our companion, when he is pushed, and urged, and teased upon all sides. Men of the most ordinary good-breeding dissemble the pain which any little incident may give them; and those who are more thoroughly formed to society, turn, of their own accord, all such incidents into raillery, as they know their companions will do for them. The habit which a man, who lives in the world, has acquired of considering how every thing that concerns himself will appear to others, makes those frivolous calamities turn up in the same ridiculous light to him, in which he knows they will certainly be considered by them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00179", "bookId": 67363, "start": 108193, "end": 109031, "sha256": "96f95b5c3790a2119b5fbe7fe9128cbff64cd59c964d7e192104b2e2b49543d2", "text": "Our sympathy, on the contrary, with deep distress, is very strong and very sincere. It is unnecessary to give an instance. We weep even at the feigned representation of a tragedy. If you labour, therefore, under any signal calamity, if by some extraordinary misfortune you are fallen into poverty, into diseases, into disgrace and disappointment; even though your own fault may have been, in part, the occasion, yet you may generally depend upon the sincerest sympathy of all your friends, and, as far as interest and honour will permit, upon their kindest assistance too. But if your misfortune is not of this dreadful kind, if you have only been a little baulked in your ambition, if you have only been jilted by your mistress, or are only hen-pecked by your wife, lay your account with the raillery of all your acquaintance.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00180", "bookId": 67363, "start": 109071, "end": 109295, "sha256": "577ecf710df367ce518bf0a1f4663305af4d98cc81c9308faa694fa837ae708c", "text": "SECTION III. Of the effects of prosperity and adversity upon the judgment of mankind with regard to the propriety of action; and why it is more easy to obtain their approbation in the one state than in the other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00181", "bookId": 67363, "start": 109337, "end": 109602, "sha256": "07426ca4bdb9c059ff5be47e52a9a324952abaa1dea712b755920b2cc0af649e", "text": "CHAP. I. _That though our sympathy with sorrow is generally a more lively sensation than our sympathy with joy, it commonly falls much more short of the violence of what is naturally felt by the person principally concerned._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00182", "bookId": 67363, "start": 109608, "end": 110137, "sha256": "ca718df67a51f118483dcfde6c1b02a5098c4af4381e2e7aa44fd7f31a632088", "text": "Our sympathy with sorrow, though not more real, has been more taken notice of than our sympathy with joy. The word sympathy, in its most proper and primitive signification, denotes our fellow-feeling with the sufferings, not that with the enjoyments, of others. A late ingenious and subtile philosopher thought it necessary to prove, by arguments, that we had a real sympathy with joy, and that congratulation was a principle of human nature. Nobody, I believe, ever thought it necessary to prove that compassion was such.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00183", "bookId": 67363, "start": 110141, "end": 110983, "sha256": "f7b49620046bbc114a180064574a74903f073e909efa8fccca366306ac943da4", "text": "First of all, our sympathy with sorrow is, in some sense, more universal than that with joy. Though sorrow is excessive, we may still have some fellow-feeling with it. What we feel does not, indeed, in this case, amount to that complete sympathy, to that perfect harmony and correspondence of sentiments which constitutes approbation. We do not weep, and exclaim, and lament, with the sufferer. We are sensible, on the contrary, of his weakness, and of the extravagance of his passion, and yet often feel a very sensible concern upon his account. But if we do not entirely enter into, and go along with, the joy of another, we have no sort of regard or fellow-feeling for it. The man who skips and dances about with that intemperate and senseless joy which we cannot accompany him in, is the object of our contempt and indignation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00184", "bookId": 67363, "start": 110987, "end": 111383, "sha256": "6f7c0e0cbb7ea3cee15dac64c2f0b5b022da440d8d358c74638d8e63efd0c62f", "text": "Pain besides, whether of mind or body, is a more pungent sensation than pleasure, and our sympathy with pain, though it falls greatly short of what is naturally felt by the sufferer, is generally a more lively and distinct perception than our sympathy with pleasure, though this last often approaches more nearly, as I shall show immediately, to the natural vivacity of the original passion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00185", "bookId": 67363, "start": 111387, "end": 112690, "sha256": "75e245bcd19f11924ce725e1e76261e499c3f5c63e5605e57b36242d0c88891d", "text": "Over and above all this, we often struggle to keep down our sympathy with the sorrow of others. Whenever we are not under the observation of the sufferer, we endeavour, for our own sake, to suppress it as much as we can, and we are not always successful. The opposition which we make to it, and the reluctance with which we yield to it, necessarily oblige us to take more particular notice of it. But we never have occasion to make this opposition to our sympathy with joy. If there is any envy in the case, we never feel the least propensity towards it; and if there is none, we give way to it without any reluctance. On the contrary, as we are always ashamed of our own envy, we often pretend, and sometimes really wish to sympathize with the joy of others, when by that disagreeable sentiment we are disqualified from doing so. We are glad, we say, on account of our neighbour’s good fortune, when in our hearts, perhaps, we are really sorry. We often feel a sympathy with sorrow when we wish to be rid of it; and we often miss that with joy when we would be glad to have it. The obvious observation, therefore, which it naturally falls in our way to make, is that our propensity to sympathize with sorrow must be very strong, and our inclination to sympathize with joy very weak.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00186", "bookId": 67363, "start": 112694, "end": 113119, "sha256": "27c38a7ea6f4014687a8172959f64c6948bdf62c807dd5e64c49295e6bcea268", "text": "Notwithstanding this prejudice, however, I will venture to affirm, that, when there is no envy in the case, our propensity to sympathize with joy is much stronger than our propensity to sympathize with sorrow; and that our fellow-feeling for the agreeable emotion approaches much more nearly to the vivacity of what is naturally felt by the persons principally concerned, than that which we conceive for the painful one.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00187", "bookId": 67363, "start": 113123, "end": 114040, "sha256": "a2233d093ac0dfb070fbd6d140e568d2f94d909f045f7fb1ed07bada935ffce5", "text": "We have some indulgence for that excessive grief which we cannot entirely go along with. We know what a prodigious effort is requisite before the sufferer can bring down his emotions to compleat harmony and concord with those of the spectator. Though he fails, therefore, we easily pardon him. But we have no such indulgence for the intemperance of joy; because we are not conscious that any such vast effort is requisite to bring it down to what we can entirely enter into. The man who, under the greatest calamities, can command his sorrow, seems worthy of the highest admiration; but he who, in the fulness of prosperity, can in the same manner master his joy, seems hardly to deserve any praise. We are sensible that there is a much wider interval in the one case than in the other, between what is naturally felt by the person principally concerned, and what the spectator can entirely go along with.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00188", "bookId": 67363, "start": 114044, "end": 114768, "sha256": "4a7a3edfa41ac8b1f0ec91822f6c921fa47aa7d6605a58cc0cc35793bae1559b", "text": "What can be added to the happiness of the man who is in health, who is out of debt, and has a clear conscience? To one in this situation, all accessions of fortune may properly be said to be superfluous; and if he is much elevated upon account of them, it must be the effect of the most frivolous levity. This situation, however, may very well be called the natural and ordinary state of mankind. Notwithstanding the present misery and depravity of the world, so justly lamented, this really is the state of the greater part of men. The greater part of men, therefore, cannot find any great difficulty in elevating themselves to all the joy which any accession to this situation can well excite in their companion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00189", "bookId": 67363, "start": 114772, "end": 115702, "sha256": "db127d00003efb2a463c03eac0b64da78d88dd52adec214bf2aa5568e4992dd8", "text": "But though little can be added to this state, much may be taken from it. Though between this condition and the highest pitch of human prosperity, the interval is but a trifle; between it and the lowest depth of misery the distance is immense and prodigious. Adversity, on this account, necessarily depresses the mind of the sufferer much more below its natural state, than prosperity can elevate him above it. The spectator, therefore, must find it much more difficult to sympathize entirely, and keep perfect time, with his sorrow, than thoroughly to enter into his joy, and must depart much further from his own natural and ordinary temper of mind in the one case than in the other. It is on this account, that, though our sympathy with sorrow is often a more pungent sensation than our sympathy with joy, it always falls much more short of the violence of what is naturally felt by the person principally concerned.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00190", "bookId": 67363, "start": 115706, "end": 117066, "sha256": "70b9db9d03f3ddf2efa42e98c0b59baf299b377eb7133ba3d6ce30d8fe4aebae", "text": "It is agreeable to sympathize with joy; and wherever envy does not oppose it, our heart abandons itself with satisfaction to the highest transports of that delightful sentiment. But it is painful to go along with grief, and we always enter into it with reluctance[1]. When we attend to the representation of a tragedy, we struggle against that sympathetic sorrow which the entertainment inspires as long as we can, and we give way to it at last only when we can no longer avoid it: we even then endeavour to cover our concern from the company. If we shed any tears, we carefully conceal them, and are afraid lest the spectators, not entering into this excessive tenderness, should regard it as effeminacy and weakness. The wretch whose misfortunes call upon our compassion feels with what reluctance we are likely to enter into his sorrow, and therefore proposes his grief to us with fear and hesitation: he even smothers the half of it, and is ashamed, upon account of this hard-heartedness of mankind, to give vent to the fulness of his affliction. It is otherwise with the man who riots in joy and success. Wherever envy does not interest us against him, he expects our compleatest sympathy. He does not fear, therefore, to announce himself with shouts of exultation, in full confidence that we are heartily disposed to go along with him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00191", "bookId": 67363, "start": 117070, "end": 117081, "sha256": "9fa739c59a9805151cb0d1db55bc1cf2dce7f40bedd21255939094d5edeb1285", "text": "Footnote 1:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00192", "bookId": 67363, "start": 117087, "end": 118081, "sha256": "f30ad585c23d5b139f4460f9d7fac77d355122764b16027c116049dc6e15abd6", "text": "It has been objected to me that as I found the sentiment of approbation, which is always agreeable, upon sympathy, it is inconsistent with my system to admit any disagreeable sympathy. I answer, that in the sentiment of approbation there are two things to be taken notice of; first the sympathetic passion of the spectator; and, secondly, the emotion which arises from his observing the perfect coincidence between this sympathetic passion in himself, and the original passion in the person principally concerned. This last emotion, in which the sentiment of approbation properly consists, is always agreeable and delightful. The other may either be agreeable or disagreeable, according to the nature of the original passion, whose feature it must always, in some measure, retain. Two sounds I suppose, may, each of them, taken singly, be austere, and yet, if they are perfect concords, the perception of their harmony and coincidence may be agreeable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00193", "bookId": 67363, "start": 118085, "end": 118696, "sha256": "ce1c71e1e89be0e92b006bc0bf0a670954b18fd0536f22e3f96f9ae0c9b6b527", "text": "Why should we be more ashamed to weep than to laugh before company? We may often have as real occasion to do the one as to do the other: But we always feel that the spectators are more likely to go along with us in the agreeable, than in the painful emotion. It is always miserable to complain, even when we are oppressed by the most dreadful calamities. But the triumph of victory is not always ungraceful. Prudence, indeed, would often advise us to bear prosperity with more moderation; because prudence would teach us to avoid that envy which this very triumph is, more than any thing, apt to excite.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00194", "bookId": 67363, "start": 118700, "end": 119594, "sha256": "c3a520a61af85f38464470ccfdf3c04c859edb4c51932a643f90561250db3f30", "text": "How hearty are the acclamations of the mob, who never bear any envy to their superiors, at a triumph or a public entry? And how sedate and moderate is commonly their grief at an execution? Our sorrow at a funeral generally amounts to no more than affected gravity; but our mirth at a christening or a marriage, is always from the heart, and without any affectation. Upon these, and all such joyous occasions, our satisfaction, though not so durable, is often as lively as that of the persons principally concerned. Whenever we cordially congratulate our friends, which, however, to the disgrace of human nature, we do but seldom, their joy literally becomes our joy: we are for the moment, as happy as they are: our heart swells and overflows with real pleasure: joy and complacency sparkle from our eyes, and animate every feature of our countenance, and every gesture of our body.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00195", "bookId": 67363, "start": 119598, "end": 120830, "sha256": "91311656ba3171a15a343d116b7d673faec5bf1806afc578972bd57775c5e2d1", "text": "But, on the contrary, when we condole with our friends in their afflictions, how little do we feel, in comparison of what they feel? We sit down by them, we look at them, and while they relate to us the circumstances of their misfortune, we listen to them with gravity and attention. But while their narration is every moment interrupted by those natural bursts of passion which often seem almost to choak them in the midst of it; how far are the languid emotions of our hearts from keeping time to the transports of theirs? We may be sensible, at the same time, that their passion is natural, and no greater than what we ourselves might feel upon the like occasion. We may even inwardly reproach ourselves with our own want of sensibility, and perhaps on that account, work ourselves up into an artificial sympathy, which, however, when it is raised, is always the slightest and most transitory imaginable; and generally, as soon as we have left the room, vanishes, and is gone for ever. Nature, it seems, when she has loaded us with our own sorrows, thought that they were enough, and therefore did not command us to take any further share in those of others, than what was necessary to prompt us to relieve them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00196", "bookId": 67363, "start": 120834, "end": 122980, "sha256": "6e8f04022ccd3769e07364effacefc3f17ffe428e67c14ff199ec40d1dd6cf3d", "text": "It is on account of this dull sensibility to the afflictions of others, that magnanimity amidst great distress appears always so divinely graceful. His behaviour is genteel and agreeable who can maintain his chearfulness amidst a number of frivolous disasters. But he appears to be more than mortal who can support in the same manner the most dreadful calamities. We feel what an immense effort is requisite to silence those violent emotions which naturally agitate and distract those in his situation. We are amazed to find that he can command himself so intirely. His firmness, at the same time, perfectly coincides with our insensibility. He makes no demand upon us for that more exquisite degree of sensibility which we find, and which we are mortified to find, that we do not possess. There is the most perfect correspondence between his sentiments and ours, and on that account the most perfect propriety in his behaviour. It is a propriety too, which, from our experience of the usual weakness of human nature, we could not reasonably have expected he should be able to maintain. We wonder with surprise and astonishment at that strength of mind which is capable of so noble and generous an effort. The sentiment of compleat sympathy and approbation, mixed and animated with wonder and surprise, constitutes what is properly called admiration, as has already been more than once taken notice of. Cato, surrounded on all sides by his enemies, unable to resist them, and disdaining to submit to them, and reduced by the proud maxims of that age, to the necessity of destroying himself; yet never shrinking from his misfortunes, never supplicating with the lamentable voice of wretchedness, those miserable sympathetic tears which we are always so unwilling to give; but on the contrary, arming himself with manly fortitude, and the moment before he executes his fatal resolution, giving, with his usual tranquillity, all necessary orders for the safety of his friends; appears to Seneca, that great preacher of insensibility, a spectacle which even the gods themselves might behold with pleasure and admiration.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00197", "bookId": 67363, "start": 122984, "end": 125076, "sha256": "617237b7ca2c528c272bd9de1da25256debff03fd55fdbf2c424dcd9070b54b8", "text": "Whenever we meet, in common life, with any examples of such heroic magnanimity, we are always extremely affected. We are more apt to weep and shed tears for such as, in this manner, seem to feel nothing for themselves, than for those who give way to all the weakness of sorrow: and in this particular case, the sympathetic grief of the spectator appears to go beyond the original passion in the person principally concerned. The friends of Socrates all wept when he drank the last potion, while he himself expressed the gayest and most chearful tranquillity. Upon all such occasions the spectator makes no effort, and has no occasion to make any, in order to conquer his sympathetic sorrow. He is under no fear that it will transport him to any thing that is extravagant and improper; he is rather pleased with the sensibility of his own heart, and gives way to it with complacence and self-approbation. He gladly indulges, therefore, the most melancholy views which can naturally occur to him, concerning the calamity of his friend, for whom, perhaps, he never felt so exquisitely before, the tender and tearful passion of love. But it is quite otherwise with the person principally concerned. He is obliged as much as possible, to turn away his eyes from whatever is either naturally terrible or disagreeable in his situation. Too serious an attention to those circumstances, he fears, might make so violent an impression upon him, that he could no longer keep within the bounds of moderation, or render himself the object of the complete sympathy and approbation of the spectators. He fixes his thoughts, therefore, upon those only which are agreeable; the applause and admiration which he is about to deserve by the heroic magnanimity of his behaviour. To feel that he is capable of so noble and generous an effort, to feel that in this dreadful situation he can still act as he would desire to act, animates and transports him with joy, and enables him to support that triumphant gaiety which seems to exult in the victory he thus gains over his misfortunes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00198", "bookId": 67363, "start": 125080, "end": 127094, "sha256": "8223dffe8d29849ea5870c336d681aa931dd74d9d69ebd269b5a81234bd7b2cd", "text": "On the contrary, he always appears, in some measure, mean and despicable, who is sunk in sorrow and dejection upon account of any calamity of his own. We cannot bring ourselves to feel for him what he feels for himself, and what, perhaps, we should feel for ourselves if in his situation: we, therefore, despise him; unjustly, perhaps, if any sentiment could be regarded as unjust, to which we are by nature irresistibly determined. The weakness of sorrow never appears in any respect agreeable, except when it arises from what we feel for others more than from what we feel for ourselves. A son, upon the death of an indulgent and respectable father, may give way to it without much blame. His sorrow is chiefly founded upon a sort of sympathy with his departed parent; and we readily enter into this humane emotion. But if he should indulge the same weakness upon account of any misfortune which affected himself only, he would no longer meet with any such indulgence. If he should be reduced to beggary and ruin, if he should be exposed to the most dreadful dangers, if he should even be led out to a public execution, and there shed one single tear upon the scaffold, he would disgrace himself for ever in the opinion of all the gallant and generous part of mankind. Their compassion for him, however, would be very strong, and very sincere; but as it would still fall short of this excessive weakness, they would have no pardon for the man who could thus expose himself in the eyes of the world. His behaviour would affect them with shame rather than with sorrow; and the dishonour which he had thus brought upon himself would appear to them the most lamentable circumstance in his misfortune. How did it disgrace the memory of the intrepid Duke of Biron, who had so often braved death in the field, that he wept upon the scaffold, when he beheld the state to which he was fallen, and remembered the favour and the glory from which his own rashness had so unfortunately thrown him!", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00199", "bookId": 67363, "start": 127135, "end": 127212, "sha256": "b382ed2dad6e51bc81a2e1cca874a566836dd8958f787a6049769f22c06cb823", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of the origin of ambition, and of the distinction of ranks._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00200", "bookId": 67363, "start": 127218, "end": 132402, "sha256": "70052dfa4dc9b70d5993f698713195d37813162954a2eeb1f07e61d7205014a7", "text": "It is because mankind are disposed to sympathize more entirely with our joy than with our sorrow, that we make parade of our riches, and conceal our poverty. Nothing is so mortifying as to be obliged to expose our distress to the view of the public, and to feel, that though our situation is open to the eyes of all mankind, no mortal conceives for us the half of what we suffer. Nay, it is chiefly from this regard to the sentiments of mankind, that we pursue riches and avoid poverty. For to what purpose is all the toil and bustle of this world? what is the end of avarice and ambition, of the pursuit of wealth, of power, and pre-eminence? Is it to supply the necessities of nature? The wages of the meanest labourer can supply them. We see that they afford him food and clothing, the comfort of a house, and of a family. If we examine his œconomy with rigor, we should find that he spends a great part of them upon conveniences, which may be regarded as superfluities, and that, upon extraordinary occasions, he can give something even to vanity and distinction. What then is the cause of our aversion to his situation, and why should those who have been educated in the higher ranks of life, regard it as worse than death, to be reduced to live, even without labour, upon the same simple fare with him, to dwell under the same lowly roof, and to be clothed in the same humble attire? Do they imagine that their stomach is better, or their sleep sounder in a palace than in a cottage? the contrary has been so often observed, and, indeed, is so very obvious, though it had never been observed, that there is no body ignorant of it. From whence, then, arises that emulation which runs through all the different ranks of men, and what are the advantages which we propose by that great purpose of human life which we call bettering our condition? To be observed, to be attended to, to be taken notice of with sympathy, complacency, and approbation, are all the advantages which we can propose to derive from it. It is the vanity, not the ease, or the pleasure, which interests us. But vanity is always founded upon the belief of our being the object of attention and approbation. The rich man glories in his riches, because he feels that they naturally draw upon him the attention of the world, and that mankind are disposed to go along with him in all those agreeable emotions with which the advantages of his situation so readily inspire him. At the thought of this, his heart seems to swell and dilate itself within him, and he is fonder of his wealth upon this account, than for all the other advantages it procures him. The poor man, on the contrary, is ashamed of his poverty. He feels that it either places him out of the sight of mankind, or, that, if they take any notice of him, they have, however, scarce any fellow-feeling with the misery and distress which he suffers. He is mortified upon both accounts; for though to be overlooked, and to be disapproved of, are things entirely different, yet as obscurity covers us from the daylight of honour and approbation, to feel that we are taken no notice of necessarily damps the most agreeable hope, and disappoints the most ardent desire, of human nature. The poor man goes out and comes in unheeded, and when in the midst of a croud is in the same obscurity as if shut up in his own hovel. Those humble cares and painful attentions which occupy those in his situation, afford no amusement to the dissipated and the gay. They turn away their eyes from him, or if the extremity of his distress forces them to look at him, it is only to spurn so disagreeable an object from among them. The fortunate and the proud wonder at the insolence of human wretchedness, that it should dare to present itself before them, and with the loathsome aspect of its misery, presume to disturb the serenity of their happiness. The man of rank and distinction, on the contrary, is observed by all the world. Every body is eager to look at him, and to conceive, at least by sympathy, that joy and exultation with which his circumstances naturally inspire him. His actions are the objects of the public care. Scarce a word, scarce a gesture, can fall from him that is altogether neglected. In a great assembly he is the person upon whom all direct their eyes; it is upon him that their passions seem all to wait with expectation, in order to receive that movement and direction which he shall impress upon them; and if his behaviour is not altogether absurd, he has, every moment, an opportunity of interesting mankind, and of rendering himself the object of the observation and fellow-feeling of every body about him. It is this, which notwithstanding the restraint it imposes, notwithstanding the loss of liberty with which it is attended, renders greatness the object of envy, and compensates in the opinion of mankind, all that toil, all that anxiety, all those mortifications which must be undergone in the pursuit of it; and what is of yet more consequence, all that leisure, all that ease, all that careless security, which are forfeited for ever by the acquisition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00201", "bookId": 67363, "start": 132406, "end": 134747, "sha256": "b95e5f528b89e6a1ffcac15ceff5fe73f91c84529945c078579488d06e833754", "text": "When we consider the condition of the great, in those delusive colours in which the imagination is apt to paint it, it seems to be almost the abstract idea of a perfect and happy state. It is the very state which, in all our waking dreams and idle reveries, we had sketched out to ourselves as the final object of all our desires. We feel, therefore, a peculiar sympathy with the satisfaction of those who are in it. We favour all their inclinations, and forward all their wishes. What pity, we think, that any thing should spoil and corrupt so agreeable a situation! We could even wish them immortal; and it seems hard to us, that death should at last put an end to such perfect enjoyment. It is cruel, we think, in Nature, to compel them from their exalted stations to that humble, but hospitable home, which she has provided for all her children. Great King, live for ever! is the compliment, which after the manner of eastern adulation, we should readily make them, if experience did not teach us its absurdity. Every calamity that befalls them, every injury that is done them, excites in the breast of the spectator ten times more compassion and resentment than he would have felt, had the same things happened to other men. It is the misfortunes of Kings only which afford the proper subjects for tragedy. They resemble, in this respect, the misfortunes of lovers. Those two situations are the chief which interest us upon the theatre; because, in spite of all that reason and experience can tell us to the contrary, the prejudices of the imagination attach to these two states a happiness superior to any other. To disturb, or to put an end to such perfect enjoyment, seems to be the most atrocious of all injuries. The traitor who conspires against the life of his monarch, is thought a greater monster than any other murderer. All the innocent blood that was shed in the civil wars, provoked less indignation than the death of Charles I. A stranger to human nature, who saw the indifference of men about the misery of their inferiors, and the regret and indignation which they feel for the misfortunes and sufferings of those above them, would be apt to imagine, that pain must be more agonizing, and the convulsions of death more terrible to persons of higher rank, than to those of meaner stations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00202", "bookId": 67363, "start": 134751, "end": 137691, "sha256": "7e51c97171fbffc01e74baa38e80b5205818540b8dc99d1b1b341cf22523da13", "text": "Upon this disposition of mankind, to go along with all the passions of the rich and the powerful, is founded the distinction of ranks, and the order of society. Our obsequiousness to our superiors more frequently arises from our admiration for the advantages of their situation, than from any private expectations of benefit from their good-will. Their benefits can extend but to a few; but their fortunes interest almost every body. We are eager to assist them in compleating a system of happiness that approaches so near to perfection; and we desire to serve them for their own sake, without any other recompense but the vanity or the honour of obliging them. Neither is our deference to their inclinations founded chiefly, or altogether, upon a regard to the utility of such submission, and to the order of society, which is best supported by it. Even when the order of society seems to require that we should oppose them, we can hardly bring ourselves to do it. That kings are the servants of the people, to be obeyed, resisted, deposed, or punished, as the public conveniency may require, is the doctrine of reason and philosophy; but it is not the doctrine of Nature. Nature would teach us to submit to them, for their own sake, to tremble and bow down before their exalted station, to regard their smile as a reward sufficient to compensate any services, and to dread their displeasure, though no other evil was to follow from it, as the severest of all mortifications. To treat them in any respect as men, to reason and dispute with them upon ordinary occasions, requires such resolution, that there are few men whose magnanimity can support them in it, unless they are likewise assisted by familiarity and acquaintance. The strongest motives, the most furious passions, fear, hatred, and resentment, are scarce sufficient to balance this natural disposition to respect them: and their conduct must, either justly or unjustly, have excited the highest degree of all those passions, before the bulk of the people can be brought to oppose them with violence, or to desire to see them either punished or deposed. Even when the people have been brought this length, they are apt to relent every moment, and easily relapse into their habitual state of deference to those whom they have been accustomed to look upon as their natural superiors. They cannot stand the mortification of their monarch. Compassion soon takes the place of resentment, they forget all past provocations, their old principles of loyalty revive, and they run to re-establish the ruined authority of their old master, with the same violence with which they had opposed it. The death of Charles I. brought about the Restoration of the royal family. Compassion for James II. when he was seized by the populace in making his escape on ship-board, had almost prevented the Revolution, and made it go on more heavily than before.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00203", "bookId": 67363, "start": 137695, "end": 141182, "sha256": "252941115e1eb561aa1bb2cf4e6463fb400684c5936553492b15156e1359769b", "text": "Do the great seem insensible of the easy price at which they may acquire the public admiration; or do they seem to imagine that to them, as to other men, it must be the purchase either of sweat or of blood? By what important accomplishments is the young nobleman instructed to support the dignity of his rank, and to render himself worthy of that superiority over his fellow-citizens, to which the virtue of his ancestors had raised them? Is it by knowledge, by industry, by patience, by self-denial, or by virtue of any kind? As all his words, as all his motions are attended to, he learns an habitual regard to every circumstance of ordinary behaviour, and studies to perform all those small duties with the most exact propriety. As he is conscious how much he is observed, and how much mankind are disposed to favour all his inclinations, he acts, upon the most indifferent occasions, with that freedom and elevation which the thought of this naturally inspires. His air, his manner, his deportment, all mark that elegant and graceful sense of his own superiority, which those who are born to inferior stations can hardly ever arrive at: these are the arts by which he proposes to make mankind more easily submit to his authority, and to govern their inclinations according to his own pleasure: and in this he is seldom disappointed. These arts, supported by rank and pre-eminence, are, upon ordinary occasions, sufficient to govern the world. Lewis XIV. during the greater part of his reign, was regarded, not only in France, but over all Europe, as the most perfect model of a great prince. But what were the talents and virtues by which he acquired this great reputation? Was it by the scrupulous and inflexible justice of all his undertakings, by the immense dangers and difficulties with which they were attended, or by the unwearied and unrelenting application with which he pursued them? Was it by his extensive knowledge, by his exquisite judgment, or by his heroic valour? It was by none of these qualities. But he was, first of all, the most powerful prince in Europe, and consequently held the highest rank among kings; and then, says his historian, “he surpassed all his courtiers in the gracefulness of his shape, and the majestic beauty of his features. The sound of his voice, noble and affecting, gained those hearts which his presence intimidated. He had a step and deportment which could suit only him and his rank, and which would have been ridiculous in any other person. The embarrassment which he occasioned to those who spoke to him, flattered that secret satisfaction with which he felt his own superiority. The old officer, who was confounded and faultered in asking him a favour, and not being able to conclude his discourse, said to him, Sir, your majesty, I hope, will believe that I do not tremble thus before your enemies: had no difficulty to obtain what he demanded.” These frivolous accomplishments, supported by his rank, and, no doubt, too, by a degree of other talents and virtues, which seems, however, not to have been much above mediocrity, established this prince in the esteem of his own age, and have drawn, even from posterity, a good deal of respect for his memory. Compared with those of his own times, and in his own presence, no other virtue, it seems, appeared to have any merit. Knowledge, industry, valour, and beneficence, trembled, were abashed, and lost all dignity before them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00204", "bookId": 67363, "start": 141186, "end": 145622, "sha256": "c6cf1dfd22577b759f80068b03bc774f6c1ed16b9f64b1216c4e4aa50d69fc16", "text": "But it is not by accomplishments of this kind, that the man of inferior rank must hope to distinguish himself. Politeness is so much the virtue of the great, that it will do little honour to any body but themselves. The coxcomb, who imitates their manner, and affects to be eminent by the superior propriety of his ordinary behaviour, is rewarded with a double share of contempt for his folly and presumption. Why should the man, whom nobody thinks it worth while to look at, be very anxious about the manner in which he holds up his head, or disposes of his arms while he walks through a room? He is occupied surely with a very superfluous attention, and with an attention too that marks a sense of his own importance, which no other mortal can go along with. The most perfect modesty and plainness, joined to as much negligence as is consistent with the respect due to the company, ought to be the chief characteristics of the behaviour of a private man. If ever he hopes to distinguish himself, it must be by more important virtues. He must acquire dependants to balance the dependants of the great, and he has no other fund to pay them from, but the labour of his body, and the activity of his mind. He must cultivate these therefore: he must acquire superior knowledge in his profession, and superior industry in the exercise of it. He must be patient in labour, resolute in danger, and firm in distress. These talents he must bring into public view, by the difficulty, importance, and, at the same time, good judgment of his undertakings, and by the severe and unrelenting application with which he pursues them. Probity and prudence, generosity and frankness, must characterize his behaviour upon all ordinary occasions; and he must, at the same time, be forward to engage in all those situations in which it requires the greatest talents and virtues to act with propriety, but in which the greatest applause is to be acquired by those who can acquit themselves with honour. With what impatience does the man of spirit and ambition, who is depressed by his situation, look round for some great opportunity to distinguish himself? No circumstances, which can afford this, appear to him undesirable. He even looks forward with satisfaction to the prospect of foreign war, or civil dissension; and, with secret transport and delight, sees through all the confusion and bloodshed which attend them, the probability of those wished for occasions presenting themselves, in which he may draw upon himself the attention and admiration of mankind. The man of rank and distinction, on the contrary, whose whole glory consists in the propriety of his ordinary behaviour, who is contented with the humble renown which this can afford him, and has no talents to acquire any other, is unwilling to embarrass himself with what can be attended either with difficulty or distress. To figure at a ball is his great triumph, and to succeed in an intrigue of gallantry, his highest exploit. He has an aversion to all public confusions, not from the love of mankind, for the great never look upon their inferiors as their fellow-creatures; nor yet from want of courage, for in that he is seldom defective; but from a consciousness that he possesses none of the virtues which are required in such situations, and that the public attention will certainly be drawn away from him by others. He may be willing to expose himself to some little danger, and to make a campaign when it happens to be the fashion. But he shudders with horror at the thought of any situation which demands the continual and long exertion of patience, industry, fortitude, and application of thought. These virtues are hardly ever to be met with in men who are born to those high stations. In all governments accordingly, even in monarchies, the highest offices are generally possessed, and the whole detail of the administration conducted by men who were educated in the middle and inferior ranks of life, who have been carried forward by their own industry and abilities, though loaded with the jealousy, and opposed by the resentment of all those who were born their superiors, and to whom the great, after having regarded them first with contempt, and afterwards with envy, are at last contented to truckle with the same abject meanness with which they desire that the rest of mankind should behave to themselves.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00205", "bookId": 67363, "start": 145626, "end": 147841, "sha256": "bb5efb46d2ce4c830e1570667c72f1ba0a0bcac2741e9514f2c9833b0cf6b2a5", "text": "It is the loss of this easy empire over the affections of mankind which renders the fall from greatness so insupportable. When the family of the King of Macedon was led in triumph by Paulus Æmilius, their misfortunes, it is said, made them divide with their conqueror the attention of the Roman people. The sight of the royal children, whose tender age rendered them insensible of their situation, struck the spectators, amidst the public rejoicings and prosperity, with the tenderest sorrow and compassion. The King appeared next in the procession; and seemed like one confounded and astonished, and bereft of all sentiment, by the greatness of his calamities. His friends and ministers followed after him. As they moved along, they often cast their eye upon their fallen sovereign, and always burst into tears at the sight; their whole behaviour demonstrating that they thought not of their misfortunes, but were occupied entirely by the superior greatness of his. The generous Romans, on the contrary, beheld him with disdain and indignation, and regarded as unworthy of all compassion the man who could be so mean-spirited as to bear to live under such calamities. Yet what did those calamities amount to? According to the greater part of historians, he was to spend the remainder of his days under the protection of a powerful and humane people, in a state which in itself should seem worthy of envy, a state of plenty, ease, leisure, and security, from which it was impossible for him even by his own folly to fall. But he was no longer to be surrounded by that admiring mob of fools, flatterers, and dependants, who had formerly been accustomed to attend upon all his motions. He was no longer to be gazed upon by multitudes, nor to have it in his power to render himself the object of their respect, their gratitude, their love, their admiration. The passions of nations were no longer to mould themselves upon his inclinations. This was that insupportable calamity which bereaved the King of all sentiment; which made his friends forget their own misfortunes; and which the Roman magnanimity could scarce conceive how any man could be so mean-spirited as to bear to survive.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00206", "bookId": 67363, "start": 147845, "end": 149271, "sha256": "19d002e264ba3fb247052184bdcc4ab6916a9a9a47c5947aea40c844b35a073c", "text": "“Love, says my Lord Rochefoucault, is commonly succeeded by ambition; but ambition is hardly ever succeeded by love.” That passion when once it has got entire possession of the breast, will admit neither a rival nor a successor. To those who have been accustomed to the possession, or even to the hope of public admiration, all other pleasures sicken and decay. Of all the discarded statesmen who for their own ease have studied to get the better of ambition, and to despise those honours which they could no longer arrive at, how few have been able to succeed? The greater part have spent their time in the most listless and insipid indolence, chagrined at the thoughts of their own insignificancy, incapable of being interested in the occupations of private life, without enjoyment except when they talked of their former greatness, and without satisfaction except when they were employed in some vain project to recover it. Are you in earnest resolved never to barter your liberty for the lordly servitude of a Court, but to live free, fearless, and independent? There seems to be one way to continue in that virtuous resolution; and perhaps but one. Never enter the place from whence so few have been able to return; never come within the circle of ambition; nor even bring yourself into comparison with those masters of the earth who have already engrossed the attention of half mankind before you.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00207", "bookId": 67363, "start": 149275, "end": 150560, "sha256": "3f655ab54a56a2bd0b7f6cbaf8a5633c3b43d03c70274bb2824a80f5bc47e091", "text": "Of such mighty importance does it appear to be, in the imaginations of men, to stand in that situation which sets them most in the view of general sympathy and attention. And thus, place, that great object which divides the wives of aldermen, is the end of half the labours of life; and is the cause of all the tumult and bustle, all the rapine and injustice, which avarice and ambition have introduced into this world. People of sense, it is said, indeed despise place; that is, they despise sitting at the head of the table, and are indifferent who it is that is pointed out to the company by that frivolous circumstance, which the smallest advantage is capable of overbalancing. But rank, distinction, pre-eminence, no man despises, unless he is either raised very much above, or sunk very much below, the ordinary standard of human nature; unless he is either so confirmed in wisdom and real philosophy, as to be satisfied that, while the propriety of his conduct renders him the just object of approbation, it is of little consequence though he be neither attended to, nor approved of; or so habituated to the idea of his own meanness, so sunk in slothful and sottish indifference, as entirely to have forgot the desire, and almost the very wish, for superiority.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00208", "bookId": 67363, "start": 150601, "end": 150663, "sha256": "3fbf1c62c81301e68b0261262313b322547bb53f7504ca24e42a90608f2cb8f3", "text": "CHAP. III. _Of the stoical philosophy._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00209", "bookId": 67363, "start": 150669, "end": 152891, "sha256": "bfa795953e930c78b8dbd52dc21408bda7b15a3c6a4cfe8efca50f7f74908dac", "text": "When we examine in this manner into the ground of the different degrees of estimation which mankind are apt to bestow upon the different conditions of life, we shall find, that the excessive preference, which they generally give to some of them above others, is in a great measure without any foundation. If to be able to act with propriety, and to render ourselves the proper objects of the approbation of mankind, be, as we have been endeavouring to show, what chiefly recommends to us one condition above another, this may equally be attained in them all. The noblest propriety of conduct may be supported in adversity, as well as in prosperity; and though it is somewhat more difficult in the first, it is upon that very account more admirable. Perils and misfortunes are not only the proper school of heroism, they are the only proper theatre which can exhibit its virtue to advantage, and draw upon it the full applause of the world. The man, whose whole life has been one even and uninterrupted course of prosperity, who never braved any danger, who never encountered any difficulty, who never surmounted any distress, can excite but an inferior degree of admiration. When poets and romance-writers endeavour to invent a train of adventures, which shall give the greatest lustre to those characters for whom they mean to interest us, they are all of a different kind. They are rapid and sudden changes of fortune, situations the most apt to drive those who are in them to frenzy and distraction, or to abject despair; but in which their heroes act with so much propriety, or at least with so much spirit and undaunted resolution, as still to command our esteem. Is not the unfortunate magnanimity of Cato, Brutus, and Leonidas, as much the object of admiration, as that of the successful Cæsar or Alexander? To a generous mind, therefore, ought it not to be as much the object of envy? If a more dazzling splendor seems to attend the fortunes of successful conquerors, it is because they join together the advantages of both situations, the lustre of prosperity to the high admiration which is excited by dangers encountered, and difficulties surmounted, with intrepidity and valour.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00210", "bookId": 67363, "start": 152895, "end": 159364, "sha256": "558e801acfc876119cb691f7c987f357ef59b45e2dc63fb0b1af028070b41bb0", "text": "It was upon this account that, according to the stoical philosophy, to a wise man all the different conditions of life were equal. Nature, they said, had recommended some objects to our choice, and others to our disapprobation. Our primary appetites directed us to the pursuit of health, strength, ease, and perfection, in all the qualities of mind and body; and of whatever could promote or secure these, riches, power, authority: and the same original principle taught us to avoid the contrary. But in chusing or rejecting, in preferring or postponing, those first objects of original appetite and aversion, Nature had likewise taught us, that there was a certain order, propriety, and grace, to be observed, of infinitely greater consequence to happiness and perfection, than the attainment of those objects themselves. The objects of our primary appetites or aversions were to be pursued or avoided, chiefly because a regard to this grace and propriety required such conduct. In directing all our actions according to these, consisted the happiness and glory of human nature. In departing from those rules which they prescribed to us, its greatest wretchedness and most complete depravity. The outward appearance of this order and propriety was indeed more easily maintained in some circumstances than in others. To a fool, however, to one whose passions were subjected to no proper controul, to act with real grace and propriety, was equally impossible in every situation. Though the giddy multitude might admire him, though his vanity might sometimes be elevated by their ignorant praises into something that resembled self-approbation, yet still when he turned his view to what passed within his own breast, he was secretly conscious to himself of the absurdity and meanness of all his motives, and inwardly blushed and trembled at the thoughts of the contempt which he knew he deserved, and which mankind would certainly bestow upon him if they saw his conduct in the light in which in his own heart he was obliged to regard it. To a wise man, on the contrary, to one whose passions were all brought under perfect subjection to the ruling principles of his nature, to reason and the love of propriety, to act so as to deserve approbation was equally easy upon all occasions. Was he in prosperity, he returned thanks to Jupiter for having joined him with circumstances which were easily mastered, and in which there was little temptation to do wrong. Was he in adversity, he equally, returned thanks to the director of this spectacle of human life, for having opposed to him a vigorous athlete, over whom, though the contest was likely to be more violent, the victory was more glorious, and equally certain. Can there be any shame in that distress which is brought upon us without any fault of our own, and in which we behave with perfect propriety? There can therefore, be no evil, but, on the contrary, the greatest good and advantage. A brave man exults in those dangers, in which, from no rashness of his own, his fortune has involved him. They afford an opportunity of exercising that heroic intrepidity, whose exertion gives the exalted delight which flows from the consciousness of superior propriety and deserved admiration. One who is master of all his exercises has no aversion to measure his strength and activity with the strongest. And in the same manner, one who is master of all his passions, does not dread any circumstances in which the superintendant of the universe may think proper to place him. The bounty of that Divine Being has provided him with virtues which render him superior to every situation. If it is pleasure, he has temperance to refrain from it; if it is pain, he has constancy to bear it; if it is danger or death, he has magnanimity and fortitude to despise it. He never complains of the destiny of providence, nor thinks the universe in confusion when he is out of order. He does not look upon himself, according to what self-love would suggest, as a whole, separated and detached from every other part of nature, to be taken care of by itself, and for itself. He regards himself in the light in which he imagines the great Genius of human nature, and of the world, regards him. He enters, if I may say so, into the sentiments of that Divine Being, and considers himself as an atom, a particle, of an immense and infinite system, which must, and ought to be disposed of, according to the conveniency of the whole. Assured of the wisdom which directs all the events of human life, whatever lot befalls him, he accepts it with joy, satisfied that, if he had known all the connexions and dependencies of the different parts of the universe, it is the very lot which he himself would have wished for. If it is life, he is contented to live: and if it is death, as Nature must have no further occasion for his presence here, he willingly goes where he is appointed. I accept, said a stoical philosopher, with equal joy and satisfaction, whatever fortune can befal me. Riches or poverty, pleasure or pain, health or sickness, all is alike: nor would I desire that the gods should in any respect change my destination. If I was to ask of them any thing, beyond what their bounty has already bestowed, it should be that they would inform me beforehand what it was their pleasure should be done with me, that I might of my own accord place myself in this situation, and demonstrate the chearfulness with which I embraced their allotment. If I am going to fail, says Epictetus, I chuse the best ship, and the best pilot, and I wait for the fairest weather that my circumstances and duty will allow. Prudence and propriety, the principles which the gods have given me for the direction of my conduct, require this of me; but they require no more: and if, notwithstanding, a storm arises, which neither the strength of the vessel, nor the skill of the pilot are likely to withstand, I give myself no trouble about the consequence. All that I had to do, is done already. The directors of my conduct never command me to be miserable, to be anxious, desponding, or afraid. Whether we are to be drowned, or to come to a harbour, is the business of Jupiter, not mine. I leave it entirely to his determination, nor ever break my rest with considering which way he is likely to decide it, but receive whatever comes with equal indifference and security.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00211", "bookId": 67363, "start": 159368, "end": 161589, "sha256": "128d844f7a79baa79ee778d5e8c88d25d4aa9ae3fe110ccaae2eecba85fd35b3", "text": "Such was the philosophy of the stoics, a philosophy which affords the noblest lessons of magnanimity, is the best school of heroes and patriots, and to the greater part of whose precepts there can be no objection, except that honourable one, that they teach us to aim at a perfection altogether beyond the reach of human nature. I shall not at present stop to examine it. I shall only observe, in confirmation of what has formerly been said, that the most dreadful calamities are not always those which it is most difficult to support. It is often more mortifying to appear in public, under small disasters, than under great misfortunes. The first excite no sympathy; but the second, though they may excite none that approaches to the anguish of the sufferer, call forth, however, a very lively compassion. The sentiments of the spectators are, in this last case, therefore, less wide of those of the sufferer, and their imperfect fellow-feeling lends him some assistance in supporting his misery. Before a gay assembly, a gentleman would be more mortified to appear covered with filth and rags than with blood and wounds. This last situation would interest their pity; the other would provoke their laughter. The judge who orders a criminal to be set in the pillory, dishonours him more than if he had condemned him to the scaffold. The great prince, who, some years ago, caned a general officer at the head of his army, disgraced him irrecoverably. The punishment would have been much less had he shot him through the body. By the laws of honour, to strike with a cane dishonours, to strike with a sword does not, for an obvious reason. Those slighter punishments when inflicted on a gentleman, to whom dishonour is the greatest of all evils, come to be regarded among a humane and generous people, as the most dreadful of any. With regard to persons of that rank, therefore, they are universally laid aside, and the law, while it takes their life upon many occasions, respects their honour upon almost all. To scourge a person of quality, or to set him in the pillory, upon account of any crime whatever, is a brutality of which no European government, except that of Russia, is capable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00212", "bookId": 67363, "start": 161593, "end": 162929, "sha256": "205e2ea4d818c67b1bb4691169c442160c11118320200dc4275d6fe65c7fc36c", "text": "A brave man is not rendered contemptible by being brought to the scaffold; he is, by being set in the pillory. His behaviour in the one situation may gain him universal esteem and admiration. No behaviour in the other can render him agreeable. The sympathy of the spectators supports him in the one case, and saves him from that shame, that consciousness that his misery is felt by himself only, which is of all sentiments the most unsupportable. There is no sympathy in the other; or, if there is any, it is not with his pain, which is a trifle, but with his consciousness of the want of sympathy with which this pain is attended. It is with his shame, not with his sorrow. Those who pity him, blush and hang down their heads for him. He droops in the same manner, and feels himself irrecoverably degraded by the punishment, though not by the crime. The man, on the contrary, who dies with resolution, as he is naturally regarded with the erect aspect of esteem and approbation, so he wears himself the same undaunted countenance; and, if the crime does not deprive him of the respect of others, the punishment never will. He has no suspicion that his situation is the object of contempt or derision to any body, and he can, with propriety, assume the air, not only of perfect serenity, but of triumph and exaltation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00213", "bookId": 67363, "start": 162933, "end": 163299, "sha256": "c58cc04b55766f73806b01893472fb08ab3cc63a44b668be52e4e8249d385bfc", "text": "“Great dangers,” says the Cardinal de Retz, “have their charms, because there is some glory to be got, even when we miscarry. But moderate dangers have nothing but what is horrible, because the loss of reputation always attends the want of success.” His maxim has the same foundation with what we have been just now observing with regard to punishments.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00214", "bookId": 67363, "start": 163303, "end": 163705, "sha256": "f4e2a1c640f712b84e63b3e7c048f75511cb0d88d7f17a4a383c1faf5be14b31", "text": "Human virtue is superior to pain, to poverty, to danger, and to death; nor does it even require its utmost efforts to despise them. But to have its misery exposed to insult and derision, to be led in triumph, to be set up for the hand of scorn to point at, is a situation in which its constancy is much more apt to fail. Compared with the contempt of mankind, all other evils are easily supported.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00215", "bookId": 67363, "start": 163747, "end": 163826, "sha256": "48a6c68c1e4857a061a7f536b2529083a716e97b402dffd866496e85050cc5d4", "text": "PART II. Of MERIT and DEMERIT; or, of the Objects of REWARD and PUNISHMENT.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00216", "bookId": 67363, "start": 163851, "end": 163880, "sha256": "6e7e02308190e0b783ff3ea6ef575161d97c19cbd742c5fa05540c60c0c5db43", "text": "CONSISTING OF THREE SECTIONS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00217", "bookId": 67363, "start": 163921, "end": 163986, "sha256": "575f238457ca8265badaa8017e35be131c52e85ff8705ecd9e680832eba9d5a4", "text": "SECTION I. Of the sense of merit and demerit.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00218", "bookId": 67363, "start": 164025, "end": 164038, "sha256": "762d10af887f2b4a9299813419b04ed2821b36dd51e9dedd6d11353d8443c3bd", "text": "INTRODUCTION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00219", "bookId": 67363, "start": 164044, "end": 164384, "sha256": "c1a9f735a25c26cb8ffa880902895339ddfb5bdcb59ebc9a732d810a5a41cea1", "text": "There is another set of qualities ascribed to the actions and conduct of mankind, distinct from their propriety or impropriety, their decency or ungracefulness, and which are the objects of a distinct species of approbation and disapprobation. These are merit and demerit, the qualities of deserving reward, and of deserving punishment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00220", "bookId": 67363, "start": 164388, "end": 165447, "sha256": "7bd87ef1aedbbb95551ee81a084d81aa76fcd4bf6aba4b80e398e77c36545956", "text": "It has already been observed, that the sentiment or affection of the heart, from which any action proceeds, and upon which its whole virtue or vice depends, may be considered under two different aspects, or in two different relations: first, in relation to the cause or object which excites it; and, secondly, in relation to the end which it proposes, or to the effect which it tends to produce: that upon the suitableness or unsuitableness, upon the proportion or disproportion, which the affection seems to bear to the cause or object which excites it, depends the propriety or impropriety, the decency or ungracefulness of the consequent action; and that upon the beneficial or hurtful effects which the affection proposes or tends to produce, depends the merit or demerit, the good or ill desert of the action to which it gives occasion. Wherein consists our sense of the propriety or impropriety of actions, has been explained in the former part of this discourse. We come now to consider, wherein consists that of their good or ill desert.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00221", "bookId": 67363, "start": 165489, "end": 165712, "sha256": "eaa4eca9cfefce9982f55ea6078baf55df9be09c78b9de3589f3888d6809bdef", "text": "CHAP. I. _That whatever appears to be the proper object of gratitude, appears to deserve reward; and that, in the same manner, whatever appears to be the proper object of resentment, appears to deserve punishment._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00222", "bookId": 67363, "start": 165718, "end": 166167, "sha256": "135e8910c0db1b2ba0bf1ca5fdd59c41aaaf7642d38b66e6e93f330368e99ac2", "text": "To us, therefore, that action must appear to deserve reward, which appears to be the proper and approved object of that sentiment, which most immediately and directly prompts us to reward, or to do good to another. And in the same manner, that action must appear to deserve punishment, which appears to be the proper and approved object of that sentiment which most immediately and directly prompts us to publish, or inflict evil upon another.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00223", "bookId": 67363, "start": 166171, "end": 166336, "sha256": "4cbda27abc6ca90b9359e48c57f04b17b6d468ba06c3430b88e5b563c5e46473", "text": "The sentiment which most immediately and directly prompts us to reward, is gratitude; that which most immediately and directly prompts us to punish, is resentment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00224", "bookId": 67363, "start": 166340, "end": 166604, "sha256": "d72db1b3b4b7938afc6ad0e873169b0c12b3de16fdcac1efdf99fba9aa9aebe5", "text": "To us, therefore, that action must appear to deserve reward, which appears to be the proper and approved object of gratitude; as, on the other hand, that action must appear to deserve punishment, which appears to be the proper and approved object of resentment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00225", "bookId": 67363, "start": 166608, "end": 166816, "sha256": "e54e9aa6639878ad81a5ffedc18794135db6de59fb3871905640fbea298e9a51", "text": "To reward, is to recompense, to remunerate, to return good for good received. To punish, too, is to recompense, to remunerate, though in a different manner; it is to return evil for evil that has been done.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00226", "bookId": 67363, "start": 166820, "end": 167892, "sha256": "265090e75d15e0d4923c7e6dd2ff440b932c91460037551281e9f2875d1f86e6", "text": "There are some other passions, besides gratitude and resentment, which interest us in the happiness or misery of others; but there are none which so directly excite us to be the instruments of either. The love and esteem which grow upon acquaintance and habitual approbation, necessarily lead us to be pleased with the good fortune of the man who is the object of such agreeable emotions, and consequently, to be willing to lend a hand to promote it. Our love, however, is fully satisfied, though his good fortune should be brought about without our assistance. All that this passion desires is to see him happy, without regarding who was the author of his prosperity. But gratitude is not to be satisfied in this manner. If the person to whom we owe many obligations, is made happy without our assistance, though it pleases our love, it does not content our gratitude. Till we have recompensed him, till we ourselves have been instrumental in promoting his happiness, we feel ourselves still loaded with that debt which his past services have laid upon us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00227", "bookId": 67363, "start": 167896, "end": 170423, "sha256": "591542fa14525c0bfb7127deaa77c8b4567b19b696eabf0ec083f65b1484de4e", "text": "The hatred and dislike, in the same manner, which grow upon habitual disapprobation, would often lead us to take a malicious pleasure in the misfortune of the man whose conduct and character excite so painful a passion. But though dislike and hatred harden us against all sympathy, and sometimes dispose us even to rejoice at the distress of another, yet, if there is no resentment in the case, if neither we nor our friends have received any great personal provocation, these passions would not naturally lead us to wish to be instrumental in bringing it about. Tho’ we could fear no punishment in consequence of our having had some hand it, we would rather that it should happen by other means. To one under the dominion of violent hatred it would be agreeable, perhaps, to hear, that the person whom he abhorred and detested was killed by some accident. But if he had the least spark of justice, which, though this passion is not very favourable to virtue, he might still have, it would hurt him excessively to have been himself, even without design, the occasion of this misfortune. Much more would the very thought of voluntarily contributing to it shock him beyond all measure. He would reject with horror even the imagination of so execrable a design; and if he could imagine himself capable of such an enormity, he would begin to regard himself in the same odious light in which he had considered the person who was the object of his dislike. But it is quite otherwise with resentment: if the person who had done us some great injury, who had murdered our father or our brother, for example, should soon afterwards die of a fever, or even be brought to the scaffold upon account of some other crime, though it might sooth our hatred, it would not fully gratify our resentment. Resentment would prompt us to desire, not only that he should be punished, but that he should be punished by our means, and upon account of that particular injury which he had done to us. Resentment cannot be fully gratified, unless the offender is not only made to grieve in his turn, but to grieve for that particular wrong which we have suffered from him. He must be made to repent and be sorry for this very action, that others, through fear of the like punishment, may be terrified from being guilty of the like offence. The natural gratification of this passion tends, of its own accord, to produce all the political ends of punishment; the correction of the criminal, and the example to the public.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00228", "bookId": 67363, "start": 170427, "end": 170737, "sha256": "8d2b08c6b00af19a58abc5ad904ebdbbea12776b134f3922740a95f22e8d33c6", "text": "Gratitude and resentment, therefore, are the sentiments which most immediately and directly prompt to reward and to punish. To us, therefore, he must appear to deserve reward, who appears to be the proper and approved object of gratitude; and he to deserve punishment, who appears to be that of resentment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00229", "bookId": 67363, "start": 170778, "end": 170851, "sha256": "e58104e8a136af3a2fe7528e4267a7bf8b5b2b3b341da65b28ceaac38a567ecb", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of the proper objects of gratitude and resentment._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00230", "bookId": 67363, "start": 170857, "end": 171061, "sha256": "cc625ccf2346c1b5cc3b3acaaacf5b0f1daf42273d30f26b9331235ca903236e", "text": "To be the proper and approved object either of gratitude or resentment, can mean nothing but to be the object of that gratitude, and of that resentment, which naturally seems proper, and is approved of.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00231", "bookId": 67363, "start": 171065, "end": 171320, "sha256": "206f9c8a275b9287d35d642541f520a163c5cb39ce6cc202ef7b6df4f1ac93e8", "text": "But these, as well as all the other passions of human nature, seem proper and are approved of, when the heart of every impartial spectator entirely sympathizes with them, when every indifferent by-stander entirely enters into, and goes along with them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00232", "bookId": 67363, "start": 171324, "end": 172053, "sha256": "b550e2c09c78b7f47ec7910b850997bcdf5aa788213df68161b86b889e6a34a0", "text": "He, therefore, appears to deserve reward, who, to some person or persons, is the natural object of a gratitude which every human heart is disposed to beat time to, and thereby applaud: and he, on the other hand, appears to deserve punishment, who in the same manner is to some person or persons the natural object of a resentment which the breast of every reasonable man is ready to adopt and sympathize with. To us, surely, that action must appear to deserve reward, which every body who knows of it would wish to reward, and therefore delights to see rewarded: and that action must as surely appear to deserve punishment, which every body who hears of it is angry with, and upon that account rejoices to see punished.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00233", "bookId": 67363, "start": 172057, "end": 173547, "sha256": "2593ea8715c04e9bfb617939feb084ba5a229e85281e2fcc599224a117ccaea1", "text": "1. As we sympathize with the joy of our companions when in prosperity, so we join with them in the complacency and satisfaction with which they naturally regard whatever is the cause of their good fortune. We enter into the love and affection which they conceive for it, and begin to love it too. We should be sorry for their sakes if it was destroyed, or even if it was placed at too great a distance from them, and out of the reach of their care and protection, though they should lose nothing by its absence except the pleasure of seeing it. If it is man who has thus been the fortunate instrument of the happiness of his brethren, this is still more peculiarly the case. When we see one man assisted, protected, relieved by another, our sympathy with the joy of the person who receives the benefit serves only to animate our fellow-feeling with his gratitude towards him who bestows it. When we look upon the person who is the cause of his pleasure with the eyes with which we imagine he must look upon him, his benefactor seems to stand before us in the most engaging and amiable light. We readily therefore sympathize with the grateful affection which he conceives for a person to whom he has been so much obliged; and consequently applaud the returns which he is disposed to make for the good offices conferred upon him. As we entirely enter into the affection from which these returns proceed, they necessarily seem every way proper and suitable to their object.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00234", "bookId": 67363, "start": 173551, "end": 176612, "sha256": "efedeb1a9a43b42a60c4df327b312af4374acf0dbff31f7f2909179d3baccb65", "text": "2. In the same manner, as we sympathize with the sorrow of our fellow-creature whenever we see his distress, so we likewise enter into his abhorrence and aversion for whatever has given occasion to it. Our heart, as it adopts and beats time to his grief, so is it likewise animated with that spirit by which he endeavours to drive away or destroy the cause of it. The indolent and passive fellow-feeling, by which we accompany him in his sufferings, readily gives way to that more vigorous and active sentiment by which we go along with him in the effort he makes, either to repel them, or to gratify his aversion to what has given occasion to them. This is still more peculiarly the case, when it is man who has caused them. When we see one man oppressed or injured by another, the sympathy which we feel with the distress of the sufferer seems to serve only to animate our fellow-feeling with his resentment against the offender. We are rejoiced to see him attack his adversary in his turn, and are eager and ready to assist him whenever he exerts himself for defence, or even for vengeance within a certain degree. If the injured should perish in the quarrel, we not only sympathize with the real resentment of his friends and relations, but with the imaginary resentment which in fancy we lend to the dead, who is no longer capable of feeling that or any other human sentiment. But as we put ourselves in his situation, as we enter, as it were, into his body, and in our imaginations, in some measure, animate anew the deformed and mangled carcass of the slain, when we bring home in this manner his case to our own bosoms, we feel upon this, as upon many other occasions, an emotion which the person principally concerned is incapable of feeling, and which yet we feel by an illusive sympathy with him. The sympathetic tears which we shed for that immense and irretrievable loss, which in our fancy he appears to have sustained, seem to be but a small part of the duty which we owe him. The injury which he has suffered demands, we think, a principal part of our attention. We feel that resentment which we imagine he ought to feel, and which he would feel, if in his cold and lifeless body there remained any consciousness of what passes upon earth. His blood, we think, calls aloud for vengeance. The very ashes of the dead seem to be disturbed at the thought that his injuries are to pass unrevenged. The horrors which are supposed to haunt the bed of the murderer, the ghosts which, superstition imagines, rise from their graves to demand vengeance upon those who brought them to an untimely end, all take their origin from this natural sympathy with the imaginary resentment of the slain. And with regard, at least, to this most dreadful of all crimes, Nature, antecedent to all reflections upon the utility of punishment, has in this manner stamped upon the human heart, in the strongest and most indelible characters, an immediate and instinctive approbation of the sacred and necessary law of retaliation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00235", "bookId": 67363, "start": 176653, "end": 177021, "sha256": "d6c90dc8d5fa3eff8db88dba27fe9c1292353fc8ee3b1bb1c4f263e53b0e4357", "text": "CHAP. III. _That where there is no approbation of the conduct of the person who confers the benefit, there is little sympathy with the gratitude of him who receives it: and that, on the contrary, where there is no disapprobation of the motives of the person who does the mischief, there is no sort of sympathy with the resentment of him who suffers it._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00236", "bookId": 67363, "start": 177027, "end": 177973, "sha256": "ed8ab61cce498825997dc73851de9b952cdf68163188a19a801142ccfe734e37", "text": "It is to be observed, however, that, how beneficial soever on the one hand, or how hurtful soever on the other, the actions or intentions of the person who acts may have been to the person who is, if I may say so, acted upon, yet if in the one case there appears to have been no propriety in the motives of the agent, if we cannot enter into the affections which influenced his conduct, we have little sympathy with the gratitude of the person who receives the benefit: or if, in the other case, there appears to have been no impropriety in the motives of the agent, if, on the contrary, the affections which influenced his conduct are such as we must necessarily enter into, we can have no sort of sympathy with the resentment of the person who suffers. Little gratitude seems due in the one case, and all sort of resentment seems unjust in the other. The one action seems to merit little reward, the other to deserve no punishment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00237", "bookId": 67363, "start": 177977, "end": 179950, "sha256": "492795264e13344d7e4f975965ac849e9d86d67d5c17f09052b37b4b5c3d7c43", "text": "1. First, I say, that wherever we cannot sympathize with the affections of the agent, wherever there seems to be no propriety in the motives which influenced his conduct, we are less disposed to enter into the gratitude of the person who received the benefit of his actions. A very small return seems due to that foolish and profuse generosity which confers the greatest benefits from the most trivial motives, and gives an estate to a man merely because his name and surname happen to be the same with those of the giver. Such services do not seem to demand any proportionable recompense. Our contempt for the folly of the agent hinders us from thoroughly entering into the gratitude of the person to whom the good office has been done. His benefactor seems unworthy of it. As when we place ourselves in the situation of the person obliged, we feel that we could conceive no great reverence for such a benefactor, we easily absolve him from a great deal of that submissive veneration and esteem which we should think due to a more respectable character; and provided he always treats his weak friend with kindness and humanity, we are willing to excuse him from many attentions and regards which we should demand to a worthier patron. Those Princes, who have heaped, with the greatest profusion, wealth, power, and honours, upon their favourites, have seldom excited that degree of attachment to their persons which has often been experienced by those who were more frugal of their favours. The well-natured, but injudicious prodigality of James the First of Great Britain seems to have attached no body to his person; and that Prince, notwithstanding his social and harmless disposition, appears to have lived and died without a friend. The whole gentry and nobility of England exposed their lives and fortunes in the cause of his more frugal and distinguishing son, notwithstanding the coldness and distant severity of his ordinary deportment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00238", "bookId": 67363, "start": 179954, "end": 181467, "sha256": "ded8716d752316e202e349fda18a754ae4c57d669a285c113d843da0ef4d058d", "text": "2. Secondly, I say, That wherever the conduct of the agent appears to have been entirely directed by motives and affections which we thoroughly enter into and approve of, we can have no sort of sympathy with the resentment of the sufferer, how great soever the mischief which may have been done to him. When two people quarrel, if we take part with, and entirely adopt the resentment of one of them, it is impossible that we should enter into that of the other. Our sympathy with the person whose motives we go along with, and whom therefore we look upon as in the right, cannot but harden us against all fellow-feeling with the other, whom we necessarily regard as in the wrong. Whatever this last, therefore, may have suffered, while it is no more than what we ourselves should have wished him to suffer, while it is no more than what our own sympathetic indignation would have prompted us to inflict upon him, it cannot either displease or provoke us. When an inhuman murderer is brought to the scaffold, though we have some compassion for his misery, we can have no sort of fellow-feeling with his resentment, if he should be so absurd as to express any against either his prosecutor or his judge. The natural tendency of their just indignation against so vile a criminal is indeed the most fatal and ruinous to him. But it is impossible that we should be displeased with the tendency of a sentiment, which, when we bring the case home to ourselves, we feel that we cannot avoid adopting.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00239", "bookId": 67363, "start": 181508, "end": 181576, "sha256": "b5f020eac5d892130d9a6b8802212a5da93eca10b225ce018201f216fd714faa", "text": "CHAP. IV. _Recapitulation of the foregoing Chapters._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00240", "bookId": 67363, "start": 181582, "end": 182281, "sha256": "7adc4511635c9c4c96126a7f969d32f3abd782748ac4a080dc0510f98f4447b3", "text": "We do not, therefore, thoroughly and heartily sympathize with the gratitude of one man towards another, merely because this other has been the cause of his good fortune, unless he has been the cause of it from motives which we entirely go along with. Our heart must adopt the principles of the agent, and go along with all the affections which influenced his conduct, before it can entirely sympathize with, and beat time to, the gratitude of the person who has been benefited by his actions. If in the conduct of the benefactor there appears to have been no propriety, how beneficial soever its effects, it does not seem to demand, or necessarily to require, any proportionable recompense.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00241", "bookId": 67363, "start": 182285, "end": 183201, "sha256": "bde09e9b9a0760bed3fcfb5967b7e28a658c270c27339649d4a6e70bbbb19785", "text": "But when to the beneficent tendency of the action is joined the propriety of the affection from which it proceeds, when we entirely sympathize and go along with the motives of the agent, the love which we conceive for him upon his own account, enhances and enlivens our fellow-feeling with the gratitude of those who owe their prosperity to his good conduct. His actions seem then to demand, and, if I may say so, to call aloud for a proportionable recompense. We then entirely enter into that gratitude which prompts to bestow it. The benefactor seems then to be the proper object of reward, when we thus entirely sympathize with, and approve of, that sentiment which prompts to reward him. When we approve of, and go along with, the affection from which the action proceeds, we must necessarily approve of the action, and regard the person towards whom it is directed as its proper and suitable object.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00242", "bookId": 67363, "start": 183205, "end": 183901, "sha256": "acbcde1c2c77bb5aa10ab7b07c55f052b02ab3ff4ed78ae2edf23c214040ecf9", "text": "2. In the same manner, we cannot at all sympathize with the resentment of one man against another, merely because this other has been the cause of his misfortune, unless he has been the cause of it from motives which we cannot enter into. Before we can adopt the resentment of the sufferer, we must disapprove of the motives of the agent, and feel that our heart renounces all sympathy with the affections which influenced his conduct. If there appears to have been no impropriety in these, how fatal soever the tendency of the action which proceeds from them to those against whom it is directed, it does not seem to deserve any punishment, or to be the proper object of any resentment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00243", "bookId": 67363, "start": 183905, "end": 184802, "sha256": "505e8943da9cad3ce6672cfc0863390cc1b0a43944cef62caadf03d86407291d", "text": "But when to the hurtfulness of the action is joined the impropriety of the affection from whence it proceeds, when our heart rejects with abhorrence all fellow-feeling with the motives of the agent, we then heartily and entirely sympathize with the resentment of the sufferer. Such actions seem then to deserve, and, if I may say so, to call aloud for, a proportionable punishment; and we entirely enter into, and thereby approve of, that resentment which prompts to inflict it. The offender necessarily seems then to be the proper object of punishment, when we thus entirely sympathize with, and thereby approve of, that sentiment which prompts to punish. In this case too, when we approve, and go along with, the affection from which the action proceeds, we must necessarily approve of the action, and regard the person against whom it is directed, as its proper and suitable object.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00244", "bookId": 67363, "start": 184844, "end": 184914, "sha256": "9dcb41bd431ba8b15ba8dff9ea100a33fb01a809b092e709babaf06b034a2999", "text": "CHAP. V. _The analysis of the sense of merit and demerit._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00245", "bookId": 67363, "start": 184920, "end": 185230, "sha256": "0e3e6ab8fba9e4df288215a954b507eff17551f7dda130daa063b176c32e36ac", "text": "1. As our sense, therefore, of the propriety of conduct arises from what I shall call a direct sympathy with the affections and motives of the person who acts, so our sense of its merit arises from what I shall call an indirect sympathy with the gratitude of the person who is, if I may say so, acted upon.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00246", "bookId": 67363, "start": 185234, "end": 185665, "sha256": "a2428638fd91176383b5c752458ee026bb86b2b597f45e46429d0eb8a68455bc", "text": "As we cannot indeed enter thoroughly into the gratitude of the person who receives the benefit, unless we beforehand approve of the motives of the benefactor, so, upon this account, the sense of merit seems to be a compounded sentiment, and to be made up of two distinct emotions; a direct sympathy with the sentiments of the agent, and an indirect sympathy with the gratitude of those who receive the benefit of his actions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00247", "bookId": 67363, "start": 185669, "end": 187696, "sha256": "b28135f77c5e6b1136133692d31b8de33826e0b23aa60c423e1b97f72b626cfe", "text": "We may, upon many different occasions, plainly distinguish those two different emotions combining and uniting together in our sense of the good desert of a particular character or action. When we read in history concerning actions of proper and beneficent greatness of mind, how eagerly do we enter into such designs? How much are we animated by that high-spirited generosity which directs them? How keen are we for their success? How grieved at their disappointment? In imagination we become the very person whose actions are represented to us: we transport ourselves in fancy to the scenes of those distant and forgotten adventures, and imagine ourselves acting the part of a Scipio or a Camillus, a Timoleon or an Aristides. So far our sentiments are founded upon the direct sympathy with the person who acts. Nor is the indirect sympathy with those who receive the benefit of such actions less sensibly felt. Whenever we place ourselves in the situation of these last, with what warm and affectionate fellow-feeling do we enter into their gratitude towards those who served them so essentially? We embrace, as it were, their benefactor along with them. Our heart readily sympathizes with the highest transports of their grateful affection. No honours, no rewards, we think, can be too great for them to bestow upon him. When they make this proper return for his services, we heartily applaud and go along with them; but are shocked beyond all measure, if by their conduct they appear to have little sense of the obligations conferred upon them. Our whole sense, in short, of the merit and good desert of such actions, of the propriety and fitness of recompensing them, and making the person who performed them rejoice in his turn, arises from the sympathetic emotions of gratitude and love, with which, when we bring home to our own breast the situation of those principally concerned, we feel ourselves naturally transported towards the man who could act with such proper and noble beneficence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00248", "bookId": 67363, "start": 187700, "end": 187996, "sha256": "befb3eee202bf4a43bf5ce46bbcf46bc0c36614ee453900c37388b9abeef816d", "text": "2. In the same manner as our sense of the impropriety of conduct arises from a want of sympathy, or from a direct antipathy to the affections and motives of the agent, so our sense of its demerit arises from what I shall here too call an indirect sympathy with the resentment of the sufferer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00249", "bookId": 67363, "start": 188000, "end": 188440, "sha256": "18740193be79dda9459ac20f7dbaaeb60187ec3e480d2c896413c09e28d5e600", "text": "As we cannot indeed enter into the resentment of the sufferer, unless our heart beforehand disapproves the motives of the agent, and renounces all fellow-feeling with them; so upon this account the sense of demerit, as well as that of merit, seems to be a compounded sentiment, and to be made up of two distinct emotions; a direct antipathy to the sentiments of the agent, and an indirect sympathy with the resentment of the sufferer.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00250", "bookId": 67363, "start": 188444, "end": 190567, "sha256": "48d0336c21bbbdbdf28e66745c5f2c7573e8e9488ef213d70497d268711094c6", "text": "We may here too, upon many different occasions, plainly distinguish those two different emotions combining and uniting together in our sense of the ill desert of a particular character or action. When we read in history concerning the perfidy and cruelty of a Borgia or a Nero, our heart rises up against the detestable sentiments which influenced their conduct, and renounces with horror and abomination all fellow-feeling with such execrable motives. So far our sentiments are founded upon the direct antipathy to the affections of the agent: and the indirect sympathy with the resentment of the sufferers is still more sensibly felt. When we bring home to ourselves the situation of the persons whom those scourges of mankind insulted, murdered, or betrayed, what indignation do we not feel against such insolent and inhuman oppressors of the earth? Our sympathy with the unavoidable distress of the innocent sufferers is not more real nor more lively, than our fellow-feeling with their just and natural resentment. The former sentiment only heightens the latter, and the idea of their distress serves only to inflame and blow up our animosity against those who occasioned it. When we think of the anguish of the sufferers, we take part with them more earnestly against their oppressors; we enter with more eagerness into all their schemes of vengeance, and feel ourselves every moment wreaking, in imagination, upon such violators of the laws of society, that punishment which our sympathetic indignation tells us is due to their crimes. Our sense of the horror and dreadful atrocity of such conduct, the delight which we take in hearing that it was properly punished, the indignation which we feel when it escapes this due retaliation, our whole sense and feeling, in short, of its ill desert, of the propriety and fitness of inflicting evil upon the person who is guilty of it, and of making him grieve in his turn, arises from the sympathetic indignation which naturally boils up in the breast of the spectator, whenever he thoroughly brings home to himself the case of the sufferer[2].", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00251", "bookId": 67363, "start": 190571, "end": 190582, "sha256": "bc01297f3fe799058db740dc16a058e8d73c1a9f0fe2de5467181669f69f5511", "text": "Footnote 2:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00252", "bookId": 67363, "start": 190588, "end": 191657, "sha256": "a186bfa38adfff2aa6bda2ac236f53be8bd18d31e019724cd8287ac13da66202", "text": "To ascribe in this manner our natural sense of the ill desert of human actions to a sympathy with the resentment of the sufferer, may seem, to the greater part of people, to be a degradation of that sentiment. Resentment is commonly regarded as so odious a passion, that they will be apt to think it impossible that so laudable a principle, as the sense of the ill desert of vice, should in any respect be founded upon it. They will be more willing, perhaps, to admit that our sense of the merit of good actions is founded upon a sympathy with the gratitude of the persons who receive the benefit of them; because gratitude, as well as all the other benevolent passions, is regarded as an amiable principle, which can take nothing from the worth of whatever is founded upon it. Gratitude and resentment, however, are in every respect, it is evident, counterparts to one another; and if our sense of merit arises from a sympathy with the one, our sense of demerit can scarce miss to proceed from a fellow-feeling with the other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00253", "bookId": 67363, "start": 191663, "end": 194744, "sha256": "bb4f5020837b2c8a313dcd89d685213714991570fb64ff7ae775ef70cbb587e3", "text": "Let it be considered too that resentment, though, in the degrees in which we too often see it, the most odious, perhaps, of all the passions, is not disapproved of when properly humbled and entirely brought down to the level of the sympathetic indignation of the spectator. When we, who are the bystanders, feel that our own animosity entirely corresponds with that of the sufferer, when the resentment of this last does not in any respect go beyond our own, when no word, no gesture, escapes him that denotes an emotion more violent than what we can keep time to, and when he never aims at inflicting any punishment beyond what we should rejoice to see inflicted, or what we ourselves would upon this account even desire to be the instruments of inflicting, it is impossible that we should not entirely approve of his sentiments. Our own emotion in this case must, in our eyes, undoubtedly justify his. And as experience teaches us how much the greater part of mankind are incapable of this moderation, and how great an effort must be made in order to bring down the rude and undisciplined impulse of resentment to this suitable temper, we cannot avoid conceiving a considerable degree of esteem and admiration for one who appears capable of exerting so much self-command over one of the most ungovernable passions of his nature. When indeed the animosity of the sufferer exceeds, as it almost always does, what we can go along with, as we cannot enter into it, we necessarily disapprove of it. We even disapprove of it more than we should of an equal excess of almost any other passion derived from the imagination. And this too violent resentment, instead of carrying us along with it, becomes itself the object of our resentment and indignation. We enter into the opposite resentment of the person who is the object of this unjust emotion, and who is in danger of suffering from it. Revenge, therefore, the excess of resentment, appears to be the most detestable of all the passions, and is the object of the horror and indignation of every body. And as in the way in which this passion commonly discovers itself among mankind, it is excessive a hundred times for once that it is moderate, we are very apt to consider it as altogether odious and detestable, because in its most ordinary appearances it is so. Nature, however, even in the present depraved state of mankind, does not seem to have dealt so unkindly with us, as to have endowed us with any principle which is wholly in every respect evil, or which, in no degree and in no direction, can be the proper object of praise and approbation. Upon some occasions we are sensible that this passion, which is generally too strong, may likewise be too weak. We sometimes complain that a particular person shows too little spirit, and has too little sense of the injuries that have been done to him; and we are as ready to despise him for the defect, as to hate him for the excess of this passion.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00254", "bookId": 67363, "start": 194750, "end": 194990, "sha256": "2a1ba709d4d33667447f458eed7df0c027f63479e4b4c27c8c3caf5626854d1b", "text": "The inspired writers would not surely have talked so frequently or so strongly of the wrath and anger of God, if they had regarded every degree of those passions as vicious and evil, even in so weak and imperfect a creature as man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00255", "bookId": 67363, "start": 194996, "end": 197777, "sha256": "a4800b639e5e90014c3591caa4de2c6c5ab21be5f3e2cde15f80e0aa24dacdee", "text": "Let it be considered too, that the present inquiry is not concerning a matter of right, if I may say so, but concerning a matter of fact. We are not at present examining upon what principles a perfect being would approve of the punishment of bad actions; but upon what principles so weak and imperfect a creature as man actually and in fact approves of it. The principles which I have just now mentioned, it is evident, have a very great effect upon his sentiments; and it seems wisely ordered that it should be so. The very existence of society requires that unmerited and unprovoked malice should be restrained by proper punishments; and consequently, that to inflict those punishments should be regarded as a proper and laudable action. Though man, therefore, be naturally endowed with a desire of the welfare and preservation of society, yet the Author of nature has not entrusted it to his reason to find out that a certain application of punishments is the proper means of attaining this end; but has endowed him with an immediate and instinctive approbation of that very application which is most proper to attain it. The œconomy of nature is in this respect exactly of a piece with what it is upon many other occasions. With regard to all those ends which, upon account of their peculiar importance, may be regarded, if such an expression is allowable, as the favourite ends of nature, she has constantly in this manner not only endowed mankind with an appetite for the end which she proposes, but likewise with an appetite for the means by which alone this end can be brought about, for their own sakes, and independent of their tendency to produce it. Thus self-preservation, and the propagation of the species, are the great ends which Nature seems to have proposed in the formation of all animals. Mankind are endowed with a desire of those ends, and an aversion to the contrary; with a love of life, and a dread of dissolution; with a desire of the continuance and perpetuity of the species, and with an aversion to the thoughts of its entire extinction. But though we are in this manner endowed with a very strong desire of those ends, it has not been entrusted to the slow and uncertain determinations of our reason, to find out the proper means of bringing them about. Nature has directed us to the greater part of these by original and immediate instincts. Hunger, thirst, the passion which unites the two sexes, the love of pleasure, and the dread of pain, prompt us to apply those means for their own sakes, and without any consideration of their tendency to those beneficent ends which the great Director of nature intended to produce by them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00256", "bookId": 67363, "start": 197783, "end": 199806, "sha256": "f2c4644d567d2d67585f35ae3a407322c5ef919006bfdfdd82ffb1e6455acb65", "text": "Before I conclude this note, I must take notice of a difference between the approbation of propriety and that of merit or beneficence. Before we approve of the sentiments of any person as proper and suitable to their objects, we must not only be affected in the same manner as he is, but we must perceive this harmony and correspondence of sentiments between him and ourselves. Thus, though upon hearing of a misfortune that had befallen my friend, I should conceive precisely that degree of concern which he gives way to; yet till I am informed of the manner in which he behaves, till I perceive the harmony between his emotions and mine, I cannot be said to approve of the sentiments which influence his behaviour. The approbation of propriety therefore requires, not only that we should intirely sympathize with the person who acts, but that we should perceive this perfect concord between his sentiments and our own. On the contrary, when I hear of a benefit that has been bestowed upon another person, let him who has received it be affected in what manner he pleases, if, by bringing his case home to myself, I feel gratitude arise in my own breast, I necessarily approve of the conduct of his benefactor, and regard it as meritorious, and the proper object of reward. Whether the person who has received the benefit conceives gratitude or not, cannot, it is evident, in any degree alter our sentiments with regard to the merit of him who has bestowed it. No actual correspondence of sentiments, therefore, is here required. It is sufficient that if he was grateful, they would correspond; and our sense of merit is often founded upon one of those illusive sympathies, by which, when we bring home to ourselves the case of another, we are often affected in a manner in which the person principally concerned is incapable of being affected. There is a similar difference between our disapprobation of demerit, and that of impropriety.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00257", "bookId": 67363, "start": 199846, "end": 199908, "sha256": "e682667cd78e9853eb983d313e19c0906d288330337684767329bb32fb0a049e", "text": "SECTION II. Of justice and beneficence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00258", "bookId": 67363, "start": 199950, "end": 200013, "sha256": "7cbb217e46e19c51d809172ba66479684e56b7599f4b6340d752362e336139af", "text": "CHAP. I. _Comparison of those two virtues._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00259", "bookId": 67363, "start": 200019, "end": 200232, "sha256": "210cecb33cdc3ba87f6c9b5a8ddd374717572521bdf2e6deef7c835efe1ae192", "text": "Actions of a beneficent tendency, which proceed from proper motives, seem alone to require reward; because such alone are the approved objects of gratitude, or excite the sympathetic gratitude of the spectator.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00260", "bookId": 67363, "start": 200236, "end": 200453, "sha256": "b4ec9b0ea06ac0c5a46d2edf9cd32906d7c0d26485b4ad6323d761aa79bae8db", "text": "Actions of a hurtful tendency, which proceed from improper motives, seem alone to deserve punishment; because such alone are the approved objects of resentment, or excite the sympathetic resentment of the spectator.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00261", "bookId": 67363, "start": 200457, "end": 202604, "sha256": "2c3673eb3422b67ce1267cc78ebd02802c85a69c97e36e96fc7be07f898edfd0", "text": "Beneficence is always free, it cannot be extorted by force, the mere want of it exposes to no punishment; because the mere want of beneficence tends to do no real positive evil. It may disappoint of the good which might reasonably have been expected, and upon that account it may justly excite dislike and disapprobation: it cannot, however, provoke any resentment which mankind will go along with. The man who does not recompense his benefactor, when he has it in his power, and when his benefactor needs his assistance, is, no doubt, guilty of the blackest ingratitude. The heart of every impartial spectator rejects all fellow-feeling with the selfishness of his motives, and he is the proper object of the highest disapprobation. But still he does no positive hurt to any body. He only does not do that good which in propriety he ought to have done. He is the object of hatred, a passion which is naturally excited by impropriety of sentiment and behaviour; not of resentment, a passion which is never properly called forth but by actions which tend to do real and positive hurt to some particular persons. His want of gratitude, therefore, cannot be punished. To oblige him by force to perform what in gratitude he ought to perform, and what every impartial spectator would approve of him for performing, would if possible, be still more improper than his neglecting to perform it. His benefactor would dishonour himself if he attempted by violence to constrain him to gratitude, and it would be impertinent for any third person, who was not the superior of either, to intermeddle. But of all the duties of beneficence, those which gratitude recommends to us approach nearest to what is called a perfect and complete obligation. What friendship, what generosity, what charity, would prompt us to do with universal approbation, is still more free, and can still less be extorted by force than the duties of gratitude. We talk of the debt of gratitude, not of charity, or generosity, nor even of friendship, when friendship is mere esteem, and has not been enhanced and complicated with gratitude for good offices.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00262", "bookId": 67363, "start": 202608, "end": 203402, "sha256": "38c2d0725fd7f116451706ad710d3bc5fc7b9aba5b067f1d2c5f78f5c25dce21", "text": "Resentment seems to have been given us by nature for defence, and for defence only. It is the safeguard of justice and the security of innocence. It prompts us to beat off the mischief which is attempted to be done to us, and to retaliate that which is already done; that the offender may be made to repent of his injustice, and that others, through fear of the like punishment, may be terrified from being guilty of the like offence. It must be reserved therefore for these purposes, nor can the spectator ever go along with it when it is exerted for any other. But the mere want of the beneficent virtues, though it may disappoint us of the good which might reasonably be expected, neither does, nor attempts to do, any mischief from which we can have occasion to defend ourselves.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00263", "bookId": 67363, "start": 203406, "end": 205286, "sha256": "a2daa0197100ae6abb11396521f0f93b80fd084c756eee4160ce720df8113a23", "text": "There is however another virtue, of which the observance is not left to the freedom of our own wills, which may be extorted by force, and of which the violation exposes to resentment, and consequently to punishment. This virtue is justice: the violation of justice is injury: it does real and positive hurt to some particular persons, from motives which are naturally disapproved of. It is, therefore, the proper object of resentment, and of punishment, which is the natural consequence of resentment. As mankind go along with, and approve of, the violence employed to avenge the hurt which is done by injustice, so they much more go along with, and approve of, that which is employed to prevent and beat off the injury, and to restrain the offender from hurting his neighbours. The person himself who meditates an injustice is sensible of this, and feels that force may, with the utmost propriety, be made use of, both by the person whom he is about to injure, and by others, either to obstruct the execution of his crime, or to punish him when he has executed it. And upon this is founded that remarkable distinction between justice and all the other social virtues, which has of late been particularly insisted upon by an author of very great and original genius, that we feel ourselves to be under a stricter obligation to act according to justice, than agreeably to friendship, charity, or generosity; that the practice of these last mentioned virtues seems to be left in some measure to our own choice, but that, somehow or other, we feel ourselves to be in a peculiar manner tied, bound, and obliged to the observation of justice. We feel, that is to say, that force may, with the utmost propriety and with the approbation of all mankind, be made use of to constrain us to observe the rules of the one, but not to follow the precepts of the other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00264", "bookId": 67363, "start": 205290, "end": 206187, "sha256": "d852e6069c4506543a9d4021e1183e0c56c902e64abd40d791f0a30854bd1220", "text": "We must always, however, carefully distinguish what is only blamable, or the proper object of disapprobation, from what force may be employed either to punish or to prevent. That seems blamable which falls short of that ordinary degree of proper beneficence which experience teaches us to expect of every body; and on the contrary, that seems praise-worthy which goes beyond it. The ordinary degree itself, seems neither blamable nor praise-worthy. A father, a son, a brother, who behaves to the correspondent relation, neither better nor worse than the greater part of men commonly do, seems properly to deserve neither praise nor blame. He who surprises us by extraordinary and unexpected, though still proper and suitable kindness, or on the contrary, by extraordinary and unexpected, as well as unsuitable unkindness, seems praise-worthy in the one case, and blamable in the other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00265", "bookId": 67363, "start": 206191, "end": 207766, "sha256": "d1b0e3229aa43292886cd9200a734bdb5f26d74372bac08b648ffb0e0e946319", "text": "Even the most ordinary degree of kindness or beneficence, however, cannot, among equals, be extorted by force. Among equals each individual is naturally, and antecedent to the institution of civil government, regarded as having a right both to defend himself from injuries, and to exact a certain degree of punishment for those which have been done to him. Every generous spectator not only approves of his conduct when he does this, but enters so far into his sentiments as often to be willing to assist him. When one man attacks, or robs, or attempts to murder another, all the neighbours take the alarm, and think that they do right when they run, either to revenge the person who has been injured, or to defend him who is in danger of being so. But when a father fails in the ordinary degree of parental affection towards a son, when a son seems to want that filial reverence which might be expected to his father; when brothers are without the usual degree of brotherly affection; when a man shuts his breast against compassion, and refuses to relieve the misery of his fellow-creatures, when he can with the greatest ease; in all these cases, though every body blames the conduct, nobody imagines that those who might have reason, perhaps, to expect more kindness, have any right to extort it by force. The sufferer can only complain, and the spectator can intermeddle no other way than by advice and persuasion. Upon all such occasions, for equals to use force against one another, would be thought the highest degree of insolence and presumption.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00266", "bookId": 67363, "start": 207770, "end": 209262, "sha256": "48f3d7a50cb30d96e4554aa02b468f593ca875f0a30e8c3b19850c6ebb2f7c42", "text": "A superior may, indeed, sometimes, with universal approbation, oblige those under his jurisdiction to behave, in this respect, with a certain degree of propriety to one another. The laws of all civilized nations oblige parents to maintain their children, and children to maintain their parents, and impose upon men many other duties of beneficence. The civil magistrate is entrusted with the power not only of preserving the public peace by retraining injustice, but of promoting the prosperity of the commonwealth, by establishing good discipline, and by discouraging every sort of vice and impropriety; he may prescribe rules, therefore, which not only prohibit mutual injuries among fellow-citizens, but command mutual good offices to a certain degree. When the sovereign commands what is merely indifferent, and what, antecedent to his orders, might have been omitted without any blame, it becomes not only blamable but punishable to disobey him. When he commands, therefore, what, antecedent to any such order, could not have been omitted without the greatest blame, it surely becomes much more punishable to be wanting in obedience. Of all the duties of a law-giver, however, this, perhaps, is that which it requires the greatest delicacy and reserve to execute with propriety and judgment. To neglect it altogether exposes the commonwealth to many gross disorders and shocking enormities, and to push it too far is destructive of all liberty, security, and justice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00267", "bookId": 67363, "start": 209266, "end": 210448, "sha256": "6db7b1130609fb4aa3c15e0ea0ec7eb17cf8ee36b5bc3e7229839f2858ba8ebd", "text": "Though the mere want of beneficence seems to merit no punishment from equals, the greater exertions of that virtue appear to deserve the highest reward. By being productive of the greatest good, they are the natural and approved objects of the liveliest gratitude. Though the breach of justice, on the contrary, exposes to punishment, the observance of the rules of that virtue seems scarce to deserve any reward. There is, no doubt, a propriety in the practice of justice, and it merits, upon that account, all the approbation which is due to propriety. But as it does no real positive good, it is entitled to very little gratitude. Mere justice is, upon most occasions, but a negative virtue, and only hinders us from hurting our neighbour. The man who barely abstains from violating either the person, or the estate, or the reputation of his neighbours, has surely very little positive merit. He fulfils, however, all the rules of what is peculiarly called justice, and does everything which his equals can with propriety force him to do, or which they can punish him for not doing. We may often fulfil all the rules of justice by sitting still and doing nothing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00268", "bookId": 67363, "start": 210452, "end": 211494, "sha256": "9f664e0ba9073f29281af5aff24c4b8875fc9567b35185e13c386252520373bd", "text": "As every man doth, so shall it be done to him, and retaliation seems to be the great law which is dictated to us by Nature. Beneficence and generosity we think due to the generous and beneficent. Those whose hearts never open to the feelings of humanity, should, we think, be shut out in the same manner, from the affections of all their fellow-creatures, and be allowed to live in the midst of society, as in a great desert where there is nobody to care for them, or to inquire after them. The violator of the laws of justice ought to be made to feel himself that evil which he has done to another; and since no regard to the sufferings of his brethren are capable of restraining him, he ought to be over-awed by the fear of his own. The man who is barely innocent, who only observes the law of justice with regard to others, and merely abstains from hurting his neighbours, can merit only that his neighbours in their turn should respect his innocence, and that the same laws should be religiously observed with regard to him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00269", "bookId": 67363, "start": 211535, "end": 211655, "sha256": "7a47c95ccb65a170fb53945d74488995ca617ae3f9c13d3bf117af344afbacbf", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of the sense of justice, of remorse, and of the consciousness of merit._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00270", "bookId": 67363, "start": 211661, "end": 215508, "sha256": "d22825a7b65b22e96266789f021213077c76ad1480fe2906fb90714fe53c3b57", "text": "There can be no proper motive for hurting our neighbour, there can be no incitement to do evil to another, which mankind will go along with, except just indignation for evil which that other has done to us. To disturb his happiness merely because it stands in the way of our own, to take from him what is of real use to him merely because it may be of equal or more use to us, or to indulge, in this manner, at the expence of other people, the natural preference which every man has for his own happiness above that of other people, is what no impartial spectator can go along with. Every man is, no doubt, by nature, first and principally recommended to his own care; and as he is fitter to take care of himself than of any other person, it is fit and right that it should be so. Every man, therefore, is much more deeply interested in whatever immediately concerns himself, than in what concerns any other man: and to hear, perhaps, of the death of another person, with whom we have no particular connexion, will give us less concern, will spoil our stomach, or break our rest much less than a very insignificant disaster which has befallen ourselves. But though the ruin of our neighbour may affect us much less than a very small misfortune of our own, we must not ruin him to prevent that small misfortune, nor even to prevent our own ruin. We must, here, as in all other cases, view ourselves not so much according to that light in which we may naturally appear to ourselves, as according to that in which we naturally appear to others. Though every man may, according to the proverb, be the whole world to himself, to the rest of mankind he is a most insignificant part of it. Though his own happiness may be of more importance to him than that of all the world besides, to every other person it is of no more consequence than that of any other man. Though it may be true, therefore, that every individual, in his own breast, naturally prefers himself to all mankind, yet he dares not look mankind in the face, and avow that he acts according to this principle. He feels that in this preference they can never go along with him, and that how natural soever it may be to him, it must always appear excessive and extravagant to them. When he views himself in the light in which he is conscious that others will view him, he sees that to them he is but one of the multitude in no respect better than any other in it. If he would act so as that the impartial spectator may enter into the principles of his conduct, which is what of all things he has the greatest desire to do, he must, upon this, as upon all other occasions, humble the arrogance of his self-love, and bring it down to something which other men can go along with. They will indulge it so far as to allow him to be more anxious about, and to pursue with more earnest assiduity, his own happiness than that of any other person. Thus far, whenever they place themselves in his situation, they will readily go along with him. In the race for wealth and honours, and preferments, he may run as hard as he can, and strain every nerve and every muscle, in order to outstrip all his competitors. But if he should justle, or throw down any of them, the indulgence of the spectators is entirely at an end. It is a violation of fair play, which they cannot admit of. This man is to them, in every respect, as good as he: they do not enter into that self-love by which he prefers himself so much to this other, and cannot go along with the motive from which he hurt him. They readily, therefore, sympathize with the natural resentment of the injured, and the offender becomes the object of their hatred and indignation. He is sensible that he becomes so, and feels that those sentiments are ready to burst out from all sides against him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00271", "bookId": 67363, "start": 215512, "end": 216764, "sha256": "506afb0a5c46be769b476117c8fe1c08abfe7bb7163aeb067f12b41561afcbeb", "text": "As the greater and more irreparable the evil that is done, the resentment of the sufferer runs naturally the higher, so does likewise the sympathetic indignation of the spectator, as well as the sense of guilt in the agent. Death is the greatest evil which one man can inflict upon another, and excites the highest degree of resentment in those who are immediately connected with the slain. Murder, therefore, is the most atrocious of all crimes which affect individuals only, in the sight both of mankind, and of the person who has committed it. To be deprived of that which we are possessed of, is a greater evil than to be disappointed of what we have only the expectation. Breach of property, therefore, theft and robbery, which take from us what we are possessed of, are greater crimes than breach of contract, which only disappoints us of what we expected. The most sacred laws of justice, therefore, those whose violation seems to call the loudest for vengeance and punishment, are the laws which guard the life and person of our neighbour; the next are those which guard his property and possessions; and last of all come those which guard what are called his personal rights, or what is due to him from the promises of others.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00272", "bookId": 67363, "start": 216768, "end": 219452, "sha256": "3a8c40927da3840dda9aa9badaea39988db2810cb5fcb805bbb327edebe8f0c8", "text": "The violator of the more sacred laws of justice can never reflect on the sentiments which mankind must entertain with regard to him, without feeling all the agonies of shame, and horror, and consternation. When his passion is gratified, and he begins coolly to reflect upon his conduct, he can enter into none of the motives which influenced it. They appear now as detestable to him as they did always to other people. By sympathizing with the hatred and abhorrence which other men must entertain for him, he becomes in some measure the object of his own hatred and abhorrence. The situation of the person, who suffered by his injustice, now calls upon his pity. He is grieved at the thought of it; regrets the unhappy effects of his own conduct, and feels at the same time that they have rendered him the proper object of the resentment and indignation of mankind, and of what is the natural consequence of resentment, vengeance and punishment. The thought of this perpetually haunts him, and fills him with terror and amazement. He dares no longer look society in the face, but imagines himself as it were rejected, and thrown out from the affections of all mankind. He cannot hope for the consolation of sympathy in this his greatest, and most dreadful distress. The remembrance of his crimes has shut out all fellow-feelings with him from the hearts of his fellow-creatures. The sentiments which they entertain with regard to him, are the very thing which he is most afraid of. Every thing seems hostile, and he would be glad to fly to some inhospitable desert, where he might never more behold the face of a human creature, nor read in the countenance of mankind the condemnation of his crimes. But solitude is still more dreadful than society. His own thoughts can present him with nothing but what is black, unfortunate, and disastrous, the melancholy forebodings of incomprehensible misery and ruin. The horror of solitude drives him back into society, and he comes again into the presence of mankind, astonished to appear before them, loaded with shame and distracted with fear, in order to supplicate some little protection from the countenance of those very judges, who he knows have already all unanimously condemned him. Such is the nature of that sentiment, which is properly called remorse; of all the sentiments which can enter the human breast the most dreadful. It is made up of shame from the sense of the impropriety of past conduct; of grief for the effects of it; of pity for those who suffer by it; and of the dread and terror of punishment from the consciousness of the justly provoked resentment of all rational creatures.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00273", "bookId": 67363, "start": 219456, "end": 220570, "sha256": "b761ed8214f692f61c04b2a90168d36d08e8937a03cea544f40fd421a9f97774", "text": "The opposite behaviour naturally inspires the opposite sentiment. The man who, not from frivolous fancy, but from proper motives, has performed a generous action, when he looks forward to those whom he has served, feels himself to be the natural object of their love and gratitude, and, by sympathy with them, of the esteem and approbation of all mankind. And when he looks backward to the motive from which he acted, and surveys it in the light in which the indifferent spectator will survey it, he still continues to enter into it, and applauds himself by sympathy with the approbation of this supposed impartial judge. In both these points of view his own conduct appears to him every way agreeable. His mind, at the thought of it, is filled with chearfulness, serenity, and composure. He is in friendship and harmony with all mankind, and looks upon his fellow-creatures with confidence and benevolent satisfaction, secure that he has rendered himself worthy of their most favourable regards. In the combination of all these sentiments consists the consciousness of merit, or of deserved reward.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00274", "bookId": 67363, "start": 220611, "end": 220683, "sha256": "36cf6798744b23f93ec10b2583628115efbceb0597f8f00336966d0532827cd1", "text": "CHAP. III. _Of the utility of this constitution of nature._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00275", "bookId": 67363, "start": 220689, "end": 221247, "sha256": "7d74e7f7b2043beef03b474a6536bcd4a48aead6a2f47d8c090cdbba8942935b", "text": "It is thus that man, who can subsist only in society, was fitted by nature to that situation for which he was made. All the members of human society stand in need of each others assistance, and are likewise exposed to mutual injuries. Where the necessary assistance is reciprocally afforded from love, from gratitude, from friendship and esteem, the society flourishes and is happy. All the different members of it are bound together by the agreeable bands of love and affection, and are, as it were, drawn to one common centre of mutual good offices.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00276", "bookId": 67363, "start": 221251, "end": 221865, "sha256": "57a26ba4e39a94beaebaae3fa194178a3e0a2ac46bdf75f1b899103bb770bd0c", "text": "But though the necessary assistance should not be afforded from such generous and disinterested motives, though among the different members of the society there should be no mutual love and affection, the society, though less happy and agreeable, will not necessarily be dissolved. Society may subsist among different men, as among different merchants, from a sense of its utility, without any mutual love or affection; and though no man in it should owe any obligation, or be bound in gratitude to any other, it may still be upheld by a mercenary exchange of good offices according to an agreed valuation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00277", "bookId": 67363, "start": 221869, "end": 222654, "sha256": "1a0ffdfffdb59fa5b98519c12cccc804272b18002f3463696f2505d7f720c188", "text": "Society, however, cannot subsist among those who are at all times ready to hurt and injure one another. The moment that injury begins, the moment that mutual resentment and animosity take place, all the bands of it are broke asunder, and the different members of which it consisted are, as it were, dissipated and scattered abroad by the violence and opposition of their discordant affections. If there is any society among robbers and murderers, they must at least, according to the trite observation, abstain from robbing and murdering one another. Beneficence, therefore, is less essential to the exigence of society than justice. Society may subsist, though not in the most comfortable state, without beneficence; but the prevalence of injustice must utterly destroy it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00278", "bookId": 67363, "start": 222658, "end": 224410, "sha256": "4f402fc998eba32f2f9be02a99c8c52bcfac35b9ad3ad145353bcbe4bce00295", "text": "Though Nature, therefore, exhorts mankind to acts of beneficence, by the pleasing consciousness of deserved reward, she has not thought it necessary to guard and enforce the practice of it by the terrors of merited punishment in case it should be neglected. It is the ornament which embellishes, not the foundation which supports the building, and which it was, therefore, sufficient to recommend, but by no means necessary to impose. Justice, on the contrary, is the main pillar that upholds the whole edifice. If it is removed, the great, the immense fabric of human society, that fabric which to raise and support seems in this world, if I may say so, to have been the peculiar and darling care of Nature, must in a moment crumble into atoms. In order to enforce the observation of justice, therefore, Nature has implanted in the human breast that consciousness of ill desert, those terrors of merited punishment which attend upon its violation, as the great safe-guards of the association of mankind, to protect the weak, to curb the violent, and to chastise the guilty. Men, though naturally sympathetic, feel so little for another, with whom they have no particular connexion, in comparison for what they feel for themselves; the misery of one, who is merely their fellow-creature, is of so little importance to them in comparison even of a small conveniency of their own; they have it so much in their power to hurt him, and may have so many temptations to do so, that if this principle did not stand up within them in his defence, and overawe them into a respect for his innocence, they would, like wild beasts, be at all times ready to fly upon him; and a man would enter an assembly of men as he enters a den of lions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00279", "bookId": 67363, "start": 224414, "end": 226681, "sha256": "10b7c0018763e75e570393dc3b20b9bd1654c3390b24e748ef1980f889acd242", "text": "In every part of the universe we observe means adjusted with the nicest artifice to the ends which they are intended to produce; and in the mechanism of a plant, or animal body, admire how every thing is contrived for advancing the two great purposes of nature, the support of the individual, and the propagation of the species. But in these, and in all such objects, we still distinguish the efficient from the final cause of their several motions and organizations. The digestion of the food, the circulation of the blood, and the secretion of the several juices which are drawn from it, are operations all of them necessary for the great purposes of animal life. Yet we never endeavour to account for them from those purposes as from their efficient causes, nor imagine that the blood circulates, or that the food digests of its own accord, and with a view or intention to the purposes of circulation or digestion. The wheels of the watch are all admirably adjusted to the end for which it was made, the pointing of the hour. All their various motions conspire in the nicest manner to produce this effect. If they were endowed with a desire and intention to produce it, they could not do it better. Yet we never ascribe any such desire or intention to them, but to the watch-maker, and we know that they are put in motion by a spring, which intends the effect it produces as little as they do. But though, in accounting for the operations of bodies, we never fail to distinguish in this manner the efficient from the final cause, in accounting for those of the mind, we are very apt to confound those two different things with one another. When by natural principles we are led to advance those ends, which a refined and enlightened reason should recommend to us, we are very apt to impute to that reason, as to their efficient cause, the sentiments and actions by which we advance those ends, and to imagine that to be the wisdom of man, which in reality is the wisdom of God. Upon a superficial view this cause seems sufficient to produce the effects which are ascribed to it; and the system of human nature seems to be more simple and agreeable when all its different operations are in this manner deduced from a single principle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00280", "bookId": 67363, "start": 226685, "end": 228542, "sha256": "73267b97e0ea2393429180e089d5ce0ad28fe94a519150b46751288d78ea6aea", "text": "As society cannot subsist unless the laws of justice are totally observed, as no social intercourse can take place among men who do not generally abstain from injuring one another; the consideration of this necessity, it has been thought, was the ground upon which we approved of the enforcement of the laws of justice by the punishment of those who violated them. Man, it has been said, has a natural love for society, and desires that the union of mankind should be preserved for its own sake, and though he himself was to derive no benefit from it. The orderly and flourishing state of society is agreeable to him, and he takes delight in contemplating it. Its disorder and confusion, on the contrary, is the object of his aversion, and he is chagrined at whatever tends to produce it. He is sensible too that his own interest is connected with the prosperity of society, and that the happiness, perhaps the preservation of his existence, depends upon its preservation. Upon every account, therefore, he has an abhorrence at whatever can tend to destroy society, and is willing to make use of every means, which can hinder so hated and so dreadful an event. Injustice necessarily tends to destroy it. Every appearance of injustice, therefore, alarms him, and he runs, if I may say so, to stop the progress of what, if allowed to go on, would quickly put an end to every thing that is dear to him. If he cannot restrain it by gentle and fair means, he must bear it down by force and violence, and at any rate must put a stop to its further progress. Hence it is, they say, that he often approves of the enforcement of the law of justice even by the capital punishment of those who violate them. The disturber of the public peace is hereby removed out of the world, and others are terrified by his fate from imitating his example.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00281", "bookId": 67363, "start": 228546, "end": 229976, "sha256": "dc89b5ac5abfb51f9e6ba1e45abf89515ee67b68e4da132034ca0e580c6d1e51", "text": "Such is the account commonly given of our approbation of the punishment of injustice. And so far this account is undoubtedly true, that we frequently have occasion to confirm our natural sense of the propriety and fitness of punishment, by reflecting how necessary it is for preserving the order of society. When the guilty is about to suffer that just retaliation, which the natural indignation of mankind tells them is due to his crimes; when the insolence of his injustice is broken and humbled by the terror of his approaching punishment; when he ceases to be an object of fear, with the generous and humane he begins to be an object of pity. The thought of what he is about to suffer extinguishes their resentment for the sufferings of others to which he has given occasion. They are disposed to pardon and forgive him, and to save him from that punishment, which in all their cool hours they had considered as the retribution due to such crimes. Here, therefore, they have occasion to call to their assistance the consideration of the general interest of society. They counterbalance the impulse of this weak and partial humanity by the dictates of a humanity that is more generous and comprehensive. They reflect that mercy to the guilty is cruelty to the innocent, and oppose to the emotions of compassion which they feel for a particular person, a more enlarged compassion which they feel for mankind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00282", "bookId": 67363, "start": 229980, "end": 231526, "sha256": "f745a6d258aec4e2642deaf2f82b3efab9ed0cb3aa927375c550fc12bcd10b1b", "text": "Sometimes too we have occasion to defend the propriety of observing the general rules of justice by the consideration of their necessity to the support of society. We frequently hear the young and the licentious ridiculing the most sacred rules of morality, and professing, sometimes from the corruption, but more frequently from the vanity of their hearts, the most abominable maxims of conduct. Our indignation rouses, and we are eager to refute and expose such detestable principles. But though it is their intrinsic hatefulness and detestableness, which originally inflames us against them, we are unwilling to assign this as the sole reason why we condemn them, or to pretend that it is merely because we ourselves hate and detest them. The reason, we think, would not appear to be conclusive. Yet why should it not; if we hate and detest them because they are the natural and proper objects of hatred and detestation? But when we are asked why we should not act in such or such a manner, the very question seems to suppose that, to those who ask it, this manner of acting does not appear to be for its own sake the natural and proper object of those sentiments. We must show them, therefore, that it ought to be so for the sake of something else. Upon this account we generally cast about for other arguments, and the consideration which first occurs to us is the disorder and confusion of society which would result from the universal prevalence of such practices. We seldom fail, therefore, to insist upon this topic.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00283", "bookId": 67363, "start": 231530, "end": 232000, "sha256": "e3fd0dc9de074ac6463e25fdf9d460a0204fb76fbdfba88a01ec713a7f91e3a7", "text": "But though it commonly requires no great discernment to see the destructive tendency of all licentious practices to the welfare of society, it is seldom this consideration which first animates us against them. All men, even the most stupid and unthinking, abhor fraud, perfidy, and injustice, and delight to see them punished. But few men have reflected upon the necessity of justice to the existence of society, how obvious soever that necessity may appear to be.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00284", "bookId": 67363, "start": 232004, "end": 234314, "sha256": "163ffa80970fc7a4d7c8e525093af238b6ca5ed5c576ace12ba284d956345bcf", "text": "That it is not a regard to the preservation of society, which originally interests us in the punishment of crimes committed against individuals, may be demonstrated by many obvious considerations. The concern which we take in the fortune and happiness of individuals does not, in common cases, arise from that which we take in the fortune and happiness of society. We are no more concerned for the destruction or loss of a single man, because this man is a member or part of society, and because we should be concerned for the destruction of society, than we are concerned for the loss of a single guinea, because this guinea is a part of a thousand guineas, and because we should be concerned for the loss of the whole sum. In neither case does our regard for the individuals arise from our regard for the multitude: but in both cases our regard for the multitude is compounded and made up of the particular regards which we feel for the different individuals of which it is composed. As when a small sum is unjustly taken from us we do not so much prosecute the injury from a regard to the preservation of our whole fortune, as from a regard to that particular sum which we have lost; so when a single man is injured or destroyed, we demand the punishment of the wrong that has been done to him, not so much from a concern for the general interest of society, as from a concern for that very individual who has been injured. It is to be observed, however, that this concern does not necessarily include in it any degree of those exquisite sentiments which are commonly called love, esteem, and affection, and by which we distinguish our particular friends and acquaintance. The concern which is requisite for this is no more than the general fellow-feeling which we have with every man merely because he is our fellow-creature. We enter into the resentment even of an odious person, when he is injured by those to whom he has given no provocation. Our disapprobation of his ordinary character and conduct, does not in this case altogether prevent our fellow-feeling with his natural indignation; though with those who are not either extremely candid, or who have not been accustomed to correct and regulate their natural sentiments by general rules, it is very apt to damp it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00285", "bookId": 67363, "start": 234318, "end": 236957, "sha256": "60ffec9d1956a051c2e764ad836c25a7036df92df946afbe2c2f13e835020eb3", "text": "Upon some occasions, indeed, we both punish and approve of punishment, merely from a view to the general interest of society, which, we imagine, cannot otherwise be secured. Of this kind are all the punishments inflicted for breaches of what is called either civil police, or military discipline. Such crimes do not immediately or directly hurt any particular person; but their remote consequences, it is supposed, do produce, or might produce, either a considerable inconveniency, or a great disorder in the society. A centinel, for example, who falls asleep upon his watch, suffers death by the law of war, because such carelessness might endanger the whole army. This severity may, upon many occasions, appear necessary, and, for that reason, just and proper. When the preservation of an individual is inconsistent with the safety of a multitude, nothing can be more just than that the many should be preferred to the one. Yet this punishment, how necessary soever, always appears to be excessively severe. The natural atrocity of the crime seems to be so little, and the punishment so great, that it is with great difficulty that our hearts can reconcile itself to it. Though such carelessness appears very blamable, yet the thought of this crime does not naturally excite any such resentment, as would prompt us to take such dreadful revenge. A man of humanity must recollect himself, must make an effort, and exert his whole firmness and resolution, before he can bring himself either to inflict it, or to go along with it when it is inflicted by others. It is not, however, in this manner, that he looks upon the just punishment of an ungrateful murderer or parricide. His heart, in this case, applauds with ardour, and even with transport, the just retaliation which seems due to such detestable crimes, and which, if, by any accident, they should happen to escape, he would be highly enraged and disappointed. The very different sentiment with which the spectator views those different punishments, is a proof that his approbation of the one is far from being founded upon the same principles with that of the other. He looks upon the centinel as an unfortunate victim, who, indeed, must, and ought to be, devoted to the safety of numbers, but whom still, in his heart, he would be glad to save; and he is only sorry, that the interest of the many should oppose it. But if the murderer should escape from punishment, it would excite his highest indignation, and he would call upon God to avenge, in another world, that crime which the injustice of mankind had neglected to chastise upon earth.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00286", "bookId": 67363, "start": 236961, "end": 237736, "sha256": "b5cb14a9c37f9402640c71302e375bdeccd61a7f7780f06946d42a53821bb8bc", "text": "For it well deserves to be taken notice of, that we are so far from imagining that injustice ought to be punished in this life, merely on account of the order of society, which cannot otherwise be maintained, that Nature teaches us to hope, and religion, we suppose, authorizes us to expect, that it will be punished, even in a life to come. Our sense of its ill desert pursues it, if I may say so, even beyond the grave, though the example of its punishment there cannot serve to deter the rest of mankind, who see it not, who know it not, from being guilty of the like practices here. The justice of God, however, we think, still requires, that he should hereafter avenge the injuries of the widow and the fatherless, who are here so often insulted with impunity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00287", "bookId": 67363, "start": 237740, "end": 241661, "sha256": "30c17808e221b44dd779b2ffd87f8b9c232aabdecc1c1a27bc6ebd5c563f98d6", "text": "That the Deity loves virtue and hates vice, as a voluptuous man loves riches and hates poverty, not for their own sakes, but for the effects which they tend to produce; that he loves the one, only because it promotes the happiness of society, which his benevolence prompts him to desire; and that he hates the other, only because it occasions the misery of mankind, which the same divine quality renders the object of his aversion; is not the doctrine of untaught nature, but of an artificial refinement of reason and philosophy. Our untaught, natural sentiments, all prompt us to believe, that as perfect virtue is supposed necessarily to appear to the Deity, as it does to us, for its own sake, and without any further view, the natural and proper object of love and reward, so must vice, of hatred and punishment. That the gods neither resent nor hurt, was the general maxim of all the different sects of the ancient philosophy: and if, by resenting, be understood, that violent and disorderly perturbation, which often distracts and confounds the human breast; or if, by hurting, be understood, the doing mischief wantonly, and without regard to propriety or justice, such weakness is undoubtedly unworthy of the divine perfection. But if it be meant, that vice does not appear to the Deity to be, for its own sake, the object of abhorrence and aversion, and what, for its own sake, it is fit and right should be punished, the truth of this maxim seems repugnant to some very natural feelings. If we consult our natural sentiments, we are even apt to fear, lest, before the holiness of God, vice should appear to be more worthy of punishment than the weakness and imperfection of human virtue can ever seem to be of reward. Man, when about to appear before a Being of infinite perfection, can feel but little confidence in his own merit, or in the imperfect propriety of his own conduct. In the presence of his fellow-creatures, he may even justly elevate himself, and may often have reason to think highly of his own character and conduct, compared to the still greater imperfection of theirs. But the case is quite different when about to appear before his infinite Creator. To such a Being, he fears, that his littleness and weakness can scarce ever appear the proper object, either of esteem or of reward. But he can easily conceive, how the numberless violations of duty, of which he has been guilty, should render him the proper object of aversion and punishment; and he thinks he can see no reason why the divine indignation should not be let loose without any restraint, upon so vile an insect, as he imagines that he himself must appear to be. If he would still hope for happiness, he suspects that he cannot demand it from the justice, but that he must entreat it from the mercy of God. Repentance, sorrow, humility, contrition at the thought of his past conduct, seem, upon this account, the sentiments which become him, and to be the only means which he has left for appeasing that wrath which, he knows, he has justly provoked. He even distrusts the efficacy of all these, and naturally fears, lest the wisdom of God should not, like the weakness of man, be prevailed upon to spare the crime by the most importunate lamentations of the criminal. Some other intercession, some other sacrifice, some other atonement, he imagines must be made for him, beyond what he himself is capable of making, before the purity of the divine justice can be reconciled to his manifold offences. The doctrines of revelation coincide, in every respect, with those original anticipations of nature; and as they teach us how little we can depend upon the imperfection of our own virtue, so they show us, at the same time, that the most powerful intercession has been made, and that the most dreadful atonement has been paid for our manifold transgressions and iniquities.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00288", "bookId": 67363, "start": 241701, "end": 241841, "sha256": "309def7248d497355f4ae948924b662066f6ae2f073946fa2b088a2f8bad7a1f", "text": "SECTION III. Of the influence of fortune upon the sentiments of mankind, with regard to the merit or demerit of actions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00289", "bookId": 67363, "start": 241876, "end": 241889, "sha256": "762d10af887f2b4a9299813419b04ed2821b36dd51e9dedd6d11353d8443c3bd", "text": "INTRODUCTION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00290", "bookId": 67363, "start": 241893, "end": 242394, "sha256": "aa954cad2b63adf503e919b61b0b73b417e66a9b063dde0b804617de5349a79b", "text": "Whatever praise or blame can be due to any action, must belong either, first, to the intention or affection of the heart, from which it proceeds; or, secondly, to the external action or movement of the body, which this affection gives occasion to; or, last, to all the good or bad consequences, which actually, and in fact, proceed from it. These three different things constitute the whole nature and circumstances of the action, and must be the foundation of whatever quality can belong to it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00291", "bookId": 67363, "start": 242398, "end": 243189, "sha256": "514ce581352a17443a0b3357bcc7d12e914b167f7bc5528f73f17a5d7207eee0", "text": "That the two last of these three circumstances cannot be the foundation of any praise or blame, is abundantly evident; nor has the contrary ever been asserted by any body. The external action or movement of the body is often the same in the most innocent and in the most blamable actions. He who shoots a bird, and he who shoots a man, both of them perform the same external movement: each of them draws the tricker of a gun. The consequences which actually, and in fact, happen to proceed from any action, are, if possible, still more indifferent either to praise or blame, than even the external movement of the body. As they depend, not upon the agent, but upon fortune, they cannot be the proper foundation for any sentiment, of which his character and conduct are the objects.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00292", "bookId": 67363, "start": 243193, "end": 243778, "sha256": "b78bc26dea12051ed4c5089ca7eea74425d2d20e80010912695e3e35bf64e720", "text": "The only consequences for which he can be answerable, or by which he can deserve either approbation or disapprobation of any kind, are those which were some way or other intended, or those which, at least, show some agreeable or disagreeable quality in the intention of the heart, from which he acted. To the intention or affection of the heart, therefore, to the propriety or impropriety, to the beneficence or hurtfulness of the design, all praise or blame, all approbation or disapprobation, of any kind, which can justly be bestowed upon any action, must ultimately belong.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00293", "bookId": 67363, "start": 243782, "end": 244455, "sha256": "4683a12ecefcbc1779211bc9f85c5970ade19cb9c4fd9340c2904826fc7798b4", "text": "When this maxim is thus proposed in abstract and general terms, there is no body who does not agree to it. Its self-evident justice is acknowledged by all the world, and there is not a dissenting voice among all mankind. Every body allows, that how different soever the accidental, the unintended and unforeseen consequences of different actions, yet, if the intentions or affections from which they arose were, on the one hand, equally proper and equally beneficent, or, on the other, equally improper and equally malevolent, the merit or demerit of the actions is still the same, and the agent is equally the suitable object either of gratitude or of resentment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00294", "bookId": 67363, "start": 244459, "end": 245032, "sha256": "63f63c0863d4e628251fffcb1be919c127761b2921aaf288dd79aae7edb321f5", "text": "But how well soever we may seem to be persuaded of the truth of this equitable maxim, when we consider it after this manner, in abstract, yet when we come to particular cases, the actual consequences which happen to proceed from any action, have a very great effect upon our sentiments concerning its merit or demerit, and almost always either enhance or diminish our sense of both. Scarce, in any one instance, perhaps, will our sentiments be found, after examination, to be entirely regulated by this rule, which we all acknowledge ought entirely to regulate them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00295", "bookId": 67363, "start": 245036, "end": 245484, "sha256": "c90074033b82cd992e456465732c8ea3f30b013c292e9e7de24e8f486fa9c2a3", "text": "This irregularity of sentiment, which every body feels, which scarce any body is sufficiently aware of, and which no body is willing to acknowledge, I proceed now to explain; and I shall consider, first, the cause which gives occasion to it, or the mechanism by which nature produces it; secondly, the extent of its influence; and, last of all, the end which it answers, or the purpose which the Author of nature seems to have intended by it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00296", "bookId": 67363, "start": 245526, "end": 245594, "sha256": "1a256cd6e80b90fd27b035c1e648595c3c880ef093ee3887f6d8f00a95c9c0b0", "text": "CHAP. I. _Of the causes of this influence of fortune._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00297", "bookId": 67363, "start": 245600, "end": 246543, "sha256": "1709c1d073d98139592b7e95e1a354b068472b933a7c731a38e73be0902870ce", "text": "The causes of pain and pleasure, whatever they are, or however they operate, seem to be the objects, which, in all animals, immediately excite those two passions of gratitude and resentment. They are excited by inanimated, as well as by animated objects. We are angry, for a moment, even at the stone that hurts us. A child beats it, a dog barks at it, a choleric man is apt to curse it. The least reflection, indeed, corrects this sentiment, and we soon become sensible, that what has no feeling is a very improper object of revenge. When the mischief, however, is very great, the object which caused it becomes disagreeable to us ever after, and we take pleasure to burn or destroy it. We should treat, in this manner, the instrument which had accidentally been the cause of the death of a friend, and we should often think ourselves guilty of a sort of inhumanity, if we neglected to vent this absurd sort of vengeance upon it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00298", "bookId": 67363, "start": 246547, "end": 247837, "sha256": "3f86e4e08b02709db4aa7e74b60b42bc10598d3b0f4753412f05e7c8203d89f1", "text": "We conceive, in the same manner, a sort of gratitude for those inanimated objects, which have been the causes of great, or frequent pleasure to us. The sailor, who, as soon as he got ashore, should mend his fire with the plank upon which he had just escaped from a shipwreck, would seem to be guilty of an unnatural action. We should expect that he would rather preserve it with care and affection, as a monument that was, in some measure, dear to him. A man grows fond of a snuff-box, of a pen-knife, of a staff which he has long made use of, and conceives something like a real love and affection for them. If he breaks or loses them, he is vexed out of all proportion to the value of the damage. The house which we have long lived in, the tree, whose verdure and shade we have long enjoyed, are both looked upon with a sort of respect that seems due to such benefactors. The decay of the one, or the ruin of the other, affects us with a kind of melancholy, though we should sustain no loss by it. The Dryads and the Lares of the ancients, a sort of genii of trees and houses, were probably first suggested by this sort of affection, which the authors of those superstitions felt for such objects, and which seemed unreasonable, if there was nothing animated about them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00299", "bookId": 67363, "start": 247841, "end": 249170, "sha256": "d8268e930d40d155df8cc3f18529852a5237f60e91295576eb76ed3cd3fdd07e", "text": "But, before any thing can be the proper object of gratitude or resentment, it must not only be the cause of pleasure or pain, it must likewise be capable of feeling them. Without this other quality, those passions cannot vent themselves with any sort of satisfaction upon it. As they are excited by the causes of pleasure and pain, so their gratification consists in retaliating those sensations upon what gave occasion to them; which it is to no purpose to attempt upon what has no sensibility. Animals, therefore, are less improper objects of gratitude and resentment than inanimated objects. The dog that bites, the ox that gores, are both of them punished. If they have been the causes of the death of any person, neither the public, nor the relations of the slain, can be satisfied, unless they are put to death in their turn: nor is this merely for the security of the living, but in some measure, to revenge the injury of the dead. Those animals, on the contrary, that have been remarkably serviceable to their masters, become the objects of a very lively gratitude. We are shocked at the brutality of that officer, mentioned in the Turkish Spy, who stabbed the horse that had carried him a-cross an arm of the sea, lest that animal should afterwards distinguish some other person by a similar adventure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00300", "bookId": 67363, "start": 249174, "end": 251115, "sha256": "87f151effc89f59e952e7ad0194b97b90bd6c6cf46cb71ee76920c01a6252a66", "text": "But, though animals are not only the causes of pleasure and pain, but are also capable of feeling those sensations, they are still far from being complete and perfect objects, either of gratitude or resentment; and those passions still feel, that there is something wanting to their entire gratification. What gratitude chiefly desires, is not only to make the benefactor feel pleasure in his turn, but to make him conscious that he meets with this reward on account of his past conduct, to make him pleased with that conduct, and to satisfy him that the person upon whom he bestowed his good offices was not unworthy of them. What most of all charms us in our benefactor, is the concord between his sentiments and our own, with regard to what interests us so nearly as the worth of our own character, and the esteem that is due to us. We are delighted to find a person who values us as well as we value ourselves, and distinguishes us from the rest of mankind, with an attention not unlike that with which we distinguish ourselves. To maintain in him these agreeable and flattering sentiments, is one of the chief ends proposed by the returns we are disposed to make to him. A generous mind often disdains the interested thought of extorting new favours from its benefactor, by what may be called the importunities of its gratitude. But to preserve and to increase his esteem, is an interest which the greatest mind does not think unworthy of its attention. And this is the foundation of what I formerly observed, that when we cannot enter into the motives of our benefactor, when his conduct and character appear unworthy of our approbation, let his services have been ever so great, our gratitude is always sensibly diminished. We are less flattered by the distinction; and to preserve the esteem of so weak, or so worthless a patron, seems to be an object which does not deserve to be pursued for its own sake.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00301", "bookId": 67363, "start": 251119, "end": 252592, "sha256": "70a9e1463b405c02411fa5175f23f5c84f2e62c525591168ba846c1f97f5c3dd", "text": "The object, on the contrary, which resentment is chiefly intent upon, is not so much to make our enemy feel pain in his turn, as to make him conscious that he feels it upon account of his past conduct, to make him repent of that conduct, and to make him sensible, that the person whom he injured did not deserve to be treated in that manner. What chiefly enrages us against the man who injures or insults us, is the little account which he seems to make of us, the unreasonable preference which he gives to himself above us, and that absurd self-love, by which he seems to imagine, that other people may be sacrificed at any time, to his conveniency or his humour. The glaring impropriety of this conduct, the gross insolence and injustice which it seems to involve in it, often shock and exasperate us more than all the mischief which we have suffered. To bring him back to a more just sense of what is due to other people, to make him sensible of what he owes us, and of the wrong that he has done to us, is frequently the principal end proposed in our revenge, which is always imperfect when it cannot accomplish this. When our enemy appears to have done us no injury, when we are sensible that he acted quite properly, that, in his situation, we should have done the same thing, and that we deserved from him all the mischief we met with; in that case, if we have the least spark either of candour or justice, we can entertain no sort of resentment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00302", "bookId": 67363, "start": 252596, "end": 253468, "sha256": "c6da2bbbc319fd9da24f541a9b1a32312cd4ec0b98dae3674deed58c49dfa8a7", "text": "Before any thing, therefore, can be the complete and proper object, either of gratitude or resentment, it must possess three different qualifications. First, it must be the cause of pleasure in the one case, and of pain in the other. Secondly, it must be capable of feeling those sensations. And, thirdly, it must not only have produced those sensations, but it must have produced them from design, and from a design that is approved of in the one case, and disapproved of in the other. It is by the first qualification, that any object is capable of exciting those passions: it is by the second, that it is in any respect capable of gratifying them: the third qualification is both necessary for their complete satisfaction, and as it gives a pleasure or pain that is both exquisite and peculiar, it is likewise an additional exciting cause of those passions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00303", "bookId": 67363, "start": 253472, "end": 254636, "sha256": "cf2460194cb3c2d55b6abb92ee7996686cdf87cd5145b8196ab2d117226bbdd9", "text": "As what gives pleasure or pain, therefore, either in one way or another, is the sole exciting cause of gratitude and resentment; though the intentions of any person should be ever so proper and beneficent, on the one hand, or ever so improper and malevolent on the other; yet, if he has failed in producing either the good or evil which he intended, as one of the exciting causes is wanting in both cases, less gratitude seems due to him in the one, and less resentment in the other. And, on the contrary, though in the intentions of any person, there was either no laudable degree of benevolence on the one hand, or no blamable degree of malice on the other; yet, if his actions should produce either great good or great evil, as one of the exciting causes takes place upon both these occasions, some gratitude is apt to arise towards him in the one, and some resentment in the other. A shadow of merit seems to fall upon him in the first, a shadow of demerit in the second. And, as the consequences of actions are altogether under the empire of Fortune, hence arises her influence upon the sentiments of mankind, with regard to merit and demerit.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00304", "bookId": 67363, "start": 254677, "end": 254746, "sha256": "36b23518a0970597c9e7624d19fc3ff16d2991a95420408e4c10fc90b9c58ab6", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of the extent of this influence of fortune._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00305", "bookId": 67363, "start": 254752, "end": 255207, "sha256": "7fe789198759202a81b7d4f983c94a61e44f743912d9866baa0e0d89f9df9fea", "text": "The effect of this influence of fortune is, first, to diminish our sense of the merit or demerit of those actions which arose from the most laudable or blamable intentions, when they fail of producing their proposed effects: and, secondly, to increase our sense of the merit or demerit of actions, beyond what is due to the motives or affections from which they proceed, when they accidentally give occasion either to extraordinary pleasure or pain.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00306", "bookId": 67363, "start": 255211, "end": 258684, "sha256": "05699f655d6f82820cb761773007468717f7c90ce44c8502009f5806b9587e74", "text": "1. First, I say, though the intentions of any person should be ever so proper and beneficent, on the one hand, or ever so improper and malevolent, on the other, yet, if they fail in producing their effects, his merit seems imperfect in the one case, and his demerit incomplete in the other. Nor is this irregularity of sentiment felt only by those who are immediately affected by the consequences of any action. It is felt, in some measure, even by the impartial spectator. The man who solicits an office for another, without obtaining it, is regarded as his friend, and seems to deserve his love and affection. But the man who not only solicits, but procures it, is more peculiarly considered as his patron and benefactor, and is entitled to his respect and gratitude. The person obliged, we are apt to think, may with some justice, imagine himself on a level with the first: but we cannot enter into his sentiments, if he does not feel himself inferior to the second. It is common indeed to say, that we are equally obliged to the man who has endeavoured to serve us, as to him who actually did so. It is the speech which we constantly make upon every unsuccessful attempt of this kind; but which, like all other fine speeches, must be understood with a grain of allowance. The sentiments which a man of generosity entertains for the friend who fails, may often indeed be nearly the same with those which he conceives for him who succeeds: and the more generous he is, the more nearly will those sentiments approach to an exact level. With the truly generous, to be beloved, to be esteemed by those whom they themselves think worthy of esteem, gives more pleasure, and thereby excites more gratitude, than all the advantages which they can ever expect from those sentiments. When they lose those advantages therefore, they seem to lose but a trifle, which is scarce worth regarding. They still however lose something. Their pleasure therefore, and consequently their gratitude, is not perfectly complete: and accordingly if, between the friend who fails and the friend who succeeds, all other circumstances are equal, there will, even in the noblest and the best mind, be some little difference of affection in favour of him who succeeds. Nay, so unjust are mankind in this respect, that though the intended benefit should be procured, yet if it is not procured by the means of a particular benefactor, they are apt to think that less gratitude is due to the man, who with the best intentions in the world could do no more than help it a little forward. As their gratitude is in this case divided among the different persons who contributed to their pleasure, a smaller share of it seems due to any one. Such a person, we hear men commonly say, intended no doubt to serve us; and we really believe exerted himself to the utmost of his abilities for that purpose. We are not, however, obliged to him for this benefit; since had it not been for the concurrence of others, all that he could have done would never have brought it about. This consideration, they imagine, should, even in the eyes of the impartial spectator, diminish the debt which they owe to him. The person himself who has unsuccessfully endeavoured to confer a benefit, has by no means the same dependency upon the gratitude of the man whom he meant to oblige, nor the same sense of his own merit towards him, which he would have had in the case of success.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00307", "bookId": 67363, "start": 258688, "end": 261802, "sha256": "c142e8110e9b9c675b9cc278b9d0cd1d10abc884e28a3406b97fb0d6c83e1806", "text": "Even the merit of talents and abilities which some accident has hindered from producing their effects, seems in some measure imperfect, even to those who are fully convinced of their capacity to produce them. The general who has been hindered by the envy of ministers from gaining some great advantage over the enemies of his country, regrets the loss of the opportunity for ever after. Nor is it only upon account of the public that he regrets it. He laments that he was hindered from performing an action which would have added a new lustre to his character in his own eyes, as well as in those of every other person. It satisfies neither himself nor others to reflect that the plan or design was all that depended on him, that no greater capacity was required to execute it than what was necessary to concert it: that he was allowed to be every way capable of executing it, and that had he been permitted to go on, success was infallible. He still did not execute it; and though he might deserve all the approbation which is due to a magnanimous and great design, he still wanted the actual merit of having performed a great action. To take the management of any affair of public concern from the man who has almost brought it to a conclusion, is regarded as the most invidious injustice. As he had done so much, he should, we think, have been allowed to acquire the complete merit of putting an end to it. It was objected to Pompey, that he came in upon the victories of Lucullus, and gathered those laurels which were due to the fortune and valour of another. The glory of Lucullus, it seems, was less complete even in the opinion of his own friends, when he was not permitted to finish that conquest which his conduct and courage had put in the power of almost any man to finish. It mortifies an architect when his plans are either not executed at all, or when they are so far altered as to spoil the effect of the building. The plan, however, is all that depends upon the architect. The whole of his genius is, to good judges, as completely discovered in that as in the actual execution. But a plan does not, even to the most intelligent, give the same pleasure as a noble and magnificent building. They may discover as much both of taste and genius in the one as in the other. But their effects are still vastly different, and the amusement derived from the first, never approaches to the wonder and admiration which are sometimes excited by the second. We may believe of many men, that their talents are superior to those of Cæsar and Alexander; and that in the same situations they would perform still greater actions. In the mean time, however, we do not behold them with that astonishment and admiration with which those two heroes have been regarded in all ages and nations. The calm judgments of the mind may approve of them more, but they want the splendor of great actions to dazzle and transport it. The superiority of virtues and talents have not, even upon those who acknowledge that superiority, the same effect with the superiority of atchievements.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00308", "bookId": 67363, "start": 261806, "end": 266081, "sha256": "ac5718a9b5d653a1a827f32268d735c7324d0ceef4c5d1819d4eca89c5e2dcf4", "text": "As the merit of an unsuccessful attempt to do good seems thus, in the eyes of ungrateful mankind, to be diminished by the miscarriage, so does likewise the demerit of an unsuccessful attempt to do evil. The design to commit a crime, how clearly soever it may be proved, is scarce ever punished with the same severity as the actual commission of it. The case of treason is perhaps the only exception. That crime immediately affecting the being of the government itself, the government is naturally more jealous of it than of any other. In the punishment of treason, the sovereign resents the injuries which are immediately done to himself: in the punishment of other crimes, he resents those which are done to other men. It is his own resentment which he indulges in the one case: it is that of his subjects which by sympathy he enters into it in the other. In the first case, therefore, as he judges in his own cause, he is very apt to be more violent and sanguinary in his punishments than the impartial spectator can approve of. His resentment too rises here upon smaller occasions, and does not always, as in other cases, wait for the perpetration of the crime, or even for the attempt to commit it. A treasonable concert, though nothing has been done, or even attempted in consequence of it, nay, a treasonable conversation, is in many countries punished in the same manner as the actual commission of treason. With regard to all other crimes, the mere design, upon which no attempt has followed, is seldom punished at all, and is never punished severely. A criminal design, and a criminal action, it may be said indeed, do not necessarily suppose the same degree of depravity, and ought not therefore to be subjected to the same punishment. We are capable, it may be said, of resolving, and even of taking measures to execute, many things which, when it comes to the point, we feel ourselves altogether incapable of executing. But this reason can have no place when the design has been carried the length of the last attempt. The man, however, who fires a pistol at his enemy, but misses him, is punished with death by the laws of scarce any country. By the old law of Scotland, though he should wound him, yet, unless death ensues within a certain time, the assassin is not liable to the last punishment. The resentment of mankind, however, runs so high against this crime, their terror for the man who shows himself capable of committing it, is so great, that the mere attempt to commit it ought in all countries to be capital. The attempt to commit smaller crimes is almost always punished very lightly, and sometimes is not punished at all. The thief, whose hand has been caught in his neighbour’s pocket before he had taken any thing out of it, is punished with ignominy only. If he had got time to take away an handkerchief, he would have been put to death. The house-breaker, who has been found setting a ladder to his neighbour’s window, but had not got into it, is not exposed to the capital punishment. The attempt to ravish is not punished as a rape. The attempt to seduce a married woman is not punished at all, though seduction is punished severely. Our resentment against the person who only attempted to do a mischief, is seldom so strong as to bear us out in inflicting the same punishment upon him, which we should have thought due if he had actually done it. In the one case, the joy of our deliverance alleviates our sense of the atrocity of his conduct; in the other, the grief of our misfortune increases it. His real demerit, however, is undoubtedly the same in both cases, since his intentions were equally criminal: and there is in this respect, therefore, an irregularity in the sentiments of all men, and a consequent relaxation of discipline in the laws of, I believe, all nations, of the most civilized, as well as of the most barbarous. The humanity of a civilized people disposes them either to dispense with, or to mitigate punishments wherever their natural indignation is not goaded on by the consequences of the crime. Barbarians, on the other hand, when no actual consequence has happened from any action, are not apt to be very delicate or inquisitive about the motives.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00309", "bookId": 67363, "start": 266085, "end": 267619, "sha256": "f3629af2e315415cce05e7bd6aab77e2f569d82d35da0b0d04d4c8fa6d0f863b", "text": "The person himself who either from passion, or from the influence of bad company, has resolved, and perhaps taken measures to perpetrate some crime, but who has fortunately been prevented by an accident which put it out of his power, is sure, if he has any remains of conscience, to regard this event all his life after as a great and signal deliverance. He can never think of it without returning thanks to Heaven for having been thus graciously pleased to save him from the guilt in which he was just ready to plunge himself, and to hinder him from rendering all the rest of his life a scene of horror, remorse, and repentance. But though his hands are innocent, he is conscious that his heart is equally guilty as if he had actually executed what he was so fully resolved upon. It gives great ease to his conscience, however, to consider that the crime was not executed, though he knows that the failure arose from no virtue in him. He still considers himself as less deserving of punishment and resentment; and this good fortune either diminishes, or takes away altogether, all sense of guilt. To remember how much he was resolved upon it, has no other effect than to make him regard his escape as the greater and more miraculous: for he still fancies that he has escaped, and he looks back upon the danger to which his peace of mind was exposed, with that terror, with which one who is in safety may sometimes remember the hazard he was in of falling over a precipice, and shudder with horror at the thought.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00310", "bookId": 67363, "start": 267623, "end": 269923, "sha256": "8e286a6e56618b842952de4a4b95f7818a34875fda87c3d74370acdcf927ee25", "text": "2. The second effect of this influence of fortune, is to increase our sense of the merit or demerit of actions beyond what is due to the motives or affection from which they proceed, when they happen to give occasion to extraordinary pleasure or pain. The agreeable or disagreeable effects of the action often throw a shadow of merit or demerit upon the agent, though in his intention there was nothing that deserved either praise or blame, or at least that deserved them in the degree in which we are apt to bestow them. Thus, even the messenger of bad news is disagreeable to us, and, on the contrary, we feel a sort of gratitude for the man who brings us good tidings. For a moment we look upon them both as the authors, the one of our good, the other of our bad fortune, and regard them in some measure as if they had really brought about the events which they only give an account of. The first author of our joy is naturally the object of a transitory gratitude: we embrace him with warmth and affection, and should be glad, during the instant of our prosperity, to reward him as for some signal service. By the custom of all courts, the officer who brings the news of a victory, is entitled to considerable preferments, and the general always chuses one of his principal favourites to go upon so agreeable an errand. The first author of our sorrow is, on the contrary, just as naturally the object of a transitory resentment. We can scarce avoid looking upon him with chagrin and uneasiness; and the rude and brutal are apt to vent upon him that spleen which his intelligence gives occasion to. Tigranes, King of Armenia, struck off the head of the man who brought him the first account of the approach of a formidable enemy. To punish in this manner the author of bad tidings, seems barbarous and inhuman: yet, to reward the messenger of good news, is not disagreeable to us; we think it suitable to the bounty of kings. But why do we make this difference, since, if there is no fault in the one, neither is there any merit in the other? It is because any sort of reason seems sufficient to authorize the exertion of the social and benevolent affections; but it requires the most solid and substantial to make us enter into that of the unsocial and malevolent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00311", "bookId": 67363, "start": 269927, "end": 270614, "sha256": "2657866b22d7e0f2ffe36fe59bb3bcb2c1c77e1b87389f393f1897d10c5d38df", "text": "But though in general we are averse to enter into the unsocial and malevolent affections, though we lay it down for a rule that we ought never to approve of their gratification, unless so far as the malicious and unjust intention of the person, against whom they are directed renders him their proper object; yet, upon some occasions, we relax of this severity. When the negligence of one man has occasioned some unintended damage to another, we generally enter so far into the resentment of the sufferer, as to approve of his inflicting a punishment upon the offender much beyond what the offence will have appeared to deserve, had no such unlucky consequence followed from it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00312", "bookId": 67363, "start": 270618, "end": 273054, "sha256": "09be7d878e1a92fd230df319d53de3407e5e53966e208561d6bee3550a94468b", "text": "There is a degree of negligence, which would appear to deserve some chastisement though it should occasion no damage to any body. Thus, if a person should throw a large stone over a wall into a public street without giving warning to those who might be passing by, and without regarding where it was likely to fall, he would undoubtedly deserve some chastisement. A very accurate police would punish so absurd an action, even though it had done no mischief. The person who has been guilty of it, shows an insolent contempt of the happiness and safety of others. There is real injustice in his conduct. He wantonly exposes his neighbour to what no man in his senses would chuse to expose himself, and evidently wants that sense of what is due to his fellow-creatures which is the basis of justice and of society. Gross negligence therefore is, in the law, said to be almost equal to malicious design[3]. When any unlucky consequences happen from such carelessness, the person who has been guilty of it is often punished as if he had really intended those consequences; and his conduct, which was only thoughtless and insolent, and what deserved some chastisement, is considered as atrocious, and as liable to the severest punishment. Thus if, by the imprudent action above-mentioned, he should accidentally kill a man, he is, by the laws of many countries, particularly by the old law of Scotland, liable to the last punishment. And though this is no doubt excessively severe, it is not altogether inconsistent with our natural sentiments. Our just indignation against the folly and inhumanity of his conduct is exasperated by our sympathy with the unfortunate sufferer. Nothing however would appear more shocking to our natural sense of equity, than to bring a man to the scaffold merely for having thrown a stone carelessly into the street without hurting any body. The folly and inhumanity of his conduct, however, would in this case be the same; but still our sentiments would be very different. The consideration of this difference may satisfy us how much the indignation, even of the spectator, is apt to be animated by the actual consequences of the action. In cases of this kind there will, if I am not mistaken, be found a great degree of severity in the laws of almost all nations; as I have already observed that in those of an opposite kind there was a very general relaxation of discipline.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00313", "bookId": 67363, "start": 273058, "end": 273069, "sha256": "d8e05cc58309b14ec4fb756cab6c72dbaa9cf3337b97a6468af2fec7c51b7833", "text": "Footnote 3:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00314", "bookId": 67363, "start": 273075, "end": 273102, "sha256": "ab378533c04fbca3a79ff99ca1f26f08a61e8ceda2bc99bc9e46465c61085c7d", "text": "Lata culpa prope dolum est.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00315", "bookId": 67363, "start": 273106, "end": 274222, "sha256": "a9d4030db314adf765d9f22c047e05273afa20ddaa9df6491c996df92fac0526", "text": "There is another degree of negligence which does not involve in it any sort of injustice. The person who is guilty of it treats his neighbour as he treats himself, means no harm to any body, and is far from entertaining any insolent contempt for the safety and happiness of others. He is not, however, so careful and circumspect in his conduct as he ought to be, and deserves upon this account some degree of blame and censure, but no sort of punishment. Yet if by a negligence[4] of this kind he should occasion some damage to another person, he is by the laws of, I believe, all countries, obliged to compensate it. And though this is no doubt a real punishment, and what no mortal would have thought of inflicting upon him, had it not been for the unlucky accident which his conduct gave occasion to; yet this decision of the law is approved of by the natural sentiments of all mankind. Nothing, we think, can be more just than that one man should not suffer by the carelessness of another; and that the damage occasioned by blamable negligence should be made up by the person who was guilty of it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00316", "bookId": 67363, "start": 274226, "end": 274237, "sha256": "f6e4235a4906dad9df476263688176413d7c75be07d9f25017bde439631848be", "text": "Footnote 4:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00317", "bookId": 67363, "start": 274243, "end": 274255, "sha256": "9c095d1a7c6082751243ef500542796e6e144425037b5b02ea17b9979ad30c14", "text": "Culpa levis.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00318", "bookId": 67363, "start": 274259, "end": 276548, "sha256": "a3a6e3242601ab26c56e85f181e2267ae792be1dc99640c48ce299672ad6a2a0", "text": "There is another species of negligence[5], which consists merely in a want of the most anxious timidity and circumspection, with regard to all the possible consequences of our actions. The want of this painful attention, when no bad consequences follow from it, is so far from being regarded as blamable, that the contrary quality is rather considered as such. That timid circumspection which is afraid of every thing, is never regarded as a virtue, but as a quality which more than any other incapacitates for action and business. Yet when, from a want of this excessive care, a person happens to occasion some damage to another, he is often by the law obliged to compensate it. Thus, by the Aquilian law, the man, who not being able to manage a horse that had accidentally taken fright, should happen to ride down his neighbour’s slave, is obliged to compensate the damage. When an accident of this kind happens, we are apt to think that he ought not to have rode such a horse, and to regard his attempting it as an unpardonable levity; though without this accident we should not only have made no such reflection, but should have regarded his refusing it as the effect of timid weakness, and of an anxiety about merely possible events, which it is to no purpose to be aware of. The person himself, who by an accident even of this kind has involuntarily hurt another, seems to have some sense of his own ill desert, with regard to him. He naturally runs up to the sufferer to express his concern for what has happened, and to make every acknowledgment in his power. If he has any sensibility, he necessarily desires to compensate the damage, and to do every thing he can to appease that animal resentment, which he is sensible will be apt to arise in the breast of the sufferer. To make no apology, to offer no atonement, is regarded as the highest brutality. Yet why should he make an apology more than any other person? Why should he, since he was equally innocent with any other by-stander, be thus singled out from among all mankind, to make up for the bad fortune of another? This task would surely never be imposed upon him, did not even the impartial spectator feel some indulgence for what may be regarded as the unjust resentment of that other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00319", "bookId": 67363, "start": 276552, "end": 276563, "sha256": "4a0172df89c1a1d0064bbd0006a2eda1d2fc217da9b08b8ee200adb64d28161e", "text": "Footnote 5:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00320", "bookId": 67363, "start": 276569, "end": 276585, "sha256": "f403358cc3eb136c1e9d11e273bbe279dd1170f1c1c3779d13037578072b22eb", "text": "Culpa levissima.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00321", "bookId": 67363, "start": 276626, "end": 276702, "sha256": "39c4e2e0c6e26ed7deb35b37226f7d02ed3c9367bc9b4a6771b06a969803bab1", "text": "CHAP. III. _Of the final cause of this irregularity of sentiments._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00322", "bookId": 67363, "start": 276708, "end": 277835, "sha256": "ffee42c9bf5c219760dd11bd735e662926fb4e8d4ce3a31130c8ac8ddca1d57d", "text": "Such is the effect of the good or bad consequence of actions upon the sentiments both of the person who performs them, and of others; and thus, Fortune, which governs the world, has some influence where we should be least willing to allow her any, and directs in some measure the sentiments of mankind, with regard to the character and conduct both of themselves and others. That the world judges by the event, and not by the design, has been in all ages the complaint, and is the great discouragement of virtue. Every body agrees to the general maxim, that as the event does not depend on the agent, it ought to have no influence upon your sentiments, with regard to the merit or propriety of his conduct. But when we come to particulars, we find that our sentiments are scarce in any one instance exactly conformable to what this equitable maxim would direct. The happy or unprosperous event of any action, is not only apt to give us a good or bad opinion of the prudence with which it was conducted, but almost always too animates our gratitude or resentment, our sense of the merit or demerit of the design.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00323", "bookId": 67363, "start": 277839, "end": 280118, "sha256": "9f0004cc756a4cb2c235fa3ffa5e5d659b016148e785c79d612891f6bafd9bb3", "text": "Nature, however, when the implanted the seeds of this irregularity in the human breast, seems, as upon all other occasions, to have intended the happiness and perfection of the species. If the hurtfulness of the design, if the malevolence of the affection, were alone the causes which excited our resentment, we should feel all the furies of that passion against any person in whose breast we suspected or believed such designs or affections were harboured, though they had never broke out into any actions. Sentiments, thoughts, intentions, would become the objects of punishment; and if the indignation of mankind ran as high against them as against actions; if the baseness of the thought which had given birth to no action, seemed in the eyes of the world as much to call aloud for vengeance as the baseness of the action, every court of judicature would become a real inquisition. There would be no safety for the most innocent and circumspect conduct. Bad wishes, bad views, bad designs, might still be suspected; and while these excited the same indignation with bad conduct, while bad intentions were as much resented as bad actions, they would equally expose the person to punishment and resentment. Actions therefore which either produce actual evil, or attempt to produce it, and thereby put us in the immediate fear of it, are by the Author of nature rendered the only proper and approved objects of human punishment and resentment. Sentiments, designs, affections, though it is from these that according to cool reason human actions derive their whole merit or demerit, are placed by the great Judge of hearts beyond the limits of every human jurisdiction, and are reserved for the cognizance of his own unerring tribunal. That necessary rule of justice, therefore, that men in this life are liable to punishment for their actions only, not for their designs and intentions, is founded upon this salutary and useful irregularity in human sentiments concerning merit or demerit, which at first sight appears so absurd and unaccountable. But every part of nature, when attentively surveyed, equally demonstrates the providential care of its Author, and we may admire the wisdom and goodness of God even in the weakness and folly of men.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00324", "bookId": 67363, "start": 280122, "end": 282484, "sha256": "81d6c2cc188951fd8c15c626645c1259681eaf54ff2d088f7361e8aa47a9e31a", "text": "Nor is that irregularity of sentiments altogether without its utility, by which the merit of an unsuccessful attempt to serve, and much more that of mere good inclinations and kind wishes, appears to be imperfect. Man was made for action, and to promote by the exertion of his faculties such changes in the external circumstances both of himself and others, as may seem most favourable to the happiness of all. He must not be satisfied with indolent benevolence, nor fancy himself the friend of mankind, because in his heart he wishes well to the prosperity of the world. That he may call forth the whole vigour of his soul, and strain every nerve, in order to produce those ends which it is the purpose of his being to advance, Nature has taught him, that neither himself nor mankind can be fully satisfied with his conduct, nor bestow upon it the full measure of applause, unless he has actually produced them. He is made to know, that the praise of good intentions, without the merit of good offices, will be but of little avail to excite either the loudest acclamations of the world, or even the highest degree of self-applause. The man who has performed no single action of importance, but whose whole conversation and deportment express the justest, the noblest, and most generous sentiments, can be entitled to demand no very high reward, even though his inutility should be owing to nothing but the want of an opportunity to serve. We can still refuse it him without blame. We can still ask him, what have you done? What actual service can you produce, to entitle you to so great a recompense? We esteem you, and love you; but we owe you nothing. To reward indeed that latent virtue which has been useless only for want of an opportunity to serve, to bestow upon it those honours and preferments, which, though in some measure it may be said to deserve them, it could not with propriety have insisted upon, is the effect of the most divine benevolence. To punish, on the contrary, for the affections of the heart only, where no crime has been committed, is the most insolent and barbarous tyranny. The benevolent affections seem to deserve most praise, when they do not wait till it becomes almost a crime for them not to exert themselves. The malevolent, on the contrary, can scarce be too tardy, too slow, or deliberate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00325", "bookId": 67363, "start": 282488, "end": 282932, "sha256": "d4c3dc0eba0e1f10e6194288189fdff4dc6791c39d01f4eda99eeb1e085a67b8", "text": "It is even of use that the evil which is done without design should be regarded as a misfortune to the doer as well as to the sufferer. Man is thereby taught to reverence the happiness of his brethren, to tremble lest he should, even unknowingly, do any thing that can hurt them, and to dread that animal resentment which he feels is ready to burst out against him, if he should without design be the unhappy instrument of their calamity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00326", "bookId": 67363, "start": 282936, "end": 284350, "sha256": "dabf512c047f0f48563340b7b4cf1fef029b30c8a0ee892d29f4d2e2e4861356", "text": "Notwithstanding, however, all these seeming irregularities of sentiment, if man should unfortunately either give occasion to those evils which he did not intend, or fail in producing that good which he intended, nature has not left his innocence altogether without consolation, nor his virtue altogether without reward. He then calls to his assistance that just and equitable maxim, that those events which did not depend upon our conduct ought not to diminish the esteem that is due to us. He summons up his whole magnanimity and firmness of soul, and strives to regard himself, not in the light in which he at present appears, but in that in which he ought to appear, in which he would have appeared had his generous designs been crowned with success, and in which he would still appear, notwithstanding their miscarriage, if the sentiments of mankind were either altogether candid and equitable, or even perfectly consistent with themselves. The more candid and humane part of mankind entirely go along with the efforts which he thus makes to support himself in his own opinion. They exert their whole generosity and greatness of mind, to correct in themselves this irregularity of human nature, and endeavour to regard his unfortunate magnanimity in the same light in which, had it been successful, they would, without any such generous exertion, have naturally been disposed to consider it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00327", "bookId": 67363, "start": 284391, "end": 284527, "sha256": "c423e022adc2751d8d10820f573227c733b27889a7ae39ce298b526deca8a3c3", "text": "PART III. Of the foundation of our judgments concerning our own sentiments and conduct, and of the sense of duty.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00328", "bookId": 67363, "start": 284554, "end": 284580, "sha256": "7e9e8d8b414987216939c52d903442bf388a2f9791cec64e226a874b8c2a4661", "text": "CONSISTING OF ONE SECTION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00329", "bookId": 67363, "start": 284622, "end": 284693, "sha256": "bd81e8fd160e36ba3dc4e17ac2e384cc75442ad3b38a266481834f608d5e9de2", "text": "CHAP. I. _Of the consciousness of merited praise or blame._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00330", "bookId": 67363, "start": 284699, "end": 284928, "sha256": "988777a4ae0e7cc756bb649822f4364fff83c2c92902ad540519d1bc7f620274", "text": "In the two foregoing parts of this discourse, I have chiefly considered the origin and foundation of our judgments concerning the sentiments and conduct of others. I come now to consider the origin of those concerning our own.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00331", "bookId": 67363, "start": 284932, "end": 287905, "sha256": "1480e85e7282aa94f864997246ab61bf943c950680f046821d3efda8fb48a1b2", "text": "The desire of the approbation and esteem of those we live with, which is of such importance to our happiness, cannot be fully and entirely contented but by rendering ourselves the just and proper objects of those sentiments, and by adjusting our own character and conduct according to those measures and rules by which esteem and approbation are naturally bestowed. It is not sufficient, that from ignorance or mistake, esteem and approbation should some way or other be bestowed upon us. If we are conscious that we do not deserve to be so favourably thought of, and that if the truth was known, we should be regarded with very opposite sentiments, our satisfaction is far from being complete. The man who applauds us either for actions which we did not perform, or for motives which had no sort of influence upon our conduct, applauds not us, but another person. We can derive no sort of satisfaction from his praises. To us they should be more mortifying than any censure, and should perpetually call to our minds, the most humbling of all reflections, the reflection upon what we ought to be, but what we are not. A woman who paints to conceal her ugliness, could derive, one should imagine, but little vanity from the compliments that are paid to her beauty. These, we should expect, ought rather to put her in mind of the sentiments which her real complexion would excite, and mortify her more by the contrast. To be pleased with such groundless applause is a proof of the most superficial levity and weakness. It is what is properly called vanity, and is the foundation of the most ridiculous and contemptible vices, the vices of affectation and common lying; follies which, if experience did not teach us how common they are, one should imagine the least spark of common sense would save us from. The foolish liar, who endeavours to excite the admiration of the company by the relation of adventures which never had any existence, the important coxcomb who gives himself airs of rank and distinction which he well knows he has no just pretensions to, are both of them, no doubt, pleased with the applause which they fancy they meet with. But their vanity arises from so gross an illusion of the imagination, that it is difficult to conceive how any rational creature should be imposed upon by it. When they place themselves in the situation of those whom they fancy they have deceived, they are struck with the highest admiration for their own persons. They look upon themselves, not in that light in which, they know, they ought to appear to their companions, but in that in which they believe their companions actually look upon them. Their superficial weakness and trivial folly hinder them from ever turning their eyes inwards, or from seeing themselves in that despicable point of view in which their own consciences should tell them that they would appear to every body, if the real truth should ever come to be known.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00332", "bookId": 67363, "start": 287909, "end": 290893, "sha256": "92d97f6891ea1e1f0772ec096ef2ec9828f26df057ef3e0548409acf1c790aa5", "text": "As ignorant and groundless praise can give no solid joy, no satisfaction that will bear any serious examination, so, on the contrary, it often gives real comfort to reflect, that though no praise should actually be bestowed upon us, our conduct, however, has been such as to deserve it, and has been in every respect suitable to those measures and rules by which praise and approbation are naturally and commonly bestowed. We are pleased not only with praise, but with having done what is praise-worthy. We are pleased to think that we have rendered ourselves the natural objects of approbation, though no approbation, should ever actually be bestowed upon us: and we are mortified to reflect that we have justly incurred the blame of those we live with, though that sentiment should never actually be exerted against us. The man who is conscious to himself that he has exactly observed those measures of conduct which experience informs him are generally agreeable, reflects with satisfaction on the propriety of his own behaviour; when he views it in the light in which the impartial spectator would view it, he thoroughly enters into all the motives which influenced it; he looks back upon every part of it with pleasure and approbation, and though mankind should never be acquainted with what he has done, he regards himself not so much according to the light in which they actually regard him, as according to that, in which they would regard him if they were better informed. He anticipates the applause and admiration which in this case would be bestowed upon him, and he applauds and admires himself by sympathy with sentiments which do not indeed actually take place, but which the ignorance of the public alone hinders from taking place, which he knows are the natural and ordinary effects of such conduct, which his imagination strongly connects with it, and which he has acquired a habit of conceiving as something that naturally and in propriety ought to flow from it. Men have often voluntarily thrown away life to acquire after death a renown which they could no longer enjoy. Their imagination, in the mean time, anticipated that fame which was thereafter to be bestowed upon them. Those applauses which they were never to hear rung in their ears; the thoughts of that admiration, whose effects they were never to feel, played about their hearts, banished from their breasts the strongest of all natural fears, and transported them to perform actions which seem aimed beyond the reach of human nature. But in point of reality there is surely no great difference between that approbation which is not to be bestowed till we can no longer enjoy it, and that which indeed is never to be bestowed, but which would be bestowed if the world was ever made to understand properly the real circumstances of our behaviour. If the one often produces such violent effects, we cannot wonder that the other should always be highly regarded.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00333", "bookId": 67363, "start": 290897, "end": 294292, "sha256": "46f46d5abb483b674138d51b924ac570ee9a15f7e47d15d7738862352b07a858", "text": "On the contrary, the man who has broke through all those measures of conduct, which can alone render him agreeable to mankind, tho’ he should have the most perfect assurance that what he had done was for ever to be concealed from every human eye, it is all to no purpose. When he looks back upon it, and views it in the light in which the impartial spectator would view it, he finds that he can enter into none of the motives which influenced it. He is abashed and confounded at the thoughts of it, and necessarily feels a very high degree of that shame which he would be exposed to, if his actions should ever come to be generally known. His imagination, in this case too, anticipates the contempt and derision from which nothing saves him but the ignorance of those he lives with. He still feels that he is the natural object of these sentiments, and still trembles at the thought of what he would suffer if they were ever actually exerted against him. But if what he had been guilty of was not merely one of those improprieties which are the objects of simple disapprobation, but one of those enormous crimes which excite detestation and resentment, he could never think of it, as long as he had any sensibility left, without feeling all the agony of horror and remorse; and though he could be assured that no man was ever to know it, and could even bring himself to believe that there was no God to revenge it, he would still feel enough of both these sentiments to embitter the whole of his life: He would still regard himself as the natural object of the hatred and indignation of all his fellow-creatures; and if his heart was not grown callous by the habit of crimes, he could not think without terror and astonishment even of the manner in which mankind would look upon him, of what would be the expression of their countenance and of their eyes, if the dreadful truth should ever come to be known. These natural pangs of an affrighted conscience are the dæmons, the avenging furies which in this life haunt the guilty, which allow them neither quiet nor repose, which often drive them to despair and distraction, from which no assurance of secrecy can protect them, from which no principles of irreligion can entirely deliver them, and from which nothing can free them but the vilest and most abject of all states, a complete insensibility of honour and infamy, to vice and virtue. Men of the most detestable characters, who, in the execution of the most dreadful crimes, had taken their measures so coolly as to avoid even the suspicion of guilt, have sometimes been driven, by the horror of their situation, to discover of their own accord, what no human sagacity could ever have investigated. By acknowledging their guilt, by submitting themselves to the resentment of their offended citizens, and by thus satiating that vengeance of which they were sensible that they were become the proper objects, they hoped by their death to reconcile themselves, at least in their own imagination, to the natural sentiments of mankind, to be able to consider themselves as less worthy of hatred and resentment, to atone in some measure for their crimes, and, if possible, to die in peace and with the forgiveness of all their fellow-creatures. Compared to what they felt before the discovery, even the thought of this, it seems, was happiness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00334", "bookId": 67363, "start": 294333, "end": 294477, "sha256": "5f499672edd7905374e4c1f52a2f7b69c7d4fd81397d0209834c989e0e87b916", "text": "CHAP. II. _In what manner our own judgments refer to what ought to be the judgments of others: and of the origin of general rules._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00335", "bookId": 67363, "start": 294483, "end": 295266, "sha256": "a72dfef6670d1a315d997e1703747da0e0abc589d96aec815d69884e0ad937e8", "text": "A great part, perhaps the greatest part, of human happiness and misery arises from the view of our past conduct, and from the degree of approbation or disapprobation which we feel from the consideration of it. But in whatever manner it may affect us, our sentiments of this kind have always some secret reference either to what are, or to what upon a certain condition would be, or to what we imagine ought to be the sentiments of others. We examine it as we imagine an impartial spectator would examine it. If upon placing ourselves in his situation we thoroughly enter into all the passions and motives which influenced it, we approve of it by sympathy with the approbation of this supposed equitable judge. If otherwise, we enter into his disapprobation and condemn it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00336", "bookId": 67363, "start": 295270, "end": 297334, "sha256": "fe79bba593ccc04e316d7c3b0fa8535c3a0bee3eae463096323707be1dc2b52b", "text": "Was it possible that a human creature could grow up to manhood in some solitary place without any communication with his own species, he could no more think of his own character, of the propriety or demerit of his own sentiments and conduct, of the beauty or deformity of his own mind, than of the beauty or deformity of his own face. All these are objects which he cannot easily see, which naturally he does not look at; and with regard to which he is provided with no mirror which can present them to his view. Bring him into society, and he is immediately provided with the mirror which he wanted before. It is placed in the countenance and behaviour of those he lives with, which always mark when they enter into, and when they disapprove of his sentiments; and it is here that he first views the propriety and impropriety of his own passions, the beauty and deformity of his own mind. To a man who from his birth was a stranger to society, the objects of his passions, the external bodies which either pleased or hurt him, would occupy his whole attention. The passions themselves, the desires or aversions, the joys or sorrows, which those objects excited, though of all things the most immediately present to him, could scarce ever be the objects of his thoughts. The idea of them could never interest him so much as to call upon his attentive consideration. The consideration of his joy could in him excite no new joy, nor that of his sorrow any new sorrow, though the consideration of the causes of those passions might often excite both. Bring him into society, and all his own passions will immediately become the causes of new passions. He will observe that mankind approve of some of them, and are disgusted by others. He will be elevated in the one case, and cast down in the other; his desires and aversions, his joys and sorrows will now often become the causes of new desires and new aversions, new joys and new sorrows: they will now therefore interest him deeply, and often call upon his most attentive consideration.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00337", "bookId": 67363, "start": 297338, "end": 298650, "sha256": "c432c695ce7e274e1f4ef8883b2e8f864361e208c0e8c1a45983c0033eea1081", "text": "Our first ideas of personal beauty and deformity, are drawn from the shape and appearance of others, not from our own. We soon become sensible, however, that others exercise the same criticism upon us. We are pleased when they approve of our figure, and are disobliged when they seem to be disgusted. We become anxious to know how far our appearance deserves either their blame or approbation. We examine our own persons limb by limb, and by placing ourselves before a looking-glass, or by some such expedient, endeavour, as much as possible, to view ourselves at the distance and with the eyes of other people. If after this examination we are satisfied with our own appearance, we can more easily support the most disadvantageous judgments of others: if, on the contrary, we are sensible that we are the natural objects of distaste, every appearance of their disapprobation mortifies us beyond all measure. A man who is tolerably handsome, will allow you to laugh at any little irregularity in his person; but all such jokes are commonly insupportable to one who is really deformed. It is evident, however, that we are anxious about our own beauty and deformity only on account of its effect upon others. If we had no connexion with society, we should be altogether indifferent about either.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00338", "bookId": 67363, "start": 298654, "end": 300134, "sha256": "f77dcbc88aeffeda81f5d85977e6e3a55f58d73912ea5117f335a7e45c48ca0e", "text": "In the same manner our first moral criticisms are exercised upon the characters and conduct of other people; and we are all very forward to observe how each of these affects us. But we soon learn, that others are equally frank with regard to our own. We become anxious to know how far we deserve their censure or applause, and whether to them we must necessarily appear those agreeable or disagreeable creatures which they represent us. We begin upon this account to examine our own passions and conduct, and to consider how these must appear to them, by considering how they would appear to us if in their situation. We suppose ourselves the spectators of our own behaviour, and endeavour to imagine what effect it would, in this light, produce upon us. This is the only looking-glass by which we can, in some measure, with the eyes of others, scrutinize the propriety of our own conduct. If in this view it pleases us, we are tolerably satisfied. We can be more indifferent about the applause, and, in some measure, despise the censure of others; secure that, however misunderstood or misrepresented, we are the natural and proper objects of approbation. On the contrary, if we are displeased with it, we are often upon that very account more anxious to gain their approbation, and, provided we have not already, as they say, shaken hands with infamy, we are altogether distracted at the thoughts of their censure, which then strikes us with double severity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00339", "bookId": 67363, "start": 300138, "end": 301109, "sha256": "f8186b1ff9b6626bb9286718289f47480fc67feecffb99b63f9b9b84c63b88cb", "text": "When I endeavour to examine my own conduct, when I endeavour to pass sentence upon it, and either to approve or condemn it, it is evident that, in all such cases, I divide myself, as it were, into two persons, and that I, the examiner and judge, represent a different character from that other I, the person whose conduct is examined into and judged of. The first is the spectator, whose sentiments with regard to my own conduct I endeavour to enter into, by placing myself in his situation, and by considering how it would appear to me when seen from that particular point of view. The second is the agent, the person whom I properly call myself, and of whose conduct, under the character of a spectator, I was endeavouring to form some opinion. The first is the judge; the second the pannel. But that the judge should, in every respect, be the same with the pannel, is as impossible, as that the cause should, in every respect, be the same with the effect.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00340", "bookId": 67363, "start": 301113, "end": 301948, "sha256": "bd44255fd70f1b8ab0b2509a655fec82980568aca90dfaa6056d21bf19eb7669", "text": "To be amiable and to be meritorious, that is, to deserve love and to deserve reward, are the great characters of virtue, and to be odious and punishable, of vice. But all these characters have an immediate reference to the sentiments of others. Virtue is not said to be amiable or to be meritorious, because it is the object of its own love, or of its own gratitude; but because it excites those sentiments in other men. The consciousness that it is the object of such favourable regards is the source of that inward tranquillity and self-satisfaction with which it is naturally attended, as the suspicion of the contrary gives occasion to the torments of vice. What so great happiness as to be beloved, and to know that we deserve to be beloved? What so great misery as to be hated, and to know that we deserve to be hated?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00341", "bookId": 67363, "start": 301952, "end": 302857, "sha256": "d040cab837434c0994f7553f464e0f4a7ff8b71aaf0403aa0458c80ad32d5d1b", "text": "Man is considered as a moral, because he is regarded as an accountable being. But an accountable being, as the word expresses, is a being that must give an account of its actions to some other, and that consequently must regulate them according to the good liking of this other. Man is accountable to God and his fellow-creatures. But though he is, no doubt, principally accountable to God; in the order of time, he must necessarily conceive himself as accountable to his fellow-creatures, before he can form any idea of the Deity, or of the rules by which that divine being will judge of his conduct. A child surely conceives itself as accountable to its parents, and is elevated or cast down by the thought of their merited approbation or disapprobation, long before it forms any idea of its accountableness to the Deity, or of the rules by which that divine being will judge of its conduct.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00342", "bookId": 67363, "start": 302861, "end": 304549, "sha256": "d81085a496f1490a8d76e38953fea6aa86966becec52386a2c40423474ac4613", "text": "The great judge of the world, has, for the wisest reasons, thought proper to interpose, between the weak eye of human reason, and the throne of his eternal justice, a degree of obscurity and darkness, which though it does not entirely cover that great tribunal from the view of mankind, yet renders the impression of it faint and feeble in comparison of what might be expected from the grandeur and importance of so mighty an object. If those infinite rewards and punishments which the Almighty has prepared for those who obey or transgress his will, were perceived as distinctly as we foresee the frivolous and temporary retaliations which we may expect from one another, the weakness of human nature, astonished at the immensity of objects so little fitted to its comprehension, could no longer attend to the little affairs of this world; and it is absolutely impossible that the business of society could have been carried on, if, in this respect, there had been a fuller revelation of the intentions of Providence than that which has already been made. That men, however, might never be without a rule to direct their conduct by, nor without a judge whose authority should enforce its observation, the Author of nature has made man the immediate judge of mankind, and has, in this respect, as in many others, created him after his own image, and appointed him his vicegerent upon earth, to superintend the behaviour of his brethren. They are taught by nature to acknowledge that power and jurisdiction which has thus been conferred upon him, and to tremble and exult according as they imagine that they have either merited his censure, or deserved his applause.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00343", "bookId": 67363, "start": 304553, "end": 304987, "sha256": "7b3be477d155614e38c777ac80c154bbc5a04f753f81b4c3f29dfa47ae913568", "text": "But whatever may be the authority of this inferior tribunal which is continually before their eyes, if at any time it should decide contrary to those principles and rules, which Nature has established for regulating its judgments, men feel that they may appeal from this unjust decision, and call upon a superior tribunal, the tribunal established in their own breasts, to redress the injustice of this weak or partial judgment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00344", "bookId": 67363, "start": 304991, "end": 306184, "sha256": "8708f7c48a5f9b282e9b516ae73b2c0f433ea7145864a85826db48757e5d78d7", "text": "There are certain principles established by Nature for governing our judgment concerning the conduct of those we live with. As long as we decide according to those principles, and neither applaud nor condemn any thing which Nature has not rendered the proper object of applause or condemnation, nor any further than she has rendered it such, as our sentence is, in this case, if I may say so, quite agreeable to law, it is liable neither to repeal nor to correction of any kind. The person concerning whom we form these judgments, must himself necessarily approve of them. When he puts himself into our situation, he cannot avoid viewing his own conduct in the very same light in which we appear to view it. He is sensible, that to us, and to every impartial spectator, he must necessarily appear the natural and proper object of those sentiments which we express with regard to him. Those sentiments, therefore, must necessarily produce their full effect upon him, and he cannot fail to conceive all the triumph of self-approbation from, what appears to him, such merited applause, as well as all the horrors of shame from, what, he is sensible, is such deserved condemnation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00345", "bookId": 67363, "start": 306188, "end": 307094, "sha256": "4eb248fb1aea23440d010b9479091ac7bd62a5a022a876aae44388f99cd3de41", "text": "But it is otherwise, if we have either applauded or condemned him, contrary to those principles and rules which Nature has established for the direction of our judgments concerning every thing of this kind. If we have either applauded or condemned him for what, when he put himself into our situation, does not appear to him to be the object either of applause or condemnation; as in this case he cannot enter into our sentiments, provided he has any constancy or firmness, he is but little affected by them, and can neither be much elevated by the favourable, nor greatly mortified by the unfavourable decision. The applause of the whole world will avail but little, if our own conscience condemn us; and the disapprobation of all mankind is not capable of oppressing us, when we are absolved by the tribunal within our own breast, and when our own mind tells us that mankind are in the wrong.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00346", "bookId": 67363, "start": 307098, "end": 307579, "sha256": "59d3ec27a85734f138d9a0d05cf41a25bc34b89b838730b1dd6bbb18f9c87436", "text": "But though this tribunal within the breast be thus the supreme arbiter of all our actions, though it can reverse the decisions of all mankind with regard to our character and conduct, and mortify us amidst the applause, or support us under the censure of the world; yet, if we inquire into the origin of its institution, its jurisdiction we shall find is in a great measure derived from the authority of that very tribunal, whose decisions it so often and so justly reverses.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00347", "bookId": 67363, "start": 307583, "end": 309622, "sha256": "d8aa688229c62e26c54f5c1d1416e5e11cc78890176186981269f8a760f33d7c", "text": "When we first come into the world, from the natural desire to please, we accustom ourselves to consider what behaviour is likely to be agreeable to every person we converse with, to our parents, to our masters, to our companions. We address ourselves to individuals, and for some time fondly pursue the impossible and absurd project of gaining the good-will and approbation of every body. We are soon taught by experience, however, that this universal approbation is altogether unattainable. As soon as we come to have more important interests to manage, we find, that by pleasing one man, we almost certainly disoblige another, and that by humouring an individual, we may often irritate a whole people. The fairest and most equitable conduct must frequently obstruct the interests, or thwart the inclinations of particular persons, who will seldom have candour enough to enter into the propriety of our motives, or to see that this conduct, how disagreeable soever to them, is perfectly suitable to our situation. In order to defend ourselves from such partial judgments, we soon learn to set up in our own minds a judge between ourselves and those we live with. We conceive ourselves as acting in the presence of a person quite candid and equitable, of one who has no particular relation either to ourselves, or to those whose interests are affected by our conduct, who is neither father, nor brother, nor friend either to them or to us, but is merely a man in general, an impartial spectator who considers our conduct with the same indifference with which we regard that of other people. If, when we place ourselves in the situation of such a person, our own actions appear to us under an agreeable aspect, if we feel that such a spectator cannot avoid entering into all the motives which influenced us, whatever may be the judgments of the world, we must still be pleased with our own behaviour, and regard ourselves, in spite of the censure of our companions, as the just and proper objects of approbation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00348", "bookId": 67363, "start": 309626, "end": 311788, "sha256": "eb8eb83e4b297d9a95918f0742fb93bfff6a826e6fd3f6cee6d80749a5e9ebcf", "text": "On the contrary, if the man within condemns us, the loudest acclamations of mankind appear but as the noise of ignorance and folly, and whenever we assume the character of this impartial judge, we cannot avoid viewing our own actions with this distaste and dissatisfaction. The weak, the vain, and the frivolous, indeed, may be mortified by the most groundless censure, or elated by the most absurd applause. Such persons are not accustomed to consult the judge within concerning the opinion which they ought to form of their own conduct. This inmate of the breast, this abstract man, the representative of mankind, and substitute of the Deity, whom Nature has constituted the supreme judge of all their actions, is seldom appealed to by them. They are contented with the decision of the inferior tribunal. The approbation of their companions, of the particular persons whom they have lived and conversed with, has generally been the ultimate object of all their wishes. If they obtain this, their joy is complete; and if they fail, they are entirely disappointed. They never think of appealing to the superior court. They have seldom inquired after its decisions, and are altogether unacquainted with the rules and forms of its procedure. When the world injures them, therefore, they are incapable of doing themselves justice, and are, in consequence, necessarily the slaves of the world. But it is otherwise with the man who has, upon all occasions, been accustomed to have recourse to the judge within, and to consider, not what the world approves or disapproves of, but what appears to this impartial spectator, the natural and proper object of approbation or disapprobation. The judgment of this supreme arbiter of his conduct, is the applause, which he has been accustomed principally to court, is the censure which he has been accustomed principally to fear. Compared with this final decision, the sentiments of all mankind, though not altogether indifferent, appear to be but of small moment; and he is incapable of being either much elevated by their favourable, or greatly depressed by their most disadvantageous judgment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00349", "bookId": 67363, "start": 311792, "end": 312012, "sha256": "265075d8e98d33943012bd46cdf24cb05f29165f2e43c09487eb91de50a859ad", "text": "It is only by consulting this judge within, that we can see whatever relates to ourselves in its proper shape and dimensions, or that we can make any proper comparison between our own interests and those of other men.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00350", "bookId": 67363, "start": 312016, "end": 313259, "sha256": "13cd215d5fea80d0808a169486a8873c5b9973353b3e47465179f6ace19a326e", "text": "As to the eye of the body, objects appear great or small, not so much according to their real dimensions, as according to the nearness or distance of their situation; so do they likewise to what may be called the natural eye of the mind: and we remedy the defects of both these organs pretty much in the same manner. In my present situation an immense landscape of lawns, and woods, and distant mountains, seems to do no more than cover the little window which I write by, and to be out of all proportion less than the chamber in which I am sitting. I can form a just comparison between those great objects and the little objects around me, in no other way, than by transporting myself, at least in fancy, to a different station, from whence I can survey both at nearly equal distances, and thereby form some judgment of their real proportions. Habit and experience have taught me to do this so easily and so readily, that I am scarce sensible that I do it; and a man must be, in some measure, acquainted with the philosophy of vision, before he can be thoroughly convinced, how little those distant objects would appear to the eye, if the imagination, from a knowledge of their real magnitudes, did not swell and dilate them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00351", "bookId": 67363, "start": 313263, "end": 314651, "sha256": "7b2267b5e1a624edf65b229ab59f944e54cf43489883bab454142e3bf3e904cd", "text": "In the same manner, to the selfish and original passions of human nature, the loss or gain of a very small interest of our own, appears to be of vastly more importance, excites a much more passionate joy or sorrow, a much more ardent desire or aversion, than the greatest concern of another with whom we have no particular connexion. His interests, as long as they are surveyed from this station, can never be put into the balance with our own, can never restrain us from doing whatever may tend to promote our own, how ruinous soever to him. Before we can make any proper comparison of those opposite interests, we must change our position. We must view them, neither from our own place, nor yet from his, neither with our own eyes nor yet with his, but from the place, and with the eyes of a third person, who has no particular connexion with either, and who judges with impartiality between us. Here too, habit and experience have taught us to do this so easily and so readily, that we are scarce sensible that we do it; and it requires, in this case too, some degree of reflection, and even of philosophy to convince us, how little interest we should take in the greatest concerns of our neighbour, how little we should be affected by whatever relates to him, if the sense of propriety and justice did not correct the otherwise natural inequality of our sentiments.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00352", "bookId": 67363, "start": 314655, "end": 318726, "sha256": "d8a2f886aa73be2bebd8675e8776c99a60c1c565354c6da3c3abbba0a321bf36", "text": "Let us suppose that the great empire of China, with all its myriads of inhabitants, was suddenly swallowed up by an earthquake, and let us consider how a man of humanity in Europe, who had no sort of connexion with that part of the world, would be affected upon receiving intelligence of this dreadful calamity. He would, I imagine, first of all, express very strongly his sorrow for the misfortune of that unhappy people, he would make many melancholy reflections upon the precariousness of human life, and the vanity of all the labours of man, which could thus be annihilated in a moment. He would too, perhaps, if he was a man of speculation, enter into many reasonings concerning the effects which this disaster might produce upon the commerce of Europe, and the trade and business of the world in general. And when all this fine philosophy was over, when all these humane sentiments had been once fairly expressed, he would pursue his business or his pleasure, take his repose or his diversion, with the same ease and tranquility, as if no such accident had happened. The most frivolous disaster which could befal himself would occasion a more real disturbance. If he was to lose his little finger to-morrow, he would not sleep to-night; but provided he never saw them, he will snore with the most profound security over the ruin of a hundred millions of his brethren, and the destruction of that immense multitude seems plainly an object less interesting to him, than this paultry misfortune of his own. To prevent therefore, this paultry misfortune to himself would a man of humanity be willing to sacrifice the lives of a hundred millions of his brethren, provided he had never seen them? Human nature startles with horror at the thought, and the world, in its greatest depravity and corruption, never produced such a villain as could be capable of entertaining it. But what makes this difference? When our passive feelings are almost always so sordid and so selfish, how comes it that our active principles should often be so generous and so noble? When we are always so much more deeply affected by whatever concerns ourselves, than by whatever concerns other men; what is it which prompts the generous, upon all occasions, and the mean upon many, to sacrifice their own interests to the greater interests of others? It is not the soft power of humanity, it is not that feeble spark of benevolence which Nature has lighted up in the human heart, that is thus capable of counteracting the strongest impulses of self-love. It is a stronger power, a more forcible motive, which exerts itself upon such occasions. It is reason, principle, conscience, the inhabitant of the breast, the man within, the great judge and arbiter of our conduct. It is he, who, whenever we are about to act so as to affect the happiness of others, calls to us with a voice capable of astonishing the most presumptuous of our passions, that we are but one of the multitude, in no respect better than any other in it; and that when we prefer ourselves so shamefully and so blindly to others, we become the proper objects of resentment, abhorrence, and execration. It is from him only that we learn the real littleness of ourselves, and of whatever relates to ourselves, and the natural misrepresentations of self-love can be corrected only by the eye of this impartial spectator. It is he who shows us the propriety of generality and the deformity of injustice; the propriety of resigning the greatest interests of our own, for the yet greater interests of others, and the deformity of doing the smallest injury to another, in order to obtain the greatest benefit to ourselves. It is not the love of our neighbour, it is not the love of mankind, which upon many occasions prompts us to the practice of those divine virtues. It is a stronger love, a more powerful affection which generally takes place upon such occasions, the love of what is honourable and noble, of the grandeur, and dignity, and superiority of our own characters.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00353", "bookId": 67363, "start": 318730, "end": 320193, "sha256": "96cb3306e99e5c9b99f357d53b521961c11bfa7e1e93b896eab967f67b866610", "text": "When the happiness or misery of others depends in any respect upon our conduct, we dare not, as self-love would suggest to us, prefer any little interest of our own, to the yet greater interest of our neighbour. We feel that we should become the proper objects of the resentment and indignation of our brethren, and the sense of the impropriety of this affection is supported and enlivened by the yet stronger sense of the demerit of the action, which it would in this case give occasion to. But when the happiness or misery of others in no respect depends upon our conduct, when our own interests are altogether separated and detached from theirs, so that there is neither connexion nor competition between them, as the sense of demerit does not in this case interpose, the mere sense of impropriety is seldom able to restrain us from abandoning ourselves to our natural anxiety about our own affairs, and to our natural indifference about those of other men. The most vulgar education teaches us to act, upon all important occasions, with some sort of impartiality between ourselves and others, and even the ordinary commerce of the world is capable of adjusting our active principles to some degree of propriety. But it is the most artificial and refined education only, which pretends to correct the inequalities of our passive feelings, and we must for this purpose have recourse to the severest, as well as to the profoundest philosophy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00354", "bookId": 67363, "start": 320197, "end": 320577, "sha256": "e7d6f53fade16e559d629cb69ee34a81c31b0fe4ed08ae6d342806d8dffe7a85", "text": "Two different sets of philosophers have attempted to teach us this hardest of all the lessons of morality. One set have laboured to increase our sensibility to the interests of others; another to diminish that to our own. The first would have us feel for others as we naturally feel for ourselves. The second would have us feel for ourselves, as we naturally feel for others.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00355", "bookId": 67363, "start": 320581, "end": 323161, "sha256": "32fe4d24c5bdebb71da2762539f92a4313aeb8fac4ea0c381561210b605a9345", "text": "The first are those melancholy moralists, who are perpetually reproaching us with our happiness, while so many of our brethren are in misery,[6] who regard as impious the natural joy of prosperity, which does not think of the many wretches that are at every instant labouring under all sorts of calamities, in the languor of poverty, in the agony of disease, in the horrors of death, under the insults and oppression of their enemies. Commiseration for those miseries which we never saw, which we never heard of, but which we may be assured are at all times infecting such numbers of our fellow-creatures, ought, they think, to damp the pleasures of the fortunate, and to render a certain melancholy dejection habitual to all men. But first of all, this extreme sympathy with misfortunes, which we know nothing about, seems altogether absurd and unreasonable. Take the whole earth at an average, for one man who suffers pain or misery, you will find twenty in prosperity and joy, or at least in tolerable circumstances. No reason, surely, can be assigned why we should rather weep with the one than rejoice with the twenty. This artificial commiseration, besides, is not only absurd, but seems altogether unattainable; and those who affect this character have commonly nothing but a certain hypocritical sadness, which, without reaching the heart, serves only to render the countenance and convocation impertinently dismal and disagreeable. And last of all, this disposition of mind, though it could be attained, would be perfectly useless, and could serve no other purpose than to render miserable the person who was possessed of it. Whatever interest we take in the fortune of those with whom we have no acquaintance or connexion, and who are placed altogether out of the sphere of our activity, can produce only anxiety to ourselves, without any manner of advantage to them. To what purpose should we trouble ourselves about the world in the moon? All men, even those at the greatest distance, are no doubt entitled to our good wishes, and our good wishes we naturally give them. But if, notwithstanding, they should be unfortunate, to give ourselves any anxiety upon that account, seems to be no part of our duty. That we should be but little interested, therefore, in the fortune of those whom we can neither serve nor hurt, and who are in every respect so very remote from us, seems wisely ordered by nature; and if it were possible to alter in this respect the original constitution of our frame, we could yet gain nothing by the change.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00356", "bookId": 67363, "start": 323165, "end": 323176, "sha256": "15ad014a2bd1ab779fad9bac8c004f00053087c2b1ec94c74c86dadda0cc1dc8", "text": "Footnote 6:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00357", "bookId": 67363, "start": 323182, "end": 323214, "sha256": "fafbc70d48aa54bfd0e7c5ee4348202ff98de9c426f98cc32ec4e2647027de49", "text": "See Thomson’s Seasons, Winter:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00358", "bookId": 67363, "start": 323231, "end": 323283, "sha256": "02ee546963dbc2ac984d6a91113deaea9a642111db0bce504683ea60f0bdb558", "text": "“Ah! little think the gay licentious proud,” &c.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00359", "bookId": 67363, "start": 323289, "end": 323305, "sha256": "92208a4e1b2d1ef32d0babe555d621afafd5a4c6a908cfd2fe9524184f8559c4", "text": "See also Pascal.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00360", "bookId": 67363, "start": 323309, "end": 325936, "sha256": "06f22d3a09dca579f6273490987567f119c9b9bfb1e1d0fdf2bc320482fc3296", "text": "Among the moralists who endeavour to correct the natural inequality of our passive feelings by diminishing our sensibility to what peculiarly concerns ourselves, we may count all the ancient sects of philosophers, but particularly the ancient stoics. Man, according to the stoics, ought to regard himself, not as something separated and detached, but as a citizen of the world, a member of the vast commonwealth of nature. To the interest of this great community, he ought at all times to be willing that his own little interest should be sacrificed. Whatever concerns himself, ought to affect him no more than whatever concerns any other equally important part of this immense system. We should view ourselves, not in the light in which our own selfish passions are apt to place us, but in the light in which any other citizen of the world would view us. What befalls ourselves we should regard as what befalls our neighbour, or, what comes to the same thing, as our neighbour regards what befalls us. “When our neighbour,” says Epictetus, “loses his wife or his son, there is nobody who is not sensible that this is a human calamity, a natural event altogether, according to the ordinary course of things: but when the same thing happens to ourselves, then we cry out, as if we had suffered the most dreadful misfortune. We ought, however, to remember how we were affected when this accident happened to another, and such as we were in his case, such ought we to be in our own.” How difficult soever it may be to attain this supreme degree of magnanimity and firmness, it is by no means either absurd or useless to attempt it. Though few men have the stoical idea of what this perfect propriety requires, yet all men endeavour in some measure to command themselves, and to bring down their selfish passions to something which their neighbour can go along with. But this can never be done so effectually as by viewing whatever befalls themselves in the light in which their neighbours are apt to view it. The stoical philosophy, in this respect, does little more than unfold our natural ideas of perfection. There is nothing absurd or improper, therefore, in aiming at this perfect self-command. Neither would the attainment of it be useless, but, on the contrary, the most advantageous of all things, as establishing our happiness upon the most solid and secure foundation, a firm confidence in that wisdom and justice which governs the world, and an entire resignation of ourselves, and of whatever relates to ourselves to the all-wise disposal of this ruling principle in nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00361", "bookId": 67363, "start": 325940, "end": 326933, "sha256": "1606ab3945b056176f6c0f37838a1cef88b34eaf2e02e481b3b1dcc8f98cee24", "text": "It scarce ever happens, however, that we are capable of adjusting our passive feelings to this perfect propriety. We indulge ourselves, and even the world indulges us, in some degree of irregularity in this respect. Though we should be too much affected by what concerns ourselves, and too little by what concerns other men, yet, if we always act with impartiality between ourselves and others, if we never actually sacrifice any great interest of others, to any little interest of our own, we are easily pardoned: and it were well, if, upon all occasions, those who desire to do their duty were capable of maintaining even this degree of impartiality between themselves and others. But this is very far from being the case. Even in good men, the judge within is often in danger of being corrupted by the violence and injustice of their selfish passions, and is often induced to make a report very different from what the real circumstances of the case are capable of authorizing.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00362", "bookId": 67363, "start": 326937, "end": 327295, "sha256": "3e2115227002fbce52de9ab879830b0af6b517d967576b14cbcef36f19eeebfd", "text": "There are two different occasions, upon which we examine our own conduct, and endeavour to view it in the light in which the impartial spectator would view it. First, when we are about to act; and, secondly, after we have acted. Our views are very partial in both cases, but they are most so, when it is of most importance that they should be otherwise.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00363", "bookId": 67363, "start": 327299, "end": 328505, "sha256": "dca4fa6acb5ef8fab020b677355558fb016e64641506544ecea97f510b8b181b", "text": "When we are about to act, the eagerness of passion will seldom allow us to consider what we are doing with the candour of an indifferent person. The violent emotions which at that time agitate us, discolour our views of things, even when we are endeavouring to place ourselves in the situation of another, and to regard the objects that interest us, in the light in which they will naturally appear to him. The fury of our own passions constantly calls us back to our own place, where every thing appears magnified and misrepresented by self-love. Of the manner in which those objects would appear to another, of the view which he would take of them, we can obtain, if I may say so, but instantaneous glimpses, which vanish in a moment, and which even while they last are not altogether just. We cannot even for that moment divest ourselves entirely of the heat and keenness with which our peculiar situation inspires us, nor consider what we are about to do with the complete impartiality of an equitable judge. The passions, upon this account, as father Malebranche says, all justify themselves, and seem reasonable, and proportioned to their objects, as long as we continue to feel them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00364", "bookId": 67363, "start": 328509, "end": 330205, "sha256": "d3b0398daf2000a6e2c7e62dbe31b7c9b3fdbf04cc7e8efa4aa599aa98a57749", "text": "When the action is over, indeed, and the passions which prompted it have subsided, we can enter more coolly into sentiments of the indifferent spectator. What before interested us, is now become almost as indifferent to us as it always was to him, and we can now examine our own conduct with his candour and impartiality. But our judgments now are of little importance, compared to what they were before; and when they are most severely impartial, can commonly produce nothing but vain regret, and unavailing repentance, without securing us from the like errors for the future. It is seldom, however, that they are quite candid even in this case. The opinion which we entertain of our own character, depends entirely on our judgment concerning our past conduct. It is so disagreeable to think ill of ourselves, that we often purposely turn away our view from those circumstances which might render that judgment unfavourable. He is a bold surgeon, they say, whose hand does not tremble when he performs an operation upon his own person; and he is often equally bold who does not hesitate to pull off the mysterious veil of self-delusion, which covers from his view the deformities of his own conduct. Rather than see our own behaviour under so disagreeable an aspect, we too often, foolishly and weakly, endeavour to exasperate anew those unjust passions which had formerly misled us; we endeavour by artifice to awaken our old hatreds, and irritate afresh our almost forgotten resentments: we even exert ourselves for this miserable purpose, and thus persevere in injustice, merely because we once were unjust, and because we are ashamed and afraid to see that we were so.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00365", "bookId": 67363, "start": 330209, "end": 330924, "sha256": "70d25fc53fa4c363c0cdf714ee123110bdba68bf0f34f6aef73b2c43e60228f0", "text": "So partial are the views of mankind with regard to the propriety of their own conduct, both at the time of action and after it; and so difficult is it for them to view it in the light in which any indifferent spectator would consider it. But if it was by a peculiar faculty, such as the moral sense is supposed to be, that they judged of their own conduct, if they were endued with a particular power of perception, which distinguished the beauty or deformity of passions and affections; as their own passions would be more immediately exposed to the view of this faculty, it would judge with more accuracy concerning them, than concerning those of other men, of which it had only a more distant prospect.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00366", "bookId": 67363, "start": 330928, "end": 331224, "sha256": "dc10e95e6e2ce8846d0024bac084a3812c3400296253042848e0a0512f6523fc", "text": "This self-deceit, this fatal weakness of mankind, is the source of half the disorders of human life. If we saw ourselves in the light in which others see us, or in which they would see us if they knew all, a reformation would generally be unavoidable. We could not otherwise endure the sight.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00367", "bookId": 67363, "start": 331228, "end": 332841, "sha256": "fb66d429963af6384aab676bbe937d09ffead8e02d064cb497f86ad09624966c", "text": "Nature, however, has not left this weakness, which is of so much importance, altogether without a remedy; nor has she abandoned us entirely to the delusions of self-love. Our continual observations upon the conduct of others, insensibly lead us to form to ourselves certain general rules concerning what is fit and proper either to be done or to be avoided. Some of their actions shock all our natural sentiments. We hear every body about us express the like detestation against them. This still further confirms, and even exasperates our natural sense of their deformity. It satisfies us that we view them in the proper light, when we see other people view them in the same light. We resolve never to be guilty of the like, nor ever, upon any account, to render ourselves in this manner the objects of universal disapprobation. We thus naturally lay down to ourselves a general rule, that all such actions are to be avoided, as tending to render us odious, contemptible, or punishable, the objects of all those sentiments for which we have the greatest dread and aversion. Other actions, on the contrary, call forth our approbation, and we hear every body around us express the same favourable opinion concerning them. Every body is eager to honour and reward them. They excite all those sentiments for which we have by nature the strongest desire; the love, the gratitude, the admiration of mankind. We become ambitious of performing the like; and thus naturally lay down to ourselves a rule of another kind, that every opportunity of acting in this manner is carefully to be sought after.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00368", "bookId": 67363, "start": 332845, "end": 334468, "sha256": "b6d3875634d3aba80e1449a604b2bce5fcfb73d009b7b36838ea3868fec166ac", "text": "It is thus that the general rules of morality are formed. They are ultimately founded upon experience of what, in particular instances, our moral faculties, our natural sense of merit and propriety, approve, or disapprove of. We do not originally approve or condemn particular actions; because, upon examination, they appear to be agreeable or inconsistent with a certain general rule. The general rule, on the contrary, is formed by finding from experience, that all actions of a certain kind, or circumstanced in a certain manner, are approved or disapproved of. To the man who first saw an inhuman murder, committed from avarice, envy, or unjust resentment, and upon one too that loved and trusted the murderer, who beheld the last agonies of the dying person, who heard him, with his expiring breath, complain more of the perfidy and ingratitude of his false friend, than of the violence which had been done to him, there could be no occasion, in order to conceive how horrible such an action was, that he should reflect, that one of the most sacred rules of conduct was what prohibited the taking away the life of an innocent person, that this was a plain violation of that rule, and consequently a very blamable action. His detestation of this crime, it is evident, would arise instantaneously and antecedent to his having formed to himself any such general rule. The general rule, on the contrary, which he might afterwards form, would be founded upon the detestation which he felt necessarily arise in his own breast, at the thought of this, and every other particular action of the same kind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00369", "bookId": 67363, "start": 334472, "end": 335001, "sha256": "772368a0cf00918241ebf11cd647a784f3bb371f68613bf0f8a37af270d0dfca", "text": "When we read in history or romance, the account of actions either of generosity or of baseness, the admiration which we conceive for the one, and the contempt which we feel for the other, neither of them arise from reflecting that there are certain general rules which declare all actions of the one kind admirable, and all actions of the other contemptible. Those general rules, on the contrary, are all formed from the experience we have had of the effects which actions of all different kinds naturally produce upon us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00370", "bookId": 67363, "start": 335005, "end": 335407, "sha256": "d7450dd8fec093fdf2bc794b79d74c1842d273257842a3a136f4b18483dc1bed", "text": "An amiable action, a respectable action, an horrid action, are all of them actions which naturally excite the love, the respect, or the horror of the spectator, for the person who performs them. The general rules which determine what actions are, and what are not, the objects of each of those sentiments, can be formed no other way than by observing what actions actually and in fact excite them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00371", "bookId": 67363, "start": 335411, "end": 336289, "sha256": "c2fdc53cc78df03c3cfa2222e4f0c5bb8edb9dd7477ecd392ab6acfaf568f240", "text": "When these general rules, indeed, have been formed, when they are universally acknowledged and established, by the concurring sentiments of mankind, we frequently appeal to them as to the standards of judgment, in debating concerning the degree of praise or blame that is due to certain actions of a complicated and dubious nature. They are upon these occasions commonly cited as the ultimate foundations of what is just and unjust in human conduct; and this circumstance seems to have misled several very eminent authors, to draw up their systems in such a manner, as if they had supposed that the original judgments of mankind with regard to right and wrong, were formed like the decisions of a court of judicatory, by considering first the general rule, and then, secondly, whether the particular action under consideration fell properly within its comprehension.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00372", "bookId": 67363, "start": 336293, "end": 339997, "sha256": "f1044f83cb37940421b272e07cf5c18e26d2323454db7e2627d40b8ccb518dbc", "text": "Those general rules of conduct, when they have been fixed in our mind by habitual reflection, are of great use in correcting misrepresentations of self-love concerning what is fit and proper to be done in our particular situation. The man of furious resentment, if he was to listen to the dictates of that passion, would perhaps regard the death of his enemy, as but a small compensation for the wrong, he imagines, he has received; which, however, may be no more than a very slight provocation. But his observations upon the conduct of others, have taught him how horrible all such sanguinary revenges appear. Unless his education has been very singular, he has laid it down to himself as an inviolable rule, to abstain from them upon all occasions. This rule preserves its authority with him, and renders him incapable of being guilty of such a violence. Yet the fury of his own temper may be such, that had this been the first time in which he considered such an action, he would undoubtedly have determined it to be quite just and proper, and what every impartial spectator would approve of. But that reverence for the rule which past experience has impressed upon him, checks the impetuosity of his passion, and helps him to correct the too partial views which self-love might otherwise suggest, of what was proper to be done in his situation. If he should allow himself to be so far transported by passion as to violate this rule, yet even in this case, he cannot throw off altogether the awe and respect with which he has been accustomed to regard it. At the very time of acting, at the moment in which passion mounts the highest, he hesitates and trembles at the thought of what he is about to do: he is secretly conscious to himself that he is breaking through those measures of conduct, which, in all his cool hours, he had resolved never to infringe, which he had never seen infringed by others without the highest disapprobation, and of which the infringement, his own mind forebodes, must soon render him the object of the same disagreeable sentiments. Before he can take the last fatal resolution, he is tormented with all the agonies of doubt and uncertainty; he is terrified at the thought of violating so sacred a rule, and at the same time is urged and goaded on by the fury of his desires to violate it. He changes his purpose every moment; sometimes he resolves to adhere to his principle, and not indulge a passion which may corrupt the remaining part of his life with the horrors of shame and repentance; and a momentary calm takes possession of his breast, from the prospect of that security and tranquillity which he will enjoy when he thus determines not to expose himself to the hazard of a contrary conduct. But immediately the passion rouses anew, and with fresh fury drives him on to commit what he had the instant before resolved to abstain from. Wearied and distracted with those continual irresolutions, he at length, from a sort of despair, makes the last fatal and irrecoverable step; but with that terror and amazement with which one flying from an enemy, throws himself over a precipice, where he is sure of meeting with more certain destruction than from any thing that pursues him from behind. Such are his sentiments even at the time of acting; though he is then, no doubt, less sensible of the impropriety of his own conduct than afterwards, when his passion being gratified and palled, he begins to view what he has done in the light in which others are apt to view it; and actually feels, what he had only foreseen very imperfectly before, the stings of remorse and repentance begin to agitate and torment him.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00373", "bookId": 67363, "start": 340038, "end": 340186, "sha256": "205df110807a64c7ee1d157fa4d35a53a146b62fa1fa0120f49de965ba287698", "text": "CHAP. III. _Of the influence and authority of the general rules of morality, and that they are justly regarded as the laws of the Deity._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00374", "bookId": 67363, "start": 340192, "end": 343705, "sha256": "0e07ee3778946ea9cf12c83cbdb83daed1703aa96d9b9d44f85ce29fe5b4856b", "text": "The regard to those general rules of conduct, is what is properly called a sense of duty, a principle of the greatest consequence in human life, and the only principle by which the bulk of mankind are capable of directing their actions. Many men behave very decently, and through the whole of their lives avoid any considerable degree of blame, who yet, perhaps, never felt the sentiment upon the propriety of which we found our approbation of their conduct, but acted merely from a regard to what they saw were the established rules of behaviour. The man who has received great benefits from another person, may, by the natural coldness of his temper, feel but a very small degree of the sentiment of gratitude. If he has been virtuously educated, however, he will often have been made to observe how odious those actions appear which denote a want of this sentiment, and how amiable the contrary. Tho’ his heart therefore is not warmed with any grateful affection, he will strive to act as if it was, and will endeavour to pay all those regards and attentions to his patron which the liveliest gratitude could suggest. He will visit him regularly; he will behave to him respectfully; he will never talk of him but with expressions of the highest esteem, and of the many obligations which he owes to him. And what is more, he will carefully embrace every opportunity of making a proper return for past services. He may do all this too without any hypocrisy or blamable dissimulation, without any selfish intention of obtaining new favours, and without any design of imposing either upon his benefactor or the public. The motive of his actions may be no other than a reverence for the established rule of duty, a serious and earnest desire of acting, in every respect, according to the law of gratitude. A wife, in the same manner, may sometimes not feel that tender regard for her husband which is suitable to the relation that subsists between them. If she has been virtuously educated, however, she will endeavour to act as if she felt it, to be careful, officious, faithful, and sincere, and to be deficient in none of those attentions which the sentiment of conjugal affection could have prompted her to perform. Such a friend, and such a wife, are neither of them, undoubtedly, the very best of their kinds; and though both of them may have the most serious and earnest desire to fulfil every part of their duty, yet they will fail in many nice and delicate regards, they will miss many opportunities of obliging, which they could never have overlooked if they had possessed the sentiment that is proper to their situation. Though not the very first of their kinds, however, they are perhaps the second; and if the regard to the general rules of conduct has been very strongly impressed upon them, neither of them will fail in any essential part of their duty. None but those of the happiest mould are capable of suiting, with exact justness, their sentiments and behaviour to the smallest difference of situation, and of acting upon all occasions with the most delicate and accurate propriety. The coarse clay of which the bulk of mankind are formed, cannot be wrought up to such perfection. There is scarce any man, however, who by discipline, education, and example, may not be impressed with a regard to general rules, as to act upon almost every occasion with tolerable decency, and through the whole of his life avoid any considerable degree of blame.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00375", "bookId": 67363, "start": 343709, "end": 345951, "sha256": "f90ed06a6272a8ba5bbeb3b24263ac5070b0d8d4728742e9f1ca2aca015cea61", "text": "Without this sacred regard to general rules, there is no man whose conduct can be much depended upon. It is this which constitutes the most essential difference between a man of principle and honour and a worthless fellow. The one adheres, on all occasions, steadily and resolutely to his maxims, and preserves through the whole of his life one even tenour of conduct. The other, acts variously and accidentally, as humour, inclination, or interest chance to be uppermost. Nay, such are the inequalities of humour to which all men are subject, that without this principle, the man who, in his cool hours, had the most delicate sensibility to the propriety of conduct, might often be led to act absurdly upon the most frivolous occasions, and when it was scarce possible to assign any serious motive for his behaviour in this manner. Your friend makes you a visit when you happen to be in a humour which makes it disagreeable to receive him: in your present mood this civility is very apt to appear an impertinent intrusion; and if you were to give way to the views of things which at this time occur, though civil in your temper, you would behave to him with coldness and contempt. What renders you incapable of such a rudeness, is nothing but a regard to the general rules of civility and hospitality, which prohibit it. That habitual reverence which your former experience has taught you for these, enables you to act, upon all such occasions, with nearly equal propriety, and hinders those inequalities of temper, to which all men are subject, from influencing your conduct in any very sensible degree. But if without regard to these general rules, even the duties of politeness, which are so easily observed, and which can scarce have any serious motive to violate, would yet be so frequently violated, what would become of the duties of justice, of truth, of chastity, of fidelity, which it is often so difficult to observe, and which there may be so many strong motives to violate? But upon the tolerable observance of these duties, depends the very existence of human society, which would crumble into nothing if mankind were not generally impressed with a reverence for those important rules of conduct.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00376", "bookId": 67363, "start": 345955, "end": 346265, "sha256": "dba510cd9da419152c14e554d225dc33e5dfeee2827c31e99d8fc07776ade0a7", "text": "This reverence is still further enhanced by an opinion which is first impressed by nature, and afterwards confirmed by reasoning and philosophy, that those important rules of morality, are the commands and laws of the Deity, who will finally reward the obedient, and punish the transgressors of their duty.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00377", "bookId": 67363, "start": 346269, "end": 348632, "sha256": "36f51134e8dd79cc1920300ee62fdc10279e1cef703e44a3a4f2fd91044c6a1c", "text": "This opinion or apprehension, I say, seems first to be impressed by nature. Men are naturally led to ascribe to those mysterious beings, whatever they are, which happen, in any country, to be the objects of religious fear, all their own sentiments and passions. They have no other, they can conceive no other to ascribe to them. Those unknown intelligences which they imagine but see not, must necessarily be formed with some sort of resemblance to those intelligences of which they have experience. During the ignorance and darkness of pagan superstition, mankind seem to have formed the ideas of their divinities with so little delicacy, that they ascribed to them, indiscriminately, all the passions of human nature, those not excepted which do the least honour to our species, such as lust, hunger, avarice, envy, revenge. They could not fail therefore, to ascribe to those beings, for the excellence of whose nature they still conceived the highest admiration, those sentiments and qualities which are the great ornaments of humanity, and which seem to raise it to a resemblance of divine perfection, the love of virtue and beneficence, and the abhorrence of vice and injustice. The man who was injured, called upon Jupiter to be witness of the wrong that was done to him, and could not doubt, but that divine being would behold it with the same indignation which would animate the meanest of mankind, who looked on when injustice was committed. The man who did the injury, felt himself to be the proper object of detestation and resentment of mankind; and his natural fears led him to impute the same sentiments to those awful beings, whose presence he could not avoid, and whose power he could not resist. These natural hopes and fears, and suspicions, were propagated by sympathy, and confirmed by education; and the gods were universally represented and believed to be the rewarders of humanity and mercy, and the avengers of perfidy and injustice. And thus religion, even in its rudest form, gave a sanction to the rules of morality, long before the age of artificial reasoning and philosophy. That the terrors of religion should thus enforce the natural sense of duty, was of too much importance to the happiness of mankind, for nature to leave it dependent upon the slowness and uncertainty of philosophical researches.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00378", "bookId": 67363, "start": 348636, "end": 351210, "sha256": "16076ad4a2fc861de3ed69f8051f5c1b262b514d18a43fe8f2b5f6bdda762365", "text": "These researches, however, when they came to take place, confirmed those original anticipations of nature. Upon whatever we suppose that our moral faculties are founded, whether upon a certain modification of reason, upon an original instinct, called a moral sense, or upon some other principle of our nature, it cannot be doubted, that they were given us for the direction of our conduct in this life. They carry along with them the most evident badges of this authority, which denote that they were set up within us to be the supreme arbiters of all our actions, to superintend all our senses, passions, and appetites, and to judge how far each of them was either to be indulged or restrained. Our moral faculties are by no means, as some have pretended, upon a level in this respect with the other faculties and appetites of our nature, endowed with no more right to restrain these last, than these last are to restrain them. No other faculty or principle of action judges of any other. Love does not judge of resentment, nor resentment of love. Those two passions may be opposite to one another, but cannot, with any propriety, be said to approve or disapprove of one another. But it is the peculiar office of those faculties now under our consideration to judge, to bestow censure or applause upon all the other principles of our nature. They may be considered as a sort of senses of which those principles are the objects. Every sense is supreme over its own objects. There is no appeal from the eye with regard to the beauty of colours, nor from the ear with regard to the harmony of sounds, nor from the taste with regard to the agreeableness of flavours. Each of those senses judges in the last resort of its own objects. Whatever gratifies the taste is sweet, whatever pleases the eye is beautiful, whatever sooths the ear is harmonious. The very essence of each of those qualities consists in being fitted to please the sense to which it is addressed. It belongs to our moral faculties, in the same manner to determine when the ear ought to be soothed, when the eye ought to be indulged, when the taste ought to be gratified, when and how far every other principle of our nature ought to be indulged or restrained. What is agreeable to our moral faculties, is fit, and right, and proper to be done; the contrary wrong, unfit, and improper. The sentiments which they approve of, are graceful and unbecoming. The very words, right, wrong, fit, improper, graceful, unbecoming, mean only what pleases or displeases those faculties.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00379", "bookId": 67363, "start": 351214, "end": 352417, "sha256": "f6176a6ab542b4f9f15d2b7613d0a40c83918fd762a667cee6f454d43f3563b8", "text": "Since these, therefore, were plainly intended to be the governing principles of human nature, the rules which they prescribe, are to be regarded as the commands and laws of the Deity, promulgated by those vicegerents which he has thus set up within us. All general rules are commonly denominated laws: thus the general rules which bodies observe in the communication of motion, are called the laws of motion. But those general rules which our moral faculties observe in approving or condemning whatever sentiment or action is subjected to their examination, may much more justly be denominated such. They have a much greater resemblance to what are properly called laws, those general rules which the sovereign lays down to direct the conduct of his subjects. Like them they are rules to direct the free actions of men: they are prescribed most surely by a lawful superior, and are attended to in the sanction of rewards and punishments. Those vicegerents of God within us, never fail to punish the violation of them, by the torments of inward shame, and self-condemnation; and on the contrary, always reward obedience with tranquillity of mind, with contentment, and self-satisfaction.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00380", "bookId": 67363, "start": 352421, "end": 353748, "sha256": "b5aec2ad691543cf9196937cbc237347cc2df63cad78fb8408dbeea0c0164b72", "text": "There are innumerable other considerations which serve to confirm the same conclusion. The happiness of mankind, as well as of all other rational creatures, seems to have been the original purpose intended by the Author of nature, when he brought them into existence. No other end seems worthy of that supreme wisdom and divine benignity which we necessarily ascribe to him; and this opinion, which we are led to by the abstract consideration of his infinite perfections, is still more confirmed by the examination of the works of nature, which seem all intended to promote happiness, and to guard against misery. But by acting according to the dictates of our moral faculties, we necessarily pursue the most effectual means for promoting the happiness of mankind, and may therefore be said, in some sense, to co-operate with the Deity, and to advance as far as in our power the plan of Providence. By acting otherways, on the contrary, we seem to obstruct, in some measure, the scheme which the Author of nature has established for the happiness and perfection of the world, and to declare ourselves, if I may say so, in some measure the enemies of God. Hence we are naturally encouraged to hope for his extraordinary favour and reward in the one case, and to dread his vengeance and punishment in the other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00381", "bookId": 67363, "start": 353752, "end": 356945, "sha256": "d1e3dec05dad257d47de0352d0ca8b272aecb74715d61c09d58ed35aa9235799", "text": "There are besides many other reasons, and many other natural principles, which all tend to confirm and inculcate the same salutary doctrine. If we consider the general rules by which external prosperity and adversity are commonly distributed in this life, we shall find, that notwithstanding the disorder in which all things appear to be in this world, yet even here every virtue naturally meets with its proper reward, with the recompense which is most fit to encourage and promote it; and this too so surely, that it requires a very extraordinary concurrence of circumstances entirely to disappoint it. What is the reward most proper for encouraging industry, prudence, and circumspection? Success in every sort of business. And is it possible that in the whole of life these virtues should fail of attaining it? Wealth and external honours are their proper recompense, and the recompense which they can seldom fail of acquiring. What reward is most proper for promoting the practice of truth, justice, and humanity? The confidence, the esteem, and love of those we live with. Humanity does not desire to be great, but to be beloved. It is not in being rich that truth and justice would rejoice, but in being trusted and believed, recompenses which those virtues must almost always acquire. By some very extraordinary and unlucky circumstance, a good man may come to be suspected of a crime of which he was altogether incapable, and upon that account be most unjustly exposed for the remaining part of his life to the horror and aversion of mankind. By an accident of this kind he may be said to lose his all, notwithstanding his integrity and justice; in the same manner as a cautious man, notwithstanding his utmost circumspection, may be ruined by an earthquake or an inundation. Accidents of the first kind, however, are perhaps still more rare, and still more contrary to the common course of things than those of the second; and still it remains true, that the practice of truth, justice, and humanity, is a certain and almost infallible method of acquiring what those virtues chiefly aim at, the confidence and love of those we live with. A person may be very easily misrepresented with regard to a particular action; but it is scarce possible that he should be so with regard to the general tenor of his conduct. An innocent man may be believed to have done wrong: this, however, will rarely happen. On the contrary, the established opinion of the innocence of his manners, will often lead us to absolve him where he has really been in the fault, notwithstanding very strong presumptions. A knave, in the same manner may escape censure, or even meet applause, for a particular knavery, in which his conduct is not understood. But no man was ever habitually such, without being almost universally known to be so, and without being even frequently suspected of guilt, when he was in reality perfectly innocent. And so far as vice and virtue can be either punished or rewarded by the sentiments and opinions of mankind, they both, according to the common course of things, meet even here with something more than exact and impartial justice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00382", "bookId": 67363, "start": 356949, "end": 360193, "sha256": "5f647a2f6a07a06188f0fa37851d65e3393a3e0ba103d1a693b3ac273eaa9b3b", "text": "But though the general rules by which prosperity and adversity are commonly distributed, when considered in this cool and philosophical light, appear to be perfectly suited to the situation of mankind in this life, yet they are by no means suited to some of our natural sentiments. Our natural love and admiration for some virtues is such, that we should wish to bestow on them all sorts of honours and rewards, even those which we must acknowledge to be the proper recompenses of other qualities with which those virtues are not always accompanied. Our detestation, on the contrary, for some vices is such, that we should desire to heap upon them every sort of disgrace and disaster, those not excepted which are the natural consequences of very different qualities. Magnanimity, generosity, and justice command so high a degree of admiration, that we desire to see them crowned with wealth, and power, and honours of every kind, the natural consequences of prudence, industry, and application; qualities with which those virtues are not inseparably connected. Fraud, falsehood, brutality, and violence, on the other hand, excite in every human breast such scorn and abhorrence, that our indignation rouses to see them possess those advantages which they may in some sense be said to have merited, by the diligence and industry with which they are sometimes attended. The industrious knave cultivates the soil; the indolent good man leaves it uncultivated. Who ought to reap the harvest? Who starve, and who live in plenty? The natural course of things decides it in favour of the knave: the natural sentiments of mankind in favour of the man of virtue. Man judges, that the good qualities of the one are greatly over-recompensed by those advantages which they tend to procure him, and that the omissions of the other are by far too severely punished by the distress which they naturally bring upon him; and human laws, the consequences of human sentiments, forfeit the life and the estate of the industrious and cautious traitor, and reward, by extraordinary recompenses, the fidelity and public spirit of the improvident and careless good citizen. Thus man is by Nature directed to correct, in some measure, that distribution of things which she herself would otherwise have made. The rules which for this purpose she prompts him to follow, are different from those which she herself observes. She bestows upon every virtue, and upon every vice, that precise reward or punishment which is best fitted to encourage the one, or to restrain the other. She is directed by this sole consideration, and pays little regard to the different degrees of merit and demerit, which they may seem to possess in the sentiments and passions of man. Man, on the contrary, pays regard to this only, and would endeavour to render the state of every virtue precisely proportioned to that degree of love and esteem, and of every vice to that degree of contempt and abhorrence, which he himself conceives for it. The rules which she follows are fit for her, those which he follows for him: but both are calculated to promote the same great end, the order of the world, and the perfection and happiness of human nature.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00383", "bookId": 67363, "start": 360197, "end": 362737, "sha256": "de54d5cb9694a09a3eda78c1f2a816b85fdc876742f69ccb7b275dc5251cff4b", "text": "But though man is thus employed to alter that distribution of things which natural events would make, if left to themselves; though, like the gods of the poets, he is perpetually interposing, by extraordinary means, in favour of virtue, and in opposition to vice, and like them, endeavours to turn away the arrow that is aimed at the head of the righteous, but accelerates the sword of destruction that is lifted up against the wicked; yet he is by no means able to render the fortune of either quite suitable to his own sentiments and wishes. The natural course of things cannot be entirely controuled by the impotent endeavours of man: the current is too rapid and too strong for him to stop it; and though the rules which direct it appear to have been established for the wisest and best purposes, they sometimes produce effects which shock all his natural sentiments. That a great combination of men, should prevail over a small one; that those who engage in an enterprise with fore-thought and all necessary preparation, should prevail over such as oppose them without any; and that every end should be acquired by those means only which Nature has established for acquiring it, seems to be a rule not only necessary and unavoidable in itself, but even useful and proper for rousing the industry and attention of mankind. Yet, when, in consequence of this rule, violence and artifice prevail over sincerity and justice, what indignation does it not excite in the breast of every humane spectator? What sorrow and compassion for the sufferings of the innocent, and what furious resentment against the success of the oppressor? We are equally grieved and enraged, at the wrong that is done, but often find it altogether out of our power to redress it. When we thus despair of finding any force upon earth which can check the triumph of injustice, we naturally appeal to Heaven, and hope, that the great Author of our nature will himself execute hereafter, what all the principles which he has given us for the direction of our conduct, prompt us to attempt even here; that he will complete the plan which he himself has thus taught us to begin; and will, in a life to come, render to every one according to the works which he has performed in this world. And thus we are led to the belief of a future state, not only by the weaknesses, by the hopes and fears of human nature, but by the noblest and best principles which belong to it, by the love of virtue, and by the abhorrence of vice and injustice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00384", "bookId": 67363, "start": 362741, "end": 364129, "sha256": "ba84c98112d7f4531bf0b7ff0e6bf24caf922c28703b20726ffd785676eb7fed", "text": "“Does it suit the greatness of God,” says the eloquent and philosophical bishop of Clermont, with that passionate and exaggerating force of imagination, which seems sometimes to exceed the bounds of decorum; “does it suit the greatness of God, to leave the world which he has created in so universal a disorder? To see the wicked prevail almost always over the just; the innocent dethroned by the usurper; the father become the victim of the ambition of an unnatural son; the husband expiring under the stroke of a barbarous and faithless wife? From the height of his greatness ought God to behold those melancholy events as a fantastical amusement, without taking any share in them? Because he is great, should he be weak, or unjust, or barbarous? Because men are little, ought they to be allowed either to be dissolute without punishment, or virtuous without reward? O God! if this is the character of your Supreme Being; if it is you whom we adore under such dreadful ideas; I can no longer acknowledge you for my father, for my protector, for the comforter of my sorrow, the support of my weakness, the rewarder of my fidelity. You would then be no more than an indolent and fantastical tyrant, who sacrifices mankind to his insolent vanity, and who has brought them out of nothing, only to make them serve for the sport of his leisure, and of his caprice.”", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00385", "bookId": 67363, "start": 364133, "end": 365514, "sha256": "87cb7e152f7ec362d8fca90bf79d4c62d5f9df4e0db9510657a5d689e5c3e64f", "text": "When the general rules which determine the merit and demerit of actions, come thus to be regarded, as the laws of an All-powerful Being, who watches over our conduct, and who, in a life to come, will reward the observance, and punish the breach of them; they necessarily acquire a new sacredness from this consideration. That our regard to the will of the Deity, ought to be the supreme rule of our conduct, can be doubted of by no body who believes his existence. The very thought of disobedience appears to involve in it the most shocking impropriety. How vain, how absurd would it be for man, either to oppose or to neglect the commands that were laid upon him by Infinite Wisdom, and Infinite Power! How unnatural, how impiously ungrateful not to reverence the precepts that were prescribed to him by the infinite goodness of his Creator, even though no punishment was to follow their violation. The sense of propriety too is here well supported by the strongest motives of self-interest. The idea that, however we may escape the observation of man, or be placed above the reach of human punishment, yet we are always acting under the eye, and exposed to the punishment of God, the great avenger of injustice, is a motive capable of restraining the most headstrong passions, with those at least who, by constant reflection, have rendered it familiar to them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00386", "bookId": 67363, "start": 365518, "end": 367031, "sha256": "51bd7d57cb42d40accf43f6e143f8caca9f084c82a6b43f86485a9b1058d2c90", "text": "It is in this manner that religion enforces the natural sense of duty: and hence it is, that mankind are generally disposed to place great confidence in the probity of those who seem deeply impressed with religious sentiments. Such persons, they imagine, act under an additional tye, besides those which regulate the conduct of other men. The regard to the propriety of action as well as to reputation, the regard to the applause of his own breast, as well as that of others, are motives which they suppose have the same influence over the religious man, as over the man of the world. But the former lies under another restraint, and never acts deliberately but as in the presence of that Great Superior who is finally to recompense him according to his deeds. A greater trust is reposed, upon this account, in the regularity and exactness of his conduct. And wherever the natural principles of religion are not corrupted by the factious and party zeal of some worthless cabal; wherever the first duty which it requires, is to fulfil all the obligations of morality; wherever men are not taught to regard frivolous observances, as more immediate duties of religion, than acts of justice and beneficence; and to imagine, that by sacrifices, and ceremonies, and vain supplications, they can bargain with the Deity for fraud, and perfidy, and violence, the world undoubtedly judges right in this respect, and justly places a double confidence in the rectitude of the religious man’s behaviour.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00387", "bookId": 67363, "start": 367072, "end": 367225, "sha256": "2f88e8be295a265dea440e306c77c93c7d1b54f981f5290b2acf64b4ed833a76", "text": "CHAP. IV. _In what cases the sense of duty ought to be the sole principle of our conduct; and in what cases it ought to concur with other motives._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00388", "bookId": 67363, "start": 367231, "end": 369319, "sha256": "a529bda36f5e0f7af7c151c1c71ff66651c543d5590bd3d3b9086933e2b511c8", "text": "Religion affords such strong motives to the practice of virtue, and guards us by such powerful restraints from the temptations of vice, that many have been led to suppose, that religious principles were the sole laudable motives of action. We ought neither, they said, to reward from gratitude, nor punish from resentment; we ought neither to protect the helplessness of our children, nor afford support to the infirmities of our parents, from natural affection. All affections for particular objects, ought to be extinguished in our breast, and one great affection take the place of all others, the love of the Deity, the desire of rendering ourselves agreeable to him, and of directing our conduct in every respect according to his will. We ought not to be grateful from gratitude, we ought not to be charitable from humanity, we ought not to be public-spirited from the love of our country, nor generous and just from the love of mankind. The sole principle and motive of our conduct in the performance of all those different duties, ought to be a sense that God has commanded us to perform them. I shall not at present take time to examine this opinion particularly; I shall only observe, that we should not have expected to have found it entertained by any sect, who professed themselves of a religion in which, as it is the first precept to love the Lord our God with all our heart, with all our soul, and with all our strength, so it is the second to love our neighbour as we love ourselves; and we love ourselves surely for our own sakes, and not merely because we are commanded to do so. That the sense of duty should be the sole principle of our conduct, is no where the precept of Christianity; but that it should be the ruling and governing one, as philosophy, and as, indeed, common sense directs. It may be a question however, in what cases our actions ought to arise chiefly or entirely from a sense of duty, or from a regard to general rules; and in what cases some other sentiment or affection ought to concur, and have a principal influence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00389", "bookId": 67363, "start": 369323, "end": 369740, "sha256": "243598fef3ed9405c2b7ff2adbd09e16e5dbd1a9b452e3cf42dcfa107104370f", "text": "The decision of this question, which cannot, perhaps, be given with any very great accuracy, will depend upon two different circumstances; first, upon the natural agreeableness or deformity of the sentiment or affection which would prompt us to any action independent of all regard to general rules; and secondly, upon the precision and exactness, or the looseness and inaccuracy of the general rules themselves.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00390", "bookId": 67363, "start": 369744, "end": 369945, "sha256": "6caa95727516a3fc64e86ed16db4ae923a7919184e4e2b09f19aa9e93652a371", "text": "I. First, I say, it will depend upon the natural agreeableness or deformity of the affection itself, how far our actions ought to arise from it, or entirely proceed from a regard to the general rule.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00391", "bookId": 67363, "start": 369949, "end": 371386, "sha256": "473a6dcb35b7d6c1c06e10210fffedfebe62f2cacea387f15028a04ac70fccac", "text": "All those graceful and admired actions, to which the benevolent affections would prompt us, ought to proceed as much from the passions themselves, as from any regard to the general rules of conduct. A benefactor thinks himself but ill requited, if the person upon whom he has bestowed his good offices, repays them merely from a cold sense of duty, and without any affection to his person. A husband is dissatisfied with the most obedient wife, when he imagines her conduct is animated by no other principle besides her regard to what the relation she stands in requires. Though a son should fail in none of the offices of filial duty, yet if he wants that affectionate reverence which it so well becomes him to feel, the parent may justly complain of his indifference. Nor could a son be quite satisfied with a parent who, though he performed all the duties of his situation, had nothing of that fatherly fondness which might have been expected from him. With regard to all such benevolent and social affections, it is agreeable to see the sense of duty employed rather to restrain than to enliven them, rather to hinder us from doing too much, than to prompt us to do what we ought. It gives us pleasure to see a father obliged to check his own fondness, a friend obliged to set bounds to his natural generosity, a person who has received a benefit, obliged to restrain the too sanguine gratitude of his own temper.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00392", "bookId": 67363, "start": 371390, "end": 372513, "sha256": "40895c885b21c5b8d1212e3f4cebdb6b235921cbad040c2fb20172ba78d216bb", "text": "The contrary maxim takes place with regard to the malevolent and unsocial passions. We ought to reward from the gratitude and generosity of our own hearts, without any reluctance, and without being obliged to reflect how great the propriety of rewarding: but we ought always to punish with reluctance, and more from a sense of the propriety of punishing than from any savage disposition to revenge. Nothing is more graceful than the behaviour of the man who appears to resent the greatest injuries, more from a sense that they deserve, and are the proper objects of resentment, than from feeling himself the furies of that disagreeable passion; who, like a judge, considers only the general rule, which determines what vengeance is due for each particular offence; who, in executing that rule, feels less for what himself has suffered, than what the offender is about to suffer; who, though in wrath remembers mercy, and is disposed to interpret the rule in the most gentle and favourable manner, and to allow all the alleviations which the most candid humanity could, consistently with good sense, admit of.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00393", "bookId": 67363, "start": 372517, "end": 374466, "sha256": "9d5069d2e6706ffcdf5beae2c8c01888832e6fa0bcae05ade930995e3b54e41b", "text": "As the selfish passions, according to what has formerly been observed, hold in other respects a sort of middle place, between the social and unsocial affections, so do they likewise in this. The pursuit of the objects of private interest, in all common, little, and ordinary cases, ought to flow rather from a regard to the general rules which prescribe such conduct, than from any passion for the objects themselves; but upon more important and extraordinary occasions, we should be awkward, insipid, and ungraceful, if the objects themselves did not appear to animate us with a considerable degree of passion. To be anxious, or to be laying a plot either to gain or to save a single shilling, would degrade the most vulgar tradesman in the opinion of all his neighbours. Let his circumstances be ever so mean, no attention to any such small matters, for the sake of the things themselves, must appear in his conduct. His situation may require the most severe œconomy, and the most exact assiduity: but each particular exertion of that œconomy and assiduity must proceed not so much from a regard for that particular saving or gain, as for the general rule which to him prescribes, with the utmost rigour, such a tenour of conduct. His parsimony to-day must not arise from a desire of the particular three-pence which he will save by it, nor his attendance in his shop from a passion for the particular ten-pence which he will acquire by it: both the one and the other ought to proceed solely from a regard to the general rule, which prescribes, with the most unrelenting severity, this plan of conduct to all persons in his way of life. In this consists the difference between the character of a miser, and that of a person of exact œconomy and assiduity. The one is anxious about small matters for their own sake; the other attends to them only in consequence of the scheme of life which he has laid down to himself.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00394", "bookId": 67363, "start": 374470, "end": 376251, "sha256": "97fa31890b45e39a655bc3bf73bcbc35ebf2fdd866f87c7f024bc43bee5b67db", "text": "It is quite otherwise with regard to the more extraordinary and important objects of self-interest. A person appears mean-spirited, who does not pursue these with some degree of earnestness for their own sake. We should despise a prince who was not anxious about conquering or defending a province. We should have little respect for a private gentleman who did not exert himself to gain an estate, or even a considerable office, when he could acquire them without either meanness or injustice. A member of parliament who shews no keenness about his own election, is abandoned by his friends, as altogether unworthy of their attachment. Even a tradesman is thought a poor-spirited fellow among his neighbours, who does not bestir himself to get what they call an extraordinary job, or some uncommon advantage. This spirit and keenness constitutes the difference between the man of enterprise and the man of dull regularity. Those great objects of self-interest, of which the loss or acquisition quite changes the rank of the person, are the objects of the passion properly called ambition; a passion, which when it keeps within the bounds of prudence and justice, is always admired in the world, and has even sometimes a certain irregular greatness, which dazzles the imagination, when it passes the limits of both these virtues, and is not only unjust but extravagant. Hence the general admiration for Heroes and Conquerors, and even for Statesmen, whose projects have been very daring and extensive, though altogether devoid of justice; such as those of the Cardinals of Richlieu and of Retz. The objects of avarice and ambition differ only in their greatness. A miser is as furious about a halfpenny, as a man of ambition about the conquest of a kingdom.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00395", "bookId": 67363, "start": 376255, "end": 376468, "sha256": "07db8ca0e6633a033a0a8f6c87dda9ddbc4be0840c97d6ef71f0d65736dc9776", "text": "II. Secondly, I say, it will depend partly upon the precision and exactness, or the looseness and inaccuracy of the general rules themselves, how far our conduct ought to proceed entirely from a regard to them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00396", "bookId": 67363, "start": 376472, "end": 379052, "sha256": "f92048ccc0eafcdffccc62ae9b0b81cc53a377c2df230d90897ec66e85bf6277", "text": "The general rules of almost all the virtues, the general rules which determine what are the offices of prudence, of charity, of generosity, of gratitude, of friendship, are in many respects loose and inaccurate, admit of many exceptions, and require so many modifications, that it is scarce possible to regulate our conduct entirely by a regard to them. The common proverbial maxims of prudence, being founded in universal experience, are perhaps the best general rules which can be given about it. To affect, however, a very strict and literal adherence to them would evidently be the most absurd and ridiculous pedantry. Of all the virtues I have just now mentioned, gratitude is that, perhaps, of which the rules are the most precise, and admit of the fewest exceptions. That as soon as we can we should make a return of equal, and if possible of superior value to the services we have received, would seem to be a pretty plain rule, and one which admitted of scarce any exceptions. Upon the most superficial examination, however, this rule will appear to be in the highest degree loose and inaccurate, and to admit of ten thousand exceptions. If your benefactor attended you in your sickness, ought you to attend him in his? or can you fulfil the obligation of gratitude, by making a return of a different kind? If you ought to attend him, how long ought you to attend him? The same time which he attended you, or longer, and how much longer? If your friend lent you money in your distress, ought you to lend him money in his? How much ought you to lend him? When ought you to lend him? Now, or to-morrow, or next month? And for how long a time? It is evident, that no general rule can be laid down, by which a precise answer can, in all cases, be given to any of these questions. The difference between his character and yours, between his circumstances and yours, may be such, that you may be perfectly grateful, and justly refuse to lend him a halfpenny: and, on the contrary, you may be willing to lend, or even to give him ten times the sum which he lent you, and yet justly be accused of the blackest ingratitude, and of not having fulfilled the hundredth part of the obligation you lie under. As the duties of gratitude, however, are perhaps the most sacred of all those which the beneficent virtues prescribe to us, so the general rules which determine them are, as I said before, the most accurate. Those which ascertain the actions required by friendship, humanity, hospitality, generosity, are still more vague and indeterminate.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00397", "bookId": 67363, "start": 379056, "end": 381858, "sha256": "98cdafa81f7b05c3a69582b90c555a0c121ca145f4a2ee07c40b903d70c56911", "text": "There is, however, one virtue of which the general rules determine with the greatest exactness every external action which it requires. This virtue is justice. The rules of justice are accurate in the highest degree, and admit of no exceptions or modifications, but such as may be ascertained as accurately as the rules themselves, and which generally, indeed, flow from the very same principles with them. If I owe a man ten pounds, justice requires that I should precisely pay him ten pounds, either at the time agreed upon, or when he demands it. What I ought to perform, how much I ought to perform, when and where I ought to perform it, the whole nature and circumstances of the action prescribed, are all of them precisely fixt and determined. Though it may be awkward and pedantic, therefore, to affect too strict an adherence to the common rules of prudence or generosity, there is no pedantry in sticking fast by the rules of justice. On the contrary, the most sacred regard is due to them; and the actions which this virtue requires are never so properly performed, as when the chief motive for performing them is a reverential and religious regard to those general rules which require them. In the practice of the other virtues, our conduct should rather be directed by a certain idea of propriety, by a certain taste for a particular tenour of conduct, than by any regard to a precise maxim or rule; and we should consider the end and foundation of the rule, more than the rule itself. But it is otherwise with regard to justice: the man who in that refines the least, and adheres with the most obstinate stedfastness, to the general rules themselves, is the most commendable, and the most to be depended upon. Though the end of the rules of justice be, to hinder us from hurting our neighbour, it may frequently be a crime to violate them, though we could pretend, with some pretext of reason, that this particular violation could do no hurt. A man often becomes a villain the moment he begins even in his own heart, to chicane in this manner. The moment he thinks of departing from the most staunch and positive adherence to what those inviolable precepts prescribe to him, he is no longer to be trusted, and no man can say what degree of guilt he may not arrive at. The thief imagines he does no evil, when he steals from the rich, what he supposes they may easily want, and what possibly they may never even know has been stolen from them. The adulterer imagines he does no evil, when he corrupts the wife of his friend, provided he covers his intrigue from the suspicion of the husband, and does not disturb the peace of the family. When once we begin to give way to such refinements, there is no enormity so gross of which we may not be capable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00398", "bookId": 67363, "start": 381862, "end": 383072, "sha256": "20a161dd0ba48ba64739013040b6b571d897a7c24b4765ecded8ff1c82356fcc", "text": "The rules of justice may be compared to the rules of grammar; the rules of the other virtues to the rules which critics lay down for the attainment of what is sublime and elegant in composition. The one, are precise, accurate, and indispensable. The other, are loose, vague, and indeterminate, and present us rather with a general idea of the perfection we ought to aim at, than afford us any certain and infallible directions for acquiring it. A man may learn to write grammatically by rule, with the most absolute infallibility; and so, perhaps, he may be taught to act justly. But there are no rules whose observance will infallibly lead us to the attainment of elegance or sublimity in writing, though there are some which may help us, in some measure, to correct and ascertain the vague ideas which we might otherwise have entertained of those perfections: and there are no rules by the knowledge of which we can infallibly be taught to act upon all occasions with prudence, with just magnanimity, or proper beneficence. Though there are some which may enable us to correct and ascertain in several respects, the imperfect ideas which we might otherwise have entertained of those virtues.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00399", "bookId": 67363, "start": 383076, "end": 387443, "sha256": "93849cb7d4fc04ef97a0fc1e3e00ecfcf5e4f09f0fbc9d77e8bc12d91d464b9e", "text": "It may sometimes happen, that with the most serious and earnest desire of acting so as to deserve approbation, we may mistake the proper rules of conduct, and thus be misled by that very principle which ought to direct us. It is in vain to expect, that in this case mankind should entirely approve of our behaviour. They cannot enter into that absurd idea of duty which influenced us, nor go along with any of the actions which follow from it. There is still, however, something respectable in the character and behaviour of one who is thus betrayed into vice, by a wrong sense of duty, or by what is called an erroneous conscience. How fatally soever he may be misled by it, he is still, with the generous and humane, more the object of commiseration than of hatred or resentment. They lament the weakness of human nature, which exposes us to such unhappy delusions, even while we are most sincerely labouring after perfection, and endeavouring to act according to the best principle which can possibly direct us. False notions of religion are almost the only causes which can occasion any very gross perversion of our natural sentiments in this way; and that principle which gives the greatest authority to the rules of duty, is alone capable of distorting our ideas of them in any considerable degree. In all other cases common sense is sufficient to direct us, if not to the most exquisite propriety of conduct, yet to something which is not very far from it; and provided we are in earnest desirous to do well, our behaviour will always, upon the whole, be praise-worthy. That to obey the will of the Deity, is the first rule of duty, all men are agreed. But concerning the particular commandments which that will may impose upon us, they differ widely from one another. In this, therefore, the greatest mutual forbearance and toleration is due; and though the defence of society requires that crimes should be punished, from whatever motives they proceed, yet a good man will always punish them with reluctance, when they evidently proceed from false notions of religious duty. He will never feel against those who commit them that indignation which he feels against other criminals, but will rather regret, and sometimes even admire their unfortunate firmness and magnanimity, at the very time that he punishes their crime. In the tragedy of Mahomet, one of the finest of Mr. Voltaire’s, it is well represented, what ought to be our sentiments for crimes which proceed from such motives. In that tragedy, two young people of different sexes, of the most innocent and virtuous dispositions, and without any other weakness except what endears them the more to us, a mutual fondness for one another, are instigated by the strongest motives of a false religion, to commit a horrid murder, that shocks all the principles of human nature: a venerable old man, who had expressed the most tender affection for them both, for whom, notwithstanding he was the avowed enemy of their religion, they had both conceived the highest reverence and esteem, and who was in reality their father, though they did not know him to be such, is pointed out to them as a sacrifice which God had expressly required at their hands, and they are commanded to kill him. While they are about executing this crime, they are tortured with all the agonies which can arise from the struggle between the idea of the indispensableness of religious duty on the one side, and compassion, gratitude, reverence for the age, and love for the humanity and virtue of the person whom they are going to destroy, on the other. The representation of this exhibits one of the most interesting, and perhaps the most instructive spectacle that was ever introduced upon any theatre. The sense of duty, however, at last prevails over all the amiable weaknesses of human nature. They execute the crime imposed upon them; but immediately discover their error, and the fraud which had deceived them, and are distracted with horror, remorse, and resentment. Such as are our sentiments for the unhappy Seid and Palmira, such ought we to feel for every person who is in this manner misled by religion, when we are sure that it is really religion which misleads him, and not the pretence of it, which is made a cover to some of the worst of human passions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00400", "bookId": 67363, "start": 387447, "end": 389291, "sha256": "6c848365ab4be0c4689e55b3db4c91cfc8a5a2150bc468914c28e33760389115", "text": "As a person may act wrong by following a wrong sense of duty, so nature may sometimes prevail, and lead him to act right in opposition to it. We cannot in this case be displeased to see that motive prevail, which we think ought to prevail, though the person himself is so weak as to think otherwise. As his conduct, however, is the effect of weakness, not principle, we are far from bestowing upon it any thing that approaches to complete approbation. A bigotted Roman Catholic, who, during the massacre of St. Bartholomew, had been so overcome by compassion, as to save some unhappy protestants, whom he thought it his duty to destroy, would not seem to be entitled to that high applause which we should have bestowed upon him, had he exerted the same generosity with complete self-approbation. We might be pleased with the humanity of his temper, but we should still regard him with a sort of pity which is altogether inconsistent with the admiration that is due to perfect virtue. It is the same case with all the other passions. We do not dislike to see them exert themselves properly, even when a false notion of duty would direct the person to restrain them. A very devout Quaker, who upon being struck upon one cheek, instead of turning up the other, should so far forget his literal interpretation of our Saviour’s precept, as to bestow some good discipline upon the brute that insulted him, would not be disagreeable to us. We should laugh and be diverted with his spirit, and rather like him the better for it. But we should by no means regard him with that respect and esteem which would seem due to one who, upon a like occasion, had acted properly from a just sense of what was proper to be done. No action can properly be called virtuous, which is not accompanied with the sentiment of self-approbation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00401", "bookId": 67363, "start": 389295, "end": 389309, "sha256": "a7d04715f7b106d0798812fbf3e6f78563c35d0e503460e8ad87770a7742cba1", "text": "[Illustration]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00402", "bookId": 67363, "start": 389351, "end": 389426, "sha256": "7f6cacf15ed4ca315e6c74bb9ed6d63eb7850a391b6a81b8cea4640c3dc296bf", "text": "PART IV. Of the EFFECT of UTILITY upon the sentiment of approbation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00403", "bookId": 67363, "start": 389453, "end": 389479, "sha256": "7e9e8d8b414987216939c52d903442bf388a2f9791cec64e226a874b8c2a4661", "text": "CONSISTING OF ONE SECTION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00404", "bookId": 67363, "start": 389521, "end": 389715, "sha256": "50afff42e3b60d2b764e73ac77c6641d360883d6d51d66512ab02615c1a958d0", "text": "CHAP. I. _Of the beauty which the appearance of_ UTILITY _bestows upon all the productions of art, and of the extensive influence of this species of beauty_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00405", "bookId": 67363, "start": 389721, "end": 390422, "sha256": "884477b1e31e990e1c5e57112a4ba6e5e1c1b2b3dcf7f4b6d6c97d8e24053405", "text": "That utility is one of the principal sources of beauty has been observed by every body, who has considered with any attention what constitutes the nature of beauty. The conveniency of a house gives pleasure to the spectator as well as its regularity, and he is as much hurt when he observes the contrary defect, as when he sees the correspondent windows of different forms, or the door not placed exactly in the middle of the building. That the fitness of any system or machine to produce the end for which it was intended, bestows a certain propriety and beauty upon the whole, and renders the very thought and contemplation of it agreeable, is so very obvious that nobody has overlooked it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00406", "bookId": 67363, "start": 390426, "end": 391579, "sha256": "63807059b5da6590a8df7aa27a2569169754e70b38837ae7eea2facc1a553b43", "text": "The cause too, why utility pleases, has of late been assigned by an ingenious and agreeable philosopher, who joins the greatest depth of thought to the greatest elegance of expression, and possesses the singular and happy talent of treating the abstrusest subjects not only with the most perfect perspicuity, but with the most lively eloquence. The utility of any object, according to him, pleases the master by perpetually suggesting to him the pleasure or conveniency which it is fitted to promote. Every time he looks at it, he is put in mind of this pleasure; and the object in this manner becomes a source of perpetual satisfaction and enjoyment. The spectator enters by sympathy into the sentiments of the master, and necessarily views the object under the same agreeable aspect. When we visit the palaces of the great, we cannot help conceiving the satisfaction we should enjoy if we ourselves were the masters, and were possessed of so much artful and ingeniously contrived accommodation. A similar account is given why the appearance of inconveniency should render any object disagreeable both to the owner and to the spectator.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00407", "bookId": 67363, "start": 391583, "end": 392196, "sha256": "80d4caa5d9a87a3a7964464f5986ffa9ff98313d4f814481250b00ae9653e27e", "text": "But that this fitness, this happy contrivance of any production of art, should often be more valued, than the very end for which it was intended; and that the exact adjustment of the means for attaining any conveniency or pleasure, should frequently be more regarded, than that very conveniency or pleasure, in the attainment of which their whole merit would seem to consist, has not, so far as I know, been yet taken notice of by any body. That this however is very frequently the case, may be observed in a thousand instances, both in the most frivolous and in the most important concerns of human life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00408", "bookId": 67363, "start": 392200, "end": 393117, "sha256": "3573374dac9f35c45bfc768f2270f249173ff79d7e1d1a03d4f157640a7e6e5a", "text": "When a person comes into his chamber, and finds the chairs all standing in the middle of the room, he is angry with his servant, and rather than see them continue in that disorder, perhaps takes the trouble himself to set them all in their places with their backs to the wall. The whole propriety of this new situation arises from its superior conveniency in leaving the floor free and disengaged. To attain this conveniency he voluntarily puts himself to more trouble than all he could have suffered from the want of it; since nothing was more easy, than to have set himself down upon one of them, which is probably what he does when his labour is over. What he wanted therefore, it seems, was not so much this conveniency, as that arrangement of things which promotes it. Yet it is this conveniency which ultimately recommends that arrangement, and bestows upon it the whole of its propriety and beauty.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00409", "bookId": 67363, "start": 393121, "end": 393927, "sha256": "1c047b118aaa24ac04eda5ea4f38749eab4958ef3d3ec652a7f2c93f0e24a0ae", "text": "A watch, in the same manner, that falls behind above two minutes in a day, is despised by one curious in watches. He sells it perhaps for a couple of guineas, and purchases another at fifty, which will not lose above a minute in a fortnight. The sole use of watches however, is to tell us what o’clock it is, and to hinder us from breaking any engagement, or suffering any other inconveniency by our ignorance in that particular point. But the person so nice with regard to this machine, will not always be found either more scrupulously punctual than other men, or more anxiously concerned upon any other account, to know precisely what time of day it is. What interests him is not so much the attainment of this piece of knowledge, as the perfection of the machine which serves to attain it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00410", "bookId": 67363, "start": 393931, "end": 394633, "sha256": "8e00b80dd35b543502c34d95c1625c3e1dc63ae599af0fc2a315fe1359f4b819", "text": "How many people ruin themselves by laying out money on trinkets of frivolous utility? What pleases these lovers of toys is not so much the utility, as the aptness of the machines which are fitted to promote it. All their pockets are fluffed with little conveniencies. They contrive new pockets, unknown in the clothes of other people, in order to carry a greater number. They walk about loaded with a multitude of baubles, in weight and sometimes in value not inferior to an ordinary Jew’s-box, some of which may sometimes be of some little use, but all of which might at all times be very well spared, and of which the whole utility is certainly not worth the fatigue of bearing the burden.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00411", "bookId": 67363, "start": 394637, "end": 394847, "sha256": "130cd2fcecbf143993329996f749a17103a477177b70ba46c4ae2ceee095cc89", "text": "Nor is it only with regard to such frivolous objects that our conduct is influenced by this principle; it is often the secret motive of the most serious and important pursuits of both private and public life.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00412", "bookId": 67363, "start": 394851, "end": 401589, "sha256": "bbfc9f34357d71e974892d203fd1f22015e714a98620da8d3bdeabae5ff89fb3", "text": "The poor man’s son, whom Heaven in its anger has visited with ambition, when he begins to look around him admires the condition of the rich. He finds the cottage of his father too small for his accommodation, and fancies he should be lodged more at his ease in a palace. He is displeased with being obliged to walk a-foot, or to endure the fatigue of riding on horseback. He sees his superiors carried about in machines, and imagines that in one of these he could travel with less inconveniency. He feels himself naturally indolent, and willing to serve himself with his own hands as little as possible; and judges, that a numerous retinue of servants would save him from a great deal of trouble. He thinks if he had attained all these, he would sit still contentedly, and be quiet, enjoying himself in the thought of the happiness and tranquillity of his situation. He is enchanted with the distant idea of this felicity. It appears in his fancy like the life of some superior rank of beings, and in order to arrive at it, he devotes himself for ever to the pursuit of wealth and greatness. To obtain the conveniencies which these afford, he submits in the first year, nay in the first month of his application, to more fatigue of body and more uneasiness of mind than he could have suffered through the whole of his life from the want of them. He studies to distinguish himself in some laborious profession. With the most unrelenting industry he labours night and day to acquire talents superior to all his competitors. He endeavours next to bring those talents into public view, and with equal assiduity solicits every opportunity of employment. For this purpose he makes his court to all mankind, he serves those whom he hates, and is obsequious to those whom he despises. Through the whole of his life he pursues the idea of a certain artificial and elegant repose which he may never arrive at, for which he sacrifices a real tranquillity that is at all times in his power, and which, if in the extremity of old age he should at last attain to it, he will find to be in no respect preferable to that humble security and contentment which he had abandoned for it. It is then, in the last dregs of life, his body wailed with toil and diseases, his mind galled and ruffled by the memory of a thousand injuries and disappointments which he imagines he has met with from the injustice of his enemies, or from the perfidy and ingratitude of his friends, that he begins at last to find that wealth and greatness are mere trinkets of frivolous utility, no more adapted for procuring ease of body or tranquillity of mind than the tweezer-cases of the lover of toys; and like them too, more troublesome to the person who carries them about with him than all the advantages they can afford him are commodious. There is no other real difference between them, except that the conveniencies of the one are somewhat more observable than those of the other. The palaces, the gardens, the equipage, the retinue of the great are objects of which the obvious conveniency strikes every body. They do not require that their masters should point out to us wherein consists their utility. Of our own accord we readily enter into it, and by sympathy enjoy and thereby applaud the satisfaction which they are fitted to afford him. But the curiosity of a tooth-pick, of an ear-picker, of a machine for cutting the nails, or of any other trinket of the same kind, is not so obvious. Their convenience may perhaps be equally great, but it is not so striking, and we do not so readily enter into the satisfaction of the man who possesses them. They are therefore less reasonable subjects of vanity than the magnificence of wealth and greatness; and in this consists the sole advantage of these last. They more effectually gratify that love of distinction so natural to man. To one who was to live alone in a desolate island it might be a matter of doubt, perhaps, whether a palace, or a collection of such small conveniencies as are commonly contained in a tweezer-case, would contribute most to his happiness and enjoyment. If he is to live in society, indeed, there can be no comparison, because in this, as in all other cases, we constantly pay more regard to the sentiments of the spectator, than to those of the person principally concerned, and consider rather how his situation will appear to other people, than how it will appear to himself. If we examine, however, why the spectator distinguishes with such admiration the condition of the rich and the great, we shall find that it is not so much upon account of the superior ease or pleasure which they are supposed to enjoy, as of the numberless artificial and elegant contrivances for promoting this ease or pleasure. He does not even imagine that they are really happier than other people: but he imagines that they possess more means of happiness. And it is the ingenious and artful adjustment of those means to the end for which they were intended, that is the principal source of his admiration. But in the languor of disease, and the weariness of old age, the pleasures of the vain and empty distinctions of greatness disappear. To one, in this situation, they are no longer capable of recommending those toilsome pursuits in which they had formerly engaged him. In his heart he curses ambition, and vainly regrets the ease and the indolence of youth, pleasures which are fled for ever, and which he has foolishly sacrificed for what, when he has got it, can afford him no real satisfaction. In this miserable aspect does greatness appear to every man when reduced either by spleen or disease to observe with attention his own situation, and to consider what it is that is really wanting to his happiness. Power and riches appear then to be what they are, enormous and operose machines contrived to produce a few trifling conveniencies to the body, consisting of springs the most nice and delicate, which must be kept in order with the most anxious attention, and which in spite of all our care are ready every moment to burst into pieces, and to crush in their ruins their unfortunate possessor. They are immense fabrics, which it requires the labour of a life to raise, which threaten every moment to overwhelm the person that dwells in them, and which while they stand, though they may save him from some smaller inconveniencies, can protect him from none of the severer inclemencies of the season. They keep off the summer shower, not the winter storm, but leave him always as much, and sometimes more exposed than before, to anxiety, to fear, and to sorrow; to diseases, to danger, and to death.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00413", "bookId": 67363, "start": 401593, "end": 403065, "sha256": "5508444bd5e15b7f84e5ab8667b5031a2b95c95f3273d216110a4c09fff91564", "text": "But though this splenetic philosophy, which in time of sickness or low spirits is familiar to every man, thus entirely depreciates those great objects of human desire, when in better health and in better humour, we never fail to regard them under a more agreeable aspect. Our imagination, which in pain and sorrow seems to be confined and cooped up within our own persons, in times of ease and prosperity expands itself to every thing around us. We are then charmed with the beauty of that accommodation which reigns in the palaces and œconomy of the great; and admire how every thing is adapted to promote their ease, to prevent their wants, to gratify their wishes, and to amuse and entertain their most frivolous desires. If we consider the real satisfaction which all these things are capable of affording, by itself and separated from the beauty of that arrangement which is fitted to promote it, it will always appear in the highest degree contemptible and trifling. But we rarely view it in this abstract and philosophical light. We naturally confound it in our imagination with the order, the regular and harmonious movement of the system, the machine or œconomy by means of which it is produced. The pleasures of wealth and greatness, when considered in this complex view, strike the imagination as something grand and beautiful and noble, of which the attainment is well worth all the toil and anxiety which we are so apt to bestow upon it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00414", "bookId": 67363, "start": 403069, "end": 406307, "sha256": "f42ce539f4c305800235bfa1c6412d469381033222497f12702fde2015bd8f3e", "text": "And it is well that nature imposes upon us in this manner. It is this deception which rouses and keeps in continual motion the industry of mankind. It is this which first prompted them to cultivate the ground, to build houses, to found cities and commonwealths, and to invent and improve all the sciences and arts, which ennoble and embellish human life; which have entirely changed the whole face of the globe, have turned the rude forests of nature into agreeable and fertile plains, and made the trackless and barren ocean a new fund of subsistence, and the great high road of communication to the different nations of the earth. The earth by these labours of mankind has been obliged to redouble her natural fertility, and to maintain a greater multitude of inhabitants. It is to no purpose, that the proud and unfeeling landlord views his extensive fields, and without a thought for the wants of his brethren, in imagination consumes himself the whole harvest that grows upon them. The homely and vulgar proverb, that the eye is larger than the belly, never was more fully verified than with regard to him. The capacity of his stomach bears no proportion to the immensity of his desires, and will receive no more than that of the meanest peasant. The rest he is obliged to distribute among those, who prepare, in the nicest manner, that little which he himself makes use of, among those who sit up the palace in which this little is to be consumed, among those who provide and keep in order all the different baubles and trinkets, which are employed in the œconomy of greatness; all of whom thus derive from his luxury and caprice, that share of the necessaries of life, which they would in vain have expected from his humanity or his justice. The produce of the soil maintains at all times nearly that number of inhabitants, which it is capable of maintaining. The rich only select from the heap what is most precious and agreeable. They consume little more than the poor, and in spite of their natural selfishness and rapacity, though they mean only their own conveniency, though the sole end which they propose from the labours of all the thousands whom they employ, be the gratification of their own vain and insatiable desires, they divide with the poor the produce of all their improvements. They are led by an invisible hand to make nearly the same distribution of the necessaries of life, which would have been made, had the earth been divided into equal portions among all its inhabitants, and thus without intending it, without knowing it, advance the interest of the society, and afford means to the multiplication of the species. When Providence divided the earth among a few lordly masters, it neither forgot nor abandoned those who seemed to have been left out in the partition. These last too enjoy their share of all that it produces. In what constitutes the real happiness of human life, they are in no respect inferior to those who would seem so much above them. In ease of body and peace of mind, all the different ranks of life are nearly upon a level, and the beggar, who suns himself by the side of the highway, possesses that security which kings are fighting for.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00415", "bookId": 67363, "start": 406311, "end": 411927, "sha256": "5b9947b3677c9819f62f02b8e93c51af3c134fd1bdd32df1b75fccdd776d9fd8", "text": "The same principle, the same love of system, the same regard to the beauty of order, of art and contrivance, frequently serves to recommend those institutions, which tend to promote the public welfare. When a patriot exerts himself for the improvement of any part of the public police, his conduct does not always arise from pure sympathy with the happiness of those who are to reap the benefit of it. It is not commonly from a fellow-feeling with carriers and waggoners that a public-spirited man encourages the mending of high roads. When the legislature establishes premiums and other encouragements to advance the linen or woollen manufactures, its conduct seldom proceeds from pure sympathy with the wearer of cheap or fine cloth, and much less from that with the manufacturer, or merchant. The perfection of police, the extension of trade and manufactures, are noble and magnificent objects. The contemplation of them pleases us, and we are interested in whatever can tend to advance them. They make part of the great system of government, and the wheels of the political machine seem to move with more harmony and ease by means of them. We take pleasure in beholding the perfection of so beautiful and grand a system, and we are uneasy till we remove any obstruction that can in the least disturb or encumber the regularity of its motions. All constitutions of government, however, are valued only in proportion, as they tend to promote the happiness of those who live under them. This is their sole use and end. From a certain spirit of system, however, from a certain love of art and contrivance, we sometimes seem to value the means more than the end, and to be eager to promote the happiness of our fellow-creatures, rather from a view to perfect and improve a certain beautiful and orderly system, than from any immediate sense or feeling of what they either suffer or enjoy. There have been men of the greatest public spirit, who have shewn themselves in other respects not very sensible to the feelings of humanity. And on the contrary, there have been men of the greatest humanity, who seem to have been entirely devoid of public spirit. Every man may find in the circle of his acquaintance instances both of the one kind and the other. Who had ever less humanity, or more public spirit, than the celebrated legislator of Muscovy? The social and well natured James the First of Great Britain seems, on the contrary, to have had scarce any passion, either for the glory, or the interest of his country. Would you awaken the industry of the man, who seems almost dead to ambition, it will often be to no purpose to describe to him the happiness of the rich and the great; to tell him that they are generally sheltered from the sun and the rain, that they are seldom hungry, that they are seldom cold, and that they are rarely exposed to weariness, or to want of any kind. The most eloquent exhortation of this kind will have little effect upon him. If you would hope to succeed, you must describe to him the conveniency and arrangement of the different apartments in their palaces, you must explain to him the propriety of their equipages, and point out to him the number, the order, and the different offices of all their attendants. If any thing is capable of making impression upon him, this will. Yet all these things tend only to keep off the sun and the rain, to save them from hunger and cold, from want and weariness. In the same manner, if you would implant public virtue in the breast of him, who seems heedless of the interest of his country, it will often be to no purpose to tell him, what superior advantages the subjects of a well-governed state enjoy; that they are better lodged, that they are better clothed, that they are better fed. These considerations will commonly make no great impression. You will be more likely to persuade, if you describe the great system of public police which procures these advantages, if you explain the connexions and dependencies of its several parts, their mutual subordination to one another, and their general subserviency to the happiness of the society; if you show how this system might be introduced into his own country, what it is that hinders it from taking place there at present, how those obstructions might be removed, and all the several wheels of the machine of government be made to move with more harmony and smoothness, without grating upon one another, or mutually retarding one another’s motions. It is scarce possible that a man should listen to a discourse of this kind, and not feel himself animated to some degree of public spirit. He will, at least for the moment, feel some desire to remove those obstructions, and to put into motion so beautiful and so orderly a machine. Nothing tends so much to promote public spirit as the study of politics, of the several systems of civil government, their advantages and disadvantages, of the constitution of our own country, its situation, and interest with regard to foreign nations, its commerce, its defence, the disadvantages it labours under, the dangers to which it may be exposed, how to remove the one, and how to guard against the other. Upon this account political disquisitions, if just and reasonable, and practicable, are of all the works of speculation the most useful. Even the weakest and the worst of them are not altogether without their utility. They serve at least to animate the public passions of men, and rouse them to seek out the means of promoting the happiness of the society.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00416", "bookId": 67363, "start": 411968, "end": 412191, "sha256": "0d20e09d2adfba88cb8c2e3bdd6c75d7034a70714d3c9f539ee257d5bcc351e8", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of the beauty which the appearance of utility bestows upon the characters and actions of men; and how far the perception of this beauty may be regarded as one of the original principles of approbation._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00417", "bookId": 67363, "start": 412197, "end": 413592, "sha256": "bd6ebaefb20e0e10132b4094936c5f9181d1ec3ea6f0a8f33e777e3b7963c5d1", "text": "The characters of men, as well as the contrivances of art, or the institutions of civil government, may be fitted either to promote or to disturb the happiness both of the individual and of the society. The prudent, the equitable, the active, resolute, and sober character promises prosperity and satisfaction, both to the person himself and to every one connected with him. The rash, the insolent, the slothful, effeminate, and voluptuous, on the contrary, forebodes ruin to the individual, and misfortune to all who have any thing to do with him. The first turn of mind has at least all the beauty which can belong to the most perfect machine that was ever invented for promoting the most agreeable purpose: and the second all the deformity of the most awkward and clumsy contrivance. What institution of government could tend so much to promote the happiness of mankind as the general prevalence of wisdom and virtue? All government is but an imperfect remedy for the deficiency of these. Whatever beauty, therefore, can belong to civil government upon account of its utility, must in a far superior degree belong to these. On the contrary, what civil policy can be so ruinous and destructive as the vices of men? The fatal effects of bad government arise from nothing, but that it does not sufficiently guard against the mischiefs which human wickedness gives occasion to.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00418", "bookId": 67363, "start": 413596, "end": 415063, "sha256": "129868bd017c523948914b2ef2dbcf3b5c5b6d17ee190c59abf7c73df54e978d", "text": "This beauty and deformity which characters appear to derive from their usefulness or inconveniency, are apt to strike, in a peculiar manner, those who consider, in an abstract and philosophical light, the actions and conduct of mankind. When a philosopher goes to examine why humanity is approved of, or cruelty condemned, he does not always form to himself, in a very clear and distinct manner, the conception of any one particular action either of cruelty or of humanity, but is commonly contented with the vague and indeterminate idea which the general names of those qualities suggest to him. But it is in particular instances only that the propriety or impropriety, the merit or demerit of actions is very obvious and discernible. It is only when particular examples are given that we perceive distinctly either the concord or disagreement between our own affections and those of the agent, or feel a social gratitude arise towards him in the one case, or a sympathetic resentment in the other. When we consider virtue and vice in an abstract and general manner, the qualities by which they excite these several sentiments seem in a great measure to disappear, and the sentiments themselves become less obvious and discernible. On the contrary, the happy effects of the one and the fatal consequences of the other seem then to rise up to the view, and as it were to stand out and distinguish themselves from all the other qualities of either.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00419", "bookId": 67363, "start": 415067, "end": 416235, "sha256": "324ffbef20f827a3e15cce792c27823413b7b9be5a58bb41645188e2fdf085dc", "text": "The same ingenious and agreeable author who first explained why utility pleases, has been so struck with this view of things, as to resolve our whole approbation of virtue into a perception of this species of beauty which results from the appearance of utility. No qualities of the mind, he observes, are approved of as virtuous, but such as are useful or agreeable either to the person himself or to others; and no qualities are disapproved of as vicious but such as have a contrary tendency. And Nature, indeed, seems to have so happily adjusted our sentiments of approbation and disapprobation, to the conveniency both of the individual and of the society, that after the strictest examination it will be found, I believe, that this is universally the case. But still I affirm, that it is not the view of this utility or hurtfulness which is either the first or principal source of our approbation and disapprobation. These sentiments are no doubt enhanced and enlivened by the perception of the beauty or deformity which results from this utility or hurtfulness. But still, I say, they are originally and essentially different from this perception.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00420", "bookId": 67363, "start": 416239, "end": 416534, "sha256": "6bc1c3182c8e632546e584c8ffcbe444ae3648719fddd73cdd6a2ac29a0dfbe9", "text": "For first of all, it seems impossible that the approbation of virtue should be a sentiment of the same kind with that by which we approve of a convenient and well contrived building, or that we should have no other reason for praising a man than that for which we commend a chest of drawers.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00421", "bookId": 67363, "start": 416538, "end": 417072, "sha256": "f41febcc31b47d4d8cc6a52f4404d1544787269f10a7621fbc4b8a317a8b0a66", "text": "And secondly, it will be found, upon examination, that the usefulness of any disposition of mind is seldom the first ground of our approbation; and that the sentiment of approbation always involves in it a sense of propriety quite distinct from the perception of utility. We may observe this with regard to all the qualities which are approved of as virtuous, both those which, according to this system, are originally valued as useful to ourselves, as well as those which are esteemed on account of their usefulness to others.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00422", "bookId": 67363, "start": 417076, "end": 417671, "sha256": "4dca8eba2066bb355e72db3858a679da91a7de58daa5e31af605ca90bcb4e621", "text": "The qualities most useful to ourselves are, first of all, superior reason and understanding, by which we are capable of discerning the remote consequences of all our actions, and of foreseeing the advantage or detriment which is likely to result from them: and secondly, self-command, by which we are enabled to abstain from present pleasure or to endure present pain, in order to obtain a greater pleasure or to avoid a greater pain in some future time. In the union of those two qualities consists the virtue of prudence, of all the virtues that which is most useful to the individual.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00423", "bookId": 67363, "start": 417675, "end": 418573, "sha256": "e26fa36d53b75ee545a2d0741241397a11756864424db9e16c2e1ee2ca168086", "text": "With regard to the first of those qualities, it has been observed on a former occasion, that superior reason and understanding are originally approved of as just and right and accurate, and not merely as useful or advantageous. It is in the abstruser sciences, particularly in the higher parts of mathematics, that the greatest and most admired exertions of human reason have been displayed. But the utility of those sciences, either to the individual or to the public, is not very obvious, and to prove it requires a discussion which is not always very easily comprehended. It was not, therefore, their utility which first recommended them to the public admiration. This quality was but little insisted upon, till it became necessary to make some reply to the reproaches of those, who, having themselves no taste for such sublime discoveries, endeavoured to depreciate them as useless.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00424", "bookId": 67363, "start": 418577, "end": 421508, "sha256": "926ad6e7ffc46e95a47f1b92665c348e8f7ca9ec7dc2c95bb7763dfe43432837", "text": "That self-command, in the same manner, by which we restrain our present appetites, in order to gratify them more fully upon another occasion, is approved of, as much under the aspect of propriety, as under that of utility. When we act in this manner, the sentiments which influence our conduct seem exactly to coincide with those of the spectator. The spectator does not feel the felicitations of our present appetites. To him the pleasure which we are to enjoy a week hence, or a year hence, is just as interesting as that which we are to enjoy this moment. When for the sake of the present, therefore, we sacrifice the future, our conduct appears to him absurd and extravagant in the highest degree, and he cannot enter into the principles which influence it. On the contrary, when we abstain from present pleasure, in order to secure greater pleasure to come, when we act as if the remote object interests us as much as that which immediately presses upon the senses, as our affections exactly correspond with his own, he cannot fail to approve of our behaviour: and as he knows from experience, how few are capable of this self-command, he looks upon our conduct with a considerable degree of wonder and admiration. Hence arises that eminent esteem with which all men naturally regard a steady perseverance in the practice of frugality, industry, and application, though directed to no other purpose than the acquisition of fortune. The resolute firmness of the person who acts in this manner, and in order to obtain a great though remote advantage, not only gives up all present pleasures, but endures the greatest labour both of mind and body, necessarily commands our approbation. That view of his interest and happiness which appears to regulate his conduct, exactly tallies with the idea which we naturally form of it. There is the most perfect correspondence between his sentiments and our own, and at the same time, from our experience of the common weakness of human nature, it is a correspondence which we could not reasonably have expected. We not only approve, therefore, but in some measure admire his conduct, and think it worthy of a considerable degree of applause. It is the consciousness of this merited approbation and esteem which is alone capable of supporting the agent in this tenour of conduct. The pleasure which we are to enjoy ten years hence interests us so little in comparison with that which we may enjoy to-day, the passion which the first excites, is naturally so weak in comparison with that violent emotion which the second is apt to give occasion to, that one could never be any balance to the other, unless it was supported by the sense of propriety, by the consciousness that we merited the esteem and approbation of every body, by acting in the one way, and that we became the proper objects of their contempt and derision by behaving in the other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00425", "bookId": 67363, "start": 421512, "end": 421869, "sha256": "db130c7d9fd58dfc68a258ef3a53fc132590c501b74e09cea00eda3ef3ba30e0", "text": "Humanity, justice, generosity, and public spirit, are the qualities most useful to others. Wherein consists the propriety of humanity and justice has been explained upon a former occasion, where it was shewn how much our esteem and approbation of those qualities depended upon the concord between the affections of the agent and those of the spectators.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00426", "bookId": 67363, "start": 421873, "end": 424759, "sha256": "3f7f010f49c9e74f3f85900011f0b9ace0e70d90d94f40994622c9afa8d2a185", "text": "The propriety of generosity and public spirit is founded upon the same principle with that of justice. Generosity is different from humanity. Those two qualities, which at first sight seem so nearly allied, do not always belong to the same person. Humanity is the virtue of a woman, generosity of a man. The fair sex, who have commonly much more tenderness than ours, have seldom so much generosity. That women rarely make considerable donations is an observation of the civil law[7]. Humanity consists merely in the exquisite fellow-feeling which the spectator entertains with the sentiments of the persons principally concerned, so as to grieve for their sufferings, to resent their injuries, and to rejoice at their good fortune. The most humane actions require no self-denial, no self-command, no great exertion of the sense of propriety. They consist only in doing what this exquisite sympathy would of its own accord prompt us to do. But it is otherwise with generosity. We never are generous except when in some respect we prefer some other person to ourselves, and sacrifice some great and important interest of our own to an equal interest of a friend or of a superior. The man who gives up his pretensions to an office that was the great object of his ambition, because he imagines that the services of another are better entitled to it, the man who exposes his life to defend that of his friend, which he judges to be of more importance, neither of them act from humanity, or because they feel more exquisitely what concerns that other person than what concerns themselves. They both consider those opposite interests not in the light in which they naturally appear to themselves, but in that in which they appear to others. To every by-stander, the success or preservation of this other person may justly be more interesting than their own; but it cannot be so to themselves. When to the interest of this other person, therefore, they sacrifice their own, they accommodate themselves to the sentiments of the spectator, and by an effort of magnanimity act according to those views of things which they feel, must naturally occur to any third person. The soldier who throws away his life in order to defend that of his officer, would perhaps be but little affected by the death of that officer, if it should happen without any fault of his own; and a very small disaster which had befallen himself might excite a much more lively sorrow. But when he endeavours to act so as to deserve applause, and to make the impartial spectator enter into the principles of his conduct, he feels, that to every body but himself, his own life is a trifle compared with that of his officer, and that when he sacrifices the one to the other, he acts quite properly and agreeably to what would be the natural apprehensions of every impartial by-stander.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00427", "bookId": 67363, "start": 424763, "end": 424774, "sha256": "82c228cc6b407984e76969cccee9f81629c9cf32d529371363303bf6d716f574", "text": "Footnote 7:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00428", "bookId": 67363, "start": 424780, "end": 424808, "sha256": "be610986d745cc4402b316e6820f019df51343d67b10959693e303168cc1b5a9", "text": "Raro mulieres donare solent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00429", "bookId": 67363, "start": 424812, "end": 427588, "sha256": "6c1c31fa06384f3b4420060b15a19259c31f22f41a2ba6c6ad3835d47890eed2", "text": "It is the same case with the greater exertions of public spirit. When a young officer exposes his life to acquire some inconsiderable addition to the dominions of his sovereign, it is not, because the acquisition of the new territory is, to himself, an object more desireable than the preservation of his own life. To him his own life is of infinitely more value than the conquest of a whole kingdom for the state which he serves. But when he compares those two objects with one another, he does not view them in the light in which they naturally appear to himself, but in that in which they appear to the nation he fights for. To them the success of the war is of the highest importance; the life of a private person of scarce any consequence. When he puts himself in their situation, he immediately feels that he cannot be too prodigal of his blood, if by shedding it, he can promote so valuable a purpose. In thus thwarting, from a sense of duty and propriety, the strongest of all natural propensities, consists the heroism of his conduct. There is many an honest Englishman, who, in his private station, would be more seriously disturbed by the loss of a guinea, than by the national loss of Minorca, who yet, had it been in his power to defend that fortress, would have sacrificed his life a thousand times rather than, through his fault, have let it fall into the hands of the enemy. When the first Brutus led forth his own sons to a capital punishment, because they had conspired against the rising liberty of Rome, he sacrificed what, if he had consulted his own breast only, would appear to be the stronger to the weaker affection. Brutus ought naturally to have felt much more for the death of his own sons, than for all that probably Rome could have suffered from the want of so great an example. But he viewed them, not with the eyes of a father, but with those of a Roman citizen. He entered so thoroughly into the sentiments of this last character, that he paid no regard to that tye, by which he himself was connected with them; and to a Roman citizen, the sons even of Brutus seemed contemptible, when put into the balance with the smallest interest of Rome. In these and in all other cases of this kind, our admiration is not so much founded upon the utility, as upon the unexpected, and on that account the great, the noble, and exalted propriety of such actions. This utility, when we come to view it, bestows upon them, undoubtedly, a new beauty, and upon that account still further recommends them, to our approbation. This beauty, however, is chiefly perceived by men of reflection and speculation, and is by no means the quality which first recommends such actions to the natural sentiments of the bulk of mankind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00430", "bookId": 67363, "start": 427592, "end": 429528, "sha256": "48f65cbb0dcf8192d7ea3898a94d3467d236362f72a59a73c63ed0342a597f91", "text": "It is to be observed, that so far as the sentiment of approbation arises from the perception of this beauty of utility, it has no reference of any kind to the sentiments of others. If it was possible, therefore, that a person should grow up to manhood without any communication with society, his own actions might, notwithstanding, be agreeable or disagreeable to him on account of their tendency to his happiness or disadvantage. He might perceive a beauty of this kind in prudence, temperance, and good conduct, and a deformity in the opposite behaviour: He might view his own temper and character with that sort of satisfaction with which we consider a well contrived machine, in the one case; or with that sort of distaste and dissatisfaction with which we regard a very awkward and clumsy contrivance, in the other. As these perceptions, however, are merely a matter of taste, and have all the feebleness and delicacy of that species of perceptions, upon the justness of which what is properly called taste is founded, they probably would not be much attended to by one in his solitary and miserable condition. Even though they should occur to him, they would by no means have the same effect upon him, antecedent to his connexion with society, which they would have in consequence of that connexion. He would not be cast down with inward shame at the thought of this deformity; nor would he be elevated with secret triumph of mind from the consciousness of the contrary beauty. He would not exult from the notion of deserving reward in the one case, nor tremble from the suspicion of meriting punishment in the other. All such sentiments suppose the idea of some other being, who is the natural judge of the person that feels them; and it is only by sympathy with the decisions of this arbiter of his conduct, that he can conceive, either the triumph of self-applause, or the shame of self-condemnation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00431", "bookId": 67363, "start": 429570, "end": 429701, "sha256": "945e91a58b0bae1a33a0a142894fd37019eb27fb27ba9878a1aa5e0000d85d1b", "text": "PART V. Of the INFLUENCE of CUSTOM and FASHION upon the sentiments of moral approbation and disapprobation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00432", "bookId": 67363, "start": 429728, "end": 429754, "sha256": "7e9e8d8b414987216939c52d903442bf388a2f9791cec64e226a874b8c2a4661", "text": "CONSISTING OF ONE SECTION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00433", "bookId": 67363, "start": 429796, "end": 429920, "sha256": "b8ac3f06bf0321ebcbc6ca81754db2cd37adf9e66dfb1c4dd9829b02e7582b9c", "text": "CHAP. I. _Of the influence of custom and fashion upon our notions of beauty and deformity._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00434", "bookId": 67363, "start": 429926, "end": 430360, "sha256": "898c27c796c37f42e2241aca29d6ea3c9c6b008fe857953c0ec6c92b3143e571", "text": "There are other principles besides those already enumerated, which have a considerable influence upon the moral sentiments of mankind, and are the chief causes of the many irregular and discordant opinions which prevail in different ages and nations concerning what is blameable or praise-worthy. These principles are custom and faction, principles which extend their dominion over our judgments concerning beauty of every kind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00435", "bookId": 67363, "start": 430364, "end": 431900, "sha256": "fe2c028e8b555b9cdca714bf1739d015136d136cae45142b56d7d50997d2e04b", "text": "When two objects have frequently been seen together, the imagination acquires a habit of passing easily from the one to the other. If the first appear, we lay our account that the second is to follow. Of their own accord they put us in mind of one another, and the attention glides easily along them. Though, independent of custom, there should be no real beauty in their union, yet when custom has thus connected them together, we feel an impropriety in their reparation. The one we think is awkward when it appears without its usual companion. We miss something which we expected to find, and the habitual arrangement of our ideas is disturbed by the disappointment. A suit of clothes, for example, seems to want something if they are without the most insignificant ornament which usually accompanies them, and we find a meanness or awkwardness in the absence even of a haunch button. When there is any natural propriety in the union, custom increases our sense of it, and makes a different arrangement appear still more disagreeable than it would otherwise seem to be. Those who have been accustomed to see things in a good taste, are more disgusted by whatever is clumsy or awkward. Where the conjunction is improper, custom either diminishes, or takes away altogether, our sense of the impropriety. Those who have been accustomed to slovenly disorder lose all sense of neatness or elegance. The modes of furniture or dress which seem ridiculous to strangers, give no offence to the people who are used to them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00436", "bookId": 67363, "start": 431904, "end": 432782, "sha256": "aa3de5be4fba2ec4cab9bd2078b7133b31172ccf1d3d823c7eedf2555a0a02db", "text": "Fashion is different from custom, or rather is a particular species of it. That is not the fashion which every body wears, but which those wear who are of a high rank, or character. The graceful, the easy, and commanding manners of the great, joined to the usual richness and magnificence of their dress, give a grace to the very form which they happen to bestow upon it. As long as they continue to use this form, it is connected in our imaginations with the idea of something that is genteel and magnificent, and though in itself it should be indifferent, it seems, on account of this relation, to have something about it that is genteel and magnificent too. As soon as they drop it, it loses all the grace, which it had appeared to possess before, and being now used only by the inferior ranks of people, seems to have something of their meanness and awkwardness.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00437", "bookId": 67363, "start": 432786, "end": 435310, "sha256": "cc611b6afc48285a013a4eab2ebdaad58dbb4512c7a2d658ac4ef7c897ef1bbc", "text": "Dress and furniture are allowed by all the world to be entirely under the dominion of custom and fashion. The influence of those principles, however, is by no means confined to so narrow a sphere, but extends itself to whatever is in any respect the object of taste, to music, to poetry, to architecture. The modes of dress and furniture are continually changing, and that fashion appearing ridiculous to-day which was admired five years ago, we are experimentally convinced that it owed its vogue chiefly or entirely to custom and fashion. Clothes and furniture are not made of very durable materials. A well fancied coat is done in a twelve-month, and cannot continue longer to propagate, as the fashion, that form according to which it was made. The modes of furniture change less rapidly than those of dress; because furniture is commonly more durable. In five or six years, however, it generally undergoes an entire revolution, and every man in his own time sees the fashion in this respect change many different ways. The productions of the other arts are much more lasting, and, when happily imagined, may continue to propagate the fashion of their make for a much longer time. A well contrived building may endure many centuries: a beautiful air may be delivered down by a sort of tradition, through many successive generations: a well written poem may last as long as the world; and all of them continue for ages together, to give the vogue to that particular style, to that particular taste or manner, according to which each of them was composed. Few men have an opportunity of seeing in their own times the fashion in any of these arts change very considerably. Few men have so much experience and acquaintance with the different modes which have obtained in remote ages and nations, as to be thoroughly reconciled to them, or to judge with impartiality between them, and what takes place in their own age and country. Few men therefore are willing to allow that custom or fashion have much influence upon their judgments concerning what is beautiful, or otherwise, in the productions of any of those arts; but imagine, that all the rules, which they think ought to be observed in each of them, are founded upon reason and nature, not upon habit or prejudice. A very little attention, however, may convince them of the contrary, and satisfy them, that the influence of custom and fashion over dress and furniture, is not more absolute than over architecture, poetry, and music.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00438", "bookId": 67363, "start": 435314, "end": 437217, "sha256": "8ec1ade534037dba8d6799bcc234cf44e54a006b060bb00120a1900791aaa3af", "text": "Can any reason, for example, be assigned why the Doric capital should be appropriated to a pillar, whose height is equal to eight diameters; the Ionic volute to one of nine; and the Corinthian foliage to one of ten? The propriety of each of those appropriations can be founded upon nothing but habit and custom. The eye having been used to see a particular proportion connected with a particular ornament, would be offended if they were not joined together. Each of the five orders has its peculiar ornaments, which cannot be changed for any other, without giving offence to all those who know any thing of the rules of architecture. According to some architects, indeed, such is the exquisite judgment with which the ancients have assigned to each order its proper ornaments, that no others can be found which are equally suitable. It seems, however, a little difficult to be conceived that these forms, though, no doubt, extremely agreeable, should be the only forms which can suit those proportions, or that there should not be five hundred others which, antecedent to established custom, would have fitted them equally well. When custom, however, has established particular rules of building, provided they are not absolutely unreasonable, it is absurd to think of altering them for others which are only equally good, or even for others which, in point of elegance and beauty, have naturally some little advantage over them. A man would be ridiculous who should appear in public with a suit of clothes quite different from those which are commonly worn, though the new dress should in itself be ever so graceful or convenient. And there seems to be an absurdity of the same kind in ornamenting a house after a quite different manner from that which custom and fashion have prescribed; though the new ornaments should in themselves be somewhat superior to the common ones.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00439", "bookId": 67363, "start": 437221, "end": 437902, "sha256": "fcaacd2bdc8269e8e41b01bfc02361ba0ff79d08c7bfa56ef50511c3ade041fb", "text": "According to the ancient rhetoricians, a certain measure or verse was by nature appropriated to each particular species of writing, as being naturally expressive of that character, sentiment, or passion, which ought to predominate in it. One verse, they said, was fit for grave and another for gay works, which could not, they thought, be interchanged without the greatest impropriety. The experience of modern times, however, seems to contradict this principle, though in itself it would appear to be extremely probable. What is the burlesque verse in English is the heroic verse in French. The tragedies of Racine and the Henriad of Voltaire, are in the same verse with,", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00440", "bookId": 67363, "start": 437918, "end": 437965, "sha256": "e4eecb189ec1488cea7aab5af7682a4885916d415d1a4e22b48687fece502461", "text": "_Thus said to my lady the knight full of care._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00441", "bookId": 67363, "start": 437969, "end": 438460, "sha256": "1be9f24f01cedb42e12bad0a73a399af7eb277978f9e80eed59e7544829452cb", "text": "The burlesque verse in French, on the contrary, is pretty much the same with the heroic verse of ten syllables in English. Custom has made the one nation associate the ideas of gravity, sublimity, and seriousness, to that measure which the other has connected with whatever is gay, flippant, and ludicrous. Nothing would appear more absurd in English than a tragedy written in the Alexandrine verses of the French, or in French, than a work of the same kind in verses of ten syllables.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00442", "bookId": 67363, "start": 438464, "end": 440450, "sha256": "a34b1e0272b3c2a2d05383d57300ecf7c57295b4af167c61217457013d99d27b", "text": "An eminent artist will bring about a considerable change in the established modes of each of those arts, and introduce a new fashion of writing, music, or architecture. As the dress of an agreeable man of high rank recommends itself, and how peculiar and fantastical soever, comes soon to be admired and imitated; so the excellencies of an eminent matter recommend his peculiarities, and his manner becomes the fashionable style in the art which he practises. The taste of the Italians in music and architecture, has, within these fifty years, undergone a considerable change, from imitating the peculiarities of some eminent masters in each of those arts. Seneca is accused by Quintilian of having corrupted the taste of the Romans, and of having introduced a frivolous prettiness in the room of majestic reason and masculine eloquence. Sallust and Tacitus have by others been charged with the same accusation, tho’ in a different manner. They gave reputation, it is pretended, to a style, which though in the highest degree concise, elegant, expressive, and even poetical, wanted, however, ease, simplicity, and nature, and was evidently the production of the most laboured and studied affectation. How many great qualities must that writer possess who can thus render his very faults agreeable? After the praise of refining the taste of a nation, the highest eulogy, perhaps, which can be bestowed upon any author is to say, that he corrupted it. In our own language, Mr. Pope and Dr. Swift have each of them introduced a manner different from what was practised before, into all works that are written in rhyme, the one in long verses, the other in short. The quaintness of Butler has given place to the plainness of Swift. The rambling freedom of Dryden, and the correct but often tedious and prosaic languor of Addison, are no longer the objects of imitation, but all long verses are now written after the manner of the nervous precision of Mr. Pope.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00443", "bookId": 67363, "start": 440454, "end": 445124, "sha256": "006d14834779d97fce8058f46f8a8f2c4c01191327de67ac422312b78b82688f", "text": "Neither is it only over the productions of the arts, that custom and fashion exert their dominion. They influence our judgments, in the same manner, with regard to the beauty of natural objects. What various and opposite forms are deemed beautiful in different species of things? The proportions which are admired in one animal, are altogether different from those which are esteemed in another. Every class of things has its own peculiar conformation, which is approved of, and has a beauty of its own, distinct from that of every other species. It is upon this account that a learned Jesuit, father Buffier, has determined that the beauty of every object consists in that form and colour, which is most usual among things of that particular sort to which it belongs. Thus, in the human form, the beauty of each feature lies in a certain middle equally removed from a variety of other forms that are ugly. A beautiful nose, for example, is one that is neither very long, nor very short, neither very straight, nor very crooked, but a sort of middle among all these extremes, and less different from any one of them, than all of them are from one another. It is the form which Nature seems to have aimed at in them all, which, however, she deviates from in a great variety of ways, and very seldom hits exactly; but to which all those deviations still bear a very strong resemblance. When a number of drawings are made after one pattern, though they may all miss it in some respects, yet they will all resemble it more than they resemble one another; the general character of the pattern will run through them all; the most singular and odd will be those which are most wide of it; and though very few will copy it exactly, yet the most accurate delineations will bear a greater resemblance to the most careless, than the careless ones will bear to one another. In the same manner, in each species of creatures, what is most beautiful bears the strongest characters of the general fabric of the species, and has the strongest resemblance to the greater part of the individuals with which it is classed. Monsters, on the contrary, or what is perfectly deformed, are always most singular and odd, and have the least resemblance to the generality of that species to which they belong. And thus the beauty of each species, though in one sense the rarest of all things, because few individuals hit this middle form exactly, yet in another, is the most common, because all the deviations from it resemble it more than they resemble one another. The most customary form, therefore, is in each species of things, according to him, the most beautiful. And hence it is that a certain practice and experience in contemplating each species of objects is requisite, before we can judge of its beauty, or know wherein the middle and most usual form consists. The nicest judgment concerning the beauty of the human species, will not help us to judge of that of flowers, or horses, or any other species of things. It is for the same reason that in different climates and where different customs and ways of living take place, as the generality of any species receives a different conformation from those circumstances, so different ideas of its beauty prevail. The beauty of a Moorish is not exactly the same with that of an English horse. What different ideas are formed in different nations concerning the beauty of the human shape and countenance? A fair complexion is a shocking deformity upon the coast of Guinea. Thick lips and a flat nose are a beauty. In some nations long ears that hang down upon the shoulders are the objects of universal admiration. In China if a lady’s foot is so large as to be fit to walk upon, she is regarded as a monster of ugliness. Some of the savage nations in North America tie four boards round the heads of their children, and thus squeeze them, while the bones are tender and gristly, into a form that is almost perfectly square. Europeans are astonished at the absurd barbarity of this practice, to which some missionaries have imputed the singular stupidity of those nations among whom it prevails. But, when they condemn those savages, they do not reflect that the ladies in Europe had, till within these very few years, been endeavouring, for near a century past, to squeeze the beautiful roundness of their natural shape into a square form of the same kind. And that notwithstanding the many distortions and diseases which this practice was known to occasion, custom had rendered it agreeable among some of the most civilized nations, which, perhaps, the world ever beheld.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00444", "bookId": 67363, "start": 445128, "end": 446684, "sha256": "d601aa274dccc99f71f756d06862ac3fcfbee0847cb9be561d359f77fafd849d", "text": "Such is the system of this learned and ingenious father, concerning the nature of beauty; of which the whole charm, according to him, would thus seem to arise from its falling in with the habits which custom had impressed upon the imagination, with regard to things of each particular kind. I cannot, however, be induced to believe that our sense even of external beauty is founded altogether on custom. The utility of any form, its fitness for the useful purposes for which it was intended, evidently recommends it, and renders it agreeable to us independent of custom. Certain colours are more agreeable than others, and give more delight to the eye the first time it ever beholds them. A smooth surface is more agreeable than a rough one. Variety is more pleasing than a tedious undiversified uniformity. Connected variety, in which each new appearance seems to be introduced by what went before it, and in which all the adjoining parts seem to have some natural relation to one another, is more agreeable than a disjointed and disorderly assemblage of unconnected objects. But though I cannot admit that custom is the sole principle of beauty, yet I can so far allow the truth of this ingenious system as to grant, that there is scarce any one external form so beautiful as to please, if quite contrary to custom and unlike whatever we have been used to in that particular species of things: or so deformed as not to be agreeable, if custom uniformly supports it, and habituates us to see it in every single individual of the kind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00445", "bookId": 67363, "start": 446725, "end": 446803, "sha256": "668e667093e72da3c13c09a3bb4467f70e580d58d46ea3ed6aded786c8838ad0", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of the influence of custom and fashion upon moral sentiments._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00446", "bookId": 67363, "start": 446809, "end": 447918, "sha256": "8f3f2bdcb20af08e4505ee15ebff3e53feda82c4f6745d243bcec47755dab251", "text": "Since our sentiments concerning beauty of every kind are so much influenced by custom and fashion, it cannot be expected, that those, concerning the beauty, of conduct, should be entirely exempted from the dominion of those principles. Their influence here, however, seems to be much less than it is every where else. There is, perhaps, no form of external objects, how absurd and fantastical soever, to which custom will not reconcile us, or which fashion will not render even agreeable. But the characters and conduct of a Nero, or a Claudius, are what no custom will ever reconcile us to, what no fashion will ever render agreeable; but the one will always be the object of dread and hatred; the other of scorn and derision. The principles of the imagination, upon which our sense of beauty depends, are of a very nice and delicate nature, and may easily be altered by habit and education: but the sentiments of moral approbation and disapprobation, are founded on the strongest and most vigorous passions of human nature; and though they may be somewhat warpt, cannot be entirely perverted.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00447", "bookId": 67363, "start": 447922, "end": 449192, "sha256": "a75189eef3571e596764507df00347a34b3b57373c9855fdf49e4849e64936a4", "text": "But though the influence of custom and fashion, upon moral sentiments, is not altogether so great, it is however perfectly similar to what it is every where else. When custom and fashion coincide with the natural principles of right and wrong, they heighten the delicacy of our sentiments, and increase our abhorrence for every thing which approaches to evil. Those who have been educated in what is really good company, not in what is commonly called such, who have been accustomed to see nothing in the persons whom they esteemed and lived with, but justice, modesty, humanity, and good order, are more shocked with whatever seems to be inconsistent with the rules which those virtues prescribe. Those, on the contrary, who have had the misfortune to be brought up amidst violence, licentiousness, falsehood, and injustice, lose, though not all sense of the impropriety of such conduct, yet all sense of its dreadful enormity, or of the vengeance and punishment due to it. They have been familiarized with it from their infancy, custom has rendered it habitual to them, and they are very apt to regard it as, what is called the way of the world, something which either may, or must be practised, to hinder us from being the dupes of our own integrity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00448", "bookId": 67363, "start": 449196, "end": 450591, "sha256": "6bffe41702a2c6eb3cb26d101636c403de61ebd95c1c7c748aebc2f8109c6fe3", "text": "Fashion too will sometimes give reputation to a certain degree of disorder, and on the contrary discountenance qualities which deserve esteem. In the reign of Charles II. a degree of licentiousness was deemed the characteristic of a liberal education. It was connected, according to the notions of those times, with generosity, sincerity, magnanimity, loyalty, and proved that the person who acted in this manner, was a gentleman, and not a puritan; severity of manners, and regularity of conduct, on the other hand, were altogether unfashionable, and were connected, in the imagination of that age, with cant, cunning, hypocrisy, and low manners. To superficial minds, the vices of the great seem at all times agreeable. They connect them, not only with the splendour of fortune, but with many superiour virtues, which they ascribe to their superiors; with the spirit of freedom and independency, with frankness, generosity, humanity, and politeness. The virtues of the inferior ranks of people, on the contrary, their parsimonious frugality, their painful industry, and rigid adherence to rules, seem to them mean and disagreeable. They connect them, both with the meanness of the station to which those qualities commonly belong, and with many great vices, which, they suppose, usually accompany them; such as an abject, cowardly, ill-natured, lying, pilfering disposition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00449", "bookId": 67363, "start": 450595, "end": 452744, "sha256": "9e2a59b4d4775816cbe1ff90aabc216d9ea75437f5317047507e026cb64386f0", "text": "The objects with which men in the different professions and states of life are conversant, being very different, and habituating them to very different passions, naturally form in them very different characters and manners. We expect in each rank and procession, a degree of those manners, which, experience has taught us, belong to it. But as in each species of things, we are particularly pleased with the middle conformation, which in every part and feature agrees most exactly with the general standard which nature seems to have established for things of that kind; so in each rank, or, if I may say so, in each species of men, we are particularly pleased, if they have neither too much, nor too little of the character which usually accompanies their particular condition and situation. A man, we say, should look like his trade and profession; yet the pedantry of every profession is disagreeable. The different periods of life have, for the same reason, different manners assigned to them. We expect in old age, that gravity and sedateness which its infirmities, its long experience, and its worn-out sensibility seem to render both natural and respectable; and we lay our account to find in youth that sensibility, that gaiety and sprightly vivacity which experience teaches us to expect from the lively impressions that all interesting objects are apt to make upon the tender and unpractised senses of that early period of life. Each of those two ages, however, may easily have too much of these peculiarities which belong to it. The flirting levity of youth, and the immoveable insensibility of old age, are equally disagreeable. The young, according to the common saying, are most agreeable when in their behaviour there is something of the manners of the old, and the old, when they retain something of the gaiety of the young. Either of them, however, may easily have too much of the manners of the other. The extreme coldness, and dull formality, which are pardoned in old age, make youth ridiculous. The levity, the carelessness, and the vanity, which are indulged in youth, render old age contemptible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00450", "bookId": 67363, "start": 452748, "end": 455847, "sha256": "373d6187d5980612719c9e88bc31ff9c217e0f3e854854cb096c4e720f2b6fe2", "text": "The peculiar character and manners which we are led by custom to appropriate to each rank and profession, have sometimes perhaps a propriety independent of custom; and are what we should approve of for their own sakes, if we took into consideration all the different circumstances which naturally affect those in each different state of life. The propriety of a person’s behaviour, depends not upon its suitableness to any one circumstance of his situation, but to all the circumstances, which, when we bring his case home to ourselves we feel, should naturally call upon his attention. If he appears to be so much occupied by any one of them, as entirely to neglect the rest, we disapprove of his conduct, as something which we cannot entirely go along with, because not properly adjusted to all the circumstances of his situation: yet, perhaps, the emotion he expresses for the object which principally interests him, does not exceed what we should entirely sympathize with, and approve of, in one whose attention was not required by any other thing. A parent in private life might, upon the loss of an only son, express without blame, a degree of grief and tenderness, which would be unpardonable in a general at the head of an army, when glory, and the public safety demanded so great a part of his attention. As different objects ought, upon common occasions, to occupy the attention of men of different professions, so different passions ought, naturally to become habitual to them; and when we bring home to ourselves their situation in this particular respect, we must be sensible, that every occurrence should naturally affect them more or less, according as the emotion which it excites, coincides or disagrees with the fixt habit and temper of their minds. We cannot expect the same sensibility to the gay pleasures and amusements of life in a clergyman which we lay our account with in an officer. The man whose peculiar occupation it is to keep the world in mind of that awful futurity which awaits them, who is to announce what may be the fatal consequences of every deviation from the rules of duty, and who is himself to set the example of the most exact conformity, seems to be the messenger of tidings, which cannot, in propriety, be delivered either with levity or indifference. His mind is supposed to be continually occupied with what is too grand and solemn, to leave any room for the impressions of those frivolous objects, which fill up the attention of the dissipated and the gay. We readily feel therefore, that, independent of custom, there is a propriety in the manners which custom has allotted to this profession; and that nothing can be more suitable to the character of a clergyman, than that grave, that austere and abstracted severity, which we are habituated to expect in his behaviour. These reflections are so very obvious, that there is scarce any man so inconsiderate, as not, at some time, to have made them, and to have accounted to himself in this manner for his approbation of the usual character of this order.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00451", "bookId": 67363, "start": 455851, "end": 459520, "sha256": "9fd917d2542f084270ac4a1458776dcdc1be867c36f4f411c52166959949bc9f", "text": "The foundation of the customary character of some other professions is not so obvious, and our approbation of it is founded entirely in habit, without being either confirmed, or enlivened by any reflections of this kind. We are led by custom, for example, to annex the character of gaiety, levity, and sprightly freedom, as well as of some degree of dissipation, to the military profession: yet, if we were to consider what mood or tone of temper would be most suitable to this situation, we should be apt to determine, perhaps, that the most serious and thoughtful turn of mind, would best become those whose lives are continually exposed to uncommon danger; and who should therefore be more constantly occupied with the thoughts of death and its consequences than other men. It is this very circumstance, however, which is not improbably the occasion why the contrary turn of mind prevails so much among men of this profession. It requires so great an effort to conquer the fear of death, when we survey it with steadiness and attention, that those who are constantly exposed to it, find it easier to turn away their thoughts from it altogether, to wrap themselves up in careless security and indifference, and to plunge themselves, for this purpose, into every sort of amusement and dissipation. A camp is not the element of a thoughtful or a melancholy man: persons of that cast, indeed, are often abundantly determined, and are capable, by a great effort, of going on with inflexible resolution to the most unavoidable death. But to be exposed to continual, though less imminent danger, to be obliged to exert, for a long time, a degree of this effort, exhausts and depresses the mind, and renders it incapable of all happiness and enjoyment. The gay and careless, who have occasion to make no effort at all, who fairly resolve never to look before them, but to lose in continual pleasures and amusements, all anxiety about their situation, more easily support such circumstances. Whenever, by any peculiar circumstances, an officer has no reason to lay his account with being exposed to any uncommon danger, he is very apt to lose the gaiety and dissipated thoughtlessness of his character. The captain of a city guard is commonly as sober, careful, and penurious an animal as the rest of his fellow-citizens. A long peace is, for the same reason, very apt to diminish the difference between the civil and the military character. The ordinary situation, however, of men of this profession, renders gaiety, and a degree of dissipation, so much their usual character; and custom has, in our imagination, so strongly connected this character with this state of life, that we are very apt to despise any man, whose peculiar humour or situation, renders him incapable of acquiring it. We laugh at the grave and careful faces of a city guard, which, so little resemble those of their profession. They themselves seem often to be ashamed of the regularity of their own manners, and, not to be out of the fashion of their trade, are fond of affecting that levity, which is by no means natural to them. Whatever is the deportment which we have been accustomed to see in a respectable order of men, it comes to be so associated in our imagination with that order, that whenever we see the one, we lay our account that we are to meet with the other, and when disappointed, miss something which we expected to find. We are embarrassed, and put to a stand, and know not how to address ourselves to a character, which plainly affects to be of a different species from those with which we should have been disposed to class it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00452", "bookId": 67363, "start": 459524, "end": 460671, "sha256": "ea23d1f68c29bd71c653ce35620dfb6dfe5fc9b61ae46a33244b78aab30b8680", "text": "The different situations of different ages and countries, are apt, in the same manner, to give different characters to the generality of those who live in them, and their sentiments concerning the particular degree of each quality, that is either blameable, or praise-worthy, vary according to that degree, which is usual in their own country, and in their own times. That degree of politeness, which would be highly esteemed, perhaps, would be thought effeminate adulation, in Russia, would be regarded as rudeness and barbarism at the court of France. That degree of order and frugality, which, in a Polish nobleman, would be considered as excessive parsimony, would be regarded as extravagance in a citizen of Amsterdam. Every age and country look upon that degree of each quality, which is commonly to be met with in those who are esteemed among themselves, as the golden mean of that particular talent or virtue. And as this varies, according as their different circumstances render different qualities more or less habitual to them, their sentiments concerning the exact propriety of character and behaviour vary accordingly.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00453", "bookId": 67363, "start": 460675, "end": 461438, "sha256": "12d171420ffc89c3ce0b8c07dc3944ee859b776b7bc4c3869391350147ca9e58", "text": "Among civilized nations, the virtues which are founded upon humanity, are more cultivated than those which are founded upon self-denial and the command of the passions. Among rude and barbarous nations, it is quite otherwise, the virtues of self-denial are more cultivated than those of humanity. The general security and happiness which prevail in ages of civility and politeness afford little exercise to the contempt of danger, to patience in enduring labour, hunger, and pain. Poverty may easily be avoided, and the contempt of it therefore, almost ceases to be a virtue. The abstinence from pleasure, becomes less necessary, and the mind is more at liberty to unbend itself, and to indulge its natural inclinations in all those particular respects.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00454", "bookId": 67363, "start": 461442, "end": 467052, "sha256": "dba0f49f938b9d9a56fabfdfce6c562e53b7b676def9f6a3d2a066b2a9cd177a", "text": "Among savages and barbarians it is quite otherwise. Every savage undergoes a sort of Spartan discipline, and by the necessity of his situation is inured to every sort of hardship. He is in continual danger: He is often exposed to the greatest extremities of hunger, and frequently dies of pure want. His circumstances not only habituate him to every sort of distress, but teach him to give way to none of the passions which that distress is apt to excite. He can expect from his countrymen no sympathy or indulgence for such weakness. Before we can feel much for others, we must in some measure be at ease ourselves. If our own misery pinches us very severely, we have no leisure to attend to that of our neighbour: And all savages are too much occupied with their own wants and necessities, to give much attention to those of another person. A savage, therefore, whatever be the nature of his distress, expects no sympathy from those about him, and disdains, upon that account, to expose himself, by allowing the least weakness to escape him. His passions, how furious and violent soever, are never permitted to disturb the serenity of his countenance or the composure of his conduct and behaviour. The savages in North America, we are told, assume upon all occasions the greatest indifference, and would think themselves degraded if they should ever appear in any respect to be overcome, either by love, or grief, or resentment. Their magnanimity and self-command, in this respect, are almost beyond the conception of Europeans. In a country in which all men are upon a level, with regard to rank and fortune, it might be expected that the mutual inclinations of the two parties should be the only thing considered in marriages, and should be indulged without any sort of controul. This, however, is the country in which all marriages, without exception, are made up by the parents, and in which a young man would think himself disgraced for ever, if he shewed the least preference of one woman above another, or did not express the most complete indifference, both about the time when, and the person to whom he was to be married. The weakness of love, which is so much indulged in ages of humanity and politeness, is regarded among savages as the most unpardonable effeminacy. Even after the marriage the two parties seem to be ashamed of a connexion which is founded upon so sordid a necessity. They do not live together. They see one another by stealth only. They both continue to dwell in the houses of their respective fathers, and the open cohabitation of the two sexes, which is permitted without blame in all other countries, is here considered as the most indecent and unmanly sensuality. Nor is it only over this agreeable passion that they exert this absolute self-command. They often bear in the sight of all their countrymen with injuries, reproach, and the grossest insults with the appearance of the greatest insensibility, and without expressing the smallest resentment. When a savage is made prisoner of war, and receives, as is usual, the sentence of death from his conquerors, he hears it without expressing any emotion, and afterwards submits to the most dreadful torments, without ever bemoaning himself, or discovering any other passion but contempt of his enemies. While he is hung by the shoulders over a slow fire, he derides his tormentors, and tells them with how much more ingenuity, he himself had tormented such of their countrymen as had fallen into his hands. After he has been scorched and burnt, and lacerated in all the most tender and sensible parts of his body for several hours together, he is often allowed, in order to prolong his misery, a short respite, and is taken down from the stake: he employs this interval in talking upon all indifferent subjects, inquires after the news of the country, and seems indifferent about nothing but his own situation. The spectators express the same insensibility; the sight of so horrible an object seems to make no impression upon them; they scarce look at the prisoner, except when they lend a hand to torment him. At other times they smoke tobacco, and amuse themselves with any common object, as if no such matter was going on. Every savage is said to prepare himself from his earliest youth for this dreadful end. He composes, for this purpose, what they call the song of death, a song which he is to sing when he has fallen into the hands of his enemies, and is expiring under the tortures which they inflict upon him. It consists of insults upon his tormentors, and expresses the highest contempt of death and pain. He sings this song upon all extraordinary occasions, when he goes out to war, when he meets his enemies in the field, or whenever he has a mind to show that he has familiarised his imagination to the most dreadful misfortunes, and that no human event can daunt his resolution, or alter his purpose. The same contempt of death and torture prevails among all other savage nations. There is not a negro from the coast of Africa who does not, in this respect, possess a degree of magnanimity which the soul of his sordid master is too often scarce capable of conceiving. Fortune never exerted more cruelly her empire over mankind, than when she subjected those nations of heroes to the refuse of the jails of Europe, to wretches who possess the virtues neither of the countries which they come from, nor of those which they go to, and whose levity, brutality, and baseness, so justly expose them to the contempt of the vanquished.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00455", "bookId": 67363, "start": 467056, "end": 470652, "sha256": "4d19b65f8fc7e224ee165f9f0ae23faa8445e921653b5cc28033646a21c9d86d", "text": "This heroic and unconquerable firmness, which the custom and education of his country demand of every savage, is not required of those who are brought up to live in civilized societies. If these last complain when they are in pain, if they grieve when they are in distress, if they allow themselves either to be overcome by love, or to be discomposed by anger, they are easily pardoned. Such weaknesses are not apprehended to affect the essential parts of their character. As long as they do not allow themselves to be transported to do any thing contrary to justice or humanity, they lose but little reputation, though the serenity of their countenance or the composure of their discourse and behaviour should be somewhat ruffled and disturbed. A humane and polished people, who have more sensibility to the passions of others, can more readily enter into an animated and passionate behaviour, and can more easily pardon some little excess. The person principally concerned is sensible of this; and being assured of the equity of his judges, indulges himself in stronger expressions of passion, and is less afraid of exposing himself to their contempt by the violence of his emotions. We can venture to express more emotion in the presence of a friend than in that of a stranger, because we expect more indulgence from the one than from the other. And in the same manner the rules of decorum among civilized nations, admit of a more animated behaviour, than is approved of among barbarians. The first converse together with the openness of friends; the second with the reserve of strangers. The emotion and vivacity with which the French and the Italians, the two most polished nations upon the continent, express themselves on occasions that are at all interesting, surprise at first those strangers who happen to be travelling among them, and who, having been educated among a people of duller sensibility, cannot enter into this passionate behaviour, of which they have never seen any example in their own country. A young French nobleman will weep in the presence of the whole court upon being refused a regiment. An Italian, says the abbot Dû Bos, expresses more emotion on being condemned in a fine of twenty shillings, than an Englishman on receiving the sentence of death. Cicero, in the times of the highest Roman politeness, could, without degrading himself, weep with all the bitterness of sorrow in the sight of the whole senate and the whole people; as it is evident he must have done in the end of almost every oration. The orators of the earlier and ruder ages of Rome could not probably, consistent with the manners of the times, have expressed themselves with so much emotion. It would have been regarded, I suppose, as a violation of nature and propriety in the Scipios, in the Leliuses, and in the elder Cato, to have exposed so much tenderness to the view of the public. Those ancient warriors could express themselves, with order, gravity, and good judgment; but are said to have been strangers to that sublime and passionate eloquence which was first introduced into Rome, not many years before the birth of Cicero, by the two Gracchi, by Crassus, and by Sulpitius. This animated eloquence, which has been long practiced, with or without success, both in France and Italy, is but just beginning to be introduced into England. So wide is the difference between the degrees of self-command which are required in civilized and in barbarous nations, and by such different standards do they judge of the propriety of behaviour.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00456", "bookId": 67363, "start": 470656, "end": 472647, "sha256": "6a7a4268d331968fca8283c9e9b86ecba6587266c5142fb09fd6e1ecb3be5a36", "text": "This difference gives occasion to many others that are not less essential. A polished people being accustomed to give way, in some measure, to the movements of nature, become frank, open, and sincere. Barbarians, on the contrary, being obliged to smother and conceal the appearance of every passion, necessarily acquire the habits of falsehood and dissimulation. It is observed by all those who have been conversant with savage nations, whether in Asia, Africa, or America, that they are all equally impenetrable, and that, when they have a mind to conceal the truth, no examination is capable of drawing it from them. They cannot be trepanned by the most artful questions. The torture itself is incapable of making them confess any thing which they have no mind to tell. The passions of a savage too, though they never express themselves by any outward emotion, but lie concealed in the breast of the sufferer, are, notwithstanding, all mounted to the highest pitch of fury. Though he seldom shows any symptoms of anger, yet his vengeance, when he comes to give way to it, is always sanguinary and dreadful. The least affront drives him to despair. His countenance and discourse indeed are still sober and composed, and express nothing but the most perfect tranquillity of mind: But his actions are often the most furious and violent. Among the North-Americans it is not uncommon for persons of the tenderest age and more fearful sex to drown themselves upon receiving only a slight reprimand from their mothers, and this too without expressing any passions or saying any thing, except, _you shall no longer have a daughter_. In civilized nations the passions of men are not commonly so furious or so desperate. They are often clamorous and noisy, but are seldom very hurtful; and seem frequently to aim at no other satisfaction, but that of convincing the spectator, that they are in the right to be so much moved, and of procuring his sympathy and approbation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00457", "bookId": 67363, "start": 472651, "end": 473038, "sha256": "b67c76b402f5b039268e26f18e25a335ec2d6a4e428162a05c6117f1c85e923e", "text": "All these effects of custom and fashion, however, upon the moral sentiments of mankind, are inconsiderable in comparison of those which they give occasion to in some other cases; and it is not concerning the general style of character and behaviour, that those principles produce the greatest perversion of judgment, but concerning the propriety or impropriety of particular usages.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00458", "bookId": 67363, "start": 473042, "end": 474893, "sha256": "779f6c6e2cffa20a84a45fd46a1211fd82d6d6921143891676a873c4f1243726", "text": "The different manners which custom teaches us to approve of in the different professions and states of life, do not concern things of the greatest importance. We expect truth and justice from an old man as well as from a young, from a clergyman as well as from an officer; and it is in matters of small moment only that we look for the distinguishing marks of their respective characters. With regard to these too, there is often some unobserved circumstance which, if it was attended to, would show us, that, independent of custom, there was a propriety in the character which custom had taught us to allot to each profession. We cannot complain, therefore, in this case, that the perversion of natural sentiment is very great. Though the manners of different nations require different degrees of the same quality, in the character which they think worthy of esteem, yet the worst that can be said to happen even here, is that the duties of one virtue are sometimes extended so as to encroach a little upon the precincts of some other. The rustic hospitality that is in fashion among the Poles encroaches, perhaps, a little upon œconomy and good order; and the frugality that is esteemed in Holland, upon generosity and good-fellowship. The hardiness demanded of savages diminishes their humanity; and, perhaps, the delicate sensibility required in civilized nations sometimes destroys the masculine firmness of the character. In general, the style of manners which takes place in any nation, may commonly upon the whole be said to be that which is most suitable to its situation. Hardiness is the character most suitable to the circumstances of a savage; sensibility to those of one who lives in a very civilized society. Even here, therefore, we cannot complain that the moral sentiments of men are very grossly perverted.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00459", "bookId": 67363, "start": 474897, "end": 475286, "sha256": "01397aaa34b97e24863e5be8d3d7d244931e2acd1c146cf35455b60f236864e8", "text": "It is not therefore in the general style of conduct or behaviour that custom authorizes the widest departure from what is the natural propriety of action. With regard to particular usages its influence is often much more destructive of good morals, and it is capable of establishing, as lawful and blameless, particular actions, which shock the plainest principles of right and wrong.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00460", "bookId": 67363, "start": 475290, "end": 478412, "sha256": "cd65e3711a959b09dcd21f6b6f0ea90df19631aa4aadda0f455401027f498cb8", "text": "Can there be greater barbarity, for example, than to hurt an infant? Its helplessness, its innocence, its amiableness, call forth the compassion even of an enemy, and not to spare that tender age is regarded as the most furious effort of an enraged and cruel conqueror. What then should we imagine must be the heart of a parent who could injure that weakness which even a furious enemy is afraid to violate? Yet the exposition, that is, the murder of newborn infants, was a practice allowed of in almost all the states of Greece, even among the polite and civilized Athenians; and whenever the circumstances of the parent rendered it inconvenient to bring up the child, to abandon it to hunger, or to wild beasts, was regarded without blame or censure. This practice had probably begun in times of the most savage barbarity. The imaginations of men had been first made familiar with it in that earliest period of society, and the uniform continuance of the custom had hindered them afterwards from perceiving its enormity. We find, at this day, that this practice prevails among all savage nations; and in that rudest and lowest state of society it is undoubtedly more pardonable than in any other. The extreme indigence of a savage is often such that he himself is frequently exposed to the greatest extremity of hunger, he often dies of pure want, and it is frequently impossible for him to support both himself and his child. We cannot wonder, therefore, that in this case he should abandon it. One who in flying from an enemy, whom it was impossible to resist, should throw down his infant, because it retarded his flight, would surely be excusable; since, by attempting to save it, he could only hope for the consolation of dying with it. That in this state of society, therefore, a parent should be allowed to judge whether he can bring up his child, ought not to surprise us so greatly. In the latter ages of Greece, however, the same thing was permitted from views of remote interest or conveniency, which could by no means excuse it. Uninterrupted custom had by this time so thoroughly authorized the practice, that not only the loose maxims of the world tolerated this barbarous prerogative, but even the doctrine of philosophers, which ought to have been more just and accurate, was led away by the established custom, and upon this, as upon many other occasions, instead of censuring, supported the horrible abuse, by far-fetched considerations of public utility. Aristotle talks of it as of what the magistrate ought upon many occasions to encourage. The humane Plato is of the same opinion, and, with all that love of mankind which seems to animate all his writings, no where marks this practice with disapprobation. When custom can give sanction to so dreadful a violation of humanity, we may well imagine that there is scarce any particular practice so gross which it cannot authorize. Such a thing, we hear men every day saying, is commonly done, and they seem to think this a sufficient apology for what, in itself, is the most unjust and unreasonable conduct.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00461", "bookId": 67363, "start": 478416, "end": 478848, "sha256": "2a25427eb5802992fd051253a08ecd5995221b3ec454fb2d894eabf36bbfb9f7", "text": "There is an obvious reason why custom should never pervert our sentiments with regard to the general style and character of conduct and behaviour, in the same degree as with regard to the propriety or unlawfulness of particular usages. There never can be any such custom. No society could subsist a moment, in which the usual strain of mens conduct and behaviour was of a piece with the horrible practice I just now mentioned.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00462", "bookId": 67363, "start": 478852, "end": 478866, "sha256": "a7d04715f7b106d0798812fbf3e6f78563c35d0e503460e8ad87770a7742cba1", "text": "[Illustration]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00463", "bookId": 67363, "start": 478908, "end": 478969, "sha256": "407ba9234fd8c1509e003dfcb9e33d9361134f0c45b362f36edd42e67e385274", "text": "PART VI. Of Systems of MORAL PHILOSOPHY.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00464", "bookId": 67363, "start": 478995, "end": 479023, "sha256": "9930da44b1edd73257a00a09612d323a42e3315d5871f4dc6e8f2139a75a3d85", "text": "CONSISTING OF FOUR SECTIONS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00465", "bookId": 67363, "start": 479064, "end": 479187, "sha256": "01863722c1812f342a081f82470113b3cb4ffd8470bd5311a35220d9362a812b", "text": "SECTION I. Of the questions which ought to be examined in a theory of moral sentiments.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00466", "bookId": 67363, "start": 479193, "end": 480154, "sha256": "855b94df9443295d58bba8c1ea4a710d7cff29cfb1eaa61b59af13a809c0513e", "text": "If we examine the most celebrated and remarkable of the different theories which have been given concerning the nature and origin of our moral sentiments, we shall find that almost all of them coincide with some part or other of that which I have been endeavouring to give an account of; and that if every thing which has already been said be fully considered, we shall be at no loss to explain what was the view or aspect of nature which led each particular author to form his particular system. From some one or other of those principles which I have been endeavouring to unfold, every system of morality that ever had any reputation in the world has, perhaps, ultimately been derived. As they are all of them, in this respect, founded upon natural principles, they are all of them in some measure in the right. But as many of them are derived from a partial and imperfect view of nature, there are many of them too in some respects in the wrong.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00467", "bookId": 67363, "start": 480158, "end": 480878, "sha256": "36ae52bba94c36fbfdb48f6b9dda7e250cfc1a4fc66479d036d515ea4aa768e7", "text": "In treating of the principles of morals there are two questions to be considered. First, wherein does virtue consist? Or what is the tone of temper, and tenour of conduct, which constitutes the excellent and praise-worthy character, the character which is the natural object of esteem, honour, and approbation? and secondly, by what power or faculty in the mind is it, that this character, whatever it be, is recommended to us? Or in other words, how and by what means does it come to pass, that the mind prefers one tenour of conduct to another, denominates the one right and the other wrong; considers the one as the object of approbation, honour, and reward, and the other of blame, censure, and punishment?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00468", "bookId": 67363, "start": 480882, "end": 481192, "sha256": "6642cbc73300dce88a69c4359f3d6e2f3319499787246ffe632b484ab1efced2", "text": "We examine the first question when we consider whether virtue consists in benevolence, as Dr. Hutcheson imagines; or in acting suitably to the different relations we stand in, as Dr. Clarke supposes; or in the wise and prudent pursuit of our own real and solid happiness, as has been the opinion of others.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00469", "bookId": 67363, "start": 481196, "end": 481882, "sha256": "a9b309da94ab4a944daa723f70a35d99bd2550ebd1d2ba8930a3511a0da69d0c", "text": "We examine the second question, when we consider, whether the virtuous character, whatever it consists in, be recommended to us by self-love, which makes us perceive that this character, both in ourselves and others, tends most to promote our own private interest or by reason, which points out to us the difference between one character and another, in the same manner as it does that between truth and falsehood; or by a peculiar power of perception, called a moral sense, which this virtuous character gratifies and pleases, as the contrary disgusts and displeases it; or last of all, by some other principle in human nature, such as a modification of sympathy, or the like.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00470", "bookId": 67363, "start": 481886, "end": 482063, "sha256": "0b91f77eeb101b3272ae71363511f57b4f61aefdd97737ac8c5f9b2c2ed049ad", "text": "I shall begin with considering the systems which have been formed concerning the first of these questions, and shall proceed afterwards to examine those concerning the second.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00471", "bookId": 67363, "start": 482067, "end": 482081, "sha256": "a7d04715f7b106d0798812fbf3e6f78563c35d0e503460e8ad87770a7742cba1", "text": "[Illustration]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00472", "bookId": 67363, "start": 482121, "end": 482206, "sha256": "6174635923389eaa3d645fdfa295f23832eed927c8966e6a86632985c34f6481", "text": "SECTION II. Of the different accounts which have been given of the nature of virtue.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00473", "bookId": 67363, "start": 482241, "end": 482254, "sha256": "762d10af887f2b4a9299813419b04ed2821b36dd51e9dedd6d11353d8443c3bd", "text": "INTRODUCTION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00474", "bookId": 67363, "start": 482258, "end": 482838, "sha256": "029620ecc99320c479a3a3b53ab7afd8f8ef44e172b1061a8ab2ea6d63a2290f", "text": "The different accounts which have been given of the nature of virtue, or of the temper of mind which constitutes the excellent and praise-worthy character, may be reduced to three different classes. According to some, the virtuous temper of mind does not consist in any one species of affections, but in the proper government and direction of all our affections, which may be either virtuous or vicious according to the objects which they pursue, and the degree of vehemence with which they pursue them. According to these authors, therefore, virtue consists in propriety.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00475", "bookId": 67363, "start": 482842, "end": 483122, "sha256": "e1fa6498c6293143a6eea50a5823efa212d1e8aec67930f336d56657e605dc21", "text": "According to others, virtue consists in the judicious pursuit of our own private interest and happiness, or in the proper government and direction of those selfish affections which aim solely at this end. In the opinion of these authors, therefore, virtue consists in prudence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00476", "bookId": 67363, "start": 483126, "end": 483401, "sha256": "70f1a8fe9c2807f05f143d218f7a66dfcae0c4d6287b7a5df4e9c742b9b8f762", "text": "Another set of authors make virtue consist in those affections only which aim at the happiness of others, not in those which aim at our own. According to them, therefore, disinterested benevolence is the only motive which can stamp upon any action the character of virtue.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00477", "bookId": 67363, "start": 483405, "end": 484361, "sha256": "e5fe7f1976355d653b88b3a8ef54474e75cfe795826963120ebacec907ac2cc2", "text": "The character of virtue, it is evident, must either be ascribed indifferently to all our affections, when under proper government and direction; or it must be confined to some one class or division of them. The great division of our affections is into the selfish and the benevolent. If the character of virtue, therefore, cannot be ascribed indifferently to all our affections, when under proper government and direction, it must be confined either to those which aim directly at our own private happiness, or to those which aim directly at that of others. If virtue, therefore, does not consist in propriety, it must consist either in prudence or in benevolence. Besides these three, it is scarce possible to imagine that any other account can be given of the nature of virtue. I shall endeavour to shew hereafter how all the other accounts, which are seemingly different from any of these, coincide at bottom with some one or other of them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00478", "bookId": 67363, "start": 484403, "end": 484478, "sha256": "522ea2cf63c7b7b10c228ed97ecbfba588afd76f180ce4c73960de5cf258f5c9", "text": "CHAP. I. _Of those systems which make virtue consist in propriety._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00479", "bookId": 67363, "start": 484484, "end": 484667, "sha256": "6c0c93a6e9471d0f424f34a114c57d7180b3f5adf981e86701595c818a59c49b", "text": "According to Plato, to Aristotle, and to Zeno, virtue consists in the propriety of conduct, or in the suitableness of the affection from which we act to the object which excites it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00480", "bookId": 67363, "start": 484671, "end": 484819, "sha256": "ba3f4af5807d3cab0329af4308da583bef766689f950f8b2ccd2633403ee6c91", "text": "I. In the system of Plato[8] the soul is considered as something like a little state or republic, composed of three different faculties or orders.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00481", "bookId": 67363, "start": 484823, "end": 484834, "sha256": "0f87315f0e0cdd83b4ae06182c01614344a03279244a4a17228a189c2c181eb7", "text": "Footnote 8:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00482", "bookId": 67363, "start": 484840, "end": 484866, "sha256": "f8940c5ad932cec2294e6ab286087322662d2de4082ed3ac7206af7bc727d769", "text": "See Plato de Rep. lib. iv.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00483", "bookId": 67363, "start": 484870, "end": 485453, "sha256": "e91553e75549c76bd0ddaebd08a26bd4f1093785d8fa59526cbfd1c0eb3fe21c", "text": "The first is the judging faculty, the faculty which determines not only what are the proper means for attaining any end, but also what ends are fit to be pursued, and what degree of relative value we ought to put upon each. This faculty Plato called, as it is very properly called reason, and considered it as what had a right to be the governing principle of the whole. Under this appellation, it is evident, he comprehended not only that faculty by which we judge of truth and falsehood, but that by which we judge of the propriety or impropriety of desires and affections.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00484", "bookId": 67363, "start": 485457, "end": 486335, "sha256": "125d0055c22f28da687154952476094acaffac5bc8ad190bb0e36b285b2d96c1", "text": "The different passions and appetites, the natural subject of this ruling principle, but which are so apt to rebel against their master, he reduced to two different classes or orders. The first consisted of those passions, which are founded in pride and resentment, or in what the schoolmen called the irascible part of the soul; ambition, animosity, the love of honour, and the dread of shame, the desire of victory, superiority, and revenge; all those passions, in short, which are supposed either to rise from, or to denote what, by a metaphor in our language, we commonly call spirit or natural fire. The second consisted of those passions which are founded in the love of pleasure, or in what the schoolmen called the concupiscible part of the soul. It comprehended all the appetites of the body, the love of ease and security, and of all sensual gratifications.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00485", "bookId": 67363, "start": 486339, "end": 487154, "sha256": "e8ef65b7693d157a7c642d962241f4699a2e493ed6bd539ec981bda228d75408", "text": "It rarely happens that we break in upon that plan of conduct, which the governing principle prescribes, and which in all our cool hours we had laid down to ourselves as what was most proper for us to pursue, but when prompted by one or other of those two different sets of passions; either by ungovernable ambition and resentment, or by the importunate solicitations of present ease and pleasure. But though these two orders of passions are so apt to mislead us, they are still considered as necessary parts of human nature: the first having been given to defend us against injuries, to assert our rank and dignity in the world, to make us aim at what is noble and honourable, and to make us distinguish those who act in the same manner; the second to provide for the support and necessities of the body.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00486", "bookId": 67363, "start": 487158, "end": 487489, "sha256": "3ab0cae2868e19b4075838cf7c9963a7aeae445603a2165911f815a2b69428f7", "text": "In the strength, acuteness, and perfection of the governing principle was placed the essential virtue of prudence, which, according to Plato, consisted in a just and clear discernment, founded upon general and scientific ideas, of the ends which were proper to be pursued, and of the means which were proper for attaining them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00487", "bookId": 67363, "start": 487493, "end": 488326, "sha256": "53f71f1b99074669c34b0c1e2c7dbea722add92393ff534847c976250b38ed81", "text": "When the first set of passions, those of the irascible part of the soul, had that degree of strength and firmness, which enabled them, under the direction of reason, to despise all dangers in the pursuit of what was honourable and noble; it constituted the virtue of fortitude and magnanimity. This order of passions, according to this system, was of a more generous and noble nature than the other. They were considered upon many occasions as the auxiliaries of reason, to check and restrain the inferior and brutal appetites. We are often angry at ourselves, it was observed, we often become the objects of our own resentment and indignation, when the love of pleasure prompts to do what we disapprove of; and the irascible part of our nature is in this manner called in to assist the rational against the concupiscible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00488", "bookId": 67363, "start": 488330, "end": 488921, "sha256": "ee9f9c5f579dcf33375c25a09429311ff6d7b09ffb323cf409e12f136900cbc9", "text": "When all those three different parts of our nature were in perfect concord with one another, when neither the irascible nor concupiscible passions ever aimed at any gratification which reason did not approve of, and when reason never commanded any thing, but what these of their own accord were willing to perform; this happy composure, this perfect and complete harmony of soul, constituted that virtue which in their language is expressed by a word which we commonly translate temperance, but which might more properly be translated good temper, or sobriety and moderation of mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00489", "bookId": 67363, "start": 488925, "end": 489581, "sha256": "ae01be1d256980ffcdf1b9819c1d2c2037e86cf77f51d2bad7020320a5759dc0", "text": "Justice, the last and greatest of the four cardinal virtues, took place, according to this system, when each of those three faculties of the mind confined itself to its proper office, without attempting to encroach upon that of any other; when reason directed and passion obeyed, and when each passion performed its proper duty, and exerted itself towards its proper object easily and without reluctance, and with that degree of force and energy, which was suitable to the value of what it pursued. In this consisted that complete virtue, that perfect propriety of conduct, which Plato, after some of the ancient Pythagoreans, denominated Justice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00490", "bookId": 67363, "start": 489585, "end": 492786, "sha256": "218c3bfe633a183ef25287da69173489b89b86512e0851fe59fa36b1b6c47c82", "text": "The word, it is to be observed, which expresses justice in the Greek language, has several different meanings; and as the correspondent word in all other languages, so far as I know, has the same, there must be some natural affinity among those various significations. In one sense we are said to do justice to our neighbour when we abstain from doing him any positive harm, and do not directly hurt him, either in his person, or in his estate, or in his reputation. This is that justice which I have treated of above, the observance of which may be extorted by force, and the violation of which exposes to punishment. In another sense we are said not to do justice to our neighbour unless we conceive for him all that love, respect and esteem, which his character, his situation, and his connexion with ourselves, render suitable and proper for us to feel, and unless we act accordingly. It is in this sense that we are said to do injustice to a man of merit who is connected with us, tho’ we abstain from hurting him in every respect, if we do not exert ourselves to serve him and to place him in that situation in which the impartial spectator would be pleased to see him. The first sense of the word coincides with what Aristotle and the Schoolmen call commutative justice, and with what Grotius calls the _justitia expletrix_, which consists in abstaining from what is another’s, and in doing voluntarily whatever we can with propriety be forced to do. The second sense of the word coincides with what some have called distributive justice[9], and with the _justitia attributrix_ of Grotius, which consists in proper beneficence, in the becoming use of what is our own, and in the applying it to those purposes either of charity or generosity, to which it is most suitable, in our situation, that it should be applied. In this sense justice comprehends all the social virtues. There is yet another sense in which the word justice is sometimes taken, still more extensive than either of the former, though very much akin to the last; and which runs too, so far as I know, through all languages. It is in this last sense that we are said to be unjust, when we do not seem to value any particular object with that degree of esteem, or to pursue it with that degree of ardour which to the impartial spectator it may appear to deserve or to be naturally fitted for exciting. Thus we are said to do injustice to a poem or a picture, when we do not admire them enough, and we are said to do them more than justice when we admire them too much. In the same manner we are said to do injustice to ourselves when we appear not to give sufficient attention to any particular object of self-interest. In this last sense, what is called justice means the same thing with exact and perfect propriety of conduct and behaviour, and comprehends in it, not only the offices of both commutative and distributive justice, but of every other virtue, of prudence, of fortitude, of temperance. It is in this last sense that Plato evidently understands what he calls justice, and which, therefore, according to him, comprehends in it the perfection of every sort of virtue.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00491", "bookId": 67363, "start": 492790, "end": 492801, "sha256": "cdaa6399c5de853289908feecb5b57a874c4ded10f4561f0b45f9e86874acda9", "text": "Footnote 9:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00492", "bookId": 67363, "start": 492807, "end": 492999, "sha256": "6989fb214097f2224311bda2b8b409626c19feedc01b234a9bda0aaab4c6657c", "text": "The distributive justice of Aristotle is somewhat different. It consists in the proper distribution of rewards from the public stock of a community. See Aristotle Ethic. Nic. l. 5. c. 2.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00493", "bookId": 67363, "start": 493003, "end": 493531, "sha256": "f0ea5d72b4f6065448eca4afc3ae5ad7ad21d6e81ee6c6dab51d69ddfa285c33", "text": "Such is the account given by Plato of the nature of virtue, or of that temper of mind which is the proper object of praise and approbation. It consists, according to him, in that state of mind in which every faculty confines itself within its proper sphere without encroaching upon that of any other, and performs its proper office with that precise degree of strength and vigour which belongs to it. His account, it is evident, coincides in every respect with what we have said above concerning the propriety of conduct.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00494", "bookId": 67363, "start": 493535, "end": 494712, "sha256": "abbd3a75be5e05683529928c8b7767349cffb3f330a34457a70fdccf901d06ea", "text": "II. Virtue, according to Aristotle[10], consists in the habit of mediocrity according to right reason. Every particular virtue, according to him, lies in a kind of middle between two opposite vices, of which the one offends from being too much, the other from being too little affected by a particular species of objects. Thus the virtue of fortitude or courage lies in the middle between the opposite vices of cowardice and of presumptuous rashness, of which the one offends from being too much, and the other from being too little affected by the objects of fear. Thus too the virtue of frugality lies in a middle between avarice and profusion, of which the one consists in an excess, the other in a defect of the proper attention to the objects of self interest. Magnanimity, in the same manner, lies in a middle between the excess of arrogance and the defect of pusillanimity, of which the one consists in too extravagant, the other in too weak a sentiment of our own worth and dignity. It is unnecessary to observe that this account of virtue corresponds too pretty exactly with what has been said above concerning the propriety and impropriety of conduct.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00495", "bookId": 67363, "start": 494716, "end": 494728, "sha256": "d8a3c4f5813d2891ff03fa71075ba69d096747c8126dd8862eb3d3ab75f1db38", "text": "Footnote 10:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00496", "bookId": 67363, "start": 494734, "end": 494802, "sha256": "a05ff0ae2d53429c85c43599f76afe15f035200e92460cebe8646611c36afb64", "text": "See Aristotle Ethic. Nic. l. 2. c. 5. et seq. et l. 3. c. 5. et seq.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00497", "bookId": 67363, "start": 494806, "end": 497146, "sha256": "6adba20ac4061a62ae3078582930c4cda48614a45c9f51122420621480fce598", "text": "According to Aristotle[11], indeed, virtue did not so much consist in those moderate and right affections, as in the habit of this moderation. In order to understand this, it is to be observed, that virtue may be considered either as the quality of an action, or as the quality of a person. Considered as the quality of an action, it consists, even according to Aristotle, in the reasonable moderation of the affection from which the action proceeds, whether this disposition be habitual to the person or not. Considered as the quality of a person, it consists in the habit of this reasonable moderation, in its having become the customary and usual disposition of the mind. Thus the action which proceeds from an occasional fit of generosity is undoubtedly a generous action, but the man who performs it, is not necessarily a generous person, because it may be the single action of the kind which he ever performed. The motive and disposition of heart, from which this action was performed, may have been quite just and proper: but as this happy mood seems to have been the effect rather of accidental humour than of any thing steady or permanent in the character, it can reflect no great honour on the performer. When we denominate a character generous or charitable, or virtuous in any respect, we mean to signify that the disposition expressed by each of those appellations is the usual and customary disposition of the person. But single actions of any kind, how proper and suitable soever, are of little consequence to show that this is the case. If a single action was sufficient to stamp the character of any virtue upon the person who performed it, the most worthless of mankind might lay claim to all the virtues; since there is no man who has not, upon some occasions, acted with prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude. But though single actions, how laudable soever, reflect very little praise upon the person who performs them, a single vicious action performed by one whose conduct is usually very regular, greatly diminishes and sometimes destroys altogether our opinion of his virtue. A single action of this kind sufficiently shows that his habits are not perfect, and that he is less to be depended upon, than, from the usual train of his behaviour, we might have been apt to imagine.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00498", "bookId": 67363, "start": 497150, "end": 497162, "sha256": "0e72cff49dd42118d9778eef81a1e4f16ff60c077999d0b5d1b79c1afafca0d0", "text": "Footnote 11:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00499", "bookId": 67363, "start": 497168, "end": 497224, "sha256": "eca5e3d6d09564139b7bb3764ef812bac58e0139b726ba5c630be5a851744f10", "text": "See Aristotle Ethic. Nic. lib. ii. ch. 1., 2., 3. and 4.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00500", "bookId": 67363, "start": 497228, "end": 498069, "sha256": "c18c91185107bd807c2fb48065c1fa7cb1c0ce598de9435ddf734c6e28312401", "text": "Aristotle too[12], when he made virtue to consist in practical habits, had it probably in his view to oppose the doctrine of Plato, who seems to have been of opinion that just sentiments and reasonable judgments concerning what was fit to be done or to be avoided, were alone sufficient to constitute the most perfect virtue. Virtue, according to Plato, might be considered as a species of science, and no man, he thought, could see clearly and demonstratively what was right and what was wrong, and not act accordingly. Passion might make us act contrary to doubtful and uncertain opinions, not to plain and evident judgments. Aristotle, on the contrary, was of opinion, that no conviction of the understanding was capable of getting the better of inveterate habits, and that good morals arose not from knowledge but from action.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00501", "bookId": 67363, "start": 498073, "end": 498085, "sha256": "d0787db6a2f485f603ad2c8292c9a7b727a39b75437bd4e2e2a0858def3c51d6", "text": "Footnote 12:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00502", "bookId": 67363, "start": 498091, "end": 498129, "sha256": "cdf72f280c0c3d400dd821151eb8d130f57a24539a1fb7877fe6cd2c81dbe993", "text": "See Aristotle Mag. Mor. lib. i. ch. 1.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00503", "bookId": 67363, "start": 498133, "end": 498473, "sha256": "10bdc8baba4ed58312a4060c053fd3ba8ea2caefeb14f47b6a8fb6261d3def20", "text": "III. According to Zeno[13], the founder of the stoical doctrine, every animal was by nature recommended to its own care, and was endowed with the principle of self-love, that it might endeavour to preserve, not only its existence, but all the different parts of its nature, in the best and most perfect state of which they were capable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00504", "bookId": 67363, "start": 498477, "end": 498489, "sha256": "f3574bab8e3c017f3a9ed1bb23e9c13778e738c7c6cf256a81fb662d09447bfa", "text": "Footnote 13:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00505", "bookId": 67363, "start": 498495, "end": 498586, "sha256": "99fd1062ac081e4eb1ebeeb53c4e723b7a580bd33d8f9c97cbb657e859ba4379", "text": "See Cicero de finibus, lib. iii. also Diogenes Laertius in Zenone, lib. vii. segment 84.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00506", "bookId": 67363, "start": 498590, "end": 501153, "sha256": "0d10150b977e28cb3131cd1ad4b8d4ab3f0c02ceb3c87d9ca70156a1e8e80fd4", "text": "The self-love of man embraced, if I may say so, his body and all its different members, his mind and all its different faculties and powers, and desired the preservation and maintenance of them all in their best and most perfect condition. Whatever tended to support this state of existence was, therefore, by nature pointed out to him as fit to be chosen; and whatever tended to destroy it, as fit to be rejected. Thus health, strength, agility, and ease of body, as well as the external conveniencies which could promote these, wealth, power, honours, the respect and esteem of those we live with, were naturally pointed out to us as things eligible, and of which the possession was preferable to the contrary. On the other hand, sickness, infirmity, unwieldiness, pain of body, as well as all the external inconveniencies which tended to occasion or bring on any of them, poverty, the want of authority, the contempt or hatred of those we live with; were, in the same manner, pointed out to us as things to be shunned and avoided. In each of those two different classes of objects there were some which appeared to be more the objects either of choice or rejection than others in the same class. Thus, in the first class, health appeared evidently preferable to strength, and strength to agility; reputation to power, and power to riches. And thus too, in the second class, sickness was more to be avoided than unwieldiness of body, ignominy than poverty, and poverty than the want of authority. Virtue and the propriety of conduct consisted in choosing and rejecting all different objects and circumstances according as they were by nature rendered more or less the objects of choice or rejection; in selecting always from among the several objects of choice presented to us, that which was most to be chosen, when we could not obtain them all: and in selecting too out of the several objects of rejection offered to us, that which was least to be avoided, when it was not in our power to avoid them all. By choosing and rejecting with this just and accurate discernment, by thus bestowing upon every object the precise degree of attention it deserved, according to the place which it held in this natural scale of things, we maintained, according to the Stoics, that perfect rectitude of conduct which constituted the essence of virtue. This was what they called to live consistently, to live according to nature, and to obey those laws and directions which nature, or the Author of nature, had prescribed for our conduct.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00507", "bookId": 67363, "start": 501157, "end": 502659, "sha256": "3da07ac9f0c25b1e15cb27694013c49926b0a72d55c37f0c53f75aee9de8587a", "text": "So far the Stoical idea of propriety and virtue is not very different from that of Aristotle and the ancient peripatetics. What chiefly distinguished those two systems from one another was the different degrees of self-command which they required. The peripatetics allowed of some degree of perturbation as suitable to the weakness of human nature, and as useful to so imperfect a creature as man. If his own misfortunes excited no passionate grief, if his own injuries called forth no lively resentment, reason, or a regard to the general rules which determined what was right and fit to be done, would commonly, they thought, be too weak to prompt him to avoid the one or to beat off the other. The Stoics, on the contrary, demanded the most perfect apathy, and regarded every emotion which could in the smallest degree disturb the tranquillity of the mind, as the effect of levity and folly. The Peripatetics seem to have thought that no passion exceeded the bounds of propriety as long as the spectator, by the utmost effort of humanity, could sympathize with it. The Stoics, on the contrary, appear to have regarded every passion as improper, which made any demand upon the sympathy of the spectator, or required him to alter in any respect the natural and ordinary state of his mind, in order to keep time with the vehemence of its emotions. A man of virtue, they seem to have thought, ought not to depend upon the generosity of those he lives with for pardon or approbation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00508", "bookId": 67363, "start": 502663, "end": 507333, "sha256": "730fa6ac6bf1ff17ef4ffc2b70266779d73d285acbd243aaf7ac5a695f0b67dd", "text": "According to the Stoics, every event should, to a wise man, appear indifferent, and what for its own sake could be the object neither of desire, nor aversion, neither of joy, nor sorrow. If he preferred some events to others, if some situations were the objects of his choice, and others of his rejection,[14] it was not, because he regarded the one as, in themselves, in any respect better than the other, or thought that his own happiness would be more complete in, what is called, the fortunate, than in what is commonly regarded as the distressful situation; but because the propriety of action, the rule which the gods had given him for the direction of his conduct, required him to choose and reject in this manner. Among the primary objects of natural inclination, or among those things which nature had originally recommended to us as eligible, was the prosperity, of our family, of our relations, of our friends, of our country, of mankind, and of the universe in general. Nature too had taught us that as the prosperity of two was preferable to that of one, that of many or of all must be infinitely more so. That we ourselves were but one, and that consequently wherever our prosperity was inconsistent with that, either of the whole, or of any considerable part of the whole, it ought, even in our own choice, to yield to what was so vastly preferable. As all the events in this world were conducted by the providence of a wise, powerful and good God, we might be assured that whatever happened, tended to the prosperity and perfection of the whole, if we ourselves, therefore, were in poverty, in sickness, or in any other calamity, we ought, first of all, to use our utmost endeavours, so far as justice and our duty to others would allow, to rescue ourselves from this disagreeable circumstance. But if after all we could do, we found this impossible, we ought to rest satisfied that the order and perfection of the universe required that we should in the mean time continue in this situation. And as the prosperity of the whole should, even to us, appear preferable to so insignificant a part as ourselves, our situation, whatever it was, ought from that moment to become the object of our choice, and even of our desire, if we would maintain that complete propriety and rectitude of sentiment and conduct in which the perfection of our nature consists. If, indeed, any opportunity of extricating ourselves should offer, it became our duty to embrace it. The order of the universe, it was evident, no longer required our continuance in this situation, and the great director of the world plainly called upon us to leave it, by so clearly pointing out the road which we were to follow. It was the same case with the adversity of our relations, our friends, our country. If without violating any more sacred obligation, it was in our power to prevent or to put an end to their calamity, it undoubtedly was our duty to do so. The propriety of action, the rule which Jupiter had given us for the direction of our conduct, evidently required this of us. But if it was altogether out of our power to do either, we ought then to consider this event as the most fortunate which could possibly have happened: Because we might be assured that it tended most to the prosperity and order of the whole: which was what we ourselves, if we were wise and equitable, ought most of all to desire. “In what sense, says Epictetus, are some things said to be according to our nature, and others contrary to it? It is in that sense in which we consider ourselves as separated and detached from all other things. For thus it may be said to be according to the nature of the foot to be always clean. But if you consider it as a foot, and not as something detached from the rest of the body, it must behove it sometimes to trample in the dirt, and sometimes to tread upon thorns, and sometimes too to be cut off for the sake of the whole body; and if it refuses this, it is no longer a foot. Thus too ought we to conceive with regard to ourselves. What are you? A man. If you consider yourself as something separated and detached, it is agreeable to your nature to live to old age, to be rich, to be in health. But if you consider yourself as a man, and as a part of a whole, upon account of that whole it will behoove you sometimes to be in sickness, sometimes to be exposed to the inconveniency of a sea voyage, sometimes to be in want; and at last, perhaps, to die before your time. Why then do you complain? Don’t you know that by doing so, as the foot ceases to be a foot, so you cease to be a man?”[15]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00509", "bookId": 67363, "start": 507337, "end": 507349, "sha256": "27ea8d597a6b201370207ecdaee5b4a1959a49043d5c3220621584d3e2749f40", "text": "Footnote 14:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00510", "bookId": 67363, "start": 507355, "end": 507502, "sha256": "00334cf8b6a1fe5e19732ea7c06bf6aaa0620dd47d4f8a35202ac800eaf41044", "text": "Some of these expressions sound a little awkward in the English language: they are literal translations of the technical terms of the Stoics.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00511", "bookId": 67363, "start": 507506, "end": 507518, "sha256": "21e7e32a1dc09de7e91ff8332ae2ae5ede874859b9ae71f1b8d7aa2707e19293", "text": "Footnote 15:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00512", "bookId": 67363, "start": 507524, "end": 507546, "sha256": "2dede9230afa7b504ee965ddda63fe120081cdba13f234be2fd679c2d0e03b1d", "text": "Arrian. lib. II. c. 5.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00513", "bookId": 67363, "start": 507550, "end": 508914, "sha256": "f408fa7da71e7995fe704ac9c028a9869181cc9ce884dbfdae6376dcf2ad79dc", "text": "This submission to the order of the universe, this entire indifference with regard to whatever concerns ourselves, when put into the balance with the interest of the whole, could derive its propriety, it is evident, from no other principle besides that, upon which I have endeavoured to show, the propriety of justice was founded. As long as we view our own interests with our own eyes, it is scarce possible that we should willingly acquiesce in their being thus sacrificed to the interests of the whole. It is only when we view those opposite interests with the eyes of others, that what concerns ourselves can appear to be so contemptible in the comparison, as to be resigned without any reluctance. To every body but the person principally concerned, nothing can appear more agreeable to reason and propriety than that the part should give place to the whole. But what is agreeable to the reason of all other men, ought not to appear contrary to his. He himself therefore ought to approve of this sacrifice, and acknowledge its conformity to reason. But all the affections of a wise man, according to the stoics, are perfectly agreeable to reason and propriety, and of their own accord coincide with whatever these ruling principles prescribe. A wise man, therefore, could never feel any reluctance to comply with this disposition of things.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00514", "bookId": 67363, "start": 508918, "end": 509839, "sha256": "557121285f7fd36642b789cd895e4b8fe48a3c3bc0a7269c66387a1f63e40c71", "text": "IV. Besides these ancient, there are some modern systems, according to which virtue consists in propriety; or in the suitableness of the affection from which we act, to the cause or object which excites it. The system of Dr. Clarke, which places virtue in acting according to the relations of things, in regulating our conduct according to the fitness or incongruity which there may be in the application of certain actions to certain things, or to certain relations: That of Mr. Woolaston, which places it in acting according to the truth of things, according to their proper nature and essence, or in treating them as what they really are, and not as what they are not: that of my lord Shaftesbury, which places it in maintaining a proper balance of the affections, and in allowing no passion to go beyond its proper sphere; are all of them more or less inaccurate descriptions of the same fundamental idea.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00515", "bookId": 67363, "start": 509843, "end": 511395, "sha256": "3f60d9cdbf1acf482c865cb01184e5d19b61b43c18b5cafe9992c34a9af56b0d", "text": "The description of virtue which is either given, or at least meant and intended to be given in each of those systems, for some of the modern authors are not very fortunate in their manner of expressing themselves, is no doubt quite just, so far as it goes. There is no virtue without propriety, and wherever there is propriety, some degree of approbation is due. But still this description is imperfect. For though propriety is an essential ingredient in every virtuous action, it is not always the sole ingredient. Beneficent actions have in them another quality by which they appear not only to deserve approbation but recompense. None of those systems account either easily or sufficiently for that superior degree of esteem which seems due to such actions, or for that diversity of sentiment which they naturally excite. Neither is the description of vice more complete. For in the same manner, though impropriety is a necessary ingredient in every vicious action, it is not always the sole ingredient, and there is often the highest degree of absurdity and impropriety in very harmless and insignificant actions. Deliberate actions, of a pernicious tendency to those we live with, have, besides their impropriety, a peculiar quality of their own by which they appear to deserve, not only disapprobation, but punishment; and to be the objects, not of dislike merely, but of resentment and revenge: and none of those systems easily and sufficiently account for that superior degree of detestation which we feel for such actions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00516", "bookId": 67363, "start": 511436, "end": 511511, "sha256": "07f7149dc8b61d3a471be9c3ec38e2380da8f4cb383601733378365aa917c43b", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of those systems which make virtue consist in prudence._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00517", "bookId": 67363, "start": 511517, "end": 511989, "sha256": "c331f0397d79e7d5522061bd7360928ee636fffce538cd78b398f1836bbe222d", "text": "The most ancient of those systems which make virtue consist in prudence, and of which any considerable remains have come down to us, is that of Epicurus, who is said, however, to have borrowed all the leading principles of his philosophy, from some of those who had gone before him, particularly From Aristippus; though it is very probable, notwithstanding this allegation of his enemies, that at least his manner of applying those principles was altogether his own.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00518", "bookId": 67363, "start": 511993, "end": 513641, "sha256": "af419ca56eda0828d9b0e5c1760cff8641db9a5aadcbcfa62782e6841e21d411", "text": "According to Epicurus,[16] bodily pleasure and pain were the sole ultimate objects of natural desire and aversion. That they were always the natural objects of those passions, he thought required no proof. Pleasure might, indeed, appear sometimes to be avoided; not, however, because it was pleasure, but because, by the enjoyment of it, we should either forfeit some greater pleasure, or expose ourselves to some pain that was more to be avoided than this pleasure was to be desired. Pain, in the same manner, might appear sometimes to be eligible; not, however, because it was pain, but because by enduring it we might either avoid a still greater pain, or acquire some pleasure of much more importance. That bodily pain and pleasure, therefore, were always the natural objects of desire and aversion, was, he thought, abundantly evident. Nor was it less so, he imagined, that they were the sole ultimate objects of those passions. Whatever else was either desired or avoided was so, according to him, upon account of its tendency to produce one or other of those sensations. The tendency to procure pleasure rendered power and riches desirable, as the contrary tendency to produce pain made poverty and insignificancy the objects of aversion. Honour and reputation were valued, because the esteem and love of those we live with were of the greatest consequence both to procure pleasure and to defend us from pain. Ignominy and bad fame, on the contrary, were to be avoided, because the hatred, contempt, and resentment of those we lived with destroyed all security, and necessarily exposed us to the greatest bodily evils.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00519", "bookId": 67363, "start": 513645, "end": 513657, "sha256": "6ba5956fe2f13eeb8d7746fea5ce0bdfef3ab120b4197af1d6f649926dbc2440", "text": "Footnote 16:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00520", "bookId": 67363, "start": 513663, "end": 513715, "sha256": "ff5640d73c9c4b47b7397f551dbb14d822ff27ad6e95e22ad3231c9c15185b25", "text": "See Cicero de finibus, lib. i. Diogenes Laert. 1. x.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00521", "bookId": 67363, "start": 513719, "end": 514065, "sha256": "eb8dd4fbb98efa55cd4b89502e15f32e91a7cad5eedf521a138df13ea7b90dba", "text": "All the pleasures and pains of the mind were, according to Epicurus, ultimately derived from those of the body. The mind was happy when it thought of the past pleasures of the body, and hoped for others to come: and it was miserable when it thought of the pains which the body had formerly endured, and dreaded the same or greater thereafter.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00522", "bookId": 67363, "start": 514069, "end": 515323, "sha256": "8adc6d1e84baff4436444d6e48c41cbae4fd8ec16dc1dcf87526aca184139c3a", "text": "But the pleasures and pains of the mind, though ultimately derived from those of the body, were vastly greater than their originals. The body felt only the sensation of the present instant, whereas the mind felt also the past and the future, the one by remembrance, the other by anticipation, and consequently both suffered and enjoyed much more. When we are under the greatest bodily pain, he observed, we shall always find, if we attend to it, that it is not the suffering of the present instant which chiefly torments us, but either the agonizing remembrance of the past, or the yet more horrible dread of the future. The pain of each instant, considered by itself, and cut off from all that goes before and all that comes after it, is a trifle not worth the regarding. Yet this is all which the body can ever be said to suffer. In the same manner, when we enjoy the greatest pleasure, we shall always find that the bodily sensation, the sensation of the present instant makes but a small part of our happiness, that our enjoyment chiefly arises either from the chearful recollection of the past, or the still more joyous anticipation of the future, and that the mind always contributes by much the largest share of the entertainment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00523", "bookId": 67363, "start": 515327, "end": 516752, "sha256": "ca239c736c2af9d13f27092b03a3f62c8abc44eca21d3a3aa5fdc66dbfd3f916", "text": "Since our happiness and misery, therefore, depended chiefly on the mind, if this part of our nature was well disposed, if our thoughts and opinions were as they should be, it was of little importance in what manner our body was affected. Though under great bodily pain, we might still enjoy a considerable share of happiness, if our reason and judgment maintained their superiority. We might entertain ourselves with the remembrance of past, and with the hopes of future pleasure; we might soften the rigour of our pains, by recollecting what it was which, even in this situation, we were under any necessity of suffering. That this was merely the bodily sensation, the pain of the present instant, which by itself could never be very great. That whatever agony we suffered from the dread of its continuance was the effect of an opinion of the mind, which might be corrected by juster sentiments; by considering that, if our pains were violent, they would probably be of short duration; and that if they were of long continuance, they would probably be moderate, and admit of many intervals of ease; and that, at any rate, death was always at hand and within call to deliver us, which as, according to him, it put an end to all sensation, either of pain or pleasure, could not be regarded as an evil. When we are, said he, death is not; and when death is, we are not; death therefore can be nothing to us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00524", "bookId": 67363, "start": 516756, "end": 517360, "sha256": "a5c81686f0b377e0703435faaae0e05dcb34a68cc65ccee7cc205e772f2a1ed1", "text": "If the actual sensation of positive pain was in itself so little to be feared, that of pleasure was still less to be desired. Naturally the sensation of pleasure was much less pungent than that of pain. If, therefore, this last could take so very little from the happiness of a well-disposed mind, the other could add scarce any thing to it. When the body was free from pain and the mind from fear and anxiety, the superadded sensation of bodily pleasure could be of very little importance; and though it might diversify, could not be properly be said to increase the happiness of this situation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00525", "bookId": 67363, "start": 517364, "end": 517792, "sha256": "fa935504326a6cd70d1677d3f79099438b02979d09c949c4e1759dee0e6b9190", "text": "In ease of body, therefore, and in security or tranquillity of mind, consisted, according to Epicurus, the most perfect state of human nature, the most complete happiness which man was capable of enjoying. To obtain this great end of natural desire was the sole object of all the virtues, which, according to him, were not desirable upon their own account, but upon account of their tendency to bring about this situation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00526", "bookId": 67363, "start": 517796, "end": 518247, "sha256": "ed1ac019c4ddb1f1f6860c6b5c1ab82ff2e5e46565f1d017e3669d97a422371b", "text": "Prudence, for example, though according to this philosophy, the source and principle of all the virtues, was not desirable upon its own account. That careful and laborious and circumspect state of mind, ever watchful and ever attentive to the most distant consequences of every action, could not be a thing pleasant or agreeable for its own sake, but upon account of its tendency to procure the greatest goods and to keep off the greatest evils.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00527", "bookId": 67363, "start": 518251, "end": 518692, "sha256": "e1bdb3c0424ee9e02d39d5737ad681e2a7e65d427d60e9c4b70a2eb41133ee1d", "text": "To abstain from pleasure too, to curb and restrain our natural passions for enjoyment, which was the office of temperance, could never be desirable for its own sake. The whole value of this virtue arose from its utility, from its enabling us to postpone the present enjoyment for the sake of a greater to come, or to avoid a greater pain that might ensue from it. Temperance, in short, was nothing but prudence with regard to pleasure.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00528", "bookId": 67363, "start": 518696, "end": 519550, "sha256": "87a113293f59096a85c4d7c25c0c49c7f969f1327699a5d202b83affff8c35e6", "text": "To support labour, to endure pain, to be exposed to danger or to death, the situations which fortitude would often lead us into, were surely still less the objects of natural desire. They were chosen only to avoid greater evils. We submitted to labour, in order to avoid the greater shame and pain of poverty, and we exposed ourselves to danger and to death in defence of our liberty and property, the means and instruments of pleasure and happiness; or in defence of our country, in the safety of which our own was necessarily comprehended. Fortitude enabled us to do all this chearfully, as the best which, in our present situation, could possibly be done, and was in reality no more than prudence, good judgment, and presence of mind in properly appreciating pain, labour, and danger, always choosing the less in order to avoid the greater.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00529", "bookId": 67363, "start": 519554, "end": 521005, "sha256": "e83b77fb5ce1c248b301f1460bcaa56fb70747f5c5ed3fecbaa65b7eac5cfb14", "text": "It is the same case with justice. To abstain from what is anothers was not desirable on its own account, and it could not surely be better for you, that I should possess what is my own, than that you should possess it. You ought however, to abstain from whatever belongs to me, because by doing otherwise you will provoke the resentment and indignation of mankind. The security and tranquillity of your mind will be entirely destroyed. You will be filled with fear and consternation at the thought of that punishment which you will imagine that men are at all times ready to inflict upon you, and from which no power, no art, no concealment, will ever, in your own fancy, be sufficient to protect you. That other species of justice which consists in doing proper good offices to different persons, according to the various relations of neighbours, kinsmen, friends, benefactors, superiors, or equals, which they may stand in to us, is recommended by the same reasons. To act properly in all these different relations procures us the esteem and love of those we live with; as to do otherwise excites their contempt and hatred. By the one we naturally secure, by the other we necessarily endanger our own ease and tranquillity, the great and ultimate objects of all our desires. The whole virtue of justice, therefore, the most important of all the virtues, is no more than discreet and prudent conduct with regard to our neighbours.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00530", "bookId": 67363, "start": 521009, "end": 522073, "sha256": "545ad6637f86e47b6d30c72c725a00f796b8ff256b2bd5d21e607eac9c46edeb", "text": "Such is the doctrine of Epicurus concerning the nature of virtue. It may seem extraordinary that this philosopher, who is described as a person of the most amiable manners, should never have observed, that, whatever may be the tendency of those virtues, or of the contrary vices, with regard to our bodily ease and security, the sentiments which they naturally excite in others are the objects of a much more passionate desire or aversion than all their other consequences; That to be amiable, to be respectable, to be the proper object of esteem, is by every well-disposed mind more valued than all the ease and security which love, respect, and esteem can procure us; That, on the contrary, to be odious, to be contemptible, to be the proper object of indignation, is more dreadful than all that we can suffer in our body from hatred, contempt, or indignation; and that consequently our desire of the one character, and our aversion to the other, cannot arise from any regard to the effects which either of them is likely to produce upon the body.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00531", "bookId": 67363, "start": 522077, "end": 525112, "sha256": "e3de39a894f091bcdce50f0b65f930c6fae5d9ba07dbf7a284196285a5729efa", "text": "This system is, no doubt, altogether inconsistent with that which I have been endeavouring to establish. It is not difficult, however, to discover from what phasis, if I may say so, from what particular view or aspect of nature, this account of things derives its probability. By the wise contrivance of the Author of nature, virtue is upon all ordinary occasions, even with regard to this life, real wisdom, and the surest and readiest means of obtaining both safety and advantage. Our success or disappointment in our undertakings must very much depend upon the good or bad opinion which is commonly entertained of us, and upon the general disposition of those we live with, either to assist or to oppose us. But the best, the surest, the easiest, and the readiest way of obtaining the advantageous and of avoiding the unfavourable judgments of others, is undoubtedly to render ourselves the proper objects of the former and not of the latter. “Do you desire, said Socrates, the reputation of a good musician? The only sure way of obtaining it, is to become a good musician. Would you desire in the same manner to be thought capable of serving your country either as a general or as a statesman? The best way in this case too is really to acquire the art and experience of war and government, and to become really fit to be a general or a statesman. And in the same manner if you would be reckoned sober, temperate, just, and equitable, the best way of acquiring this reputation is to become sober, temperate, just, and equitable. If you can really render yourself amiable, respectable, and the proper object of esteem, there is no fear of your not soon acquiring the love, the respect, and esteem of those you live with.” Since the practice of virtue, therefore, is in general so advantageous, and that of vice so contrary to our interest, the consideration of those opposite tendencies undoubtedly stamps an additional beauty and propriety upon the one, and a new deformity and impropriety upon the other. Temperance, magnanimity, justice, and beneficence, come thus to be approved of, not only under their proper characters, but under the additional character of the highest wisdom and most real prudence. And in the same manner the contrary vices of intemperance, pusillanimity, injustice, and either malevolence or sordid selfishness, come to be disapproved of, not only under their proper characters, but under the additional character of the most short-sighted folly and weakness. Epicurus appears in every virtue to have attended to this species of propriety only. It is that which is most apt to occur to those who are endeavouring to persuade others to regularity of conduct. When men by their practice, and perhaps too by their maxims, manifestly show that the natural beauty of virtue is not like to have much effect upon them, how is it possible to move them but by representing the folly of their conduct, and how much they themselves are in the end likely to suffer by it?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00532", "bookId": 67363, "start": 525116, "end": 526050, "sha256": "24f694ce5968cf51a540f26a88e7e0b12d4edd26d678c6e4e482626bcb868e35", "text": "By running up all the different virtues too to this one species of propriety, Epicurus indulged a propensity, which is natural to all men, but which philosophers in particular are apt to cultivate with a peculiar fondness, as the great means of displaying their ingenuity, the propensity to account for all appearances from as few principles as possible. And he, no doubt, indulged this propensity still further, when he referred all the primary objects of natural desire and aversion to the pleasures and pains of the body. The great patron of the atomical philosophy, who took so much pleasure in deducing all the powers and qualities of bodies from the most obvious and familiar, the figure, motion, and arrangement of the small parts of matter, felt no doubt a similar satisfaction, when he accounted, in the same manner, for all the sentiments and passions of the mind from those which are most obvious and familiar.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00533", "bookId": 67363, "start": 526054, "end": 526507, "sha256": "cf49274882bc075aa262b0c71a22bcafa3ad88db7ed53d5cd7247f5db7a5dc89", "text": "The system of Epicurus agreed with those of Plato, Aristotle, and Zeno, in making virtue consist in acting in the most suitable manner to obtain the [17]primary objects of natural desire. It differed from all of them in two other respects; first, in the account which it gave of those primary objects of natural desire; and secondly, in the account which it gave of the excellence of virtue, or of the reason why that quality ought to be esteemed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00534", "bookId": 67363, "start": 526511, "end": 526523, "sha256": "e58e1fa8937a637a9d8b36e282054b3f3dc6cc0a6a1c999c46e1e31bd2647c7a", "text": "Footnote 17:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00535", "bookId": 67363, "start": 526529, "end": 526543, "sha256": "8ae11117e469e4e13af9ac422467a7c956402829e21a9e047d595a4081ac092f", "text": "Prima naturæ.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00536", "bookId": 67363, "start": 526547, "end": 526898, "sha256": "3629ab59332338c8aa1e558e3b3a7f0831849afbad657948ce6cf48ba34e6026", "text": "The primary objects of natural desire consisted, according to Epicurus, in bodily pleasure and pain, and in nothing else whereas, according to the other three philosophers, there were many other objects, such as knowledge, such as the happiness of our relations, of our friends, of our country, which were ultimately desirable for their own sakes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00537", "bookId": 67363, "start": 526902, "end": 527556, "sha256": "081884a17e71562e2b9ceb42a9c6bd6ac1d28649530b0405109896f9437b568a", "text": "Virtue too, according to Epicurus, did not deserve to be pursued for its own sake, nor was itself one of the ultimate objects of natural appetite, but was eligible only upon account of its tendency to prevent pain and to procure ease and pleasure. In the opinion of the other three, on the contrary, it was desirable, not merely as the means of procuring the other primary objects of natural desire, but as something which was in itself more valuable than them all. Man, they thought, being born for action, his happiness must consist, not merely in the agreeableness of his passive sensations, but also in the propriety of his active exertions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00538", "bookId": 67363, "start": 527597, "end": 527675, "sha256": "ee043298f7d70263660579de68fa44f51fdbc4610ae35e44251c500ff8a8a495", "text": "CHAP. III. _Of those systems which make virtue consist in benevolence._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00539", "bookId": 67363, "start": 527681, "end": 528166, "sha256": "eec902cc9e50696ed1290c2af367ea6337c7d8504eaa529f51be511f232877e5", "text": "The system which makes virtue consist in benevolence, though I think not so ancient as all of those which I have already given an account of, is, however, of very great antiquity. It seems to have been the doctrine of the greater part of those philosophers who, about and after the age of Augustus, called themselves Eclectics, who pretended to follow chiefly the opinions of Plato and Pythagoras, and who upon that account are commonly known by the name of the later Platonists.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00540", "bookId": 67363, "start": 528170, "end": 529709, "sha256": "a107fb3239fbee9e2bdf02b80c4f1a10a3be874b45f5dee5ded8ba4d9cc1b08c", "text": "In the divine nature, according to these authors, benevolence or love was the sole principle of action, and directed the exertion of all the other attributes. The wisdom of the Deity was employed in finding out the means for bringing about those ends which his goodness suggested, as his infinite power was exerted to execute them. Benevolence, however, was still the supreme and governing attribute, to which the others were subservient, and from which the whole excellency, or the whole morality, if I may be allowed such an expression, of the divine operations, was ultimately derived. The whole perfection and virtue of the human mind consisted in some resemblance or participation of the divine perfections, and, consequently, in being filled with the same principle of benevolence and love which influenced all the actions of the deity. The actions of men which flowed from this motive were alone truly praise-worthy, or could claim any merit in the sight of the deity. It was by actions of charity and love only that we could imitate, as became us, the conduct of God, that we could express our humble and devout admiration of his infinite perfections, that by fostering in our own minds the same divine principle, we could bring our own affections to a greater resemblance with his holy attributes, and thereby become more proper objects of his love and esteem; till at last we arrived at that immediate converse and communication with the deity to which it was the great object of this philosophy to raise us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00541", "bookId": 67363, "start": 529713, "end": 530291, "sha256": "898e380d733f0ed52533389942107d010f9a0b2e8d22cb728e092ab36e9b8b48", "text": "This system, as it was much esteemed by many ancient fathers of the christian church, so after the reformation it was adopted by several divines of the most eminent piety and learning, and of the most amiable manners; particularly, by Dr. Ralph Cudworth, by Dr. Henry More, and by Mr. John Smith of Cambridge. But of all the patrons of this system, ancient or modern, the late Dr. Hutcheson, was undoubtedly beyond all comparison, the most acute, the most distinct, the most philosophical, and what is of the greatest consequence of all, the soberest and most judicious.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00542", "bookId": 67363, "start": 530295, "end": 531632, "sha256": "71e77ac020d0fd38612ddb935f1ca53d23af6bf976a27dc09bf4826647ec097d", "text": "That virtue consists in benevolence is a notion supported by many appearances in human nature. It has been observed already that proper benevolence is the most graceful and agreeable of all the affections, that it is recommended to us by a double sympathy, that as its tendency is necessarily beneficent, it is the proper object of gratitude and reward, and that upon all these accounts it appears to our natural sentiments to possess a merit superior to any other. It has been observed too that even the weakness of benevolence are not very disagreeable to us, whereas those of every other passion are always extremely disgusting. Who does not abhor excessive malice, excessive selfishness, or excessive resentment? But the most excessive indulgence even of partial friendship is not so offensive. It is the benevolent passions only which can exert themselves without any regard or attention to propriety, and yet retain something about them which is engaging. There is something pleasing even in mere instinctive good-will which goes on to do good offices without once reflecting whether by this conduct it is the proper object either of blame or approbation. It is not so with the other passions. The moment they are deserted, the moment they are unaccompanied by the sense of propriety, they cease to be agreeable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00543", "bookId": 67363, "start": 531636, "end": 532022, "sha256": "100f87a22ad5fff40b24cf7c0d2e6b6c5f66319d4c029e908693597216ed1e41", "text": "As benevolence bestows upon those actions which proceed from it, a beauty superior to all others, so the want of it, and much more the contrary inclination, communicates a peculiar deformity to whatever evidences such a disposition. Pernicious actions are often punishable for no other reason than because they show a want of sufficient attention to the happiness of our neighbour.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00544", "bookId": 67363, "start": 532026, "end": 532967, "sha256": "d5f692426c84c2eebab551f14216c82219b1126bca00a0b1ec503c5de2442934", "text": "Besides all this, Dr. Hutcheson[18] observed, that whenever in any action, supposed to proceed from benevolent affections, some other motive had been discovered, our sense of the merit of this action was just so far diminished as this motive was believed to have influenced it. If an action, supposed to proceed, from gratitude, should be discovered to have arisen from an expectation of some new favour, or if what was apprehended to proceed from public spirit, should be found out to have taken its origin from the hope of a pecuniary reward, such a discovery would entirely destroy all notion of merit or praise-worthiness in either of these actions. Since, therefore, the mixture of any selfish motive, like that of a base alloy, diminished or took away altogether the merit which would otherwise have belonged to any action, it was evident, he imagined, that virtue must consist in pure and disinterested benevolence alone.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00545", "bookId": 67363, "start": 532971, "end": 532983, "sha256": "439ecf9db695dc09a39ce156880e4f25c313c40f64c3fbd520a81571d3a92dfe", "text": "Footnote 18:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00546", "bookId": 67363, "start": 532989, "end": 533035, "sha256": "05de5c780409c69fc60efb9071d96ae44c3bf7a0c8d7e79f0017516e99c7ceb3", "text": "See Inquiry concerning virtue, sect. 1. and 2.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00547", "bookId": 67363, "start": 533039, "end": 533619, "sha256": "66255b043248668ca5d51dd7e0a7d8e02707be54801fe0fce1631e53ad1184fc", "text": "When those actions, on the contrary, which are commonly supposed to proceed from a selfish motive, are discovered to have arisen from a benevolent one, it greatly enhances our sense of their merit. If we believed of any person that he endeavoured to advance his fortune from no other view but that of doing friendly offices, and of making proper returns to his benefactors, we should only love and esteem him the more. And this observation seemed still more to confirm the conclusion, that it was benevolence only which could stamp upon any action the character of virtue.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00548", "bookId": 67363, "start": 533623, "end": 534458, "sha256": "c41797090888387e6eff679daa15e14b52c7cef3196db331cad36301e968700d", "text": "Last of all, what, he imagined, was an evident proof of the justness of this account of virtue, in all the disputes of casuists concerning the rectitude of conduct, the public good, he observed, was the standard to which they constantly referred; thereby universally acknowledging that whatever tended to promote the happiness of mankind was right and laudable and virtuous, and the contrary, wrong, blameable, and vicious. In the late debates about passive obedience and the right of resistance, the sole point in controversy among men of sense was, whether universal submission would probably be attended with greater evils than temporary insurrections when privileges were invaded. Whether what, upon the whole, tended most to the happiness of mankind, was not also morally good, was never once, he said, made a question.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00549", "bookId": 67363, "start": 534462, "end": 534685, "sha256": "9729dd13aa634922227e385154b2bc756dd5891d70a10437b7af97c923bb3c34", "text": "Since benevolence, therefore, was the only motive which could bestow upon any action the character of virtue, the greater the benevolence which was evidenced by any action, the greater the praise which must belong to it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00550", "bookId": 67363, "start": 534689, "end": 535266, "sha256": "0c00f63e23d287bfff947bd0d5b8d7ef76c21511cc5fbf51847406317acfe2fd", "text": "Those actions which aimed at the happiness of a great community, as they demonstrated a more enlarged benevolence than those which aimed only at that of a smaller system, so were they, likewise, proportionally the more virtuous. The most virtuous of all affections, therefore, was that which embraced as its object the happiness of all intelligent beings. The lead virtuous, on the contrary, of those to which the character of virtue could in any respect belong, was that which aimed no further than at the happiness of an individual, such as a son, a brother, a friend.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00551", "bookId": 67363, "start": 535270, "end": 535624, "sha256": "2b7e85376a7a8c165c8fa8da9c0c28151049f70ca4c2242a374312a0bc0fd2ee", "text": "In directing all our actions to promote the greatest possible good, in submitting all inferior affections to the desire of the general happiness of mankind, in regarding ones self but as one of the many, whose prosperity was to be pursued no further than it was consistent with, or conducive to that of the whole, consisted the perfection of virtue.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00552", "bookId": 67363, "start": 535628, "end": 536179, "sha256": "4a32f179560f09075896bf90671c9213e4df286a313ecdc37d2712c91c905be8", "text": "Self-love was a principle which could never be virtuous in any degree or in any direction. It was vicious whenever it obstructed the general good. When it had no other effect than to make the individual take care of his own happiness, it was merely innocent, and tho’ it deserved no praise, neither ought it to incur any blame. Those benevolent actions which were performed, notwithstanding some strong motive from self-interest, were the more virtuous upon that account. They demonstrated the strength and vigour of the benevolent principle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00553", "bookId": 67363, "start": 536183, "end": 536973, "sha256": "7ca0df8f25e7f4b986586139486ea617ac802690717840fa204d7e929c364e3e", "text": "Dr. Hutcheson[19] was so far from allowing self-love to be in any case a motive of virtuous actions, that even a regard to the pleasure of self-approbation, to the comfortable applause of our own consciences, according to him, diminished the merit of a benevolent action. This was a selfish motive, he thought, which, so far as it contributed to any action, demonstrated the weakness of that pure and disinterested benevolence which could alone stamp upon the conduct of man the character of virtue. In the common judgments of mankind, however, this regard to the approbation of our own minds is so far from being considered as what can in any respect diminish the virtue of any action, that it is rather looked upon as the sole motive which deserves the appellation of virtuous.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00554", "bookId": 67363, "start": 536977, "end": 536989, "sha256": "7ec4f5e177bdcb99eee385b0ac602cee30a2d180fc8ba56c0a9ed6c6aef7215e", "text": "Footnote 19:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00555", "bookId": 67363, "start": 536995, "end": 537104, "sha256": "a889fbbb5dff3181fe69df006511fcce493c613e0d10ebc29b89303220a665ba", "text": "Inquiry concerning virtue, sect 2. art. 4. also illustrations on the moral sense, sect. 5. last paragraph.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00556", "bookId": 67363, "start": 537108, "end": 537528, "sha256": "80e8745e7c8ee0847e5745866ee02a95a95e531b5f11fcda21ed976835fa0bb2", "text": "Such is the account given of the nature of virtue in this amiable system, a system which has a peculiar tendency to nourish and support in the human heart the noblest and the most agreeable of all affections, and not only to check the injustice of self-love, but in some measure to discourage that principle altogether, by representing it as what could never reflect any honour upon those who were influenced by it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00557", "bookId": 67363, "start": 537532, "end": 538223, "sha256": "a4f5de5f61a2e46000797275698827ce1a85eb3c723251ec2eed8c30586d933e", "text": "As some of the other systems which I have already given an account of, do not sufficiently explain from whence arises the peculiar excellency of the supreme virtue of beneficence, so this system seems to have the contrary defect, of not sufficiently explaining from whence arises our approbation of the inferior virtues of prudence, vigilance, circumspection, temperance, constancy, firmness. The view and aim of our affections, the beneficent and hurtful effects which they tend to produce, are the only qualities at all attended to in this system. Their propriety and impropriety, their suitableness and unsuitableness, to the cause which excites them, are disregarded altogether.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00558", "bookId": 67363, "start": 538227, "end": 540240, "sha256": "8dda374c8618f047dbbec29d6e251b40be61201817f1cf637c7fdbff1482be1f", "text": "Regard to our own private happiness and interest too, appear upon many occasions very laudable principles of action. The habits of œconomy, industry, discretion, attention, and application of thought, are generally supposed to be cultivated from self-interested motives, and at the same time are apprehended to be very praise-worthy qualities, which deserve the esteem and approbation of every body. The mixture of a selfish motive, it is true, seems often to sully the beauty of those actions which ought to arise from a benevolent affection. The cause of this, however, is not that self-love can never be the motive of a virtuous action, but that the benevolent principle appears in this particular case to want its due degree of strength, and to be altogether unsuitable to its object. The character, therefore, seems evidently imperfect, and upon the whole to deserve blame rather than praise. The mixture of a benevolent motive in an action to which self-love alone ought to be sufficient to prompt us, is not so apt indeed to diminish our sense of its propriety, or of the virtue of the person who performs it. We are not ready to suspect any person of being defective in selfishness. This is by no means the weak side of human nature, or the failing of which we are apt to be suspicious. If we could really believe, however, of any man, that, was it not from a regard to his family and friends, he would not take that proper care of his health, his life, or his fortune, to which self-preservation alone ought to be sufficient to prompt him, it would undoubtedly be a failing, tho’ one of those amiable failings, which render a person rather the object of pity than of contempt or hatred. It would still, however, somewhat diminish the dignity and respectableness of his character. Carelessness and want of œconomy are universally disapproved of, not, however as proceeding from a want of benevolence, but from a want of the proper attention to the objects of self-interest.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00559", "bookId": 67363, "start": 540244, "end": 540598, "sha256": "54854fcc8d7057b19c75a6cdc663b3a27c220d3fa55747809c475213c8f4f6fc", "text": "Though the standard by which casuists frequently determine what is right or wrong in human conduct, be its tendency to the welfare or disorder of society, it does not follow that a regard to the welfare of society should be the sole virtuous motive of action, but only that, in any competition, it ought to cast the balance against all other motives.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00560", "bookId": 67363, "start": 540602, "end": 541390, "sha256": "0f3eda2b8090f862083aa47158375d4e2ac196f1912dcecaa9b81f64a57c45c1", "text": "Benevolence may, perhaps, be the sole principle of action in the Deity, and there are several, not improbable, arguments which tend to persuade us that it is so. It is not easy to conceive what other motive an independent and all perfect being, who stands in need of nothing external, and whose happiness is complete in himself, can act from. But whatever may be the case with the Deity, so imperfect a creature as man, the support of whose existence requires so many things external to him, must often act from many other motives. The condition of human nature were peculiarly hard, if those affections, which, by the very nature of our being, ought frequently to influence our conduct, could upon no occasion appear virtuous, or deserve esteem and commendation from any body.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00561", "bookId": 67363, "start": 541394, "end": 541736, "sha256": "a9af7cccc74f65a55cf920c13fb157b4fe968c5aa4c93f326d4b45722b5eb409", "text": "Those three systems, that which places virtue in propriety, that which places it in prudence, and that which makes it consist in benevolence, are the principal accounts which have been given of the nature of virtue. To one or other of them, all the other descriptions of virtue, how different soever they may appear, are easily reducible.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00562", "bookId": 67363, "start": 541740, "end": 543246, "sha256": "38ad91ff12002383011569e9695d1d1ec98c5223840409c46039b4f408aea35e", "text": "That system which places virtue in obedience to the will of the Deity, may be counted either among those which make it consist in prudence, or among those which make it consist in propriety. When it is asked, why we ought to obey the will of the Deity, this question, which would be impious and absurd in the highest degree, if asked from any doubt that we ought to obey him, can admit but of two different answers. It must either be said that we ought to obey the will of the Deity because he is a being of infinite power, who will reward us eternally if we do so, and punish us eternally if we do otherwise: Or it must be said, that independent of any regard to our own happiness, or to rewards and punishments of any kind, there is a congruity and fitness that a creature should obey its creator, that a limited and imperfect being should submit to one of infinite and incomprehensible perfections. Besides one or other of these two it is impossible to conceive that any other answer can be given to this question. If the first answer be the proper one, virtue consists in prudence, or in the proper pursuit of our own final interest and happiness; since it is upon this account that we are obliged to obey the will of the Deity. If the second answer be the proper one, virtue must consist in propriety, since the ground of our obligation to obedience is the suitableness or congruity of the sentiments of humility and submission to the superiority of the object which excites them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00563", "bookId": 67363, "start": 543250, "end": 544202, "sha256": "efe42b7339a04e6a54928e6c1bc63c818409d006afc65e36c1953ef298755238", "text": "That system which places virtue in utility coincides too with that which makes it consist in propriety. According to this system all those qualities of the mind which are agreeable or advantageous, either to the person himself or to others, are approved of as virtuous, and the contrary disapproved of as vicious. But the agreeableness or utility of any affection depends upon the degree which it is allowed to subsist in. Every affection is useful when it is confined to a certain degree of moderation, and every affection is disadvantageous when it exceeds the proper bounds. According to this system therefore, virtue consists, not in any one affection, but in the proper degree of all the affections, The only difference between it and that which I have been endeavouring to establish, is, that it makes utility, and not sympathy, or the correspondent affection of the spectator, the natural and original measure of this proper degree.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00564", "bookId": 67363, "start": 544243, "end": 544302, "sha256": "e74e6a7410600ea57365fde5efc3b27f3d911b1f567ae12600368aa10f588978", "text": "CHAP. IV. _Of licentious systems._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00565", "bookId": 67363, "start": 544308, "end": 544836, "sha256": "d137e6ed91683210022be0a95d5563899540fb88dae260d824c5e0f8ee2a51ef", "text": "All those systems, which I have hitherto given an account of, suppose that there is a real and essential distinction between vice and virtue, whatever these qualities may consist in. There is a real and essential difference between the propriety and impropriety of any affection, between benevolence and any other principle of action, between real prudence and short-sighted folly or precipitate rashness. In the main too all of them contribute to encourage the praise-worthy, and to discourage the blameable disposition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00566", "bookId": 67363, "start": 544840, "end": 545753, "sha256": "28f34dbd6afc2d80276de643ce6de9c3dad05fc531ff7138e0fa05b7391343c4", "text": "It may be true perhaps, of some of them, that they tend, in some measure, to break the balance of the affections, and to give the mind a particular bias to some principles of action, beyond the proportion that is due to them. The ancient systems which place virtue in propriety, seem chiefly to recommend the great, the awful, and the respectable virtues, the virtues of self-government and self-command; fortitude, magnanimity, independency upon fortune, the contempt of all outward accidents, of pain, poverty, exile, and death. It is in these great exertions that the noblest propriety of conduct is displayed. The soft, the amiable, the gentle virtues, all the virtues of indulgent humanity are, in comparison, but little insisted upon, and seem, on the contrary, by the Stoics in particular, to have been often regarded as mere weaknesses which it behoved a wise man not to harbour in his breast.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00567", "bookId": 67363, "start": 545757, "end": 546547, "sha256": "0e37a4f81c0cc5d05eeb8d47dca110854fff498bc509d7a036893fd1edcbfed8", "text": "The benevolent system, on the other hand, while it fosters and encourages all those milder virtues in the highest degree, seems entirely to neglect the more awful and respectable qualities of the mind. It even denies them the appellation of virtues. It calls them moral abilities, and treats them as qualities which do not deserve the same sort of esteem and approbation, that is due to what is properly denominated virtue. All those principles of action which aim only at our own interest, it treats, if that be possible, still worse. So far from having any merit of their own, they diminish, it pretends, the merit of benevolence, when they co-operate with it: and prudence, it is asserted, when employed only in promoting private interest, can never even be imagined a virtue.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00568", "bookId": 67363, "start": 546551, "end": 546883, "sha256": "5579e1ee277c8fec8acefbc1be7b9ea4cd68e62990865224e3ee8aa2dffd8d65", "text": "That system, again, which makes virtue consist in prudence only, while it gives the highest encouragement to the habits of caution, vigilance, sobriety, and judicious moderation, seems to degrade equally both the amiable and respectable virtues, and to strip the former of all their beauty, and the latter of all their grandeur.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00569", "bookId": 67363, "start": 546887, "end": 548952, "sha256": "3cede9015070a50abbfa74b72e8bc96a5f42ebfa1fb321f706ffadfaa54d12ec", "text": "But notwithstanding these defects, the general tendency of each of those three systems is to encourage the best and most laudable habits of the human mind: and it were well for society, if, either mankind in general, or even those few who pretend to live according to any philosophical rule, were to regulate their conduct by the precepts of any one of them. We may learn from each of them something that is both valuable and peculiar. If it was possible, by precept and exhortation, to inspire the mind with fortitude and magnanimity, the ancient systems of propriety would seem sufficient to do this. Or if it was possible, by the same means, to soften it into humanity, and to awaken the affections of kindness and general love towards those we live with, some of the pictures with which the benevolent system presents us, might seem capable of producing this effect. We may learn from the system of Epicurus, though undoubtedly the worst of all the three, how much the practice of both the amiable and respectable virtues is conducive to our own interest, to our own ease and safety and quiet even in this life. As Epicurus placed happiness in the attainment of ease and security, he exerted himself in a particular manner to show that virtue was, not merely the best and the surest, but the only means of acquiring those invaluable possessions. The good effects of virtue, upon our inward tranquility and peace of mind, are what other philosophers have chiefly celebrated. Epicurus, without neglecting this topic, has chiefly insisted upon the influence of that amiable quality on our outward prosperity and safety. It was upon this account that his writings were so much studied in the ancient world by men of all different philosophical parties. It is from him that Cicero, the great enemy of the Epicurean system, borrows his most agreeable proofs that virtue alone is sufficient to secure happiness. Seneca, though a Stoic, the sect most opposite to that of Epicurus, yet quotes this philosopher more frequently than any other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00570", "bookId": 67363, "start": 548956, "end": 549767, "sha256": "d2f104e7c04d514d4fe65dbf7b7a67763da58d5664f564499b5cc264d0af094d", "text": "There are, however, some other systems which seem to take away altogether the distinction between vice and virtue, and of which the tendency is, upon that account, wholly pernicious: I mean the systems of the duke of Rochefoucault and Dr. Mandeville. Though the notions of both these authors are in almost every respect erroneous, there are, however, some appearances in human nature which, when viewed in a certain manner, seem at first sight to favour them. These, first slightly sketched out with the elegance and delicate precision of the duke of Rochefoucault, and afterwards more fully represented with the lively and humorous, though coarse and rustic eloquence of Dr. Mandeville, have thrown upon their doctrines an air of truth and probability which is very apt to impose upon the unskilful.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00571", "bookId": 67363, "start": 549771, "end": 551591, "sha256": "0e06843ba0dbcdb81fba6d581f99000f2d350e6393a2e3465aeca4f5a60003e6", "text": "Dr. Mandeville, the most methodical of those two authors, considers whatever is done from a sense of propriety, from a regard to what is commendable and praise-worthy, as being done from a love of praise and commendation, or as he calls it from vanity. Man, he observes, is naturally much more interested in his own happiness than in that of others, and it is impossible that in his heart he can ever really prefer their prosperity to his own. Whenever he appears to do so, we may be assured that he imposes upon us, and that he is then acting from the same selfish motives as at all other times. Among his other selfish passions, vanity is one of the strongest, and he is always easily flattered and greatly delighted with the applauses of those about him. When he appears to sacrifice his own interest to that of his companions, he knows that this conduct will be highly agreeable to their self-love, and that they will not fail to express their satisfaction by bellowing upon him the most extravagant praises. The pleasure which he expects from this, over-balances, in his opinion, the interest which he abandons in order to procure it. His conduct, therefore, upon this occasion, is in reality just as selfish, and arises from just as mean a motive as upon any other. He is flattered, however, and he flatters himself with the belief that it is entirely disinterested; since, unless this was supposed, it would not seem to merit any commendation either in his own eyes or in those of others. All public spirit, therefore, all preference of public to private interest, is, according to him a mere cheat and imposition upon mankind; and that human virtue which is so much boasted of, and which is the occasion of so much emulation among men, is the mere offspring of flattery begot upon pride.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00572", "bookId": 67363, "start": 551595, "end": 553957, "sha256": "7be803feb246e6a8ebd212d80922f61f91772108a288eb1a411c5b4d0cbefa99", "text": "Whether the most generous and public-spirited actions may not, in some sense, be regarded as proceeding from self-love, I shall not at present examine. The decision of this question is not, I apprehend, of any importance towards establishing the reality of virtue, since self-love may frequently be a virtuous motive of action. I shall only endeavour to show that the desire of doing what is honourable and noble, of rendering ourselves the proper objects of esteem and approbation, cannot with any propriety be called vanity. Even the love of well-grounded fame and reputation, the desire of acquiring esteem by what is really estimable, does not deserve that name. The first is the love of virtue, the noblest and the best passion of human nature. The second is the love of true glory, a passion inferior no doubt to the former, but which in dignity appears to come immediately after it. He is guilty of vanity who desires praise for qualities which are either not praise-worthy in any degree, or not in that degree which he expects to be praised for them; who sets his character upon the frivolous ornaments of dress and equipage, or the equally frivolous accomplishments of ordinary behaviour. He is guilty of vanity who desires praise for what indeed very well deserves it, but what he perfectly knows does not belong to him. The empty coxcomb who gives himself airs of importance which he has no title to, the silly liar who assumes the merit of adventures which never happened, the foolish plagiary who gives himself out for the author of what he has no pretensions to, are properly accused of this passion. He too is said to be guilty of vanity who is not contented with the silent sentiments of esteem and approbation, who seems to be fonder of their noisy expressions and acclamations than of the sentiments themselves, who is never satisfied but when his own praises are ringing in his ears, and who solicits with the most anxious importunity all external marks of respect, is fond of titles, of compliments, of being visited, of being attended, of being taken notice of in public places with the appearance of deference and attention. This frivolous passion is altogether different from either of the two former, and is the passion of the lowest, and the least of mankind, as they are of the noblest and the greatest.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00573", "bookId": 67363, "start": 553961, "end": 555858, "sha256": "d6e23296b7b015aa795e3687e60986fdd93cae0a6297255b33acce0892a97387", "text": "But though these three passions, the desire of rendering ourselves the proper objects of honour and esteem; or of becoming what is honourable and estimable; the desire of acquiring honour and esteem by really deserving those sentiments; and the frivolous desire of praise at any rate, are widely different; though the two former are always approved of, while the latter never fails to be despised; there is, however, a certain remote affinity among them, which, exaggerated by the humorous and diverting eloquence of this lively author, has enabled him to impose upon his readers. There is an affinity between vanity and the love of true glory, as both these passions aim at acquiring esteem and approbation. But they are different in this, that the one is a just, reasonable, and equitable passion, while the other is unjust, absurd, and ridiculous. The man who desires esteem for what is really estimable, desires nothing but what he is justly entitled to, and what cannot be refused him without some sort of injury. He, on the contrary, who desires it upon any other terms, demands what he has no just claim to. The first is easily satisfied, is not apt to be jealous or suspicious that we do not esteem him enough, and is seldom solicitous about receiving many external marks of our regard. The other, on the contrary, is never to be satisfied, is full of jealousy and suspicion that we do not esteem him so much as he desires, because he has some secret consciousness that he desires more than he deserves. The least neglect of ceremony, he considers as a mortal affront, and as an expression of the most determined contempt. He is restless and impatient, and perpetually afraid that we have lost all respect for him, and is upon this account always anxious to obtain new expressions of esteem, and cannot be kept in temper but by continual attendance and adulation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00574", "bookId": 67363, "start": 555862, "end": 559525, "sha256": "060bdb0939842d050bded7e6e73d37e12dd406a9bb186ae6703060e2c920eb3b", "text": "There is an affinity too between the desire of becoming what is honourable and estimable, and the desire of honour and esteem, between the love of virtue and the love of true glory. They resemble one another not only in this respect, that both aim at really being what is honourable and noble, but even in that respect in which the love of true glory resembles what is properly called vanity, some reference to the sentiments of others. The man of the greatest magnanimity, who desires virtue for its own sake, and is most indifferent about what actually are the opinions of mankind with regard to him, is still, however, delighted with the thoughts of what they should be, with the consciousness that though he may neither be honoured nor applauded, he is still the proper object of honour and applause, and that if mankind were cool and candid and consistent with themselves, and properly informed of the motives and circumstances of his conduct, they would not fail to honour and applaud him. Though he despises the opinions which are actually entertained of him, he has the highest value for those which ought to be entertained of him. That he might think himself worthy of those honourable sentiments, and, whatever was the idea which other men might conceive of his character, that when he should put himself in their situation, and consider, not what was, but what ought to be their opinion, he should always have the highest idea of it himself, was the great and exalted motive of his conduct. As even in the love of virtue, therefore, there is still some reference, though not to what is, yet to what in reason and propriety ought to be, the opinion of others, there is even in this respect some affinity between it, and the love of true glory. There is, however, at the same time, a very great difference between them. The man who acts solely from a regard to what is right and fit to be done, from a regard to what is the proper object of esteem and approbation, though these sentiments should never be bestowed upon him, acts from the most sublime and godlike motive which human nature is even capable of conceiving. The man, on the other hand, who while he desires to merit approbation is at the same time anxious to obtain it, though he too is laudably in the main, yet his motives have a greater mixture of human infirmity. He is in danger of being mortified by the ignorance and injustice of mankind, and his happiness is exposed to the envy of his rivals, and the folly of the public. The happiness of the other, on the contrary, is altogether secure and independent of fortune, and of the caprice of those he lives with. The contempt and hatred which may be thrown upon him by the ignorance of mankind, he considers as not belonging to him, and is not at all mortified by it. Mankind despise and hate him from a false notion of his character and conduct. If they knew him better, they would esteem and love him. It is not him whom, properly speaking, they hate and despise, but another person whom they mistake him to be. Our friend, whom we should meet at a masquerade in the garb of our enemy, would be more diverted than mortified, if under that disguise we should vent our indignation against him. Such are the sentiments of a man of real magnanimity, when exposed to unjust censure. It seldom happens, however, that human nature arrives at this degree of firmness. Though none but the weakest and most worthless of mankind are much delighted with false glory, yet, by a strange inconsistency, false ignominy is often capable of mortifying those who appear the most resolute and determined.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00575", "bookId": 67363, "start": 559529, "end": 562266, "sha256": "0b4130713f384ac44113e8687f7325da819907d0ec8093a4a824fccb4032fd7b", "text": "Dr. Mandeville is not satisfied with representing the frivolous motive of vanity, as the source of all those actions which are commonly accounted virtuous. He endeavours to point out the imperfection of human virtue in many other respects. In every case, he pretends, it falls short of that complete self-denial which it pretends to, and, instead of a conquest, is commonly no more than a concealed indulgence of our passions. Wherever our reserve with regard to pleasure falls short of the most ascetic abstinence, he treats it as gross luxury and sensuality. Every thing, according to him, is luxury which exceeds what is absolutely necessary for the support of human nature, so that there is a vice even in the use of a clean shirt, or of a convenient habitation. The indulgence of the inclination to sex, in the most lawful union, he considers as the same sensuality with the most hurtful gratification of that passion, and derides that temperance and that chastity which can be practiced at so cheap a rate. The ingenious sophistry of his reasoning, is here, as upon many other occasions, covered by the ambiguity of language. There are some of our passions which have no other names except those which mark the disagreeable and offensive degree. The spectator is more apt to take notice of them in this degree than in any other. When they shock his own sentiments, when they give him some sort of antipathy and uneasiness, he is necessarily obliged to attend to them, and is from thence naturally led to give them a name. When they fall in with the natural state of his own mind, he is very apt to overlook them altogether, and either gives them no name at all, or, if he gives them any, it is one which marks rather the subjection and restraint of the passion than the degree which it still is allowed to subsist in, after it is so subjected and restrained. Thus the common names of the [20]love of pleasure, and of the love of sex, denote a vicious and offensive degree of those passions. The words temperance and chastity, on the other hand, seem to mark rather the restraint and subjection which they are kept under, than the degree which they are still allowed to subsist in. When he can show, therefore, that they still subsist in some degree, he imagines, he has entirely demolished the reality of the virtues of temperance and chastity, and shown them to be mere impositions upon the inattention and simplicity of mankind. Those virtues, however, do not require an entire insensibility to the objects of the passions which they mean to govern. They only aim at restraining the violence of those passions so far as not to hurt the individual, and neither disturb nor offend the society.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00576", "bookId": 67363, "start": 562270, "end": 562282, "sha256": "3ffad953c86fc35c64bd7869d5297987a0e7e4ef1c4e72e13bb20001bf3fdb5b", "text": "Footnote 20:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00577", "bookId": 67363, "start": 562288, "end": 562304, "sha256": "42d7feb869a98b1814afe16044bd0d04deb6d6c1ab50b0232e362169caab786b", "text": "Luxury and lust.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00578", "bookId": 67363, "start": 562308, "end": 564166, "sha256": "455f953d8bb0a8c568b8a21f9e7b0ef62b59e7c6befc541fa707c50298cf2cf4", "text": "It is the great fallacy of Dr. Mandeville’s book[21] to represent every passion as wholly vicious, which is so in any degree and in any direction. It is thus that he treats every thing as vanity which has any reference, either to what are, or to what ought to be the sentiments of others: and it is by means of this sophistry, that he establishes his favourite conclusion, that private vices are public benefits. If the love of magnificence, a taste for the elegant arts and improvements of human life, for whatever is agreeable in dress, furniture, or equipage, for architecture, statuary, painting, and music, is to be regarded as luxury, sensuality and ostentation, even in those whose situation allows, without any inconveniency, the indulgence of those passions, it is certain that luxury, sensuality, and ostentation are public benefits: since, without the qualities upon which he thinks proper to bestow such opprobrious names, the arts of refinement could never find encouragement, and must languish for want of employment. Some popular ascetic doctrines which had been current before his time, and which placed virtue in the entire extirpation and annihilation of all our passions, were the real foundation of this licentious system. It was easy for Dr. Mandeville to prove, first, that this entire conquest never actually took place among men; and secondly, that, if it was to take place universally, it would be pernicious to society, by putting an end to all industry and commerce, and in a manner to the whole business of human life. By the first of these propositions he seemed to prove that there was no real virtue, and that what pretended to be such, was a mere cheat and imposition upon mankind; and by the second, that private vices were public benefits, since without them no society could prosper or flourish.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00579", "bookId": 67363, "start": 564170, "end": 564182, "sha256": "531a0624f772b96b9d30dc8bc886dc9e0fa848e0dc2cb4964b64e29fa3d7ef09", "text": "Footnote 21:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00580", "bookId": 67363, "start": 564188, "end": 564206, "sha256": "32810b973381b458d377b312a4ecb4ae82b571f9af91c79a1588a74fac4511ae", "text": "Fable of the Bees.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00581", "bookId": 67363, "start": 564210, "end": 564599, "sha256": "c5ee50d8ce444cc851155f14b0f033ed1d566c85973d7873f70a7e09331c819e", "text": "Such is the system of Dr. Mandeville, which once made so much noise in the world, and which, though perhaps, it never gave occasion to more vice than what would have been without it, at least taught that vice, which arose from other causes, to appear with more effrontery, and to avow the corruption of its motives with a profligate audaciousness which had never been heard of before.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00582", "bookId": 67363, "start": 564603, "end": 567666, "sha256": "4dc56f7076f6f402f29ae4874bcbf8f592378f8d89e56834386f1beff8dfddda", "text": "But how destructive soever this system may appear, it could never have imposed upon so great a number of persons, nor have occasioned so general an alarm among those who are the friends of better principles, had it not in some respects bordered upon the truth. A system of natural philosophy may appear very plausible, and be for a long time very generally received in the world, and yet have no foundation in nature, nor any sort of resemblance to the truth. The vortices of Des Cartes were regarded by a very ingenious nation, for near a century together, as a most satisfactory account of the revolutions of the heavenly bodies. Yet it has been demonstrated, to the conviction of all mankind, that these pretended causes of those wonderful effects, not only do not actually exist, but are utterly impossible, and if they did exist, could produce no such effects as are ascribed to them. But it is otherwise with systems of moral philosophy, and an author who pretends to account for the origin of our moral sentiments, cannot deceive us so grossly, nor depart so very far from all resemblance to the truth. When a traveller gives an account of some distant country, he may impose upon our credulity the most groundless and absurd fictions as the most certain matters of fact. But when a person pretends to inform us of what passes in our neighbourhood, and of the affairs of the very parish which we live in, though here too, if we are so careless as not to examine things with our own eyes, he may deceive us in many respects, yet the greatest falsehoods which he imposes upon us must bear some resemblance to the truth, and must even have a considerable mixture of truth in them. An author who treats of natural philosophy, and pretends to assign the causes of the great phenomena of the universe, pretends to give an account of the affairs of a very distant country, concerning which he may tell us what he pleases, and as long as his narration keeps within the bounds of seeming possibility, he need not despair of gaining our belief. But when he proposes to explain the origin of our desires and affections, of our sentiments of approbation and disapprobation, he pretends to give an account, not only of the affairs of the very parish that we live in, but of our own domestic concerns. Though here too, like indolent masters who put their trust in a steward who deceives them, we are very liable to be imposed upon, yet we are incapable of passing any account which does not preserve some little regard to the truth. Some of the articles, at least, must be just, and even those which are most overcharged must have had some foundation, otherwise the fraud would be detected even by that careless inspection which we are disposed to give. The author who should assign, as the cause of any natural sentiment, some principle which neither had any connexion with it, nor resembled any other principle which had some such connexion, would appear absurd and ridiculous to the most injudicious and unexperienced reader.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00583", "bookId": 67363, "start": 567706, "end": 567837, "sha256": "eed041bf3e349f22898b30d8b940f13e479bf1b16e3e3e9b68bb77b58f2bdbce", "text": "SECTION III. Of the different systems which have been formed concerning the principle of approbation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00584", "bookId": 67363, "start": 567872, "end": 567885, "sha256": "762d10af887f2b4a9299813419b04ed2821b36dd51e9dedd6d11353d8443c3bd", "text": "INTRODUCTION.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00585", "bookId": 67363, "start": 567889, "end": 568372, "sha256": "5d8c831744dc97fbc5191f30ab5df1786287da6379031eda3e10efdbdd01c3ac", "text": "After the inquiry concerning the nature of virtue, the next question of importance in Moral Philosophy, is concerning the principle of approbation, concerning the power or faculty of the mind which renders certain characters agreeable or disagreeable to us, makes us prefer one tenour of conduct to another, denominate the one right and the other wrong, and consider the one as the object of approbation, honour, and reward; the other as that of blame, censure, and punishment.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00586", "bookId": 67363, "start": 568376, "end": 569180, "sha256": "df5d5c0fa2c4074797c9bd1d689d81342c96f3b3c5a5d054818b78bf51386cef", "text": "Three different accounts have been given of this principle of approbation. According to some, we approve and disapprove both of our own actions and of those of others, from self-love only, or from some view of their tendency to our own happiness or disadvantage; according to others, reason, the same faculty by which we distinguish between truth and falsehood, enables us to distinguish between what is fit and unfit both in actions and affections: according to others this distinction is altogether the effect of immediate sentiment and feeling, and arises from the satisfaction or disgust with which the view of certain actions or affections inspires us. Self-love, reason, and sentiment, therefore, are the three different sources which have been assigned for the principle of approbation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00587", "bookId": 67363, "start": 569184, "end": 569753, "sha256": "6d726f34823eff0ad354e8fe8967b5a4e3954de6ec365ba2e48f2b2c0d464278", "text": "Before I proceed to give an account of those different systems, I must observe, that the determination of this second question, though of the greatest importance in speculation, is of none in practice. The question concerning the nature of virtue necessarily has some influence upon our notions of right and wrong in many particular cases. That concerning the principle of approbation can possibly have no such effect. To examine from what contrivance or mechanism within, those different notions or sentiments arise, is a mere matter of philosophical curiosity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00588", "bookId": 67363, "start": 569795, "end": 569916, "sha256": "920d1b2aa42ff50b69435d35647cf0b573607cb406076dd01a610470e4e4b5e7", "text": "CHAP. I. _Of those systems which deduce the principle of approbation from self-love._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00589", "bookId": 67363, "start": 569922, "end": 570984, "sha256": "8bd92e01c296fcfa4584bd6bd636d8c2555263b44677c97827df0cd49f93ce12", "text": "Those who account for the principle of approbation from self-love, do not all account for it in the same manner, and there is a good deal of confusion and inaccuracy in all their different systems. According to Mr. Hobbes, and many of his followers,[22] man is driven to take refuge in society, not by any natural love which he bears to his own kind, but because without the assistance of others he is incapable of subsisting with ease or safety. Society, upon this account, becomes necessary to him, and whatever tends to its support and welfare, he considers as having a remote tendency to his own interest, and, on the contrary, whatever is likely to disturb or destroy it, he regards as in some measure hurtful or pernicious to himself. Virtue is the great support, and vice the great disturber of human society. The former, therefore, is agreeable, and the latter offensive to every man; as from the one he foresees the prosperity, and from the other the ruin and disorder of what is so necessary for the comfort and security of his existence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00590", "bookId": 67363, "start": 570988, "end": 571000, "sha256": "ce497a608a980337b4718c25c24d9dc9ea930652f502b1e9358e63897a916abd", "text": "Footnote 22:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00591", "bookId": 67363, "start": 571006, "end": 571030, "sha256": "62ca575e0e38c399f2b8c77dad0e67216b68357e386cab812833ad10b061f7ea", "text": "Puffendorff. Mandeville.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00592", "bookId": 67363, "start": 571034, "end": 573228, "sha256": "184f243107f416a925d9caf0d47ddaa997331eaa8c7c6693865183941ea50fcb", "text": "That the tendency of virtue to promote, and of vice to disturb the order of society, when we consider it coolly and philosophically, reflects a very great beauty upon the one, and a very great deformity upon the other, cannot, as I have observed upon a former occasion, be called in question. Human society, when we contemplate it in a certain abstract and philosophical light, appears like a great, an immense machine, whose regular and harmonious movements produce a thousand agreeable effects. As in any other beautiful and noble machine that was the production of human art, whatever tended to render its movements more smooth and easy, would derive a beauty from this effect, and, on the contrary, whatever tended to obstruct them would displease upon that account: so virtue, which is, as it were, the fine polish to the wheels of society, necessarily pleases; while vice, like the vile rust, which makes them jar and grate upon one another, is as necessarily offensive. This account, therefore, of the origin of approbation and disapprobation, so far as it derives them from a regard to the order of society, runs into that principle which gives beauty to utility, and which I have explained upon a former occasion; and it is from thence that this system derives all that appearance of probability which it possesses. When those authors describe the innumerable advantages of a cultivated and social, above a savage and solitary life; when they expatiate upon the necessity of virtue and good order for the maintenance of the one, and demonstrate how infallibly the prevalence of vice and disobedience to the laws tend to bring back the other, the reader is charmed with the novelty and grandeur of those views which they open to him: he sees plainly a new beauty in virtue, and a new deformity in vice, which he had never taken notice of before, and is commonly so delighted with the discovery, that he seldom takes time to reflect, that this political view, having never occurred to him in his life before, cannot possibly be the ground of that approbation and disapprobation with which he has always been accustomed to consider those different qualities.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00593", "bookId": 67363, "start": 573232, "end": 574883, "sha256": "9b475a87b8e737f0dfaa989bfe49d29258e86041c906690f435a58ba9ae9c792", "text": "When those authors, on the other hand, deduce from self-love the interest which we take in the welfare of society, and the esteem which upon that account we bestow upon virtue, they do not mean, that when we in this age applaud the virtue of Cato, and detest the villainy of Catiline, our sentiments are influenced by the notion of any benefit we receive from the one, or of any detriment we suffer from the other. It was not because the prosperity or subversion of society, in those remote ages and nations, was apprehended to have any influence upon our happiness or misery in the present times; that according to those philosophers, we esteemed the virtuous, and blamed the disorderly character. They never imagined that our sentiments were influenced by any benefit or damage which we supposed actually to redound to us, from either; but by that which might have redounded to us, had we lived in those distant ages and countries; or by that which might still redound to us, if in our own times we should meet with characters of the same kind. The idea, in short, which those authors were groping about, but which they were never able to unfold distinctly, was that indirect sympathy which we feel with the gratitude or resentment of those who received the benefit or suffered the damage resulting from such opposite characters: and it was this which they were indistinctly pointing at, when they said, that it was not the thought of what we had gained or suffered which prompted our applause or indignation, but the conception or imagination of what we might gain or suffer if we were to act in society with such associates.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00594", "bookId": 67363, "start": 574887, "end": 576787, "sha256": "fa6b0a4dbe5b8eee7c3ad79f0503d42b10ec1ff86a8b1426fae42719c29d4937", "text": "Sympathy, however, cannot, in any sense, be regarded as a selfish principle. When I sympathize with your sorrow or your indignation, it may be pretended, indeed, that my emotion is founded in self-love, because it arises from bringing your case home to myself, from putting myself in your situation, and thence conceiving what I should feel in the like circumstances. But though sympathy is very properly said to arise from an imaginary change of situations with the person principally concerned, yet this imaginary change is not supposed to happen to me in my own person and character, but in that of the person with whom I sympathize. When I condole with you for the loss of your only son, in order to enter into your grief, I do not consider what I, a person of such a character and profession, should suffer, if I had a son, and if that son was unfortunately to die: but I consider what I should suffer if I was really you, and I not only change circumstances with you, but I change persons and characters. My grief, therefore, is entirely upon your account, and not in the least upon my own. It is not, therefore, in the least selfish. How can that be regarded as a selfish passion, which does not arise even from the imagination of any thing that has befallen, or that relates to myself, in my own proper person and character, but which is entirely occupied about what relates to you? A man may sympathize with a woman in child-bed; though it is impossible that he should conceive himself as suffering her pains in his own proper person and character. That whole account of human nature, however, which deduces all sentiments and affections from self-love, which has made so much noise in the world, but which, so far as I know, has never yet been fully and distinctly explained, seems to me to have arisen from some confused misapprehension of the system of sympathy.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00595", "bookId": 67363, "start": 576828, "end": 576908, "sha256": "de2f7a430b7f38c53995f967d21d6ce7039a0e0f7654606ae4ab12103e537b44", "text": "CHAP. II. _Of those systems which make reason the principle of approbation._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00596", "bookId": 67363, "start": 576914, "end": 578084, "sha256": "a88040999fc44e3bdfeedaa1195f5db5d58c14fff7222917324d1e5b13954a7d", "text": "It is well known to have been the doctrine of Mr. Hobbes, that a state of nature, is a state of war; and that antecedent to the institution of civil government, there could be no safe or peaceable society among men. To preserve society, therefore, according to him, was to support civil government, and to destroy civil government was the same thing as to put an end to society. But the existence of civil government depends upon the obedience that is paid to the supreme magistrate. The moment he loses his authority, all government is at an end. As self-preservation, therefore, teaches men to applaud whatever tends to promote the welfare of society, and to blame whatever is likely to hurt it; so the same principle, if they would think and speak consistently, ought to teach them to applaud upon all occasions obedience to the civil magistrate, and to blame all disobedience and rebellion. The very ideas of laudable and blameable, ought to be the same with those of obedience and disobedience. The laws of the civil magistrate, therefore, ought to be regarded as the sole ultimate standards of what was just and unjust, of what was right and wrong.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00597", "bookId": 67363, "start": 578088, "end": 578976, "sha256": "94fdc4e179f78da200d1084fcf3730e35042edc19e614a5c35d603197a9744d9", "text": "It was the avowed intention of Mr. Hobbes, by propagating these notions, to subject the consciences of men immediately to the civil, and not to the ecclesiastical powers, whose turbulence and ambition, he had been taught, by the example of his own times, to regard as the principal source of the disorders of society. His doctrine, upon this account, was peculiarly offensive to Theologians, who accordingly did not fail to vent their indignation against him with great asperity and bitterness. It was likewise offensive to all sound moralists, as it supposed that there was no natural distinction between right and wrong, that these were mutable and changeable, and depended upon the mere arbitrary will of the civil magistrate. This account of things, therefore, was attacked from all quarters, and by all sorts of weapons, by sober reason as well as by furious declamation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00598", "bookId": 67363, "start": 578980, "end": 579314, "sha256": "4255999bffdde0fabfa9e16debee4772aa719487feff1c68bafa2ff0f9d9bbce", "text": "In order to confute so odious a doctrine, it was necessary to prove, that antecedent to all law or positive institution, the mind was naturally endowed with a faculty, by which it distinguished in certain actions and affections, the qualities of right, laudable, and virtuous, and in others those of wrong, blameable, and vicious.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00599", "bookId": 67363, "start": 579318, "end": 579972, "sha256": "bf44b53a8da40b69820c3d864759a6acc525b6876efbed5450d9a0a1e07e354c", "text": "Law, it was justly observed by Dr. Cudworth,[23] could not be the original source of those distinctions; since upon the supposition of such a law, it must either be right to obey it, and wrong to disobey it, or indifferent whether we obeyed it, or disobeyed it. That law which it was indifferent whether we obeyed or disobeyed, could not, it was evident, be the source of those distinctions; neither could that which it was right to obey and wrong to disobey, since even this still supposed the antecedent notions or ideas of right and wrong, and that obedience to the law was conformable to the idea of right, and disobedience to that of wrong.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00600", "bookId": 67363, "start": 579976, "end": 579988, "sha256": "46106eb1f5120adacc539cee8cdca34cefc844fba5a2a233b2e0647890e034e8", "text": "Footnote 23:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00601", "bookId": 67363, "start": 579994, "end": 580019, "sha256": "7ee27877262d641fb6a1757124cc63f0a5a912573d4828fd8685b0f41bb21354", "text": "Immutable Morality, l. 1.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00602", "bookId": 67363, "start": 580023, "end": 581192, "sha256": "35a35dc47b5ea48716a009d660eb00dfaa9f9594661f4b23146b13bec0555417", "text": "Since the mind, therefore, had a notion of those distinctions antecedent to all law, it seemed necessarily to follow, that it derived this notion from reason, which pointed out the difference between right and wrong, in the same manner in which it did that between truth and falsehood: and this conclusion, which though true in some respects, is rather hasty in others, was more easily received at a time when the abstract science of human nature was but in its infancy, and before the distinct offices and powers of the different faculties of the human mind had been carefully examined and distinguished from one another. When this controversy with Mr. Hobbes was carried on with the greatest warmth and keenness, no other faculty had been thought of from which any such ideas could possibly be supposed to arise. It became at this time, therefore, the popular doctrine, that the essence of virtue and vice did not consist in the conformity or disagreement of human actions with the law of a superior, but in their conformity or disagreement with reason, which was thus considered as the original source and principle of approbation and disapprobation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00603", "bookId": 67363, "start": 581196, "end": 582991, "sha256": "cf161c0ed117358415d888f086137bc453ea1004d88e79e6b6c0b7e13ca938da", "text": "That virtue consists in conformity to reason, is true in some respects, and this faculty may very justly be considered, as in some sense, the source and principle of approbation and disapprobation, and of all solid judgments concerning right and wrong. It is by reason that we discover those general rules of justice by which we ought to regulate our actions: and it is by the same faculty that we form those more vague and indeterminate ideas of what is prudent, of what is decent, of what is generous or noble, which we carry constantly about with us, and according to which we endeavour, as well as we can, to model the tenour of our conduct. The general maxims of morality are formed, like all other general maxims, from experience and induction. We observe in a great variety of particular cases what pleases or displeases our moral faculties, what these approve or disapprove of, and, by induction from this experience, we establish those general rules. But induction is always regarded as one of the operations of reason. From reason, therefore, we are very properly said to derive all those general maxims and ideas. It is by these, however, that we regulate the greater part of our moral judgments, which would be extremely uncertain and precarious if they depended altogether upon what is liable to so many variations as immediate sentiment and feeling, which the different states of health and humour are capable of altering so essentially. As our most solid judgments, therefore, with regard to right and wrong, are regulated by maxims and ideas derived from an induction of reason, virtue may very properly be said to consist in a conformity to reason, and so far this faculty may be considered as the source and principle of approbation and disapprobation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00604", "bookId": 67363, "start": 582995, "end": 584472, "sha256": "1f6b416b34b0e6b734f094694e811bf67f6447e2a9353edfb526f622718a9e03", "text": "But though reason is undoubtedly the source of the general rules of morality, and of all the moral judgments which we form by means of them; it is altogether absurd and unintelligible to suppose that the first perceptions of right and wrong can be derived from reason, even in those particular cases upon the experience of which the general rules are formed. These first perceptions, as well all other experiments upon which any general rules are founded, cannot be the object of reason, but of immediate sense and feeling. It is by finding in a vast variety of instances that one tenour of conduct constantly pleases in a certain manner, and that another as constantly displeases the mind, that we form the general rules of morality. But reason cannot render any particular object either agreeable or disagreeable to the mind for its own sake. Reason may show that this object is the means of obtaining some other which is naturally either pleasing or displeasing, and in this manner may render it either agreeable or disagreeable for the sake of something else. But nothing can be agreeable or disagreeable for its own sake, which is not rendered such by immediate sense and feeling. If virtue, therefore, in every particular instance, necessarily pleases for its own sake, and if vice as certainly displeases the mind, it cannot be reason, but immediate sense and feeling, which, in this manner, reconciles us to the one, and alienates us from the other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00605", "bookId": 67363, "start": 584476, "end": 584847, "sha256": "b9de2958a49ea04a792fb03e8df51df752431082be7d3196f24b01758f65047d", "text": "Pleasure and pain are the great objects of desire and aversion: but these are distinguished not by reason, but by immediate sense and feeling. If virtue, therefore, is desirable for its own sake, and if vice is, in the same manner, the object of aversion, it cannot be reason which originally distinguishes those different qualities, but immediate sense and feeling.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00606", "bookId": 67363, "start": 584851, "end": 585895, "sha256": "8c051e903b84f1e1216f96aa78c515488317b4dc496b50be8674c4d92b10f373", "text": "As reason, however, in a certain sense, may justly be considered as the principle of approbation and disapprobation, these sentiments were, through inattention, long regarded as originally flowing from the operations of this faculty. Dr. Hutcheson had the merit of being the first who distinguished with any degree of precision in what respect all moral distinctions may be said to arise from reason, and in what respect they are founded upon immediate sense and feeling. In his illustrations upon the moral sense he has explained this so fully, and, in my opinion, so unanswerably, that, if any controversy is still kept up about this subject, I can impute it to nothing, but either to inattention to what that gentleman has written, or to a superstitious attachment to certain forms of expression, a weakness not very uncommon among the learned, especially in subjects so deeply interesting as the present, in which a man of virtue is often loth to abandon, even the propriety of a single phrase which he has been accustomed to.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00607", "bookId": 67363, "start": 585936, "end": 586018, "sha256": "2899a02faf4a2cc0f35a38e3c83dbf758d34ce6afacd5bc4a92d45ce0e0ff11d", "text": "CHAP. III. _Of those systems which make sentiment the principle of approbation._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00608", "bookId": 67363, "start": 586024, "end": 586131, "sha256": "7bba6b5842807c51d98e601d6a635ec6e72d4c95abb597a5bc6a9c07478dd355", "text": "Those systems which make sentiment the principle of approbation may be divided into two different classes.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00609", "bookId": 67363, "start": 586135, "end": 586747, "sha256": "3d53d381a75825f1831680968c0f07b57817b1aa7d15423a166f255271ec78c1", "text": "I. According to some the principle of approbation is founded upon a sentiment of a peculiar nature, upon a particular power of perception exerted by the mind at the view of certain actions or affections; some of which affecting this faculty in an agreeable and others in a disagreeable manner, the former are stampt with the characters of right, laudable, and virtuous; the latter with those of wrong, blameable and vicious. This sentiment being of a peculiar nature distinct from every other, and the effect of a particular power of perception, they give it a particular name, and call it a moral sense.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00610", "bookId": 67363, "start": 586751, "end": 587288, "sha256": "3965468103fabfa2c5f6b06a596869e098f5b98e1dfed8703c6c5f4ed1b9c5df", "text": "II. According to others, in order to account for the principle of approbation, there is no occasion for supposing any new power of perception which had never been heard of before: Nature, they imagine, acts here, as in all other cases, with the strictest œconomy, and produces a multitude of effects from one and the same cause; and sympathy, a power which has always been taken notice of, and with which the mind is manifestly endowed, is, they think, sufficient to account for all the effects ascribed to this peculiar faculty.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00611", "bookId": 67363, "start": 587292, "end": 587849, "sha256": "3cccc30b36da0d84d42179ac42894aa8a4655074a71793a5dc6ded6dac35dfa2", "text": "I. Dr. Hutcheson[24] had been at great pains to prove that the principle of approbation was not founded on self-love. He had demonstrated too that it could not arise from any operation of reason. Nothing remained, he thought, but to suppose it a faculty of a peculiar kind, with which Nature had endowed the human mind, in order to produce this one particular and important effect. When self-love and reason were both excluded, it did not occur to him that there was any other known faculty of the mind which could in any respect answer this purpose.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00612", "bookId": 67363, "start": 587853, "end": 587865, "sha256": "7122e9501bce81bafb2132a74c9d5d8dce9705829856868103f73343e7e7e2df", "text": "Footnote 24:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00613", "bookId": 67363, "start": 587871, "end": 587897, "sha256": "aa5ab330c1158b873b625e19b82ad231b7897d4d30a3b3d75f0fe13d833a2d23", "text": "Inquiry concerning Virtue.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00614", "bookId": 67363, "start": 587901, "end": 588376, "sha256": "039739405df246a80343051cf34543c5ffa957dd8282564159adec89434d77f6", "text": "This new power of perception he called a moral sense, and supposed it to be somewhat analogous to the external senses. As the bodies around us, by affecting these in a certain manner, appear to possess the different qualities of sound, taste, odour, colour; so the various affections of the human mind, by touching this particular faculty in a certain manner, appear to possess the different qualities of amiable and odious, of virtuous and vicious, of right and wrong.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00615", "bookId": 67363, "start": 588380, "end": 589799, "sha256": "a10bf9ef9e938271cac6cb59b09f4536f2083451b3f6ef088ffc328a86a3ce9d", "text": "The various senses or powers of perception,[25] from which the human mind derives all its simple ideas, were, according to this system, of two different kinds, of which the one were called the direct or antecedent, the other, the reflex or consequent senses. The direct senses were those faculties from which the mind derived the perception of such species of things as did not presuppose the antecedent perception of any other. Thus sounds and colours were objects of the direct senses. To hear a sound or to see a colour does not presuppose the antecedent perception of any other quality or object. The reflex or consequent senses, on the other hand, were those faculties from which the mind derived the perception of such species of things as presupposed the antecedent perception of some other. Thus harmony and beauty were objects of the reflex senses. In order to perceive the harmony of a sound, or the beauty of a colour, we must first perceive the sound or the colour. The moral sense was considered as a faculty of this kind. That faculty, which Mr. Locke calls reflection, and from which he derived the simple ideas of the different passions and emotions of the human mind, was, according to Dr. Hutcheson, a direct internal sense. That faculty again by which we perceived the beauty or deformity, the virtue or vice of those different passions and emotions, was a reflex, internal sense.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00616", "bookId": 67363, "start": 589803, "end": 589815, "sha256": "910503312f7f454cae2d2e8993aa6dbf31fb02d4d0ef7b4d99cb1a455ea216c9", "text": "Footnote 25:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00617", "bookId": 67363, "start": 589821, "end": 589846, "sha256": "9b72343159a568dfdfa4c68c51a3401c0112a810f7596b4aca54e171ab9b6552", "text": "Treatise of the passions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00618", "bookId": 67363, "start": 589850, "end": 590292, "sha256": "44b18821793a534c747e155325562e9a3ae9a11c0d660bd3daa88759b4fab613", "text": "Dr. Hutcheson endeavoured still further to support this doctrine, by shewing that it was agreeable to the analogy of nature, and that the mind was endowed with a variety of other reflex senses exactly similar to the moral sense; such as a sense of beauty and deformity in external objects; a public sense, by which we sympathize with the happiness or misery of our fellow-creatures; a sense of shame and honour, and a sense of ridicule.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00619", "bookId": 67363, "start": 590296, "end": 591614, "sha256": "6fa07c0329f4a38ae09036421ba1866c2738d3c073cc907b4033d649f3b53af8", "text": "But notwithstanding all the pains which this ingenious philosopher has taken to prove that the principle of approbation is founded in a peculiar power of perception, somewhat analogous to the external senses, there are some consequences, which he acknowledges to follow from this doctrine, that will, perhaps, be regarded by many as a sufficient confutation of it. The qualities, he allows,[26] which belong to the objects of any sense, cannot, without the greatest absurdity, be ascribed to the sense itself. Who ever thought of calling the sense of seeing black or white, the sense of hearing loud or low, or the sense of tasting sweet or bitter? And, according to him, it is equally absurd to call our moral faculties virtuous or vicious, morally good or evil. These qualities belong to the objects of those faculties, not to the faculties themselves. If any man, therefore, was so absurdly constituted as to approve of cruelty and injustice as the highest virtues, and to disapprove of equity and humanity as the most pitiful vices, such a constitution of mind might indeed be regarded as inconvenient both to the individual and to the society, and likewise as strange, surprising, and unnatural in itself; but it could not, without the greatest absurdity, be denominated vicious or morally evil.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00620", "bookId": 67363, "start": 591618, "end": 591630, "sha256": "32a6c5c0ebc380758a32b1e79d0bc995c23e5d2484becdcae254732dea332f37", "text": "Footnote 26:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00621", "bookId": 67363, "start": 591636, "end": 591714, "sha256": "dc931fbc001ef761063cd01975197e88ea09588289ff48bad79304a803146448", "text": "Illustrations upon the Moral Sense. Sect. 1. p. 237, et seq. Third Edition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00622", "bookId": 67363, "start": 591718, "end": 593112, "sha256": "083db30177a27b17e13af613f8db2fd86252fe7f1bc3f96fda846826bd580d60", "text": "Yet surely if we saw any man shouting with admiration and applause at a barbarous and unmerited execution, which some insolent tyrant had ordered, we should not think we were guilty of any great absurdity in denominating this behaviour vicious and morally evil in the highest degree, though it expressed nothing but depraved moral faculties, or an absurd approbation of this horrid action, as of what was noble, magnanimous, and great. Our heart, I imagine, at the sight of such a spectator, would forget for a while its sympathy with the sufferer, and feel nothing but horror and detestation, at the thought of so execrable a wretch. We should abominate him even more than the tyrant who might be goaded on by the strong passions of jealousy, fear, and resentment, and upon that account be more excusable. But the sentiments of the spectator would appear altogether without cause or motive, and therefore most perfectly and completely detestable. There is no perversion of sentiment or affection which our heart would be more averse to enter into, or which it would reject with greater hatred and indignation than one of this kind; and so far from regarding such a constitution of mind as being merely something strange or inconvenient, and not in any respect vicious or morally evil, we should rather consider it as the very last and most dreadful stage of moral depravity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00623", "bookId": 67363, "start": 593116, "end": 594419, "sha256": "49586c1f86dc7ddd39f2ae3ecba11942e17b8b2af6adb688056bc571e5f59c2f", "text": "Correct moral sentiments, on the contrary, naturally appear in some degree laudable and morally good. The man, whose censure and applause are upon all occasions suited with the greatest accuracy to the value or unworthiness of the object, seems to deserve a degree even of moral approbation. We admire the delicate precision of his moral sentiments: they lead our own judgments, and, upon account of their uncommon and surprising justness, they even excite our wonder and applause. We cannot indeed be always sure that the conduct of such a person would be in any respect correspondent to the precision and accuracy of his judgments concerning the conduct of others. Virtue requires habit and resolution of mind, as well as delicacy of sentiment; and unfortunately the former qualities are sometimes wanting, where the latter is in the greatest perfection. This disposition of mind, however, though it may sometimes be attended with imperfections, is incompatible with any thing that is grossly criminal, and is the happiest foundation upon which the superstructure of perfect virtue can be built. There are many men who mean very well, and seriously purpose to do what they think their duty, who notwithstanding are disagreeable on account of the coarseness of their moral sentiments.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00624", "bookId": 67363, "start": 594423, "end": 595049, "sha256": "3e292929fd5d7b46dd062c539696820aeba2a33bd81a4ad7a3d04ae785855788", "text": "It may be said, perhaps, that though the principle of approbation is not founded upon any power of perception that is in any respect analogous to the external senses, it may still be founded upon a peculiar sentiment which answers this one particular purpose and no other. Approbation and disapprobation, it may be pretended, are certain feelings or emotions which arise in the mind upon the view of different characters and actions; and as resentment might be called a sense of injuries, or gratitude a sense of benefits, so these may very properly receive the name of a sense of right and wrong, or of a moral sense.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00625", "bookId": 67363, "start": 595053, "end": 595206, "sha256": "55d92e7277f963d3dd056df9ce6983df523653da1d4007b62b6d0b9359e13751", "text": "But this account of things, though it may not be liable to the same objections with the foregoing, is exposed to others which are equally unanswerable.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00626", "bookId": 67363, "start": 595210, "end": 598361, "sha256": "3440e04b1a9b817ee2136d3fd3ff56efa7fac7ccb5270cd8511e7433d8da7447", "text": "First of all, whatever variations any particular emotion may undergo, it still preserves the general features which distinguish it to be an emotion of such a kind, and these general features are always more striking and remarkable than any variation which it may undergo in particular cases. Thus anger is an emotion of a particular kind: and accordingly its general features are always more distinguishable than all the variations it undergoes in particular cases. Anger against a man, is, no doubt, somewhat different from anger against a woman, and that again from anger against a child. In each of those three cases, the general passion of anger receives a different modification from the particular character of its object, as may easily be observed by the attentive. But still the general features of the passion predominate in all these cases. To distinguish these, requires no nice observation: a very delicate attention, on the contrary, is necessary to discover their variations: every body takes notice of the former: scarce any body observes the latter. If approbation and disapprobation, therefore, were, like gratitude and resentment, emotions of a particular kind, distinct from every other, we should expect that in all the variations which either of them might undergo, it would still retain the general features which mark it to be an emotion of such a particular kind, clear, plain, and easily distinguishable. But in fact it happens quite otherwise. If we attend to what we really feel when upon different occasions we either approve or disapprove, we shall find that our emotion in one case is often totally different from that in another, and that no common features can possibly be discovered between them. Thus the approbation with which we view a tender, delicate, and humane sentiment, is quite different from that with which we are struck by one that appears great, daring, and magnanimous. Our approbation of both may, upon different occasions, be perfect and entire; but we are softened by the one, and we are elevated by the other, and there is no sort of resemblance between the emotions which they excite in us. But, according to that system which I have been endeavouring to establish, this must necessarily be the case. As the emotions of the person whom we approve of, are, in those two cases, quite opposite to one another, and as our approbation arises from sympathy with those opposite emotions, what we feel upon the one occasion, can have no sort of resemblance to what we feel upon the other. But this could not happen if approbation consisted in a peculiar emotion which had nothing in common with the sentiments we approved of, but which arose at the view of those sentiments, like any other passion at the view of its proper object. The same thing holds true with regard to disapprobation. Our horror for cruelty has no sort of resemblance to our contempt for mean-spiritedness. It is quite a different species of discord which we feel at the view of those two different vices, between our minds and those of the person whose sentiments and behaviour we consider.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00627", "bookId": 67363, "start": 598365, "end": 599618, "sha256": "2f0ef3d0bc668419a5ab6050a4301d354575ff6b48e9fa34b88a3ac4116632af", "text": "Secondly, I have already observed, that not only the different passions or affections of the human mind which are approved or disapproved of appear morally good or evil, but that proper and improper approbation appear, to our natural sentiments, to be stampt with the same characters. I would ask, therefore, how it is, that, according to this system, we approve or disapprove of proper or improper approbation. To this question, there is, I imagine, but one reasonable answer, which can possibly be given. It must be said, that when the approbation with which our neighbour regards the conduct of a third person coincides with our own, we approve of his approbation, and consider it as, in some measure, morally good; and that on the contrary, when it does not coincide with our own sentiments, we disapprove of it, and consider it as, in some measure, morally evil. It must be allowed, therefore, that, at least in this one case, the coincidence or opposition of sentiments, between the observer and the person observed, constitutes moral approbation or disapprobation. And if it does so in this one case, I would ask, why not in every other? to what purpose imagine a new power of perception in order to account for those sentiments?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00628", "bookId": 67363, "start": 599622, "end": 601090, "sha256": "7465ee36ade80bced1080e4c4e5811e082e4f2d3558d4bd296aa2dc04d3091a7", "text": "Against every account of the principle of approbation, which makes it depend upon a peculiar sentiment, distinct from every other, I would object; that it is strange that this sentiment, which Providence undoubtedly intended to be the governing principle of human nature, should hitherto have been so little taken notice of, as not to have got a name in any language. The word moral sense is of very late formation, and cannot yet be considered as making part of the English tongue. The word approbation has but within these few years been appropriated to denote peculiarly any thing of this kind. In propriety of language we approve of whatever is entirely to our satisfaction, of the form of a building, of the contrivance of a machine, of the flavour of a dish of meat. The word conscience does not immediately denote any moral faculty by which we approve or disapprove. Conscience supposes, indeed, the existence of some such faculty, and properly signifies our consciousness of having acted agreeably or contrary to its directions. When love, hatred, joy, sorrow, gratitude, resentment, with so many other passions which are all supposed to be the subjects of this principle, have made themselves considerable enough to get titles to know them by, is it not surprising that the sovereign of them all should hitherto have been so little heeded, that, a few philosophers excepted, no body has yet thought it worth while to bestow a name upon it?", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00629", "bookId": 67363, "start": 601094, "end": 602935, "sha256": "ec9fe2914f744246ac9d0c03f6cdcf69b2f8ff7a722a9b50b5979f017e4a31e4", "text": "When we approve of any character or action, the sentiments which we feel, are, according to the foregoing system, derived from four sources, which are in some respects different from one another. First, we sympathize with the motives of the agent; secondly, we enter into the gratitude of those who receive the benefit of his actions; thirdly, we observe that his conduct has been agreeable to the general rules by which those two sympathies generally act; and, last of all, when we consider such actions as making part of a system of behaviour which tends to promote the happiness either of the individual or of the society, they appear to derive a beauty from this utility, not unlike that which we ascribe to any well contrived machine. After deducting, in any one particular case, all that must be acknowledged to proceed from some one or other of these four principles, I should be glad to know what remains, and I shall freely allow this overplus to be ascribed to a moral sense, or to any other peculiar faculty, provided any body will ascertain precisely what this overplus is. It might be expected, perhaps, that if there was any such peculiar principle, such as this moral sense is supposed to be, we should feel it, in some particular cases, separated and detached from every other, as we often feel joy, sorrow, hope, and fear, pure and unmixed with any other emotion. This however, I imagine, cannot even be pretended. I have never heard any instance alleged in which this principle could be said to exert itself alone and unmixed with sympathy or antipathy, with gratitude or resentment, with the perception of the agreement or disagreement of any action to an established rule, or last of all with that general taste for beauty and order which is excited by inanimated as well as by animated objects.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00630", "bookId": 67363, "start": 602939, "end": 603769, "sha256": "96dcfd662039685edd89d6240fb65ef356928aa89b52f62b61b7bb7ef5499d91", "text": "II. There is another system which attempts to account for the origin of our moral sentiments from sympathy distinct from that which I have been endeavouring to establish. It is that which places virtue in utility, and accounts for the pleasure with which the spectator surveys the utility of any quality from sympathy with the happiness of those who are affected by it. This sympathy is different both from that by which we enter into the motives of the agent, and from that by which we go along with the gratitude of the persons who are benefited by his actions. It is the same principle with that by which we approve of a well contrived machine. But no machine can be the object of either of those two last mentioned sympathies. I have already, in the fourth part of this discourse, given some account of this system.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00631", "bookId": 67363, "start": 603809, "end": 603940, "sha256": "0d3ecc0aec57724606b5a9bf835b5f4f53e4d2d3637e97f4d0b5d19a8475345e", "text": "SECTION IV. Of the manner in which different authors have treated of the practical rules of morality.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00632", "bookId": 67363, "start": 603946, "end": 604489, "sha256": "4576342ee165723156ae33439e10caf7a8f78e7ac9d29c2e41942af649049b94", "text": "It was observed in the third part of this discourse, that the rules of justice are the only rules of morality which are precise and accurate; that those of all the other virtues are loose, vague, and indeterminate; that the first may be compared to the rules of grammar; the others to those which critics lay down for the attainment of what is sublime and elegant in composition, and which present us rather with a general idea of the perfection we ought to aim at, than afford us any certain and infallible directions for acquiring it.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00633", "bookId": 67363, "start": 604493, "end": 605045, "sha256": "c2b1fa4f1c490984f861ccbcd188af9839a1cbf4f5845f3fd1b24a901a2b5708", "text": "As the different rules of morality admit such different degrees of accuracy, those authors who have endeavoured to collect and digest them into systems have done it in two different manners; and one set has followed thro’ the whole that loose method to which they were naturally directed by the consideration of one species of virtues; while another has as universally endeavoured to introduce into their precepts that sort of accuracy of which only some of them are susceptible. The first have wrote like critics, the second like grammarians.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00634", "bookId": 67363, "start": 605049, "end": 606141, "sha256": "2a00031f52724ace865dca54ae21f97439acdca2a754ea9d99803ecd375dc475", "text": "I. The first, among whom we may count all the ancient moralists, have contented themselves with describing in a general manner the different vices and virtues, and with pointing out the deformity and misery of the one disposition as well as the propriety and happiness of the other, but have not affected to lay down many precise rules that are to hold good unexceptionably in all particular cases. They have only endeavoured to ascertain, as far as language is capable of ascertaining, first, wherein consists the sentiment of the heart, upon which each particular virtue is founded, what sort of internal feeling or emotion it is which constitutes the essence of friendship, of humanity, of generosity, of justice, of magnanimity, and of all the other virtues, as well as of the vices which are opposed to them: and, secondly, What is the general way of acting, the ordinary tone and tenour of conduct to which each of those sentiments would direct us, or how it is that a friendly, a generous, a brave, a just, and a humane man, would, upon ordinary occasions, chuse to act.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00635", "bookId": 67363, "start": 606145, "end": 607674, "sha256": "e513aef2a6cbd824844c6b54b19fd95c9a3b45b7b729aa633969ebeabe1c6de9", "text": "To characterize the sentiment of the heart, upon which each particular virtue is founded, though it requires both a delicate and accurate pencil, is a talk, however, which may be executed with some degree of exactness. It is impossible, indeed, to express all the variations which each sentiment either does or ought to undergo, according to every possible variation of circumstances. They are endless, and language wants names to mark them by. The sentiment of friendship, for example, which we feel for an old man is different from that which we feel for a young: that which we entertain for an austere man different from that which we feel for one of softer and gentler manners: and that again from what we feel for one of gay vivacity and spirit. The friendship which we conceive for a man is different from that with which a woman affects us, even where there is no mixture of any grosser passion. What author could enumerate and ascertain these and all the other infinite varieties which this sentiment is capable of undergoing? But still the general sentiment of friendship and familiar attachment which is common to them all, may be ascertained with a sufficient degree of accuracy. The picture which is drawn of it, though it will always be in many respects incomplete, may, however, have such a resemblance as to make us know the original when we meet with it, and even distinguish it from other sentiments to which it has a considerable resemblance, such as good-will, respect, esteem, admiration.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00636", "bookId": 67363, "start": 607678, "end": 609002, "sha256": "c2538a2ba776b648fdab9f655947464ca61b28c7f80af526bae3b13082371850", "text": "To describe, in a general manner, what is the ordinary way of acting to which each virtue would prompt us, is still more easy. It is, indeed, scarce possible to describe the internal sentiment or emotion upon which it is founded, without doing something of this kind. It is impossible by language to express, if I may say so, the invisible features of all the different modifications of passion as they show themselves within. There is no other way of marking and distinguishing them from one another, but by describing the effects which they produce without, the alterations which they occasion in the countenance, in the air and external behaviour, the resolutions they suggest, the actions they prompt to. It is thus that Cicero, in the first book of his Offices, endeavours to direct us to the practice of the four cardinal virtues, and that Aristotle in the practical parts of his Ethics, points out to us the different habits by which he would have us regulate our behaviour, such as liberality, magnificence, magnanimity, and even jocularity and good humour, qualities, which that indulgent philosopher has thought worthy of a place in the catalogue of the virtues, though the lightness of that approbation which we naturally bestow upon them, should not seem to entitle them to so venerable a name.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00637", "bookId": 67363, "start": 609006, "end": 610523, "sha256": "da261e9b1de4941be242b797fb26308c8e187f1b3b221c006b00a28ea96d247c", "text": "Such works present us with agreeable and lively pictures of manners. By the vivacity of their descriptions they inflame our natural love of virtue, and increase our abhorrence of vice: by the justness as well as delicacy of their observations they may often help both to correct and to ascertain our natural sentiments with regard to the propriety of conduct, and suggesting many nice and delicate attentions, form us to a more exact justness of behaviour, than what, without such instruction, we should have been apt to think of. In treating of the rules of morality, in this manner, consists the science which is properly called Ethics, a science, which though like criticism, it does not admit of the most accurate precision, is, however, both highly useful and agreeable. It is of all others the most susceptible of the embellishments of eloquence, and by means of them of bestowing, if that be possible, a new importance upon the smallest rules of duty. Its precepts, when thus dressed and adorned, are capable of producing upon the flexibility of youth, the noblest and most lasting impressions, and as they fall in with the natural magnanimity of that generous age, they are able to inspire, for a time at least, the most heroic resolutions, and thus tend both to establish and confirm the best and most useful habits of which the mind of man is susceptible. Whatever precept and exhortation can do to animate us to the practice of virtue, is done by this science delivered in this manner.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00638", "bookId": 67363, "start": 610527, "end": 611268, "sha256": "e163398e90a4616948de2b0225bbcc66dba6159bdb61baff2f28f4e22cf9d44b", "text": "II. The second set of moralists, among whom we may count all the casuists of the middle and latter ages of the christian church, as well as all those who in this and in the preceding century have treated of what is called natural jurisprudence, do not content themselves with characterizing in this general manner that tenour of conduct which they would recommend to us, but endeavour to lay down exact and precise rules for the direction of every circumstance of our behaviour. As justice is the only virtue with regard to which such exact rules can properly be given; it is this virtue, that has chiefly fallen under the consideration of those two different sets of writers. They treat of it, however, in a very different manner.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00639", "bookId": 67363, "start": 611272, "end": 612576, "sha256": "3cbb7d3476baf43e4cb80d0bd88e321e3e1993c71d7d9eaa3e5190b0af8125ce", "text": "Those who write upon the principles of jurisprudence, consider only what the person to whom the obligation is due, ought to think himself entitled to exact by force; what every impartial spectator would approve of him for exacting, or what a judge or arbiter, to whom he had submitted his case, and who had undertaken to do him justice, ought to oblige the other person to suffer or to perform. The casuists, on the other hand, do not so much examine what it is, that might properly be exacted by force, as what it is, that the person who owes the obligation ought to think himself bound to perform from the most sacred and scrupulous regard to the general rules of justice, and from the most conscientious dread, either of wronging his neighbour, or of violating the integrity of his own character. It is the end of jurisprudence to prescribe rules for the decisions of judges and arbiters. It is the end of casuistry to prescribe rules for the conduct of a good man. By observing all the rules of jurisprudence, supposing them ever so perfect, we should deserve nothing but to be free from external punishment. By observing those of casuistry, supposing them such as they ought to be, we should be entitled to considerable praise by the exact and scrupulous delicacy of our behaviour.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00640", "bookId": 67363, "start": 612580, "end": 613134, "sha256": "17ab03c2cfcbd4f640aed54e76337e092d9e531c6341986453798eff1961f4b7", "text": "It may frequently happen that a good man ought to think himself bound, from a sacred and conscientious regard to the general rules of justice to perform many things which it would be the highest injustice to extort from him, or for any judge or arbiter to impose on him by force. To give a trite example; a highwayman, by the fear of death, obliges a traveller to promise him a certain sum of money. Whether such a promise, extorted in this manner by unjust force, ought to be regarded as obligatory, is a question that has been very much debated.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00641", "bookId": 67363, "start": 613138, "end": 613926, "sha256": "d775b7ede7e51700b202195b9ad7e9beb7b76623fb2220e6a92e2e1fefd91c57", "text": "If we consider it merely as a question of jurisprudence, the decision can admit of no doubt. It would be absurd to suppose that the highwayman can be entitled to use force to constrain the other to perform. To extort the promise was a crime which deserved the highest punishment, and to extort the performance would only be adding a new crime to the former. He can complain of no injury who has been only deceived by the person by whom he might justly have been killed. To suppose that a judge ought to enforce the obligation of such promises, or that the magistrate ought to allow them to sustain an action at law, would be the most ridiculous of all absurdities. If we consider this question, therefore, as a question of jurisprudence, we can be at no loss about the decision.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00642", "bookId": 67363, "start": 613930, "end": 615397, "sha256": "b554a19d1071c0bfba5bfd11ad7cf80fb90245f5ac13f4f1e6e947a5eba6ee7d", "text": "But if we consider it as a question of casuistry, it will not be so easily determined. Whether a good man, from a conscientious regard to that most sacred rule of justice, which commands the observance of all serious promises, would not think himself bound to perform, is at least much more doubtful. That no regard is due to the disappointment of the wretch who brings him into this situation, that no injury is done to the robber, and consequently that nothing can be extorted by force, will admit of no sort of dispute. But whether some regard is not, in this case, due to his own dignity and honour, to the inviolable sacredness of that part of his character which makes him reverence the law of truth, and abhor every thing that approaches to treachery and falsehood, may, perhaps, more reasonably be made a question. The casuists accordingly are greatly divided about it. One party, with whom we may count Cicero among the ancients, among the moderns, Puffendorf, Barbeyrac his commentator, and above all the late Dr. Hutcheson, one who in most cases was by no means a loose casuist, determine, without any hesitation, that no sort of regard is due to any such promise, and that to think otherwise is mere weakness and superstition. Another party, among whom we may reckon [27]some of the ancient fathers of the church, as well as some very eminent modern casuists, have been of another opinion, and have judged all such promises obligatory.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00643", "bookId": 67363, "start": 615401, "end": 615413, "sha256": "014ff512a29a573ff3b1179f51fd2579c150670f77186d0e6956235bd90047a6", "text": "Footnote 27:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00644", "bookId": 67363, "start": 615419, "end": 615446, "sha256": "fbf463e2d231696994aa946c190dbf9fff5472d080bd98c7e074093886b878e4", "text": "St. Augustine, la Placette.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00645", "bookId": 67363, "start": 615450, "end": 618055, "sha256": "cb82acb91b57667d82fa787e1ff8c615016912f616c98a3bf68d12994c401b85", "text": "If we consider the matter according to the common sentiments of mankind, we shall find that some regard would be thought due even to a promise of this kind; but that it is impossible to determine how much, by any general rule that will apply to all cases without exception. The man who was quite frank and easy in making promises of this kind, and who violated them with as little ceremony, we should not choose for our friend and companion. A gentleman who should promise a highwayman five pounds and not perform, would incur some blame. If the sum promised, however, was very great, it might be more doubtful, what was proper to be done. If it was such, for example, that the payment of it would entirely ruin the family of the promiser, if it was so great as to be sufficient for promoting the most useful purposes, it would appear in some measure criminal, at least extremely improper, to throw it, for the sake of a punctilio, into such worthless hands. The man who should beggar himself, or who should throw away an hundred thousand pounds, though he could afford that vast sum, for the sake of observing such a parole with a thief, would appear to the common sense of mankind, absurd and extravagant in the highest degree. Such profusion would seem inconsistent with his duty, with what he owed both to himself and others, and what, therefore, regard, to a promise extorted in this manner, could by no means authorize. To fix, however, by any precise rule, what degree of regard ought to be paid to it, or what might be the greatest sum which could be due from it, is evidently impossible. This would vary according to the characters of the persons, according to their circumstances, according to the solemnity of the promise, and even according to the incidents of the rencounter: and if the promiser had been treated with a great deal of that sort of gallantry, which is sometimes to be met with in persons of the most abandoned characters, more would seem due than upon other occasions. It may be said in general, that exact propriety requires the observance of all such promises, whenever it is not inconsistent with some other duties that are more sacred; such as regard to the public interest, to those whom gratitude, whom natural affection, or whom the laws of proper beneficence should prompt us to provide for. But, as was formerly taken notice of, we have no precise rules to determine what external actions are due from a regard to such motives, nor, consequently, when it is that those virtues are inconsistent with the observance of such promises.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00646", "bookId": 67363, "start": 618059, "end": 620625, "sha256": "79699a17d3e1ad3845c168944b141a5fa65e408eb660e7d58cffe634715318a3", "text": "It is to be observed, however, that whenever such promises are violated, though for the most necessary reasons, it is always with some degree of dishonour to the person who made them. After they are made, we may be convinced of the impropriety of observing them. But still there is some fault in having made them. It is at least a departure from the highest and noblest maxims of magnanimity and honour. A brave man ought to die, rather than make a promise which he can neither keep without folly, nor violate without ignominy. For some degree of ignominy always attends a situation of this kind. Treachery and falsehood are vices so dangerous, so dreadful, and, at the same time, such as may so easily, and, upon many occasions, so safely be indulged, that we are more jealous of them than of almost any other. Our imagination therefore attaches the idea of shame to all violations of faith, in every circumstance and in every situation. They resemble, in this respect, the violations of chastity in the fair sex, a virtue of which, for the like reasons, we are excessively jealous; and our sentiments are not more delicate with regard to the one, than with regard to the other. Breach of chastity dishonours irretrievably. No circumstances, no solicitation can excuse it; no sorrow, no repentance atone for it. We are so nice in this respect that even a rape dishonours, and the innocence of the mind cannot, in our imagination, wash out the pollution of the body. It is the same case with the violation of faith, when it has been solemnly pledged, even to the most worthless of mankind. Fidelity is so necessary a virtue, that we apprehend it in general to be due even to those to whom nothing else is due, and whom we think it lawful to kill and destroy. It is to no purpose that the person who has been guilty of the breach of it, urges that he promised in order to save his life, and that he broke his promise because it was inconsistent with some other respectable duty to keep it. These circumstances may alleviate, but cannot entirely wipe out his dishonour. He appears to have been guilty of an action with which, in the imaginations of men, some degree of shame is inseparably connected. He has broke a promise which he had solemnly averred he would maintain; and his character, if not irretrievably stained and polluted, has at least a ridicule affixed to it, which it will be very difficult entirely to efface; and no man, I imagine, who had gone through an adventure of this kind, would be fond of telling the story.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00647", "bookId": 67363, "start": 620629, "end": 620812, "sha256": "1bad790c4b598698a9335dbf75d3cc9ce06c2be51c7c9693878db53b7a625325", "text": "This instance may serve to show wherein consists the difference between casuistry and jurisprudence, even when both of them consider the obligations of the general rules of justice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00648", "bookId": 67363, "start": 620816, "end": 621352, "sha256": "d0016bf1be38acb9d1a2e23781cf7e9e87f364cf072b817d50af84670d66ee2c", "text": "But though this difference be real and essential, though those two sciences propose quite different ends, the sameness of the subject has made such a similarity between them, that the greater part of authors whose professed design was to treat of jurisprudence, have determined the different questions they examine, sometimes according to the principles of that science, and sometimes according to those of casuistry, without distinguishing, and, perhaps, without being themselves aware when they did the one, and when the other.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00649", "bookId": 67363, "start": 621356, "end": 622233, "sha256": "f4c123e3f68220f92e117c355738355e5493d843d05e91a028f6106ab0dd2190", "text": "The doctrine of the casuists, however, is by no means confined to the consideration of what a conscientious regard to the general rules of justice, would demand of us. It embraces many other parts of Christian and moral duty. What seems principally to have given occasion to the cultivation of this species of science was the custom of auricular confession, introduced by the Roman Catholic superstition, in times of barbarism and ignorance. By that institution, the most secret actions, and even the thoughts of every person, which could be suspected of receding in the smallest degree from the rules of Christian purity, were to be revealed to the confessor. The confessor informed his penitents whether, and in what respect they had violated their duty, and what penance it behoved them to undergo, before he could absolve them in the name of the offended Deity.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00650", "bookId": 67363, "start": 622237, "end": 624893, "sha256": "639e474e4763b849f48e12510b70d0c79abf19676d75c88133d1622aa818de81", "text": "The consciousness, or even the suspicion of having done wrong, is a load upon every mind, and is accompanied with anxiety and terror in all those who are not hardened by long habits of iniquity. Men, in this, as in all other distresses, are naturally eager to disburthen themselves of the oppression which they feel upon their thoughts, by unbosoming the agony of their mind to some person whose secrecy and discretion they can confide in. The shame, which they suffer from this acknowledgment, is fully compensated by that alleviation of their uneasiness which the sympathy of their confident seldom fails to occasion. It relieves them to find that they are not altogether unworthy of regard, and that however their past conduct may be censured, their present disposition is at least approved of, and is perhaps sufficient to compensate the other, at least to maintain them in some degree of esteem with their friend. A numerous and artful clergy had, in those times of superstition, insinuated themselves into the confidence of almost every private family. They possessed all the little learning which the times could afford, and their manners, though in many respects rude and disorderly, were polished and regular compared with those of the age they lived in. They were regarded, therefore, not only as the great directors of all religious, but of all moral duties. Their familiarity gave reputation to whoever was so happy as to possess it, and every mark of their disapprobation stamped the deepest ignominy upon all who had the misfortune to fall under it. Being considered as the great judges of right and wrong, they were naturally consulted about all scruples that occurred, and it was reputable for any person to have it known that he made those holy men the confidents of all such secrets, and took no important or delicate step in his conduct without their advice and approbation. It was not difficult for the clergy, therefore, to get it established as a general rule, that they should be entrusted with what it had already become fashionable to entrust them, and with what they generally would have been entrusted though no such rule had been established. To qualify themselves for confessors became thus a necessary part of the study of churchmen and divines, and they were thence led to collect what are called cases of conscience, nice and delicate situations, in which it is hard to determine whereabouts the propriety of conduct may lie. Such works, they imagined, might be of use both to the directors of consciences and to those who were to be directed; and hence the origin of books of casuistry.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00651", "bookId": 67363, "start": 624897, "end": 626144, "sha256": "c5f069b0fdffedf4669fee6af5ddbbab8a3278cf97fcb66510d8fbcfe2c59d60", "text": "The moral duties which fell under the consideration of the casuists were chiefly those which can, in some measure at least, be circumscribed within general rules, and of which the violation is naturally attended with some degree of remorse and some dread of suffering punishment. The design of that institution which gave occasion to their works, was to appease those terrors of conscience which attend upon the infringement of such duties. But it is not every virtue of which the defect is accompanied with any very severe compunctions of this kind, and no man applies to his confessor for absolution, because he did not perform the most generous, the most friendly, or the most magnanimous action which, in his circumstances, it was possible to perform. In failures of this kind, the rule that is violated is commonly not very determinate, and is generally of such a nature too, that though the observance of it might entitle to honour and reward, the violation seems to expose to no positive blame, censure, or punishment. The exercise of such virtues the casuists seem to have regarded as a sort of works of supererogation, which could not be very strictly enacted, and which it was therefore unnecessary for them to treat of.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00652", "bookId": 67363, "start": 626148, "end": 626341, "sha256": "3f32264539b5e87f84c580a738bc83f2c0812d01d8b6aa775922942a0bcf30ec", "text": "The breaches of moral duty, therefore, which came before the tribunal of the confessor, and upon that account fell under the cognizance of the casuists, were chiefly of three different kinds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00653", "bookId": 67363, "start": 626345, "end": 626595, "sha256": "89ec7d35da7bf31250820b3dc9aff6fca97ece004da38a809ff7a8e6651495e5", "text": "First and principally, breaches of the rules of justice. The rules here are all express and positive, and the violation of them is naturally attended with the consciousness of deserving, and the dread of suffering punishment both from God and man.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00654", "bookId": 67363, "start": 626599, "end": 627315, "sha256": "3be24545c285413cd3d81c3af4cc38c17ec3bbadeef37bba840026811413e0c7", "text": "Secondly, breaches of the rules of chastity. These in all grosser instances are real breaches of the rules of justice, and no person can be guilty of them without doing the most unpardonable injury to some other. In smaller instances, when they amount only to a violation of those exact decorums which ought to be observed in the conversation of the two sexes, they cannot indeed justly be considered as violations of the rules of justice. They are generally, however, violations of a pretty plain rule, and, at least in one of the sexes, tend to bring ignominy upon the person who has been guilty of them, and consequently to be attended in the scrupulous with some degree of shame and contrition of mind.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00655", "bookId": 67363, "start": 627319, "end": 631408, "sha256": "220f8786ea569e72d6b936e19af38288283267da24717c2bc45dbe9c04c53f51", "text": "Thirdly, breaches of the rules of veracity. The violation of truth, it is to be observed, is not always a breach of justice, though it is so upon many occasions, and consequently cannot always expose to any external punishment. The vice of common lying, though a most miserable meanness, may frequently do hurt to no person, and in this case no claim of vengeance or satisfaction can be due either to the persons imposed upon, or to others. But though the violation of truth is not always a breach of justice, it is always a breach of a very plain rule, and what naturally tends to cover with shame the person who has been guilty of it. The great pleasure of conversation, and indeed of society, arises from a certain correspondence of sentiments and opinions, from a certain harmony of minds, which like so many musical instruments coincide and keep time with one another. But this most delightful harmony cannot be obtained unless there is a free communication of sentiments and opinions. We all desire, upon this account, to feel how each other is affected, to penetrate into each other’s bosoms, and to observe the sentiments and affections which really subsist there. The man who indulges us in this natural passion, who invites us into his heart, who, as it were, sets open the gates of his breast to us, seems to exercise a species of hospitality more delightful than any other. No man, who is in ordinary good temper, can fail of pleasing, if he has the courage to utter his real sentiments as he feels them, and because he feels them. It is this unreserved sincerity which renders even the prattle of a child agreeable. How weak and imperfect soever the views of the open-hearted, we take pleasure to enter into them, and endeavour, as much as we can, to bring down our own understanding to the level of their capacities, and to regard every subject in the particular light in which they appear to have considered it. This passion to discover the real sentiments of others is naturally so strong, that it often degenerates into a troublesome and impertinent curiosity to pry into those secrets of our neighbours which they have very justifiable reasons for concealing, and, upon many occasions, it requires prudence and a strong sense of propriety to govern this, as well as all the other passions of human nature, and to reduce it to that pitch which any impartial spectator can approve of. To disappoint this curiosity, however, when it is kept within proper bounds, and aims at nothing which there can be any just reason for concealing, is equally disagreeable in its turn. The man who eludes our most innocent questions, who gives no satisfaction to our most inoffensive inquiries, who plainly wraps himself up in impenetrable obscurity, seems, as it were, to build a wall about his breast. We run forward to get within it, with all the eagerness of harmless curiosity, and feel ourselves all at once pushed back with the rudest and most offensive violence. If to conceal is so disagreeable, to attempt to deceive us is still more disgusting, even though we could possibly suffer nothing by the success of the fraud. If we see that our companion wants to impose upon us, if the sentiments and opinions which he utters appear evidently not to be his own, let them be ever so fine, we can derive no sort of entertainment from them; and if something of human nature did not now and then transpire through all the covers which falsehood and affectation are capable of wrapping around it, a puppet of wood would be altogether as pleasant a companion as a person who never spoke as he was affected. No man ever deceives, with regard to the most insignificant matters, who is not conscious of doing something like an injury to those he converses with; and who does not inwardly blush and shrink back with shame and confusion even at the secret thought of a detection. Breach of veracity, therefore, being always attended with some degree of remorse and self-condemnation, naturally fell under the cognizance of the casuists.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00656", "bookId": 67363, "start": 631412, "end": 631846, "sha256": "487452117b57398a4494878c803d1a2ada13284fe53f5966a735710600adb97e", "text": "The chief subjects of the works of the casuists, therefore, were the conscientious regard that is due to the rules of justice; how far we ought to respect the life and property of our neighbour; the duty of restitution; the laws of chastity and modesty, and wherein consisted what, in their language, are called the sins of concupiscence: the rules of veracity, and the obligation of oaths, promises, and contracts of all kinds.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00657", "bookId": 67363, "start": 631850, "end": 634305, "sha256": "c0accdd7978939628874800b2e2abe8ce84e2443cab06b8ab3d7577748d0f1c6", "text": "It may be said in general of the works of the casuists that they attempted, to no purpose, to direct by precise rules what belongs to feeling and sentiment only to judge of. How is it possible to ascertain by rules the exact point at which, in every case, a delicate sense of justice begins to run into a frivolous and weak scrupulosity of conscience? When it is that secrecy and reserve begin to grow into dissimulation? How far an agreeable irony may be carried, and at what precise point it begins to degenerate into a detestable lie? What is the highest pitch of freedom and ease of behaviour which can be regarded as graceful and becoming, and when it is that it first begins to run into a negligent and thoughtless licentiousness? With regard to all such matters, what would hold good in any one case would scarce do so exactly in any other, and what constitutes the propriety and happiness of behaviour varies in every case with the smallest variety of situation. Books of casuistry, therefore, are generally as useless as they are commonly tiresome. They could be of little use to one who should consult them upon occasion, even supposing their decisions to be just; because, notwithstanding the multitude of cases collected in them, yet upon account of the still greater variety of possible circumstances, it is a chance, if among all those cases there be found one exactly parallel to that under consideration. One, who is really anxious to do his duty, must be very weak, if he can imagine that he has much occasion for them; and with regard to one who is negligent of it, the style of those writings is not such as is likely to awaken him to more attention. None of them tend to animate us to what is generous and noble. None of them tend to soften us to what is gentle and humane. Many of them, on the contrary, tend rather to teach us to chicane with our own consciences, and by their vain subtilties serve to authorize innumerable evasive refinements with regard to the most essential articles of our duty. That frivolous accuracy which they attempted to introduce into subjects which do not admit of it, almost necessarily betrayed them into those dangerous errors, and at the same time rendered their works dry and disagreeable, abounding in abstruse and metaphysical distinctions, but incapable of exciting in the heart any of those emotions which it is the principal use of books of morality to excite.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00658", "bookId": 67363, "start": 634309, "end": 634808, "sha256": "78cdf85fadcda8bad23c8b5d22b7b4d54c6e1d4134aaba06227dc0d3caf0f522", "text": "The two useful parts of moral philosophy, therefore, are Ethics and Jurisprudence: casuistry ought to be rejected altogether, and the ancient moralists appear to have judged much better, who, in treating of the same subjects, did not affect any such nice exactness, but contented themselves with describing, in a general manner, what is the sentiment upon which justice, modesty, and veracity are founded, and what is the ordinary way of acting to which those virtues would commonly prompt us.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00659", "bookId": 67363, "start": 634812, "end": 635612, "sha256": "e9c0298e869be56958c2f2621390768bec01e8a3e7662279650d7316b95b4296", "text": "Something, indeed, not unlike the doctrine of the casuists, seems to have been attempted by several philosophers. There is something of this kind in the third book of Cicero’s Offices, where he endeavours like a casuist to give rules for our conduct in many nice cases, in which it is difficult to determine whereabouts the point of propriety may lie. It appears too, from many passages in the same book, that several other philosophers had attempted something of the same kind before him. Neither he nor they, however, appear to have aimed at giving a complete system of this sort, but only meant to show how situations may occur, in which it is doubtful, whether the highest propriety of conduct consists in observing or in receding from what, in ordinary cases, are the rules of duty.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00660", "bookId": 67363, "start": 635616, "end": 637987, "sha256": "668ce8a6177547239ab3bcb040bb0da94f77e94bacd038dae9d41f05ca5203fa", "text": "Every system of positive law may be regarded as a more or less imperfect attempt towards a system of natural jurisprudence, or towards an enumeration of the particular rules of justice. As the violation of justice is what men will never submit to from one another, the public magistrate is under a necessity of employing the power of the commonwealth to enforce the practice of this virtue. Without this precaution, civil society would become a scene of bloodshed and disorder, every man revenging himself at his own hand whenever he fancied he was injured. To prevent the confusion which would attend upon every man’s doing justice to himself, the magistrate, in all governments that have acquired any considerable authority, undertakes to do justice to all, and promises to hear and to redress every complaint of injury. In all well-governed states too, not only judges are appointed for determining the controversies of individuals, but rules are prescribed for regulating the decisions of those judges; and these rules are, in general, intended to coincide with those of natural justice. It does not, indeed, always happen that they do so in every instance. Sometimes what is called the constitution of the state, that is, the interest of the government; sometimes of the interest of particular orders of men who tyrannize the government, warp the positive laws of the country from what natural justice would prescribe. In some countries, the rudeness and barbarism of the people hinder the natural sentiments of justice from arriving at that accuracy and precision which, in more civilized nations, they naturally attain to. Their laws are, like their manners, gross and rude and undistinguishing. In other countries the unfortunate constitution of their courts of judicature hinders any regular system of jurisprudence from ever establishing itself among them, though the improved manners of the people may be such as would admit of the most accurate. In no country do the decisions of positive law coincide exactly, in every case, with the rules which the natural sense of justice would dictate. Systems of positive law, therefore, though they deserve the greatest authority, as the records of the sentiments of mankind in different ages and nations, yet can never be regarded as accurate systems of the rules of natural justice.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00661", "bookId": 67363, "start": 637991, "end": 640337, "sha256": "b3c9ee6fa2929c43f7f3c0fafd8b65020bbac8099eab7c5b0470d83055c4c273", "text": "It might have been expected that the reasonings of lawyers, upon the different imperfections and improvements of the laws of different countries, should have given occasion to an inquiry into what were the natural rules of justice independent of all positive institution. It might have been expected that these reasonings should have led them to aim at establishing a system of what might properly be called natural jurisprudence, or a theory of the general principles which ought to run through and be the foundation of the laws of all nations. But tho’ the reasonings of lawyers did produce something of this kind, and though no man has treated systematically of the laws of any particular country, without intermixing in his work many observations of this sort; it was very late in the world before any such general system was thought of, or before the philosophy of law was treated of by itself, and without regard to the particular institutions of any one nation. In none of the ancient moralists, do we find any attempt towards a particular enumeration of the rules of justice. Cicero in his Offices, and Aristotle in his Ethics, treat of justice in the same general manner in which they treat of all the other virtues. In the laws of Cicero and Plato, where we might naturally have expected some attempts towards an enumeration of those rules of natural equity, which ought to be enforced by the positive laws of every country, there is however, nothing of this kind. Their laws are laws of police, not of justice. Grotius seems to have been the first, who attempted to give the world any thing like a system of those principles which ought to run through, and be the foundation of the laws of all nations; and his treatise of the laws of war and peace, with all its imperfections, is perhaps at this day the most complete work that has yet been given upon this subject. I shall in another discourse endeavour to give an account of the general principles of law and government, and of the different revolutions they have undergone in the different ages and periods of society, not only in what concerns justice, but in what concerns police, revenue, and arms, and whatever else is the object of law. I shall not, therefore, at present enter into any further detail concerning the history of jurisprudence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00662", "bookId": 67363, "start": 640375, "end": 640383, "sha256": "f953533f03ed670716edd55fe0468e2a66c6a9f5e781b53bbf568b58fe2de7ee", "text": "THE END.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00663", "bookId": 67363, "start": 640422, "end": 640639, "sha256": "6fe78ddaab01015b828bfad266fe8813e548d8bfa784b19bffd43dc5f188ded5", "text": "CONSIDERATIONS Concerning the FIRST FORMATION OF LANGUAGES, AND THE Different Genius of original and compounded LANGUAGES.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00664", "bookId": 67363, "start": 640645, "end": 644857, "sha256": "f453973e7cb8cb684cd755178c8e14407a8465a1e9050f66675da2aa1e9cfd90", "text": "The assignation of particular names, to denote particular objects, that is, the institution of nouns substantive, would, probably, be one of the first steps towards the formation of language. Two savages, who had never been taught to speak, but had been bred up remote from the societies of men, would naturally begin to form that language by which they would endeavour to make their mutual wants intelligible to each other, by uttering certain sounds, whenever they meant to denote certain objects. Those objects only which were most familiar to them, and which they had most frequent occasion to mention, would have particular names assigned to them. The particular cave whose covering sheltered them from the weather, the particular tree whose fruit relieved their hunger, the particular fountain whose water allayed their thirst, would first be denoted by the words _cave_, _tree_, _fountain_, or by whatever other appellations they might think proper, in that primitive jargon, to mark them. Afterwards, when the more enlarged experience of these savages had led them to observe, and their necessary occasions obliged them to make mention of, other caves, and other trees, and other fountains, they would naturally bestow, upon each of those new objects, the same name, by which they had been accustomed to express the similar object they were first acquainted with. The new objects had none of them any name of its own, but each of them exactly resembled another object, which had such an appellation. It was impossible that those savages could behold the new objects, without recollecting the old ones; and the name of the old ones, to which the new bore so close a resemblance. When they had occasion, therefore, to mention, or to point out to each other, any of the new objects, they would naturally utter the name of the correspondent old one, of which the idea could not fail, at that instant, to present itself to their memory in the strongest and liveliest manner. And thus, those words, which were originally the proper names of individuals, would each of them insensibly become the common name of a multitude. A child that is just learning to speak, calls every person who comes to the house its papa or its mama; and thus bestows upon the whole species those names which it had been taught to apply to two individuals. I have known a clown, who did not know the proper name of the river which ran by his own door. It was _the river_, he said, and he never heard any other name for it. His experience, it seems, had not led him to observe any other river. The general word _river_, therefore, was, it is evident, in his acceptance of it, a proper name, signifying an individual object. If this person had been carried to another river, would he not readily have called it a river? Could we suppose any person living on the banks of the Thames so ignorant, as not to know the general word _river_, but to be acquainted only with the particular word _Thames_, if he was brought to any other river, would he not readily call it a _Thames_? This, in reality, is no more than what they, who are well acquainted with the general word, are very apt to do. An Englishman, describing any great river which he may have seen in some foreign country, naturally says, that it is another Thames. The Spaniards, when they first arrived upon the coast of Mexico, and observed the wealth, populousness, and habitations of that fine country, so much superior to the savage nations which they had been visiting for some time before, cried out, that it was another Spain. Hence it was called New Spain; and this name has stuck to that unfortunate country ever since. We say, in the same manner, of a hero, that he is an Alexander; of an orator, that he is a Cicero; of a philosopher, that he is a Newton. This way of speaking, which the grammarians call an Antonomasia, and which is still extremely common, though now not at all necessary, demonstrates how much mankind are naturally disposed to give to one object the name of any other, which nearly resembles it, and thus to denominate a multitude, by what originally was intended to express an individual.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00665", "bookId": 67363, "start": 644861, "end": 645551, "sha256": "be0ee83e1f6d8b01d5152e01ed5444034b35d74d25709846edf6be37fb8ee211", "text": "It is this application of the name of an individual to a great multitude of objects, whose resemblance naturally recalls the idea of that individual, and of the name which expresses it, that seems originally to have given occasion to the formation of those classes and assortments, which, in the schools, are called genera and species, and of which the ingenious and eloquent M. Rousseau of Geneva[28], finds himself so much at a loss to account for the origin. What constitutes a species is merely a number of objects, bearing a certain degree of resemblance to one another, and on that account denominated by a single appellation, which may be applied to express any one of them.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00666", "bookId": 67363, "start": 645555, "end": 645567, "sha256": "9bb8f540796b2cea8e674a20ba96984ad285d8876861c2064bbe4f8ed36a30a2", "text": "Footnote 28:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00667", "bookId": 67363, "start": 645573, "end": 645695, "sha256": "1a09a086822de2863dec99eda7a737603deb60a5fc83891df843a8003b679df1", "text": "Origine de l’Inegalité. Partie premiere, p. 376, 377, Edition d’Amsterdam, des Oeuvres diverses de J. J. Rousseau.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00668", "bookId": 67363, "start": 645699, "end": 646508, "sha256": "8817f0f961ae78be9ac96a70ad1e45a27c4947d28c720b3637da5096dec3adc1", "text": "When the greater part of objects had thus been arranged under their proper classes and assortments, distinguished by such general names, it was impossible that the greater part of that almost infinite number of individuals, comprehended under each particular assortment or species, could have any peculiar or proper names of their own, distinct from the general name of the species. When there was occasion, therefore, to mention any particular object, it often became necessary to distinguish it from the other objects comprehended under the same general name, either, first, by its peculiar qualities; or, secondly, by the peculiar relation which it stood in to some other things. Hence the necessary origin of two other sets of words, of which the one should express quality; the other relation.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00669", "bookId": 67363, "start": 646512, "end": 647081, "sha256": "b9b96238dd1cdc48983e09031877785297a4da5ffb1b096c4d01cfa24391d056", "text": "Nouns adjective are the words which express quality considered as qualifying, or, as the schoolmen say, in concrete with, some particular subject. Thus the word _green_ expresses a certain quality considered as qualifying, or as in concrete with, the particular subject to which it may be applied. Words of this kind, it is evident, may serve to distinguish particular objects from others comprehended under the same general appellation. The words _green tree_, for example, might serve to distinguish a particular tree from others that were withered or blasted.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00670", "bookId": 67363, "start": 647085, "end": 647895, "sha256": "f6d67adc1a0044152d8654649dd1ff5617b1e84e6c303cc502fe31cdbc61688e", "text": "Prepositions are the words which express relation considered, in the same manner, in concrete with the co-relative object. Thus the prepositions _of_, _to_, _for_, _with_, _by_, _above_, _below_, _&c._ denote some relation subsisting between the objects expressed by the words between which the prepositions are placed; and they denote that this relation is considered in concrete with the co-relative object. Words of this kind serve to distinguish particular objects from others of the same species, when those particular objects cannot be so properly marked out by any peculiar qualities of their own. When we say, _the green tree of the meadow_, for example, we distinguish a particular tree, not only by the quality which belongs to it, but by the relation which it stands in to another object.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00671", "bookId": 67363, "start": 647899, "end": 648751, "sha256": "c8d306967164438630e14b6d0b1123b844a02d210accfa704c2f2c839e643a66", "text": "As neither quality nor relation can exist in abstract, it is natural to suppose that the words which denote them considered in concrete, the way in which we always see them subsist, would be of much earlier invention, than those which express them considered in abstract, the way in which we never see them subsist. The words _green_ and _blue_ would, in all probability, be sooner invented than the words _greenness_ and _blueness_; the words _above_ and _below_, than the words _superiority_ and _inferiority_. To invent words of the latter kind requires a much greater effort of abstraction than to invent those of the former. It is probable, therefore, that such abstract terms would be of much later institution. Accordingly, their etymologies generally show that they are so, they being generally derived from others that are concrete.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00672", "bookId": 67363, "start": 648755, "end": 651104, "sha256": "c39a3c5b71cd3878c2eec2987b8f1114443dbde4ea33be928a3bf4f1ece9cae8", "text": "But though the invention of nouns adjective be much more natural than that of the abstract nouns substantive derived from them, it would still, however, require a considerable degree of abstraction and generalization. Those, for example, who first invented the words, _green_, _blue_, _red_, and the other names of colours, must have observed and compared together a great number of objects, must have remarked their resemblances and dissimilitudes in respect of the quality of colour, and must have arranged them, in their own minds, into different classes and assortments, according to those resemblances and dissimilitudes. An adjective is by nature a general, and in some measure, an abstract word, and necessarily presupposes the idea of a certain species or assortment of things, to all of which it is equally applicable. The word _green_ could not, as we were supposing might be the case of the word _cave_, have been originally the name of an individual, and afterwards have become, by what grammarians call an Antonomasia the name of a species. The word _green_ denoting, not the name of a substance, but the peculiar quality of a substance, must from the very first have been a general word, and considered as equally applicable to any other substance possessed of the same quality. The man who first distinguished a particular object by the epithet of _green_, must have observed other objects that were not _green_, from which he meant to separate it by this appellation. The institution of this name, therefore, supposes comparison. It likewise supposes some degree of abstraction. The person who first invented this appellation must have distinguished the quality from the object to which it belonged, and must have conceived the object as capable of subsisting without the quality. The invention, therefore, even of the simplest nouns adjective, must have required more metaphysics than we are apt to be aware of. The different mental operations, of arrangement or classing, of comparison, and of abstraction, must all have been employed, before even the names of the different colours, the least metaphysical of all nouns adjective, could be instituted. From all which I infer, that when languages were beginning to be formed, nouns adjective would by no means be the words of the earliest invention.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00673", "bookId": 67363, "start": 651108, "end": 653497, "sha256": "d3a4d5b1dc59363de183353c3a942af08daee13b329c7ab754d39ab0f988af36", "text": "There is another expedient for denoting the different qualities of different substances, which as it requires no abstraction, nor any conceived separation of the quality from the subject, seems more natural than the invention of nouns adjective, and which, upon this account, could hardly fail, in the first formation of language, to be thought of before them. This expedient is to make some variation upon the noun substantive itself, according to the different qualities which it is endowed with. Thus, in many languages, the qualities both of sex and of the want of sex, are expressed by different terminations in the nouns substantive, which denote objects so qualified. In Latin, for example, _lupus_, _lupa_; _equus_, _equa_; _juvencus_, _juvenca_; _Julius_, _Julia_; _Lucretius_, _Lucretia_, &c. denote the qualities of male and female in the animals and persons to whom such appellations belong, without needing the addition of any adjective for this purpose. On the other hand, the words _forum_, _pratum_, _plaustrum_, denote by their peculiar termination the total absence of sex in the different substances which they stand for. Both sex, and the want of all sex, being naturally considered as qualities modifying and inseparable from the particular substances to which they belong, it was natural to express them rather by a modification in the noun substantive, than by any general and abstract word expressive of this particular species of quality. The expression bears, it is evident, in this way, a much more exact analogy to the idea or object which it denotes, than in the other. The quality appears, in nature, as a modification of the substance, and as it is thus expressed, in language, by a modification of the noun substantive, which denotes that substance, the quality and the subject are, in this case, blended together, if I may say so, in the expression, in the same manner, as they appear to be in the object and in the idea. Hence the origin of the masculine, feminine, and neutral genders, in all the ancient languages. By means of these, the most important of all distinctions, that of substances into animated and inanimated, and that of animals into male and female, seem to have been sufficiently marked without the assistance of adjectives, or of any general names denoting this most extensive species of qualifications.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00674", "bookId": 67363, "start": 653501, "end": 654261, "sha256": "7c12d0ec04fc29a81f6396deb058003ea21b9f45f725e2008e351819721cc090", "text": "There are no more than these three genders in any of the languages with which I am acquainted; that is to say, the formation of nouns substantive, can, by itself, and without the accompaniment of adjectives, express no other qualities but those three above-mentioned, the qualities of male, of female, of neither male nor female. I should not, however, be surprised, if, in other languages with which I am unacquainted, the different formations of nouns substantive should be capable of expressing many other different qualities. The different diminutives of the Italian, and of some other languages, do, in reality, sometimes, express a great variety of different modifications in the substances denoted by those nouns which undergo such variations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00675", "bookId": 67363, "start": 654265, "end": 655568, "sha256": "304688e7c99fe7aa5feb0da7bab70396db00aea5bf429521250bb420e0eba2d7", "text": "It was impossible, however, that nouns substantive could, without losing altogether their original form, undergo so great a number of variations, as would be sufficient to express that almost infinite variety of qualities, by which it might, upon different occasions, be necessary to specify and distinguish them. Though the different formation of nouns substantive, therefore, might, for some time, forestall the necessity of inventing nouns adjective, it was impossible that this necessity could be forestalled altogether. When nouns adjective came to be invented, it was natural that they should be formed with some similarity to the substantives, to which they were to serve as epithets or qualifications. Men would naturally give them the same terminations with the substantives to which they were first applied, and from that love of similarity of sound, from that delight in the returns of the same syllables, which is in the foundation of analogy in all languages, they would be apt to vary the termination of the same adjective, according as they had occasion to apply it to a masculine, to a feminine, or to a neutral substantive. They would say, _magnus lupus_, _magna lupa_, _magnum pratum_, when they meant to express a great he wolf, a great _she wolf_, a great _meadow_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00676", "bookId": 67363, "start": 655572, "end": 657276, "sha256": "c027a442668112843078165296eb6430c7844db7fc553696fb428ce1a4fe01b5", "text": "This variation, in the termination of the noun adjective, according to the gender of the substantive, which takes place in all the ancient languages, seems to have been introduced chiefly for the sake of a certain similarity of sound, of a certain species of rhyme, which is naturally so very agreeable to the human ear. Gender, it is to be observed, cannot properly belong to a noun adjective, the signification of which is always precisely the same, to whatever species of substantives it is applied. When we say, _a great man_, _a great woman_, the word _great_ has precisely the same meaning in both cases, and the difference of the sex in the subjects to which it may be applied, makes no sort of difference in its signification. _Magnus_, _magna_, _magnum_, in the same manner, are words which express precisely the same quality, and the change of the termination is accompanied with no sort of variation in the meaning. Sex and gender are qualities which belong to substances, but cannot belong to the qualities of substances. In general, no quality, when considered in concrete, or as qualifying some particular subject, can itself be conceived as the subject of any other quality; though when considered in abstract it may. No adjective therefore can qualify any other adjective. A _great good man_, means a man who is both _great_ and _good_. Both the adjectives qualify the substantive; they do not qualify one another. On the other hand, when we say, the _great goodness_ of the man, the word _goodness_ denoting a quality considered in abstract, which may itself be the subject of other qualities, is upon that account capable of being qualified by the word, _great_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00677", "bookId": 67363, "start": 657280, "end": 660202, "sha256": "5297eff1b3e2735825b80ea032ffb9e15d70b7d09ccd279dc735e64416d28152", "text": "If the original invention of nouns adjective would be attended with so much difficulty, that of prepositions would be accompanied with yet more. Every preposition, as I have already observed, denotes some relation considered in concrete with the co-relative object. The preposition _above_, for example, denotes the relation of superiority, not in abstract, as it is expressed by the word _superiority_, but in concrete with some co-relative object. In this phrase, for example, _the tree above the cave_, the word _above_, expresses a certain relation between the _tree_ and the _cave_, and it expresses this relation in concrete with the co-relative object, the _cave_. A preposition always requires, in order to complete the sense, some other word to come after it; as may be observed in this particular instance. Now, I say, the original invention of such words would require a yet greater effort of abstraction and generalization, than that of nouns adjective. First of all, a relation is, in itself, a more metaphysical object than a quality. Nobody can be at a loss to explain what is meant by a quality; but few people will find themselves able to express, very distinctly, what is understood by a relation. Qualities are almost always the objects of our external senses; relations never are. No wonder, therefore, that the one set of objects should be so much more comprehensible than the other. Secondly, though prepositions always express the relation which they stand for, in concrete with the co-relative object, they could not have originally been formed without a considerable effort of abstraction. A preposition denotes a relation, and nothing but a relation. But before men could institute a word, which signified a relation, and nothing but a relation, they must have been able, in some measure, to consider this relation abstractedly from the related objects; since the idea of those objects does not, in any respect, enter into the signification of the preposition. The invention of such a word, therefore, must have required a considerable degree of abstraction. Thirdly, a preposition is from its nature a general word, which, from its very first institution, must have been considered as equally applicable to denote any other similar relation. The man who first invented the word _above_, must not only have distinguished, in some measure, the relation of _superiority_ from the objects which were so related, but he must also have distinguished this relation from other relations, such as, from the relation of _inferiority_ denoted by the word _below_, from the relation of _juxtaposition_, expressed by the word _beside_, and the like. He must have conceived this word, therefore, as expressive of a particular sort or species of relation distinct from every other, which could not be done without a considerable effort of comparison and generalization.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00678", "bookId": 67363, "start": 660206, "end": 661492, "sha256": "f8f7861ec0f0f696567209ff57d4b223d53187f7d7608361a53c14c1bf0e4fa5", "text": "Whatever were the difficulties, therefore, which embarrassed the first invention of nouns adjective, the same, and many more, must have embarrassed that of prepositions. If mankind, therefore, in the first formation of languages, seem to have, for some time, evaded the necessity of nouns adjective, by varying the termination of the names of substances, according as these varied in some of their most important qualities, they would much more find themselves under the necessity of evading, by some similar contrivance, the yet more difficult invention of prepositions. The different cases in the ancient languages is a contrivance of precisely the same kind. The genitive and dative cases, in Greek and Latin, evidently supply the place of the prepositions; and by a variation in the noun substantive, which stands for the co-relative term, express the relation which subsists between what is denoted by that noun substantive, and what is expressed by some other word in the sentence. In these expressions, for example, _fructus arboris_, _the fruit of the tree_; _sacer Herculi_, _sacred to Hercules_; the variations made in the co-relative words, _arbor_ and _Hercules_, express the same relations which are expressed in English by the prepositions _of_ and _to_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00679", "bookId": 67363, "start": 661496, "end": 661870, "sha256": "97ba4da4af49133792f865047a76930e80e6e8b096b8a862614205d150b1a46d", "text": "To express a relation in this manner, did not require any effort of abstraction. It was not here expressed by a peculiar word denoting relation and nothing but relation, but by a variation upon the co-relative term. It was expressed here, as it appears in nature, not as something separated and detached, but as thoroughly mixed and blended with the co-relative object.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00680", "bookId": 67363, "start": 661874, "end": 662271, "sha256": "2d255fff21a77c0c7c1dfb96f45d086c90d4b01b6927b08ba19c91f39e8e8f97", "text": "To express relation in this manner, did not require any effort of generalization. The words _arboris_ and _Herculi_, while they involve in their signification the same relation expressed by the English prepositions _of_ and _to_, are not, like those prepositions, general words, which can be applied to express the same relation between whatever other objects it might be observed to subsist.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00681", "bookId": 67363, "start": 662275, "end": 663291, "sha256": "d343170ad6c9c8f7b40599155cab69f9344c210a6a96c8c16e3368db315c2c55", "text": "To express relation in this manner did not require any effort of comparison. The words _arboris_ and _Herculi_ are not general words intended to denote a particular species of relations which the inventors of those expressions meant, in consequence of some sort of comparison, to separate and distinguish from every other sort of relation. The example, indeed, of this contrivance would soon probably be followed, and whoever had occasion to express a similar relation between any other objects would be very apt to do it by making a similar variation on the name of the co-relative object. This, I say, would probably, or rather certainly happen; but it would happen without any intention or foresight in those who first set the example, and who never meant to establish any general rule. The general rule would establish itself insensibly, and by slow degrees, in consequence of that love of analogy and similarity of sound, which is the foundation of by far the greater part of the rules of grammar.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00682", "bookId": 67363, "start": 663295, "end": 663659, "sha256": "cd974411513c0b6b3311fb61a101c8b3a7fff3cfc468e6e6e66615ec21a83938", "text": "To express relation therefore, by a variation in the name of the co-relative object, requiring neither abstraction, nor generalization, nor comparison of any kind, would, at first, be much more natural and easy, than to express it by those general words called prepositions, of which the first invention must have demanded some degree of all those operations.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00683", "bookId": 67363, "start": 663663, "end": 664266, "sha256": "c90fcb36e0d44513aff7abb0cc13efe1828a76cd69ac4a4b9696e4c31e280518", "text": "The number of cases is different in different languages. There are five in the Greek, six in the Latin, and there are said to be ten in the Armenian language. It must have naturally happened that there should be a greater or a smaller number of cases, according as in the terminations of nouns substantive the first formers of any language happened to have established a greater or a smaller number of variations, in order to express the different relations they had occasion to take notice of, before the invention of those more general and abstract prepositions which could supply their place.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00684", "bookId": 67363, "start": 664270, "end": 666577, "sha256": "9c575a65186463e2352f94c56d84140e657249343d969cf60d7eb82ab85b53d2", "text": "It is, perhaps, worth while to observe that those prepositions, which in modern languages hold the place of the ancient cases, are, of all others, the most general, and abstract, and metaphysical; and of consequence, would probably be the last invented. Ask any man of common acuteness, What relation is expressed by the preposition _above_? He will readily answer, that of _superiority_. By the preposition _below_? He will as quickly reply, that of _inferiority_. But ask him, what relation is expressed by the preposition _of_, and, if he has not beforehand employed his thoughts a good deal upon these subjects, you may safely allow him a week to consider of his answer. The prepositions _above_ and _below_ do not denote any of the relations expressed by the cases in the ancient languages. But the preposition _of_, denotes the same relation, which is in them expressed by the genitive case; and which, it is easy to observe, is of a very metaphysical nature. The preposition of, denotes relation in general, considered in concrete with the co-relative object. It marks that the noun substantive which goes before it, is somehow or other related to that which comes after it, but without in any respect ascertaining, as is done by the preposition _above_, what is the peculiar nature of that relation. We often apply it, therefore, to express the most opposite relations; because, the most opposite relations agree so far that each of them comprehends in it the general idea or nature of a relation. We say, _the father of the son_, and _the son of the father_; _the fir-trees of the forest_, and the _forest of the fir-trees_. The relation in which the father stands to the son, is, it is evident, a quite opposite relation to that in which the son stands to the father; that in which the parts stand to the whole, is quite opposite to that in which the whole stands to the parts. The word _of_, however, serves very well to denote all those relations, because in itself it denotes no particular relation, but only relation in general; and so far as any particular relation is collected from such expressions, it is inferred by the mind, not from the preposition itself, but from the nature and arrangement of the substantives, between which the preposition is placed.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00685", "bookId": 67363, "start": 666581, "end": 668483, "sha256": "c177e530ae80d6a9efe25fc0359e14845a488f48df086ddca7feb3292751828e", "text": "What I have said concerning the preposition _of_, may in some measure be applied to the prepositions, _to_, _for_, _with_, _by_, and to whatever other prepositions are made use of in modern languages, to supply the place of the ancient cases. They all of them express very abstract and metaphysical relations, which any man, who takes the trouble to try it, will find it extremely difficult to express by nouns substantive, in the same manner as we may express the relation denoted by the preposition _above_, by the noun substantive _superiority_. They all of them, however, express some specific relation, and are, consequently, none of them so abstract as the preposition _of_, which may be regarded as by far the most metaphysical of all prepositions. The prepositions therefore, which are capable of supplying the place of the ancient cases, being more abstract than the other prepositions, would naturally be of more difficult invention. The relations at the same time which those prepositions express, are, of all others, those which we have most frequent occasion to mention. The prepositions _above_, _below_, _near_, _within_, _without_, _against_, &c. are much more rarely made use of, in modern languages, than the prepositions _of_, _to_, _for_, _with_, _from_, _by_. A preposition of the former kind will not occur twice in a page; we can scarce compose a single sentence without the assistance of one or two of the latter. If these latter prepositions, therefore, which supply the place of the cases, would be of such difficult invention on account of their abstractedness, some expedient, to supply their place, must have been of indispensable necessity, on account of the frequent occasion which men have to take notice of the relations which they denote. But there is no expedient so obvious, as that of varying the termination of one of the principal words.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00686", "bookId": 67363, "start": 668487, "end": 668957, "sha256": "57320cee273a91afa38c570268bd86228aa16fbaeff80f14911a45fd2ba33873", "text": "It is, perhaps, unnecessary to observe, that there are some of the cases in the ancient languages, which, for particular reasons, cannot be represented by any prepositions. These are the nominative, accusative, and vocative cases. In those modern languages, which do not admit of any such variety in the terminations of their nouns substantive, the correspondent relations are expressed by the place of the words, and by the order and construction of the sentence.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00687", "bookId": 67363, "start": 668961, "end": 670242, "sha256": "d704535b6b0ed8b3986a40b09efbf730952b0862c57e89485b947c7e493f19f4", "text": "As men have frequently occasion to make mention of multitudes as well as of single objects, it became necessary that they should have some method of expressing number. Number may be expressed either by a particular word, expressing number in general, such as the words _many_, _more_, &c. or by some variation upon the words which express the things numbered. It is this last expedient which mankind would probably have recourse to, in the infancy of language. Number, considered in general, without relation to any particular set of objects numbered, is one of the most abstract and metaphysical ideas, which the mind of man is capable of forming; and, consequently, is not an idea, which would readily occur to rude mortals, who were just beginning to form a language. They would naturally, therefore, distinguish when they talked of a single, and when they talked of a multitude of objects, not by any metaphysical adjectives, such as the English, _a_, _an_, _many_, but by a variation upon the termination of the word which signified the objects numbered. Hence the origin of the singular and plural numbers, in all the ancient languages; and the same distinction has likewise been retained in all the modern languages, at least, in the greater part of words.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00688", "bookId": 67363, "start": 670246, "end": 671672, "sha256": "484335bc253c4a8c52f73dee45581ea6f9333351acdfb89d3214fafde09348d9", "text": "All primitive and uncompounded languages seem to have a dual, as well as a plural number. This is the case of the Greek, and I am told of the Hebrew, of the Gothic, and of many other languages. In the rude beginnings of society, _one_, _two_, and _more_, might possibly be all the numeral distinctions which mankind would have any occasion to take notice of. These they would find it more natural to express, by a variation upon every particular noun substantive, than by such general and abstract words as _one_, _two_, _three_, _four_, &c. These words, though custom has rendered them familiar to us, express, perhaps, the most subtile and refined abstractions, which the mind of man is capable of forming. Let any one consider within himself, for example, what he means by the word _three_, which signifies neither three shillings, nor three pence, nor three men, nor three horses, but three in general; and he will easily satisfy himself that a word, which denotes so very metaphysical an abstraction, could not be either a very obvious or a very early invention. I have read of some savage nations, whose language was capable of expressing no more than the three first numeral distinctions. But whether it expressed those distinctions by three general words, or by variations upon the nouns substantive, denoting the things numbered, I do not remember to have met with any thing which could determine.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00689", "bookId": 67363, "start": 671676, "end": 672086, "sha256": "8fb60b9642e2c2bc0cc87892bb56a9612c32ece694606783cc6637ad9f0e0cef", "text": "As all the same relations which subsist between single, may likewise subsist between numerous objects, it is evident there would be occasion for the same number of cases in the dual and in the plural, as in the singular number. Hence the intricacy and complexness of the declensions in all the ancient languages. In the Greek there are five cases in each of the three numbers, consequently fifteen in all.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00690", "bookId": 67363, "start": 672090, "end": 673579, "sha256": "95a1642b20f7a2b85ef22dfa2943f761aed4d1820f9bc0bb15ddcae8e14476ff", "text": "As nouns adjective, in the ancient languages, varied their terminations according to the gender of the substantive to which they were applied, so did they likewise, according to the case and the number. Every noun adjective in the Greek language, therefore, having three genders, and three numbers, and five cases in each number, may be considered as having five and forty different variations. The first formers of language seem to have varied the termination of the adjective, according to the case and the number of the substantive, for the same reason which made them vary according to the gender; the love of analogy, and of a certain regularity of sound. In the signification of adjectives there is neither case nor number, and the meaning of such words is always precisely the same, notwithstanding all the variety of termination under which they appear. _Magnus vir_, _magni viri_, _magnorum virorum_; _a great man_, _of a great man_, _of great men_ in all these expressions the words _magnus_, _magni_, _magnorum_, as well as the word _great_, have precisely one and the same signification, though the substantives to which they are applied have not. The difference of termination in the noun adjective is accompanied with no sort of difference in the meaning. An adjective denotes the qualification of a noun substantive. But the different relations in which that noun substantive may occasionally stand, can make no sort of difference upon its qualification.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00691", "bookId": 67363, "start": 673583, "end": 673869, "sha256": "773419ba9a1497e426581eda8315b3d551655f4c7e810c17b9594cee639eedfe", "text": "If the declensions of the ancient languages are so very complex, their conjugations are infinitely more so. And the complexness of the one is founded upon the same principle with that of the other, the difficulty of forming, in the beginnings of language, abstract and general terms.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00692", "bookId": 67363, "start": 673873, "end": 674259, "sha256": "69d820de3231a5565f36781baf327fea9eb585e211b47389ccaab5fcce2924f5", "text": "Verbs must necessarily have been coeval with the very first attempts towards the formation of language. No affirmation can be expressed without the assistance of some verb. We never speak but in order to express our opinion that something either is or is not. But the word denoting this event, or this matter of fact, which is the subject of our affirmation, must always be a verb.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00693", "bookId": 67363, "start": 674263, "end": 676599, "sha256": "81aca32bf960c15f90726deeae7cb38c6e13c2c9158a7f517a5b11cb0a805ae9", "text": "Impersonal verbs, which express in one word a complete event, which preserve in the expression that perfect simplicity and unity, which there always is in the object and in the idea, and which suppose no abstraction, or metaphysical division of the event into its several constituent members of subject and attribute, would, in all probability, be the species of verbs first invented. The verbs _pluit_, _it rains_; _ningit_, _it snows_; _tonat_, _it thunders_; _lucet_, _it is day_; _turbatur_, _there is a confusion_, &c. each of them express a complete affirmation, the whole of an event, with that perfect simplicity and unity with which the mind conceives it in nature. On the contrary, the phrases, _Alexander ambulat_, _Alexander walks_; _Petrus sedet_, _Peter sits_, divide the event, as it were, into two parts, the person or subject, and the attribute, or matter of fact, affirmed of that subject. But in nature, the idea or conception of Alexander walking, is as perfectly and completely one single conception, as that of Alexander not walking. The division of this event, therefore, into two parts, is altogether artificial, and is the effect of the imperfection of language, which, upon this, as upon many other occasions, supplies, by a number of words, the want of one, which could express at once the whole matter of fact that was meant to be affirmed. Every body must observe how much more simplicity there is in the natural expression, _pluit_, than in the more artificial expressions, _imber decidit_, _the rain falls_; or, _tempestas est pluvia_, _the weather is rainy_. In these two last expressions, the simple event, or matter of fact, is artificially split and divided, in the one, into two; in the other, into three parts. In each of them it is expressed by a sort of grammatical circumlocution, of which the significancy is founded upon a certain metaphysical analysis of the component parts of the idea expressed by the word _pluit_. The first verbs, therefore, perhaps even the first words, made use of in the beginnings of language, would in all probability be such impersonal verbs. It is observed accordingly, I am told, by the Hebrew Grammarians, that the radical words of their language, from which all the others are derived, are all of them verbs, and impersonal verbs.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00694", "bookId": 67363, "start": 676603, "end": 678327, "sha256": "1c1a52db97583688a49cb550ded32f1c886f0a034be6d28a8d69caa670a25750", "text": "It is easy to conceive how, in the progress of language, those impersonal verbs should become personal. Let us suppose, for example, that the word _venit_, _it comes_, was originally an impersonal verb, and that it denoted, not the coming of something in general, as at present, but the coming of a particular object, such as _the Lion_. The first savage inventors of language, we shall suppose, when they observed the approach of this terrible animal, were accustomed to cry out to one another, _venit_, that is, _the lion comes_; and that this word thus expressed a complete event, without the assistance of any other. Afterwards, when, on the further progress of language, they had begun to give names to particular substances, whenever they observed the approach of any other terrible object, they would naturally join the name of that object to the word _venit_, and cry out, _venit ursus_, _venit lupus_. By degrees the word _venit_ would thus come to signify the coming of any terrible object, and not merely the coming of the lion. It would now therefore, express, not the coming of a particular object, but the coming of an object of a particular kind. Having become more general in its signification, it could no longer represent any particular distinct event by itself, and without the assistance of a noun substantive, which might serve to ascertain and determine its signification. It would now, therefore, have become a personal, instead of an impersonal verb. We may easily conceive how, in the further progress of society, it might still grow more general in its signification, and come to signify, as at present, the approach of any thing whatever, whether good, bad, or indifferent.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00695", "bookId": 67363, "start": 678331, "end": 680602, "sha256": "175c1aa7a1cb0c1679d5fbe5164c2990a8031b0e701c31f54a7f4c624c900389", "text": "It is probably in some such manner as this, that almost all verbs have become personal, and that mankind have learned by degrees to split and divide almost every event into a great number of metaphysical parts, expressed by the different parts of speech, variously combined in the different members of every phrase and sentence.[29] The same sort of progress seems to have been made in the art of speaking as in the art of writing. When mankind first began to attempt to express their ideas by writing, every character represented a whole word. But the number of words being almost infinite, the memory found itself quite loaded and oppressed by the multitude of characters which it was obliged to retain. Necessity taught them, therefore, to divide words into their elements, and to invent characters which should represent, not the words themselves, but the elements of which they were composed. In consequence of this invention, every particular word came to be represented, not by one character, but by a multitude of characters; and the expression of it in writing became much more intricate and complex than before. But though particular words were thus represented by a greater number of characters, the whole language was expressed by a much smaller, and about four and twenty letters were found capable of supplying the place of that immense multitude of characters, which were requisite before. In the same manner, in the beginnings of language, men seem to have attempted to express every particular event, which they had occasion to take notice of, by a particular word, which expressed at once the whole of that event. But as the number of words must, in this case, have become really infinite, in consequence of the really infinite variety of events, men found themselves partly compelled by necessity, and partly conducted by nature, to divide every event into what may be called its metaphysical elements, and to institute words, which should denote not so much the events, as the elements of which they were composed. The expression of every particular event, became in this manner more intricate and complex, but the whole system of the language became more coherent, more connected, more easily retained and comprehended.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00696", "bookId": 67363, "start": 680606, "end": 680618, "sha256": "3de82d43a881ff60c8550d4d54a5682a7a5ddbb02d59d261786bce71b9d123f2", "text": "Footnote 29:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00697", "bookId": 67363, "start": 680624, "end": 681384, "sha256": "3ef50a45f81720e5c4ff246077714bff2ecab03fd897be590eb7d44a2bdc3a8a", "text": "As the far greater part of Verbs express, at present, not an event, but the attribute of an event, and, consequently, require a subject, or nominative case, to complete their signification, some grammarians, not having attended to this progress of nature, and being desirous to make their common rules quite universal, and without any exception, have insisted that all verbs required a nominative, either expressed or understood; and have, accordingly put themselves to the torture to find some awkward nominatives to those few verbs, which still expressing a complete event, plainly admit of none. _Pluit_, for example, according to _Sanctius_, means _pluvia pluit_, in English, _the rain rains_. See Sanctii Minerva, l. 3. c. 1.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00698", "bookId": 67363, "start": 681388, "end": 682182, "sha256": "4440587ad5c82f024eb480cc7131c5560867cd1a734c701d4bf9956fd1293cdf", "text": "When verbs, from being originally impersonal had thus, by the division of the event into its metaphysical elements, become personal, it is natural to suppose that they would first be made use of in the third person singular. No verb is ever used impersonally in our language, nor, so far as I know, in any other modern tongue. But in the ancient languages, whenever any verb is used impersonally, it is always in the third person singular. The termination of those verbs, which are still always impersonal, is constantly the same with that of the third person singular of personal verbs. The consideration of these circumstances, joined to the naturalness of the thing itself, may serve to convince us that verbs first became personal in what is now called the third person singular.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00699", "bookId": 67363, "start": 682186, "end": 686934, "sha256": "f88dc36d10646691b9dd79ec4b95c2254b127d0da4c93a3dd7b9ce30fe1868f9", "text": "But as the event, or matter of fact, which is expressed by a verb, may be affirmed either of the person who speaks, or of the person who is spoken to, as well as of some third person or object, it became necessary to fall upon some method of expressing these two peculiar relations of the event. In the English language this is commonly done, by prefixing, what are called the personal pronouns, to the general word which expresses the event affirmed. _I came_, _you came_, _he_ or _it came_; in these phrases the event of having come is, in the first, affirmed of the speaker; in the second, of the person spoken to; in the third, of some other person, or object. The first formers of language, it may be imagined, might have done the same thing, and prefixing in the same manner the two first personal pronouns, to the same termination of the verb, which expressed the third person singular, might have said, _ego venit_, _tu venit_, as well as _ille_ or _illud venit_. And I make no doubt but they would have done so, if at the time when they had first occasion to express these relations of the verb, there had been any such words as either _ego_ or _tu_ in their language. But in this early period of the language, which we are now endeavouring to describe, it is extremely improbable that any such words would be known. Though custom has now rendered them familiar to us, they, both of them, express ideas extremely metaphysical and abstract. The word _I_, for example, is a word of a very particular species. Whatever speaks may denote itself by this personal pronoun. The word _I_, therefore, is a general word, capable of being predicated, as the logicians say, of an infinite variety of objects. It differs, however, from all other general words in this respect; that the objects of which it may be predicated, do not form any particular species of objects distinguished from all others. The word _I_, does not, like the word _man_, denote a particular class of objects, separated from all others by peculiar qualities of their own. It is far from being the name of a species, but, on the contrary, whenever it is made use of, it always denotes a precise individual, the particular person who then speaks. It may be said to be, at once, both what the logicians call, a singular, and what they call, a common term; and to join in its signification the seemingly opposite qualities of the most precise individuality, and the most extensive generalization. This word, therefore, expressing so very abstract and metaphysical an idea, would not easily or readily occur to the first formers of language. What are called the personal pronouns, it may be observed, are among the last words of which children learn to make use. A child, speaking of itself, says, _Billy walks_, _Billy sits_, instead of _I walk_, _I sit_. As in the beginnings of language, therefore, mankind seem to have evaded the invention of at least the more abstract proportions, and to have expressed the same relations which these _now_ stand for, by varying the termination of the co-relative term, so they likewise would naturally attempt to evade the necessity of inventing those more abstract pronouns by varying the termination of the verb, according as the event which it expressed was intended to be affirmed of the first, second, or third person. This seems, accordingly, to be the universal practice of all the ancient languages. In Latin, _veni_, _venisti_, _venit_, sufficiently denote, without any other addition, the different events expressed by the English phrases, _I came_, _you came_, he, or _it came_. The verb would, for the same reason, vary its termination, according as the event was intended to be affirmed of the first, second, or third persons plural; and what is expressed by the English phrases, _we came_, _ye came_, _they came_, would be denoted by the Latin words, _venimus_, _venistis_, _venerunt_. Those primitive languages, too, which, upon account of the difficulty of inventing numeral names, had introduced a dual, as well as a plural number, into the declension of their nouns substantive, would probably, from analogy, do the same thing in the conjugations of their verbs. And thus in all those original languages, we might expect to find, at least six, if not eight or nine variations, in the termination of every verb, according as the event which it denoted was meant to be affirmed of the first, second, or third persons singular, dual, or plural. These variations again being repeated, along with others, through all its different tenses, modes and voices, must necessarily have rendered their conjugations still more intricate and complex than their declensions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00700", "bookId": 67363, "start": 686938, "end": 689658, "sha256": "2649523d9518e31a4edfef56116193e8e114161943679499ec9af4d4b2c7b5f0", "text": "Language would probably have continued upon this footing in all countries, nor would ever have grown more simple in its declensions and conjugations, had it not become more complex in its composition, in consequence of the mixture of several languages with one another, occasioned by the mixture of different nations. As long as any language was spoke by those only who learned it in their infancy, the intricacy of its declensions and conjugations could occasion no great embarrassment. The far greater part of those who had occasion to speak it, had acquired it at so very early a period of their lives, so insensibly and by such slow degrees, that they were scarce ever sensible of the difficulty. But when two nations came to be mixed with one another, either by conquest or migration, the case would be very different. Each nation, in order to make itself intelligible to those with whom it was under the necessity of conversing, would be obliged to learn the language of the other. The greater part of individuals too, learning the new language, not by art, or by remounting to its rudiments and first principles, but by rote, and by what they commonly heard in conversation, would be extremely perplexed by the intricacy of its declensions and conjugations. They would endeavour, therefore, to supply their ignorance of these, by whatever shift the language could afford them. Their ignorance of the declensions they would naturally supply by the use of prepositions; and a Lombard, who was attempting to speak Latin, and wanted to express that such a person was a citizen of Rome, or a benefactor to Rome, if he happened not to be acquainted with the genitive and dative cases of the word _Roma_, would naturally express himself by prefixing the prepositions _ad_ and _de_ to the nominative; and, instead of _Romæ_, would say, _ad Roma_, and _de Roma_. _Al Roma_ and _di Roma_, accordingly, is the manner in which the present Italians, the descendants of the ancient Lombards and Romans, express this and all other similar relations. And in this manner prepositions seem to have been introduced, in the room of the ancient declensions. The same alteration has, I am informed, been produced upon the Greek language, since the taking of Constantinople by the Turks. The words are, in a great measure, the same as before; but the grammar is entirely lost, prepositions having come in the place of the old declensions. This change is undoubtedly a simplification of the language, in point of rudiments and principle. It introduces, instead of a great variety of declensions, one universal declension, which is the same in every word, of whatever gender, number, or termination.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00701", "bookId": 67363, "start": 689662, "end": 690761, "sha256": "ee5629938f51626ffc746e950c94d6ca79d6831c0929519fe10c9922bb6d889b", "text": "A similar expedient enables men, in the situation above-mentioned, to get rid of almost the whole intricacy of their conjugations. There is in every language a verb, known by the name of the substantive verb; in Latin, _sum_; in English, _I am_. This verb denotes not the existence of any particular event, but existence in general. It is, upon this account, the most abstract and metaphysical of all verbs; and, consequently, could by no means be a a word of early invention. When it came to be invented, however, as it had all the tenses and modes of any other verb, by being joined with the passive participle, it was capable of supplying the place of the whole passive voice, and of rendering this part of their conjugations as simple and uniform, as the use of prepositions had rendered their declensions. A Lombard, who wanted to say, _I am loved_, but could not recollect the word _amor_, naturally endeavoured to supply his ignorance, by saying, _ego sum amatus_. _Io sono amato_, is at this day the Italian expression, which corresponds to the English phrase above-mentioned.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00702", "bookId": 67363, "start": 690765, "end": 691837, "sha256": "c43aeb6a1f3853f14d97da2561fcd9ada52183ab62cd182aae4ddbd0b76d7375", "text": "There is another verb, which, in the same manner, runs through all languages, and which is distinguished by the name of the possessive verb; in Latin, _habeo_; in English, _I have_. This verb, likewise, denotes an event of an extremely abstract and metaphysical nature, and, consequently, cannot be supposed to have been a word of the earliest invention. When it came to be invented, however, by being applied to the passive participle, it was capable of supplying a great part of the active voice, as the substantive verb had supplied the whole of the passive. A Lombard, who wanted to say, _I had loved_, but could not recollect the word _amaveram_, would endeavour to supply the place of it, by saying either _ego habebam amatum_, or _ego habui amatum_. _Io avevá amato_, or _Io ebbi amato_, are the correspondent Italian expressions at this day. And thus upon the intermixture of different nations with one another, the conjugations, by means of different auxiliary verbs, were made to approach towards the simplicity and uniformity of the declensions.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00703", "bookId": 67363, "start": 691841, "end": 692139, "sha256": "6d44e2c4fd0f2c8c2380c70e862df8df8fa77caf6e44c06de9bdf1da8f741ff9", "text": "In general it may be laid down for a maxim, that the more simple any language is in its composition, the more complex it must be in its declensions and conjugations; and, on the contrary, the more simple it is in its declensions and conjugations, the more complex it must be in its composition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00704", "bookId": 67363, "start": 692143, "end": 692935, "sha256": "b3c08658db03f187aeeff7eaa23b1615c936f7ea77903d4b37ee022de08f1137", "text": "The Greek seems to be, in a great measure, a simple, uncompounded language, formed from the primitive jargon of those wandering savages, the ancient Hellenians and Pelasgians, from whom the Greek nation is said to have been descended. All the words in the Greek language are derived from about three hundred primitives, a plain evidence that the Greeks formed their language almost entirely among themselves, and that when they had occasion for a new word, they were not accustomed, as we are, to borrow it from some foreign language, but to form it, either by composition or derivation from some other word or words, in their own. The declensions and conjugations, therefore, of the Greek are much more complex than those of any other European language with which I am acquainted.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00705", "bookId": 67363, "start": 692939, "end": 693630, "sha256": "94766ae485e9a4b1ccaae1070a0c457d4da6173ca7bdc071f46efe316871829b", "text": "The Latin is a composition of the Greek and of the ancient Tuscan languages. Its declensions and conjugations accordingly are much less complex than those of the Greek: it has dropt the dual number in both. Its verbs have no optative mood distinguished by any peculiar termination. They have but one future. They have no aorist distinct from the preterit-perfect; they have no middle voice; and even many of their tenses in the passive voice are eked out, in the same manner as in the modern languages, by the help of the substantive verb joined to the passive participle. In both the voices, the number of infinitives and participles is much smaller in the Latin than in the Greek.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00706", "bookId": 67363, "start": 693634, "end": 694462, "sha256": "c037c7adf605e421889d19ed209fef0eccce4b815fd6ef2d709c8860b7db5256", "text": "The French and Italian languages are each of them compounded, the one of the Latin, and the language of the ancient Franks, the other of the same Latin and the language of the ancient Lombards. As they are both of them, therefore, more complex in their composition than the Latin, so are they likewise more simple in their declensions and conjugations. With regard to their declensions, they have both of them lost their cases altogether; and with regard to their conjugations, they have both of them lost the whole of the passive, and some part of the active voices of their verbs. The want of the passive voice they supply entirely by the substantive verb joined to the passive participle; and they make out part of the active, in the same manner, by the help of the possessive verb and the same passive participle.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00707", "bookId": 67363, "start": 694466, "end": 696482, "sha256": "39cabac7d15fca6cb509e25d6269d5949bbfcf7d58815c3c2975df62b160c6d7", "text": "The English is compounded of the French and the ancient Saxon languages. The French was introduced into Britain by the Norman conquest, and continued, till the time of Edward III. to be the sole language of the law as well as the principal language of the court. The English, which came to be spoken afterwards, and which continues to be spoken now, is a mixture of the ancient Saxon and this Norman French. As the English language, therefore, is more complex in its composition than either the French or the Italian, so is it likewise more simple in its declensions and conjugations. Those two languages retain, at least, a part of the distinction of genders, and their adjectives vary their termination according as they are applied to a masculine or to a feminine substantive. But there is no such distinction in the English language, whose adjectives admit of no variety of termination. The French and Italian languages have, both of them, the remains of a conjugation, and all those tenses of the active voice, which cannot be expressed by the possessive verb joined to the passive participle, as well as many of those which can, are, in those languages, marked by varying the termination of the principal verb. But almost all those other tenses are in the English eked out by other auxiliary verbs, so that there is in this language scarce even the remains of a conjugation. _I love_, _I loved_, _loving_, are all the varieties of termination which the greater part of English verbs admit of. All the different modifications of meaning, which cannot be expressed by any of those three terminations, must be made out by different auxiliary verbs joined to some one or other of them. Two auxiliary verbs supply all the deficiencies of the French and Italian conjugations; it requires more than half a dozen to supply those of the English, which besides the substantive and possessive verbs, makes use of _do_, _did_; _will_, _would_; _shall_, _should_; _can_, _could_; _may_, _might_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00708", "bookId": 67363, "start": 696486, "end": 697711, "sha256": "3a88b2bf05341333e9453af7e171efd54fd895351b110ffdb2100507a2ac9917", "text": "It is in this manner that language becomes more simple in its rudiments and principles, just in proportion as it grows more complex in its composition, and the same thing has happened in it, which commonly happens with regard to mechanical engines. All machines are generally, when first invented, extremely complex in their principles, and there is often a particular principle of motion for every particular movement which, it is intended, they should perform. Succeeding improvers observe, that one principle may be so applied as to produce several of those movements, and thus the machine becomes gradually more and more simple, and produces its effects with fewer wheels, and fewer principles of motion. In language, in the same manner, every case of every noun, and every tense of every verb, was originally expressed by a particular distinct word, which served for this purpose and for no other. But succeeding observation discovered that one set of words was capable of supplying the place of all that infinite number, and that four or five prepositions, and half a dozen auxiliary verbs, were capable of answering the end of all the declensions, and of all the conjugations in the ancient languages.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00709", "bookId": 67363, "start": 697715, "end": 698136, "sha256": "0ef7564a99d6760351d64c4c8ceccaa7d8986180dbab3bb64f27b283543c5049", "text": "But this simplification of languages, though it arises, perhaps, from similar causes, has by no means similar effects with the correspondent simplification of machines. The simplification of machines renders them more and more perfect, but this simplification of the rudiments of languages renders them more and more imperfect and less proper for many of the purposes of language: and this for the following reasons.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00710", "bookId": 67363, "start": 698140, "end": 699265, "sha256": "8756e9d11b59265c0eef62b3352660553de7a20d49e119953e1d7ae718526321", "text": "First of all, languages are by this simplification rendered more prolix, several words having become necessary to express what could have been expressed by a single word before. Thus the words, _Dei_ and, _Deo_, in the Latin, sufficiently show, without any addition, what relation, the object signified is understood to stand in to the objects expressed by the other words in the sentence. But to express the same relation in English, and in all other modern languages, we must make use of, at least, two words, and say, _of God_, _to God_. So far as the declensions are concerned, therefore, the modern languages are much more prolix than the ancient. The difference is still greater with regard to the conjugations. What a Roman expressed by the single word, _amavissem_, an Englishman is obliged to express by four different words, _I should have loved_. It is unnecessary to take any pains to show how much this prolixness must enervate the eloquence of all modern languages. How much the beauty of any expression depends upon its conciseness, is well known to those who have any experience in composition.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00711", "bookId": 67363, "start": 699269, "end": 699744, "sha256": "98559b5269be6addc67496fe9c16976a0f98af74a4f81d47e64103297464c204", "text": "Secondly, this simplification of the principles of languages renders them less agreeable to the ear. The variety of termination in the Greek and Latin, occasioned by their declensions and conjugations, give a sweetness to their language altogether unknown to ours, and a variety unknown to any other modern language. In point of sweetness, the Italian, perhaps, may surpass the Latin, and almost equal the Greek; but in point of variety, it is greatly inferior to both.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00712", "bookId": 67363, "start": 699748, "end": 700360, "sha256": "1a557c7827c9974031f94859559be67daa84dab24d8f0f6a077d941dcba8a9a3", "text": "Thirdly, this simplification, not only renders the sounds of our language less agreeable to the ear, but it also restrains us from disposing such sounds as we have, in the manner that might be most agreeable. It ties down many words to a particular situation, though they might often be placed in another with much more beauty. In the Greek and Latin, though the adjective and substantive were separated from one another, the correspondence of their terminations still showed their mutual reference, and the separation did not necessarily occasion any sort of confusion. Thus in the first line of Virgil:", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00713", "bookId": 67363, "start": 700377, "end": 700423, "sha256": "8e4aea19289fbd253b3eba128e03f1b6e44f12109197ac2b168e5a3de8c04dff", "text": "_Tityre tu patulæ recubans sub tegmine fagi._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00714", "bookId": 67363, "start": 700427, "end": 702030, "sha256": "6048cb111fd4b1d757732cff698d38e7a3ceaf4f352adf9ef08905660b1907de", "text": "We easily see that _tu_ refers to _recubans_, and _patulæ_ to _fagi_; though the related words are separated from one another by the intervention of several others: because the terminations, showing the correspondence of their cases, determine their mutual reference. But if we were to translate this line literally into English, and say, _Tityrus, thou of spreading reclining under the shade beech_, Œdipus himself could not make sense of it; because there is here no difference of termination, to determine which substantive each adjective belongs to. It is the same case with regard to verbs. In Latin the verb may often be placed, without an inconveniency or ambiguity, in any part of the sentence. But in English its place is almost always precisely determined. It must follow the subjective and precede the objective member of the phrase in almost all cases. Thus in Latin whether you say, _Joannem verberavit Robertus_, or _Robertus verberavit Joannem_, the meaning is precisely the same, and the termination fixes John to be the sufferer in both cases. But in English _John beat Robert_, and _Robert beat John_, have by no means the same signification. The place therefore of the three principal members of the phrase is in the English, and for the same reason in the French and Italian languages almost always precisely determined; whereas in the ancient languages a greater latitude is allowed, and the place of those members is often, in a great measure, indifferent. We must have recourse to Horace, in order to interpret some parts of Milton’s literal translation;", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00715", "bookId": 67363, "start": 702050, "end": 702219, "sha256": "7a716d76a2731512a6bc158b0fc8b4f2bcfe36b6bfaa832972c73cbb36de54d8", "text": "_Who now enjoys thee credulous all gold, Who always vacant, always amiable Hopes thee; of flattering gales Unmindful._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00716", "bookId": 67363, "start": 702223, "end": 702809, "sha256": "94477ee2423d9e27f9914ed2cddb67a90f0b1921ef97792030ea79559df0f710", "text": "are verses which it is impossible to interpret by any rules of our language. There are no rules in our language, by which any man could discover, that, in the first line, _credulous_ referred to _who_, and not to _thee_; or, that _all gold_ referred to any thing; or, that in the fourth line, _unmindful_, referred to _who_, in the second, and not to _thee_ in the third; or, on the contrary, that, in the second line _always vacant, always amiable_, referred to _thee_ in the third, and not to _who_ in the same line with it. In the Latin, indeed, all this is abundantly plain.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00717", "bookId": 67363, "start": 702831, "end": 702977, "sha256": "9f840a69b7f4c427764757031ca8107e1cac09121320e999711aaf32b875d92e", "text": "_Qui nunc te fruitur credulus aureâ, Qui semper vacuam, semper amabilem Sperat te; nescius auræ fallacis._", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00718", "bookId": 67363, "start": 702981, "end": 703734, "sha256": "5ed968042b56197fa542b086281841b779df339a15a4814251cb2d37d0fddaae", "text": "Because the terminations in the Latin determine the reference of each adjective to its proper substantive, which it is impossible for any thing in the English to do. How much this power of transposing the order of their words must have facilitated the composition of the ancients, both in verse and prose, can hardly be imagined. That it must greatly have facilitated their versification it is needless to observe; and in prose, whatever beauty depends upon the arrangement and construction of the several members of the period, must to them have been acquirable with much more ease, and to much greater perfection, than it can be to those whose expression is constantly confined by the prolixness, constraint and monotony of modern languages.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00719", "bookId": 67363, "start": 703773, "end": 703779, "sha256": "4cd836213a53c7aba17e3199d7a17f1b75f8f33de3183f924ed4593718ba5c57", "text": "FINIS.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00720", "bookId": 67363, "start": 703783, "end": 703797, "sha256": "a7d04715f7b106d0798812fbf3e6f78563c35d0e503460e8ad87770a7742cba1", "text": "[Illustration]", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00721", "bookId": 67363, "start": 703801, "end": 703873, "sha256": "5be59d365acb8d35446f682c6d314fffd5db5846ab8c6eb021e6bacd98a82aa0", "text": "------------------------------------------------------------------------", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00722", "bookId": 67363, "start": 703909, "end": 703930, "sha256": "5cd630c84eb4bbef837e21ad835a93922d4d6865949b7d8075e47853dfed51af", "text": "TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG67363.B00723", "bookId": 67363, "start": 703937, "end": 704140, "sha256": "3416a06d16fe2a9e19435e1f72ebbeb791eff10c1e3593ca7c5dc307596ff836", "text": "1. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in spelling. 2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed. 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.", "sourceType": "retained-layout-block", "normalization": "join Unicode layout whitespace with one U+0020; no other textual changes", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00001", "bookId": 41568, "start": 0, "end": 1842, "sha256": "bd04b1ef1f9235ec3eca1179a397320ff0e297f9f03e9955d745f09a087fb838", "text": "% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % % % Project Gutenberg's An Introduction to Mathematics, by Alfred North Whitehead % % % This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with % % almost no restrictions whatsoever. 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The important applications of the science, the theoretical interest of its ideas, and the logical rigour of its methods, all generate the expectation of a speedy introduction to processes of interest. We are told that by its aid the stars are weighed and the billions of molecules in a drop of water are counted. Yet, like the ghost of Hamlet's father, this great science eludes the efforts of our mental weapons to grasp it---``\\,'Tis here, 'tis there, 'tis gone''---and what we do see does not suggest the same excuse for illusiveness as sufficed for the ghost, that it is too noble for our gross methods. ``A show of violence,'' if ever excusable, may surely be ``offered'' to the trivial results which occupy the \\PageSep{8} pages of some elementary mathematical treatises.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "I: The Abstract Nature of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "8", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00107", "bookId": 41568, "start": 24036, "end": 24956, "sha256": "a6f37305e6b3391368fbad3f8d602c4f8e70f8b0d5fc1ef243bdc2a26a592cf6", "text": "The reason for this failure of the science to live up to its reputation is that its fundamental ideas are not explained to the student disentangled from the technical procedure which has been invented to facilitate their exact presentation in particular instances. Accordingly, the unfortunate learner finds himself struggling to acquire a knowledge of a mass of details which are not illuminated by any general conception. Without a doubt, technical facility is a first requisite for valuable mental activity: we shall fail to appreciate the rhythm of Milton, or the passion of Shelley, so long as we find it necessary to spell the words and are not quite certain of the forms of the individual letters. In this sense there is no royal road to learning. But it is equally an error to confine attention to technical processes, excluding consideration of general ideas. Here lies the road to pedantry.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "I: The Abstract Nature of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "8", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00108", "bookId": 41568, "start": 24960, "end": 25574, "sha256": "55d675e7cd7a471a8f4eb5072e7e8341415d6fc596f60ec305ec1285c9fc2184", "text": "The object of the following Chapters is not to teach mathematics, but to enable students from the very beginning of their course to know what the science is about, and why it is necessarily the foundation of exact thought as applied to natural phenomena. All allusion in what follows to detailed deductions in any part of the science will be inserted \\PageSep{9} merely for the purpose of example, and care will be taken to make the general argument comprehensible, even if here and there some technical process or symbol which the reader does not understand is cited for the purpose of illustration.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "I: The Abstract Nature of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "9", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00109", "bookId": 41568, "start": 25578, "end": 26616, "sha256": "91e3f239c6cd2714c4aad39c5f2cdd54090e351b15af9a62502eba78fa25e255", "text": "The first acquaintance which most people \\index{Abstractness (\\emph{defined})}% have with mathematics is through arithmetic. That two and two make four is usually taken as the type of a simple mathematical proposition which everyone will have heard of. Arithmetic, therefore, will be a good subject to consider in order to discover, if possible, the most obvious characteristic of the science. Now, the first noticeable fact about arithmetic is that it applies to everything, to tastes and to sounds, to apples and to angels, to the ideas of the mind and to the bones of the body. The nature of the things is perfectly indifferent, of all things it is true that two and two make four. Thus we write down as the leading characteristic of mathematics that it deals with properties and ideas which are applicable to things just because they are things, and apart from any particular feelings, or emotions, or sensations, in any way connected with them. This is what is meant by calling mathematics an abstract science.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "I: The Abstract Nature of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "9", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00110", "bookId": 41568, "start": 26620, "end": 27813, "sha256": "c1b8e34a080ff77b5e01f280480d8f615ea695220dc3fbc261f808de1ca60fe3", "text": "The result which we have reached deserves attention. It is natural to think that an \\PageSep{10} abstract science cannot be of much importance in the affairs of human life, because it has omitted from its consideration everything of real interest. It will be remembered that Swift, in his description of Gulliver's \\index{Swift}% voyage to Laputa, is of two minds on this \\index{Laputa}% point. He describes the mathematicians of that country as silly and useless dreamers, whose attention has to be awakened by flappers. Also, the mathematical tailor measures his height by a quadrant, and deduces his other dimensions by a rule and compasses, producing a suit of very ill-fitting clothes. On the other hand, the mathematicians of Laputa, by their marvellous invention of the magnetic island floating in the air, ruled the country and maintained their ascendency over their subjects. Swift, indeed, lived at a time peculiarly unsuited for gibes at contemporary mathematicians. Newton's \\Title{Principia} \\index{Newton}% had just been written, one of the great forces which have transformed the modern world. Swift might just as well have laughed at an earthquake.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "I: The Abstract Nature of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "10", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00111", "bookId": 41568, "start": 27817, "end": 28266, "sha256": "f00c8c583d0a240d4f0e30771e3cf95cebe6d1443b6280f3581afae0f3044fdf", "text": "But a mere list of the achievements of mathematics is an unsatisfactory way of arriving at an idea of its importance. It is worth while to spend a little thought in getting at the root reason why mathematics, because of its very abstractness, must always remain one of the most important topics \\PageSep{11} for thought. Let us try to make clear to ourselves why explanations of the order of events necessarily tend to become mathematical.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "I: The Abstract Nature of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "11", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00112", "bookId": 41568, "start": 28270, "end": 29289, "sha256": "2c46c5f814b92e1a57043c4d7e05180030a36a461f736974c2026ed13dee56da", "text": "Consider how all events are interconnected. When we see the lightning, we listen for the thunder; when we hear the wind, we look for the waves on the sea; in the chill autumn, the leaves fall. Everywhere order reigns, so that when some circumstances have been noted we can foresee that others will also be present. The progress of science consists in observing these interconnections and in showing with a patient ingenuity that the events of this evershifting world are but examples of a few general connections or relations called laws. To see what is general in what is particular and what is permanent in what is transitory is the aim of scientific thought. In the eye of science, the fall of an apple, the motion of a planet round a sun, and the clinging of the atmosphere to the earth are all seen as examples of the law of gravity. This possibility of disentangling the most complex evanescent circumstances into various examples of permanent laws is the controlling idea of modern thought.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "I: The Abstract Nature of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "11", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00113", "bookId": 41568, "start": 29293, "end": 30267, "sha256": "dd9c4b4418561debcf4893a1dfa6440a0576901646a0296a9755f7824713c46a", "text": "Now let us think of the sort of laws which we want in order completely to realize this scientific ideal. Our knowledge of the particular facts of the world around us is gained \\PageSep{12} from our sensations. We see, and hear, and taste, and smell, and feel hot and cold, and push, and rub, and ache, and tingle. These are just our own personal sensations: my toothache cannot be your toothache, and my sight cannot be your sight. But we ascribe the origin of these sensations to relations between the things which form the external world. Thus the dentist extracts not the toothache but the tooth. And not only so, we also endeavour to imagine the world as one connected set of things which underlies all the perceptions of all people. There is not one world of things for my sensations and another for yours, but one world in which we both exist. It is the same tooth both for dentist and patient. Also we hear and we touch the same world as we see.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "I: The Abstract Nature of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "12", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00114", "bookId": 41568, "start": 30271, "end": 30773, "sha256": "82085cbe18a469668c32b7a33631a60a3dbefa32c51bc6fec5eca7709300ccaf", "text": "It is easy, therefore, to understand that we want to describe the connections between these external things in some way which does not depend on any particular sensations, nor even on all the sensations of any particular person. The laws satisfied by the course of events in the world of external things are to be described, if possible, in a neutral universal fashion, the same for blind men as for deaf men, and the same for beings with faculties beyond our ken as for normal human beings.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "I: The Abstract Nature of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "12", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00115", "bookId": 41568, "start": 30777, "end": 32042, "sha256": "b0fe73d5114bb2213d83601ceb13ecef0415582665eefc4cb9da11c6f4efa984", "text": "But when we have put aside our immediate \\PageSep{13} \\index{Abstractness (\\emph{defined})}% \\index{Dynamical Explanation}% sensations, the most serviceable part---from its clearness, definiteness, and universality---of what is left is composed of our general ideas of the abstract formal properties of things; in fact, the abstract mathematical ideas mentioned above. Thus it comes about that, step by step, and not realizing the full meaning of the process, mankind has been led to search for a mathematical description of the properties of the universe, because in this way only can a general idea of the course of events be formed, freed from reference to particular persons or to particular types of sensation. For example, it might be asked at dinner: ``What was it which underlay my sensation of sight, yours of touch, and his of taste and smell?''\\ the answer being ``an apple.'' But in its final analysis, science seeks to describe an apple in terms of the positions and motions of molecules, a description which ignores me and you and him, and also ignores sight and touch and taste and smell. Thus mathematical ideas, because they are abstract, supply just what is wanted for a scientific description of the course of events.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "I: The Abstract Nature of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "13", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00116", "bookId": 41568, "start": 32046, "end": 32587, "sha256": "0433bf70cf7c7d432eff452d045fcd1c30baed1584cf2b104bc805886394ed42", "text": "This point has usually been misunderstood, %[** TN: Entry listed on p. 18 in the original] \\index{Pythagoras}% from being thought of in too narrow a way. Pythagoras had a glimpse of it when he proclaimed that number was the source of all things. In modern times the belief that the \\PageSep{14} ultimate explanation of all things was to be found in Newtonian mechanics was an adumbration of the truth that all science as it grows towards perfection becomes mathematical \\index{Dynamical Explanation}% in its ideas. \\PageSep{15}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "I: The Abstract Nature of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "14", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00117", "bookId": 41568, "start": 32593, "end": 32616, "sha256": "dbaf74b26df3bfbf46eee3d239c3e8379c69134f6350b1a887758947b83476a8", "text": "\\Chapter{II}{Variables}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "14", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00118", "bookId": 41568, "start": 32620, "end": 33137, "sha256": "627514b213227b7968603725ba9e49cf9e0534e74beba47e09130770284d441d", "text": "\\First{Mathematics} as a science commenced when first someone, probably a Greek, proved propositions about \\emph{any} things or about \\emph{some} things, without specification of definite particular things. These propositions were first enunciated by the Greeks for geometry; and, accordingly, geometry was the great Greek mathematical science. After the rise of geometry centuries passed away before algebra made a really effective start, despite some faint anticipations by the later Greek mathematicians.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "14", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00119", "bookId": 41568, "start": 33141, "end": 34884, "sha256": "c14440672ec3af49eb12e0046bd731d1f4a8784866c13f5497f2897947cfcf43", "text": "The ideas of \\emph{any} and of \\emph{some} are introduced into algebra by the use of letters, instead of the definite numbers of arithmetic. Thus, instead of saying that $2 + 3 = 3 + 2$, in algebra we generalize and say that, if $x$ and~$y$ stand for \\emph{any} two numbers, then $x + y = y + x$. Again, in the place of saying that $3 > 2$, we generalize and say that if $x$~be \\emph{any} number there exists \\emph{some} number (or numbers)~$y$ such that $y > x$. We may remark in passing that this latter assumption---for when put in its strict ultimate form it is an assumption---is \\PageSep{16} of vital importance, both to philosophy and to mathematics; for by it the notion of infinity is introduced. Perhaps it required the introduction of the arabic numerals, by which the use of letters as standing for definite numbers has been completely discarded in mathematics, in order to suggest to mathematicians the technical convenience of the use of letters for the ideas of \\emph{any} number and \\emph{some} number. The Romans would have stated the number of the year in which this is written in the form MDCCCCX., whereas we write it~1910, thus leaving the letters for the other usage. But this is merely a speculation. After the rise of algebra the differential calculus was invented by Newton and \\index{Newton}% Leibniz, and then a pause in the progress \\index{Leibniz}% of the philosophy of mathematical thought occurred so far as these notions are concerned; and it was not till within the last few years that it has been realized how fundamental \\emph{any} and \\emph{some} are to the very nature of mathematics, with the result of opening out still further subjects for mathematical exploration.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "16", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00120", "bookId": 41568, "start": 34888, "end": 35015, "sha256": "6e90e2af2e55f31d2060f526d5fe68d7c950269c996f6b875fb0af9080f39beb", "text": "Let us now make some simple algebraic statements, with the object of understanding exactly how these fundamental ideas occur.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "16", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00121", "bookId": 41568, "start": 35019, "end": 35071, "sha256": "51a18cfeeb53f70691d7d373464b1ccb5f34945359b8fe4b6e0044aba210e7bf", "text": "\\Eq{(1)} For \\emph{any} number~$x$, $x + 2 = 2 + x$;", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "16", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00122", "bookId": 41568, "start": 35075, "end": 35124, "sha256": "e1bd72bad1cb09ae8920144507f719685f00b50e3bacb936b5bea70b191b151f", "text": "\\Eq{(2)} For \\emph{some} number~$x$, $x + 2 = 3$;", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "16", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00123", "bookId": 41568, "start": 35128, "end": 35191, "sha256": "055c6a7a93a51c083cd88282c237398c9983fc1fda0417182d17fb2a4a42ecf4", "text": "\\Eq{(3)} For \\emph{some} number~$x$, $x + 2 > 3$. \\PageSep{17}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "17", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00124", "bookId": 41568, "start": 35195, "end": 35958, "sha256": "a1bd348afc8f70a56ccd19423a01bec7f5c556ccdcab9d00d293bc530be86c61", "text": "The first point to notice is the possibilities contained in the meaning of \\emph{some}, as here used. Since $x + 2 = 2 + x$ for any number~$x$, it is true for \\emph{some} number~$x$. Thus, as here used, \\emph{any} implies \\emph{some} and \\emph{some} does not exclude \\emph{any}. Again, in the second example, there is, in fact, only one number~$x$, such that $x + 2 = 3$, namely only the number~$1$. Thus the \\emph{some} may be one number only. But in the third\\Typo{,}{} example, any number~$x$ which is greater than~$1$ gives $x + 2 > 3$. Hence there are an infinite number of numbers which answer to the \\emph{some} number in this case. Thus \\emph{some} may be anything between \\emph{any} and \\emph{one only}, including both these limiting cases.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "17", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00125", "bookId": 41568, "start": 35962, "end": 36044, "sha256": "f9d45078add8f7166e83e993ab68f7f29bb015f41bbf59129e482a997edc13a6", "text": "It is natural to supersede the statements \\Eq{(2)} and \\Eq{(3)} by the questions:", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "17", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00126", "bookId": 41568, "start": 36048, "end": 36093, "sha256": "5f5dab26dee537ae8e85c0535476ee2384a2cb18e0a667e19aa8f47c46e57d0b", "text": "\\Eq{(2')} For what number~$x$ is $x + 2 = 3$;", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "17", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00127", "bookId": 41568, "start": 36097, "end": 36143, "sha256": "5bd62e8e33287e989478c69ffefff8dc8a924af13bd729f93ef36f80328ce94b", "text": "\\Eq{(3')} For what numbers~$x$ is $x + 2 > 3$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "17", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00128", "bookId": 41568, "start": 36147, "end": 37380, "sha256": "2b1c09538120789f561eaebb3f40d74c73637a48d9f8bc894ce2540486fb6386", "text": "%[** TN: No indent in the original] Considering~\\Eq{(2')}, $x + 2 = 3$ is an equation, and \\index{Unknown, The}% it is easy to see that its solution is $x = 3 - 2 = 1$. When we have asked the question implied in the statement of the equation $x + 2 = 3$, $x$~is called the unknown. The object of the solution of the equation is the determination of the unknown. Equations are of great importance in mathematics, and it seems as %[** TN: thoroughgoing hyphenated in the original; only instance] though \\Eq{(2')}~exemplified a much more thoroughgoing and fundamental idea than the original statement~\\Eq{(2)}. This, however, is a complete mistake. The idea of the undetermined \\PageSep{18} ``variable'' as occurring in the use of ``some'' or ``any'' is the really important one in mathematics; that of the ``unknown'' in an equation, which is to be solved as quickly as possible, is only of subordinate use, though of course it is very important. One of the causes of the apparent triviality of much of elementary algebra is the preoccupation of the text-books with the solution of equations. The same remark applies to the solution of the inequality~\\Eq{(3')} as compared to the original statement~\\Eq{(3)}.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "18", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00129", "bookId": 41568, "start": 37384, "end": 37998, "sha256": "be6973734682ea32587b95ddb868b67851f528577a3a7c163df7147991209148", "text": "But the majority of interesting formulæ, \\index{Relations between Variables|EtSeq}% \\index{Variable, The}% especially when the idea of \\emph{some} is present, involve more than one variable. For example, the consideration of the pairs of numbers $x$ and~$y$ (fractional or integral) which satisfy $x + y = 1$ involves the idea of two correlated variables, $x$~and~$y$. When two variables are present the same two main types of statement occur. For example, \\Eq{(1)}~for \\emph{any} pair of numbers, $x$~and~$y$, $x + y = y + x$, and \\Eq{(2)}~for \\emph{some} pairs of numbers, $x$~and~$y$, $x + y = 1$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "18", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00130", "bookId": 41568, "start": 38002, "end": 38681, "sha256": "8602719207d2e37299f6c7dfa8cd0aa179fdcaeeb7e99ed35ec10a0cc03f6c14", "text": "The second type of statement invites consideration of the aggregate of pairs of numbers which are bound together by some fixed relation---in the case given, by the relation $x + y = 1$. One use of formulæ of the first type, true for \\emph{any} pair of numbers, is that by them formulæ of the second type can be \\PageSep{19} thrown into an indefinite number of equivalent forms. For example, the relation $x + y = 1$ is equivalent to the relations \\[ y + x = 1,\\quad (x - y) + 2y = 1,\\quad 6x + 6y = 6, \\] and so on. Thus a skilful mathematician uses that equivalent form of the relation under consideration which is most convenient for his immediate purpose.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "19", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00131", "bookId": 41568, "start": 38685, "end": 39125, "sha256": "36281ddbeba1e645f642475c38784fc97bdfe36a2252169896b439a2fa2eae2e", "text": "It is not in general true that, when a pair of terms satisfy some fixed relation, if one of the terms is given the other is also definitely determined. For example, when $x$ and~$y$ satisfy $y^{2} = x$, if $x = 4$, $y$~can be~$±2$, thus, for any positive value of~$x$ there are alternative values for~$y$. Also in the relation $x + y > 1$, when either $x$ or~$y$ is given, an indefinite number of values remain open for the other.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "19", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00132", "bookId": 41568, "start": 39129, "end": 40238, "sha256": "dcf365176301858455726e0a71955a83e0db6f74a7b68dac8646efa4161c3a8e", "text": "Again there is another important point to be noticed. If we restrict ourselves to positive numbers, integral or fractional, in considering the relation $x + y = 1$, then, if either $x$ or~$y$ be greater than~$1$, there is no positive number which the other can assume so as to satisfy the relation. Thus the ``field'' of the relation for~$x$ is restricted to numbers less than~$1$, and similarly for the ``field'' open to~$y$. Again, consider integral numbers only, positive or negative, and take the relation \\PageSep{20} $y^{2} = x$, satisfied by pairs of such numbers. Then whatever integral value is given to~$y$, $x$~can assume one corresponding integral value. So the ``field'' for~$y$ is unrestricted among these positive or negative integers. But the ``field'' for~$x$ is restricted in two ways. In the first place $x$~must be positive, and in the second place, since $y$~is to be integral, $x$~must be a perfect square. Accordingly, the ``field'' of~$x$ is restricted to the set of integers $1^{2}$, $2^{2}$, $3^{2}$, $4^{2}$, and so on, \\ie, to $1$, $4$, $9$, $16$, and so on.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "20", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00133", "bookId": 41568, "start": 40242, "end": 40406, "sha256": "51575fb0ff6d4517bfa71949b9eaaa502aaa10c0a09a412a431ca369f32f2e46", "text": "The study of the general properties of a relation between pairs of numbers is much facilitated by the use of a diagram constructed as follows: \\Figure[3.5in]{1}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "20", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00134", "bookId": 41568, "start": 40410, "end": 41733, "sha256": "c9dd20efd229c7366b2ea1c5d12df35484e6cbcdc9679c88abf76a4ac5445344", "text": "Draw two lines $OX$ and $OY$ at right angles; let any number~$x$ be represented by $x$~units \\PageSep{21} (in any scale) of length along~$OX$, any number~$y$ by $y$~units (in any scale) of length along~$OY$. Thus if $OM$, along~$OX$, be $x$~units in length, and $ON$, along~$OY$, be $y$~units in length, by completing the parallelogram $OMPN$ we find a point~$P$ which corresponds to the pair of numbers $x$~and~$y$. To each point there corresponds one pair of numbers, and to each pair of numbers there corresponds one point. The pair of numbers are called the coordinates of the point. Then the points whose coordinates satisfy some fixed relation can be indicated in a convenient way, by drawing a line, if they all lie on a line, or by shading an area if they are all points in the area. If the relation can be represented by an equation such as $x + y = 1$, or $y^{2} = x$, then the points lie on a line, which is straight in the former case and curved in the latter. For example, considering only positive numbers, the points whose coordinates satisfy $x + y = 1$ lie on the straight line~$AB$ in \\Fig{1}, where $0A = 1$ and $OB = 1$. Thus this segment of the straight line~$AB$ gives a pictorial representation of the properties of the relation under the restriction to positive numbers.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "21", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00135", "bookId": 41568, "start": 41737, "end": 42503, "sha256": "879b88167ee7887c393f5c39961b5b4ee7ecc468a79f288845779474a9126fb5", "text": "Another example of a relation between two variables is afforded by considering the variations in the pressure and volume of a given mass of some gaseous substance---such as air \\PageSep{22} or coal-gas or steam---at a constant temperature. Let $v$~be the number of cubic feet in its volume and $p$~its pressure in lb.\\ weight per square inch. Then the law, known as Boyle's law, expressing the relation between $p$ and~$v$ as both vary, is that the product~$pv$ is constant, always supposing that the temperature does not alter. Let us suppose, for example, that the quantity of the gas and its other circumstances are such that we can put $pv = 1$ (the exact number on the right-hand side of the equation makes no essential difference). \\Figure{2}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "22", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00136", "bookId": 41568, "start": 42507, "end": 44350, "sha256": "0f8fdc71fd937b3bb9c430377779b07fbd07753c3f303bfdb1ac1a431fca2e1f", "text": "Then in \\Fig{2} we take two lines, $OV$ and~$OP$, at right angles and draw~$OM$ along~$OV$ to represent $v$~units of volume, and $ON$ along~$OP$ \\PageSep{23} to represent $p$~units of pressure. Then the point~$Q$, which is found by completing the parallelogram $OMQN$, represents the state of the gas when its volume is $v$~cubic feet and its pressure is $p$~lb.\\ weight per square inch. If the circumstances of the portion of gas considered are such that $pv = 1$, then all these points~$Q$ which correspond to any possible state of this portion of gas must lie on the curved line $ABC$, which includes all points for which $p$~and $v$ are positive, and $pv = 1$. Thus this curved line gives a pictorial representation of the relation holding between the volume and the pressure. When the pressure is very big the corresponding point~$Q$ must be near~$C$, or even beyond~$C$ on the undrawn part of the curve; then the volume will be very small. When the volume is big $Q$~will be near to~$A$, or beyond~$A$; and then the pressure will be small. Notice that an engineer or a physicist may want to know the particular pressure corresponding to some definitely assigned volume. Then we have the case of determining the \\emph{unknown}~$p$ when \\index{Unknown, The}% $v$~is a known number. But this is only in particular cases. In considering generally the properties of the gas and how it will behave, he has to have in his mind the general form of the whole curve $ABC$ and its general properties. In other words the really fundamental idea is that of the pair of \\emph{variables} \\PageSep{24} satisfying the relation $pv = 1$. This example illustrates how the idea of \\emph{variables} is fundamental, \\index{Variable, The}% both in the applications as well as in the theory of mathematics. \\PageSep{25}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "II: Variables", "printedPageHint": "23", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00137", "bookId": 41568, "start": 44356, "end": 44393, "sha256": "cafc9f551629a1f093f201a7a76d14e0bca89baa33a38f270a4959c6ca59511f", "text": "\\Chapter{III}{Methods of Application}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "23", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00138", "bookId": 41568, "start": 44397, "end": 44614, "sha256": "0876a3d2c3b109a82e826cf10a7871f66428b55d58ecb928bf4ee55755d2c8d8", "text": "\\First{The} way in which the idea of variables satisfying a relation occurs in the applications of mathematics is worth thought, and by devoting some time to it we shall clear up our thoughts on the whole subject.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "23", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00139", "bookId": 41568, "start": 44618, "end": 45612, "sha256": "49ce14073f63b6fb5a7957875cc531dfdbcd976104d537fccde272f7b5ad5148", "text": "Let us start with the simplest of examples:---Suppose that building costs $1$\\textit{s.}\\ per cubic foot and that $20$\\textit{s.}\\ make~£$1$. Then in all the complex circumstances which attend the building of a new house, amid all the various sensations and emotions of the owner, the architect, the builder, the workmen, and the onlookers as the house has grown to completion, this fixed correlation is by the law assumed to hold between the cubic content and the cost to the owner, namely that if $x$~be the number of cubic feet, and £$y$~the cost, then $20y = x$. This correlation of $x$~and $y$ is assumed to be true for the building of any house by any owner. Also, the volume of the house and the cost are not supposed to have been perceived or apprehended by any particular sensation or faculty, or by any \\PageSep{26} particular man. They are stated in an abstract general way, with complete indifference to the owner's state of mind when he has to pay the bill.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "26", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00140", "bookId": 41568, "start": 45616, "end": 47658, "sha256": "6306d77d7ceb2978429d1df9bef40a61f353e532eecb5e70765714766fddbe68", "text": "Now think a bit further as to what all this means. The building of a house is a complicated set of circumstances. It is impossible to begin to apply the law, or to test it, unless amid the general course of events it is possible to recognize a definite set of occurrences as forming a particular instance of the building of a house. In short, we must know a house when we see it, and must recognize the events which belong to its building. Then amidst these events, thus isolated in idea from the rest of nature, the two elements of the cost and cubic content must be determinable; and when they are both determined, if the law be true, they satisfy the general formula \\[ 20y = x. \\] But is the law true? Anyone who has had much to do with building will know that we have here put the cost rather high. It is only for an expensive type of house that it will work out at this price. This brings out another point which must be made clear. While we are making mathematical calculations connected with the formula $20y = x$, it is indifferent to us whether the law be true or \\PageSep{27} false. In fact, the very meanings assigned to $x$~and~$y$, as being a number of cubic feet and a number of pounds sterling, are indifferent. During the mathematical investigation we are, in fact, merely considering the properties of this correlation between a pair of variable numbers $x$ and~$y$. Our results will apply equally well, if we interpret $y$ to mean a number of fishermen and $x$~the number of fish caught, so that the assumed law is that on the average each fisherman catches twenty fish. The mathematical certainty of the investigation only attaches to the results considered as giving properties of the correlation $20y = x$ between the variable pair of numbers $x$ and~$y$. There is no mathematical certainty whatever about the cost of the actual building of any house. The law is not quite true and the result it gives will not be quite accurate. In fact, it may well be hopelessly wrong.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "27", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00141", "bookId": 41568, "start": 47662, "end": 48676, "sha256": "7084dfcdd2497a7a2b31ee78b1c8d2a6e4e67e21a5f170b80ca64458b22b44d3", "text": "Now all this no doubt seems very obvious. But in truth with more complicated instances there is no more common error than to assume that, because prolonged and accurate mathematical calculations have been made, the application of the result to some fact of nature is absolutely certain. The conclusion of no argument can be more certain than the assumptions from which it starts. All mathematical calculations about the course of \\PageSep{28} nature must start from some assumed law of nature, such, for instance, as the assumed law of the cost of building stated above. Accordingly, however accurately we have calculated that some event must occur, the doubt always remains---Is the law true? If the law states a precise result, almost certainly it is not precisely accurate; and thus even at the best the result, precisely as calculated, is not likely to occur. But then we have no faculty capable of observation with ideal precision, so, after all, our inaccurate laws may be good enough.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "28", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00142", "bookId": 41568, "start": 48680, "end": 49803, "sha256": "6268826735ebf413a55a29808d489763cfdb85fdac5489e0f2eb20d0995f2095", "text": "We will now turn to an actual case, that of Newton and the Law of Gravity. This law states that any two bodies attract one another with a force proportional to the product of their masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Thus if $m$~and~$M$ are the masses of the two bodies, reckoned in lbs.\\ say, and $d$~miles is the distance between them, the force on either body, due to the attraction of the other and directed towards it, is proportional to~$\\dfrac{mM}{d^{2}}$; thus this force can be written as equal to $\\dfrac{kmM}{d^{2}}$, where $k$~is a definite number depending on the absolute magnitude of this attraction and also on the scale by which we choose to measure forces. It is easy to see that, if we \\PageSep{29} wish to reckon in terms of forces such as the weight of a mass of $1$~lb., the number which $k$~represents must be extremely small; for when $m$~and $M$ and~$d$ are each put equal to~$1$, $\\dfrac{kmM}{d^{2}}$~becomes the gravitational attraction of two equal masses of $1$~lb.\\ at the distance of one mile, and this is quite inappreciable.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "29", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00143", "bookId": 41568, "start": 49807, "end": 51891, "sha256": "e96980591c48336f982eccfdcb08ede9d46168e70b4b807cd519f1358d9ad7b7", "text": "However, we have now got our formula for the force of attraction. If we call this force~$F$, it is $F = k\\dfrac{mM}{d^{2}}$, giving the correlation between the variables $F$,~$m$,~$M$, and~$d$. We all know the story of how it was found out. Newton, it states, was sitting in an orchard and watched the fall of an apple, and then the law of universal gravitation burst upon \\index{Gravitation}% his mind. It may be that the final formulation of the law occurred to him in an orchard, as well as elsewhere---and he must have been somewhere. But for our purposes it is more instructive to dwell upon the vast amount of preparatory thought, the product of many minds and many centuries, which was necessary before this exact law could be formulated. In the first place, the mathematical habit of mind and the mathematical procedure explained in the previous two chapters had to be generated; otherwise Newton could never have thought of a formula representing the force between \\emph{any} two masses \\PageSep{30} at \\emph{any} distance. Again, what are the meanings \\index{Distance}% of the terms employed, Force, Mass, Distance? \\index{Force}% \\index{Mass}% Take the easiest of these terms, Distance. It seems very obvious to us to conceive all material things as forming a definite geometrical whole, such that the distances of the various parts are measurable in terms of some unit length, such as a mile or a yard. This is almost the first aspect of a material structure which occurs to us. It is the gradual outcome of the study of geometry and of the theory of measurement. Even now, in certain cases, other modes of thought are convenient. In a mountainous country distances are often reckoned in hours. But leaving distance, the other terms, Force and Mass, are much more obscure. The exact comprehension of the ideas which Newton \\index{Newton}% meant to convey by these words was of slow growth, and, indeed, Newton himself was the first man who had thoroughly mastered the true general principles of Dynamics. \\index{Dynamics}%", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "30", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00144", "bookId": 41568, "start": 51895, "end": 52605, "sha256": "a16a644f62fba60010aa921b2e652ee3af4ec3e0c6f6e45d9a53c4c61fc6e5ca", "text": "Throughout the middle ages, under the influence of Aristotle, the science was entirely \\index{Aristotle}% misconceived. Newton had the advantage of coming after a series of great men, notably Galileo, in Italy, who in the previous two \\index{Galileo}% centuries had reconstructed the science and had invented the right way of thinking about it. He completed their work. Then, finally, having the ideas of force, mass, and distance, \\PageSep{31} clear and distinct in his mind, and realising their importance and their relevance to the fall of an apple and the motions of the planets, he hit upon the law of gravitation and proved it to be the formula always satisfied in these various motions.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "31", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00145", "bookId": 41568, "start": 52609, "end": 53344, "sha256": "15167c0b5ce87e98520850a450cdc76a150b86063beb2e22b3d9f99dbc8130fa", "text": "The vital point in the application of mathematical formulæ is to have clear ideas and a correct estimate of their relevance to the phenomena under observation. No less than ourselves, our remote ancestors were impressed with the importance of natural phenomena and with the desirability of taking energetic measures to regulate the sequence of events. Under the influence of irrelevant ideas they executed elaborate religious ceremonies to aid the birth of the new moon, and performed sacrifices to save the sun during the crisis of an eclipse. There is no reason to believe that they were more stupid than we are. But at that epoch there had not been opportunity for the slow accumulation of clear and relevant ideas.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "31", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00146", "bookId": 41568, "start": 53348, "end": 54858, "sha256": "debfc9db1540057e092d0343eb399ef41254853b47b03b9a0d84a66356b98397", "text": "The sort of way in which physical sciences \\index{Electromagnetism|EtSeq}% grow into a form capable of treatment by mathematical methods is illustrated by the history of the gradual growth of the science of electromagnetism. Thunderstorms are events on a grand scale, arousing terror in men and even animals. From the earliest times they must have been objects of wild \\PageSep{32} \\index{Electricity|EtSeq}% and fantastic hypotheses, though it may be doubted whether our modern scientific discoveries in connection with electricity are not more astonishing than any of the magical explanations of savages. The Greeks knew that amber (Greek, electron) when rubbed would attract light and dry bodies. In 1600~\\AD, Dr.~Gilbert, of Colchester, published \\index{Gilbert, Dr.}% the first work on the subject in which any scientific method is followed. He made a list of substances possessing properties similar to those of amber; he must also have the credit of connecting, however vaguely, electric and magnetic phenomena. At the end of the seventeenth and throughout the eighteenth century knowledge advanced. Electrical machines were made, sparks were obtained from them; and the Leyden Jar was invented, by which these effects could be intensified. Some organised knowledge was being obtained; but still no relevant mathematical ideas had been found out. Franklin, \\index{Franklin}% in the year 1752, sent a kite into the clouds and proved that thunderstorms were electrical.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "32", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00147", "bookId": 41568, "start": 54862, "end": 55637, "sha256": "ebe131a6616682f9b358b4f6f8756aad1c4b118de2a8b1b602caeac38f7e59b3", "text": "Meanwhile from the earliest epoch (2634~\\BC) the Chinese had utilized the characteristic property of the compass needle, but do not seem to have connected it with any theoretical ideas. The really profound changes in human life all have their ultimate origin in knowledge \\PageSep{33} pursued for its own sake. The use of the compass was not introduced into Europe till the end of the twelfth century~\\AD, more than $3000$~years after its first use in China. The importance which the science of electromagnetism has since assumed in every department of human life is not due to the superior practical bias of Europeans, but to the fact that in the West electrical and magnetic phenomena were studied by men who were dominated by abstract theoretic interests.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "33", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00148", "bookId": 41568, "start": 55641, "end": 56368, "sha256": "89d5e9d2e45964e2167fbb8f5ee7c0502c0408a9cd47f18729509bd77525cc7c", "text": "The discovery of the electric current is due \\index{Electric Current}% to two Italians, Galvani in~1780, and Volta \\index{Galvani}% \\index{Volta}% in~1792. This great invention opened a new series of phenomena for investigation. The scientific world had now three separate, though allied, groups of occurrences on hand---the effects of ``statical'' electricity arising from frictional electrical machines, the magnetic phenomena, and the effects due to electric currents. From the end of the eighteenth century onwards, these three lines of investigation were quickly \\Chg{inter-connected}{interconnected} and the modern science of electromagnetism was constructed, which now threatens to transform human life.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "33", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00149", "bookId": 41568, "start": 56372, "end": 57701, "sha256": "db9831739bd8ed580b85e672ea0f5249c211b7c66c1a00c7ba25323c1d107fad", "text": "Mathematical ideas now appear. During the decade 1780 to~1789, Coulomb, a Frenchman, \\index{Coulomb}% proved that magnetic poles attract or repel each other, in proportion to the inverse square of their distances, and also that the \\PageSep{34} same law holds for electric charges---laws curiously analogous to that of gravitation. In~1820, Öersted, a Dane, discovered that \\index{Oersted@Öersted}% electric currents exert a force on magnets, and almost immediately afterwards the mathematical law of the force was correctly formulated by Ampère, a Frenchman, who \\index{Ampere@Ampère}% also proved that two electric currents exerted forces on each other. ``The experimental investigation by which Ampère established the law of the mechanical action between electric currents is one of the most brilliant achievements in science. The whole, theory and experiment, seems as if it had leaped, full-grown and full armed, from the brain of the `Newton of Electricity.' It is perfect \\index{Newton}% in form, and unassailable in accuracy, and it is summed up in a formula from which all the phenomena may be deduced, and which must always remain the cardinal formula of electro-dynamics.''\\footnote {\\Title{Electricity and Magnetism}, Clerk Maxwell, Vol.~II., \\index{Clerk Maxwell}% ch.~iii.}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "34", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00150", "bookId": 41568, "start": 57705, "end": 58986, "sha256": "41902c72dc12b155b1033673ebe1cc9bb2ca393ad2aa8832da347e56a12dff03", "text": "The momentous laws of induction between currents and between currents and magnets were discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831--82. \\index{Faraday}% Faraday was asked: ``What is the use of this discovery?'' He answered: ``What is the use of a child---it grows to be a man.'' Faraday's child has grown to be a man and is now the basis of all the modern applications \\PageSep{35} of electricity. Faraday also reorganized the whole theoretical conception of the science. His ideas, which had not been fully understood by the scientific world, were extended and put into a directly mathematical form by Clerk Maxwell in~1873. As a result of his \\index{Clerk Maxwell}% mathematical investigations, Maxwell recognized that, under certain conditions, electrical vibrations ought to be propagated. He at once suggested that the vibrations which form light are electrical. This suggestion has \\index{Light}% since been verified, so that now the whole theory of light is nothing but a branch of the % [** TN: Herz [sic]] great science of electricity. Also Herz, a \\index{Herz}% German, in~1888, following on Maxwell's ideas, succeeded in producing electric vibrations by direct electrical methods\\Add{.} His experiments are the basis of our wireless telegraphy.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "35", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00151", "bookId": 41568, "start": 58990, "end": 59621, "sha256": "bef998228767dbdd6d8c3fd049ba79e2aaf2e475cb286b01f31b436c7c955477", "text": "In more recent years even more fundamental discoveries have been made, and the science continues to grow in theoretic importance and in practical interest. This rapid sketch of its progress illustrates how, by the gradual introduction of the relevant theoretic ideas, suggested by experiment and themselves suggesting fresh experiments, a whole mass of isolated and even trivial phenomena are welded together into one coherent science, in which the results of abstract mathematical deductions, starting from a few simple assumed \\PageSep{36} laws, supply the explanation to the complex tangle of the course of events.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "36", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00152", "bookId": 41568, "start": 59625, "end": 59955, "sha256": "dafe92c1daa6b5d935b80642456b788c852f90ec41180538f2bea6ceb6b7bac7", "text": "Finally, passing beyond the particular sciences of electromagnetism and light, we can generalize our point of view still further, and direct our attention to the growth of mathematical physics considered as one great chapter of scientific thought. In the first place, what in the barest outlines is the story of its growth?", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "36", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00153", "bookId": 41568, "start": 59959, "end": 60685, "sha256": "39931094e510d7ce51e860831a82834f0cc929c5d7f259f87174601814215164", "text": "It did not begin as one science, or as the product of one band of men. The Chaldean shepherds watched the skies, the agents of Government in Mesopotamia and Egypt measured the land, priests and philosophers brooded on the general nature of all things. The vast mass of the operations of nature appeared due to mysterious unfathomable forces. ``The wind bloweth where it listeth'' expresses accurately the blank ignorance then existing of any stable rules followed in detail by the succession of phenomena. In broad outline, then as now, a regularity of events was patent. But no minute tracing of their interconnection was possible, and there was no knowledge how even to set about to construct such a science.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "36", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00154", "bookId": 41568, "start": 60689, "end": 60810, "sha256": "d18a308191066711684109f8637a4aad27ce2cafed328d3847f8f145a0989318", "text": "Detached speculations, a few happy or unhappy shots at the nature of things, formed the utmost which could be produced.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "36", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00155", "bookId": 41568, "start": 60814, "end": 62537, "sha256": "ddb1922c772ddc237465df6a95092eb653c8635a2923888fbdf95cb5a367c981", "text": "Meanwhile land-surveys had produced geometry, \\index{Geometry}% \\PageSep{37} and the observations of the heavens disclosed the exact regularity of the solar system. Some of the later Greeks, such as Archimedes, had just views on the elementary \\index{Archimedes|EtSeq}% phenomena of hydrostatics and optics. Indeed, Archimedes, who combined a genius for mathematics with a physical insight, must rank with Newton, who lived nearly two \\index{Newton}% thousand years later, as one of the founders of mathematical physics. He lived at Syracuse, the great Greek city of Sicily. When the Romans besieged the town (in 212~to 210~\\BC), he is said to have burned their ships by concentrating on them, by means of mirrors, the sun's rays. The story is highly improbable, but is good evidence of the reputation which he had gained among his contemporaries for his knowledge of optics. At the end of this siege he was killed. According to one account given by Plutarch, in his life of \\index{Plutarch}% Marcellus, he was found by a Roman soldier \\index{Marcellus}% absorbed in the study of a geometrical diagram which he had traced on the sandy floor of his room. He did not immediately obey the orders of his captor, and so was killed. For the credit of the Roman generals it must be said that the soldiers had orders to spare him. The internal evidence for the other famous story of him is very strong; for the discovery attributed to him is one eminently worthy of his genius for mathematical and physical research. \\PageSep{38} Luckily, it is simple enough to be explained here in detail. It is one of the best easy examples of the method of application of mathematical ideas to physics.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "37", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00156", "bookId": 41568, "start": 62541, "end": 63961, "sha256": "b3b38227d699a98d010b0f189b15d3952cf2d6b87c265c912755e177cf0bcb44", "text": "Hiero, King of Syracuse, had sent a quantity \\index{Hiero}% of gold to some goldsmith to form the material of a crown. He suspected that the craftsmen had abstracted some of the gold and had supplied its place by alloying the remainder with some baser metal. Hiero sent the crown to Archimedes and asked him to test it. In these days an indefinite number of chemical tests would be available. But then Archimedes had to think out the matter afresh. The solution flashed upon him as he lay in his bath. He jumped up and ran through the streets to the palace, shouting \\Foreign{Eureka! Eureka!} (I have found it, I have found it). This day, if we knew which it was, ought to be celebrated as the birthday of mathematical physics; the science came of age when Newton sat in his \\index{Newton}% orchard. Archimedes had in truth made a great discovery. He saw that a body when immersed in water is pressed upwards by the surrounding water with a resultant force equal to the weight of the water it displaces. This law can be proved theoretically from the mathematical principles of hydrostatics and can also be verified experimentally. Hence, if $W$~lb.\\ be the weight of the crown, as weighed \\PageSep{39} in air, and $w$~lb.\\ be the weight of the water which it displaces when completely immersed, $W - w$ would be the extra upward force necessary to sustain the crown as it hung in water.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "39", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00157", "bookId": 41568, "start": 63965, "end": 65074, "sha256": "ffd8601bbdaab218853e3042ed541e57e77f0be1b9873655b2407c6054cbbe95", "text": "Now, this upward force can easily be ascertained by weighing the body as it hangs in water, as shown in the annexed figure. If \\Figure{3} the weights in the right-hand scale come to $F$~lb., then the apparent weight of the crown in water is $F$~lb.; and we thus have \\[ F = W - w \\] and thus \\[ w = W - F, \\] and \\[ \\frac{W}{w} = \\frac{W}{W - F} \\Tag{(A)} \\] where $W$ and $F$ are determined by the easy, and fairly precise, operation of weighing. \\PageSep{40} Hence, by equation~\\Eq{(A)}, $\\dfrac{W}{w}$~is known. But $\\dfrac{W}{w}$~is the ratio of the weight of the crown to the weight of an equal volume of water. This ratio is the same for any lump of metal of the same material: it is now called the specific gravity of the material, and depends only on the intrinsic nature of the substance and not on its shape or quantity. Thus to test if the crown were of gold, Archimedes had only to take a lump of indisputably pure gold and find its specific gravity by the same process. If the two specific gravities agreed, the crown was pure; if they disagreed, it was debased.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "40", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00158", "bookId": 41568, "start": 65078, "end": 65343, "sha256": "c15f5b17026f09c5104e6b55125cb361f27fdea031a9d1229bb0853b85498821", "text": "This argument has been given at length, because not only is it the first precise example of the application of mathematical ideas to physics, but also because it is a perfect and simple example of what must be the method and spirit of the science for all time.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "40", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00159", "bookId": 41568, "start": 65347, "end": 66302, "sha256": "813dcbb4c537f51041cbb62e526551ec28ac760440e670641a6654d53852ad27", "text": "The death of Archimedes by the hands of a Roman soldier is symbolical of a world-change of the first magnitude: the theoretical Greeks, with their love of abstract science, were superseded in the leadership of the European world by the practical Romans. Lord Beaconsfield, \\index{Beaconsfield, Lord}% in one of his novels, has defined a practical man as a man who practises the errors of his forefathers. The Romans were a great race, but they were cursed with the sterility \\PageSep{41} \\index{Specific Gravity}% which waits upon practicality. They did not improve upon the knowledge of their forefathers, and all their advances were confined to the minor technical details of engineering. They were not dreamers enough to arrive at new points of view, which could give a more fundamental control over the forces of nature. No Roman lost his life because he was absorbed in the contemplation of a mathematical diagram. \\PageSep{42}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "III: Methods of Application", "printedPageHint": "41", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00160", "bookId": 41568, "start": 66308, "end": 66330, "sha256": "d4bde12b97e7ecb8d4776d90702b5307a21c4ae7f30d46a6504b70a009f4cff5", "text": "\\Chapter{IV}{Dynamics}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "41", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00161", "bookId": 41568, "start": 66334, "end": 67648, "sha256": "9c2fbc70d61626fdb3cc2d28f535ddac2942c4fa940ce3e3ef26b37c4b87938c", "text": "\\First{The} world had to wait for eighteen hundred years till the Greek mathematical physicists found successors. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries of our era great Italians, in particular Leonardo da~Vinci, the artist \\index{Aristotle}% \\index{Galileo|EtSeq}% \\index{Leonardo da Vinci}% (born 1452, died 1519), and Galileo (born 1564, died 1642), rediscovered the secret, known to Archimedes, of relating abstract mathematical ideas with the experimental investigation of natural phenomena. Meanwhile the slow advance of mathematics and the accumulation of accurate astronomical knowledge had placed natural philosophers in a much more advantageous position for research. Also the very egoistic self-assertion of that age, its greediness for personal experience, led its thinkers to want to see for themselves what happened; and the secret of the relation of mathematical theory and experiment in inductive reasoning was practically discovered. It was an act eminently characteristic of the age that Galileo, a philosopher, should have \\PageSep{43} dropped the weights from the leaning tower of Pisa. There are always men of thought and men of action; mathematical physics is the product of an age which combined in the same men impulses to thought with impulses to action.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "43", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00162", "bookId": 41568, "start": 67652, "end": 68489, "sha256": "a703a3b502020a3fa6512e37cbe1064b1c3eac61f09c01945d039fa5c4f08b3a", "text": "This matter of the dropping of weights from \\index{Dynamics|EtSeq}% the tower marks picturesquely an essential step in knowledge, no less a step than the first attainment of correct ideas on the science of dynamics, the basal science of the whole subject. The particular point in dispute was as to whether bodies of different weights would fall from the same height in the same time. According to a dictum of Aristotle, universally followed up to that epoch, the heavier weight would fall the quicker. Galileo affirmed that they would fall in the same time, and proved his point by dropping weights from the top of the leaning tower. The apparent exceptions to the rule all arise when, for some reason, such as extreme lightness or great speed, the air resistance is important. But neglecting the air the law is exact.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "43", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00163", "bookId": 41568, "start": 68493, "end": 69347, "sha256": "5ca878cf234fc78509876c5c6d7f80999fac066e81d77022d54265d9c598a420", "text": "Galileo's successful experiment was not the \\index{Motion, First Law of}% result of a mere lucky guess. It arose from his correct ideas in connection with inertia and mass. The first law of motion, as following Newton we now enunciate it, is---Every \\index{Newton}% body continues in its state of rest or of uniform \\PageSep{44} motion in a straight line, except so far as it is compelled by impressed force to change that state. This law is more than a dry formula: it is also a pæan of triumph over defeated heretics. The point at issue can be understood by deleting from the law the phrase ``or of uniform motion in a straight line.'' We there obtain what might be taken as the Aristotelian opposition formula: ``Every body continues in its state of rest except so far as it is compelled by impressed force to change that state.''", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "44", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00164", "bookId": 41568, "start": 69351, "end": 70319, "sha256": "7eec38b4b3aa43d2984ee422e8fa072bf69767428672d3e2d5a46e970e452c07", "text": "In this last false formula it is asserted that, apart from force, a body continues in a state of rest; and accordingly that, if a body is moving, a force is required to sustain the motion; so that when the force ceases, the motion ceases. The true Newtonian law takes diametrically the opposite point of view. The state of a body unacted on by force is that of uniform motion in a straight line, and no external force or influence is to be looked for as the cause, or, if you like to put it so, as the invariable accompaniment of this uniform rectilinear motion. Rest is merely a particular case of such motion, merely when the velocity is and remains zero. Thus, when a body is moving, we do not seek for any external influence except to explain changes in the rate of the velocity or changes in its direction. So long as the body is moving at the \\PageSep{45} same rate and in the same direction there is no need to invoke the aid of any forces.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "45", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00165", "bookId": 41568, "start": 70323, "end": 71848, "sha256": "b488334ee9a3c33862a0ba3ed37acd229e2a4dd0b44a77666cab68df49c61aec", "text": "The difference between the two points of view is well seen by reference to the theory of the motion of the planets. Copernicus, a \\index{Copernicus}% Pole, born at Thorn in West Prussia (born 1473, died 1543), showed how much simpler it was to conceive the planets, including the \\Figure[2.25in]{4} earth as revolving round the sun in orbits which are nearly circular; and later, Kepler, \\index{Kepler}% a German mathematician, in the year 1609 proved that, in fact, the orbits are practically ellipses, that is, a special sort of oval curves \\index{Ellipse}% which we will consider later in more detail. Immediately the question arose as to what are the forces which preserve the planets in this motion. According to the old false view, \\PageSep{46} held by Kepler, the actual velocity itself required \\index{Kepler}% preservation by force. Thus he looked for tangential forces as in the accompanying figure~(\\FigNum{4}). But according to the Newtonian law, apart from some force the planet would move for ever with its existing velocity in a straight line, and thus depart entirely from the sun. Newton, therefore, had to search \\index{Newton}% for a force which would bend the motion \\Figure[2.25in]{5} round into its elliptical orbit. This he showed must be a force directed towards the sun as in the next figure~(\\FigNum{5}). In fact, the force is the gravitational attraction of the sun acting according to the law of the inverse square of the distance, which has been stated above.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "46", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00166", "bookId": 41568, "start": 71852, "end": 73766, "sha256": "99af56037506f24df4e47e454fe6cd2d8c4d94448fadee6548c09d50796b2a39", "text": "The science of mechanics rose among the \\index{Mechanics}% Greeks from a consideration of the theory of the mechanical advantage obtained by the use \\PageSep{47} \\index{Dynamical Explanation|EtSeq}% of a lever, and also from a consideration of various problems connected with the weights of bodies. It was finally put on its true basis at the end of the sixteenth and during the seventeenth centuries, as the preceding account shows, partly with the view of explaining the theory of falling bodies, but chiefly in order to give a scientific theory of planetary motions. But since those days dynamics has taken upon itself a more ambitious task, and now claims to be the ultimate science of which the others are but branches. The claim amounts to this: namely, that the various qualities of things perceptible to the senses are merely our peculiar mode of appreciating changes in position on the part of things existing in space. For example, suppose we look at Westminster Abbey. It has been standing there, grey and immovable, for centuries past. But, according to modern scientific theory, that greyness, which so heightens our sense of the immobility of the building, is itself nothing but our way of appreciating the rapid motions of the ultimate molecules, which form the outer surface of the building and communicate vibrations to a substance called the ether. Again we lay our hands on its stones and note their cool, even temperature, so symbolic of the quiet repose of the building. But this feeling of temperature simply marks our sense of the transfer of heat from the \\PageSep{48} hand to the stone, or from the stone to the hand; and, according to modern science, heat is nothing but the agitation of the molecules of a body. Finally, the organ begins playing, and again sound is nothing but the result of motions of the air striking on the drum of the ear.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "47", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00167", "bookId": 41568, "start": 73770, "end": 74325, "sha256": "32921c320b4034b7982c680b20c00f3c173903e156ebbc806ffeee4a12ec9bb3", "text": "Thus the endeavour to give a dynamical explanation of phenomena is the attempt to explain them by statements of the general form, that such and such a substance or body was in this place and is now in that place. Thus we arrive at the great basal idea of modern science, that all our sensations are the result of comparisons of the changed configurations of things in space at various times. It follows therefore, that the laws of motion, that is, the laws of the changes of configurations of things, are the ultimate laws of physical science.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "47", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00168", "bookId": 41568, "start": 74329, "end": 76174, "sha256": "d4045aaece5f03f183c7c173ab625919f0334ccb60a1a37f1d55a9e740f7bc4c", "text": "In the application of mathematics to the investigation of natural philosophy, science does systematically what ordinary thought does casually. When we talk of a chair, we usually mean something which we have been seeing or feeling in some way; though most of our language will presuppose that there is something which exists independently of our sight or feeling. Now in mathematical physics the opposite course is taken. The chair is conceived without any reference to \\PageSep{49} \\index{Variable, The}% anyone in particular, or to any special modes of perception. The result is that the chair becomes in thought a set of molecules in space, or a group of electrons, a portion of the ether in motion, or however the current scientific ideas describe it. But the point is that science reduces the chair to things moving in space and influencing each other's motions. Then the various elements or factors which enter into a set of circumstances, as thus conceived, are merely the things, like lengths of lines, sizes of angles, areas, and volumes, by which the positions of bodies in space can be settled. Of course, in addition to these geometrical elements the fact of motion and change necessitates the introduction of the rates of changes of such elements, that is to say, velocities, angular velocities, accelerations, and suchlike things. Accordingly, mathematical physics deals with correlations between variable numbers which are supposed to represent the correlations which exist in nature between the measures of these geometrical elements and of their rates of change. But always the mathematical laws deal with variables, and it is only in the occasional testing of the laws by reference to experiments, or in the use of the laws for special predictions that definite numbers are substituted.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "49", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00169", "bookId": 41568, "start": 76178, "end": 77176, "sha256": "2fcb379b64fe127035ba8120d382ade9f929d9e11aa8b1ac6a6fdbcef5ca989a", "text": "The interesting point about the world as \\PageSep{50} thus conceived in this abstract way throughout the study of mathematical physics, where only the positions and shapes of things are considered together with their changes, is that the events of such an abstract world are sufficient to ``explain'' our sensations. When we hear a sound, the molecules of the air have been agitated in a certain way: given the agitation, or air-waves as they are called, all normal people hear sound; and if there are no air-waves, there is no sound. And, similarly, a physical cause or origin, or parallel event (according as different people might like to phrase it) underlies our other sensations. Our very thoughts appear to correspond to conformations and motions of the brain; injure the brain and you injure the thoughts. Meanwhile the events of this physical universe succeed each other according to the mathematical laws which ignore all special sensations and thoughts and emotions.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "50", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00170", "bookId": 41568, "start": 77180, "end": 78634, "sha256": "b430716bd93788da1e6b55bc98ad7ff56e63bd5d3c43bcf2b1312df732efc0a0", "text": "Now, undoubtedly, this is the general aspect of the relation of the world of mathematical physics to our emotions, sensations, and thoughts; and a great deal of controversy has been occasioned by it and much ink spilled. We need only make one remark. The whole situation has arisen, as we have seen, from the endeavour to describe an external world ``explanatory'' of our various individual sensations and emotions, but a world \\PageSep{51} also, not essentially dependent upon any particular sensations or upon any particular individual. Is such a world merely but one huge fairy tale? But fairy tales are fantastic and arbitrary: if in truth there be such a world, it ought to submit itself to an exact description, which determines accurately its various parts and their mutual relations. Now, to a large degree, this scientific world does submit itself to this test and allow its events to be explored and predicted by the apparatus of abstract mathematical ideas. It certainly seems that here we have an inductive verification of our initial assumption. It must be admitted that no inductive proof is conclusive; but if the whole idea of a world which has existence independently of our particular perceptions of it be erroneous, it requires careful explanation why the attempt to characterise it, in terms of that mathematical remnant of our ideas which would apply to it, should issue in such a remarkable success.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "51", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00171", "bookId": 41568, "start": 78638, "end": 80540, "sha256": "a306909992688722d9b85198514563db047fd7d1c7d50ffe7e31a9b3893b16e5", "text": "It would take us too far afield to enter into \\index{Parallelogram Law|EtSeq}% \\index{Vectors|EtSeq}% a detailed explanation of the other laws of motion. The remainder of this chapter must be devoted to the explanation of remarkable ideas which are fundamental, both to mathematical physics and to pure mathematics: these are the ideas of vector quantities and the parallelogram law for vector addition. We \\PageSep{52} have seen that the essence of motion is that a body was at~$A$ and is now at~$C$. This transference from $A$ to~$C$ requires two distinct elements to be settled before it is completely determined, namely its magnitude (\\ie\\ the length~$AC$) and its direction. Now anything, like this transference, which is completely given by the determination of a magnitude \\Figure[2in]{6} and a direction is called a vector. For example, a velocity requires for its definition the assignment of a magnitude and of a direction. It must be of so many miles per hour in such and such a direction. The existence and the independence of these two elements in the determination of a velocity are well illustrated by the action of the captain of a ship, who communicates with different subordinates respecting them: he tells the chief engineer the number of knots at which he is to steam, and the helmsman the compass \\PageSep{53} bearing of the course which he is to keep. Again the rate of change of velocity, that is velocity added per unit time, is also a vector quantity: it is called the acceleration. Similarly a force in the dynamical sense is another vector quantity. Indeed, the vector nature of forces follows at once according to dynamical principles from that of velocities and accelerations; but this is a point which we need not go into. It is sufficient here to say that a force acts on a body with a certain magnitude in a certain direction.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "52", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00172", "bookId": 41568, "start": 80544, "end": 81380, "sha256": "c4ccb6c25e9e62d6c7dc74ae39d8587071fb43fc4b9b0f706e630b42cd941b6e", "text": "Now all vectors can be graphically represented by straight lines. All that has to be done is to arrange: (i)~a scale according to which units of length correspond to units of magnitude of the vector---for example, one inch to a velocity of $10$~miles per~hour in the case of velocities, and one inch to a force of $10$~tons weight in the case of forces---and (ii)~a direction of the line on the diagram corresponding to the direction of the vector. Then a line drawn with the proper number of inches of length in the proper direction represents the required vector on the arbitrarily assigned scale of magnitude. This diagrammatic representation of vectors is of the first importance. By its aid we can enunciate the famous ``parallelogram law'' for the addition of vectors of the same kind but in different directions.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "52", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00173", "bookId": 41568, "start": 81384, "end": 83028, "sha256": "96abf1f52883100f1af1ec66208308424a13a72b02bb23a920eff65836eeff02", "text": "Consider the vector~$AC$ in \\Fig[figure]{6} as representative \\PageSep{54} \\index{Transportation, Vector of|EtSeq}% of the changed position of a body from $A$ to~$C$: we will call this the vector of transportation. It will be noted that, if the reduction of physical phenomena to mere changes in positions, as explained above, is correct, all other types of physical vectors are really reducible in some way or other to this single type. Now the final transportation from $A$ to~$C$ is equally well effected by a transportation from $A$ to~$B$ and a transportation from $B$ to~$C$, or, completing the parallelogram $ABCD$, by a transportation from $A$ to~$D$ and a transportation from $D$ to~$C$. These transportations as thus successively applied are said to be added together. This is simply a definition of what we mean by the addition of transportations. Note further that, considering parallel lines as being lines drawn in the same direction, the transportations $B$~to~$C$ and $A$~to~$D$ may be conceived as the same transportation applied to bodies in the two initial positions $B$ and~$A$. With this conception we may talk of the transportation $A$~to~$D$ as applied to a body in any position, for example at~$B$. Thus we may say that the transportation $A$~to~$C$ can be conceived as the sum of the two transportations $A$~to~$B$ and $A$~to~$D$ applied in any order. Here we have the parallelogram law for the addition of transportations: namely, if the transportations are $A$~to~$B$ and $A$~to~$D$, \\PageSep{55} complete the parallelogram $ABCD$, and then the sum of the two is the diagonal~$AC$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "54", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00174", "bookId": 41568, "start": 83032, "end": 83780, "sha256": "96cd0e2490ba8d209479080ebfbcc0febff3413358a480fd578501d51c004386", "text": "All this at first sight may seem to be very artificial. But it must be observed that nature itself presents us with the idea. For example, a steamer is moving in the direction~$AD$ (\\Chg{cf.}{\\cf}\\ \\Fig[fig.]{6}) and a man walks across its deck. If the steamer were still, in one minute he would arrive at~$B$; but during that minute his starting point~$A$ on the deck has moved to~$D$, and his path on the deck has moved from $AB$ to~$DC$. So that, in fact, his transportation has been from $A$ to~$C$ over the surface of the sea. It is, however, presented to us analysed into the sum of two transportations, namely, one from $A$ to~$B$ relatively to the steamer, and one from $A$ to~$D$ which is the transportation of the steamer.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "54", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00175", "bookId": 41568, "start": 83784, "end": 84716, "sha256": "ca3c2f053336a72d959508f041f38dee01f7eeaab9a9dca9f29219dbf997b3e9", "text": "By taking into account the element of time, namely one minute, this diagram of the man's transportation~$AC$ represents his velocity. For if $AC$~represented so many feet of transportation, it now represents a transportation of so many feet per minute, that is to say, it represents the velocity of the man. Then $AB$ and $AD$ represent two velocities, namely, his velocity relatively to the steamer, and the velocity of the steamer, whose ``sum'' makes up his complete velocity. It is evident that diagrams and definitions concerning transportations \\PageSep{56} are turned into diagrams and definitions concerning velocities by conceiving the diagrams as representing transportations per unit time. Again, diagrams and definitions concerning velocities are turned into diagrams and definitions concerning accelerations \\Figure[3in]{7} by conceiving the diagrams as representing velocities added per unit time.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "56", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00176", "bookId": 41568, "start": 84720, "end": 84849, "sha256": "9ea9eb3c69c8702b14269d63d3e49b5bcfbd160a19d0336f06bc702d20ad7928", "text": "Thus by the addition of vector velocities and of vector accelerations, we mean the addition according to the parallelogram law.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "56", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00177", "bookId": 41568, "start": 84853, "end": 85111, "sha256": "2cef9617574aa98aca53be29e4fc7ab8687a1ddefcea5f26f935cb5f5490573e", "text": "Also, according to the laws of motion a force is fully represented by the vector acceleration it produces in a body of given mass. Accordingly, forces will be said to be added when their joint effect is to be reckoned according to the parallelogram law.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "56", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00178", "bookId": 41568, "start": 85115, "end": 85360, "sha256": "0c4b62617c40d6f68923ddae7d3db6437e182a99dec966277853515ded1f9a94", "text": "Hence for the fundamental vectors of \\PageSep{57} science, namely transportations, velocities, and forces, the addition of any two of the same kind is the production of a ``resultant'' vector according to the rule of the parallelogram law.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "57", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00179", "bookId": 41568, "start": 85364, "end": 86191, "sha256": "418c904290e624c91fcf6ca644657fcddbb0950f432625a6473b9e894bb90f93", "text": "By far the simplest type of parallelogram is a rectangle, and in pure mathematics it is \\index{Rectangle}% the relation of the single vector~$AC$ to the two component vectors, $AB$~and~$AD$, at right angles (\\Chg{cf.}{\\cf}\\ \\Fig[fig.]{7}), which is continually recurring. Let $x$,~$y$, and $r$~units represent the lengths of $AB$,~$AD$, and~$AC$, and let $m$~units of angle represent the magnitude of the angle $BAC$. Then the relations between $x$,~$y$,~$r$, and~$m$, in all their many aspects are the continually recurring topic of pure mathematics; and the results are of the type required for application to the fundamental vectors of mathematical physics. This diagram is the chief bridge over which the results of pure mathematics pass in order to obtain application to the facts of nature. \\PageSep{58}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IV: Dynamics", "printedPageHint": "58", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00180", "bookId": 41568, "start": 86197, "end": 86238, "sha256": "7b767add63d7cba2a5b7fe6a002fe1573f63a4ef9ba4fce23829c6082cfbb63a", "text": "\\Chapter{V}{The Symbolism of Mathematics}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "58", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00181", "bookId": 41568, "start": 86242, "end": 86519, "sha256": "68c8f27c20eb028a5de8f9f0b0f33becd4a61f2db4ca06254443dc1f207e2c60", "text": "\\First{We} now return to pure mathematics, and consider more closely the apparatus of ideas out of which the science is built. Our first concern is with the symbolism of the science, and we start with the simplest and universally known symbols, namely those of arithmetic.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "58", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00182", "bookId": 41568, "start": 86523, "end": 88590, "sha256": "0a2a2e61cbca7feec795e3c713ea61472ad0584312996cd3e6213b55d9513cde", "text": "Let us assume for the present that we have \\index{Arabic Notation|EtSeq}% sufficiently clear ideas about the integral numbers, represented in the Arabic notation by $0$,~$1$, $2$,~\\dots, $9$, $10$, $11$,~\\dots\\Add{,} $100$, $101$,~\\dots\\ and so on. This notation was introduced into Europe through the Arabs, but they apparently obtained it from Hindoo sources. The first known work\\footnote {For the detailed historical facts relating to pure mathematics, I am chiefly indebted to \\Title{A Short History \\index{Ball, W. W. R.}% of Mathematics}, by W.~W.~R. Ball.} % [** TN: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31246] in which it is systematically explained is a work by an Indian mathematician, Bhaskara (born 1114~\\AD). But \\index{Bhaskara}% the actual numerals can be traced back to the seventh century of our era, and perhaps were originally invented in Tibet. For our present \\PageSep{59} purposes, however, the history of the notation is a detail. The interesting point to notice is the admirable illustration which this numeral system affords of the enormous importance of a good notation. By relieving the brain of all unnecessary work, a good notation sets it free to concentrate on more advanced problems, and in effect increases the mental power of the race. Before the introduction of the Arabic notation, multiplication was difficult, and the division even of integers called into play the highest mathematical faculties. Probably nothing in the modern world would have more astonished a Greek mathematician than to learn that, under the influence of compulsory education, a large proportion of the population of Western Europe could perform the operation of division for the largest numbers. This fact would have seemed to him a sheer impossibility. The consequential extension of the notation to decimal fractions was not accomplished till the seventeenth century. Our modern power of easy reckoning with decimal fractions is the almost miraculous result of the gradual discovery of a perfect notation.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "59", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00183", "bookId": 41568, "start": 88594, "end": 90180, "sha256": "05917dbf8535aad3ad05d75d0cc610e11af6916a8c471b0464b1ef1726f68e01", "text": "Mathematics is often considered a difficult and mysterious science, because of the numerous symbols which it employs. Of course, nothing is more incomprehensible than \\PageSep{60} a symbolism which we do not understand. Also a symbolism, which we only partially understand and are unaccustomed to use, is difficult to follow. In exactly the same way the technical terms of any profession or trade are incomprehensible to those who have never been trained to use them. But this is not because they are difficult in themselves. On the contrary they have invariably been introduced to make things easy. So in mathematics, granted that we are giving any serious attention to mathematical ideas, the symbolism is invariably an immense simplification. It is not only of practical use, but is of great interest. For it represents an analysis of the ideas of the subject and an almost pictorial representation of their relations to each other. If anyone doubts the utility of symbols, let him write out in full, without any symbol whatever, the whole meaning of the following equations which represent some of \\index{Algebra, Fundamental Laws of}% the fundamental laws of algebra\\footnotemark:--- \\footnotetext{\\Chg{Cf.}{\\Cf}\\ Note~A, \\Pageref{noteA}.\\Pagelabel{60}} %[** TN: left-aligned in the original] \\begin{gather*} x + y = y + x\\Add{,} \\Tag{(1)} \\\\ (x + y) + z = x + (y + z)\\Add{,} \\Tag{(2)} \\\\ x × y = y × x\\Add{,} \\Tag{(3)} \\\\ (x × y) × z = x × (y × z)\\Add{,} \\Tag{(4)} \\\\ x × (y + z) = (x × y) + (x × z)\\Add{.} \\Tag{(5)} \\end{gather*}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "60", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00184", "bookId": 41568, "start": 90184, "end": 90637, "sha256": "0dd1e6f6c57fb1a1841a3b431fa07df6c4a1addd57de4118f8b38219b0fe535d", "text": "Here \\Eq{(1)}~and \\Eq{(2)} are called the commutative and associative laws for addition, \\Eq{(3)}~and \\Eq{(4)} \\PageSep{61} are the commutative and associative laws for multiplication, and \\Eq{(5)}~is the distributive law relating addition and multiplication. For example, without symbols, \\Eq{(1)}~becomes: If a second number be added to any given number the result is the same as if the first given number had been added to the second number.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "61", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00185", "bookId": 41568, "start": 90641, "end": 90835, "sha256": "2b973e3e6b4f41345fe73399d7274f2e8e67ffe090e4532df36a0a4ff27a72da", "text": "This example shows that, by the aid of symbolism, we can make transitions in reasoning almost mechanically by the eye, which otherwise would call into play the higher faculties of the brain.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "61", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00186", "bookId": 41568, "start": 90839, "end": 91357, "sha256": "79b9ca435360451d50b202573295d22184acf5ea8484cd104694df69acf5b52c", "text": "It is a profoundly erroneous truism, repeated by all copy-books and by eminent people when they are making speeches, that we should cultivate the habit of thinking of what we are doing. The precise opposite is the case. Civilization advances by extending the number of important operations which we can perform without thinking about them. Operations of thought are like cavalry charges in a battle---they are strictly limited in number, they require fresh horses, and must only be made at decisive moments.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "61", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00187", "bookId": 41568, "start": 91361, "end": 92627, "sha256": "52ae840f3f35ef32addc7d2d776e47c6051a4c9554aaf8a670b8c271adb9b4b5", "text": "One very important property for symbolism to possess is that it should be concise, so as to be visible at one glance of the eye and to be rapidly written. Now we cannot place symbols more concisely together than by placing them in immediate juxtaposition. In a good symbolism therefore, the juxtaposition of important \\PageSep{62} symbols should have an important meaning. This is one of the merits of the Arabic notation for numbers; by means of ten symbols, $0$,~$1$, $2$, $3$, $4$, $5$, $6$, $7$, $8$,~$9$, and by simple juxtaposition it symbolizes any number whatever. Again in algebra, when we have two variable numbers $x$ and~$y$, we have to make a choice as to what shall be denoted by their juxtaposition~$xy$. Now the two most important ideas on hand are those of addition and multiplication. Mathematicians have chosen to make their symbolism more concise by defining $xy$ to stand for $x × y$. Thus the laws \\Eq{(3)},~\\Eq{(4)}, and~\\Eq{(5)} above are in general written, \\[ xy = yx,\\quad (xy)z = x(yz),\\quad x(y + z) = xy + xz, \\] thus securing a great gain in conciseness. The same rule of symbolism is applied to the juxtaposition of a definite number and a variable: we write~$3x$ for $3 × x$, and $30x$ for $30 × x$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "62", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00188", "bookId": 41568, "start": 92631, "end": 92928, "sha256": "0e8e81f56d72e95ab9ac3050e6acf5bc8871090bb4ae3c71e4bb9664173f1caf", "text": "It is evident that in substituting definite numbers for the variables some care must be taken to restore the~$×$, so as not to conflict with the Arabic notation. Thus when we substitute $2$~for~$x$ and $3$~for~$y$ in~$xy$, we must write $2 × 3$ for~$xy$, and not~$23$ which means $20 + 3$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "62", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00189", "bookId": 41568, "start": 92932, "end": 94390, "sha256": "557a5cbdbe3f383f3629fbb29db4098fd03484b81fede04389a3e85fa3a5d1b8", "text": "It is interesting to note how important for the development of science a modest-looking symbol may be. It may stand for the emphatic presentation of an idea, often a very \\PageSep{63} subtle idea, and by its existence make it easy to exhibit the relation of this idea to all the complex trains of ideas in which it occurs. For example, take the most modest of all symbols, namely,~$0$, which stands for the \\emph{number} \\index{Zero|EtSeq}% zero. The Roman notation for numbers had no symbol for zero, and probably most mathematicians of the ancient world would have been horribly puzzled by the idea of the number zero. For, after all, it is a very subtle idea, not at all obvious. A great deal of discussion on the meaning of the zero of quantity will be found in philosophic works. Zero is not, in real truth, more difficult or subtle in idea than the other cardinal numbers. What do we mean by~$1$ or by~$2$, or by~$3$? But we are familiar with the use of these ideas, though we should most of us be puzzled to give a clear analysis of the simpler ideas which go to form them. The point about zero is that we do not need to use it in the operations of daily life. No one goes out to buy zero fish. It is in a way the most civilized of all the cardinals, and its use is only forced on us by the needs of cultivated modes of thought. Many important services are rendered by the symbol~$0$, which stands for the number zero.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "63", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00190", "bookId": 41568, "start": 94394, "end": 95976, "sha256": "bc3987c3412b905b299b88daa7082e87f53695d6eca2e2785a41f6ca6205ea22", "text": "The symbol developed in connection with the Arabic notation for numbers of which it is an essential part. For in that notation the \\PageSep{64} value of a digit depends on the position in which it occurs. Consider, for example, the digit~$5$, as occurring in the numbers $25$, $51$, $3512$, $5213$. In the first number~$5$ stands for five, in the second number $5$~stands for fifty, in the third number for five hundred, and in the fourth number for five thousand. Now, when we write the number fifty-one in the symbolic form~$51$, the digit~$1$ pushes the digit~$5$ along to the second place (reckoning from right to left) and thus gives it the value fifty. But when we want to symbolize fifty by itself, we can have no digit~$1$ to perform this service; we want a digit in the units place to add nothing to the total and yet to push the~$5$ along to the second place. This service is performed by~$0$, the symbol for zero. It is extremely probable that the men who introduced for this purpose had no definite conception in their minds of the number zero. They simply wanted a mark to symbolize the fact that nothing was contributed by the digit's place in which it occurs. The idea of zero probably took shape gradually from a desire to assimilate the meaning of this mark to that of the marks, $1$, $2$,~\\dots\\Add{,}~$9$, which do represent cardinal numbers. This would not represent the only case in which a subtle idea has been introduced into mathematics by a symbolism which in its origin was dictated by practical convenience. \\PageSep{65}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "64", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00191", "bookId": 41568, "start": 95980, "end": 96532, "sha256": "deebae631e4c4f2939dfa31354e04fa5d4359d982efbd88d4e73c6353cbf331d", "text": "Thus the first use of~$0$ was to make the arable notation possible---no slight service. We can imagine that when it had been introduced for this purpose, practical men, of the sort who dislike fanciful ideas, deprecated the silly habit of identifying it with a number zero. But they were wrong, as such men always are when they desert their proper function of masticating food which others have prepared. For the next service performed by the symbol~$0$ essentially depends upon assigning to it the function of representing the number zero.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "64", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00192", "bookId": 41568, "start": 96536, "end": 97800, "sha256": "60e5a9a628b666f30e779aeb37eb84472fb27f130b65c8708f321901cf6c7088", "text": "This second symbolic use is at first sight so absurdly simple that it is difficult to make a beginner realize its importance. Let us start with a simple example. In \\ChapRef{II}.\\ we mentioned the correlation between two variable numbers $x$ and $y$ represented by the equation $x + y = 1$. This can be represented in an indefinite number of ways; for example, $x = 1 - y$, $y = 1 - x$, $2x + 3y - 1 = x + 2y$, and so on. But the important way of stating it is \\[ x + y - 1 = 0. \\] Similarly the important way of writing the equation $x = 1$ is $x - 1 = 0$, and of representing the equation $3x - 2 = 2x^{2}$ is $2x^{2} - 3x + 2 = 0$. The point is that all the symbols which represent variables, \\eg\\ $x$~and~$y$, and the symbols \\PageSep{66} representing some definite number other than zero, such as $1$ or $2$ in the examples above, are written on the left-hand side, so that the whole left-hand side is equated to the number zero. The first man to do this is said to have been Thomas Harriot, born at Oxford \\index{Harriot, Thomas}% in 1560 and died in~1621. But what is the importance of this simple symbolic procedure? It made possible the growth of the \\index{Form, Algebraic|EtSeq}% modern conception of \\emph{algebraic form}.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "66", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00193", "bookId": 41568, "start": 97804, "end": 99115, "sha256": "a6fae30aedd4a2147bb33ec114da083f0b0d0b7731f1600d1aa57662eb6f2c5f", "text": "This is an idea to which we shall have continually to recur; it is not going too far to say that no part of modern mathematics can be properly understood without constant recurrence to it. The conception of form is so general that it is difficult to characterize it in abstract terms. At this stage we shall do better merely to consider examples. Thus the equations $2x - 3 = 0$, $x - 1 = 0$, $5x - 6 = 0$, are all equations of the same form, namely, equations involving one unknown~$x$, which is not multiplied by itself, so that $x^{2}$, $x^{3}$,~etc., do not appear. Again $3x^{2} - 2x + 1 = 0$, $x^{2} - 3x + 2 = 0$, $x^{2} - 4 = 0$, are all equations of the same form, namely, equations involving one unknown~$x$ in which $x × x$, that is~$x^{2}$, appears. These equations are called quadratic equations. Similarly cubic equations, in which $x^{3}$~appears, yield another form, and so on. Among the three quadratic equations given above there is a minor difference between the last equation, \\PageSep{67} $x^{2} - 4 = 0$, and the preceding two equations, due to the fact that~$x$ (as distinct from~$x^{2}$) does not appear in the last and does in the other two. This distinction is very unimportant in comparison with the great fact that they are all three quadratic equations.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "67", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00194", "bookId": 41568, "start": 99119, "end": 99853, "sha256": "ee5d3a39ffdaf210a48cc2bd973e64c1e8abc3c84455d6b5914c196887b43288", "text": "Then further there are the forms of equation stating correlations between two variables; for example, $x + y - 1 = 0$, $2x + 3y - 8 = 0$, and so on. These are examples of what is called the \\emph{linear} form of equation. The reason for this name of ``linear'' is that the graphic method of representation, which is explained at the end of \\ChapRef{II}\\Add{.}, always represents such equations by a straight line. Then there are other forms for two variables---for example, the quadratic form, the cubic form, and so on. But the point which we here insist upon is that this study of form is facilitated, and, indeed, made possible, by the standard method of writing equations with the symbol~$0$ on the right-hand side.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "67", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00195", "bookId": 41568, "start": 99857, "end": 100564, "sha256": "c718e52ddc5e2482db7af63fb3325dd7e43aaf7a3937a9157e365c6a9e3a9790", "text": "There is yet another function performed by~$0$ in relation to the study of form. Whatever number $x$ may be, $0 × x = 0$, and $x + 0 = x$. By means of these properties minor differences of form can be assimilated. Thus the difference mentioned above between the quadratic equations $x^{2} - 3x + 2 = 0$, and $x^{2} - 4 = 0$, can be obliterated by writing the latter \\PageSep{68} equation in the form $x^{2} + (0 × x) - 4 = 0$. For, by the laws stated above, $x^{2} + (0 × x) - 4 = x^{2} + 0 - 4 = x^{2} - 4$. Hence the equation $x^{2} - 4 = 0$\\Typo{,}{} is merely representative of a particular class of quadratic equations and belongs to the same general form as does $x^{2} - 3x + 2 = 0$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "68", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00196", "bookId": 41568, "start": 100568, "end": 100770, "sha256": "e7cfd9ba2e9dfa1be21e68c20e8cf982418ab4cfb4ea9854ec2d81bea01a4c21", "text": "For these three reasons the symbol~$0$, representing the number zero, is essential to modern mathematics. It has rendered possible types of investigation which would have been impossible without it.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "68", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00197", "bookId": 41568, "start": 100774, "end": 102912, "sha256": "93966baa41470e938f039c6617d57b557a1133c5a2b2b8ab61d22c343871d334", "text": "The symbolism of mathematics is in truth the outcome of the general ideas which dominate the science. We have now two such general ideas before us, that of the variable and that of algebraic form. The junction of these concepts has imposed on mathematics another type of symbolism almost quaint in its character, but none the less effective. We have seen that an equation involving two variables, $x$~and~$y$, represents a particular correlation between the pair of variables. Thus $x + y - 1 = 0$ represents one definite correlation, and $3x + 2y - 5 = 0$ represents another definite correlation between the variables $x$ and~$y$; and both correlations have the form of what we have called linear correlations. But now, how can we represent \\emph{any} linear correlation between the variable numbers $x$ and~$y$? Here we want to symbolize \\emph{any} linear correlation; just as $x$~symbolizes \\emph{any} \\PageSep{69} number. This is done by turning the numbers which occur in the definite correlation $3x + 2y - 5 = 0$ into letters. We obtain $ax + by - c = 0$. Here $a$,~$b$,~$c$, stand for variable numbers just as do $x$ and~$y$: but there is a difference in the use of the two sets of variables. We study the general properties of the relationship between $x$ and $y$ while $a$,~$b$, and~$c$ have unchanged values. We do not determine what the values of $a$,~$b$, and~$c$ are; but whatever they are, they remain fixed while we study the relation between the variables $x$ and $y$ for the whole group of possible values of $x$ and~$y$. But when we have obtained the properties of this correlation, we note that, because $a$,~$b$, and~$c$ have not in fact been determined, we have proved properties which must belong to \\emph{any} such relation. Thus, by now varying $a$,~$b$, and~$c$, we arrive at the idea that $ax + by - c = 0$ represents a variable linear correlation between $x$ and~$y$. In comparison with $x$ and~$y$, the three variables $a$,~$b$, and~$c$ are called constants. Variables used in this \\index{Constants}% way are sometimes also called parameters. \\index{Parameters}%", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "69", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00198", "bookId": 41568, "start": 102916, "end": 103572, "sha256": "6f6c7f772f803c5e9acae06aa9bf61ba290d1f2606895dcd3da15a302abe612b", "text": "Now, mathematicians habitually save the trouble of explaining which of their variables are to be treated as ``constants,'' and which as variables, considered as correlated in their equations, by using letters at the end of the alphabet for the ``variable'' variables, and letters at the beginning of the alphabet for \\PageSep{70} the ``constant'' variables, or parameters. The two systems meet naturally about the middle of the alphabet. Sometimes a word or two of explanation is necessary; but as a matter of fact custom and common sense are usually sufficient, and surprisingly little confusion is caused by a procedure which seems so lax.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "70", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00199", "bookId": 41568, "start": 103576, "end": 103984, "sha256": "4287c73b956981f7272ab007157d59f356e11a9ddc4bb3e118d8f3089bd0db1f", "text": "The result of this continual elimination of definite numbers by successive layers of parameters is that the amount of arithmetic performed by mathematicians is extremely small. Many mathematicians dislike all numerical computation and are not particularly expert at it. The territory of arithmetic ends where the two ideas of ``variables'' and of ``algebraic form'' commence their sway. \\PageSep{71}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "V: The Symbolism of Mathematics", "printedPageHint": "71", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00200", "bookId": 41568, "start": 103990, "end": 104029, "sha256": "ae0f87baf34f34f9c03b02d1a062ddf22670806227b3770220e72124ccc15e5f", "text": "\\Chapter{VI}{Generalizations of Number}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "71", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00201", "bookId": 41568, "start": 104033, "end": 105493, "sha256": "067526176317cedcce8659c92d27fb6912d1c2817943f53005683ada7370e530", "text": "\\First{One} great peculiarity of mathematics is the \\index{Fractions|EtSeq}% set of allied ideas which have been invented in connection with the integral numbers from which we started. These ideas may be called extensions or generalizations of number. In the first place there is the idea of fractions. The earliest treatise on arithmetic which we possess was written by an Egyptian priest, named Ahmes, between 1700~\\BC\\ and 1100~\\BC, \\index{Ahmes}% and it is probably a copy of a much older work. It deals largely with the properties of fractions. It appears, therefore, that this concept was developed very early in the history of mathematics. Indeed the subject is a very obvious one. To divide a field into three equal parts, and to take two of the parts, must be a type of operation which had often occurred. Accordingly, we need not be surprised that the men of remote civilizations were familiar with the idea of two-thirds, and \\PageSep{72} with allied notions. Thus as the first generalization of number we place the concept of fractions. The Greeks thought of this subject rather in the form of ratio, so that a Greek would naturally say that a line of two feet in length bears to a line of three feet in length the ratio of $2$~to~$3$. Under the influence of our algebraic notation we would more often say that one line was two-thirds of the other in length, and would think of two-thirds as a numerical multiplier.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "72", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00202", "bookId": 41568, "start": 105497, "end": 106136, "sha256": "8400dae90942ae7aa21c8289324aebc42bb8b5edb845937ece1f11b042a6e12d", "text": "In connection with the theory of ratio, or \\index{Incommensurable Ratios|EtSeq}% \\index{Ratio|EtSeq}% fractions, the Greeks made a great discovery, which has been the occasion of a large amount of philosophical as well as mathematical thought. They found out the existence of ``incommensurable'' ratios. They proved, in fact, during the course of their geometrical investigations that, starting with a line of any length, other lines must exist whose lengths do not bear to the original length the ratio of any pair of integers---or, in other words, that lengths exist which are not any exact fraction of the original length.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "72", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00203", "bookId": 41568, "start": 106140, "end": 106965, "sha256": "4cd35d81e8e092fc6104915af618384594ca686b775c24e909751b958ed8d02e", "text": "For example, the diagonal of a square cannot be expressed as any fraction of the side of the same square; in our modern notation the length of the diagonal is $\\sqrt{2}$~times the length of the side. But there is no fraction which exactly represents~$\\sqrt{2}$. We can approximate \\PageSep{73} to~$\\sqrt{2}$ as closely as we like, but we never exactly reach its value. For example, $\\dfrac{49}{25}$~is just less than~$2$, and $\\dfrac{9}{4}$~is greater than~$2$, so that $\\sqrt{2}$~lies between $\\dfrac{7}{5}$ and~$\\dfrac{3}{2}$. But the best systematic way of approximating to~$\\sqrt{2}$ in obtaining a series of decimal fractions, each bigger than the last, is by the ordinary method of extracting the square root; thus the series is $1$, $\\dfrac{14}{10}$, $\\dfrac{141}{100}$, $\\dfrac{1414}{1000}$, and so on.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "73", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00204", "bookId": 41568, "start": 106969, "end": 107206, "sha256": "d739434ea76a456cc894f7fc826d40b028fa29f4b81d95dab9a4c11327aaac75", "text": "Ratios of this sort are called by the Greeks incommensurable. They have excited from the time of the Greeks onwards a great deal of philosophic discussion, and the difficulties connected with them have only recently been cleared up.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "73", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00205", "bookId": 41568, "start": 107210, "end": 108595, "sha256": "2da7d30775f593141ec8ce8c6546c9a3b28d824afd1499c223d0bb0b9ee13c82", "text": "We will put the incommensurable ratios \\index{Real Numbers|EtSeq}% with the fractions, and consider the whole set of integral numbers, fractional numbers, and incommensurable numbers as forming one class of numbers which we will call ``real numbers.'' We always think of the real numbers as arranged in order of magnitude, starting from zero and going upwards, and becoming indefinitely larger and larger as we proceed. The real numbers are conveniently \\PageSep{74} represented by points on a line. Let $OX$ be \\Diagram{pg76} any line bounded at~$O$ and stretching away indefinitely in the direction~$OX$. Take any convenient point,~$A$, on it, so that $OA$~represents the unit length; and divide off lengths $AB$, $BC$, $CD$, and so on, each equal to~$OA$. Then the point~$O$ represents the number~$0$, $A$~the number~$1$, $B$~the number~$2$, and so on. In fact the number represented by any point is the measure of its distance from~$O$, in terms of the unit length~$OA$. The points between $O$ and~$A$ represent the proper fractions and the incommensurable numbers less than~$1$; the middle point of~$OA$ represents~$\\dfrac{1}{2}$, that of~$AB$ represents~$\\dfrac{3}{2}$, that of~$BC$ represents~$\\dfrac{5}{2}$, and so on. In this way every point on~$OX$ represents some one real number, and every real number is represented by some one point on~$OX$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "74", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00206", "bookId": 41568, "start": 108599, "end": 108885, "sha256": "c3bb2bed26a1b2790632453505c32a23f26b805551827bdd91f763d7eca98780", "text": "The series (or row) of points along~$OX$, \\index{Series|EtSeq}% starting from~$O$ and moving regularly in the direction from $O$ to~$X$, represents the real numbers as arranged in an ascending order \\PageSep{75} of size, starting from zero and continually increasing as we go on.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "75", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00207", "bookId": 41568, "start": 108889, "end": 112395, "sha256": "45714cbaffff98d1a5f8d3dca620f86789f5d40743dc2ead71a3db6640bd0d1c", "text": "All this seems simple enough, but even at \\index{Order, Type of|EtSeq}% this stage there are some interesting ideas to be got at by dwelling on these obvious facts. Consider the series of points which represent the integral numbers only, namely, the points, $O$,~$A$, $B$, $C$, $D$,~etc. Here there is a first point~$O$, a definite next point,~$A$, and each point, such as $A$ or~$B$, has one definite immediate predecessor and one definite immediate successor, with the exception of~$O$, which has no predecessor; also the series goes on indefinitely without end. This sort of order is called the type of order of the integers; its essence is the possession of next-door neighbours on either side with the exception of No.~1 in the row. Again consider the integers and fractions together, omitting the points which correspond to the incommensurable ratios. The sort of serial order which we now obtain is quite different. There is a first term~$O$; but no term has any immediate predecessor or immediate successor. This is easily seen to be the case, for between any two fractions we can always find another fraction intermediate in value. One very simple way of doing this is to add the fractions together and to halve the result. For example, %[** textstyle fractions start here] between $\\frac{2}{3}$ and~$\\frac{3}{4}$, the fraction $\\frac{1}{2}(\\frac{2}{3} + \\frac{3}{4})$, that is~$\\frac{17}{24}$, lies; and between $\\frac{2}{3}$ and $\\frac{17}{24}$ the \\PageSep{76} \\index{Compact Series}% fraction $\\frac{1}{2}(\\frac{2}{3} + \\frac{17}{24})$, that is~$\\frac{33}{48}$, lies; and so on indefinitely. Because of this property the series is said to be ``compact.'' There is no end point to the series, which increases indefinitely without limit as we go along the line~$OX$. It would seem at first sight as though the type of series got in this way from the fractions, always including the integers, would be the same as that got from all the real numbers, integers, fractions, and incommensurables taken together, that is, from all the points on the line~$OX$. All that we have hitherto said about the series of fractions applies equally well to the series of all real numbers. But there are important differences which we now proceed to develop. The absence of the incommensurables from the series of fractions leaves an absence of endpoints to certain classes. Thus, consider the incommensurable~$\\sqrt{2}$. In the series of real numbers this stands between all the numbers whose squares are less than~$2$, and all the numbers whose squares are greater than~$2$. But keeping to the series of fractions alone and not thinking of the incommensurables, so that we cannot bring in~$\\sqrt{2}$, there is no fraction which has the property of dividing off the series into two parts in this way, \\ie\\ so that all the members on one side have their squares less than~$2$, and on the other side greater than~$2$. Hence in the series of fractions \\PageSep{77} there is a quasi-gap where $\\sqrt{2}$~ought to come. This presence of quasi-gaps in the series of fractions may seem a small matter; but any mathematician, who happens to read this, knows that the possible absence of limits \\index{Limits}% or maxima to a class of numbers, which yet does not spread over the whole series of numbers, is no small evil. It is to avoid this difficulty that recourse is had to the incommensurables, so as to obtain a complete series with no gaps.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "76", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00208", "bookId": 41568, "start": 112399, "end": 115240, "sha256": "e855ed113f05c7fd32065b59cc392db546bea864693872f931cd04108bcd9828", "text": "There is another even more fundamental difference between the two series. We can rearrange the fractions in a series like that of the integers, that is, with a first term, and such that each term has an immediate successor and (except the first term) an immediate predecessor. We can show how this can be done. Let every term in the series of fractions and integers be written in the fractional form by writing $\\frac{1}{1}$ for~$1$, $\\frac{2}{1}$ for~$2$, and so on for all the integers, excluding~$0$. Also for the moment we will reckon fractions which are equal in value but not reduced to their lowest terms as distinct; so that, for example, until further notice $\\frac{2}{3}$, $\\frac{4}{6}$, $\\frac{6}{9}$, $\\frac{8}{12}$, etc., are all reckoned as distinct. Now group the fractions into classes by adding together the numerator and denominator of each term. For the sake of brevity call this sum of the numerator and denominator of a fraction its index. Thus $7$~is \\PageSep{78} the index of~$\\frac{4}{3}$, and also of~$\\frac{3}{4}$, and of~$\\frac{2}{5}$. Let the fractions in each class be all fractions which have some specified index, which may therefore also be called the class index. Now arrange these classes in the order of magnitude of their indices. The first class has the index~$2$, and its only member is~$\\frac{1}{1}$; the second class has the index~$3$, and its members are $\\frac{1}{2}$ and~$\\frac{2}{1}$; the third class has the index~$4$, and its members are $\\frac{1}{3}$, $\\frac{2}{2}$,~$\\frac{3}{1}$; the fourth class has the index~$5$, and its members are $\\frac{1}{4}$, $\\frac{2}{3}$, $\\frac{3}{2}$,~$\\frac{4}{1}$; and so on. It is easy to see that the number of members (still including fractions not in their lowest terms) belonging to any class is one less than its index. Also the members of any one class can be arranged in order by taking the first member to be the fraction with numerator~$1$, the second member to have the numerator~$2$, and so on, up to~$(n - 1)$ where $n$~is the index. Thus for the class of index~$n$, the members appear in the order\\Typo{.}{} %[** TN: Reformatted slightly from the original] \\[ \\frac{1}{n - 1},\\quad \\frac{2}{n - 2},\\quad \\frac{3}{n - 3},\\ \\dots,\\quad \\frac{n - 1}{1}. \\] The members of the first four classes have in fact been mentioned in this order. Thus the whole set of fractions have now been arranged in an order like that of the integers. It runs thus \\begin{gather*} \\frac{1}{1},\\ \\frac{1}{2},\\ \\frac{2}{1},\\ \\frac{1}{3},\\ \\left[\\frac{2}{2}\\right],\\ \\frac{3}{1},\\ \\frac{1}{4},\\ \\frac{2}{3},\\ \\frac{3}{2},\\ \\frac{4}{1},\\ \\dots, \\\\ %\\PageSep{79} \\frac{n - 1}{1},\\ \\frac{1}{n - 1},\\ \\frac{2}{n - 2},\\ \\frac{3}{n - 3},\\ \\dots,\\ \\frac{n - 1}{1},\\ \\frac{1}{n}, \\end{gather*} and so on.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "78", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00209", "bookId": 41568, "start": 115244, "end": 115814, "sha256": "e1abf5325b54cfddd8c56c0e1a57e2f47f85a09d95e458925c95aa50c2518f28", "text": "Now we can get rid of all repetitions of fractions of the same value by simply striking them out whenever they appear after their first occurrence. In the few initial terms written down above, $\\frac{2}{2}$~which is enclosed above in square brackets is the only fraction not in its lowest terms. It has occurred before as~$\\frac{1}{1}$. Thus this must be struck out. But the series is still left with the same properties, namely, (\\textit{a})~there is a first term, (\\textit{b})~each term has next-door neighbours, (\\textit{c})~the series goes on without end.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "78", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00210", "bookId": 41568, "start": 115818, "end": 116217, "sha256": "70cdc1e12339f9c11c0311d2a3ecb2b3d8d8cb6be1b8e4627c621085df995671", "text": "It can be proved that it is not possible to \\index{Cantor, Georg}% arrange the whole series of real numbers in this way. This curious fact was discovered by Georg Cantor, a German mathematician still living; it is of the utmost importance in the philosophy of mathematical ideas. We are here in fact touching on the fringe of the great problems of the meaning of continuity and of infinity.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "78", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00211", "bookId": 41568, "start": 116221, "end": 117450, "sha256": "22b9a3f2408211742f7c45e33407fe43f99ef68a1297594849aed25e347dcd30", "text": "Another extension of number comes from \\index{Steps|EtSeq}% the introduction of the idea of what has been variously named an operation or a step, names which are respectively appropriate from slightly different points of view. We will start with a particular case. Consider \\PageSep{80} the statement $2 + 3 = 5$. We add $3$ to~$2$ and obtain~$5$. Think of the operation of adding~$3$: let this be denoted by~$+3$. Again $4 - 3 = 1$. Think of the operation of subtracting~$3$: let this be denoted by~$-3$. Thus instead of considering the real numbers in themselves, we consider the \\emph{operations} of adding or subtracting them: instead of~$\\sqrt{2}$, we consider $+\\sqrt{2}$ and~$-\\sqrt{2}$, namely the operations of adding~$\\sqrt{2}$ and of subtracting~$\\sqrt{2}$. Then we can add these operations, of course in a different sense of addition to that in which we add numbers. The sum of two operations is the single operation which has the same effect as the two operations applied successively. In what order are the two operations to be applied? The answer is that it is indifferent, since for example \\[ 2 + 3 + 1 = 2 + 1 + 3; \\] so that the addition of the steps $+3$ and $+1$ is commutative.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "80", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00212", "bookId": 41568, "start": 117454, "end": 118891, "sha256": "435e8891d2fb20153996cb3d6b7a7ad10a0f96ea08704ebb57fecfe921e70032", "text": "Mathematicians have a habit, which is puzzling to those engaged in tracing out meanings, but is very convenient in practice, of using the same symbol in different though allied senses. The one essential requisite for a symbol in their eyes is that, whatever its possible varieties of meaning, the formal laws for its use shall always be the same. In \\PageSep{81} accordance with this habit the addition of operations is denoted by~$+$ as well as the addition of numbers. Accordingly we can write \\[ (+3) + (+1) = +4; \\] where the middle~$+$ on the left-hand side denotes the addition of the operations $+3$ and~$+1$. But, furthermore, we need not be so very pedantic in our symbolism, except in the rare instances when we are directly tracing meanings; thus we always drop the first~$+$ of a line and the brackets, and never write two $+$~signs running. So the above equation becomes \\[ 3 + 1 = 4, \\] which we interpret as simple numerical addition, or as the more elaborate addition of operations which is fully expressed in the previous way of writing the equation, or lastly as expressing the result of applying the operation~$+1$ to the number~$3$ and obtaining the number~$4$. Any interpretation which is possible is always correct. But the only interpretation which is always possible, under certain conditions, is that of operations. The other interpretations often give nonsensical results.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "81", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00213", "bookId": 41568, "start": 118895, "end": 119877, "sha256": "295c8240f66dba4e8da1e41306ca0984806ff3c9c7bd6d9d45ca45b82dddd1cb", "text": "This leads us at once to a question, which must have been rising insistently in the \\PageSep{82} reader's mind: What is the use of all this elaboration? At this point our friend, the practical man, will surely step in and insist on sweeping away all these silly cobwebs of the brain. The answer is that what the mathematician is seeking is Generality. This is an \\index{Generality in Mathematics}% idea worthy to be placed beside the notions of the Variable and of Form so far as concerns \\index{Form, Algebraic}% \\index{Variable, The}% its importance in governing mathematical procedure. Any limitation whatsoever upon the generality of theorems, or of proofs, or of interpretation is abhorrent to the mathematical instinct. These three notions, of the variable, of form, and of generality, compose a sort of mathematical trinity which preside over the whole subject. They all really spring from the same root, namely from the abstract nature of the science.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "82", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00214", "bookId": 41568, "start": 119881, "end": 121659, "sha256": "94580d9a6f16f471d49069b6380649bdc89cd91689a3debd65302bc705e9d8b9", "text": "Let us see how generality is gained by the introduction of this idea of operations. Take the equation $x + 1 = 3$; the solution is $x = 2$. Here we can interpret our symbols as mere numbers, and the recourse to ``operations'' is entirely unnecessary. But, if $x$~is a mere number, the equation $x + 3 = 1$ is nonsense. For $x$~should be the number of things which remain when you have taken $3$~things away from $1$~thing; and no such procedure is possible. At this point our idea of algebraic form steps in, itself only generalization under another aspect. We consider, therefore, the \\PageSep{83} \\index{Positive and Negative Numbers|EtSeq}% general equation of the same form as $x + 1 = 3$. This equation is $x + a = b$, and its solution is $x = b - a$. Here our difficulties become acute; for this form can only be used for the numerical interpretation so long as $b$~is greater than~$a$, and we cannot say without qualification that $a$ and $b$ may be any constants. In other words we have introduced a limitation on the variability of the ``constants'' $a$~and~$b$, which we must drag like a chain throughout all our reasoning. Really prolonged mathematical investigations would be impossible under such conditions. Every equation would at last be buried under a pile of limitations. But if we now interpret our symbols as ``operations,'' all limitation vanishes like magic. The equation $x + 1 = 3$ gives $x = +2$, the equation $x + 3 = 1$ gives $x = -2$, the equation $x + a = b$ gives $x = b - a$ which is an operation of addition or subtraction as the case may be. We need never decide whether $b - a$ represents the operation of addition or of subtraction, for the rules of procedure with the symbols are the same in either case.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "83", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00215", "bookId": 41568, "start": 121663, "end": 122761, "sha256": "084332c450a53740f69c73ebbde75559ac57fed559354d8e004d08a6a15bbcc1", "text": "It does not fall within the plan of this work to write a detailed chapter of elementary algebra. Our object is merely to make plain the fundamental ideas which guide the formation of the science. Accordingly we do not further explain the detailed rules by which the ``positive and negative numbers'' are \\PageSep{84} multiplied and otherwise combined. We have explained above that positive and negative numbers are operations. They have also been called ``steps.'' Thus $+3$~is the step by which we go from $2$ to~$5$, and $-3$~is the step backwards by which we go from $5$ to~$2$. Consider the line~$OX$ divided in the way explained in the earlier part of the chapter, so that its points represent numbers. Then~$+2$ %[** TN: In original, negative numbers placed below axis, primed letters above] \\Diagram{pg86} is the step from $O$ to~$B$, or from $A$ to~$C$, or (if the divisions are taken backwards along~$OX'$) from $C'$ to~$A'$, or from $D'$ to~$B'$, and so on. Similarly $-2$ is the step from $O$ to~$B'$, or from $B'$ to~$D'$, or from $B$ to~$O$, or from $C$ to~$A$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "84", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00216", "bookId": 41568, "start": 122765, "end": 123642, "sha256": "4665f17cc770e11b77068f1bf29af365a78b418dd44b9249587f4b2cfb92750c", "text": "We may consider the point which is reached by a step from~$O$, as representative of that step. Thus $A$~represents~$+1$, $B$~represents~$+2$, $A'$~represents~$-1$, $B'$~represents~$-2$, and so on. It will be noted that, whereas previously with the mere ``unsigned'' real numbers the points on one side of~$O$ only, namely along~$OX$, were representative of numbers, now with steps every point on the whole line stretching on both sides of~$O$ is representative of a step. This is a pictorial representation of the superior generality introduced by the positive and negative numbers, namely the \\PageSep{85} operations or steps. These ``signed'' numbers are also particular cases of what have been called vectors (from the Latin \\Foreign{veho}, I \\index{Vectors}% draw or carry). For we may think of a particle as carried from $O$ to~$A$, or from $A$ to~$B$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "85", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00217", "bookId": 41568, "start": 123646, "end": 124942, "sha256": "3918fe04871ee9b84dcda0a7de2d236e6753985a969adc60707bdfa91f8f10b8", "text": "In suggesting a few pages ago that the practical man would object to the subtlety involved by the introduction of the positive and negative numbers, we were libelling that excellent individual. For in truth we are on the scene of one of his greatest triumphs. If the truth must be confessed, it was the practical man himself who first employed the actual symbols $+$ and~$-$. Their origin is not very certain, but it seems most probable that they arose from the marks chalked on chests of goods in German warehouses, to denote excess or defect from some standard weight. The earliest notice of them occurs in a book published at Leipzig, in \\AD~1489. They seem first to have been employed in mathematics by a German mathematician, Stifel, in a book \\index{Stifel}% published at Nuremburg in 1544~\\AD. But then it is only recently that the Germans have come to be looked on as emphatically a practical nation. There is an old epigram which assigns the empire of the sea to the English, of the land to the French, and of the clouds to the Germans. Surely it was from the clouds that the Germans fetched $+$ and~$-$; \\PageSep{86} the ideas which these symbols have generated are much too important for the welfare of humanity to have come from the sea or from the land.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "86", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00218", "bookId": 41568, "start": 124946, "end": 125906, "sha256": "6bfaaefe6eb3a0f355ca2a1f8926c3a2312adbd91333c9453269d39052201999", "text": "The possibilities of application of the positive and negative numbers are very obvious. If lengths in one direction are represented by positive numbers, those in the opposite direction are represented by negative numbers. If a velocity in one direction is positive, that in the opposite direction is negative. If a rotation round a dial in the opposite direction to the hands of a clock (anti-clockwise) is positive, that in the clockwise direction is negative. If a balance at the bank is positive, an overdraft is negative. If vitreous electrification is positive, resinous electrification is negative. Indeed, in this latter case, the terms positive electrification and negative electrification, considered as mere names, have practically driven out the other terms. An endless series of examples could be given. The idea of positive and negative numbers has been practically the most successful of mathematical subtleties. \\PageSep{87}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VI: Generalizations of Number", "printedPageHint": "87", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00219", "bookId": 41568, "start": 125912, "end": 125944, "sha256": "6bcdac319c5d56f539dc00c95725b96563dcbf7d26a5d06d11eee315353a42a8", "text": "\\Chapter{VII}{Imaginary Numbers}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "87", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00220", "bookId": 41568, "start": 125948, "end": 127705, "sha256": "a652251b1c5c7124fd626dc952fa5d551e4571c6bb9e860014a5ea4026d5331f", "text": "\\First{If} the mathematical ideas dealt with in the \\index{Imaginary Numbers|EtSeq}% last chapter have been a popular success, those of the present chapter have excited almost as much general attention. But their success has been of a different character, it has been what the French term a \\Foreign{succès de scandale}. Not only the practical man, but also men of letters and philosophers have expressed their bewilderment at the devotion of mathematicians to mysterious entities which by their very name are confessed to be imaginary. At this point it may be useful to observe that a certain type of intellect is always worrying itself and others by discussion as to the applicability of technical terms. Are the incommensurable numbers properly called numbers? Are the positive and negative numbers really numbers? Are the imaginary numbers imaginary, and are they numbers?---are types of such futile questions. Now, it cannot be too clearly understood that, in science, technical terms are names arbitrarily assigned, like Christian \\PageSep{88} names to children. There can be no question of the names being right or wrong. They may be judicious or injudicious; for they can sometimes be so arranged as to be easy to remember, or so as to suggest relevant and important ideas. But the essential principle involved was quite clearly enunciated in Wonderland to Alice by Humpty Dumpty, when he told her, à~propos of his use of words, ``I pay them extra and make them mean what I like.'' So we will not bother as to whether imaginary numbers are imaginary, or as to whether they are numbers, but will take the phrase as the arbitrary name of a certain mathematical idea, which we will now endeavour to make plain.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "88", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00221", "bookId": 41568, "start": 127709, "end": 129379, "sha256": "dd0203c62c611290f37002fd4db5273f90a72673eac8126ca8ecc9423339e605", "text": "The origin of the conception is in every way similar to that of the positive and negative numbers. In exactly the same way it is due to the three great mathematical ideas of the variable, of algebraic form, and of generalization. The positive and negative numbers arose from the consideration of equations like $x + 1 = 3$, $x + 3 = 1$, and the general form $x + a = b$. Similarly the origin of imaginary numbers is due to equations like $x^{2} + 1 = 3$, $x^{2} + 3 = 1$, and $x^{2} + a = b$. Exactly the same process is gone through. The equation $x^{2} + 1 = 3$ becomes $x^{2} = 2$, and this has two solutions, either $x = +\\sqrt{2}$, or $x = -\\sqrt{2}$. The statement that there are these alternative \\PageSep{89} solutions is usually written $x = ±\\sqrt{2}$. So far all is plain sailing, as it was in the previous case. But now an analogous difficulty arises. For the equation $x^{2} + 3 = 1$ gives $x^{2} = -2$ and there is no positive or negative number which, when multiplied by itself, will give a negative square. Hence, if our symbols are to mean the ordinary positive or negative numbers, there is no solution to $x^{2} = -2$, and the equation is in fact nonsense. Thus, finally taking the general form $x^{2} + a = b$, we find the pair of solutions $x = ±\\sqrt{(b - a)}$, when, and only when, $b$~is not less than~$a$. Accordingly we cannot say unrestrictedly that the ``constants'' $a$~and~$b$ may be any numbers, that is, the ``constants'' $a$~and~$b$ are not, as they ought to be, independent unrestricted ``variables''; and so again a host of limitations and restrictions will accumulate round our work as we proceed.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "89", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00222", "bookId": 41568, "start": 129383, "end": 130497, "sha256": "c59dcecd03b67a9aadfe75fd1f6d855cab452297a568548f75737bac34d44edd", "text": "The same task as before therefore awaits us: we must give a new interpretation to our symbols, so that the solutions $±\\sqrt{(b - a)}$ for the equation $x^{2} + a = b$ always have meaning. In other words, we require an interpretation of the symbols so that $\\sqrt{a}$~always has meaning whether $a$~be positive or negative. Of course, the interpretation must be such that all the ordinary formal laws for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division hold good; and also it must not interfere with the \\PageSep{90} generality which we have attained by the use of the positive and negative numbers. In fact, it must in a sense include them as special cases. When $a$~is negative we may write $-c^{2}$ for it, so that $c^{2}$~is positive. Then \\begin{align*} \\sqrt{a} &= \\sqrt{(-c^{2})} = \\sqrt{\\{(-1) × c^{2}\\}} \\\\ &= \\sqrt{(-1)} \\sqrt{c^{2}} = c\\sqrt{(-1)}. \\end{align*} Hence, if we can so interpret our symbols that $\\sqrt{(-1)}$~has a meaning, we have attained our object. Thus $\\sqrt{(-1)}$~has come to be looked on as the head and forefront of all the imaginary quantities.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "90", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00223", "bookId": 41568, "start": 130501, "end": 130940, "sha256": "c07c622ee26c3682f6bb5157e9b04cf80888844a056dbc636221e0a3e5160e64", "text": "This business of finding an interpretation for~$\\sqrt{(-1)}$ is a much tougher job than the analogous one of interpreting~$-1$. In fact, while the easier problem was solved almost instinctively as soon as it arose, it at first hardly occurred, even to the greatest mathematicians, that here a problem existed which was perhaps capable of solution. Equations like $x^{2} = -3$, when they arose, were simply ruled aside as nonsense.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "90", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00224", "bookId": 41568, "start": 130944, "end": 132576, "sha256": "363d7d1a362e547cc13ceab68ccbb7ca827406a36366b50c13df86bf1c1bcc69", "text": "However, it came to be gradually perceived during the eighteenth century, and even earlier, how very convenient it would be if an interpretation could be assigned to these nonsensical symbols. Formal reasoning with these symbols was gone through, merely assuming that they obeyed the ordinary \\PageSep{91} algebraic laws of transformation; and it was seen that a whole world of interesting results could be attained, if only these symbols might legitimately be used. Many mathematicians were not then very clear as to the logic of their procedure, and an idea gained ground that, in some mysterious way, symbols which mean nothing can by appropriate manipulation yield valid proofs of propositions. Nothing can be more mistaken. A symbol which has not been properly defined is not a symbol at all. It is merely a blot of ink on paper which has an easily recognized shape. Nothing can be proved by a succession of blots, except the existence of a bad pen or a careless writer. It was during this epoch that the epithet ``imaginary'' came to be applied to~$\\sqrt{(-1)}$. What these mathematicians had really succeeded in proving were a series of hypothetical propositions, of which this is the blank form: If interpretations exist for $\\sqrt{(-1)}$ and for the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of~$\\sqrt{(-1)}$ which make the ordinary algebraic rules (\\eg\\ $x + y = y + x$, etc.)\\ to be satisfied, then such and such results follows. It was natural that the mathematicians should not always appreciate the big ``If,'' which ought to have preceded the statements of their results.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "91", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00225", "bookId": 41568, "start": 132580, "end": 134591, "sha256": "7313d48781b1b7289953d60f16e3733deb33c08c1e69936db081ed4e136f6a08", "text": "As may be expected the interpretation, \\PageSep{92} when found, was a much more elaborate affair than that of the negative numbers and the reader's attention must be asked for some careful preliminary explanation. We have already come across the representation of a point by two numbers. By the aid of the \\Figure{8} positive and negative numbers we can now represent the position of any point in a plane by a pair of such numbers. Thus we take the pair of straight lines $XOX'$ and $YOY'$, at right angles, as the ``axes'' from which we start all our measurements. Lengths measured along $OX$ and $OY$ are positive, and measured backwards along $OX'$ and $OY'$ are negative. Suppose that a pair of numbers, written in order, \\eg~$(+3, +1)$, so that there \\PageSep{93} \\index{Ordered Couples|EtSeq}% is a first number ($+3$~in the above example), and a second number ($+1$~in the above example), represents measurements from~$O$ along $XOX'$ for the first number, and along $YOY'$ for the second number. Thus (\\Chg{cf.}{\\cf}\\ \\Fig[fig.]{9}) in $(+3, +1)$ a length of $3$~units is to be measured along $XOX'$ in the positive direction, that is from~$O$ towards~$X$, and a length~$+1$ measured along $YOY'$ in the positive direction, that is from~$O$ towards~$Y$. Similarly in $(-3, +1)$ the length of $3$~units is to be measured from~$O$ towards~$X'$, and of $1$~unit from towards~$Y$. Also in $(-3, -1)$ the two lengths are to be measured along $OX'$ and $OY'$ respectively, and in $(+3, -1)$ along $OX$ and $OY'$ respectively. Let us for the moment call such a pair of numbers an ``ordered couple.'' Then, from the two numbers $1$~and~$3$, eight ordered couples can be generated, namely \\begin{gather*} (+1, +3),\\ (-1, +3),\\ (-1, -3),\\ (+1, -3), \\\\ (+3, +1),\\ (-3, +1),\\ (-3, -1),\\ (+3, -1). \\end{gather*} Each of these eight ``ordered couples'' directs a process of measurement along $XOX'$ and $YOY'$ which is different from that directed by any of the others.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "92", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00226", "bookId": 41568, "start": 134595, "end": 136570, "sha256": "d05bd26b467b663d7a957a7a82bbbd4b35b2457aef8a0093cae86a181899015c", "text": "The processes of measurement represented by the last four ordered couples, mentioned above, are given pictorially in the figure. The lengths $OM$ and $ON$ together correspond \\PageSep{94} to $(+3, +1)$, the lengths $OM'$ and $ON$ together correspond to $(-3, +1)$, $OM'$~and $ON'$ together to $(-3, -1)$, and $OM$~and $ON'$ together to $(+3, -1)$. But by completing the various rectangles, it is easy to see that the point~$P$ completely determines and is determined by the ordered couple \\Figure{9} $(+3, +1)$, the point~$P'$ by $(-3, +1)$, the point~$P''$ by $(-3, -1)$, and the point~$P'''$ by $(+3, -1)$. More generally in the previous figure~(\\FigNum{8}), the point~$P$ corresponds to the ordered couple~$(x, y)$, where $x$~and~$y$ in the figure are both assumed to be positive, the point~$P'$ corresponds to $(x', y)$, where $x'$~in the figure is assumed to be negative, $P''$~to $(x' y')$, and $P'''$~to $(x, y')$. Thus an ordered \\PageSep{95} couple $(x, y)$, where $x$~and~$y$ are any positive or negative numbers, and the corresponding point reciprocally determine each other. It is convenient to introduce some names at this juncture. In the ordered couple $(x, y)$ the first number~$x$ is called the ``abscissa'' of the \\index{Abscissa}% corresponding point, and the second number~$y$ is called the ``ordinate'' of the point, and \\index{Ordinate}% the two numbers together are called the ``coordinates'' \\index{Coordinates}% of the point. The idea of determining the position of a point by its ``coordinates'' was by no means new when the theory of ``imaginaries'' was being formed. It was due to Descartes, the great French \\index{Descartes}% mathematician and philosopher, and appears in his \\Title{Discours} published at Leyden in 1637~\\AD. The idea of the ordered couple as a thing on its own account is of later growth and is the outcome of the efforts to interpret imaginaries in the most abstract way possible.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "94", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00227", "bookId": 41568, "start": 136574, "end": 136867, "sha256": "a15588c2d5aa0904dafcdc875468b9b87828036e997f40d6272323fdfd14daae", "text": "It may be noticed as a further illustration of this idea of the ordered couple, that the point~$M$ in \\Fig[fig.]{9} is the couple $(+3, 0)$, the point~$N$ is the couple $(0, +1)$, the point~$M'$ the couple $(-3, 0)$, the point~$N'$ the couple $(0, -1)$, the point~$O$ the couple~$(0, 0)$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "94", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00228", "bookId": 41568, "start": 136871, "end": 137646, "sha256": "393738f51a90731cabc07cf63c30d3d39d212746b580c38376e012871d52b9c5", "text": "Another way of representing the ordered couple $(x, y)$ is to think of it as representing the dotted line~$OP$ (\\Chg{cf.}{\\cf}\\ \\Fig[fig.]{8}), rather than the point~$P$. Thus the ordered couple represents a line drawn from an ``origin,''~$O$, of a certain \\index{Origin}% \\PageSep{96} \\index{Steps}% length and in a certain direction. The line~$OP$ may be called the vector line from $O$ to~$P$, or the step from $O$ to~$P$. We see, therefore, that we have in this chapter only extended the interpretation which we gave formerly of the positive and negative numbers. This method of representation by vectors is very \\index{Vectors}% useful when we consider the meaning to be assigned to the operations of the addition and multiplication of ordered couples.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "96", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00229", "bookId": 41568, "start": 137650, "end": 139072, "sha256": "b292b66172e63fbbf95ca484b9b2f343fdf7ab14836862bd5d418cd251798e35", "text": "{\\Loosen We will now go on to this question, and ask what meaning we shall find it convenient to assign to the addition of the two ordered couples $(x, y)$ and $(x', y')$. The interpretation must, (\\textit{a})~make the result of addition to be another ordered couple, (\\textit{b})~make the operation commutative so that $(x, y) + (x', y') = (x', y') + (x, y)$, (\\textit{c})~make the operation associative so that} \\[ \\{(x, y) + (x', y')\\} + (u, v) = (x, y) + \\{(x', y') + (u, v)\\}, \\] (\\textit{d})~make the result of subtraction unique, so that when we seek to determine the unknown ordered couple $(x, y)$ so as to satisfy the equation \\[ (x, y) + (a, b) = (c, d), \\] there is one and only one answer which we can represent by \\[ (x, y) = (c, d) - (a, b). \\] \\PageSep{97} All these requisites are satisfied by taking $(x, y) + (x', y')$ to mean the ordered couple $(x + x', y + y')$. Accordingly by definition we put \\[ (x, y) + (x', y') = (x + x', y + y'). \\] Notice that here we have adopted the mathematical habit of using the same symbol~$+$ in different senses. The $+$ on the left-hand side of the equation has the new meaning of~$+$ which we are just defining; while the two~$+$'s on the right-hand side have the meaning of the addition of positive and negative numbers (operations) which was defined in the last chapter. No practical confusion arises from this double use.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "97", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00230", "bookId": 41568, "start": 139076, "end": 139243, "sha256": "20825a32e2e3a8a5c84572911e89dd5ec2faedf9ac3de21116f80fdb7fd9bcb1", "text": "As examples of addition we have \\begin{align*} (+3, +1) + (+2, +6) &= (+5, +7), \\\\ (+3, -1) + (-2, -6) &= (+1, -7), \\\\ (+3, +1) + (-3, -1) &= (0, 0). \\end{align*}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "97", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00231", "bookId": 41568, "start": 139247, "end": 139506, "sha256": "b90310b5e3f0ecd42685a6d5b06c1a63ed1ab9bff8d99abbbca86a20f66674d0", "text": "The meaning of subtraction is now settled for us. We find that \\[ (x, y) - (u, v) = (x - u, y - v). \\] Thus \\[ (+3, +2) - (+1, +1) = (+2, +1), \\] and \\[ (+1, -2) - (+2, -4) = (-1, +2), \\] and \\[ (-1, -2) - (+2, +3) = (-3, -5). \\] \\PageSep{98}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "98", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00232", "bookId": 41568, "start": 139510, "end": 139730, "sha256": "d61b0402a9f20a5a126565b0aa9f90a96abbce32350ad7cc519490f2bfacc30c", "text": "It is easy to see that \\[ (x, y) - (u, v) = (x, y) + (-u, -v). \\] Also \\[ (x, y) - (x, y) = (0, 0). \\] Hence $(0, 0)$~is to be looked on as the zero ordered couple. For example \\[ (x, y) + (0, 0) = (x, y). \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "98", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00233", "bookId": 41568, "start": 139734, "end": 139833, "sha256": "e58f1185033defc96b50ad5fad73927651342eef5b7410e8e26578b7a252f80d", "text": "The pictorial representation of the addition of ordered couples is surprisingly easy. \\Figure{10}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "98", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00234", "bookId": 41568, "start": 139837, "end": 140409, "sha256": "5ec1743abe5ebf27db2433c6c7ddb76373ccdbbae3e3f4868f7f568c08e23080", "text": "{\\Loosen Let $OP$ represent $(x, y)$ so that $OM = x$ and $PM = y$; let $OQ$ represent $(x_{1}, y_{1})$ so that $OM_{1} = x_{1}$ and $QM_{1} = y_{1}$. Complete the parallelogram $OPRQ$ by the dotted lines $PR$ and~$QR$, then the diagonal~$OR$ is the ordered couple $(x + x_{1}, y + y_{1})$. For draw $PS$ parallel \\PageSep{99} to~$OX$; then evidently the triangles $OQM_{1}$ and $PRS$ are in all respects equal. Hence $MM' = PS = x_{1}$, and $RS = QM_{1}$ and therefore} \\begin{gather*} OM' = OM + MM' = x + x_{1}, \\\\ RM' = SM' + RS = y + y_{1}. \\end{gather*}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "99", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00235", "bookId": 41568, "start": 140413, "end": 140536, "sha256": "5d69a67f70d9e339036cb0d876c2d707157ac5e8ad7735d982756e0dfe601287", "text": "Thus $OR$~represents the ordered couple as required. This figure can also be drawn with $OP$ and $OQ$ in other quadrants.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "99", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00236", "bookId": 41568, "start": 140540, "end": 142264, "sha256": "ba34ec07bac2323c6dd147621719e719670782bfc329415cca764f2caac4d4a0", "text": "It is at once obvious that we have here come back to the parallelogram law, which \\index{Parallelogram Law}% was mentioned in \\ChapRef{VI}., on the laws of motion, as applying to velocities and forces. It will be remembered that, if $OP$ and $OQ$ represent two velocities, a particle is said to be moving with a velocity equal to the two velocities added together if it be moving with the velocity~$OR$. In other words $OR$~is said to be the resultant of the two velocities $OP$ and~$OQ$. Again forces acting at a point of a body can be represented by lines just as velocities can be; and the same parallelogram law holds, namely, that the resultant of the two forces $OP$ and $OQ$ is the force represented by the diagonal~$OR$. It follows that we can look on an ordered couple as representing a velocity or a force, and the rule which we have just given for the addition of ordered couples then represents the fundamental laws of mechanics for the addition of forces and \\PageSep{100} velocities. One of the most fascinating characteristics of mathematics is the surprising way in which the ideas and results of different parts of the subject dovetail into each other. During the discussions of this and the previous chapter we have been guided merely by the most abstract of pure mathematical considerations; and yet at the end of them we have been led back to the most fundamental of all the laws of nature, laws which have to be in the mind of every engineer as he designs an engine, and of every naval architect as he calculates the stability of a ship. It is no paradox to say that in our most theoretical moods we may be nearest to our most practical applications. \\PageSep{101}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VII: Imaginary Numbers", "printedPageHint": "100", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00237", "bookId": 41568, "start": 142270, "end": 142363, "sha256": "cefbd6e352187c7d7fb851fc702e8dcc63e43103f483e176d5fd5b4de7501374", "text": "\\Chapter[Imaginary Numbers] {VIII}{Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued}})}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "100", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00238", "bookId": 41568, "start": 142367, "end": 142564, "sha256": "be5cca7cd687274a1d1424cec8ec125ef9eb0cb1627a4b042752a083daf69dd8", "text": "\\First{The} definition of the multiplication of ordered couples is guided by exactly the same considerations as is that of their addition. The interpretation of multiplication must be such that", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "100", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00239", "bookId": 41568, "start": 142568, "end": 142619, "sha256": "ae5a2439bda56eccb8993f44140eb73c574a1ba9a6f1cdf36831c2444d173011", "text": "\\Eq{(\\alpha)} the result is another ordered couple,", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "100", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00240", "bookId": 41568, "start": 142623, "end": 142723, "sha256": "3593bb0132503a933dcf770d0d79b1660f0bcd3c9a202f614022a4cfe5fef035", "text": "\\Eq{(\\beta)} the operation is commutative, so that \\[ (x, y) × (x', y') = (x', y') × (x, y), \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "100", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00241", "bookId": 41568, "start": 142727, "end": 142856, "sha256": "18773dac5ba51402239b25df8ff8e5f8740a94494573260975ccd54df81faccc", "text": "\\Eq{(\\gamma)} the operation is associative, so that \\[ \\{(x, y) × (x', y')\\} × (u, v) = (x, y) × \\{(x', y') × (u, v)\\}, \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "100", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00242", "bookId": 41568, "start": 142860, "end": 143281, "sha256": "207a604814c667744ffb471972fd4c76717c45b97e0bb8399c1c3cd4b83df4cb", "text": "\\Eq{(\\delta)} must make the result of division unique [with an exception for the case of the zero couple $(0, 0)$], so that when we seek to determine the unknown couple $(x, y)$ so as to satisfy the equation \\[ (x, y) × (a, b) = (c, d), \\] there is one and only one answer, which we can represent by \\[ (x, y) = (c, d) ÷ (a, b),\\quad\\text{or by}\\quad (x, y) = \\frac{(c, d)}{(a, b)}\\Add{.} \\] \\PageSep{102}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "102", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00243", "bookId": 41568, "start": 143285, "end": 143538, "sha256": "49e47d8d69058846f8dfbb01b7af94a716235bdc656a7582c552c576566ae412", "text": "\\Eq{(\\epsilon)} Furthermore the law involving both addition and multiplication, called the distributive law, must be satisfied, namely \\begin{multline*} (x,y) × \\{(a, b) + (c, d)\\} \\\\ = \\{(x, y) × (a, b)\\} + \\{(x, y) × (c, d)\\}. \\end{multline*}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "102", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00244", "bookId": 41568, "start": 143542, "end": 143774, "sha256": "9793732c44e3b432f7b62965d78d6ac75b8f0639f7ce0f18ddc711fc723a6c83", "text": "All these conditions \\Eq{(\\alpha)}, \\Eq{(\\beta)}, \\Eq{(\\gamma)}, \\Eq{(\\delta)}, \\Eq{(\\epsilon)} can be satisfied by an interpretation which, though it looks complicated at first, is capable of a simple geometrical interpretation.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "102", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00245", "bookId": 41568, "start": 143778, "end": 143875, "sha256": "1768ebb3a431295da5952412550bf21842e3ef664fa626da5de46fc1fa40f234", "text": "By definition we put \\[ (x, y) × (x', y') = \\{(xx' - yy'), (xy' + x'y)\\}\\Add{.} \\Tag{(A)} \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "102", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00246", "bookId": 41568, "start": 143879, "end": 144649, "sha256": "75317fe0129cd01baeb3b8eb5c7112b102d36c7432aaeed666622b0f0d3841b1", "text": "This is the definition of the meaning of the symbol~$×$ when it is written between two ordered couples. It follows evidently from this definition that the result of multiplication is another ordered couple, and that the value of the right-hand side of equation~\\Eq{(A)} is not altered by simultaneously interchanging $x$~with~$x'$, and $y$~with~$y'$. Hence conditions \\Eq{(\\alpha)} and \\Eq{(\\beta)} are evidently satisfied. The proof of the satisfaction of \\Eq{(\\gamma)}, \\Eq{(\\delta)}, \\Eq{(\\epsilon)} is equally easy when we have given the geometrical interpretation, which we will proceed to do in a moment. But before doing this it will be interesting to pause and see whether we have attained the object for which all this elaboration was initiated.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "102", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00247", "bookId": 41568, "start": 144653, "end": 144995, "sha256": "b0a48b64be6c8a04f838a7da6b4d97f8a3295311e70c3ac3842b4fa24d7d3b4a", "text": "We came across equations of the form $x^{2} = -3$, to which no solutions could be \\PageSep{103} assigned in terms of positive and negative real numbers. We then found that all our difficulties would vanish if we could interpret the equation $x^{2} = -1$, \\ie, if we could so define $\\sqrt{(-1)}$ that $\\sqrt{(-1)} × \\sqrt{(-1)} = -1$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "103", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00248", "bookId": 41568, "start": 144999, "end": 145266, "sha256": "7505d815b38b9aafff01a25fc8234447a00beedcdaf87e2f5655de8848b6b900", "text": "Now let us consider the three special \\index{Zero}% ordered couples\\footnote {For the future we follow the custom of omitting the $+$~sign wherever possible, thus $(1, 0)$ stands for $(+1, 0)$ and $(0, 1)$ for $(0, +1)$.} $(0, 0)$, $(1, 0)$, and $(0, 1)$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "103", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00249", "bookId": 41568, "start": 145270, "end": 145332, "sha256": "0a86c02d587386a4dba7c26c2e7c51a29d2edca9aedeb46d2dd754c65ce57ffd", "text": "We have already proved that \\[ (x, y) + (0, 0) = (x, y). \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "103", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00250", "bookId": 41568, "start": 145336, "end": 145395, "sha256": "1d157fdddcd07ba2ce7b169d4068185112479c2d82d35094503049019b6e715a", "text": "Furthermore we now have \\[ (x, y) × (0, 0) = (0, 0). \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "103", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00251", "bookId": 41568, "start": 145399, "end": 145594, "sha256": "a7131b45f8e807ae8d5b94905934fb5b3f09c57f97a437c652bc0f528a51117a", "text": "Hence both for addition and for multiplication the couple $(0, 0)$ plays the part of zero in elementary arithmetic and algebra; compare the above equations with $x + 0 = x$, and $x × 0 = 0$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "103", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00252", "bookId": 41568, "start": 145598, "end": 145891, "sha256": "4d40cb0154102a841cd1b0b967731ee019110b27747c5324e58ae8f66e49f033", "text": "Again consider $(1, 0)$: this plays the part of~$1$ in elementary arithmetic and algebra. In these elementary sciences the special characteristic of~$1$ is that $x × 1 = x$, for all values of~$x$. Now by our law of multiplication \\[ (x, y) × (1, 0) = \\{(x - 0), (y + 0)\\} = (x, y). \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "103", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00253", "bookId": 41568, "start": 145895, "end": 145943, "sha256": "9c06a8310c7f7edba998af7e25cb89e2a569ee887d76b9a07df6e0ac894f04a2", "text": "Thus $(1, 0)$ is the unit couple. \\PageSep{104}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "104", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00254", "bookId": 41568, "start": 145947, "end": 146245, "sha256": "7f474f9692d0626146b89d75cad8c3147e56c1f91cfe6bf87548b2a3a18dbb98", "text": "Finally consider $(0, 1)$: this will interpret for us the symbol~$\\sqrt{(-1)}$. The symbol must therefore possess the characteristic property that $\\sqrt{(-1)} × \\sqrt{(-1)} = -1$. Now by the law of multiplication for ordered couples \\[ (0, 1) × (0, 1) = \\{(0 - 1), (0 + 0)\\} = (-1, 0). \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "104", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00255", "bookId": 41568, "start": 146249, "end": 146559, "sha256": "e1faa84bd9eb0ed2d5e3de1215dfccb6c52f18052fe7077346231722b84982c1", "text": "But $(1, 0)$ is the unit couple, and $(-1, 0)$ is the negative unit couple; so that $(0, 1)$ has the desired property. There are, however, two roots of~$-1$ to be provided for, namely $±\\sqrt{(-1)}$. Consider $(0, -1)$; here again remembering that $(-1)^{2} = 1$, we find, $(0, -1) × (0, -1) = (-1, 0)$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "104", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00256", "bookId": 41568, "start": 146563, "end": 147011, "sha256": "e06d74f4e93b48991b036d7e0e314714293db6f5c433c0e4235dbdf679b658e9", "text": "Thus $(0, -1)$ is the other square root of~$\\Typo{\\sqrt{(-1)}}{-1}$. Accordingly the ordered couples $(0, 1)$ and $(0, -1)$ are the interpretations of $±\\sqrt{(-1)}$ in terms of ordered couples. But which corresponds to which? Does $(0, 1)$ correspond to $+\\sqrt{(-1)}$ and $(0, -1)$ to~$-\\sqrt{(-1)}$, or $(0, 1)$ to~$-\\sqrt{(-1)}$, and $(0, -1)$ to~$+\\sqrt{(-1)}$? The answer is that it is perfectly indifferent which symbolism we adopt.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "104", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00257", "bookId": 41568, "start": 147015, "end": 147456, "sha256": "176f723225bfe2e603ad9edefb283fa50d798efadf2e296a914f2d1e1b6f4bc5", "text": "The ordered couples can be divided into three types, (i)~the ``complex imaginary'' type~$(x, y)$, in which neither $x$ nor~$y$ is zero; (ii)~the ``real'' type~$(x, 0)$; (iii)~the ``pure imaginary'' type~$(0, y)$. Let us consider the relations of these types to each other. First multiply together the ``complex imaginary'' \\PageSep{105} couple $(x, y)$ and the ``real'' couple $(a, 0)$, we find \\[ (a, 0) × (x, y) = (ax, ay). \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "105", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00258", "bookId": 41568, "start": 147460, "end": 147577, "sha256": "c9dd87cae04f66af61a055ea4fa4466d23a820340c6864a351df7b146da47f7e", "text": "Thus the effect is merely to multiply each term of the couple $(x, y)$ by the positive or negative real number~$a$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "105", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00259", "bookId": 41568, "start": 147581, "end": 147743, "sha256": "afe5c4fdb6509185a5451709be1958b1e812a843b291153ed61906eb80b2dc20", "text": "Secondly, multiply together the ``complex imaginary'' couple $(x, y)$ and the ``pure imaginary'' couple $(0, b)$, we find \\[ (0, b) × (x, y) = (-by, bx). \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "105", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00260", "bookId": 41568, "start": 147747, "end": 147908, "sha256": "dae2c4056c2478094cda82c2cd45f6508528ecb0bd5d56aa0f979a3d5d73884a", "text": "Here the effect is more complicated, and is best comprehended in the geometrical interpretation to which we proceed after noting three yet more special cases.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "105", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00261", "bookId": 41568, "start": 147912, "end": 148035, "sha256": "ae4be681b5b5304c7c14d4d5394debe8e4f5180347ba7123d94884ab60a3664e", "text": "Thirdly, we multiply the ``real'' couple $(a, 0)$ by the imaginary $(0, b)$ and obtain \\[ (a, 0) × (0, b) =(0, ab). \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "105", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00262", "bookId": 41568, "start": 148039, "end": 148159, "sha256": "cb55bbf9ecc745ddebbddc3eb8e31d65f6eaf61b05df5bbcb520dc1b90aca312", "text": "Fourthly, we multiply the two ``real'' couples $(a, 0)$ and $(a', 0)$ and obtain \\[ (a, 0) × (a', 0) =( aa', 0). \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "105", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00263", "bookId": 41568, "start": 148163, "end": 148298, "sha256": "9fad50b12dbf4f3775b3529228f9bbf68f842a425deda137f7624c6b233f9299", "text": "Fifthly, we multiply the two ``imaginary couples'' $(0, b)$ and $(0, \\Typo{b}{b'})$ and obtain \\[ (0, b) × (0, b') = (-bb', 0). \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "105", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00264", "bookId": 41568, "start": 148302, "end": 148527, "sha256": "2818c0a96fde581bba698567f08ba172468e58ef3f7e9971707a6fafe19c68cb", "text": "We now turn to the geometrical interpretation, beginning first with some special cases. \\PageSep{106} Take the couples $(1, 3)$ and $(2, 0)$ and consider the equation \\[ (2, 0) × (1, 3) = (2, 6)\\Add{.} \\] \\Figure{11}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "106", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00265", "bookId": 41568, "start": 148531, "end": 149025, "sha256": "01a2e99f48907237f33781b7ffe56acbf8f88d45b622e4a74f6fe6e4578a68ba", "text": "In the diagram (\\Fig[fig.]{11}) the vector~$OP$ represents~$(1, 3)$, and the vector~$ON$ represents~$(2, 0)$, and the vector~$OQ$ represents~$(2, 6)$. Thus the product $(2, 0) × (1, 3)$ is found geometrically by taking the length of the vector~$OQ$ to be the product of the lengths of the vectors $OP$ and~$ON$, and (in this case) by producing $OP$ to~$Q$ to be of the required length. Again, consider the product $(0, 2) × (1, 3)$, we have \\[ (0, 2) × (1, 3) = (-6, 2)\\Add{.} \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "106", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00266", "bookId": 41568, "start": 149029, "end": 149593, "sha256": "9cea49be84d425e978a7417d2d28fc170971f3ca61b464beb946fc07c44d015c", "text": "The vector~$ON_{1}$, corresponds to~$(0, 2)$ and the vector~$OR$ to~$(-6,2)$. Thus $OR$ which \\PageSep{107} represents the new product is at right angles to~$OQ$ and of the same length. Notice that we have the same law regulating the length of~$OQ$ as in the previous case, namely, that its length is the product of the lengths of the two vectors which are multiplied together; but now that we have $ON_{1}$ along the ``ordinate'' axis~$OY$, instead of $ON$ along the ``abscissa'' axis~$OX$, the direction of~$OP$ has been turned through a right-angle.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "107", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00267", "bookId": 41568, "start": 149597, "end": 150598, "sha256": "31eaf4411bd222da30888681f2a2c58b3c0cad1045b46cec5fd056a6199b996f", "text": "Hitherto in these examples of multiplication we have looked on the vector~$OP$ as modified by the vectors $ON$ and~$ON_{1}$. We shall get a clue to the general law for the direction by inverting the way of thought, and by thinking of the vectors $ON$ and~$ON_{1}$ as modified by the vector~$OP$. The law for the length remains unaffected; the resultant length is the length of the product of the two vectors. The new direction for the enlarged~$ON$ (\\ie~$OQ$) is found by rotating it in the (anti-clockwise) direction of rotation from $OX$ towards~$OY$ through an angle equal to the angle~$XOP$: it is an accident of this particular case that this rotation makes $OQ$ lie along the line~$OP$. Again consider the product of $ON_{1}$ and~$OP$; the new direction for the enlarged~$ON_{1}$ (\\ie~$OR$) is found by rotating~$ON$ in the anti-clockwise direction of rotation through an angle equal to the angle~$XOP$, namely, the angle~$N_{1}OR$ is equal to the angle~$XOP$. \\PageSep{108}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "108", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00268", "bookId": 41568, "start": 150602, "end": 150719, "sha256": "549fd52d1e1187e5aa007dcbbbfb065fd5d8390083b36a23aa6ed5619ee0146c", "text": "The general rule for the geometrical representation of multiplication can now be enunciated thus: \\Figure[3in]{12}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "108", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00269", "bookId": 41568, "start": 150723, "end": 150954, "sha256": "72c736957809b3d719b7f6dd1b1745c744eeb440ebd5a594916a8b3e5ae94d69", "text": "The product of the two vectors $OP$ and~$OQ$ is a vector~$OR$, whose length is the product of the lengths of $OP$ and~$OQ$ and whose direction~$OR$ is such that the angle~$XOR$ is equal to the sum of the angles $XOP$ and~$XOQ$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "108", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00270", "bookId": 41568, "start": 150958, "end": 151242, "sha256": "2f9440df6f9a30c0fe6bb660e6284c1a0ce2ae06e8e4f48efd028d7574bebb2c", "text": "Hence we can conceive the vector~$OP$ as making the vector~$OQ$ rotate through an angle~$XOP$ (\\ie\\ $\\text{the angle } QOR = \\text{the angle } XOP$), or the vector~$OQ$ as making the vector~$OP$ rotate through the angle~$XOQ$ (\\ie $\\text{the angle } POR = \\text{the angle } XOQ$).", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "108", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00271", "bookId": 41568, "start": 151246, "end": 151705, "sha256": "c25b8dde9bcc09cd2e172fac636c5319be2599747a8a651a3fd2909f2a4d7bb6", "text": "We do not prove this general law, as we \\PageSep{109} should thereby be led into more technical processes of mathematics than falls within the design of this book. But now we can immediately see that the associative law [numbered~\\Eq{(\\gamma)} above] for multiplication is satisfied. Consider first the length of the resultant vector; this is got by the ordinary process of multiplication for real numbers; and thus the associative law holds for it.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "109", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00272", "bookId": 41568, "start": 151709, "end": 151847, "sha256": "162b621e258d6cc9c2b2d7f032dc0594677f5f4010b011c4c02ba89ad4e3a4b8", "text": "Again, the direction of the resultant vector is got by the mere addition of angles, and the associative law holds for this process also.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "109", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00273", "bookId": 41568, "start": 151851, "end": 152163, "sha256": "e94d9516e69fdc3a9ada50819d6fd4c6b745afc4fdea42f87b001d88e0a852b5", "text": "So much for multiplication. We have now rapidly indicated, by considering addition and multiplication, how an algebra or ``calculus'' of vectors in one plane can be constructed, which is such that any two vectors in the plane can be added, or subtracted, and can be multiplied, or divided one by the other.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "109", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00274", "bookId": 41568, "start": 152167, "end": 152691, "sha256": "1b5a0aa2721f724396b2526130325ae832f0e22abe8b4ca85336a214b86d50ad", "text": "We have not considered the technical details of all these processes because it would lead us too far into mathematical details; but we have shown the general mode of procedure. When we are interpreting our algebraic symbols in this way, we are said to be employing ``imaginary quantities'' or ``complex \\index{Complex Quantities}% \\index{Imaginary Quantities}% quantities.'' These terms are mere details, and we have far too much to think about to stop to enquire whether they are or are not very happily chosen.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "109", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00275", "bookId": 41568, "start": 152695, "end": 153211, "sha256": "9a66af578d6d5e978040144e3f750c785c02b08015efc4b51486dd1983fedb0c", "text": "%[** TN: [sic] \"nett\", variant spelling] The nett result of our investigations is that \\PageSep{110} any equations like $x + 3 = 2$ or $(x + 3)^{2} = -2$ can now always be interpreted into terms of vectors, and solutions found for them. In seeking for such interpretations it is well to note that $3$~becomes $(3, 0)$, and $-2$~becomes $(-2, 0)$, and $x$~becomes the ``unknown'' couple $(u, v)$: so the two equations become respectively $(u, v) + (3, 0) = (2, 0)$, and $\\{(u, v) + (3, 0)\\}^{2} = (-2, 0)$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "110", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00276", "bookId": 41568, "start": 153215, "end": 154289, "sha256": "23d76fef5a526455f536f33c4682c8b14df0f921f8aa7571e5f0b66ddf787e1e", "text": "We have now completely solved the initial difficulties which caught our eye as soon as we considered even the elements of algebra. The science as it emerges from the solution is much more complex in ideas than that with which we started. We have, in fact, created a new and entirely different science, which will serve all the purposes for which the old science was invented and many more in addition. But, before we can congratulate ourselves on this result to our labours, we must allay a suspicion which ought by this time to have arisen in the mind of the student. The question which the reader ought to be asking himself is: Where is all this invention of new interpretations going to end? It is true that we have succeeded in interpreting algebra so as always to be able to solve a quadratic equation like $x^{2} - 2x + 4 = 0$; but there are an endless number of other equations, for example, $x^{3} - 2x + 4 = 0$, $x^{4} + x^{3} + 2 = 0$, and so on without limit. Have we got to make a \\PageSep{111} new science whenever a new equation appears?", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "111", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00277", "bookId": 41568, "start": 154293, "end": 155170, "sha256": "6e5e8e14ecd33f65e99139d978a55e8c988ac578750b56aaa59c07cacff5b380", "text": "Now, if this were the case, the whole of our preceding investigations, though to some minds they might be amusing, would in truth be of very trifling importance. But the great fact, which has made modern analysis possible, is that, by the aid of this calculus of vectors, every formula which arises can receive its proper interpretation; and the ``unknown'' quantity in every equation can be shown to indicate some vector. Thus the science is now complete in itself as far as its fundamental ideas are concerned. It was receiving its final form about the same time as when the steam engine was being perfected, and will remain a great and powerful weapon for the achievement of the victory of thought over things when curious specimens of that machine repose in museums in company with the helmets and breastplates of a slightly earlier epoch. \\PageSep{112}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "VIII: Imaginary Numbers (\\textit{C\\MakeLowercase{ontinued", "printedPageHint": "112", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00278", "bookId": 41568, "start": 155176, "end": 155209, "sha256": "dd89a038f4701229d7fcbfc3b91908b72e78c34569c3be49889d83a17e7885cf", "text": "\\Chapter{IX}{Coordinate Geometry}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "112", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00279", "bookId": 41568, "start": 155213, "end": 155712, "sha256": "141d064f21f880cd1a62468c2da945fe62c6019ac82ac79cc879766a9872f413", "text": "\\First{The} methods and ideas of coordinate geometry \\index{Coordinate Geometry|EtSeq}% have already been employed in the previous chapters. It is now time for us to consider them more closely for their own sake; and in doing so we shall strengthen our hold on other ideas to which we have attained. In the present and succeeding chapters we will go back to the idea of the positive and negative real numbers and will ignore the imaginaries which were introduced in the last two chapters.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "112", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00280", "bookId": 41568, "start": 155716, "end": 157287, "sha256": "3caaf4889bf87588dea5e9232faf6bf3e1aa7b3d2e9a0dfc89fd63d0ae27b929", "text": "We have been perpetually using the idea that, by taking two axes, $XOX'$ and~$YOY'$, in a plane, any point~$P$ in that plane can be determined in position by a pair of positive or negative numbers $x$ and~$y$, where (\\Chg{cf.}{\\cf}\\ \\Fig[fig.]{13}) $x$~is the length~$OM$ and $y$~is the length~$PM$. This conception, simple as it looks, is the main idea of the great subject of coordinate geometry. Its discovery marks a momentous epoch in the history of mathematical thought. It is due (as has been \\PageSep{113} already said) to the philosopher Descartes, \\index{Descartes}% and occurred to him as an important mathematical method one morning as he lay in bed. Philosophers, when they have possessed a thorough knowledge of mathematics, have been among those who have enriched the \\Figure{13} science with some of its best ideas. On the other hand it must be said that, with hardly an exception, all the remarks on mathematics made by those philosophers who have possessed but a slight or hasty and late-acquired knowledge of it are entirely worthless, being either trivial or wrong. The fact is a curious one; since the ultimate ideas of mathematics \\PageSep{114} seem, after all, to be very simple, almost childishly so, and to lie well within the province of philosophical thought. Probably their very simplicity is the cause of error; we are not used to think about such simple abstract things, and a long training is necessary to secure even a partial immunity from error as soon as we diverge from the beaten track of thought.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "113", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00281", "bookId": 41568, "start": 157291, "end": 158507, "sha256": "9b4983217a1b0935a0b4b905cc72df3cb2c1166de445c7ef2af38c9e29426300", "text": "The discovery of coordinate geometry, and also that of projective geometry about the same time, illustrate another fact which is being continually verified in the history of knowledge, namely, that some of the greatest discoveries are to be made among the most well-known topics. By the time that the seventeenth century had arrived, geometry had already been studied for over two thousand years, even if we date its rise with the Greeks. Euclid, taught in the University of Alexandria, \\index{Euclid}% being born about 330~\\BC; and he only systematized and extended the work of a long series of predecessors, some of them men of genius. After him generation after generation of mathematicians laboured at the improvement of the subject. Nor did the subject suffer from that fatal bar to progress, namely, that its study was confined to a narrow group of men of similar origin and outlook---quite the contrary was the case; by the seventeenth century it had passed \\PageSep{115} through the minds of Egyptians and Greeks, of Arabs and of Germans. And yet, after all this labour devoted to it through so many ages by such diverse minds its most important secrets were yet to be discovered.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "115", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00282", "bookId": 41568, "start": 158511, "end": 159687, "sha256": "f04cd53d3c76d1c95382b7046ca8d581fba85f2f589ac711531df4cb430f7b58", "text": "No one can have studied even the elements of elementary geometry without feeling the lack of some guiding method. Every proposition has to be proved by a fresh display of ingenuity; and a science for which this is true lacks the great requisite of scientific thought, namely, method. Now the especial point of coordinate geometry is that for the first time it introduced method. The remote deductions of a mathematical science are not of primary theoretical importance. The science has not been perfected, until it consists in essence of the exhibition of great allied methods by which information, on any desired topic which falls within its scope, can easily be obtained. The growth of a science is not primarily in bulk, but in ideas; and the more the ideas grow, the fewer are the deductions which it is worth while to write down. Unfortunately, mathematics is always encumbered by the repetition in text-books of numberless subsidiary propositions, whose importance has been lost by their absorption into the role of particular cases of more general truths---and, as we have already insisted, generality is the soul of mathematics. \\PageSep{116}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "116", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00283", "bookId": 41568, "start": 159691, "end": 160530, "sha256": "45ef78476141ae885e1f6a03ae0432092acd0f2ec3d7e2bae2bf18d9dd5d83fe", "text": "Again, coordinate geometry illustrates another feature of mathematics which has already been pointed out, namely, that mathematical sciences as they develop dovetail into each other, and share the same ideas in common. It is not too much to say that the various branches of mathematics undergo a perpetual process of generalization, and that as they become generalized, they coalesce. Here again the reason springs from the very nature of the science, its generality, that is to say, from the fact that the science deals with the general truths which apply to all things in virtue of their very existence as things. In this connection the interest of coordinate geometry lies in the fact that it relates together geometry, which started as the science of space, and algebra, which has its origin in the science of number.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "116", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00284", "bookId": 41568, "start": 160534, "end": 162626, "sha256": "c28b3af67ae088cf5c3e6a102250aaf839d64040272af9fd458d489736bc55c8", "text": "Let us now recall the main ideas of the two sciences, and then see how they are related by Descartes' method of coordinates. Take \\index{Descartes}% algebra in the first place. We will not trouble ourselves about the imaginaries and will think merely of the real numbers with positive or negative signs. The fundamental idea is that of any number, the variable number, which is denoted by a letter and not by any definite numeral. We then proceed to the consideration of correlations between variables. For example, if $x$ and~$y$ are two variables, \\PageSep{117} we may conceive them as correlated by the equations $x + y = 1$, or by $x - y = 1$, or in any one of an indefinite number of other ways. This at once leads to the application of the \\index{Form, Algebraic}% idea of algebraic form. We think, in fact, of any correlation of some interesting type, thus rising from the initial conception of variable numbers to the secondary conception of variable correlations of numbers. Thus we generalize the correlation $x + y = 1$, into the correlation $ax + by = c$. Here $a$~and $b$ and~$c$, being letters, stand for any numbers and are in fact themselves variables. But they are the variables which determine the variable correlation; and the correlation, when determined, correlates the variable numbers $x$ and~$y$. Variables, like $a$,~$b$, and~$c$ above, which are used to determine the correlation are called ``constants,'' or parameters. The use \\index{Constants}% \\index{Parameters}% of the term ``constant'' in this connection for what is really a variable may seem at first sight to be odd; but it is really very natural. For the mathematical investigation is concerned with the relation between the variables $x$ and~$y$, after $a$,~$b$,~$c$ are supposed to have been determined. So in a sense, relatively to $x$ and~$y$, the ``constants'' $a$,~$b$, and~$c$ are constants. Thus $ax + by = c$ stands for the general example of a certain algebraic form, that is, for a variable correlation belonging to a certain class. \\PageSep{118}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "117", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00285", "bookId": 41568, "start": 162630, "end": 162817, "sha256": "0386c3ab2c10939a92b804e2361c2d9fb018340100905b90a5c49b0f22c23761", "text": "Again we generalize $x^{2} + y^{2} = 1$ into $ax^{2} + by^{2} = c$, or still further into $ax^{2} + 2hxy + by^{2} = c$, or, still further, into $ax^{2} + 2hxy + by^{2} + 2gx + 2fy = c$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "117", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00286", "bookId": 41568, "start": 162821, "end": 162923, "sha256": "85d81b733654bcde1d8944b2a31f34e8af79a36f544e73aee67399c0827b6bca", "text": "Here again we are led to variable correlations which are indicated by their various algebraic forms.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "117", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00287", "bookId": 41568, "start": 162927, "end": 163636, "sha256": "9819628f1ff3ab3f335f21c3db8e33a2d037b0b9e3665121387e5a32fa649840", "text": "Now let us turn to geometry. The name of the science at once recalls to our minds the thought of figures and diagrams exhibiting triangles and rectangles and squares and circles, all in special relations to each other. The study of the simple properties of these figures is the subject matter of elementary geometry, as it is rightly presented to the beginner. Yet a moment's thought will show that this is not the true conception of the subject. It may be right for a child to commence his geometrical reasoning on shapes, like triangles and squares, which he has cut out with scissors. What, however, is a triangle? It is a figure marked out and bounded by three bits of three straight lines.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "117", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00288", "bookId": 41568, "start": 163640, "end": 164284, "sha256": "5e986dc3792f957bf19ab4f0288070944fba56a96a882b127cd31030f6885104", "text": "Now the boundary of spaces by bits of lines is a very complicated idea, and not at all one which gives any hope of exhibiting the simple general conceptions which should form the bones of the subject. We want something more simple and more general. It is this obsession with the wrong initial ideas---very natural and good ideas for the creation \\PageSep{119} of first thoughts on the subject---which was the cause of the comparative sterility of the study of the science during so many centuries. Coordinate geometry, and Descartes its inventor, must have the credit of disclosing the true simple objects for geometrical thought.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "119", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00289", "bookId": 41568, "start": 164288, "end": 165387, "sha256": "37cef18d6d7ad339a1dcf65048fd5c675519ce7f0ac80be4f7b07b6b24a95702", "text": "In the place of a bit of a straight line, let us think of the whole of a straight line throughout its unending length in both directions. This is the sort of general idea from which to start our geometrical investigations. The Greeks never seem to have found any use for this conception which is now fundamental in all modern geometrical thought. Euclid always contemplates a straight line as drawn between two definite points, and is very careful to mention when it is to be produced beyond this segment. He never thinks of the line as an entity given once for all as a whole. This careful definition and limitation, so as to exclude an infinity not immediately apparent to the senses, was very characteristic of the Greeks in all their many activities. It is enshrined in the difference between Greek architecture and Gothic architecture, and between the Greek religion and the modern religion. The spire on a Gothic cathedral and the importance of the unbounded straight line in modern geometry are both emblematic of the transformation of the modern world. \\PageSep{120}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "120", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00290", "bookId": 41568, "start": 165391, "end": 166787, "sha256": "45651302805ff76834420d0044b06e2b3efd446379f778dc2f6248e83ceb97ce", "text": "The straight line, considered as a whole, is accordingly the root idea from which modern geometry starts. But then other sorts of lines occur to us, and we arrive at the conception of the complete curve which at every point of it exhibits some uniform characteristic, just as the straight line exhibits at all points the characteristic of straightness. For example, there is the circle which \\index{Circle}% at all points exhibits the characteristic of being at a given distance from its centre, and again there is the ellipse, which is an oval \\index{Ellipse}% curve, such that the sum of the two distances of any point on it from two fixed points, called \\index{Focus}% its \\emph{foci}, is constant for all points on the curve. It is evident that a circle is merely a particular case of an ellipse when the two foci are superposed in the same point; for then the sum of the two distances is merely twice the radius of the circle. The ancients knew the properties of the ellipse and the circle and, of course, considered them as wholes. For example, Euclid never starts with mere segments (\\ie,~bits) of circles, which are then prolonged. He always considers the whole circle as described. It is unfortunate that the circle is not the true fundamental line in geometry, so that his defective consideration of the straight line might have been of less consequence.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "120", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00291", "bookId": 41568, "start": 166791, "end": 167590, "sha256": "bba21771e43cdf489306faaa572a8cdff5a5baa75428acb8a6f42b13660aa8ef", "text": "This general idea of a curve which at any \\PageSep{121} \\index{Locus|EtSeq}% point of it exhibits some uniform property is expressed in geometry by the term ``locus.'' A locus is the curve (or surface, if we do not confine ourselves to a plane) formed by points, all of which possess some given property. To every property in relation to each other which points can have, there corresponds some locus, which consists of all the points possessing the property. In investigating the properties of a locus considered as a whole, we consider \\emph{any} point or points on the locus. Thus in geometry we again meet with the fundamental idea of the variable. Furthermore, in classifying loci under such headings as straight lines, circles, ellipses, etc., we again find the idea of form.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "121", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00292", "bookId": 41568, "start": 167594, "end": 168000, "sha256": "aefcedc4bfb286db3efa37096731b1740dbd74a7b90e5b2b863b2adcf9facbb8", "text": "Accordingly, as in algebra we are concerned with variable numbers, correlations between variable numbers, and the classification of correlations into types by the idea of algebraic form; so in geometry we are concerned with variable points, variable points satisfying some condition so as form to a locus, and the classification of \\emph{loci} into types by the idea of conditions of the same form.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "121", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00293", "bookId": 41568, "start": 168004, "end": 169410, "sha256": "846602e88991ca182f952c487a98d60a1541932403342afaddff696c8534b8cc", "text": "Now, the essence of coordinate geometry is the identification of the algebraic correlation with the geometrical locus. The point on a plane is represented in algebra by its two coordinates, $x$~and~$y$, and the condition satisfied by any point on the locus is represented \\PageSep{122} by the corresponding correlation between $x$~and~$y$. Finally to correlations expressible in some general algebraic form, such as $ax + by = c$, there correspond loci of some general type, whose geometrical conditions are all of the same form. We have thus arrived at a position where we can effect a complete interchange in ideas and results between the two sciences. Each science throws light on the other, and itself gains immeasurably in power. It is impossible not to feel stirred at the thought of the emotions of men at certain historic moments of adventure and discovery---Columbus \\index{Columbus}% when he first saw the Western shore, Pizarro when he stared at the Pacific \\index{Pizarro}% Ocean, Franklin when the electric spark came \\index{Franklin}% from the string of his kite, Galileo when he \\index{Galileo}% first turned his telescope to the heavens. Such moments are also granted to students in the abstract regions of thought, and high among them must be placed the morning when Descartes lay in bed and invented the method \\index{Descartes}% of coordinate geometry.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "122", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00294", "bookId": 41568, "start": 169414, "end": 170445, "sha256": "44f9dc6c8171bb36045e6c928fe432654ee8ac39b1acf5a0ac79b10b2c388aa7", "text": "When one has once grasped the idea of coordinate geometry, the immediate question which starts to the mind is, What sort of loci correspond to the well-known algebraic forms? For example, the simplest among the general types of algebraic forms is $ax + by = c$. The sort of locus which corresponds \\PageSep{123} to this is a straight line, and conversely to every straight line there corresponds an equation of this form. It is fortunate that the simplest among the geometrical loci should correspond to the simplest among the algebraic forms. Indeed, it is this general correspondence of geometrical and algebraic simplicity which gives to the whole subject its power. It springs from the fact that the connection between geometry and algebra is not casual and artificial, but deep-seated and essential. The equation which corresponds to a locus is called the equation ``of'' (or ``to'') the locus. Some examples of equations of straight lines will illustrate the subject. \\Figure[3.75in]{14} \\PageSep{124}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "123", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00295", "bookId": 41568, "start": 170449, "end": 171211, "sha256": "8050440f8ca42a4f4b1b5cb0b3893197a4199fb45f28dd7d62648ec284602f8b", "text": "Consider $y - x = 0$; here the $a$,~$b$, and~$c$, of the general form have been replaced by $-1$,~$1$, and $0$ respectively. This line passes through the ``origin,''~$O$, in the diagram and bisects the angle~$XOY$. It is the line~$L'OL$ of the diagram. The fact that it passes through the origin,~$O$, is easily seen by observing that the equation is satisfied by putting $x = 0$ and $y = 0$ simultaneously, but $0$~and~$0$ are the coordinates of~$O$. In fact it is easy to generalize and to see by the same method that the equation of any line through the origin is of the form $ax + by = 0$. The locus of\\Typo{}{ the} equation $y + x = 0$ also passes through the origin and bisects the angle~$X'OY$: it is the line~$L_{1}OL_{1}'$ of the diagram.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "123", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00296", "bookId": 41568, "start": 171215, "end": 171944, "sha256": "c14634ef1ff9089ce14f69307e35cdf9d2e953fbe5985cad54c5006ed19c90df", "text": "Consider $y - x = 1$: the corresponding locus does not pass through the origin. We therefore seek where it cuts the axes. It must cut the axis of~$x$ at some point of coordinates $x$~and~$0$. But putting $y = 0$ in the equation, we get $x = -1$; so the coordinates of this point~$(A)$ are $1$~and~$0$. Similarly the point~$(B)$ where the line cuts the axis~$OY$ are $0$~and~$1$. The locus is the line~$AB$ in the figure and is parallel to~$LOL'$. Similarly $y + x = 1$ is the equation of line~$A_{1}B$ of the figure; and the locus is parallel to~$L_{1}OL_{1}'$. It is easy to prove the general theorem that two lines represented by equations of the forms $ax + by = 0$ and $ax + by = c$ are parallel. \\PageSep{125}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "125", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00297", "bookId": 41568, "start": 171948, "end": 172148, "sha256": "aa586f0f32b37601e7b10e02d2963a6e58695c23caa16d2449eab3fd0eda5afa", "text": "The group of loci which we next come upon are sufficiently important to deserve a chapter to themselves. But before going on to them we will dwell a little longer on the main ideas of the subject.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "125", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00298", "bookId": 41568, "start": 172152, "end": 174267, "sha256": "34c068386b08da8e8309be9c49cbeca17a42424e7ad2ddd51e3ece352c45dc40", "text": "The position of any point~$P$ is determined by arbitrarily choosing an origin,~$O$, two axes, \\index{Axes}% $OX$~and~$OY$, at right-angles, and then by noting its coordinates $x$~and~$y$, \\ie\\ $OM$ and~$PM$ (\\cf\\ \\Fig[fig.]{13}). Also, as we have seen in the last chapter, $P$~can be determined by the ``vector''~$OP$, where the idea of the vector includes a determinate direction as well as a determinate length. From an abstract mathematical point of view the idea of an arbitrary origin may appear artificial and clumsy, and similarly for the arbitrarily drawn axes, $OX$~and~$OY$. But in relation to the application of mathematics to the event of the Universe we are here symbolizing with direct simplicity the most fundamental fact respecting the outlook on the world afforded to us by our senses. We each of us refer our sensible perceptions of things to an origin which we call ``here'': our location in a particular part of space round which we group the whole Universe is the essential fact of our bodily existence. We can imagine beings who observe all phenomena in all space with an equal eye, unbiassed in favour of any part. With us it is otherwise, a cat at our \\PageSep{126} feet claims more attention than an earthquake at Cape Horn, or than the destruction of a world in the Milky Way. It is true that in making a common stock of our knowledge with our fellowmen, we have to waive something of the strict egoism of our own individual ``here.'' We substitute ``nearly here'' for ``here''; thus we measure miles from the town hall of the nearest town, or from the capital of the country. In measuring the earth, men of science will put the origin at the earth's centre; astronomers \\index{Origin}% even rise to the extreme altruism of putting their origin inside the sun. But, far as this last origin may be, and even if we go further to some convenient point amid the nearer fixed stars, yet, compared to the immeasurable infinities of space, it remains true that our first procedure in exploring the Universe is to fix upon an origin ``nearly here.''", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "126", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00299", "bookId": 41568, "start": 174271, "end": 175102, "sha256": "0c8c50467ddd7c7910aad1a250b91668f4ff293e337efbe2530bd3aa595203d5", "text": "Again the relation of the coordinates $OM$ and~$MP$ (\\ie\\ $x$~and~$y$) to the vector~$OP$ is an instance of the famous parallelogram law, as \\index{Parallelogram Law}% can easily be seen (\\cf\\ \\Fig[fig.]{8}) by completing the parallelogram~$OMPN$. The idea of the ``vector''~$OP$, that is, of a directed magnitude, is the root-idea of physical science. Any moving body has a certain magnitude of velocity in a certain direction, that is to say, its velocity is a directed magnitude, a vector. Again a force has a certain magnitude \\PageSep{127} and has a definite direction. Thus, when in analytical geometry the ideas of the ``origin,'' of ``coordinates,'' and of ``vectors'' are introduced, we are studying the abstract conceptions which correspond to the fundamental facts of the physical world. \\PageSep{128}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "IX: Coordinate Geometry", "printedPageHint": "127", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00300", "bookId": 41568, "start": 175108, "end": 175135, "sha256": "3ec99a6501816bd70181a91c93d76bdb0dbd903dea6af9fd73ba29a822b94e1b", "text": "\\Chapter{X}{Conic Sections}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "127", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00301", "bookId": 41568, "start": 175139, "end": 177283, "sha256": "6cfe21cd5206e22b2ea706943779b749d818e469b1b0727efe26bcb4d3fafdd5", "text": "\\First{When} the Greek geometers had exhausted, \\index{Conic Sections|EtSeq}% as they thought, the more obvious and interesting properties of figures made up of straight lines and circles, they turned to the study of other curves; and, with their almost infallible instinct for hitting upon things worth thinking about, they chiefly devoted themselves to conic sections, that is, to the curves in which planes would cut the surfaces of circular cones. The man who must have the credit of inventing the study is Menaechmus (born 375~\\BC\\ and \\index{Menaechmus}% died 325~\\BC); he was a pupil of Plato and one of the tutors of Alexander the Great. Alexander, by the by, is a conspicuous \\index{Alexander the Great}% example of the advantages of good tuition, for another of his tutors was the philosopher Aristotle. We may suspect that \\index{Aristotle}% Alexander found Menaechmus rather a dull teacher, for it is related that he asked for the \\PageSep{129} proofs to be made shorter. It was to this request that Menaechmus replied: ``In the \\index{Menaechmus}% country there are private and even royal roads, but in geometry there is only one road for all.'' This reply no doubt was true enough in the sense in which it would have been immediately understood by Alexander. But if Menaechmus thought that his proofs could not be shortened, he was grievously mistaken; and most modern mathematicians would be horribly bored, if they were compelled to study the Greek proofs of the properties of conic sections. Nothing illustrates better the gain in power which is obtained by the introduction of relevant ideas into a science than to observe the progressive shortening of proofs which accompanies the growth of richness in idea. There is a certain type of mathematician who is always rather impatient at delaying over the ideas of a subject: he is anxious at once to get on to the proofs of ``important'' problems. The history of the science is entirely against him. There are royal roads in science; but those who first tread them are men of genius and \\index{Alexander the Great}% not kings.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "129", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00302", "bookId": 41568, "start": 177287, "end": 178339, "sha256": "b6c68479dceeed6bba4cb1dcfdfb2ab78d309409ffc91432d72061666c679e29", "text": "The way in which conic sections first presented themselves to mathematicians was as follows: think of a cone (\\cf\\ \\Fig[fig.]{15}), whose vertex (or point) is~$V$, standing on a circular base~$STU$. For example, a conical shade to \\PageSep{130} an electric light is often an example of such a surface. Now let the ``generating'' lines which pass through~$V$ and lie on the surface be all produced backwards; the result is a double cone, and $PQR$~is another circular cross section on the opposite side of~$V$ to the cross section~$STU$. The axis of the cone~$CVC'$ passes through all the centres of these circles and is perpendicular to their planes, which are parallel to each other. In the diagram the parts of the curves which are supposed to lie behind the plane of the paper are dotted lines, and the parts on the plane or in front of it are continuous lines. Now suppose this double cone is cut by a plane not perpendicular to the axis~$CVC'$, or at least not necessarily perpendicular to it. Then three cases can arise:---", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "130", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00303", "bookId": 41568, "start": 178343, "end": 178845, "sha256": "6753788c56201863bf6dc672cfb03f039bf666bc76f3c49a4ea1efac834258b5", "text": "(1) The plane may cut the cone in a closed \\index{Ellipse|EtSeq}% oval curve, such as~$ABA'B'$ which lies entirely on one of the two half-cones. In this case the plane will not meet the other half-cone at all. Such a curve is called an ellipse; it is an oval curve. A particular case of such a section of the cone is when the plane is perpendicular to the axis~$CVC'$, then the section, such as $STU$ or $PQR$, is a circle. Hence a \\index{Circle}% circle is a particular case of the ellipse.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "130", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00304", "bookId": 41568, "start": 178849, "end": 179400, "sha256": "573438ac9fb4de2ed8b8f1ceac27840c93192e797ed661241334aa8edd156e60", "text": "(2) The plane may be parallelled to a tangent plane touching the cone along one of its ``generating'' lines as for example the plane of the \\PageSep{131} \\index{Parabola|EtSeq}% curve $D_{1}A_{1}D_{1}'$ in the diagram is parallel to the tangent plane touching the cone along the generating line~$VS$; the curve is still confined to one of the half-cones, but it is now not a closed oval curve, it goes on endlessly as long as the generating lines of the half-cone are produced away from the vertex. Such a conic section is called parabola.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "131", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00305", "bookId": 41568, "start": 179404, "end": 179866, "sha256": "0ddf3cca2db0b6d31865849154b44b7beda9ba289fd87a74253c157484d05997", "text": "(3) The plane may cut both the half-cones, \\index{Hyperbola|EtSeq}% so that the complete curve consists of two detached portions, or ``branches'' as they are called, this case is illustrated by the two branches $G_{2}A_{2}G_{2}'$ and $L_{2}A_{2}'L_{2}'$ which together make up the curve. Neither branch is closed, each of them spreading out endlessly as the two half-cones are prolonged away from the vertex. Such a conic section is called a hyperbola.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "131", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00306", "bookId": 41568, "start": 179870, "end": 180458, "sha256": "e56d6b69eb75ddbad94fdf964283e5e3361a7bc4cc05f5a4d07b8df275b33024", "text": "There are accordingly three types of conic sections, namely, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas. It is easy to see that, in a sense, parabolas are limiting cases lying between ellipses and hyperbolas. They form a more special sort and have to satisfy a more particular condition. These three names are apparently due to Apollonius of Perga (born \\index{Apollonius of Perga}% about 260~\\BC, and died about 200~\\BC), who wrote a systematic treatise on conic sections which remained the standard work till the sixteenth century. %[** TN: Moved to top of paragraph] \\Figure{15}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "131", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00307", "bookId": 41568, "start": 180462, "end": 182420, "sha256": "19de9915cf37a2bf37aaebc419862ed043f30d8178357fd3db922c413c12f9a0", "text": "It must at once be apparent how awkward \\PageSep{132} and difficult the investigation of the properties of these curves must have been to the Greek geometers. The curves are plane curves, and yet their investigation involves the drawing in perspective of a solid figure. Thus in the diagram given above we have practically drawn no subsidiary lines and yet the figure is sufficiently complicated. The \\PageSep{133} curves are plane curves, and it seems obvious that we should be able to define them without \\Figure{16} going beyond the plane into a solid figure. At the same time, just as in the ``solid'' \\Figure[2.5in]{17} definition there is one uniform method of definition---namely, the section of a cone by \\PageSep{134} a plane---which yields three cases, so in any ``plane'' definition there also should be one uniform method of procedure which falls into three cases. Their shapes when drawn on their planes are those of the curved lines in the three figures \\FigNum{16},~\\FigNum{17}, and~\\FigNum{18}. The points $A$~and~$A'$ in the figures are called %[** TN: Labels A, A', M, and line PM added to match the text] \\Figure[4in]{18} the vertices and the line~$AA'$ the major axis. It will be noted that a parabola (\\cf\\ \\Fig[fig.]{17}) \\index{Apollonius of Perga}% \\index{Vertex}% has only one vertex. Apollonius proved\\footnote {\\Chg{Cf.}{\\Cf}\\ Ball, \\Foreign{loc.\\ cit.}, for this account of Apollonius and Pappus.} that the ratio of $PM^{2}$ to $AM·MA'$ $\\left(\\ie\\ \\dfrac{PM^{2}}{AM·\\Typo{MA}{MA'}}\\right)$ remains constant both for the ellipse and the hyperbola (figs.\\ \\FigNum{16} and \\FigNum{18}), and that the ratio \\PageSep{135} of $PM^{2}$ to~$AM$ is constant for the parabola of \\Fig[fig.]{17}; and he bases most of his work on this fact. We are evidently advancing towards the desired uniform definition which does not go out of the plane; but have not yet quite attained to uniformity.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "132", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00308", "bookId": 41568, "start": 182424, "end": 183063, "sha256": "eb53843875b863926d482f0b0aa8a022cfe8799ef33d28600d20a2092748dfaf", "text": "In the diagrams \\FigNum{16} and~\\FigNum{18}, two points, $S$ and~$S'$, will be seen marked, and in \\Fig[diagram]{17} one point,~$S$. These are the \\emph{foci} of the curves, and are points of the greatest importance. Apollonius knew that for an ellipse the sum of $SP$ and~$S'P$ (\\ie\\ $SP + S'P$) is constant as $P$~moves on the curve, and is equal to~$AA'$. Similarly for a hyperbola the difference $S'P - SP$ is constant, and equal to~$AA'$ when $P$~is on one branch, and the difference $SP' - S'P'$ is constant and equal to~$AA'$ when $P'$~is on the other branch. But no corresponding point seemed to exist for the parabola.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "132", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00309", "bookId": 41568, "start": 183067, "end": 184232, "sha256": "30f780844c4ec3b030ad6d4777a0d43fddb7b887a752f34b1bce328b56cd1386", "text": "Finally $500$~years later the last great Greek geometer, Pappus of Alexandria, discovered \\index{Pappus}% the final secret which completed this line of thought. In the diagrams \\FigNum{16} and~\\FigNum{18} will be seen two lines, $XN$~and~$X'N'$, and in \\Fig[diagram]{17} the single line,~$XN$. These are the directrices of the curves, two each for the ellipse and the hyperbola, and one for the parabola. Each directrix corresponds to its nearer focus. \\index{Directrix}% \\index{Focus}% The characteristic property of a focus,~$S$, and its corresponding directrix,~$XN$, for any one of the three types of curve, is that the ratio \\PageSep{136} $SP$ to~$PN$ $\\left(\\ie\\ \\dfrac{SP}{PN}\\right)$ is constant, where $PN$~is the perpendicular on the directrix from~$P$, and $P$~is any point on the curve. Here we have finally found the desired property of the curves which does not require us to leave the plane, and is stated uniformly for all three curves. For ellipses the ratio\\footnote {\\Chg{Cf.}{\\Cf}\\ Note~B, \\Pageref{noteB}.\\Pagelabel{136}} is less than~$1$, for parabolas it is equal to~$1$, and for hyperbolas it is greater than~$1$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "136", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00310", "bookId": 41568, "start": 184236, "end": 185266, "sha256": "86c6105ffb926a16617dad9bb8686f7f6b9c4ad6b337ad88765966e6c67b20f8", "text": "When Pappus had finished his investigations, \\index{Pappus}% he must have felt that, apart from minor extensions, the subject was practically exhausted; and if he could have foreseen the history of science for more than a thousand years, it would have confirmed his belief. Yet in truth the really fruitful ideas in connection with this branch of mathematics had not yet been even touched on, and no one had guessed their supremely important applications in nature. No more impressive warning can be given to those who would confine knowledge and research to what is apparently useful, than the reflection that conic sections were studied for eighteen hundred years merely as an abstract science, without a thought of any utility other than to satisfy the craving for knowledge on the part of mathematicians, and that then at the end of this long period of abstract study, they \\PageSep{137} were found to be the necessary key with which to attain the knowledge of one of the most important laws of nature.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "137", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00311", "bookId": 41568, "start": 185270, "end": 187493, "sha256": "ed499dc1acdf15fb2248dc4c31f68ff9bd633324d5d54c30e9aed0978e299a9a", "text": "Meanwhile the entirely distinct study of astronomy had been going forward. The \\index{Astronomy}% great Greek astronomer Ptolemy (died 168~\\AD) \\index{Ptolemy}% published his standard treatise on the subject in the University of Alexandria, explaining the apparent motions among the fixed stars of the sun and planets by the conception of the earth at rest and the sun and the planets circling round it. During the next thirteen hundred years the number and the accuracy of the astronomical observations increased, with the result that the description of the motions of the planets on Ptolemy's hypothesis had to be made more and more complicated. Copernicus (born \\index{Copernicus}% 1473~\\AD\\ and died 1543~\\AD) pointed out that the motions of these heavenly bodies could be explained in a simpler manner if the sun were supposed to rest, and the earth and planets were conceived as moving round it. However, he still thought of these motions as essentially circular, though modified by a set of small corrections arbitrarily superimposed on the primary circular motions. So the matter stood when Kepler was born at Stuttgart \\index{Kepler}% in Germany in 1571~\\AD. There were two sciences, that of the geometry of conic sections and that of astronomy, both of which \\PageSep{138} had been studied from a remote antiquity without a suspicion of any connection between the two. Kepler was an astronomer, \\index{Kepler}% but he was also an able geometer, and on the subject of conic sections had arrived at ideas in advance of his time\\Add{.} He is only one of many examples of the falsity of the idea that success in scientific research demands an exclusive absorption in one narrow line of study. Novel ideas are more apt to spring from an unusual assortment of knowledge---not necessarily from vast knowledge, but from a thorough conception of the methods and ideas of distinct lines of thought. It will be remembered that Charles Darwin was helped \\index{Darwin}% to arrive at his conception of the law of evolution by reading Malthus' famous \\Title{Essay \\index{Malthus}% on Population}, a work dealing with a different subject---at least, as it was then thought.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "138", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00312", "bookId": 41568, "start": 187497, "end": 187647, "sha256": "42cb83e8a64344c0454ee0801907dac4f057d5a1c5b10eead16f53de5a7c76c9", "text": "Kepler enunciated three laws of planetary \\index{Kepler's Laws}% motion, the first two in~1609, and the third ten years later. They are as follows:", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "138", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00313", "bookId": 41568, "start": 187651, "end": 187723, "sha256": "35d8370f63431b5723c560f1034db8a28c6f8240f5fea20c84fb7b09e77fe9e7", "text": "(1) The orbits of the planets are ellipses, the sun being in the focus.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "138", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00314", "bookId": 41568, "start": 187727, "end": 187848, "sha256": "6bf3dfdd617d9b632a9ac67345501366e63788eb30a1bb86277481654e8191b4", "text": "(2) As a planet moves in its orbit, the radius vector from the sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "138", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00315", "bookId": 41568, "start": 187852, "end": 187980, "sha256": "d861acbf214319e198055d822887647791197d4a33f138c5b127240ff1484dfe", "text": "(3) The squares of the periodic times of the several planets are proportional to the cubes of their major axes. \\PageSep{139}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "139", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00316", "bookId": 41568, "start": 187984, "end": 189117, "sha256": "03f20fc807f3089ea39885b2439c88604ac6b0d50817d20b4549206c1bf2e7cd", "text": "These laws proved to be only a stage towards a more fundamental development of ideas. Newton (born 1642~\\AD\\ and died \\index{Newton}% 1727~\\AD) conceived the idea of universal gravitation, namely, that any two pieces of \\index{Gravitation}% matter attract each other with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance from each other. This sweeping general law, coupled with the three laws of motion which he put into their final general shape, proved adequate to explain all astronomical phenomena, including Kepler's laws, and has formed the basis of modern physics. Among other things he proved that comets might move in very elongated ellipses, or in parabolas, or in hyperbolas, which are nearly parabolas. The comets which return---such as Halley's comet---must, of course, move in \\index{Halley}% ellipses. But the essential step in the proof of the law of gravitation, and even in the suggestion of its initial conception, was the verification of Kepler's laws connecting the motions of the planets with the theory of conic sections.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "139", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00317", "bookId": 41568, "start": 189121, "end": 190689, "sha256": "59bd92418f4b10ade6db906f03bec8de6403c97fde8ea51c647285de52e87fb4", "text": "From the seventeenth century onwards the abstract theory of the curves has shared in the double renaissance of geometry due to the introduction of coordinate geometry and of projective geometry. In projective geometry \\index{Projective Geometry}% the fundamental ideas cluster round \\PageSep{140} the consideration of sets (or pencils, as they \\index{Pencils}% are called) of lines passing through a common point (the vertex of the ``pencil''). Now (\\cf\\ \\Fig[fig.]{19}) if $A$,~$B$, $C$,~$D$, be any four fixed points on a conic section and $P$~be a variable point on the curve, the pencil of lines $PA$, \\Figure[2.5in]{19} $PB$, $PC$, and~$PD$, has a special property, known as the constancy of its cross ratio. It \\index{Cross Ratio}% will suffice here to say that cross ratio is a fundamental idea in projective geometry. For projective geometry this is really the definition of the curves, or some analogous property which is really equivalent to it. It \\PageSep{141} will be seen how far in the course of ages of study we have drifted away from the old original idea of the sections of a circular cone. We know now that the Greeks had got hold of a minor property of comparatively slight importance; though by some divine good fortune the curves themselves deserved all the attention which was paid to them. This unimportance of the ``section'' idea is now marked in ordinary mathematical phraseology by dropping the word from their names. As often as not, they are now named merely ``conics'' instead of ``conic sections.''", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "140", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00318", "bookId": 41568, "start": 190693, "end": 192039, "sha256": "91e22892501d63d68dd915219051d835a269faa7c746126c06163063309adb03", "text": "Finally, we come back to the point at \\index{Locus}% which we left coordinate geometry in the last chapter. We had asked what was the type of \\emph{loci} corresponding to the general algebraic form $ax + by = c$, and had found that it was the class of straight lines in the plane. We had seen that every straight line possesses an equation of this form, and that every equation of this form corresponds to a straight line. We now wish to go on to the next general type of algebraic forms. This is evidently to be obtained by introducing terms involving $x^{2}$~and $xy$ and~$y^{2}$. Thus the new general form must be written\\Add{:}--- \\[ ax^{2} + 2hxy + by^{2} + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0\\Add{.} \\] What does this represent? The answer is \\PageSep{142} that (when it represents any locus) it always represents a conic section, and, furthermore, that the equation of every conic section can always be put into this shape. The discrimination of the particular sorts of conics as given by this form of equation is very easy. It entirely depends upon the consideration of $ab - h^{2}$, where $a$,~$b$, and~$h$, are the ``constants'' as written above. If $ab - h^{2}$ is a positive number, the curve is an ellipse; if $ab - h^{2} = 0$, the curve is a parabola: and if $ab - h^{2}$ is a negative number, the curve is a hyperbola.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "142", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00319", "bookId": 41568, "start": 192043, "end": 193356, "sha256": "33b663197e749ad148707f665d350c16238963136c611b7167858ebcf2b6714c", "text": "For example, put $a = b = 1$, $h = g = f = 0$, $c = -4$. We then get the equation $x^{2} + y^{2} - 4 = 0$. It is easy to prove that this is the equation of a circle, whose centre is at the origin, and radius is $2$~units of length. Now $ab - h^{2}$ becomes $1 × 1 - 0^{2}$, that is,~$1$, and is therefore positive. Hence the circle is a particular case of an ellipse, as it ought to be. Generalising, the equation of any circle can be put into the form $a(x^{2} + y^{2}) + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0$. Hence $ab - h^{2}$ becomes $a^{2} - 0$, that is,~$a^{2}$, which is necessarily positive. Accordingly all circles satisfy the condition for ellipses. The general form of the equation of a parabola is \\[ (dx + ey)^{2} + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, \\] so that the terms of the second degree, as \\PageSep{143} they are called, can be written as a perfect square. For squaring out, we get \\[ d^{2} x^{2} + 2dexy + e^{2} y^{2} + 2gx + 2fy + c; \\] so that by comparison $a = d^{2}$, $h = de$, $b = e^{2}$, and therefore $ab - h^{2} = d^{2} e^{2} - (de)^{2} = 0$. Hence the necessary condition is automatically satisfied. The equation $2xy - 4 = 0$, where $a = b = g = f = 0$, $h = 1$, $c = -4$, represents a hyperbola. For the condition $ab - h^{2}$ becomes $0 - 1^{2}$, that is,~$-1$, which is negative.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "143", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00320", "bookId": 41568, "start": 193360, "end": 193906, "sha256": "9a03b2115e92fdc0d135cb8b310ddaa76a175055df673cd4d4073747bf51b4a8", "text": "{\\Loosen The limitation, introduced by saying that, \\index{Circular Cylinder}% \\emph{when the general equation represents any locus}, it represents a conic section, is necessary, because some particular cases of the general equation represent no real locus. For example $x^{2} + y^{2} + 1 = 0$ can be satisfied by no real values of $x$~and~$y$. It is usual to say that the locus is now one composed of imaginary points. But this idea of imaginary points in geometry is really one of great complexity, which we will not now enter into.}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "143", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00321", "bookId": 41568, "start": 193910, "end": 195188, "sha256": "82c94ceeec396072a54a52d696818b58860819a0cf57b463029215a3ada1e10d", "text": "Some exceptional cases are included in the general form of the equation which may not be immediately recognized as conic sections. By properly choosing the constants the equation can be made to represent two straight lines. Now two intersecting straight lines may fairly be said to come under the Greek idea of a conic section. For, by referring to \\PageSep{144} the picture of the double cone above, it will be seen that some planes through the vertex,~$V$, will cut the cone in a pair of straight lines intersecting at~$V$. The case of two parallel straight lines can be included by considering a circular cylinder as a particular case of a cone. Then a plane, which cuts it and is parallel to its axis, will cut it in two parallel straight lines. Anyhow, whether or no the %[** TN: [sic] \"Greek\", not \"Greeks\"] ancient Greek would have allowed these special cases to be called conic sections, they are certainly included among the curves represented by the general algebraic form of the second degree. This fact is worth noting; for it is characteristic of modern mathematics to include among general forms all sorts of particular cases which would formerly have received special treatment. This is due to its pursuit of generality. \\PageSep{145}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "X: Conic Sections", "printedPageHint": "144", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00322", "bookId": 41568, "start": 195194, "end": 195217, "sha256": "9a2beae8c079215cc36312cac8b884ae3c854f374eedd5d5302947a1499f9cd0", "text": "\\Chapter{XI}{Functions}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "144", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00323", "bookId": 41568, "start": 195221, "end": 196274, "sha256": "8ba04bc96c02df1312df0abb8600b0357529c1be596b0ffe957f69866584275f", "text": "\\First{The} mathematical use of the term function %[** TN: Index entry reads \"p. 144\" in the original] \\index{Function|EtSeq}% has been adopted also in common life. For example, ``His temper is a function of his digestion,'' uses the term exactly in this mathematical sense. It means that a rule can be assigned which will tell you what his temper will be when you know how his digestion is working. Thus the idea of a ``function'' is simple enough, we only have to see how it is applied in mathematics to variable numbers. Let us think first of some concrete examples: If a train has been travelling at the rate of twenty miles per hour, the distance ($s$~miles) gone after any number of hours, say~$t$, is given by $s = 20 × t$; and $s$~is called a function of~$t$. Also $20 × t$ is the function of~$t$ with which $s$~is identical. If John is one year older than Thomas, then, when Thomas is at any age of $x$~years, John's age ($y$~years) is given by $y = x + 1$; and $y$~is a function of~$x$, namely, is the function~$x + 1$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "144", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00324", "bookId": 41568, "start": 196278, "end": 196691, "sha256": "c134ecfc34278e5dbf734f78fa2d4946398b0ea7944720ea719d2076e319d856", "text": "In these examples $t$ and~$x$ are called the \\PageSep{146} \\index{Argument of a Function}% \\index{Value of a Function}% ``arguments'' of the functions in which they appear. Thus $t$~is the argument of the function $20 × t$, and $x$~is the argument of the function $x + 1$. If $s = 20 × t$, and $y = x + 1$, then $s$ and~$y$ are called the ``values'' of the functions $20 × t$ and $x + 1$ respectively.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "146", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00325", "bookId": 41568, "start": 196695, "end": 197582, "sha256": "c094a74dc417e5cc0b94fb6d3bd1d6f62edf355bdc519570d24a3cc5790f175b", "text": "Coming now to the general case, we can define a function in mathematics as a correlation between two variable numbers, called respectively the argument and the value of the function, such that whatever value be assigned to the ``argument of the function'' the ``value of the function'' is definitely (\\ie~uniquely) determined. The converse is not necessarily true, namely, that when the value of the function is determined the argument is also uniquely determined. Other functions of the argument~$x$ are $y = x^{2}$, %[** TN: log, sin italicized throughout in the original] $y = 2x^{2} + 3x + 1$, $y = x$, $y = \\log x$, $y = \\sin x$. The last two functions of this group will be readily recognizable by those who understand a little algebra and trigonometry. It is not worth while to delay now for their explanation, as they are merely quoted for the sake of example.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "146", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00326", "bookId": 41568, "start": 197586, "end": 198760, "sha256": "90bc1dda634ac9b662cece36c5fe18d91fef9fc9ed768bd3256a6f144f0a23ad", "text": "Up to this point, though we have defined what we mean by a function in general, we have only mentioned a series of special functions. But mathematics, true to its general methods of procedure, symbolizes the general idea of any function. It does this by writing \\PageSep{147} \\index{Variable Function}% $F(x)$, $f(x)$, $g(x)$, $\\phi(x)$,~etc., for any function of~$x$, where the argument~$x$ is placed in a bracket, and some letter like $F$,~$f$, $g$, $\\phi$,~etc., is prefixed to the bracket to stand for the function. This notation has its defects. Thus it obviously clashes with the convention that the single letters are to represent variable numbers; since here $F$,~$f$, $g$, $\\phi$,~etc., prefixed to a bracket stand for variable functions. It would be easy to give examples in which we can only trust to common sense and the context to see what is meant. One way of evading the confusion is by using Greek letters (\\eg~$\\phi$ as above) for functions; another way is to keep to $f$~and~$F$ (the initial letter of function) for the functional letter, and, if other variable functions have to be symbolized, to take an adjacent letter like~$g$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "147", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00327", "bookId": 41568, "start": 198764, "end": 199753, "sha256": "950f259825d9b183e09d6fdbe4d8780262c8872b949b4ad803c5f5a6f61900ec", "text": "With these explanations and cautions, we write $y = f(x)$, to denote that $y$~is the value of some undetermined function of the argument~$x$; where $f(x)$ may stand for anything such as $x + 1$, $x^{2} - 2x + 1$, $\\sin x$, $\\log x$, or merely for $x$~itself. The essential point is that when $x$~is given, then $y$~is thereby definitely determined. It is important to be quite clear as to the generality of this idea. Thus in $y = f(x)$, we may determine, if we choose, $f(x)$~to mean that when $x$~is an integer, $f(x)$~is zero, and when $x$~has any other value, $f(x)$~is~$1$. Accordingly, putting $y = f(x)$, with this choice \\PageSep{148} for the meaning of~$f$, $y$~is either $0$ or~$1$ according as the value of~$x$ is integral or otherwise. Thus $f(1) = 0$, $f(2) = 0$, $f(\\frac{2}{3}) = 1$, $f(\\sqrt{2}) = 1$, and so on. This choice for the meaning of~$f(x)$ gives a perfectly good function of the argument~$x$ according to the general definition of a function.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "148", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00328", "bookId": 41568, "start": 199757, "end": 200718, "sha256": "e4c0cb217903563f131f8fc825a6362666bc9943e610324749fdfafcac9b0b58", "text": "A function, which after all is only a sort \\index{Graphs|EtSeq}% of correlation between two variables, is represented like other correlations by a graph, that is in effect by the methods of coordinate geometry. For example, \\Fig[fig.]{2} in \\ChapRef{II}.\\ is the graph of the function~$\\dfrac{1}{v}$ where $v$~is the argument and $p$~the value of the function. In this case the graph is only drawn for positive values of~$v$, which are the only values possessing any meaning for the physical application considered in that chapter. Again in \\Fig[fig.]{14} of \\ChapRef{IX}.\\ the whole length of the line~$AB$, unlimited in both directions, is the graph of the function~$x + 1$, where $x$~is the argument and $y$~is the value of the function; and in the same figure the unlimited line~$A_{1}B$ is the graph of the function~$1 - x$, and the line~$LOL'$ is the graph of the function~$x$, $x$~being the argument and $y$~the value of the function.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "148", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00329", "bookId": 41568, "start": 200722, "end": 201919, "sha256": "44fe9ddd5e8c2e145f66f665101ac010e5e818c0b83a7ecb0050650259aabc3f", "text": "These functions, which are expressed by simple algebraic formulæ, are adapted for representation by graphs. But for some functions \\PageSep{149} this representation would be very misleading without a detailed explanation, or might even be impossible. Thus, consider the function mentioned above, which has the value~$1$ for all values of its argument~$x$, except those which are integral, \\eg\\ except for $x = 0$, $x = 1$, $x = 2$, etc., when it has the value~$0$. Its appearance on a graph would be that of the straight line~$ABA'$ drawn parallel to the \\Figure{20} axis~$XOX'$ at a distance from it of $1$~unit of length. But the points, $B$,~$C_{1}$, $C_{2}$, $C_{3}$, $C_{4}$,~etc., corresponding to the values $0$,~$1$, $2$, $3$, $4$,~etc., of the argument~$x$, are to be omitted, and instead of them the points $O$,~$B_{1}$, $B_{2}$, $B_{3}$, $B_{4}$,~etc., on the axis~$OX$, are to be taken. It is easy to find functions for which the graphical representation is not only inconvenient but impossible. Functions which do not lend themselves to graphs are important in the \\PageSep{150} higher mathematics, but we need not concern ourselves further about them here.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "149", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00330", "bookId": 41568, "start": 201923, "end": 202712, "sha256": "219c97ea7fda72081037540ccd3b3767a2ae3563050873c26199d5ff14463dea", "text": "The most important division between functions \\index{Continuous Functions|EtSeq}% \\index{Discontinuous Functions|EtSeq}% is that between continuous and discontinuous functions. A function is continuous when its value only alters gradually for gradual alterations of the argument, and is discontinuous when it can alter its value by sudden jumps. Thus the two functions $x + 1$ and $1 - x$, whose graphs are depicted as straight lines in \\Fig[fig.]{14} of \\ChapRef{IX}., are continuous functions, and so is the function~$\\dfrac{1}{v}$, depicted in \\ChapRef{II}., if we only think of positive values of~$v$. But the function depicted in \\Fig[fig.]{20} of this chapter is discontinuous since at the values $x = 1$, $x = 2$, etc., of its argument, its value gives sudden jumps.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "149", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00331", "bookId": 41568, "start": 202716, "end": 204387, "sha256": "a557ca3dd87076e87981fff002d6402425620f43636d054c4bd9d5bce75254b2", "text": "Let us think of some examples of functions presented to us in nature, so as to get into our heads the real bearing of continuity and discontinuity. Consider a train in its journey along a railway line, say from Euston Station, the terminus in London of the London and North-Western Railway. Along the line in order lie the stations of Bletchley and Rugby. Let $t$~be the number of hours which the train has been on its journey from Euston, and $s$~be the number of miles passed over. Then $s$~is a function of~$t$, \\ie~is the variable value corresponding to the variable argument~$t$. \\PageSep{151} If we know the circumstances of the train's run, we know~$s$ as soon as any special value of~$t$ is given. Now, miracles apart, we may confidently assume that $s$~is a continuous function of~$t$. It is impossible to allow for the contingency that we can trace the train continuously from Euston to Bletchley, and that then, without any intervening time, however short, it should appear at Rugby. The idea is too fantastic to enter into our calculation: it contemplates possibilities not to be found outside the \\Title{Arabian Nights}; and even in those tales sheer discontinuity of motion hardly enters into the imagination, they do not dare to tax our credulity with anything more than very unusual speed. But unusual speed is no contradiction to the great law of continuity of motion which appears to hold in nature. Thus light moves at the rate of about $190,000$ miles per~second and comes to us from the sun in seven or eight minutes; but, in spite of this speed, its distance travelled is always a continuous function of the time.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "151", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00332", "bookId": 41568, "start": 204391, "end": 206348, "sha256": "de5b1923f082f713953547aa751b311334a347615edd394b493a3e691b05b0d0", "text": "It is not quite so obvious to us that the velocity of a body is invariably a continuous function of the time. Consider the train at any time~$t$: it is moving with some definite velocity, say $v$~miles per~hour, where $v$~is zero when the train is at rest in a station and is negative when the train is backing. Now we readily allow that $v$~cannot change its \\PageSep{152} value suddenly for a big, heavy train. The train certainly cannot be running at forty miles per hour from 11.45~a.m.\\ up to noon, and then suddenly, without any lapse of time, commence running at $50$~miles per~hour. We at once admit that the change of velocity will be a gradual process. But how about sudden blows of adequate magnitude? Suppose two trains collide; or, to take smaller objects, suppose a man kicks a football. It certainly appears to our sense as though the football began suddenly to move. Thus, in the case of velocity our senses do not revolt at the idea of its being a discontinuous function of the time, as they did at the idea of the train being instantaneously transported from Bletchley to Rugby. As a matter of fact, if the laws of motion, with their conception of mass, are true, there is no such thing as discontinuous velocity in nature. Anything that appears to our senses as discontinuous change of velocity must, according to them, be considered to be a case of gradual change which is too quick to be perceptible to us. It would be rash, however, to rush into the generalization that no discontinuous functions are presented to us in nature. A man who, trusting that the mean height of the land above sea-level between London and Paris was a continuous function of the distance from London, walked at night on Shakespeare's \\PageSep{153} Cliff by Dover in contemplation of the Milky Way, would be dead before he had had time to rearrange his ideas as to the necessity of caution in scientific conclusions.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "152", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00333", "bookId": 41568, "start": 206352, "end": 208963, "sha256": "1e433516d1943e109827e2366239dfa52467e624ee556c3eb35955335068c577", "text": "It is very easy to find a discontinuous function, even if we confine ourselves to the \\Figure{21} simplest of the algebraic formulæ. For example, take the function $y = \\dfrac{1}{x}$, which we have already considered in the form $p = \\dfrac{1}{v}$, where $v$~was confined to positive values. But \\PageSep{154} now let $x$ have any value, positive or negative. The graph of the function is exhibited in \\Fig[fig.]{21}. Suppose $x$ to change continuously from a large negative value through a numerically decreasing set of negative values up to~$0$, and thence through the series of increasing positive values. Accordingly, if a moving point,~$M$, represents~$x$ on~$XOX'$, $M$~starts at the extreme left of the axis~$XOX'$ and successively moves through $M_{1}$,~$M_{2}$, $M_{3}$, $M_{4}$,~etc. The corresponding points on the function are $P_{1}$,~$P_{2}$, $P_{3}$, $P_{4}$,~etc. It is easy to see that there is a point of discontinuity at $x = 0$, \\ie~at the origin~$O$. For the value of the function on the negative (left) side of the origin becomes endlessly great, but negative, and the function reappears on the positive (right) side as endlessly great but positive. Hence, however small we take the length~$M_{2} M_{3}$, there is a finite jump between the values of the function at $M_{2}$ and~$M_{3}$. Indeed, this case has the peculiarity that the smaller we take the length between $M_{2}$ and~$M_{3}$, so long as they enclose the origin, the bigger is the jump in value of the function between them. This graph brings out, what is also apparent in \\Fig[fig.]{20} of this chapter, that for many functions the discontinuities only occur at isolated points, so that by restricting the values of the argument we obtain a continuous function for these remaining values. Thus it is evident \\PageSep{155} from \\Fig[fig.]{21} that in $y = \\dfrac{1}{x}$, if we keep to positive values only and exclude the origin, we obtain a continuous function. Similarly the same function, if we keep to negative values only, excluding the origin, is continuous. Again the function which is graphed in \\Fig[fig.]{20} is continuous between $B$ and~$C_{1}$, and between $C_{1}$ and~$C_{2}$, and between $C_{2}$ and $C_{3}$, and so on, always in each case excluding the end points. It is, however, easy to find functions such that their discontinuities occur at all points. For example, consider a function~$f(x)$, such that when $x$~is any fractional number $f(x) = 1$, and when $x$~is any incommensurable number $f(x) = 2$. This function is discontinuous at all points.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "154", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00334", "bookId": 41568, "start": 208967, "end": 211840, "sha256": "176749ab17926e9b77bb36f17d1debf6b7f561b53e5a304bf4f8187702138d0d", "text": "Finally, we will look a little more closely at the definition of continuity given above. We have said that a function is continuous when its value only alters gradually for gradual alterations of the argument, and is discontinuous when it can alter its value by sudden jumps. This is exactly the sort of definition which satisfied our mathematical forefathers and no longer satisfies modern mathematicians. It is worth while to spend some time over it; for when we understand the modern objections to it, we shall have gone a long way towards the understanding of the spirit of modern mathematics. The \\PageSep{156} whole difference between the older and the newer mathematics lies in the fact that vague half-metaphorical terms like ``gradually'' are no longer tolerated in its exact statements. Modern mathematics will only admit statements and definitions and arguments which exclusively employ the few simple ideas about number and magnitude and variables on which the science is founded. Of two numbers one can be greater or less than the other; and one can be such and such a multiple of the other; but there is no relation of ``graduality'' between two numbers, and hence the term is inadmissible. Now this may seem at first sight to be great pedantry. To this charge there are two answers. In the first place, during the first half of the nineteenth century it was found by some great mathematicians, especially Abel in \\index{Abel}% Sweden, and Weierstrass in Germany, that \\index{Weierstrass}% large parts of mathematics as enunciated in the old happy-go-lucky manner were simply wrong. Macaulay in his essay on Bacon \\index{Bacon}% \\index{Macaulay}% contrasts the certainty of mathematics with the uncertainty of philosophy; and by way of a rhetorical example he says, ``There has been no reaction against Taylor's theorem.'' \\index{Taylor's Theorem}% He could not have chosen a worse example. For, without having made an examination of English text-books on mathematics contemporary with the publication of this essay, the \\PageSep{157} \\index{Taylor's Theorem}% assumption is a fairly safe one that Taylor's theorem was enunciated and proved wrongly in every one of them. Accordingly, the anxious precision of modern mathematics is necessary for accuracy. In the second place it is necessary for research. It makes for clearness of thought, and thence for boldness of thought and for fertility in trying new combinations of ideas. When the initial statements are vague and slipshod, at every subsequent stage of thought common sense has to step in to limit applications and to explain meanings. Now in creative thought common sense is a bad master. Its sole criterion for judgment is that the new ideas shall look like the old ones. In other words it can only act by suppressing originality.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "156", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00335", "bookId": 41568, "start": 211844, "end": 213080, "sha256": "58104b255140eccc4722ec247026119b15119de157c85617aedb3adf0bc1a598", "text": "In working our way towards the precise definition of continuity (as applied to functions) let us consider more closely the statement that there is no relation of ``graduality'' between numbers. It may be asked, Cannot one number be only slightly greater than another number, or in other words, cannot the difference between the two numbers be small? The whole point is that in the abstract, apart from some arbitrarily assumed application, there is no such thing as a great or a small number. A million miles is a small number of miles for an astronomer investigating the fixed stars, but a million \\PageSep{158} pounds is a large yearly income. Again, one-quarter is a large fraction of one's income to give away in charity, but is a small fraction of it to retain for private use. Examples can be accumulated indefinitely to show that great or small in any absolute sense have no abstract application to numbers. We can say of two numbers that one is greater or smaller than another, but not without specification of particular circumstances that any one number is great or small. Our task therefore is to define continuity without any mention of a ``small'' or ``gradual'' change in value of the function.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "158", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00336", "bookId": 41568, "start": 213084, "end": 213229, "sha256": "63495d0715162fb8f7416d3496da46e23f74d1ac8af13c6679663768d4c10ee3", "text": "In order to do this we will give names to some ideas, which will also be useful when we come to consider limits and the differential calculus.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "158", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00337", "bookId": 41568, "start": 213233, "end": 213884, "sha256": "99ed495822c8cec8508955f940da97f71b799f46b9f74d27465dbaccfd281980", "text": "An ``interval'' of values of the argument~$x$ \\index{Interval|EtSeq}% of a function~$f(x)$ is all the values lying between some two values of the argument. For example, the interval between $x = 1$ and $x = 2$ consists of all the values which~$x$ can take lying between $1$ and~$2$, \\ie\\ it consists of all the real numbers between $1$ and~$2$. But the bounding numbers of an interval need not be integers. An interval of values of the argument \\emph{contains} a number~$a$, when $a$~is a member of the interval. For example, the interval between $1$ and~$2$ contains $\\frac{3}{2}$, $\\frac{5}{3}$, $\\frac{7}{4}$, and so on. \\PageSep{159}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "159", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00338", "bookId": 41568, "start": 213888, "end": 214632, "sha256": "2cd59951d293705e677edb6412adf051db80da5147352eb24b30b8c548352200", "text": "A set of numbers approximates to a number~$a$ \\index{Standard of Approximation|EtSeq}% within a \\emph{standard}~$k$, when the numerical difference between $a$ and every number of the set is less than~$k$. Here $k$~is the ``standard of approximation.'' Thus the set of numbers $3$,~$4$, $6$,~$8$, approximates to the number~$5$ within the standard~$4$. In this case the standard~$4$ is not the smallest which could have been chosen, the set also approximates %[** TN: Original uses center dot for decimal point] to~$5$ within any of the standards $3.1$ or $3.01$ or~$3.001$. Again, the numbers, $3.1$, $3.141$, $3.1415$, $3.14159$ approximate to $3.13102$ within the standard~$.032$, and also within the smaller standard~$.03103$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "159", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00339", "bookId": 41568, "start": 214636, "end": 215170, "sha256": "2bbcf5e1fdb1ab7209027733bf9970f6f9b2ea267aedb56fe981d1301c2553b7", "text": "These two ideas of an interval and of \\index{Neighbourhood|EtSeq}% approximation to a number within a standard are easy enough; their only difficulty is that they look rather trivial. But when combined with the next idea, that of the ``neighbourhood'' of a number, they form the foundation of modern mathematical reasoning. What do we mean by saying that something is true for a function~$f(x)$ in the neighbourhood of the value~$a$ of the argument~$x$? It is this fundamental notion which we have now got to make precise.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "159", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00340", "bookId": 41568, "start": 215174, "end": 215709, "sha256": "ba56391f3de8730ea231c631a8a5c9ffbd62fa7a6871380263f8498c73e80d65", "text": "The values of a function~$f(x)$ are said to possess a characteristic in the ``neighbourhood of~$a$'' when some interval can be found, which (i)~contains the number~$a$ not as an end-point, and (ii)~is such that every value \\PageSep{160} of the function for arguments, other than~$a$, lying within that interval possesses the characteristic. The value~$f(a)$ of the function for the argument~$a$ may or may not possess the characteristic. Nothing is decided on this point by statements about the \\emph{neighbourhood} of~$a$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "160", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00341", "bookId": 41568, "start": 215713, "end": 216042, "sha256": "0a7726a31841dee445e89fbcfaa42f2a22c89e071f3f9778536c962e5a9723cd", "text": "For example, suppose we take the particular function~$x^{2}$. Now \\emph{in the neighbourhood of~$2$}, the values of~$x^{2}$ are less than~$5$. For we can find an interval, \\eg\\ from $1$ to~$2.1$, which (i)~contains $2$ not as an end-point, and (ii)~is such that, for values of~$x$ lying within it, $x^{2}$~is less than~$5$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "160", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00342", "bookId": 41568, "start": 216046, "end": 218141, "sha256": "5bd755171491a1c43d4525649d655c8e7d86e6d0f6d549d108a5b0ba860f4676", "text": "Now, combining the preceding ideas we know what is meant by saying that \\emph{in the neighbourhood of~$a$} the function~$f(x)$ approximates to~$c$ within the \\emph{standard}~$k$. It means that some interval can be found which (i)~includes $a$ not as an end-point, and (ii)~is such that all values of~$f(x)$, where $x$~lies in the interval and is not~$a$, differ from~$c$ by less than~$k$. For example, in the neighbourhood of~$2$, the function~$\\sqrt{x}$ approximates to~$1.41425$ within the standard~$.0001$. This is true because the square root of~$1.99996164$ is~$1.4142$ and the square root of~$2.00024449$ is~$1.4143$; hence for values of~$x$ lying in the interval $1.99996164$ to~$2.00024449$, which contains $2$ not as an end-point, the values of the function~$\\sqrt{x}$ all lie between $1.4142$ and $1.4143$, and \\PageSep{161} they therefore all differ from~$1.41425$ by less than~$.0001$. In this case we can, if we like, fix a smaller standard of approximation, namely $.000051$ or $.0000501$. Again, to take another example, in the neighbourhood of~$2$ the function~$x^{2}$ approximates to~$4$ within the standard~$.5$. For $(1.9)^{2} = 3.61$ and $(2.1)^{2} = 4.41$, and thus the required interval $1.9$ to~$2.1$, containing $2$ not as an end-point, has been found. This example brings out the fact that statements about a function~$f(x)$ in the neighbourhood of a number~$a$ are distinct from statements about the value of~$f(x)$ when $x = a$. The production of an \\emph{interval}, throughout which the statement is true, is required. Thus the mere fact that $2^{2} = 4$ does not by itself justify us in saying that in the \\emph{neighbourhood} of~$2$ the function~$x^{2}$ is equal to~$4$. This statement would be untrue, because no interval can be produced with the required property. Also, the fact that $2^{2} = 4$ does not by itself justify us in saying that in the \\emph{neighbourhood} of~$2$ the function~$x^{2}$ approximates to~$4$ within the standard~$.5$; although as a matter of fact, the statement has just been proved to be true.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "161", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00343", "bookId": 41568, "start": 218145, "end": 218718, "sha256": "3f91c9a37572108f9ccc505d7c507d92ba4717375dcaba12e69b3e4211a638ac", "text": "If we understand the preceding ideas, we understand the foundations of modern mathematics. We shall recur to analogous ideas in the chapter on Series, and again in the chapter on the Differential Calculus. \\PageSep{162} \\index{Continuous Functions@Continuous Functions (\\emph{defined})}% Meanwhile, we are now prepared to define ``continuous functions.'' A function~$f(x)$ is ``continuous'' at a value~$a$ of its argument, when in the neighbourhood of~$a$ its values approximate to~$f(a)$ (\\ie~to its value at~$a$) within \\emph{every} standard of approximation.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "162", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00344", "bookId": 41568, "start": 218722, "end": 219535, "sha256": "dcf12010c1c90c41a20cc53ba8e2d752cc2cbfa70ff5e72f94fab52d3ee29e01", "text": "This means that, whatever standard~$k$ be chosen, in the neighbourhood of~$a$ $f(x)$~approximates to~$f(a)$ within the standard~$k$. For example, $x^{2}$~is continuous at the value~$2$ of its argument,~$x$, because however $k$~be chosen we can always find an interval, which (i)~contains $2$ not as an end-point, and (ii)~is such that the values of~$x^{2}$ for arguments lying within it approximate to~$4$ (\\ie~$2^{2}$) within the standard~$k$. Thus, suppose we choose the standard~$.1$; now $(1.999)^{2} = 3.996001$, and $(2.01)^{2} = 4.0401$, and both these numbers differ from~$4$ by less than~$.1$. Hence, within the interval $1.999$ to $2.01$ the values of~$x^{2}$ approximate to~$4$ within the standard~$.1$. Similarly an interval can be produced for any other standard which we like to try.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "162", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00345", "bookId": 41568, "start": 219539, "end": 220103, "sha256": "1375451004eaeda507563a07c4fa86d88b32775dc39274ceb61da8a881144b6e", "text": "Take the example of the railway train. Its velocity is continuous as it passes the signal box, if whatever velocity you like to assign (say one-millionth of a mile per hour) an interval of time can be found extending before and after the instant of passing, such that at all instants within it the train's velocity \\PageSep{163} differs from that with which the train passed the box by less than one-millionth of a mile per hour; and the same is true whatever other velocity be mentioned in the place of one-millionth of a mile per hour. \\PageSep{164}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XI: Functions", "printedPageHint": "163", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00346", "bookId": 41568, "start": 220109, "end": 220145, "sha256": "c79329495eca25aaeb2092b7c50ef65e5cdf3f13f52c6c7b88be2c9258940456", "text": "\\Chapter{XII}{Periodicity in Nature}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XII: Periodicity in Nature", "printedPageHint": "163", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00347", "bookId": 41568, "start": 220149, "end": 221810, "sha256": "3d061ded10dad5df83d834c40f1f350992d8cc7bf7071cb3744748fff9f6c3fc", "text": "\\First{The} whole life of Nature is dominated by \\index{Periodicity|EtSeq}% the existence of periodic events, that is, by the existence of successive events so analogous to each other that, without any straining of language, they may be termed recurrences of the same event. The rotation of the earth produces the successive days. It is true that each day is different from the preceding days, however abstractly we define the meaning of a day, so as to exclude casual phenomena. But with a sufficiently abstract definition of a day, the distinction in properties between two days becomes faint and remote from practical interest; and each day may then be conceived as a recurrence of the phenomenon of one rotation of the earth. Again the path of the earth round the sun leads to the yearly recurrence of the seasons, and imposes another periodicity on all the operations of nature. Another less fundamental periodicity is provided by the phases of the moon. In modern civilized life, with its artificial light, these phases are of slight importance, but in \\PageSep{165} ancient times, in climates where the days are burning and the skies clear, human life was apparently largely influenced by the existence of moonlight. Accordingly our divisions into weeks and months, with their religious associations, have spread over the European races from Syria and Mesopotamia, though independent observances following the moon's phases are found amongst most nations. It is, however, through the tides, and not through its phases of light and darkness, that the moon's periodicity has chiefly influenced the history of the earth.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XII: Periodicity in Nature", "printedPageHint": "165", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00348", "bookId": 41568, "start": 221814, "end": 224793, "sha256": "61f9ff0cb2f5659f2dcb9987bd2bd8ed726a10d8323419f49583747dc9bace80", "text": "Our bodily life is essentially periodic. It is dominated by the beatings of the heart, and the recurrence of breathing. The presupposition of periodicity is indeed fundamental to our very conception of life. We cannot imagine a course of nature in which, as events progressed, we should be unable to say: ``This has happened before.'' The whole conception of experience as a guide to conduct would be absent. Men would always find themselves in new situations possessing no substratum of identity with anything in past history. The very means of measuring time as a quantity would be absent. Events might still be recognized as occurring in a series, so that some were earlier and others later. But we now go beyond this bare recognition. We can not only say that \\PageSep{166} \\index{Time|EtSeq}% three events, $A$,~$B$,~$C$, occurred in this order, so that $A$~came before~$B$, and $B$~before~$C$; but also we can say that the length of time between the occurrences of $A$ and~$B$ was twice as long as that between $B$ and~$C$. Now, quantity of time is essentially dependent on observing the number of natural recurrences which have intervened. We may say that the length of time between $A$ and~$B$ was so many days, or so many months, or so many years, according to the type of recurrence to which we wish to appeal. Indeed, at the beginning of civilization, these three modes of measuring time were really distinct. It has been one of the first tasks of science among civilized or semi-civilized nations, to fuse them into one coherent measure. The full extent of this task must be grasped. It is necessary to determine, not merely what number of days (\\eg~$365.25$\\dots) go to some one year, but also previously to determine that the same number of days do go to the successive years. We can imagine a world in which periodicities exist, but such that no two are coherent. In some years there might be $200$~days and in others~$350$. The determination of the broad general consistency of the more important periodicities was the first step in natural science. This consistency arises from no abstract intuitive law of thought; it is merely an observed fact of nature \\PageSep{167} guaranteed by experience. Indeed, so far is it from being a necessary law, that it is not even exactly true There are divergencies in every case. For some instances these divergencies are easily observed and are therefore immediately apparent. In other cases it requires the most refined observations and astronomical accuracy to make them apparent. Broadly speaking, all recurrences depending on living beings, such as the beatings of the heart, are subject in comparison with other recurrences to rapid variations. The great stable obvious recurrences---stable in the sense of mutually agreeing with great accuracy---are those depending on the motion of the earth as a whole, and on similar motions of the heavenly bodies.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XII: Periodicity in Nature", "printedPageHint": "166", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00349", "bookId": 41568, "start": 224797, "end": 225908, "sha256": "0308fcaf87d348353ab43dfff7a792b547a080e5cd229de3331f641ca484a08c", "text": "We therefore assume that these astronomical \\index{Laws of Motion|EtSeq}% recurrences mark out equal intervals of time. But how are we to deal with their discrepancies which the refined observations of astronomy detect? Apparently we are reduced to the arbitrary assumption that one or other of these sets of phenomena marks out equal times---\\eg\\ that either all days are of equal length, or that all years are of equal length. This is not so: some assumptions must be made, but the assumption which underlies the whole procedure of the astronomers in determining the measure of time is that the laws of motion are exactly verified. \\PageSep{168} Before explaining how this is done, it is interesting to observe that this relegation of the determination of the measure of time to the astronomers arises (as has been said) from the stable consistency of the recurrences with which they deal. If such a superior consistency had been noted among the recurrences characteristic of the human body, we should naturally have looked to the doctors of medicine for the regulation of our clocks.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XII: Periodicity in Nature", "printedPageHint": "168", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00350", "bookId": 41568, "start": 225912, "end": 226969, "sha256": "31113bb9859402e46b6bc6e515fd6cab71f370ab662c3263ef3b810b2ea02da5", "text": "In considering how the laws of motion come into the matter, note that two inconsistent modes of measuring time will yield different variations of velocity to the same body. For example, suppose we define an hour as one twenty-fourth of a day, and take the case of a train running uniformly for two hours at the rate of twenty miles per hour. Now take a grossly inconsistent measure of time, and suppose that it makes the first hour to be twice as long as the second hour. Then, according to this other measure of duration, the time of the train's run is divided into two parts, during each of which it has traversed the same distance, namely, twenty miles; but the duration of the first part is twice as long as that of the second part. Hence the velocity of the train has not been uniform, and on the average the velocity during the second period is twice that during the first period. Thus the question as to \\PageSep{169} whether the train has been running uniformly or not entirely depends on the standard of time which we adopt.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XII: Periodicity in Nature", "printedPageHint": "169", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00351", "bookId": 41568, "start": 226973, "end": 227960, "sha256": "8d5742e4826db930c6256ada5a867992698b02030f4fcbd9a73cfa997df121ac", "text": "Now, for all ordinary purposes of life on the earth, the various astronomical recurrences may be looked on as absolutely consistent; and, furthermore assuming their consistency, and thereby assuming the velocities and changes of velocities possessed by bodies, we find that the laws of motion, which have been considered above, are almost exactly verified. But only \\emph{almost} exactly when we come to some of the astronomical phenomena. We find, however, that by assuming slightly different velocities for the rotations and motions of the planets and stars, the laws would be exactly verified. This assumption is then made; and we have, in fact thereby, adopted a measure of time, which is indeed defined by reference to the astronomical phenomena, but not so as to be consistent with the uniformity of any one of them. But the broad fact remains that the uniform flow of time on which so much is based, is itself dependent on the observation of periodic events.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XII: Periodicity in Nature", "printedPageHint": "169", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00352", "bookId": 41568, "start": 227964, "end": 230676, "sha256": "014184d642cda69ad704bc1a6bddab52dfe2ec9f8fd327b6a69353cdfa8cb97e", "text": "Even phenomena, which on the surface seem casual and exceptional, or, on the other hand, maintain themselves with a uniform persistency, may be due to the remote influence of periodicity. Take for example, the \\PageSep{170} principle of resonance. Resonance arises \\index{Resonance}% when two sets of connected circumstances have the same periodicities. It is a dynamical law that the small vibrations of all bodies when left to themselves take place in definite times characteristic of the body. Thus a pendulum with a small swing always vibrates in some definite time, characteristic of its shape and distribution of weight and length. A more complicated body may have many ways of vibrating; but each of its modes of vibration will have its own peculiar ``period.'' Those \\index{Period}% periods of vibration of a body are called its ``free'' periods. Thus a pendulum has but one period of vibration, while a suspension bridge will have many. We get a musical instrument, like a violin string, when the periods of vibration are all simple submultiples of the longest; \\ie~if $t$~seconds be the longest period, the others are $\\frac{1}{2}t$, $\\frac{1}{3}t$, and so on, where any of these smaller periods may be absent. Now, suppose we excite the vibrations of a body by a cause which is itself periodic; then, if the period of the cause is very nearly that of one of the periods of the body, that mode of vibration of the body is very violently excited; even although the magnitude of the exciting cause is small. This phenomenon is called ``resonance.'' The general reason is easy to understand. Any one wanting to upset a rocking stone will push ``in tune'' \\PageSep{171} with the oscillations of the stone, so as always to secure a favourable moment for a push. If the pushes are out of tune, some increase the oscillations, but others check them. But when they are in tune, after a time all the pushes are favourable. The word ``resonance'' \\index{Resonance}% comes from considerations of sound: but the phenomenon extends far beyond the region of sound. The laws of absorption and emission of light depend on it, the ``tuning'' of receivers for wireless telegraphy, the comparative importance of the influences of planets on each other's motion, the danger to a suspension bridge as troops march over it in step, and the excessive vibration of some ships under the rhythmical beat of their machinery at certain speeds. This coincidence of periodicities may produce steady phenomena when there is a constant association of the two periodic events, or it may produce violent and sudden outbursts when the association is fortuitous and temporary.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XII: Periodicity in Nature", "printedPageHint": "170", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00353", "bookId": 41568, "start": 230680, "end": 231671, "sha256": "7ee8f9cbbe59d39aefe66453d6dcfeb09ae116bcd8327b0066f2e8616f4632e1", "text": "Again, the characteristic and constant periods of vibration mentioned above are the underlying causes of what appear to us as steady excitements of our senses. We work for hours in a steady light, or we listen to a steady unvarying sound. But, if modern science be correct, this steadiness has no counterpart in nature. The steady light is due to the impact on the eye of a countless \\PageSep{172} number of periodic waves in a vibrating ether, and the steady sound to similar waves in a vibrating air. It is not our purpose here to explain the theory of light or the theory of sound. We have said enough to make it evident that one of the first steps necessary to make mathematics a fit instrument for the investigation of Nature is that it should be able to express the essential periodicity of things. If we have grasped this, we can understand the importance of the mathematical conceptions which we have next to consider, namely, periodic functions. \\PageSep{173}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XII: Periodicity in Nature", "printedPageHint": "172", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00354", "bookId": 41568, "start": 231677, "end": 231705, "sha256": "e944283c82177accaa69460dd1dda44bc533c82c3c94384eb60b24fd7d5118aa", "text": "\\Chapter{XIII}{Trigonometry}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIII: Trigonometry", "printedPageHint": "172", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00355", "bookId": 41568, "start": 231709, "end": 233453, "sha256": "be0f65aaf6eb1c37b9355173049c16b44074f775faccfcd48e9da36233f11fd8", "text": "\\First{Trigonometry} did not take its rise from \\index{Trigonometry|EtSeq}% the general consideration of the periodicity of nature. In this respect its history is analogous to that of conic sections, which also had their origin in very particular ideas. Indeed, a comparison of the histories of the two sciences yields some very instructive analogies and contrasts. Trigonometry, like conic sections, had its origin among the Greeks. Its inventor was Hipparchus (born about 160~\\BC), \\index{Hipparchus}% a Greek astronomer, who made his observations at Rhodes. His services to astronomy were very great, and it left his \\index{Astronomy}% hands a truly scientific subject with important results established, and the right method of progress indicated. Perhaps the invention of trigonometry was not the least of these services to the main science of his study. The next man who extended trigonometry was Ptolemy, the great Alexandrian astronomer, \\index{Ptolemy}% whom we have already mentioned. We now \\PageSep{174} see at once the great contrast between conic sections and trigonometry. The origin of trigonometry was practical; it was invented because it was necessary for astronomical research. The origin of conic sections was purely theoretical. The only reason for its initial study was the abstract interest of the ideas involved. Characteristically enough conic sections were invented about $150$~years earlier than trigonometry, during the very best period of Greek thought. But the importance of trigonometry, both to the theory and the application of mathematics, is only one of innumerable instances of the fruitful ideas which the general science has gained from its practical applications.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIII: Trigonometry", "printedPageHint": "174", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00356", "bookId": 41568, "start": 233457, "end": 236479, "sha256": "23613b1148cda155c4c646f79e600311687f6ea06400883141078c72d75fbb59", "text": "We will try and make clear to ourselves what trigonometry is, and why it should be generated by the scientific study of astronomy. \\index{Astronomy}% In the first place: What are the measurements which can be made by an astronomer? They are measurements of time and measurements of angles. The astronomer may adjust a telescope (for it is easier to discuss the familiar instrument of modern astronomers) so that it can only turn about a fixed axis pointing east and west; the result is that the telescope can only point to the south, with a greater or less elevation of direction, or, if turned round beyond the zenith, point to the north. This is the transit instrument, the \\PageSep{175} great instrument for the exact measurement of the times at which stars are due south or due north. But indirectly this instrument measures angles. For when the time elapsed between the transits of two stars has been noted, by the assumption of the uniform rotation of the earth, we obtain the angle through which the earth has turned in that period of time. Again, by other instruments, the angle between two stars can be directly measured. For if $E$~is the eye of the astronomer, \\Figure[2in]{22} and $EA$~and $EB$ are the directions in which the stars are seen, it is easy to devise instruments which shall measure the angle~$AEB$. Hence, when the astronomer is forming a survey of the heavens, he is, in fact, measuring angles so as to fix the relative directions of the stars and planets at any instant. Again, in the analogous problem of \\PageSep{176} \\index{Surveys|EtSeq}% \\index{Triangle|EtSeq}% land-surveying, angles are the chief subject of measurements. The direct measurements of length are only rarely possible with any accuracy; rivers, houses, forests, mountains, and general irregularities of ground all get in the way. The survey of a whole country will depend only on one or two direct measurements of length, made with the greatest elaboration in selected places like Salisbury Plain. The main work of a survey is the measurement of angles. For example, $A$,~$B$, and~$C$ will be conspicuous points in the district \\Figure[2in]{23} surveyed, say the tops of church towers. These points are visible each from the others. Then it is a very simple matter at~$A$ to measure the angle~$BAC$, and at~$B$ to measure the angle~$ABC$, and at~$C$ to measure the angle~$BCA$. Theoretically, it is only necessary to measure two of these angles; for, by a well-known proposition in geometry, the sum of the three angles of a triangle amounts to two \\PageSep{177} right-angles, so that when two of the angles are known, the third can be deduced. It is better, however, in practice to measure all three, and then any small errors of observation can be checked. In the process of map-making a country is completely covered with triangles in this way. This process is called triangulation, and is the fundamental process \\index{Triangulation}% in a survey.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIII: Trigonometry", "printedPageHint": "175", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00357", "bookId": 41568, "start": 236483, "end": 242497, "sha256": "961d1460ca618a2a3b17489e41e5aa3c241115295a3dbf6ccace84f977dc257b", "text": "Now, when all the angles of a triangle are \\index{Similarity|EtSeq}% known, the shape of the triangle is known---that is, the shape as distinguished from the size. We here come upon the great principle of geometrical similarity. The idea is very familiar to us in its practical applications. We are all familiar with the idea of a plan drawn to scale. Thus if the scale of a plan be an inch to a yard, a length of three inches in the plan means a length of three yards in the original. Also the shapes depicted in the plan are the shapes in the original, so that a right-angle in the original appears as a right-angle in the plan. Similarly in a map, which is only a plan of a country, the proportions of the lengths in the map are the proportions of the distances between the places indicated, and the directions in the map are the directions in the country. For example, if in the map one place is north-north-west of the other, so it is in reality; that is to say, in a map the angles are the same as in reality. \\PageSep{178} \\index{Scale of a Map}% Geometrical similarity may be defined thus: Two figures are similar (i)~if to any point in one figure a point in the other figure corresponds, so that to every line there is a corresponding line, and to every angle a corresponding angle, and (ii)~if the lengths of corresponding lines are in a fixed proportion, and the magnitudes of corresponding angles are the same. The fixed proportion of the lengths of corresponding lines in a map (or plan) and in the original is called the scale of the map. The scale should always be indicated on the margin of every map and plan. It has already been pointed out that two triangles whose angles are respectively equal are similar. Thus, if the two triangles \\Figure{24} $ABC$ and~$DEF$ have the angles at $A$ and $D$ equal, and those at $B$ and~$E$, and those at $C$ and~$F$, then $DE$~is to~$AB$ in the same proportion \\PageSep{179} as $EF$~is to~$BC$, and as $FD$~is to~$CA$. But it is not true of other figures that similarity is guaranteed by the mere equality of angles. Take for example, the familiar cases of a rectangle and a square. Let $ABCD$~be a square, and $ABEF$~be a rectangle. Then all the corresponding angles are equal. But \\Figure[2.75in]{25} whereas the side~$AB$ of the square is equal to the side~$AB$ of the rectangle, the side~$BC$ of the square is about half the size of the side~$BE$ of the rectangle. Hence it is not true that the square $ABCD$ is similar to the rectangle $ABEF$. This peculiar property of the triangle, which is not shared by other rectilinear figures, makes it the fundamental figure in the theory of similarity. Hence in surveys, triangulation is the fundamental process; and hence also arises the word ``trigonometry,'' \\PageSep{180} \\index{Circle|EtSeq}% derived from the two Greek words \\Foreign{trigonon} a triangle and \\Foreign{metria} measurement. The fundamental question from which trigonometry arose is this: Given the magnitudes of the angles of a triangle, what can be stated as to the relative magnitudes of the sides. Note that we say ``\\emph{relative} magnitudes of the sides,'' since by the theory of similarity it is only the proportions of the sides which are known. In order to answer this question, certain functions of the magnitudes of an angle, considered as the argument, are introduced. In their origin these functions were got at by considering a right-angled triangle, and the magnitude of the angle was defined by the length of the arc of a circle. In modern elementary books, the fundamental position of the arc of the circle as defining the magnitude of the angle has been pushed somewhat to the background, not to the advantage either of theory or clearness of explanation. It must first be noticed that, in relation to similarity, the circle holds the same fundamental position among curvilinear figures, as does the triangle among rectilinear figures. Any two circles are similar figures; they only differ in scale. The lengths of the circumferences of two circles, such as $APA'$ and $A_{1} P_{1} A_{1}'$ in the \\Fig[fig.]{26} are in proportion to the lengths of their radii. Furthermore, if the two circles have the same \\PageSep{181} centre~$O$, as do the two circles in \\Fig[fig.]{26}, then the arcs $AP$ and $A_{1} P_{1}$ intercepted by the arms of any angle~$AOP$, are also in proportion to their radii. Hence the ratio of the \\Figure{26} length of the arc~$AP$ to the length of the radius~$OP$, that is $\\dfrac{\\text{arc } AP}{\\text{radius } OP}$ is a number which is quite independent of the length~$OP$, and is the same as the fraction $\\dfrac{\\text{arc } A_{1} P_{1}}{\\text{radius } OP_{1}}$. This fraction of ``arc divided by radius'' is the proper theoretical way to measure the magnitude of \\PageSep{182} \\index{Cosine|EtSeq}% \\index{Sine|EtSeq}% an angle; for it is dependent on no arbitrary unit of length, and on no arbitrary way of dividing up any arbitrarily assumed angle, such as a right-angle. Thus the fraction~$\\dfrac{AP}{OA}$ represents the magnitude of the angle~$AOP$. Now draw $PM$ perpendicularly to~$OA$. Then the Greek mathematicians called the line~$PM$ the sine of the arc~$AP$, and the line~$OM$ the cosine of the arc~$AP$. They were well aware that the importance of the relations of these various lines to each other was dependent on the theory of similarity which we have just expounded. But they did not make their definitions express the properties which arise from this theory. Also they had not in their heads the modern general ideas respecting functions as correlating pairs of variable numbers, nor in fact were they aware of any modern conception of algebra and algebraic analysis. Accordingly, it was natural to them to think merely of the relations between certain lines in a diagram. For us the case is different: we wish to embody our more powerful ideas.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIII: Trigonometry", "printedPageHint": "178", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00358", "bookId": 41568, "start": 242501, "end": 244732, "sha256": "1293db3277df7fc90484c01bfd9cb40f22fb728df733cbd86211f86cdc45dcf8", "text": "Hence, in modern mathematics, instead of considering the arc~$AP$, we consider the fraction~$\\dfrac{AP}{OP}$, which is a number the same for all lengths of~$OP$; and, instead of considering the lines $PM$ and~$OM$, we consider \\PageSep{183} the fractions $\\dfrac{PM}{OP}$ and~$\\dfrac{OM}{OP}$, which again are numbers not dependent on the length of~$OP$, \\ie~not dependent on the scale of our diagrams. Then we define the number $\\dfrac{PM}{OP}$ to be the \\emph{sine} of the number $\\dfrac{PA}{OP}$, and the number $\\dfrac{OM}{OP}$ to be the \\emph{cosine} of the number $\\dfrac{PA}{OP}$. These fractional forms are clumsy to print; so let us put $u$ for the fraction~$\\dfrac{AP}{OP}$, which represents the magnitude of the angle~$AOP$, and put $v$ for the fraction~$\\dfrac{PM}{OM}$, and $w$~for the fraction~$\\dfrac{OM}{OP}$. Then $u$,~$v$,~$w$, are numbers, and, since we are talking of \\emph{any} angle~$AOP$, they are variable numbers. But a correlation exists between their magnitudes, so that when $u$ (\\ie\\ the angle~$AOP$) is given the magnitudes of $v$~and~$w$ are definitely determined. Hence $v$~and~$w$ are functions of the argument~$u$. We have called $v$ the \\emph{sine} of~$u$, and $w$ the \\emph{cosine} of~$u$. We wish to adapt the general functional notation $y = f(x)$ to these special cases: so in modern mathematics %[** TN: Function names italicized in the original] we write \\Chg{$\\sin$}{``$\\sin$''} for~``$f$'' when we want to \\PageSep{184} indicate the special function of ``sine,'' and ``$\\cos$'' for~``$f$'' when we want to indicate the special function of ``cosine.'' Thus, with the above meanings for $u$,~$v$,~$w$, we get \\[ v = \\sin u,\\quad\\text{and}\\quad w = \\cos u, \\] where the brackets surrounding the~$x$ in~$f(x)$ are omitted for the special functions. The meaning of these functions $\\sin$ and $\\cos$ as correlating the pairs of numbers $u$~and~$v$, and $u$~and~$w$ is, that the functional relations are to be found by constructing (\\cf\\ \\Fig[fig.]{26}) an angle~$AOP$, whose measure ``$AP$~divided by~$OP$'' is equal to~$u$, and that then $v$~is the number given by ``$PM$~divided by~$OP$'' and $w$~is the number given by ``$OM$~divided by~$OP$.''", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIII: Trigonometry", "printedPageHint": "183", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00359", "bookId": 41568, "start": 244736, "end": 246480, "sha256": "d9c93727de26ea0d6ff8848d429205feefa1971e09253c590901fc4d7d07cfeb", "text": "It is evident that without some further definitions we shall get into difficulties when the number~$u$ is taken too large. For then the arc~$AP$ may be greater than one-quarter of the circumference of the circle, and the point~$M$ (\\cf\\ figs.\\ \\FigNum{26} and~\\FigNum{27}) may fall between $O$ and~$A'$ and not between $O$ and~$A$. Also $P$~may be below the line~$AOA'$ and not above it as in \\Fig[fig.]{26}. In order to get over this difficulty we have recourse to the ideas and conventions of coordinate geometry in making our complete definitions of the sine and cosine. Let one arm~$OA$ of the angle be the axis~$OX$, and produce the axis backwards to obtain its negative part~$OX'$. Draw the \\PageSep{185} other axis~$YOY'$ perpendicular to it. Let any point~$P$ at a distance~$r$ from~$O$ have coordinates $x$ and~$y$. These coordinates are both positive in the first ``quadrant'' of the plan, \\eg\\ the coordinates $x$ and~$y$ of~$P$ \\Figure{27} in \\Fig[fig.]{27}. In the other quadrants, either one or both of the coordinates are negative, for example, $x'$~and~$y$ for~$P'$, and $x'$ and~$y'$ for~$P''$, and $x$ and~$y'$ for~$P'''$ in \\Fig[fig.]{27}, where $x'$ and~$y'$ are both negative numbers. The positive angle~$POA$ is the arc~$AP$ divided by~$r$, its sine is~$\\dfrac{y}{r}$ and its cosine is~$\\dfrac{x}{r}$; the positive \\PageSep{186} angle~$AOP'$ is the arc~$ABP'$ divided by~$r$, its sine is~$\\dfrac{y}{r}$ and cosine~$\\dfrac{x'}{r}$; the positive angle~$AOP''$ is the arc $ABA'P''$ divided by~$r$, its sine is~$\\dfrac{y'}{r}$ and its cosine is~$\\dfrac{x'}{r}$; the positive angle~$AOP'''$ is the arc $ABA'B'P'''$ divided by~$r$, its sine is~$\\dfrac{y'}{r}$ and its cosine is~$\\dfrac{x}{r}$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIII: Trigonometry", "printedPageHint": "185", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00360", "bookId": 41568, "start": 246484, "end": 247971, "sha256": "ed869062c4f28bddb1afd3a15f8c84e2b3ac40f34eb52dc647346e09cef3d9c2", "text": "But even now we have not gone far enough. For suppose we choose~$u$ to be a number greater than the ratio of the whole circumference of the circle to its radius. Owing to the similarity of all circles this ratio is the same for all circles. It is always denoted in mathematics by the symbol~$2\\pi$, where $\\pi$~is the Greek form of the letter~\\Foreign{p} and its name in the Greek alphabet is ``pi.'' It can be proved that $\\pi$~is an incommensurable number, and that therefore its value cannot be expressed by any fraction, or by any terminating or recurring decimal. Its value to a few decimal places is~$3.14159$; for many purposes a sufficiently accurate approximate value is~$\\dfrac{22}{7}$. Mathematicians can easily calculate~$\\pi$ to any degree of accuracy required, just as~$\\sqrt{2}$ can be so calculated. Its value has been actually given to $707$~places of \\PageSep{187} decimals. Such elaboration of calculation is merely a curiosity, and of no practical or theoretical interest. The accurate determination of~$\\pi$ is one of the two parts of the famous problem of squaring the circle. \\index{Squaring the Circle}% The other part of the problem is, by the theoretical methods of pure geometry to describe a straight line equal in length to the circumference. Both parts of the problem are now known to be impossible; and the insoluble problem has now lost all special practical or theoretical interest, having become absorbed in wider ideas.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIII: Trigonometry", "printedPageHint": "187", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00361", "bookId": 41568, "start": 247975, "end": 249415, "sha256": "b772ffb4e7e3ecfb35bb19aebb7de38f89d0296ded32962a21355822df069904", "text": "After this digression on the value of~$\\pi$, we now return to the question of the general definition of the magnitude of an angle, so as to be able to produce an angle corresponding to any value~$u$. Suppose a moving point,~$Q$, to start from~$A$ on~$OX$ (\\Chg{cf.}{\\cf}\\ \\Fig[fig.]{27}), and to rotate in the positive direction (anti-clockwise, in the figure considered) round the circumference of the circle for any number of times, finally resting at any point, \\eg~at $P$ or~$P'$ or~$P''$ or~$P'''$. Then the total length of the curvilinear circular path traversed, divided by the radius of the circle,~$r$, is the generalized definition of a positive angle of \\emph{any} size. Let $x$,~$y$ be the coordinates of the point in which the point~$Q$ rests, \\ie~in one of the four alternative positions mentioned in \\Fig[fig.]{27}; $x$~and~$y$ (as here used) will either \\Typo{}{be} $x$~and~$y$, or $x'$~and~$y$, or $x'$~and~$y'$, or $x$~and~$y'$. \\PageSep{188} Then the sign of this generalized angle is~$\\dfrac{y}{r}$ and its cosine is~$\\dfrac{x}{r}$. With these definitions the functional relations $v = \\sin u$ and $w = \\cos u$, are at last defined for all positive real values of~$u$. For negative values of~$u$ we simply take rotation of~$Q$ in the opposite (clockwise) direction; but it is not worth our while to elaborate further on this point, now that the general method of procedure has been explained.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIII: Trigonometry", "printedPageHint": "188", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00362", "bookId": 41568, "start": 249419, "end": 250899, "sha256": "b9f71c19514b5a177179a8c5a452ad024b604bdc326f560b685c526e9f6c26b1", "text": "These functions of sine and cosine, as thus defined, enable us to deal with the problems concerning the triangle from which Trigonometry took its rise. But we are now in a position to relate Trigonometry to the wider idea of Periodicity of which the importance \\index{Periodicity}% was explained in the last chapter. It is easy to see that the functions $\\sin u$ and $\\cos u$ are periodic functions of~$u$. For consider the position,~$P$ (in \\Fig[fig.]{27}), of a moving point,~$Q$, which has started from~$A$ and revolved round the circle. This position,~$P$, marks the angles $\\dfrac{\\text{arc } AP}{r}$, and $2\\pi + \\dfrac{\\text{arc } AP}{r}$, and $4\\pi + \\dfrac{\\text{arc } AP}{r}$, and $6\\pi + \\dfrac{\\text{arc } AP}{r}$, and so on indefinitely. Now, all these angles have the same sine and cosine, namely, $\\dfrac{y}{r}$~and~$\\dfrac{x}{r}$. Hence it is easy to see that, \\PageSep{189} \\index{Period|EtSeq}% if $u$ be chosen to have any value, the arguments $u$~and~$2\\pi + u$, and $4\\pi + u$, and $6\\pi + u$, and $8\\pi + u$ and so on indefinitely, have all the same values for the corresponding sines and cosines. In other words, \\begin{alignat*}{4} \\sin u &= \\sin(2\\pi + u) &&= \\sin(4\\pi + u) &&= \\sin(6\\pi + u) &&= \\text{etc.}; \\\\ \\cos u &= \\cos(2\\pi + u) &&= \\cos(4\\pi + u) &&= \\cos(6\\pi + u) &&= \\text{etc.} \\end{alignat*} This fact is expressed by saying that $\\sin u$ and $\\cos u$ are periodic functions with their period equal to~$2\\pi$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIII: Trigonometry", "printedPageHint": "189", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00363", "bookId": 41568, "start": 250903, "end": 251846, "sha256": "402aa5f3bc5ad23eb600c60a7235254f61d3c4fdfefcfa50f7033672c326e308", "text": "The graph of the function $y = \\sin x$ (notice that we now abandon $v$~and~$u$ for the more familiar $y$~and~$x$) is shown in \\Fig[fig.]{28}. We take on the axis of~$x$ any arbitrary length at pleasure to represent the number~$\\pi$, and on the axis of~$y$ any arbitrary length at pleasure to represent the number~$1$. The numerical values of the sine and cosine can never exceed unity. The recurrence of the figure after periods of~$2\\pi$ will be noticed. This graph represents the simplest style of periodic function, out of which all others are constructed. The cosine gives nothing fundamentally different from the sine. For it is easy to prove that $\\cos x = \\sin(x + \\dfrac{\\pi}{2})$; hence it can be seen that the graph of $\\cos x$ is simply \\Fig[fig.]{28} modified by \\PageSep{190} drawing the axis of~$OY$ through the point on~$OX$ marked~$\\dfrac{\\pi}{2}$, instead of drawing it in its actual position on the figure.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIII: Trigonometry", "printedPageHint": "190", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00364", "bookId": 41568, "start": 251850, "end": 252556, "sha256": "4adcaa26b3d8dc35da667463c0c03e11743def2ee84d08273c4527ab4ec82b63", "text": "It is easy to construct a `sine' function in \\Figure{28} which the period has any assigned value~$a$. For we have only to write \\[ y = \\sin \\frac{2\\pi x}{a}, \\] and then \\[ \\sin \\frac{2\\pi (x + a)}{a} %[** TN: Changed curly braces to parentheses] = \\sin \\left(\\frac{2\\pi x}{a} + 2\\pi\\right) = \\sin \\frac{2\\pi x}{a}. \\] Thus the period of this new function is now~$a$. Let us now give a general definition of what \\PageSep{191} we mean by a periodic function. The function~$f(x)$ is periodic, with the period~$a$, if (i)~for \\emph{any} value of~$x$ we have $f(x) = f(x + a)$, and (ii)~there is no number~$b$ smaller than~$a$ such that for \\emph{any} value of~$x$, $f(x) = f(x + b)$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIII: Trigonometry", "printedPageHint": "191", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00365", "bookId": 41568, "start": 252560, "end": 254397, "sha256": "878ed2f5df97b5444e8a713635e45303466e9e7eabb175af851730692d5c8e5f", "text": "The second clause is put into the definition because when we have $\\sin \\dfrac{2\\pi x}{a}$, it is not only periodic in the period~$a$, but also in the periods $2a$ and~$3a$, and so on; this arises since \\[ \\sin \\frac{2\\pi (x + 3a)}{a} = \\sin \\left(\\frac{2\\pi x}{a} + 6\\pi\\right) = \\sin \\frac{2\\pi x}{a}. \\] So it is the smallest period which we want to get hold of and call \\emph{the} period of the function. The greater part of the abstract theory of periodic functions and the whole of the applications of the theory to Physical Science are dominated by an important theorem called Fourier's Theorem; namely that, if $f(x)$ be a \\index{Fourier's Theorem}% periodic function with the period~$a$ and if $f(x)$ also satisfies certain conditions, which practically are always presupposed in functions suggested by natural phenomena, then $f(x)$ can be written as the sum of a set of terms in the form\\Pagelabel{191} \\begin{multline*} c_{0} + c_{1} \\sin \\left(\\frac{2\\pi x}{a} + e_{1}\\right) + c_{2} \\sin \\left(\\frac{4\\pi x}{a} + e_{2}\\right) \\\\ + c_{3} \\sin \\left(\\frac{6\\pi x}{a} + e_{3}\\right) + \\text{etc.} \\end{multline*} \\PageSep{192} In this formula $c_{0}$,~$c_{1}$, $c_{2}$, $c_{3}$,~etc., and also $e_{1}$,~$e_{2}$, $e_{3}$,~etc., are constants, chosen so as to suit the particular function. Again we have to ask, How many terms have to be chosen? And here a new difficulty arises: for we can prove that, though in some particular cases a definite number will do, yet in general all we can do is to approximate as closely as we like to the value of the function by taking more and more terms. This process of gradual approximation brings us to the consideration of the theory of infinite series, an essential part of mathematical theory which we will consider in the next chapter.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIII: Trigonometry", "printedPageHint": "192", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00366", "bookId": 41568, "start": 254401, "end": 255700, "sha256": "4f2c73d037d04d44027d706ee0a3a90e2d6b35fcebe2b7b054743c7b4398d5bf", "text": "The above method of expressing a periodic \\index{Harmonic Analysis}% function as a sum of sines is called the ``harmonic analysis'' of the function. For example, at any point on the sea coast the tides rise and fall periodically. Thus at a point near the Straits of Dover there will be two daily tides due to the rotation of the earth. The daily rise and fall of the tides are complicated by the fact that there are two tidal waves, one coming up the English Channel, and the other which has swept round the North of Scotland, and has then come southward down the North Sea. Again some high tides are higher than others: this is due to the fact that the Sun has also a tide-generating influence as well as the Moon. In this way monthly and other periods are introduced. \\PageSep{193} We leave out of account the exceptional influence of winds which cannot be foreseen. The general problem of the harmonic analysis of the tides is to find sets of terms like those in the expression on \\Pageref[page]{191} above, such that each set will give with approximate accuracy the contribution of the tide-generating influences of one ``period'' to the height of the tide at any instant. The argument~$x$ will therefore be the \\emph{time} reckoned from any convenient commencement.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIII: Trigonometry", "printedPageHint": "193", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00367", "bookId": 41568, "start": 255704, "end": 256129, "sha256": "94b5527330189fe295d9c0af455358099f75dc8dc45b0f55839b1dc3c19bfb6f", "text": "Again, the motion of vibration of a violin string is submitted to a similar harmonic analysis, and so are the vibrations of the ether and the air, corresponding respectively to waves of light and waves of sound. We are here in the presence of one of the fundamental processes of mathematical physics---namely, nothing less than its general method of dealing with the great natural fact of Periodicity. \\PageSep{194}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIII: Trigonometry", "printedPageHint": "194", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00368", "bookId": 41568, "start": 256135, "end": 256156, "sha256": "268746141bac5da21944ef6e070296016faa295d3e2c482915f6f0a41415d625", "text": "\\Chapter{XIV}{Series}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "194", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00369", "bookId": 41568, "start": 256160, "end": 256664, "sha256": "98904f44eb024d3d0ffef90ff5e75824c31386466763cb4b7b1edcb13ae4702a", "text": "\\First{No} part of Mathematics suffers more from \\index{Order|EtSeq}% \\index{Series|EtSeq}% the triviality of its initial presentation to beginners than the great subject of series. Two minor examples of series, namely arithmetic and geometric series, are considered; these examples are important because they are the simplest examples of an important general theory. But the general ideas are never disclosed; and thus the examples, which exemplify nothing, are reduced to silly trivialities.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "194", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00370", "bookId": 41568, "start": 256668, "end": 258665, "sha256": "f3c6fdce1445af5a1819d873b60d8c77e5176800b3e99b0b414c85b54a58e431", "text": "The general mathematical idea of a series is that of a set of things ranged in order, that is, in sequence; This meaning is accurately represented in the common use of the term. Consider for example, the series of English Prime Ministers during the nineteenth century, arranged in the order of their first tenure of that office within the century. The series commences with William Pitt, and ends with \\index{Pitt, William}% \\index{Rosebery, Lord}% Lord Rosebery, who, appropriately enough, is the biographer of the first member. We \\PageSep{195} might have considered other serial orders for the arrangement of these men; for example, according to their height or their weight. These other suggested orders strike us as trivial in connection with Prime Ministers, and would not naturally occur to the mind; but abstractly they are just as good orders as any other. When one order among terms is very much more important or more obvious than other orders, it is often spoken of as \\emph{the} order of those terms. Thus \\emph{the} order of the integers would always be taken to mean their order as arranged in order of magnitude. But of course there is an indefinite number of other ways of arranging them. When the number of things considered is finite, the number of ways of arranging them in order is called the number of their permutations. The number of permutations of a set of $n$~things, where $n$~is some finite integer, is \\[ n × (n - 1) × (n - 2) × (n - 3) × \\dots × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1\\Add{,} \\] that is to say, it is the product of the first $n$ integers; this product is so important in mathematics that a special symbolism, is used for it, and it is always written~`$n!$\\Add{.}' Thus, $2! = 2 × 1 = 2$, and $3! = 3 × 2 × 1 = 6$, and $4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24$, and $5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120$. As $n$~increases, the value of~$n!$ increases very quickly; thus $100!$~is a hundred times as large as~$99!$\\Add{.} \\PageSep{196}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "195", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00371", "bookId": 41568, "start": 258669, "end": 258897, "sha256": "53564d1801f829a164d13491d3a7f9c2497ee8aba33180831a5db1a3a03c6a11", "text": "It is easy to verify in the case of small values of~$n$ that $n!$ is the number of ways of arranging $n$~things in order. Thus consider two things $a$ and~$b$; these are capable of the two orders $ab$ and~$ba$, and $2! = 2$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "195", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00372", "bookId": 41568, "start": 258901, "end": 259140, "sha256": "dcc339be3bb601976e2fc9062465d77f7f84369d22a42ad6355e1c5ad2531153", "text": "Again, take three things $a$,~$b$, and~$c$; these are capable of the six orders, $abc$, $acb$, $bac$, $bca$, $cab$, $cba$, and $3! = 6$. Similarly for the twenty-four orders in which four things $a$,~$b$,~$c$, and~$d$, can be arranged.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "195", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00373", "bookId": 41568, "start": 259144, "end": 260342, "sha256": "425ccbd23e0e9239180fb91bf0334c06de9f42ecfd529c6b665ac59c0d76c112", "text": "When we come to the infinite sets of things---like \\index{Order, Type of}% the sets of all the integers, or all the fractions, or all the real numbers for instance---we come at once upon the complications of the theory of order-types. This subject was touched upon in \\ChapRef{VI}. in considering the possible orders of the integers, and of the fractions, and of the real numbers. The whole question of order-types forms a comparatively new branch of mathematics of great importance. We shall not consider it any further. All the infinite series which we consider now are of the same order-type as the integers arranged in ascending order of magnitude, namely, with a first term, and such that each term has a couple of next-door neighbours, one on either side, with the exception of the first term which has, of course, only one next-door neighbour. Thus, if $m$~be any integer (not zero), there will be always an $m$th~term. A series with a finite \\PageSep{197} number of terms (say $n$~terms) has the same characteristics as far as next-door neighbours are concerned as an infinite series; it only differs from infinite series in having a last term, namely, the~$n$th.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "197", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00374", "bookId": 41568, "start": 260346, "end": 260530, "sha256": "88f6c94761050eaefb318e4d2406298f5e79bbecc44e3a0366077cba678c0ae9", "text": "The important thing to do with a series of numbers---using for the future ``series'' in the restricted sense which has just been mentioned---is to add its successive terms together.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "197", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00375", "bookId": 41568, "start": 260534, "end": 260944, "sha256": "a5e5d8b390ea90a39903fd4a2ce4c960d9b602128d8da7ec47397b79ead381ae", "text": "Thus if $u_{1}$,~$u_{2}$, $u_{3}$,~\\dots\\Add{,} $u_{n}$,~\\dots\\ are respectively the $1$st,~$2$nd, $3$rd, $4$th,~\\dots\\Add{,} $n$th,~\\dots\\ terms of a series of numbers, we form successively the series $u_{1}$, $u_{1} + u_{2}$, $u_{1} + u_{2} + u_{3}$, $u_{1} + u_{2} + u_{3} + u_{4}$, and so on; thus the sum of the $1$st $n$~terms may be written\\Typo{.}{} \\[ u_{1} + u_{2} + u_{3} + \\dots + u_{n}. \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "197", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00376", "bookId": 41568, "start": 260948, "end": 261306, "sha256": "85b8e6843374f0ab6da015f334edd46c1587ca0c970fddf82dc16b38d8dcd0bb", "text": "If the series has only a finite number of \\index{Approximation|EtSeq}% terms, we come at last in this way to the sum of the whole series of terms. But, if the series has an infinite number of terms, this process of successively forming the sums of the terms never terminates; and in this sense there is no such thing as the sum of an infinite series.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "197", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00377", "bookId": 41568, "start": 261310, "end": 262421, "sha256": "d07cbddae741c21aef0699a1580fabfacfea44177b8c1763bff30221d12ad9ea", "text": "But why is it important successively to add the terms of a series in this way? The answer is that we are here symbolizing the fundamental mental process of approximation. This is a process which has significance far \\PageSep{198} beyond the regions of mathematics. Our limited intellects cannot deal with complicated material all at once, and our method of arrangement is that of approximation. The statesman in framing his speech puts the dominating issues first and lets the details fall naturally into their subordinate places. There is, of course, the converse artistic method of preparing the imagination by the presentation of subordinate or special details, and then gradually rising to a crisis. In either way the process is one of gradual summation of effects; and this is exactly what is done by the successive summation of the terms of a series. Our ordinary method of stating numbers is such a process of gradual summation, at least, in the case of large numbers. Thus $568,213$ presents itself to the mind as\\Add{:}--- \\[ 500,000 + 60,000 + 8,000 + 200 + 10 + 3\\Add{.} \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "198", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00378", "bookId": 41568, "start": 262425, "end": 263091, "sha256": "bc9e04c652977e94e37b4642ca748093ac665308047cfc269e4803f5326ea2e7", "text": "In the case of decimal fractions this is so more avowedly. Thus $3.14159$ is\\Add{:}--- \\[ 3 + \\tfrac{1}{10} + \\tfrac{4}{100} + \\tfrac{1}{1000} + \\tfrac{5}{10000} + \\tfrac{9}{100000}\\Add{.} \\] Also, $3$ and~$3 + \\frac{1}{10}$, and $3 + \\tfrac{1}{10} + \\tfrac{4}{100}$, and $3 + \\tfrac{1}{10} + \\tfrac{4}{100} + \\tfrac{1}{1000}$, and $3 + \\tfrac{1}{10} + \\tfrac{4}{100} + \\tfrac{1}{1000} + \\tfrac{5}{10000}$ are successive approximations to the complete result $3.14159$. If we read $568,213$ backwards from right to left, starting with the $3$~units, \\PageSep{199} we read it in the artistic way, gradually preparing the mind for the crisis of~$500,000$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "199", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00379", "bookId": 41568, "start": 263095, "end": 263404, "sha256": "9feef3c8151b390714c9fdc7168d2c21d94da3aabadec1193eea0d496408b4a1", "text": "The ordinary process of numerical multiplication proceeds by means of the summation of a series, Consider the computation \\[ \\begin{array}{*{6}{@{}c@{}}} & & &3&4&2 \\\\ & & &6&5&8 \\\\ \\cline{4-6} \\Strut & &2&7&3&6 \\\\ &1&7&1&0& \\\\ 2&0&5&2& & \\\\ \\cline{1-6} \\Strut 2&2&5&0&3&6 \\end{array} \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "199", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00380", "bookId": 41568, "start": 263408, "end": 263758, "sha256": "ac7bbdedf0b2fb5673485113df57ec78cde7513e3bf53ed7e72c5b49731a0e89", "text": "Hence the three lines to be added form a series of which the first term is the upper line. This series follows the artistic method of presenting the most important term last, not from any feeling for art, but because of the convenience gained by keeping a firm hold on the units' place, thus enabling us to omit some~$0$'s, formally necessary.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "199", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00381", "bookId": 41568, "start": 263762, "end": 264266, "sha256": "8562886ac843b7895266cfaf54a2413775ca760eb7df32700e2e5a6bd461bd40", "text": "But when we approximate by gradually \\index{Limit of a Series|EtSeq}% adding the successive terms of an infinite series, what are we approximating to? The difficulty is that the series has no ``sum'' in the straightforward sense of the word, because the operation of adding together its terms can never be completed. The answer is that we are approximating to the \\emph{limit} of the summation of the series, and we must now \\PageSep{200} proceed to explain what the ``limit'' of a series is.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "200", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00382", "bookId": 41568, "start": 264270, "end": 264826, "sha256": "9df3870924c3e47f1df5ee3fff28d50701a604a752869bdc0438ac2ef049941b", "text": "The summation of a series approximates to a limit when the sum of any number of its terms, provided the number be large enough, is as nearly equal to the limit as you care to approach. But this description of the meaning of approximating to a limit evidently will not stand the vigorous scrutiny of modern mathematics. What is meant by \\emph{large enough}, and by \\emph{nearly equal}, and by \\emph{care to approach}? All these vague phrases must be explained in terms of the simple abstract ideas which alone are admitted into pure mathematics.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "200", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00383", "bookId": 41568, "start": 264830, "end": 265253, "sha256": "4ef6bd39e8978a188697c6cd197a965429d29b492f18550b079dd66978c1ed22", "text": "Let the successive terms of the series be $u_{1}$,~$u_{2}$, $u_{3}$, $u_{4}$,~\\dots, $u_{n}$, etc., so that $u_{n}$~is the $n$th~term of the series. Also let $s_{n}$ be the sum of the $1$st $n$~terms, whatever $n$~may be. So that\\Add{:}--- \\begin{gather*} s_{1} = u_{1},\\quad s_{2} = u_{1} + u_{2},\\quad s_{3} = u_{1} + u_{2} + u_{3},\\quad\\text{and} \\\\ s_{n} = u_{1} + u_{2} + u_{3} + \\dots + u_{n}. \\end{gather*}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "200", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00384", "bookId": 41568, "start": 265257, "end": 265720, "sha256": "2907089203bfacb7b6e824f63449c9005418d3d32243bdbb99317fa44d7e5a6a", "text": "Then the terms $s_{1}$,~$s_{2}$, $s_{3}$,~\\dots\\Add{,} $s_{n}$,~\\dots\\ form a new series, and the formation of this series is the process of summation of the original series. Then the ``approximation'' of the \\emph{summation} of the original series to a ``limit'' means the ``approximation of the \\emph{terms} of this new series to a limit.'' And we have \\PageSep{201} now to explain what we mean by the approximation to a limit of the terms of a series.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "201", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00385", "bookId": 41568, "start": 265724, "end": 266459, "sha256": "8b443d440cbdd5ef064441aaab4ad808a5f7225080670c114ebf19b9ebee8a7a", "text": "Now, remembering the definition (given in \\ChapRef[chapter]{XII}.)\\ of a \\emph{standard of approximation}, \\index{Standard of Approximation|EtSeq}% \\index{Sum to Infinity|EtSeq}% the idea of a limit means this: $l$~is the limit of the terms of the series $s_{1}$,~$s_{2}$, $s_{3}$,~\\dots\\Add{,} $s_{n}$,~\\dots, if, corresponding to each real number~$k$, taken as a standard of approximation, a term~$s_{n}$ of the series can be found so that all succeeding terms (\\ie\\ $s_{n+1}$, $s_{n+2}$, etc.)\\ approximate to~$l$ within that standard of approximation. If another smaller standard~$k^{1}$ be chosen, the term~$s_{n}$ may be too early in the series, and a later term~$s_{m}$ with the above property will then be found.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "201", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00386", "bookId": 41568, "start": 266463, "end": 266961, "sha256": "efc52cda580ddbcf3178de3a8e91e69a38c514a45797c2dbbf4812b344c4f913", "text": "If this property holds, it is evident that as you go along to series $s_{1}$,~$s_{2}$, $s_{3}$,~\\dots, $s_{n}$,~\\dots\\ from left to right, after a time you come to terms \\emph{all} of which are nearer to~$l$ than any number which you may like to assign. In other words you approximate to~$l$ as closely as you like. The close connection of this definition of the limit of a series with the definition of a continuous function given in \\ChapRef[chapter]{XI}.\\ will be immediately perceived.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "201", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00387", "bookId": 41568, "start": 266965, "end": 267435, "sha256": "249adcbd58590451a13adc228df361fde513bfb60497f4c8031383e626625699", "text": "Then coming back to the original series $u_{1}$,~$u_{2}$, $u_{3}$,~\\dots, $u_{n}$,~\\dots, the limit of the terms of the series $s_{1}$,~$s_{2}$, $s_{3}$,~\\dots, $s_{n}$,~\\dots, is called the ``sum to infinity'' of the original series. But it is evident that this use of the word \\PageSep{202} ``sum'' is very artificial, and we must not assume the analogous properties to those of the ordinary sum of a finite number of terms without some special investigation.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "202", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00388", "bookId": 41568, "start": 267439, "end": 268360, "sha256": "b1bc5a10f987d981248b3301e6a7f405dbbaee070992eb3cc25304e3906876b9", "text": "Let us look at an example of a ``sum to infinity.'' Consider the recurring decimal $.1111\\dots$. This decimal is merely a way of symbolizing the ``sum to infinity'' of the series $.1$, $.01$, $.001$, $.0001$, etc. The corresponding series found by summation is $s_{1} = .1$, $s_{2} = .11$, $s_{3} = .111$, $s_{4} = .1111$, etc. The limit of the terms of this series is~$\\frac{1}{9}$; this is easy to see by simple division, for \\[ \\tfrac{1}{9} = .1 + \\tfrac{1}{90} = .11 + \\tfrac{1}{900} = .111 + \\tfrac{1}{9000} = \\text{etc.} \\] Hence, if $\\frac{3}{17}$ is given (the $k$ of the definition), $.1$~and \\emph{all} succeeding terms differ from~$\\frac{1}{9}$ by less than~$\\frac{3}{17}$; if $\\frac{1}{1000}$ is given (another choice for the $k$ of the definition), $.111$ and all succeeding terms differ from~$\\frac{1}{9}$ by less than~$\\frac{1}{1000}$; and so on, whatever choice for~$k$ be made.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "202", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00389", "bookId": 41568, "start": 268364, "end": 268998, "sha256": "44af122cff1a4fc8168efb1e6726b4c97a67fe92cf9b2c3541b07f58aaaa62b7", "text": "It is evident that nothing that has been said gives the slightest idea as to how the ``sum to infinity'' of a series is to be found. We have merely stated the conditions which such a number is to satisfy. Indeed, a general method for finding in all cases the sum to infinity of a series is intrinsically out of the question, for the simple reason that such a ``sum,'' as here defined, does not always exist. Series which possess a sum to \\PageSep{203} \\index{Convergent|EtSeq}% \\index{Divergent|EtSeq}% infinity are called \\emph{convergent}, and those which do not possess a sum to infinity are called \\emph{divergent}.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "203", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00390", "bookId": 41568, "start": 269002, "end": 269979, "sha256": "807b1b23233f101dff5f92d44e8f1fb814cd34c0ffc7525cd73e3670a2d321aa", "text": "An obvious example of a divergent series is $1$,~$2$, $3$,~\\dots, $n$~\\dots\\Add{,} \\ie~the series of integers in their order of magnitude. For whatever number~$l$ you try to take as its sum to infinity, and whatever standard of approximation~$k$ you choose, by taking enough terms of the series you can always make their sum differ from~$l$ by more than~$k$. Again, another example of a divergent series is $1$,~$1$, $1$,~etc., \\ie~the series of which each term is equal to~$1$. Then the sum of $n$~terms is~$n$, and this sum grows without limit as $n$~increases. Again, another example of a divergent series is $1$,~$-1$, $1$,~$-1$, $1$,~$-1$, etc., \\ie~the series in which the terms are alternately $1$ and~$-1$. The sum of an odd number of terms is~$1$, and of an even number of terms is~$0$. Hence the terms of the series $s_{1}$,~$s_{2}$, $s_{3}$,~\\dots\\Add{,} $s_{n}$,~\\dots\\ do not approximate to a limit, although they do not increase without limit.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "203", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00391", "bookId": 41568, "start": 269983, "end": 270309, "sha256": "b66ae5d73c2c9df92808d2721908da88328e67e79c2d5a8eba3efeebe9fc00ba", "text": "It is tempting to suppose that the condition for $u_{1}$,~$u_{2}$,~\\dots\\Add{,} $u_{n}$,~\\dots\\ to have a sum to infinity is that $u_{n}$~should decrease indefinitely as $n$~increases. Mathematics would be a much easier science than it is, if this were the case. Unfortunately the supposition is not true. \\PageSep{204}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "204", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00392", "bookId": 41568, "start": 270313, "end": 271556, "sha256": "ea28c1743249a57a77f66a6971500cc9aa2fe6ed4ba1a5b846ff2efbbb548ba9", "text": "For example the series \\[ 1,\\quad \\frac{1}{2},\\quad \\frac{1}{3},\\quad \\frac{1}{4},\\ \\dots,\\quad \\frac{1}{n},\\ \\dots \\] is divergent. It is easy to see that this is the case; for consider the sum of $n$~terms %[** TN: \"(n + 1)^{th} term\" in the original beginning at the $(n + 1)$th term. These $n$~terms are $\\dfrac{1}{n + 1}$, $\\dfrac{1}{n + 2}$, $\\dfrac{1}{n + 3}$,~\\dots\\Add{,} $\\dfrac{1}{2n}$: there are $n$~of them and $\\dfrac{1}{2n}$~is the least among them. Hence their sum is greater than $n$~times~$\\dfrac{1}{2n}$, \\ie~is greater than~$\\dfrac{1}{2}$. Now, without altering the sum to infinity, if it exist, we can add together neighbouring terms, and obtain the series \\[ 1,\\quad \\tfrac{1}{2},\\quad \\tfrac{1}{3} + \\tfrac{1}{4},\\quad \\tfrac{1}{5} + \\tfrac{1}{6} + \\tfrac{1}{7} + \\tfrac{1}{8},\\quad \\text{etc.}, \\] that is, by what has been said above, a series whose terms after the~$2$nd are greater than those of the series, \\[ 1,\\quad \\tfrac{1}{2},\\quad \\tfrac{1}{2},\\quad \\tfrac{1}{2},\\quad \\text{etc.}, \\] where all the terms after the first are equal. But this series is divergent. Hence the original series is divergent.\\footnote {\\Chg{Cf.}{\\Cf}\\ Note~C, \\Pageref{noteC}.\\Pagelabel{204}}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "204", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00393", "bookId": 41568, "start": 271560, "end": 272276, "sha256": "11c556a73724dfce3ac9d59d80ac12bcb51cc3e06c3f683d13a10d0b1a867853", "text": "This question of divergency shows how careful we must be in arguing from the properties \\PageSep{205} of the sum of a finite number of terms to that of the sum of an infinite series. For the most elementary property of a finite number of terms is that of course they possess a sum: but even this fundamental property is not necessarily possessed by an infinite series. This caution merely states that we must not be misled by the suggestion of the technical term ``\\emph{sum} of an infinite series.'' It is usual to indicate the sum of the infinite series \\[ u_{1},\\quad u_{2},\\quad u_{3},\\ \\dots\\Add{,}\\quad u_{n}\\Add{,}\\ \\dots \\] by \\[ u_{1} + u_{2} + u_{3} + \\dots + u_{n} + \\dots\\Add{.} \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "205", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00394", "bookId": 41568, "start": 272280, "end": 272829, "sha256": "d3c692a6f85d420051db3b9845d40a1869959f6ca151a9e044dfe59782839061", "text": "We now pass on to a generalization of the idea of a series, which mathematics, true to its method, makes by use of the variable. Hitherto, we have only contemplated series in which each definite term was a definite number. But equally well we can generalize, and make each term to be some mathematical expression containing a variable~$x$. Thus we may consider the series $1$,~$x$, $x^{2}$, $x^{3}$,~\\dots, $x^{n}$,~\\dots, and the series \\[ x,\\quad \\frac{x^{2}}{2},\\quad \\frac{x^{3}}{3},\\ \\dots,\\quad \\frac{x^{n}}{n},\\ \\dots\\Add{.} \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "205", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00395", "bookId": 41568, "start": 272833, "end": 273777, "sha256": "17065d8854d00a9e862019e43a6fcea624bc69ff5038bfe0d8e8f78bf9c0f378", "text": "In order to symbolize the general idea of any such function, conceive of a function of~$x$, $f_{n}(x)$~say, which involves in its formation a variable integer~$n$, then, by giving~$n$ the \\PageSep{206} values $1$,~$2$, $3$,~etc., in succession, we get the series \\[ f_{1}(x),\\quad f_{2}(x),\\quad f_{3}(x),\\ \\dots,\\quad f_{n}(x),\\dots\\Add{.} \\] Such a series may be convergent for some values of~$x$ and divergent for others. It is, in fact, rather rare to find a series involving a variable~$x$ which is convergent for all values of~$x$,---at least in any particular instance it is very unsafe to assume that this is the case. For example, let us examine the simplest of all instances, namely, the ``geometrical'' \\index{Geometrical Series|EtSeq}% series \\[ 1,\\quad x,\\quad x^{2},\\quad x^{3},\\ \\dots,\\quad x^{n},\\ \\dots\\Add{.} \\] The sum of $n$~terms is given by \\[ s_{n} = 1 + x + x^{2} + x^{3} + \\dots + x^{n}. \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "206", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00396", "bookId": 41568, "start": 273781, "end": 275015, "sha256": "3cb17141e278db1560933f15631a24b75c2ce84297a3162c237c514fb0edceb1", "text": "Now multiply both sides by~$x$ and we get \\[ xs_{n} = x + x^{2} + x^{3} + x^{4} + \\dots + x^{n} + x^{n+1}\\Add{.} \\] Now subtract the last line from the upper line and we get \\[ s_{n}(1 - x) = s_{n} - xs_{n} = 1 - x^{n+1}, \\] and hence (if $x$~be not equal to~$1$) \\[ s_{n} = \\frac{1 - x^{n+1}}{1 - x} = \\frac{1}{1 - x} - \\frac{x^{n+1}}{1 - x}\\Add{.} \\] Now if $x$~be numerically less than~$1$, for sufficiently large values of~$n$, $\\dfrac{x^{n+1}}{1 - x}$~is always numerically \\PageSep{207} less than~$k$, however $k$~be chosen. Thus, if $x$~be numerically less than~$1$, the series $1$,~$x$, $x^{2}$,~\\dots\\Add{,} $x^{n}$,~\\dots\\ is convergent, and $\\dfrac{1}{1 - x}$~is its limit. This statement is symbolized by \\[ \\frac{1}{1 - x} = 1 + x + x^{2} + \\dots + x^{n} + \\dots,\\quad (-1 < x < 1). \\] But if $x$~is numerically greater than~$1$, or numerically equal to~$1$, the series is divergent. In other words, if $x$~lie between $-1$ and~$+1$, the series is convergent; but if $x$~be equal to~$-1$ or~$+1$, or if $x$~lie outside the interval $-1$~to~$+1$, then the series is divergent. Thus the series is convergent at all ``points'' within the interval $-1$~to~$+1$, exclusive of the end points.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "207", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00397", "bookId": 41568, "start": 275019, "end": 275728, "sha256": "14b5cab1e3b340990ea7133bcb60ca589847ff66760acb444b0de90aa7108b95", "text": "At this stage of our enquiry another question arises. Suppose that the series \\[ f_{1}(x) + f_{2}(x) + f_{3}(x) + \\dots + f_{n}(x) + \\dots \\] is convergent for all values of~$x$ lying within the interval $a$~to~$b$, \\ie~the series is convergent for any value of~$x$ which is greater than~$a$ and less than~$b$. Also, suppose we want to be sure that in approximating to the limit we add together enough terms to come within some standard of approximation~$k$. Can we always state some number of terms, say~$n$, such that, if we take $n$~or more terms to form the sum, then \\emph{whatever} value $x$~has \\PageSep{208} within the interval we have satisfied the desired standard of approximation?", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "208", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00398", "bookId": 41568, "start": 275732, "end": 276269, "sha256": "9494edf0da6db91f186ea039ffab1eb2a0e8d91195a5cf83add1f2300a572ff2", "text": "Sometimes we can and sometimes we cannot \\index{Non-Uniform Convergence|EtSeq}% \\index{Uniform Convergence|EtSeq}% do this for each value of~$k$. When we can, the series is called uniformly convergent throughout the interval, and when we cannot do so, the series is called non-uniformly convergent throughout the interval. It makes a great difference to the properties of a series whether it is or is not uniformly convergent through an interval. Let us illustrate the matter by the simplest example and the simplest numbers.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "208", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00399", "bookId": 41568, "start": 276273, "end": 276364, "sha256": "7a7c9d7fcd26e41f579d5d4d8ded43c248535f96f86dbcf19de7ed211e7412eb", "text": "Consider the geometric series \\[ 1 + x + x^{2} + x^{3} + \\dots + x^{n} + \\dots\\Add{.} \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "208", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00400", "bookId": 41568, "start": 276368, "end": 276459, "sha256": "9ae0775de0e90e6f63c6ff1794faa093d368d97f4c80f02d42b9bb2b0a319717", "text": "It is convergent throughout the interval $-1$~to~$+1$, excluding the end values $x = ±1$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "208", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00401", "bookId": 41568, "start": 276463, "end": 277087, "sha256": "94831ddfe82715cb77c66f6e8ed8318069cedde9b44f44f067bfdda66ae014e0", "text": "But it is not uniformly convergent throughout this interval. For if $s_{n}(x)$~be the sum of $n$~terms, we have proved that the difference between $s_{n}(x)$ and the limit~$\\dfrac{1}{1 - x}$ is~$\\dfrac{x^{n+1}}{1 - x}$. Now suppose $n$~be any given number of terms, say~$20$, and let $k$~be any assigned standard of approximation, say~$.001$. Then, by taking $x$~near enough to~$+1$ or near enough to~$-1$, we can make the numerical value of~$\\dfrac{x^{21}}{1 - x}$ to be greater than~$.001$. Thus $20$~terms will \\PageSep{209} not do over the whole interval, though it is more than enough over some parts of it.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "209", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00402", "bookId": 41568, "start": 277091, "end": 278455, "sha256": "4ef7a98c223e3c7100165fd03062a3238e964c34bcc3a30e87ace48206f675fd", "text": "The same reasoning can be applied whatever other number we take instead of~$20$, and whatever standard of approximation instead of~$.001$. Hence the geometric series $1 + x + x^{2} + x^{3} + \\dots + x^{n} + \\dots$ is non-uniformly convergent over its \\emph{whole} interval of convergence $-1$~to~$+1$. But if we take any smaller interval lying at both ends within the interval $-1$~to~$+1$, the geometric series is uniformly convergent within it. For example, take the interval $0$~to~$+\\frac{1}{10}$. Then any value for~$n$ which makes $\\dfrac{x^{n+1}}{1 - x}$~numerically less than~$k$ \\emph{at} these limits for~$x$ also serves for all values of~$x$ between these limits, since it so happens that $\\dfrac{x^{n+1}}{1 - x}$ diminishes in numerical value as $x$~diminishes in numerical value. For example, take $k = .001$; then, putting $x = \\frac{1}{10}$, we find:\\Add{---} \\begin{alignat*}{3} &\\text{for $n = 1$,}\\quad & \\frac{x^{n+1}}{1 - x} &= \\frac{(\\frac{1}{10})^{2}}{1 - \\frac{1}{10}} &&= \\tfrac{1}{90} = .0111\\dots, \\\\ % &\\text{for $n = 2$,}\\quad & \\frac{x^{n+1}}{1 - x} &= \\frac{(\\frac{1}{10})^{3}}{1 - \\frac{1}{10}} &&= \\tfrac{1}{900} = .00111\\dots, \\\\ % &\\text{for $n = 3$,}\\quad & \\frac{x^{n+1}}{1 - x} &= \\frac{(\\frac{1}{10})^{4}}{1 - \\frac{1}{10}} &&= \\tfrac{1}{9000} = .000111\\dots\\Typo{,}{.} \\end{alignat*}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "209", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00403", "bookId": 41568, "start": 278459, "end": 279006, "sha256": "2b0a5593fd307cf93b7d04215b6dad2b4e4a8808caf0eec67a5fdc59b81b233c", "text": "Thus three terms will do for the whole interval, \\PageSep{210} though, of course, for some parts of the interval it is more than is necessary. Notice that, because $1 + x + x^{2} + \\dots + x^{n} + \\dots$ is convergent (though not uniformly) throughout the interval $-1$~to~$+1$, for each value of~$x$ in the interval some number of terms~$n$ can be found which will satisfy a desired standard of approximation; but, as we take $x$ nearer and nearer to either end value $+1$ or~$-1$, larger and larger values of~$n$ have to be employed.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "210", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00404", "bookId": 41568, "start": 279010, "end": 279290, "sha256": "70d033038ca62242fdce7a8b245048334632b45617ba69492f6da5873977e8f9", "text": "It is curious that this important distinction between uniform and non-uniform convergence was not published till 1847 by Stokes---afterwards, \\index{Stokes, Sir George}% Sir~George Stokes---and later, independently in~1850 by Seidel, a German \\index{Seidel}% mathematician.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "210", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00405", "bookId": 41568, "start": 279294, "end": 279500, "sha256": "51c0b36fe0ff784e0e5c3c9538ffbbf5ad445094734e2831f775358f12bf7e6c", "text": "The critical points, where non-uniform convergence comes in, are not necessarily at the limits of the interval throughout which convergence holds. This is a speciality belonging to the geometric series.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "210", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00406", "bookId": 41568, "start": 279504, "end": 280091, "sha256": "845bd74fd55beb6db8a56498536ef28b9ef946bb3ab9896156b92dfd5f9ea7bf", "text": "In the case of the geometric series $1 + x + x^{2} + \\dots + x^{n} + \\dots$, a simple algebraic expression~$\\dfrac{1}{1 - x}$ can be given for its limit in its interval of convergence. But this is not always the case. Often we can prove a series to be convergent within a certain interval, though we know nothing more about its limit except that it is the limit of the series. \\PageSep{211} But this is a very good way of defining a function; \\viz.\\ as the limit of an infinite convergent series, and is, in fact, the way in which most functions are, or ought to be, defined.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "211", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00407", "bookId": 41568, "start": 280095, "end": 280840, "sha256": "613464391d24f825baa076190ef708369221492b72284680279c66c429300b70", "text": "Thus, the most important series in elementary \\index{Exponential Series|EtSeq}% analysis is \\[ 1 + x + \\frac{x^{2}}{2!} + \\frac{x^{3}}{3!} + \\dots + \\frac{x^{n}}{n!} + \\dots, \\] where $n!$ has the meaning defined earlier in this chapter. This series can be proved to be absolutely convergent for \\emph{all} values of~$x$, and to be uniformly convergent within any interval which we like to take. Hence it has all the comfortable mathematical properties which a series should have. It is called the exponential series. Denote its sum to infinity by~$\\exp x$. Thus, by definition, \\[ \\exp x = 1 + x + \\frac{x^{2}}{2!} + \\frac{x^{3}}{3!} + \\dots + \\frac{x^{n}}{n!} + \\dots\\Add{.} \\] $\\exp x$ is called the exponential function.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "211", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00408", "bookId": 41568, "start": 280844, "end": 281199, "sha256": "033814e02766368b62f78630ed1c28586107222e2f1aca18095def767c9795c5", "text": "It is fairly easy to prove, with a little knowledge of elementary mathematics, that \\[ (\\exp x) × (\\exp y) = \\exp(x + y). \\Tag{(A)} \\] In other words that \\begin{multline*} (\\exp x) × (\\exp y) \\\\ = 1 + (x + y) + \\frac{(x + y)^{2}}{2!} + \\frac{(x + y)^{3}}{3!} + \\dots + \\frac{(x + y)^{n}}{n!} + \\dots\\Add{.} \\end{multline*} \\PageSep{212}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "212", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00409", "bookId": 41568, "start": 281203, "end": 281794, "sha256": "86da2464d87888b53ae9d4a626db6520c3e58f3c5c098ab0a47ee93cd94f57e6", "text": "This property~\\Eq{(A)} is an example of what is called an addition-theorem. When any \\index{Addition-Theorem}% function [say~$f(x)$] has been defined, the first thing we do is to try to express $f(x + y)$ in terms of known functions of $x$~only, and known functions of $y$~only. If we can do so, the result is called an addition-theorem. Addition-theorems play a great part in mathematical analysis. Thus the addition-theorem for the sine is given by \\[ \\sin(x + y) = \\sin x \\cos y + \\cos x \\sin y, \\] and for the cosine by \\[ \\cos(x + y) = \\cos x \\cos y - \\sin x \\sin y. \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "212", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00410", "bookId": 41568, "start": 281798, "end": 282422, "sha256": "85c3867491306f9d8604cccc170610f4cf42700e569959803c8da5026fa74d8b", "text": "As a matter of fact the best ways of defining $\\sin x$ and $\\cos x$ are not by the elaborate geometrical methods of the previous chapter, but as the limits respectively of the series \\[ x - \\frac{x^{3}}{3!} + \\frac{x^{5}}{5!} - \\frac{x^{7}}{7!} + \\text{etc.} \\dots, \\] and \\[ 1 - \\frac{x^{2}}{2!} + \\frac{x^{4}}{4!} - \\frac{x^{6}}{6!} + \\text{etc.} \\dots, \\] so that we put \\begin{align*} \\sin x &= x - \\frac{x^{3}}{3!} + \\frac{x^{5}}{5!} - \\frac{x^{7}}{7!} + \\text{etc.} \\dots, \\\\ \\cos x &= 1 - \\frac{x^{2}}{2!} + \\frac{x^{4}}{4!} - \\frac{x^{6}}{6!} + \\text{etc.} \\dots\\Typo{,}{.} \\end{align*} \\PageSep{213}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "213", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00411", "bookId": 41568, "start": 282426, "end": 282877, "sha256": "28d0b47df5610b2bf60f211373f4739f5afdd0d4b254f7d6bb5756614fed925a", "text": "These definitions are equivalent to the geometrical definitions, and both series can be proved to be convergent for all values of~$x$, and uniformly convergent throughout any interval. These series for sine and cosine have a general likeness to the exponential series given above. They are, indeed, intimately connected with it by means of the theory of imaginary numbers explained in Chapters \\ChapNum{VII}.\\ and~\\ChapNum{VIII}. \\Figure{29}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "213", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00412", "bookId": 41568, "start": 282881, "end": 283790, "sha256": "74e48ea513580ab993718ba422d92be57fc3d1b649bbfcb662320684a9c3fa61", "text": "The graph of the exponential function is given in \\Fig[fig.]{29}. It cuts the axis~$OY$ at the point $y = 1$, as evidently it ought to do, since when $x = 0$ every term of the series except the first is zero. The importance of the exponential function is that it represents any changing physical quantity whose rate of increase at any instant is a uniform percentage of its value at that instant. For \\PageSep{214} example, the above graph represents the size at any time of a population with a uniform birth-rate, a uniform death-rate, and no emigration, where the $x$ corresponds to the time reckoned from any convenient day, and the $y$ represents the population to the proper scale. The scale must be such that $OA$~represents the population at the date which is taken as the origin. But we have here come upon the idea of ``rates of increase'' which is the topic for the next chapter.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "214", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00413", "bookId": 41568, "start": 283794, "end": 284117, "sha256": "0ce803651c66a9a8972d9a3800684f1f3f2bb15c23e903e1f425cc869e07145a", "text": "An important function nearly allied to the \\index{Normal Error, Curve of}% exponential function is found by putting~$-x^{2}$ for~$x$ as the argument in the exponential function. %[** TN: Omitted period following \"exp\"] We thus get $\\exp (-x^{2})$. The graph $y = \\exp(-x^{2})$ is given in \\Fig[fig.]{30}. \\Figure{30}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "214", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00414", "bookId": 41568, "start": 284121, "end": 284402, "sha256": "6b260e8e5d976e698cec6f9bf4faab4bed63d11ca3a0b813f9170becb5d641a5", "text": "The curve, which is something like a cocked hat, is called the curve of normal error. Its \\PageSep{215} corresponding function is vitally important to the theory of statistics, and tells us in many cases the sort of deviations from the average results which we are to expect.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "215", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00415", "bookId": 41568, "start": 284406, "end": 284586, "sha256": "54a002482c271214f458860a60924191f54c82552adc0987dfe029c18b413bb5", "text": "Another important function is found by combining the exponential function with the sine, in this way:\\Add{---} \\[ y = \\exp(-cx) × \\sin \\frac{2\\pi x}{p}\\Add{.} \\] \\Figure{31}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "215", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00416", "bookId": 41568, "start": 284590, "end": 285512, "sha256": "2e1e6cb5de652fbb91c01e084801ee979632a53ab7089d8bd974523632558be5", "text": "Its graph is given in \\Fig[fig.]{31}. The points $A$,~$B$, $O$, $C$, $D$, $E$,~$F$, are placed at equal intervals~$\\frac{1}{2}p$, and an unending series of them should be drawn forwards and backwards. This function represents the dying away of vibrations under the influence of friction or of ``damping'' forces. Apart from the friction, the vibrations would be periodic, with a period~$p$; but the influence of the friction \\PageSep{216} makes the extent of each vibration smaller than that of the preceding by a constant percentage of that extent. This combination of the idea of ``periodicity'' (which requires \\index{Periodicity}% the sine or cosine for its symbolism) and of ``constant percentage'' (which requires the exponential function for its symbolism) is the reason for the form of this function, namely, its form as a product of a sine-function into an exponential function. \\PageSep{217}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XIV: Series", "printedPageHint": "216", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00417", "bookId": 41568, "start": 285518, "end": 285557, "sha256": "3badfce0266195aae8d90ea63a9ea206760fd8c71cf3701a73c9c65c2ada58c8", "text": "\\Chapter{XV}{The Differential Calculus}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "216", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00418", "bookId": 41568, "start": 285561, "end": 286475, "sha256": "d8fc4ca7a6a087071e8c6299252ad406ecb0093d368fb5a6701d9eb573492de4", "text": "\\First{The} invention of the differential calculus \\index{Differential Calculus|EtSeq}% marks a crisis in the history of mathematics. The progress of science is divided between periods characterized by a slow accumulation of ideas and periods, when, owing to the new material for thought thus patiently collected, some genius by the invention of a new method or a new point of view, suddenly transforms the whole subject on to a higher level. These contrasted periods in the progress of the history of thought are compared by Shelley to the formation of an avalanche. \\begin{verse} \\footnotesize \\index{Shelley (quotation from)}% The sun-awakened avalanche! whose mass, \\\\ Thrice sifted by the storm, had gathered there \\\\ Flake after flake,---in heaven-defying minds \\\\ As thought by thought is piled, till some great truth \\\\ Is loosened, and the nations echo round, \\\\ \\dotfill \\end{verse}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "216", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00419", "bookId": 41568, "start": 286479, "end": 287159, "sha256": "9aa244b73c4b19c17f981a161bbc3fc24dce01e034e5c71699d436e0cd058454", "text": "The comparison will bear some pressing. The final burst of sunshine which awakens the avalanche is not necessarily beyond comparison in magnitude with the other powers of nature which have presided over its slow \\PageSep{218} formation. The same is true in science. The genius who has the good fortune to produce the final idea which transforms a whole region of thought, does not necessarily excel all his predecessors who have worked at the preliminary formation of ideas. In considering the history of science, it is both silly and ungrateful to confine our admiration with a gaping wonder to those men who have made the final advances towards a new epoch\\Add{.}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "218", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00420", "bookId": 41568, "start": 287163, "end": 287970, "sha256": "5f89920932bc51d164d2aa605784de62b2e127cd8c286a9522284f92f799f7e6", "text": "In the particular instance before us, the \\index{Leibniz|EtSeq}% \\index{Newton|EtSeq}% subject had a long history before it assumed its final form at the hands of its two inventors. There are some traces of its methods even among the Greek mathematicians, and finally, just before the actual production of the subject, Fermat (born 1601~\\AD, \\index{Fermat}% and died 1665~\\AD), a distinguished French mathematician, had so improved on previous ideas that the subject was all but created by him. Fermat, also, may lay claim to be the joint inventor of coordinate geometry in company with his contemporary and countryman, Descartes. It was, in fact, \\index{Descartes}% Descartes from whom the world of science received the new ideas, but Fermat had certainly arrived at them independently.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "218", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00421", "bookId": 41568, "start": 287974, "end": 289197, "sha256": "8c99cd72bd603aceb171a7b6a861ac9a9aca6c1c25567903e67ed53e15b4bc00", "text": "We need not, however, stint our admiration either for Newton or for Leibniz. Newton was a mathematician and a student of physical science, Leibniz was a mathematician \\PageSep{219} and a philosopher, and each of them in his own department of thought was one of the greatest men of genius that the world has known. The joint invention was the occasion of an unfortunate and not very creditable dispute. Newton was using the methods of Fluxions, as he called the subject, \\index{Fluxions}% in~1666, and employed it in the composition of his \\Title{Principia}, although in the work as printed any special algebraic notation is avoided. But he did not print a direct statement of his method till~1693. Leibniz published his first statement in~1684. He was accused by Newton's friends of having got it from a MS. by Newton, which he had been shown privately. Leibniz also accused Newton of having plagiarized from him. There is now not very much doubt but that both should have the credit of being independent discoverers. The subject had arrived at a stage in which it was ripe for discovery, and there is nothing surprising in the fact that two such able men should have independently hit upon it.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "219", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00422", "bookId": 41568, "start": 289201, "end": 290375, "sha256": "0c363f49aa4c07636897f22646209f5dc009ecca5c5ba58b94bd7586d01ba5cd", "text": "These joint discoveries are quite common in science. Discoveries are not in general made before they have been led up to by the previous trend of thought, and by that time many minds are in hot pursuit of the important idea. If we merely keep to discoveries in which Englishmen are \\PageSep{220} concerned, the simultaneous enunciation of the law of natural selection by Darwin and \\index{Darwin}% Wallace, and the simultaneous discovery of \\index{Wallace}% Neptune by Adams and the French astronomer, \\index{Adams}% Leverrier, at once occur to the mind. \\index{Leverrier}% The disputes, as to whom the credit ought to be given, are often influenced by an unworthy spirit of nationalism. The really inspiring reflection suggested by the history of mathematics is the unity of thought and interest among men of so many epochs, so many nations, and so many races. Indians, Egyptians, Assyrians, Greeks, Arabs, Italians, Frenchmen, Germans, Englishmen, and Russians, have all made essential contributions to the progress of the science. Assuredly the jealous exaltation of the contribution of one particular nation is not to show the larger spirit.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "220", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00423", "bookId": 41568, "start": 290379, "end": 291240, "sha256": "8196a53d0d894f1ae817f844232633584c1a1b7e48bb8907da6f08cfb270eead", "text": "The importance of the differential calculus \\index{Rate of Increase of Functions|EtSeq}% arises from the very nature of the subject, which is the systematic consideration of the rates of increase of functions. This idea is immediately presented to us by the study of nature; velocity is the rate of increase of the distance travelled, and acceleration is the rate of increase of velocity. Thus the fundamental idea of change, which is at the basis of our whole perception of phenomena, immediately suggests the enquiry as to the rate of change. The familiar terms of ``quickly'' and ``slowly'' gain their meaning from a tacit \\PageSep{221} reference to rates of change. Thus the differential calculus is concerned with the very key of the position from which mathematics can be successfully applied to the explanation of the course of nature.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "221", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00424", "bookId": 41568, "start": 291244, "end": 292033, "sha256": "b865735d63a0d2fa40546539fad8b32b243c9c8fd12b5c81629b28ab17582c79", "text": "This idea of the rate of change was certainly in Newton's mind, and was embodied in the \\Figure{32} language in which he explained the subject. It may be doubted, however, whether this point of view, derived from natural phenomena, was ever much in the minds of the preceding mathematicians who prepared the subject for its birth. They were concerned with the more abstract problems of drawing tangents \\index{Tangents}% to curves, of finding the lengths of curves, and of finding the areas enclosed by curves. The \\PageSep{222} last two problems, of the rectification of curves and the quadrature of curves as they are named, belong to the Integral Calculus, which \\index{Integral Calculus}% is however involved in the same general subject as the Differential Calculus.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "222", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00425", "bookId": 41568, "start": 292037, "end": 293804, "sha256": "40508389059093d1f2de3eb8617bea7992bad18b5cc478e76eaedce2823f4429", "text": "The introduction of coordinate geometry \\index{Tangents}% makes the two points of view coalesce. For (\\Chg{cf.}{\\cf}\\ \\Fig[fig.]{32}) let $AQP$ be any curved line and let $PT$ be the tangent at the point~$P$ on it. Let the axes of coordinates be $OX$ and~$OY$; and let $y = f(x)$ be the equation to the curve, so that $OM = x$, and $PM = y$. Now let $Q$ be any moving point on the curve, with coordinates $x_{1}$,~$y_{1}$; then $y_{1} = f(x_{1})$. And let $Q'$ be the point on the tangent with the same abscissa~$x_{1}$; suppose that the coordinates of~$Q'$ are $x_{1}$ and~$y'$. Now suppose that $N$~moves along the axis~$OX$ from left to right with a uniform velocity; then it is easy to see that the ordinate~$y'$ of the point~$Q'$ on the tangent~$TP$ also increases uniformly as $Q'$~moves along the tangent in a corresponding way. In fact it is easy to see that the ratio of the rate of increase of~$Q'N$ to the rate of increase of~$ON$ is in the ratio of $Q'N$ to~$TN$, which is the same at all points of the straight line. But the rate of increase of~$QN$, which is the rate of increase of~$f(x_{1})$, varies from point to point of the curve so long as it is not straight. As $Q$~passes through the point~$P$, the rate of increase of~$f(x_{1})$ (where $x_{1}$~coincides with~$x$ for the moment) \\PageSep{223} is the same as the rate of increase of~$y'$ on the tangent at~$P$. Hence, if we have a general method of determining the rate of increase of a function~$f(x)$ of a variable~$x$, we can determine the slope of the tangent at any point $(x, y\\Typo{,}{})$ on a curve, and thence can draw it. Thus the problems of drawing tangents to a curve, and of determining the rates of increase of a function are really identical.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "223", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00426", "bookId": 41568, "start": 293808, "end": 294365, "sha256": "96c1b1544b8971cd59d3cbe0f8501aa8da91a02e1aabf23156ddbffbb74f86cb", "text": "It will be noticed that, as in the cases of Conic Sections and Trigonometry, the more artificial of the two points of view is the one in which the subject took its rise. The really fundamental aspect of the science only rose into prominence comparatively late in the day. It is a well-founded historical generalization, that the last thing to be discovered in any science is what the science is really about. Men go on groping for centuries, guided merely by a dim instinct and a puzzled curiosity, till at last ``some great truth is loosened.''", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "223", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00427", "bookId": 41568, "start": 294369, "end": 296128, "sha256": "03c5a58b5dbd78c1a6758f59a85ee5205152e0d2a1ff9211f4f56f311059800e", "text": "Let us take some special cases in order to familiarize ourselves with the sort of ideas which we want to make precise. A train is in motion---how shall we determine its velocity at some instant, let us say, at noon? We can take an interval of five minutes which includes noon, and measure how far the train has gone in that period. Suppose we find it to be five \\PageSep{224} miles, we may then conclude that the train was running at the rate of $60$~miles per~hour. But five miles is a long distance, and we cannot be sure that just at noon the train was moving at this pace. At noon it may have been running $70$~miles per~hour, and afterwards the \\Typo{break}{brake} may have been put on. It will be safer to work with a smaller interval, say one minute, which includes noon, and to measure the space traversed during that period. But for some purposes greater accuracy may be required, and one minute may be too long. In practice, the necessary inaccuracy of our measurements makes it useless to take too small a period for measurement. But in theory the smaller the period the better, and we are tempted to say that for ideal accuracy an infinitely small period is required. The older mathematicians, in particular Leibniz, were not only tempted, but yielded to the temptation, and did say it. Even now it is a useful fashion of speech, provided that we know how to interpret it into the language of common sense. It is curious that, in his exposition of the foundations of the calculus, Newton, the natural scientist, is much more philosophical than Leibniz, the philosopher, and on the other hand, Leibniz provided the admirable notation which has been so essential for the progress of the subject. \\PageSep{225}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "224", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00428", "bookId": 41568, "start": 296132, "end": 297496, "sha256": "adb033361f0476c3b6ae5a02d773461f3afd2e1c0a8f70bd2d96e8300c461533", "text": "Now take another example within the region of pure mathematics. Let us proceed to find the rate of increase of the function~$x^{2}$ for any value~$x$ of its argument. We have not yet really defined what we mean by rate of increase. We will try and grasp its meaning in relation to this particular case. When $x$~increases to $x + h$, the function~$x^{2}$ increases to $(x + h)^{2}$; so that the total increase has been $(x + h)^{2} - x^{2}$, due to an increase~$h$ in the argument. Hence throughout the interval $x$~to $(x + h)$ the average increase of the function per unit increase of the argument is $\\dfrac{(x + h)^{2} - x^{2}}{h}$. But \\[ (x + h)^{2} = x^{2} + 2hx + h^{2}, \\] and therefore \\[ \\frac{(x + h)^{2} - x^{2}}{h} = \\frac{2hx + h^{2}}{h} = 2x + h. \\] Thus $2x + h$ is the average increase of the function~$x^{2}$ per unit increase in the argument, the average being taken over by the interval $x$~to~$x + h$. But $2x + h$ depends on~$h$, the size of the interval. We shall evidently get what we want, namely the \\emph{rate} of increase at the value~$x$ of the argument, by diminishing~$h$ more and more. Hence \\emph{in the limit} when $h$~has \\PageSep{226} \\index{Infinitely Small Quantities|EtSeq}% \\emph{decreased indefinitely}, we say that $2x$~is the rate of increase of~$x^{2}$ at the value~$x$ of the argument.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "226", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00429", "bookId": 41568, "start": 297500, "end": 299826, "sha256": "87aa7ad63e102bd73e901fb4e5bfe37876f2a818e3d74192c104a485df653004", "text": "Here again we are apparently driven up against the idea of infinitely small quantities in the use of the words ``in the limit when $h$~has decreased indefinitely.'' Leibniz held that, mysterious as it may sound, there were actually existing such things as infinitely small quantities, and of course infinitely small numbers corresponding to them. Newton's language and ideas were more on the modern lines; but he did not succeed in explaining the matter with such explicitness so as to be evidently doing more than explain Leibniz's ideas in rather indirect language. The real explanation of the subject was first given by Weierstrass and the Berlin School of mathematicians \\index{Weierstrass}% about the middle of the nineteenth century. But between Leibniz and Weierstrass a copious literature, both mathematical and philosophical, had grown up round these mysterious infinitely small quantities which mathematics had discovered and philosophy proceeded to explain. Some philosophers, \\index{Berkeley, Bishop}% Bishop Berkeley, for instance, correctly denied the validity of the whole idea, though for reasons other than those indicated here. But the curious fact remained that, despite all criticisms of the foundations of the subject, there could be no doubt but that the mathematical \\PageSep{227} procedure was substantially right. In fact, the subject was right, though the explanations were wrong. It is this possibility of being right, albeit with entirely wrong explanations as to what is being done, that so often makes external criticism---that is so far as it is meant to stop the pursuit of a method---singularly barren and futile in the progress of science. The instinct of trained observers, and their sense of curiosity, due to the fact that they are obviously getting at something, are far safer guides. Anyhow the general effect of the success of the Differential Calculus was to generate a large amount of bad philosophy, centring round the idea of the infinitely small. The relics of this verbiage may still be found in the explanations of many elementary mathematical text-books on the Differential Calculus. It is a safe rule to apply that, when a mathematical or philosophical author writes with a misty profundity, he is talking nonsense. \\medskip", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "227", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00430", "bookId": 41568, "start": 299830, "end": 300728, "sha256": "4dac9f80063171f2154b518d098dff77ad1aa6dd6d9068e1367d0ff2fc49ea1a", "text": "Newton would have phrased the question \\index{Limit of a Function|EtSeq}% by saying that, as $h$~approaches zero, in the limit $2x + h$ becomes~$2x$. It is our task so to explain this statement as to show that it does not in reality covertly assume the existence of Leibniz's infinitely small quantities. In reading over the Newtonian method of statement, it is tempting to seek simplicity by \\PageSep{228} saying that $2x + h$ is~$2x$, when $h$~is zero. But this will not do; for it thereby abolishes the interval from $x$ to~$x + h$, over which the average increase was calculated. The problem is, how to keep an interval of length~$h$ over which to calculate the average increase, and at the same time to treat~$h$ as if it were zero. Newton did this by the conception of a limit, and we now \\index{Weierstrass}% proceed to give Weierstrass's explanation of its real meaning.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "228", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00431", "bookId": 41568, "start": 300732, "end": 301506, "sha256": "7b042b8b57c52f817144612f51697bbcb5c5105ec4f5761cc254a4fbc4fd3e5b", "text": "In the first place notice that, in discussing $2x + h$, we have been considering~$x$ as fixed in value and $h$~as varying. In other words $x$~has been treated as a ``constant'' variable, or parameter, as explained in \\ChapRef{IX}.; and we have really been considering $2x + h$ as a function of the argument~$h$. Hence we can generalize the question on hand, and ask what we mean by saying that the function~$f(h)$ tends to the limit~$l$, say, as its argument~$h$ tends to the value zero. But again we shall see that the special value \\emph{zero} for the argument does not belong to the essence of the subject; and again we generalize still further, and ask, what we mean by saying that the function~$f(h)$ tends to the limit~$l$ as $h$~tends to the value~$a$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "228", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00432", "bookId": 41568, "start": 301510, "end": 302012, "sha256": "46680a85dcfe5fa60fe248fee348f80c7efe36a328d834cf8397cd92ca4a5da4", "text": "Now, according to the Weierstrassian explanation the whole idea of $h$~tending to the value~$a$, though it gives a sort of metaphorical picture of what we are driving at, is really off the point entirely. Indeed it is fairly obvious \\PageSep{229} that, as long as we retain anything like ``$h$~tending to~$a$,'' as a fundamental idea, we are really in the clutches of the infinitely small; for we imply the notion of $h$~being infinitely near to~$a$. This is just what we want to get rid of.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "229", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00433", "bookId": 41568, "start": 302016, "end": 302170, "sha256": "5ca42cada4788a92d4bbe07526619023340fd4b3cbee6f01591646da48fb8f0c", "text": "Accordingly, we shall yet again restate our phrase to be explained, and ask what we mean by saying that the limit of the function~$f(h)$ at~$a$ is~$l$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "229", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00434", "bookId": 41568, "start": 302174, "end": 302869, "sha256": "54564ca772a66e5510fa11845ea2d5cff7173f16e1388ca4812730adc7429961", "text": "The limit of~$f(h)$ at~$a$ is a property of the \\index{Standard of Approximation|EtSeq}% neighbourhood of~$a$, where ``neighbourhood'' is used in the sense defined in \\ChapRef{XI}.\\ during the discussion of the continuity of functions. The value of the function~$f(h)$ at~$a$ is~$f(a)$; but the limit is distinct in idea from the value, and may be different from it, and may exist when the value has not been defined. We shall also use the term ``standard of approximation'' in the sense in which it is defined in \\ChapRef{XI}. In fact, in the definition of ``continuity'' given towards the end of that chapter we have practically defined a limit. The definition of a limit is:---", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "229", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00435", "bookId": 41568, "start": 302873, "end": 303057, "sha256": "ef32e5ab438592cde63afd59b8bd2a1e38575e1fd4a6504c2a4ae0ccadaff6c9", "text": "A function~$f(x)$ has the limit~$l$ at a value~$a$ of its argument~$x$, when in the neighbourhood of~$a$ its values approximate to~$l$ within \\emph{every} standard of approximation.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "229", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00436", "bookId": 41568, "start": 303061, "end": 303151, "sha256": "5a55cd0897b0bec58e68b7ac3f29923774e6d302ef2cd56e53457e9352ffa265", "text": "Compare this definition with that already given for continuity, namely:--- \\PageSep{230}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "230", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00437", "bookId": 41568, "start": 303155, "end": 303344, "sha256": "ed1e939d7bf80582f9840e57bd6f2191da2eba39a7715f72b7a7ead8da4e556b", "text": "A function~$f(x)$ is continuous at a value~$a$ of its argument, when in the neighbourhood of~$a$ its values approximate to its value at~$a$ within \\emph{every} standard of approximation.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "230", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00438", "bookId": 41568, "start": 303348, "end": 304730, "sha256": "953a073ff114b7d3a0f86bb504f5c09786a64d29f30fe1d9deb03cec7d2af94b", "text": "It is at once evident that a function is continuous at~$a$ when (i)~it possesses a limit at~$a$, and (ii)~that limit is equal to its value at~$a$. Thus the illustrations of continuity which have been given at the end of \\ChapRef{XI}.\\ are illustrations of the idea of a limit, namely, they were all directed to proving that $f(a)$~was the limit of~$f(x)$ at~$a$ for the functions considered and the value of~$a$ considered. It is really more instructive to consider the limit at a point where a function is not continuous. For example, consider the function of which the graph is given in \\Fig[fig.]{20} of \\ChapRef{XI}. This function~$f(x)$ is defined to have the value~$1$ for all values of the argument except the integers $0$,~$1$, $2$, $3$,~etc., and for these integral values it has the value~$0$. Now let us think of its limit when $x = 3$. We notice that in the definition of the limit the value of the function at~$a$ (in this case, $a = 3$) is excluded. But, excluding~$f(3)$, the values of~$f(x)$, when $x$~lies within any interval which (i)~contains $3$ not as an end-point, and (ii)~does not extend so far as $2$ and~$4$, are all equal to~$1$; and hence these values approximate to~$1$ within every standard of approximation. Hence $1$~is the limit of~$f(x)$ at the \\PageSep{231} value~$3$ of the argument~$x$, but by definition $f(3) = 0$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "231", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00439", "bookId": 41568, "start": 304734, "end": 305145, "sha256": "7479fb266ec3977d15eb074fc31c05a7f409477a01611a305f3d4264ce15c20c", "text": "This is an instance of a function which possesses both a value and a limit at the value~$3$ of the argument, but the value is not equal to the limit. At the end of \\ChapRef{XI}.\\ the function~$x^{2}$ was considered at the value~$2$ of the argument. Its value at~$2$ is~$2^{2}$, \\ie~$4$, and it was proved that its limit is also~$4$. Thus here we have a function with a value and a limit which are equal.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "231", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00440", "bookId": 41568, "start": 305149, "end": 306271, "sha256": "b8542588cc4fb5d46b466b0c21c7bceb6b102334a111b7926077c40a3337fe0d", "text": "Finally we come to the case which is essentially important for our purposes, namely, to a function which possesses a limit, but no defined value at a certain value of its argument. We need not go far to look for such a function, $\\dfrac{2x}{x}$~will serve our purpose. Now in any mathematical book, we might find the equation, $\\dfrac{2x}{x} = 2$, written without hesitation or comment. But there is a difficulty in this; for when $x$~is zero, $\\dfrac{2x}{x} = \\dfrac{0}{0}$; and $\\dfrac{0}{0}$~has no defined meaning. Thus the value of the function~$\\dfrac{2x}{x}$ at $x = 0$ has no defined \\PageSep{232} meaning. But for every other value of~$x$, the value of the function~$\\dfrac{2x}{x}$ is~$2$. Thus the limit of~$\\dfrac{2x}{x}$ at $x = 0$ is~$2$, and it has no value at $x = 0$. Similarly the limit of~$\\dfrac{x^{2}}{x}$ at $x = a$ is~$a$ whatever $a$~may be, so that the limit of~$\\dfrac{x^{2}}{x}$ at $x = 0$ is~$0$. But the value of~$\\dfrac{x^{2}}{x}$ at $x = 0$ takes the form~$\\dfrac{0}{0}$, which has no defined meaning. Thus the function~$\\dfrac{x^{2}}{x}$ has a limit but no value at~$0$.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "232", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00441", "bookId": 41568, "start": 306275, "end": 306866, "sha256": "8ef0fa8406a0b223e540dc51ea2f157ca3831f73639a6432f050ae4bfe264e3e", "text": "We now come back to the problem from which we started this discussion on the nature of a limit. How are we going to define the rate of increase of the function~$x^{2}$ at any value~$x$ of its argument. Our answer is that this rate of increase is the limit of the function $\\dfrac{(x + h)^{2} - x^{2}}{h}$ at the value zero for its argument~$h$. (Note that $x$~is here a ``constant.'') Let us see how this answer works \\PageSep{233} in the light of our definition of a limit. We have \\[ \\frac{(x + h)^{2} - x^{2}}{h} = \\frac{2hx + h^{2}}{h} = \\frac{h(2x + h)}{h}\\Add{.} \\]", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "233", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00442", "bookId": 41568, "start": 306870, "end": 308090, "sha256": "8cf996666c193015a820e906448f877c3fb7d723a6d6fc7e560a74a1cd359f84", "text": "Now in finding the limit of~$\\dfrac{h(2x + h)}{h}$ at the value~$0$ of the argument~$h$, the value (if any) of the function at $h = 0$ is excluded. But for all values of~$h$, except $h = 0$, we can divide through by~$h$. Thus the limit of~$\\dfrac{h(2x + h)}{h}$ at $h = 0$ is the same as that of $2x + h$ at $h = 0$. Now, whatever standard of approximation~$k$ we choose to take, by considering the interval from $-\\frac{1}{2}k$ to~$+\\frac{1}{2}k$ we see that, for values of~$h$ which fall within it, $2x + h$~differs from~$2x$ by less than~$\\frac{1}{2}k$, that is by less than~$k$. This is true for \\emph{any} standard~$k$. Hence in the neighbourhood of the value~$0$ for~$h$, $2x + h$~approximates to~$2x$ within \\emph{every} standard of approximation, and therefore $2x$~is the limit of~$2x + h$ at $h = 0$. Hence by what has been said above $2x$~is the limit of $\\dfrac{(x + h)^{2} - x^{2}}{h}$ at the value~$0$ for~$h$. It follows, therefore, that $2x$~is what we have called the rate of increase of~$x^{2}$ at the value~$x$ of the argument. Thus this method conducts us to the same rate of increase \\PageSep{234} for~$x^{2}$ as did the Leibnizian way of making $h$~grow ``infinitely small.''", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "234", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00443", "bookId": 41568, "start": 308094, "end": 308549, "sha256": "14dc453050506bb94b2e0e1cd7abaa9fce3dcd7ef435602c7c4624b36c6a2fd8", "text": "The more abstract terms ``differential coefficient,'' \\index{Differential Coefficient}% or ``derived function,'' are generally \\index{Derived Function}% used for what we have hitherto called the ``rate of increase'' of a function. The general definition is as follows: the differential coefficient of the function~$f(x)$ is the limit, if it exist, of the function $\\dfrac{f(x + h) - f(x)}{h}$ of the argument~$h$ at the value~$0$ of its argument.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "234", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00444", "bookId": 41568, "start": 308553, "end": 309712, "sha256": "8c2333e7c03296a86bc9fa7b2dd523a72e128209c2ef258fe195b786eea253c2", "text": "How have we, by this definition and the subsidiary definition of a limit, really managed to avoid the notion of ``infinitely small numbers'' which so worried our mathematical forefathers? For them the difficulty arose because on the one hand they had to use an interval $x$~to $x + h$ over which to calculate the average increase, and, on the other hand, they finally wanted to put $h = 0$. The result was they seemed to be landed into the notion of an existent interval of zero size. Now how do we avoid this difficulty? In this way---we use the notion that corresponding to \\emph{any} standard of approximation, \\emph{some} interval with such and such properties can be found. The difference is that we have \\index{Variable, The}% grasped the importance of the notion of ``the variable,'' and they had not done so. Thus, \\PageSep{235} at the end of our exposition of the essential notions of mathematical analysis, we are led back to the ideas with which in \\ChapRef{II}.\\ we commenced our enquiry---that in mathematics the fundamentally important ideas are those of ``\\emph{some} things'' and ``\\emph{any} things.'' \\PageSep{236}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XV: The Differential Calculus", "printedPageHint": "235", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00445", "bookId": 41568, "start": 309718, "end": 309741, "sha256": "60f1b1ae602dad151a8b91c0e6486e6e166b705aa1eaad335baf5db5de74043d", "text": "\\Chapter{XVI}{Geometry}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "235", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00446", "bookId": 41568, "start": 309745, "end": 310515, "sha256": "21394702d8d3a7a6ac513321917d2f8dc6f59e1b0dc2fce29a778eba4907807f", "text": "\\First{Geometry}, like the rest of mathematics, is \\index{Geometry|EtSeq}% abstract. In it the properties of the shapes and relative positions of things are studied. But we do not need to consider who is observing the things, or whether he becomes acquainted with them by sight or touch or hearing. In short, we ignore all particular sensations. Furthermore, particular things such as the Houses of Parliament, or the terrestrial globe are ignored. Every proposition refers to any things with such and such geometrical properties. Of course it helps our imagination to look at particular examples of spheres and cones and triangles and squares. But the propositions do not merely apply to the actual figures printed in the book, but to any such figures.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "235", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00447", "bookId": 41568, "start": 310519, "end": 310752, "sha256": "c691d69f92d9560bfba88b475bcd8a5317905b996d1c4e061df552c1f7222fef", "text": "Thus geometry, like algebra, is dominated by the ideas of ``any'' and ``some'' things. Also, in the same way it studies the interrelations of sets of things. For example, consider any two triangles $ABC$ and~$DEF$. \\PageSep{237}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "237", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00448", "bookId": 41568, "start": 310756, "end": 311287, "sha256": "12b6ba41eacf407d50b4d07a6db1f08d5c46b2994f03bce51dc56771a8b734b2", "text": "What relations must exist between some of \\index{Triangle}% the parts of these triangles, in order that the triangles may be in all respects equal? This is one of the first investigations undertaken in all elementary geometries. It is a study \\Figure{33} of a certain set of possible correlations between the two triangles. The answer is that the triangles are in all respects equal, if:--- Either, (a)~Two sides of the one and the included angle are respectively equal to two sides of the other and the included angle:", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "237", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00449", "bookId": 41568, "start": 311291, "end": 311425, "sha256": "205a0b6d959c559de5ec73f5f2724711d13a7bb0425ba17a4d757517a3e30f9e", "text": "Or, (b)~Two angles of the one and the side joining them are respectively equal to two angles of the other and the side joining them:", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "237", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00450", "bookId": 41568, "start": 311429, "end": 311512, "sha256": "2b04a822fb7b1f64be3f072908e06735fd7076787547cdc03068d7ea7c1039a2", "text": "Or, (c)~Three sides of the one are respectively equal to three sides of the other.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "237", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00451", "bookId": 41568, "start": 311516, "end": 311903, "sha256": "91a8ec66e22e78ec451d99a1ff8f446df3aaac37f66a2c60005e56f8ad24558f", "text": "This answer at once suggests a further enquiry. What is the nature of the correlation between the triangles, when the three angles of the one are respectively equal to the three angles of the other? This further investigation leads us on to the whole theory of similarity \\index{Similarity}% \\PageSep{238} (\\Chg{cf.}{\\cf}\\ \\ChapRef{XIII}.), which is another type of correlation.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "238", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00452", "bookId": 41568, "start": 311907, "end": 312385, "sha256": "6aa9bd1418395cf9ca2687ba0a698900a834253fa16bdf9ba4ea643ec6619d60", "text": "Again, to take another example, consider the internal structure of the triangle~$ABC$. Its sides and angles are inter-related---the greater angle is opposite to the greater side, and the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal. If we proceed to trigonometry this correlation receives a more exact determination in the familiar shape \\[ \\frac{\\sin A}{a} = \\frac{\\sin B}{b} = \\frac{\\sin C}{c}, \\] $a^{2} = b^{2} + c^{2} - 2bc \\cos A$, with two similar formulæ.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "238", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00453", "bookId": 41568, "start": 312389, "end": 312649, "sha256": "0fe639a7c5928f78ffe0546b4501d1bfce8959b1bafa52aed45e59a0457db558", "text": "Also there is the still simpler correlation between the angles of the triangle, namely, that their sum is equal to two right angles; and between the three sides, namely, that the sum of the lengths of any two is greater than the length of the third\\Add{.}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "238", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00454", "bookId": 41568, "start": 312653, "end": 313346, "sha256": "4193f81633bb1fddc94d0befa0c8d75933d08e8ed6889eb85df29210d7455fbf", "text": "Thus the true method to study geometry is to think of interesting simple figures, such as the triangle, the parallelogram, and the circle, and to investigate the correlations between their various parts. The geometer has in his mind not a detached proposition, but a figure with its various parts mutually inter-dependent. Just as in algebra, he generalizes the triangle into the polygon, and the side into \\PageSep{239} the conic section. Or, pursuing a converse route, he classifies triangles according as they are equilateral, isosceles, or scalene, and polygons according to their number of sides, and conic sections according as they are hyperbolas, ellipses, or parabolas.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "239", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00455", "bookId": 41568, "start": 313350, "end": 314300, "sha256": "43cb1452b1ae337a49e55c6655ff100684e4df17fa616ea6027d917061daebff", "text": "The preceding examples illustrate how the fundamental ideas of geometry are exactly the same as those of algebra; except that algebra deals with numbers and geometry with lines, angles, areas, and other geometrical entities. This fundamental identity is one of the reasons why so many geometrical truths can be put into an algebraic dress. Thus if $A$,~$B$, and~$C$ are the numbers of degrees respectively in the angles of the triangle~$ABC$, the correlation between the angles is represented by the equation \\[ A + B + C = 180°; \\] and if $a$,~$b$,~$c$ are the number of feet respectively in the three sides, the correlation between the sides is represented by $a < b + c$, $b < c + a$, $c < a + b$. Also the trigonometrical formulæ quoted above are other examples of the same \\index{Variable, The}% fact. Thus the notion of the variable and the correlation of variables is just as essential in geometry as it is in algebra.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "239", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00456", "bookId": 41568, "start": 314304, "end": 315146, "sha256": "e605ec82e27063faa78cadd6a23f71f796e9578ecbc0cb0e277eeca224720b56", "text": "But the parallelism between geometry and algebra can be pushed still further, owing to the fact that lengths, areas, volumes, and \\PageSep{240} angles are all measurable; so that, for example, the size of any length can be determined by the number (not necessarily integral) of times which it contains some arbitrarily known unit, and similarly for areas, volumes, and angles. The trigonometrical formulæ, given above, are examples of this fact. But it receives its crowning application in analytical geometry. This great subject is often misnamed as Analytical Conic Sections, thereby \\index{Analytical Conic Sections}% fixing attention on merely one of its subdivisions. It is as though the great science of Anthropology were named the Study of Noses, owing to the fact that noses are a prominent part of the human body.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "240", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00457", "bookId": 41568, "start": 315150, "end": 315720, "sha256": "edc1d95f6209dee75afffe41255e04557db4e0c786edaf0c35d280bdf6c464dd", "text": "Though the mathematical procedures in geometry and algebra are in essence identical and intertwined in their development, there is necessarily a fundamental distinction between the properties of space and the properties of number---in fact all the essential difference between space and number. The ``spaciness'' of space and the ``numerosity'' of number are essentially different things, and must be directly apprehended. None of the applications of algebra to geometry or of geometry to algebra go any step on the road to obliterate this vital distinction.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "240", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00458", "bookId": 41568, "start": 315724, "end": 316270, "sha256": "644d4ac481204f238fa465c0a2fc887b91abb134ff9255bc7adac8a577c85fb8", "text": "One very marked difference between space and number is that the former seems to be so much less abstract and fundamental than the \\PageSep{241} latter. The number of the archangels can be counted just because they are things. When we once know that their names are Raphael, Gabriel, and Michael, and that these distinct names represent distinct beings, we know without further question that there are three of them. All the subtleties in the world about the nature of angelic existences cannot alter this fact, granting the premisses.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "241", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00459", "bookId": 41568, "start": 316274, "end": 316616, "sha256": "731c2a8a1713ca5c194033b8e68f7153c6c0a832e34c015f912dcfc6fb4e5cab", "text": "But we are still quite in the dark as to their relation to space. Do they exist in space at all? Perhaps it is equally nonsense to say that they are here, or there, or anywhere, or everywhere. Their existence may simply have no relation to localities in space. Accordingly, while numbers must apply to all things, space need not do so.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "241", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00460", "bookId": 41568, "start": 316620, "end": 317336, "sha256": "7329b2280ab8dac82b8f20d2048593d1a787e11aaba5987a9038c9bb98339260", "text": "The perception of the locality of things would appear to accompany, or be involved in many, or all, of our sensations. It is independent of any particular sensation in the sense that it accompanies many sensations. But it is a special peculiarity of the things which we apprehend by our sensations. The direct apprehension of what we mean by the positions of things in respect to each other is a thing \\Foreign{sui generis}, just as are the apprehensions of sounds, colours, tastes, and smells. At first sight therefore it would appear that mathematics, in so far as it includes geometry in its scope, is not abstract in the sense in \\PageSep{242} which abstractness is ascribed to it in \\ChapRef{I}.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "242", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00461", "bookId": 41568, "start": 317340, "end": 319201, "sha256": "9dacc7f0ff3883a66a36d48c6cc61d4fcb63d5cff97f17b7948687182ac42452", "text": "This, however, is a mistake; the truth being \\index{Abstract Nature of Geometry|EtSeq}% that the ``spaciness'' of space does not enter into our geometrical \\emph{reasoning} at all. It enters into the geometrical intuitions of mathematicians in ways personal and peculiar to each individual. But what enter into the reasoning are merely certain properties of things in space, or of things forming space, which properties are completely abstract in the sense in which abstract was defined in \\ChapRef{I}.; these properties do not involve any peculiar space-apprehension or space-intuition or space-sensation. They are on exactly the same basis as the mathematical properties of number. Thus the space-intuition which is so essential an aid to the study of geometry is logically irrelevant: it does not enter into the premisses when they are properly stated, nor into any step of the reasoning. It has the practical importance of an example, which is essential for the stimulation of our thoughts. Examples are equally necessary to stimulate our thoughts on number. When we think of ``two'' and ``three'' we see strokes in a row, or balls in a heap, or some other physical aggregation of particular things. The peculiarity of geometry is the fixity and overwhelming importance of the one particular example which occurs to our \\PageSep{243} minds. The abstract logical form of the propositions when fully stated is, ``If any collections of things have such and such abstract properties, they also have such and such other abstract properties.'' But what appears before the mind's eye is a collection of points, lines, surfaces, and volumes in the space: this example inevitably appears, and is the sole example which lends to the proposition its interest. However, for all its overwhelming importance, it is but an example.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "243", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00462", "bookId": 41568, "start": 319205, "end": 319613, "sha256": "3cbf867a29e6c11b12645a75dca797f51932ec00f47b7990b132f75a7dedddc8", "text": "Geometry, viewed as a mathematical science, is a division of the more general science of order. It may be called the science of dimensional order; the qualification ``dimensional'' has been introduced because the limitations, which reduce it to only a part of the general science of order, are such as to produce the regular relations of straight lines to planes, and of planes to the whole of space.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "243", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00463", "bookId": 41568, "start": 319617, "end": 320631, "sha256": "eaa37d799db75344cfa47346807ff648a83bd3e869863bc8a22d0029bc4a3e99", "text": "It is easy to understand the practical importance of space in the formation of the scientific conception of an external physical world. On the one hand our space-perceptions are intertwined in our various sensations and connect them together. We normally judge that we touch an object in the same place as we see it; and even in abnormal cases we touch it in the same space as we see it, and this is the real fundamental fact which ties together our various sensations. Accordingly, \\PageSep{244} the space perceptions are in a sense the common part of our sensations. Again it happens that the abstract properties of space form a large part of whatever is of spatial interest. It is not too much to say that to every property of space there corresponds an abstract mathematical statement. To take the most unfavourable instance, a curve may have a special beauty of shape: but to this shape there will correspond some abstract mathematical properties which go with this shape and no others.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "244", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00464", "bookId": 41568, "start": 320635, "end": 321076, "sha256": "ce7725a7840452b906ed74311ac89c3ab01f72d522ca5f45310159ae6a9f7428", "text": "Thus to sum up: (1)~the properties of space which are investigated in geometry, like those of number, are properties belonging to things as things, and without special reference to any particular mode of apprehension: (2)~Space-perception accompanies our sensations, perhaps all of them, certainly many; but it does not seem to be a necessary quality of things that they should all exist in one space or in any space. \\PageSep{245}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVI: Geometry", "printedPageHint": "245", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00465", "bookId": 41568, "start": 321082, "end": 321106, "sha256": "802585858a2e793e9db91f5186e2d02d15ffee00b11b34d3fe8a136c5cf96d10", "text": "\\Chapter{XVII}{Quantity}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "245", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": true }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00466", "bookId": 41568, "start": 321110, "end": 321311, "sha256": "a1e6ed743cec7ac3ca8849d6df29790f2fb924dbde6403335706dd5f4b4539c0", "text": "\\First{In} the previous chapter we pointed out \\index{Quantity|EtSeq}% that lengths are measurable in terms of some unit length, areas in term of a unit area, and volumes in terms of a unit volume.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "245", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00467", "bookId": 41568, "start": 321315, "end": 321743, "sha256": "b3918d7f620c2283d4947b37ef5770c34160421947e31bdb9f8886350248e90c", "text": "When we have a set of things such as lengths which are measurable in terms of any one of them, we say that they are quantities of the same kind. Thus lengths are quantities of the same kind, so are areas, and so are volumes. But an area is not a quantity of the same kind as a length, nor is it of the same kind as a volume. Let us think a little more on what is meant by being measurable, taking lengths as an example.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "245", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00468", "bookId": 41568, "start": 321747, "end": 323118, "sha256": "55d630c9f38638658497ebc7907691b418494805f829692ff08163041548390d", "text": "Lengths are measured by the foot-rule. By transporting the foot-rule from place to place we judge of the equality of lengths. Again, three adjacent lengths, each of one foot, form one whole length of three feet. Thus to measure lengths we have to determine the equality of lengths and the addition of lengths. When some test has been applied, such as the transporting of a foot-rule, we say that the lengths are equal; and when some process \\PageSep{246} has been applied, so as to secure lengths being contiguous and not overlapping, we say that the lengths have been added to form one whole length. But we cannot arbitrarily take any test as the test of equality and any process as the process of addition. The results of operations of addition and of judgments of equality must be in accordance with certain preconceived conditions. For example, the addition of two greater lengths must yield a length greater than that yielded by the addition of two smaller lengths. These preconceived conditions when accurately formulated may be called axioms of quantity. The only question as to their truth or falsehood \\index{Axioms of Quantity|EtSeq}% which can arise is whether, when the axioms are satisfied, we necessarily get what ordinary people call quantities. If we do not, then the name ``axioms of quantity'' is ill-judged---that is all.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "246", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00469", "bookId": 41568, "start": 323122, "end": 323603, "sha256": "91f8b8401735e30aeec2d4c09138a00fae404d874bf5746fd114b874b45c0813", "text": "These axioms of quantity are entirely abstract, just as are the mathematical properties of space. They are the same for all quantities, and they presuppose no special mode of perception. The ideas associated with the notion of quantity are the means by which a continuum like a line, an area, or a volume can be split up into definite parts. Then these parts are counted; so that numbers can be used to determine the exact properties of a continuous whole. \\PageSep{247}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "247", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00470", "bookId": 41568, "start": 323607, "end": 325014, "sha256": "7b3519948af4ece93dfbb411bf891a7e3abbcb2c4da3b43ca42a72985b02088a", "text": "Our perception of the flow of time and of \\index{Time|EtSeq}% the succession of events is a chief example of the application of these ideas of quantity. We measure time (as has been said in considering periodicity) by the repetition of similar events---the burning of successive inches of a uniform candle, the rotation of the earth relatively to the fixed stars, the rotation of the hands of a clock are all examples of such repetitions. Events of these types take the place of the foot-rule in relation to lengths. It is not necessary to assume that events of any one of these types are exactly equal in duration at each recurrence. What is necessary is that a rule should be known which will enable us to express the relative durations of, say, two examples of some type. For example, we may if we like suppose that the rate of the earth's rotation is decreasing, so that each day is longer than the preceding by some minute fraction of a second. Such a rule enables us to compare the length of any day with that of any other day. But what is essential is that one series of repetitions, such as successive days, should be taken as the standard series; and, if the various events of that series are not taken as of equal duration, that a rule should be stated which regulates the duration to be assigned to each day in terms of the duration of any other day. \\PageSep{248}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "248", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00471", "bookId": 41568, "start": 325018, "end": 326309, "sha256": "7ba5aac5e7fd1512876d5f86c3c537bcc05be89a0dba15d73c4da9eb10e9e02d", "text": "What then are the requisites which such a rule ought to have? In the first place it should lead to the assignment of nearly equal durations to events which common sense judges to possess equal durations. A rule which made days of violently different lengths, and which made the speeds of apparently similar operations vary utterly out of proportion to the apparent minuteness of their differences, would never do. Hence the first requisite is general agreement with common sense. But this is not sufficient absolutely to determine the rule, for common sense is a rough observer and very easily satisfied. The next requisite is that minute adjustments of the rule should be so made as to allow of the simplest possible statements of the laws of nature. For example, astronomers tell us that the earth's rotation is slowing down, so that each day gains in length by some inconceivably minute fraction of a second. Their only reason for their assertion (as stated more fully in the discussion of periodicity) is that without it they would have to abandon the Newtonian laws of motion. In order to keep \\index{Laws of Motion}% the laws of motion simple, they alter the measure of time. This is a perfectly legitimate procedure so long as it is thoroughly understood.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "248", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00472", "bookId": 41568, "start": 326313, "end": 327445, "sha256": "c089daa20bea289ac72c974e35b1b2b89a83f9ddf060dcf666501fe0d9a26065", "text": "What has been said above about the abstract nature of the mathematical properties \\PageSep{249} of space applies with appropriate verbal changes to the mathematical properties of time. A sense of the flux of time accompanies all our sensations and perceptions, and practically all that interests us in regard to time can be paralleled by the abstract mathematical properties which we ascribe to it. Conversely what has been said about the two requisites for the rule by which we determine the length of the day, also applies to the rule for determining the length of a yard measure---namely, the yard measure appears to retain the same length as it moves about. Accordingly, any rule must bring out that, apart from minute changes, it does remain of invariable length; Again, the second requisite is this, a definite rule for minute changes shall be stated which allows of the simplest expression of the laws of nature. For example, in accordance with the second requisite the yard measures are supposed to expand and contract with changes of temperature according to the substances which they are made of.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "249", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00473", "bookId": 41568, "start": 327449, "end": 328014, "sha256": "77a655fee8e20ecc15a12900dd4826e4bf727387fe3bd5994d24eda1d41eefd2", "text": "Apart from the facts that our sensations are accompanied with perceptions of locality and of duration, and that lines, areas, volumes, and durations, are each in their way quantities, the theory of numbers would be of very subordinate use in the exploration of the laws of the Universe, As it is, physical science \\PageSep{250} reposes on the main ideas of number, quantity, space, and time. The mathematical sciences associated with them do not form the whole of mathematics, but they are the substratum of mathematical physics as at present existing.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "250", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00474", "bookId": 41568, "start": 328020, "end": 328049, "sha256": "ffb67246df44ae7702c3e862f8c70d0252356eabd99fafa5a194ade1b18a388d", "text": "\\BackMatter \\Appendix{Notes}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "250", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00475", "bookId": 41568, "start": 328053, "end": 328623, "sha256": "573591e5968c5c8791021f0756dd27a7305b0fd471d3c22fbbd03a14a2e0dd40", "text": "\\Note{A} (\\Pageref{60}).---In reading these equations it must be noted that a bracket is used in mathematical symbolism to mean that the operations within it are to be performed first. Thus $(1 + 3) + 2$ directs us first to add $3$ to~$1$, and then to add~$2$ to the result; and $1 + (3 + 2)$ directs us first to add $2$ to~$3$, and then to add the result to~$1$. Again a numerical example of equation~\\Eq{(5)} is \\[ 2 × (3 + 4) = (2 × 3) + (2 × 4). \\] We perform first the operations in brackets and obtain \\[ 2 × 7 = 6 + 8 \\] which is obviously true.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "250", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00476", "bookId": 41568, "start": 328629, "end": 329402, "sha256": "3250b383370640b26c8a73c184e0c36a6b84a80ba54f8c57a42cdea9c8fdc549", "text": "\\Note{B} (\\Pageref{136}).---This fundamental ratio~$\\dfrac{SP}{PN}$ is called the eccentricity of the curve. The shape of the curve, as \\index{Eccentricity}% distinct from its scale or size, depends upon the value of its eccentricity. Thus it is wrong to think of ellipses in general or of hyperbolas in general as having in either case one definite shape. Ellipses with different eccentricities have different shapes, and their sizes depend upon the lengths of their major axes. An ellipse with small eccentricity is very nearly a circle, and an ellipse of eccentricity only slightly less than unity is a long flat oval. All parabolas have the same eccentricity and are therefore of the same shape, though they can be drawn to different scales. \\PageSep{251}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "251", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00477", "bookId": 41568, "start": 329406, "end": 330328, "sha256": "26cd279cfbf5fc3cfe6699f2e28848bcb2b061e45a6906f63846566598201e65", "text": "\\Note{C} (\\Pageref{204}).---If a series with all its terms positive is \\index{Absolute Convergence}% \\index{Convergence, Absolute}% convergent, the modified series found by making some terms positive and some negative according to any definite rule is also convergent. Each one of the set of series thus found, including the original series, is called ``absolutely convergent.'' But it is possible for a series with terms partly positive and partly negative to be convergent, although the corresponding series with all its terms positive is divergent. For example, the series \\[ 1 - \\tfrac{1}{2} + \\tfrac{1}{3} - \\tfrac{1}{4} + \\text{etc.} \\] is convergent though we have just proved that \\[ 1 + \\tfrac{1}{2} + \\tfrac{1}{3} + \\tfrac{1}{4} + \\text{etc.} \\] is divergent. Such convergent series, which are not absolutely convergent, are much more difficult to deal with than absolutely convergent series.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "251", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00478", "bookId": 41568, "start": 330334, "end": 330391, "sha256": "40562044a4a339ef1cabbfbd1f53a53168f95e77ee43172ca1448151822a393e", "text": "\\Appendix[Note on the Study of Mathematics]{Bibliography}", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "251", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00479", "bookId": 41568, "start": 330397, "end": 330616, "sha256": "13c712d5c3fda1bf681490bf0817f57fff4b79fc5aaf10cc39ec621de3babc8d", "text": "\\First{The} difficulty that beginners find in the study of this science is due to the large amount of technical detail which has been allowed to accumulate in the elementary text-books, obscuring the important ideas.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "251", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00480", "bookId": 41568, "start": 330620, "end": 331508, "sha256": "88be0e57ad06dc2936d98b173b9de0a2a512722d61770bbb1246bf8354fe0790", "text": "The first subjects of study, apart from a knowledge of arithmetic which is presupposed, must be elementary geometry and elementary algebra. The courses in both subjects should be short, giving only the necessary ideas; the algebra should be studied graphically, so that in practice the ideas of elementary coordinate geometry are also being assimilated. The next pair of subjects should be elementary trigonometry and the coordinate geometry of the straight line and circle. The latter subject is a short one; for it really merges into the algebra. The student is then prepared to enter upon conic sections, a very short course of geometrical conic sections and a longer one of analytical conics. But in all these courses great care should be taken not to overload the mind with more \\PageSep{252} detail than is necessary for the exemplification of the fundamental ideas.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00481", "bookId": 41568, "start": 331512, "end": 331828, "sha256": "6f98f59c01539bbd0923cd1e355bae135955f3fa690069b75c4b7b261f6d7543", "text": "The differential calculus and afterwards the integral calculus now remain to be attacked on the same system. A good teacher will already have illustrated them by the consideration of special cases in the course on algebra and coordinate geometry. Some short book on three-dimensional geometry must be also read.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00482", "bookId": 41568, "start": 331832, "end": 332274, "sha256": "ca9523fdc17171e3a89a9beca93d30e8418942995ba841e2bcbbe96538dcffe1", "text": "This elementary course of mathematics is sufficient for some types of professional career. It is also the necessary preliminary for any one wishing to study the subject for its intrinsic interest. He is now prepared to commence on a more extended course. He must not, however, hope to be able to master it as a whole. The science has grown to such vast proportions that probably no living mathematician can claim to have achieved this.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00483", "bookId": 41568, "start": 332278, "end": 333350, "sha256": "e0b65bcbcb98f4ed8d98fc9954b6792afd2aab352ca1e750aab072a2d1fdaa24", "text": "Passing to the serious treatises on the subject to be read \\emph{after} this preliminary course, the following may be mentioned: Cremona's \\Title{Pure Geometry} (English Translation, Clarendon Press, Oxford), Hobson's \\Title{Treatise on Trigonometry}, Chrystal's \\Title{Treatise on Algebra} (2~volumes), Salmon's \\Title{Conic Sections}, Lamb's \\Title{Differential Calculus}, and some book on \\Title{Differential Equations}. The student will probably not desire to direct equal attention to all these subjects, but will study one or more of them, according as his interest dictates. He will then be prepared to select more advanced works for himself, and to plunge into the higher parts of the subject. If his interest lies in analysis, he should now master an elementary treatise on the theory of Functions of the Complex Variable; if he prefers to specialize in Geometry, he must now proceed to the standard treatises on the Analytical Geometry of three dimensions. But at this stage of his career in learning he will not require the advice of this note.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00484", "bookId": 41568, "start": 333354, "end": 333587, "sha256": "222fd276abe29b430e2765ca4904906aa47eaa3a9c377e9c63db9cd2153b1ecb", "text": "I have deliberately refrained from mentioning any elementary works. They are very numerous, and of various merits, but none of such outstanding superiority as to require special mention by name to the exclusion of all the others.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00485", "bookId": 41568, "start": 333593, "end": 333651, "sha256": "929d44c29bfaafc13aeb98835093e11cf169972990235b936f94122260f5791b", "text": "%[** TN: Index text] % ** Page 253 \\printindex \\iffalse", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00486", "bookId": 41568, "start": 333655, "end": 333663, "sha256": "47188499c06c7f54efa6acdd00c6ae3727212bc2bff0325cf7ab29119d309de7", "text": "Abel 156", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; 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GILBERT MURRAY, D.Litt., LL.D., F.B.A. HERBERT FISHER, M.A., F.B.A. PKOF. J. ARTHUR THOMSON, M.A. PROF. WM. T. BREWSTER, M.A.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00691", "bookId": 41568, "start": 339030, "end": 339057, "sha256": "72d0c069089b45e02b02d0a13be737e375bbffd54faa63be58070c3a9c745225", "text": "The Home University Library", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00692", "bookId": 41568, "start": 339061, "end": 339250, "sha256": "5c4774379a1804dc2f1363a4e2eb32e2229dd1205c90ddc00b1a46151da23b22", "text": "\" Is without the slightest doubt the pioneer in supplying serious literature for a large section of the public who are interested in the liberal educa- tion of the State.\" The Daily Mail.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00693", "bookId": 41568, "start": 339254, "end": 339819, "sha256": "332ba08faf4e95d4c8f3b8fcf536421262bdb987f72d7183eb79810cf170fb26", "text": "\" It is a thing very favourable to the real success of The Home University Library that its volumes do not merely attempt to feed ignorance with knowledge. The authors noticeably realise that the simple willing appetite of sharp-set ignorance is not specially common nowadays; what is far more common is a hunger which has been partially but injudiciously filled, with more or less serious results of indigestion. The food supplied is therefore frequently medicinal as well as nutritious; and this is certainly what the time requires. \" Manchester Guardian.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00694", "bookId": 41568, "start": 339823, "end": 340080, "sha256": "bb0229c5341634b373bd4df8c2544f9f51e04b21f4e0802f57ea83ce82f04597", "text": "\"Each volume represents a three-hours' traffic with the talking-power of a good brain, operating with the ease and interesting freedom of a specialist dealing with his own subject. ... A series which promises to perform a real social service.\" The Times.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00695", "bookId": 41568, "start": 340084, "end": 340174, "sha256": "2b71529e9163e9cf756aadb11ba28cb66e942043fc42747b2306f0acc2409cbb", "text": "\"We can think of no series now being issued which better deserves support.\" The Observer.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00696", "bookId": 41568, "start": 340182, "end": 340247, "sha256": "832a8728029b8c5aa8019c233e82cc154b53fca0a8c5920d6d41b77b9aa575bc", "text": "We think if they were given as prizes in place of the more costly", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00697", "bookId": 41568, "start": 340251, "end": 340254, "sha256": "0d2ae23abe12c5df22b57e39aa00ca7286831609968d0920bc1d4560c9944d2d", "text": "di:", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00698", "bookId": 41568, "start": 340258, "end": 340295, "sha256": "b0eaf6e88cf4ea556a5488291ce462f3de97deea3cf65b90eafdd2030515fab4", "text": "id prol series they might well take:", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00699", "bookId": 41568, "start": 340303, "end": 340390, "sha256": "a343d49e8189451e21ab9169fa470919f46cef0b7a4232115ed791db2e4f794e", "text": "ispensed on prize days, the pupils would rofit. 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but its wider and* sustained success, surely, comes from the fact that it has to a large extent created and certainly refined the taste by which it is appreciated.\" Daily Chronicle.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00705", "bookId": 41568, "start": 340829, "end": 340925, "sha256": "2f6acdf489c2e29d1ce8c697382d91fad03882618b7310cb507cb9c521d600da", "text": "\" Here is the world's learning in little, and none too poor t< house-room!\" Daily Telegraph.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00706", "bookId": 41568, "start": 340933, "end": 340943, "sha256": "4eec00fd712d946f43211f74ce92d41155176a576cd7e0232e5a72eaa08361dc", "text": "to give it", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; 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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00712", "bookId": 41568, "start": 341074, "end": 341192, "sha256": "423a00f6cfa1c7abaa51159294d927939b0989ec03d9153b680529d5d180cb98", "text": "By HILAIKE BELLOC, M.A. (With Maps.) \"It is coloured with all the militancy of the author's temperament.\" Daily News.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00713", "bookId": 41568, "start": 341196, "end": 341223, "sha256": "05cf5fdfd23dcdff0fab663b24404d59d3e44eb8ac392d6fa00b109f6696a067", "text": "4. 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JAMES BRYCE writes: \" I have read it with much interest and pleasure, admiring the skill with which you have managed to compress so many facts and views into so small a volume.\"", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00715", "bookId": 41568, "start": 341440, "end": 341460, "sha256": "2cea6f0d7b5a78a64562c63d92dd8f935d26ff469733e81649c38e264fa7a934", "text": "8. POLAR EXPLORATION", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00716", "bookId": 41568, "start": 341464, "end": 341645, "sha256": "0c1c02241491d60dba077f073bfdfdbdd1aac9d3665804074bc29f978050a23c", "text": "By Dr W. S. BRUCE, F.R.S.E., Leader of the \"Scotia\" Expedition. (With Maps.) \"A very freshly written and interesting narrative.\" The Times. \"A fascinating book.\" Portsmouth Times.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00717", "bookId": 41568, "start": 341649, "end": 341677, "sha256": "9a39818ab3c24aa4e3ae9175c235c3dc6d3309006ba4a22127b5da7e8b68632e", "text": "12. THE OPENING-UP OF AFRICA", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00718", "bookId": 41568, "start": 341681, "end": 341834, "sha256": "ccf9e68340e6cf02479acef41397426cf9a89a9a10ebdfbf9ef962d49d93120a", "text": "By Sir H. H. JOHNSTON. G.C.M.G., K.C.B., D.Sc., F.Z.S. (With Maps.) \" The Home University Library is much enriched by this excellent work.\" Daily Mail.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00719", "bookId": 41568, "start": 341838, "end": 341858, "sha256": "8fa74c3bc60ff9df40ee53f5a1811a86f78626adfa8ee7290f6367d3debf1526", "text": "13. MEDIAEVAL EUROPE", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00720", "bookId": 41568, "start": 341862, "end": 342030, "sha256": "7d3957addfecf7b2ce8812a33bd9f1198668e5828fe432c05e0730388b014062", "text": "By H. W. C. DAVIS, M.A. (With Maps.) \"One more illustration of the fact that it takes a complete master of the subject to write briefly upon it.\" Manchester Guardian.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00721", "bookId": 41568, "start": 342034, "end": 342077, "sha256": "6bbb5b638dc2cb32f2198a00e44501c37c6e9e22b69fa0053df6c4550db3fe59", "text": "14. THE PAPACY \\&* MODERN TIMES (1303-1870)", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00722", "bookId": 41568, "start": 342081, "end": 342202, "sha256": "7b3720191f5164ae2d6edcdf11b55f5772762322bdc87e70c9941a065b99a17c", "text": "By WILLIAM BARRY, D.D. \"Dr Barry has a wide range of knowledge and an artist's power of selection.\" Manchester Guardian.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00723", "bookId": 41568, "start": 342206, "end": 342240, "sha256": "0aa8854ea9df287a418cdb3099ee262f60602c91e3ecc922e2c5474e8546ed32", "text": "23. HISTORY OF OUR TIME, 1885-1911", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00724", "bookId": 41568, "start": 342244, "end": 342401, "sha256": "1954a8f6a5f8085653088676b24153e7550e71f2f8dfa760f5fb98b3c7baa4e5", "text": "By G. P. GOOCH, M.A. \" Mr Gooch contrives to breathe vitality into his story, and to give us the flesh as well as the bones of recent happenings.\" Observer.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00725", "bookId": 41568, "start": 342405, "end": 342434, "sha256": "a95e6a41487884785435cbecc0fe355259c7e9d71addbdcd49fb9eb27e129150", "text": "25. THE CIVILISATION OF CHINA", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00726", "bookId": 41568, "start": 342438, "end": 342680, "sha256": "5163116d009881d354be3fcf013b60f4409f79a0b79878c4fa25b5960d3e74e8", "text": "By H. A. GILES, LL.D., Professor of Chinese in the University of Cambridge. \"In all the mass of facts, Professor Giles never becomes dull. He is always ready with a ghost story or a street adventure for the reader's recreation.\" Spectator.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00727", "bookId": 41568, "start": 342684, "end": 342708, "sha256": "74f9e956bb37d254d9f571fb10b048c3d45088990bb902f905130ccd6b76d06c", "text": "29. THE DA WN OF HISTORY", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00728", "bookId": 41568, "start": 342712, "end": 342861, "sha256": "067bf04a8d5dedb4c16db80d5bc5887c5f41f4be902b0da33b81ff96c70c527f", "text": "By J.L.MYRES, M. A., F.S. A., Wykeham Professor of Ancient History, Oxford. \"There is not a page in it that is not suggestive.\" Manchester Guardian.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00729", "bookId": 41568, "start": 342865, "end": 342925, "sha256": "ff42f476aee3f03b9ab841afb20b8d08b95f83e11981f5e94e885eb9b4c74c0c", "text": "33. THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND: A Study in Political Evolution.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00730", "bookId": 41568, "start": 342929, "end": 343076, "sha256": "ce9cdc78af3110eb6afc75745bfa26617c434faa4c4077fa54c5f967e0309332", "text": "By Prof. A. F. POLLARD, M.A. With a Chronological Table. \" It takes its place at once among the authoritative works on English history.\" Observer.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00731", "bookId": 41568, "start": 343080, "end": 343090, "sha256": "bf4b71a5726d87bf4a03e00117869208b55d9cbaae49560c5910a4ee1b69c590", "text": "34. CANADA", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00732", "bookId": 41568, "start": 343094, "end": 343307, "sha256": "3cb4f318405d072261786ac76e9fa4f85e01f35d120f7317eef3b98512e7d104", "text": "By A. G. BRADLEY. \" Who knows Canada, better than Mr A. G. Bradley? \" Daily Chronicle. \"The volume makes an immediate appeal to the man who wants to know something vivid and true about Canada.\" Canadian Gazette.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00733", "bookId": 41568, "start": 343315, "end": 343347, "sha256": "701f5bbc1ffb90066c14c4fbc6e53a2368e8e204821c421771b60fc6f3bdbb45", "text": "37. PEOPLES 6* PROBLEMS OF INDIA", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00734", "bookId": 41568, "start": 343351, "end": 343587, "sha256": "a8029fb9936e7675bc586f1d99672b9bbe9c7821a5a8d953118dae4788fc5810", "text": "By Sir T. W. HOLDERNESS, K.C.S.I., Secretary of the Revenue, Statistics, ! and Commerce Department of the India Office. \"Just the book which news- paper readers require to-day, and a marvel of comprehensiveness.\" Pall \\ Mall Gazette.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00735", "bookId": 41568, "start": 343591, "end": 343599, "sha256": "3bcb6dbdcc58c10d6e92e02b0621a4dc72726e65b176913037c0cd8234298302", "text": "42. ROME", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00736", "bookId": 41568, "start": 343603, "end": 343819, "sha256": "5af8d14e72f92e820f22832b67dd573ebed93672657a3c227a7cb4d425754e1d", "text": "By W. WARDE FOWLHR, M.A. \" A masterly sketch of Roman character and of what it did for the world.\" The Spectator. \"It has all the lucidity and charm of presentation we expect from this writer.\" Manchester Guardian.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00737", "bookId": 41568, "start": 343823, "end": 343849, "sha256": "516087705f02ae01d31554cc7799e723c8456fd19a32c19e128c10699fb54794", "text": "48. THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00738", "bookId": 41568, "start": 343853, "end": 343970, "sha256": "5438c6e3ecd2a2f9d44d8b1dccd88b09eb16751be831227f2680996bd41e02cc", "text": "By F. L. PAXSON, Professor of American History, Wisconsin University. (With Maps.) \"A stirring study.\" The Guardian.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00739", "bookId": 41568, "start": 343974, "end": 343996, "sha256": "f7a1e60b5f621464efebaca2c2af4dadac7a35b6bfdb82ccb2de1445ee4bdc63", "text": "51. WARFARE IN BRITAIN", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00740", "bookId": 41568, "start": 344000, "end": 344209, "sha256": "74aec046cbcdd3fd2f6bfe92abf57e8f9f649e1e2ee536539d7df75605b10abc", "text": "By HILAIRE BELLOC, M.A. An account of how and where great battles of the past were fought on British soil, the roads and physical conditions determining the island's strategy, the castles, walled towns, etc.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00741", "bookId": 41568, "start": 344213, "end": 344232, "sha256": "257c868f0a45c3c89ea4a65aa2b74f6075af36f18e821a694e3919c8093888f9", "text": "55. MASTER MARINERS", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00742", "bookId": 41568, "start": 344236, "end": 344415, "sha256": "6365c423f5401784b8ceb1a352e90669ffa430842040412fef90047bd2fb733d", "text": "By J. R. SPEARS. The romance of the sea, the great voyages of discovery, naval battles, the heroism of the sailor, and the development of the ship, from ancient times to to-day.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00743", "bookId": 41568, "start": 344419, "end": 344433, "sha256": "3a9768bbbe68cd506edfc656632964bbde3b382e1e93c6cfc3ae7cbf33becf53", "text": "IN PREPARATION", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00744", "bookId": 41568, "start": 344437, "end": 345170, "sha256": "f7a92f7380bfb1f494223a57eccad821960802d3cfeda63721ffe509e4407a0a", "text": "ANCIENT GREECE. By Prof. GILBERT MURRAY, D.Litt., LL.D., F.B.A ANCIENT EGYPT. By F. LL. GRIFFITH, M.A. THE ANCIENT EAST. By D. G. HOGARTH, M.A., F.B.A. A SHORT h'ISTOR YOFEUROPE. By HERBERT FISHER, M. A., F.B.A. PREHISTORIC BRITAIN. By ROBERT MUNRO, M.A., M.D., LL.D. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE. By NORMAN H. BAVNES. THE REFORM A TION. By Principal LINDSAY, LL.D. NAPOLEON. By HERBERT FISHER, M.A., F.B.A. A SHORT HISTORY OF RUSSIA. By Prof. MILYOUKOV. MODERN TURKEY. By D. G. HOGARTH, M.A. FRANCE OF TO-DAY. By ALBERT THOMAS. GERMANY OF TO-DA Y. By CHARLES TOWER. THE NAVY AND SEA POWER. By DAVID HANNAY. HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. By R. S. RAIT, M.A. SOUTH AMERICA. By Prof. W. R. SHEPHERD. LONDON. By Sir LAURENCE GOMME, F.S.A.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00745", "bookId": 41568, "start": 345174, "end": 345249, "sha256": "1f6ab90532a0b94048591bb4bf1b31c5a15024b35bc08fbf9a4896da35366680", "text": "HISTORY AND LITERATURE OF SPAIN. By J. FITZMAURICE- KELLY, F.B.A., Litt.D.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00746", "bookId": 41568, "start": 345257, "end": 345271, "sha256": "50e0e51c94e788d65b53ea1a8341d2ecb4e710499006dea30cd512a02113fafe", "text": "Literature and", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00747", "bookId": 41568, "start": 345279, "end": 345293, "sha256": "a0821f8a713029a31057dc084cfc69acd8fad505fdc01b1dd134115ff3ed551d", "text": "2. SHAKESPEARE", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00748", "bookId": 41568, "start": 345297, "end": 345463, "sha256": "89d61de8ac41d7d060b771ae86cbc0b931ebb1dbc91c6ad1bfd82ebb1b047ee6", "text": "By JOHN MASEFIELD. \" The book is a joy. We have had half-a-dozen more learned books on Shakespeare in the last few years, but not one so wise.\" Manchester Guardian.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00749", "bookId": 41568, "start": 345467, "end": 345497, "sha256": "9025a6c8fd0dca73781322ed611e434826f4006955c3f890fc77e90e30ac4a5e", "text": "27. ENGLISH LITERATURE: MODERN", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00750", "bookId": 41568, "start": 345501, "end": 345573, "sha256": "69b5b1d4a6f3471bde2a7051b7ae82c2f47121ce04cb886b3d1979bffd2b2e2b", "text": "By G. H. MAIR, M.A. \" Altogether a fresh and individual book.\" Olstrver.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00751", "bookId": 41568, "start": 345577, "end": 345611, "sha256": "4f281090c4bee490b7d79fc77ff7088d5df08ac8170779e018108114a7b03a67", "text": "35. LANDMARKS IN FRENCH LITERATURE", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00752", "bookId": 41568, "start": 345615, "end": 345839, "sha256": "d3930a6cbb304a933357db979b7c2e1d3889477c581650739007f96cd73bf024", "text": "By G. L. STRACHEY. \" Mr Strachey is to be congratulated on his courage and success. It is difficult to imagine how a better account of French Literature could be given in 250 small pages than he has given here.\" The Times.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00753", "bookId": 41568, "start": 345847, "end": 345863, "sha256": "985ba6160c42723ff68cafe2e8bb9e87c4d5bce3ed5a8404004036e225c8b8bd", "text": "39- ARCHITECTURE", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00754", "bookId": 41568, "start": 345867, "end": 346094, "sha256": "e4409887a715f43d919793087af59a16459467fb772dc5419174563019f96cf9", "text": "By Prof. W. R. LETHABY. (Over forty Illustrations.) \" Popular guide-books to architecture are, as a rule, not worth ranch. This volume is a welcome excep- tion.\" Building News. \" Delightfully bright reading.\" Christian World.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00755", "bookId": 41568, "start": 346098, "end": 346131, "sha256": "161e0a7ee762afc050c6d906e05b4efce4713b8887a99a8dbf8c5cc2bb6e3b4c", "text": "43. ENGLISH LITERATURE: MEDIAEVAL", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00756", "bookId": 41568, "start": 346135, "end": 346466, "sha256": "1e6e840c94f1f2e5441501d1e8b79ae21584bda71c7cfca157521b284f45ce61", "text": "By Prof. W. P. KER, M.A. \"Prof. Ker has long proved his worth as one of the soundest scholars in English we have, and he is the very man to put an outline of English Mediaeval Literature before the uninstructed public. His knowledge and taste are unimpeachable, and his style is effective, simple, yet never dry.\" The Athemeum.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00757", "bookId": 41568, "start": 346470, "end": 346494, "sha256": "62fc9d84eab7ce22c753946bfae92e2a91e0e04fc4740eccdf73d63af3a1212a", "text": "45. THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00758", "bookId": 41568, "start": 346498, "end": 346659, "sha256": "07237d035e3207aa93d16c359f49ba32cc0c3d7e2feb0151a0dfbebf075e863a", "text": "By L. PEARSALL SMI-TH, M.A. \"A wholly fascinating study of the different streams that went to the making of the great river of the English speech.\" Daily News.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00759", "bookId": 41568, "start": 346663, "end": 346691, "sha256": "d3cfd72354d7299ea6b9c53d74978764a3362df8eead7e7409dc86870288ccc7", "text": "52. GREAT WRITERS OF AMERICA", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00760", "bookId": 41568, "start": 346695, "end": 346784, "sha256": "19bc0f221aa24f377e7e2da6a67004fa7f49dda35244b5b81d3a9ca3573b0d80", "text": "By Prof. J. EKSKINE and Prof. W. P. TRENT. A popular sketch by two foremost authorities.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00761", "bookId": 41568, "start": 346788, "end": 346802, "sha256": "3a9768bbbe68cd506edfc656632964bbde3b382e1e93c6cfc3ae7cbf33becf53", "text": "IN PREPARATION", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00762", "bookId": 41568, "start": 346806, "end": 346859, "sha256": "ec8a5d0164f849c148a4ab7c1c173a57aec1e5b0191deddf1388aa1f115dbddb", "text": "ANCIENT ART AND RITUAL. By Miss JANE HARRISON, LL.D.,", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00763", "bookId": 41568, "start": 346863, "end": 346870, "sha256": "b1ffe587f3f891c15d61f0913e5457bf078f561f816c266252c0dc8d61b51700", "text": "D.Litt.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00764", "bookId": 41568, "start": 346874, "end": 347058, "sha256": "782db45dde41ba22f1fbeef3ef685a0c244bd1266210fcbe64292d5da02ee980", "text": "GREEK LITERA TURE. By Prof. GILBERT MURRAY, D.Litt. LA TIN LITER A TURE. By Prof. J. S. PHILLIMORE. CHA UCER AND HIS TIME. By Miss G. E. HADOW. THE RENAISSANCE. By Mrs R. A. TAYLOR.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00765", "bookId": 41568, "start": 347062, "end": 347414, "sha256": "bfd9d74f572e57d4aa6e7e1918502a54850f1847bad53029ac560562e6f7f890", "text": "ITALIAN A RTOF THE RENAISSANCE. By ROGER E. FRY, M.A. THE ART OF PAINTING. By Sir FREUERICK WEDMORE. DR JOHNSON AND HIS CIRCLE. By JOHN BAILEY, M.A. THE VIC IORIAN AGE. By G. K- CHESTERTON. ENGLISH COMPOSITION. By Prof. WM. T. BREWSTER. GREA T WRITERS OF RUSSIA. By C. T. HAGBERG WRIGHT, LL.D. THE LITERATURE OF GERMANY. By Prof. J. G. ROBERTSON,", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00766", "bookId": 41568, "start": 347418, "end": 347476, "sha256": "66efd61eaa7656e7fa112bd8e63328154597bac99616ce23a7b32d6a5232a085", "text": "M.A., Ph.D. SCANDINAVIAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE. By T. C.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00767", "bookId": 41568, "start": 347480, "end": 347490, "sha256": "161f79163ae807f43e313ff17b364a4ef20cbabcebf456e434ac45652d1e417d", "text": "SNOW, M.A.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00768", "bookId": 41568, "start": 347498, "end": 347505, "sha256": "9d948c73e0ad7a5a213a5e7e00b962531ca6b07992a06bd8c2fc2ac5ae23c51b", "text": "Science", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00769", "bookId": 41568, "start": 347513, "end": 347532, "sha256": "7fbb2e4e2c192ede69cf90854b05efb47faf63e36bdafdb26fb845d1817f6232", "text": "7. MODERN GEOGRAPHY", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00770", "bookId": 41568, "start": 347536, "end": 347816, "sha256": "bf11339c03272282a34397144b042ed8fbe0bb95c7df4f010ed27e77acc967c6", "text": "By Dr MARION NEWBIGIN. (Illustrated.) \"Geography, again: what a dull, tedious study that was wont to be I . . . But Miss Marion Newbigin invests its dry bones with the flesh and blood of romantic interest, taking stock of geography as a fairy-book of science.\" Daily Telegraph.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00771", "bookId": 41568, "start": 347820, "end": 347846, "sha256": "2a0f24fc84073c50dd0c174e822edde70fa8cc1129acaf349cc9e4528da14be8", "text": "9. THE EVOLUTION OF PLANTS", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00772", "bookId": 41568, "start": 347850, "end": 348171, "sha256": "9addfeaa27189b29d4bb89cc27ace82b2a555003e11d569f03d1c5675ac8ae58", "text": "By Dr D. H. SCOTT, M.A., F.R.S., late Hon. Keeper of the Jodrell Laboratory, Kew. (Fully illustrated.) \"The information which the book provides is as trustworthy as first-band knowledge can make it. ... Dr Scott's candid and familiar style makes the difficult subject both fascinating and easy.\" Gardeners' Chronicle.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00773", "bookId": 41568, "start": 348175, "end": 348197, "sha256": "58834e1209c4ce0c14257f2b167c7088baa47abc841e29324f011211d813a99e", "text": "17. HEALTH AND DISEASE", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00774", "bookId": 41568, "start": 348201, "end": 348539, "sha256": "238bfde42c874526e153c8899014793bad478b7f46f695c84272081f6a8888c9", "text": "By W. LESLIE MACKKNZIE, M.D., Local Government Board, Edinburgh. \"The science of public health administration has had no abler or more attractive exponent than Dr Mackenzie. He adds to a thorough grasp of the problems an illuminating style, and an arresting manner of treating a subject often dull and sometimes unsavoury.\" Economist.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00775", "bookId": 41568, "start": 348547, "end": 348579, "sha256": "d7c946a3e90b10dccac5e221913946b5c850c9dbbbaa9c80a2fb50477e72779a", "text": "1 8. INTRODUCTION TO MATHEMATICS", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00776", "bookId": 41568, "start": 348583, "end": 348731, "sha256": "bf572cc8b15e93acfdadc4da797bc4701efe375f929170c4d8804298f6faa595", "text": "' By A. N. WHITEHEAD, Sc.D., F.R.S. (With Diagrams.) \"MrWhitehead has discharged with conspicuous success the task he is so exceptionally qualified", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00777", "bookId": 41568, "start": 348735, "end": 348976, "sha256": "4e05d1c9015ae944a2dfb09c5e3060ea799bfdb17c132ed82060edcd1d2e5e06", "text": "I to undertake. For he is one of our great authorities upon the foundations of the science, and has the breadth of view which is so requisite in presenting to the reader its aims. His exposition is clear and striking.\" Westminster Gazette.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00778", "bookId": 41568, "start": 348980, "end": 349000, "sha256": "c7b5e6b344167529f78d94211a30d7a91b659a691db0aa43488a8594bda3c4b1", "text": "19. THE ANIMAL WORLD", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00779", "bookId": 41568, "start": 349004, "end": 349240, "sha256": "f9223dc53efad243e9ec78ed2bc7e658921785a252f650a86f834914e574f04a", "text": "By Professor F. W. GAMBLE, D.Sc., F.R.S. With Introduction hy Sir Oliver Lodge. (Many Illustrations.) \" A delightful and instructive epitome of animal (and vegetable) life. ... A most fascinating and suggestive survey.\" Morning Post.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00780", "bookId": 41568, "start": 349244, "end": 349257, "sha256": "02743ebc22042a0466b4bd2a5b97816366d7b3b2f1630397a34a13e441cb9e83", "text": "20. EVOLUTION", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00781", "bookId": 41568, "start": 349261, "end": 349465, "sha256": "15e311feb1907ab61cffe43f31e804cb44a99eac42b200c078ded21c91ab0dd2", "text": "By Professor J. ARTHUR THOMSON and Professor PATRICK GEDDES. \"A many-coloured and romantic panorama, opening up, like no other book we know, a rational vision of world-development.\" Belfast News-Letter.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00782", "bookId": 41568, "start": 349469, "end": 349491, "sha256": "df9547bb13dc441d5b2d31eb155f212ed67464914f6b450a0dc4aba378661f8a", "text": "22. CRIME AND INSANITY", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00783", "bookId": 41568, "start": 349495, "end": 349706, "sha256": "5a7bcc168630669c150c0ee09e3b9cb815db3cca87e2964ab6a6b4a38a3c2106", "text": "By Dr C. A. MERCIER, F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S., Author of \"Text-Book of In- sanity,\" etc- \" Furnishes much valuable information from one occupying the highest position among medico-legal psychologists.\" Asylum NCVJS.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00784", "bookId": 41568, "start": 349710, "end": 349732, "sha256": "db86de269ee797fcd252a7f0e65741eea42767499cdf6807bd1cbde9728a2d71", "text": "28. PSYCHICAL RESEARCH", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00785", "bookId": 41568, "start": 349740, "end": 349898, "sha256": "51b1868f1b13ac6da3173f8a0719e61b6b28c7870d0ab1bd2aced628be68e81e", "text": "and thus what he has to say on thought-reading, hypnotism, telepathy, crystal- vision, spiritualism, divinings, and so on, will be read with avidity.\" Dundee", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00786", "bookId": 41568, "start": 349908, "end": 349921, "sha256": "c499c76f7d7ac7ae21b719464c773efb3f4cde7d302acdce944899a24795dbd6", "text": "31. ASTRONOMY", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00787", "bookId": 41568, "start": 349925, "end": 350117, "sha256": "68f8049609eb5c85325bf46b68dd5c3e5d602fc0d0364074c07df513491d880a", "text": "By A. R. HINKS, M.A., Chief Assistant, Cambridge Observatory. \"Original in thought, eclectic in substance, and critical in treatment. . . . No better little book is available.\" School World.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00788", "bookId": 41568, "start": 350121, "end": 350148, "sha256": "14cd149bbb31e2fea85d15663690368984756b3a50d329da2d7e99c261888abf", "text": "32. INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00789", "bookId": 41568, "start": 350152, "end": 350460, "sha256": "fcdaf707dffe126a19664534fa320901fed66c08f3adef3b1ed3f8c0c7da6b44", "text": "By J. ARTHUR THOMSON, M.A., Regius Professor of Natural History, Aberdeen University. \" Professor Thomson's delightful literary style is well known; and here he discourses freshly and easily on the methods of science and its relations with philosophy, art, religion, and practical life.\" Aberdeen Journal,", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00790", "bookId": 41568, "start": 350464, "end": 350467, "sha256": "d785564460b44c699762f1964bc916a4eeecea7421ac1e91ce57ab8adc56414c", "text": "36.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00791", "bookId": 41568, "start": 350475, "end": 350818, "sha256": "a69b59df71c2c3e0696a51e9bd766d0c1bc4128bafba7fdbbebe68e5f9ef6144", "text": "By H. N. DICKSON, D.Sc. Oxon., M.A., F.R.S.E., President of the Royal Meteorological Society; Professor of Geography in University College, Reading. (With Diagrams.) \"The author has succeeded in presenting in a very lucid and agreeable manner the causes of the movement of the atmosphere and of the more stable winds.\" Manchester Guardian.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00792", "bookId": 41568, "start": 350822, "end": 350838, "sha256": "edbb5ee5cf66cd56117bf492025c181cfa1935df48f12de9548221efb1801088", "text": "41. ANTHROPOLOGY", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00793", "bookId": 41568, "start": 350842, "end": 350936, "sha256": "49e98c4963805239c72c57b0e55a01a117512abc1d751effdf40345dc4235b9e", "text": "By R R. MARETT, M.A., Reade \"An absolutely perfect handboo fascinating and human that it bea", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00794", "bookId": 41568, "start": 350940, "end": 350972, "sha256": "93dc19805d0c1d76d35fabe1b181a29ffc1e3d67bc0a10551799b269439734f8", "text": "44. THE PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOLOGY", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00795", "bookId": 41568, "start": 350976, "end": 351334, "sha256": "4976f6fb8b442bdf7e41877b1a435dbeaae9aeb9f7ee21afb4b15bd4065d1d37", "text": "By Prof. J. G. McKENDRiCK, M.D. \" It is a delightful and wonderfully com- prehensive handling of a subject which, while of importance to all, does not readily lend itself to untechnical explanation. . . . The little book is more than a mere repository of knowledge; upon every page of it is stamped the impress of a creative imagination.\" Glasgow Herald.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00796", "bookId": 41568, "start": 351342, "end": 351576, "sha256": "549adba8e5bb006a3f4c7ce4340b4662b54497bf28c5fde5c7d83dd54d68540f", "text": "By R. R. MARETT, M.A., Reader in Social Anthropology in Oxford University. \"An absolutely perfect handbook, so clear that a child could understand it, so fascinating and human that it beats fiction ' to a frazzle.' \" Morning Leader.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00797", "bookId": 41568, "start": 351584, "end": 351605, "sha256": "46d2c7f3056fc2b8bfdc45a49a87875f00cb3abea9f62618d231df66ad20495f", "text": "46. MATTER AND ENERGY", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00798", "bookId": 41568, "start": 351609, "end": 351819, "sha256": "1445bfda0d7426b1c81b304bcd6d038db89af2d01f457d8a83a35687e83e2dbe", "text": "By F. SODDY, M.A., F.R.S. \"A most fascinating and instructive account or the great facts of physical science, concerning which our knowledge, of later years, has made such wonderful progress.\" The Bookseller.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00799", "bookId": 41568, "start": 351823, "end": 351861, "sha256": "da785f55855f48ee07e3e775a83374318b4baa54a31f41fea0175e1b27661abe", "text": "49. PSYCHOLOGY, THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00800", "bookId": 41568, "start": 351865, "end": 352071, "sha256": "2f953942296057746eaeacea8d34b856be90e5f66c1f3c35d22b34c151be3437", "text": "By Prof. W. McDouGALL, F.R.S., M.B. \"A happy example of the non- technical handling of an unwieldy science, suggesting rather than dogmatising. It should whet appetites for deeper study.\" Christian World.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00801", "bookId": 41568, "start": 352075, "end": 352102, "sha256": "2002a074c53a2b03a39ef598596e10e2c4876fd6c2955fc71c8189b117707176", "text": "53. THE MAKING OF THE EARTH", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00802", "bookId": 41568, "start": 352106, "end": 352379, "sha256": "f18e49a3e65c982c6b02cc75f480448e1c6d1318cf11e885a91be2fb2a30ab1f", "text": "ByProf.J.W. GREGORY, F.R.S. (With 38 Maps and Figures.) The Professor of Geology at Glasgow describes the origin of the earth, the formation and changes of its surface and structure, its geological history, the first appearance of life, and its influence upon the globe.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00803", "bookId": 41568, "start": 352383, "end": 352401, "sha256": "44b2f1f6e3421e173b2547bec0415e6f3efb96d519c80f172ed43d86931d2eab", "text": "57. THE HUMAN BODY", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00804", "bookId": 41568, "start": 352405, "end": 352891, "sha256": "21c5a7804b20e35c1cdd0a5ffa5d7c6d99b275eabe6a203b23460432f2680944", "text": "By A. KEITH, M.D., LL,D., Conservator of Museum and Hunterian Pro- fessor, Royal College of Surgeons. (Illustrated.) The work of the dissecting- room is described, and among other subjects dealt with are: the development of the body; malformations and monstrosities; changes of youth and age; sex differences, are they increasing or decreasing? race characters; bodily features as indexes of mental character; degeneration and regeneration; and the genealogy and antiquity of man.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00805", "bookId": 41568, "start": 352895, "end": 352910, "sha256": "8ceb79631b0f123245e13890c8eb03d5bb2dd0c0b890403afdd8177d15fdfc61", "text": "58. ELECTRICITY", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00806", "bookId": 41568, "start": 352914, "end": 353258, "sha256": "5f9a876756cc8a1d19c30b8aef673103d19f6ee48a61596d84a3625330179305", "text": "By GisBERT KAPP, D.Eng., M.I.E.E., M.I.C.E., Professor of Electrical Engineering in the University of Birmingham. (Illustrated.) Deals with frictional and contact electricity; potential; electrification by mechanical means; the electric current; the dynamics of electric currents; alternating currents; the distribution of electricity, etc.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00807", "bookId": 41568, "start": 353262, "end": 353276, "sha256": "3a9768bbbe68cd506edfc656632964bbde3b382e1e93c6cfc3ae7cbf33becf53", "text": "IN PREPARATION", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00808", "bookId": 41568, "start": 353280, "end": 353318, "sha256": "d2b3fcf09756f35232fb1a74d7af6d211723e799abf3f1d71b28c2371b49199c", "text": "CHEMISTRY. Py Prof. R. MELDOLA, F.R.S.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00809", "bookId": 41568, "start": 353322, "end": 353379, "sha256": "d8c45161b561381c242436c96ccfb09948bed21ed9c08fd357b926ee214093c1", "text": "THE MINERAL WORLD. By Sir T. H. HOLLAND, K.C.I. E., D.Sc.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00810", "bookId": 41568, "start": 353383, "end": 353426, "sha256": "b51905bf5d74588217228f99b9ba99224d2a37a3d8443329c97a0daf4b495774", "text": "PLANT LII-'E. By Prof. J. B. FARMER, F.R.S.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00811", "bookId": 41568, "start": 353430, "end": 353476, "sha256": "68ef5e458152f42022e9ecc0d9b9fcf815402663f7256eb014e00bcfd6a7378a", "text": "NERVES. By Prof. D. FRASER HARRIS, M.D., D.Sc.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00812", "bookId": 41568, "start": 353480, "end": 353544, "sha256": "3595dc5005a7ec348d98fb3c28dfb6ff11b7a86233021166466167be5a7168c6", "text": "A STUDY OF SEX. By Prof. J. A. THOMSON and Prof. PATRICK GEDDES.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00813", "bookId": 41568, "start": 353548, "end": 353594, "sha256": "5811fb3fa102a39b46c873b2868de5fb448692976751ff8f40332aada8a37881", "text": "THE GROWTH OF EUROPE. By Prof. GRKNVILLE COLE.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00814", "bookId": 41568, "start": 353602, "end": 353626, "sha256": "5b1271d72b59092f9d30b78e79215ed1cdefcbb1cf9c51af380bda2a40810609", "text": "Philosophy and \"Religion", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00815", "bookId": 41568, "start": 353634, "end": 353645, "sha256": "d7d37ae06def1c2ebb38d909d4ef9effec76be827faf4bbb7420bc97ae7f4f1d", "text": "ig's :tate", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00816", "bookId": 41568, "start": 353653, "end": 353670, "sha256": "a3981f3409faa1fb2098b2ff6aa10aff2f275124dc3acd84ba10d261d0c2d4fa", "text": "15. MOHAMMEDANISM", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00817", "bookId": 41568, "start": 353674, "end": 353859, "sha256": "2f6fb2c2d5c21d198984f7339cd8cee6c8d623bca17f2c8c0fc1391e51b8bf52", "text": "By Prof. D. S. MARGOLIOUTH, M.A., D.Litt. \"This generous shilling': worth of wisdom. ... A delicate, humorous, and most responsible tractati by an illuminative professor.\" Daily Mail.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00818", "bookId": 41568, "start": 353863, "end": 353893, "sha256": "cd6f4180b5aeafed07284df61aed1b87f62b9fdffe8b0f7bd7cb0ad39ea4139a", "text": "40. THE PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00819", "bookId": 41568, "start": 353897, "end": 354086, "sha256": "11e30ea745ef2d97356f42968e007cd7ed6e3ef3b54f35bf95ae76f4e6304ed8", "text": "By the Hon. BERTRAND RUSSELL, F.R.S.: 'A book that the ' man in the street ' will recognise at once to be a boon. . . . Consistently lucid and non- technical throughout.\" Christian World.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00820", "bookId": 41568, "start": 354090, "end": 354102, "sha256": "206e0394d384cb2449acb4d53b6c331c956f3d8b289c750617dbd5d00a65a0cd", "text": "47. BUDDHISM", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00821", "bookId": 41568, "start": 354110, "end": 354152, "sha256": "2974b3c00e6790729945b53b9088e87074683b6485c18d6a2c2a57038fe62fcc", "text": "go. NONCONFORMITY: Its ORIGIN and PROGRESS", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00822", "bookId": 41568, "start": 354156, "end": 354432, "sha256": "488a4d80f84fd384cc9371fb4a687577489ebe3bc1616c652dd2073b9cc44a94", "text": "I'.'- Principal W. B. SELBIE, M.A. \"The historical part is brilliant in its :., clarity, and proportion, and in the later chapters on the present position .urns of Nonconformity Dr Selbie proves himself to be an ideal exponent of sound and moderate views.\" Christian World.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00823", "bookId": 41568, "start": 354436, "end": 354446, "sha256": "7ddbaa38a5287deb2fb9bd0c9fe5aab2f2ba33e693df8a2ad9e8f23d515facbd", "text": "54. ETHICS", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00824", "bookId": 41568, "start": 354450, "end": 354647, "sha256": "e364aa40fb15b5a51138f1b4b884c8e22992841fc0b84511e1e5e93055f29edd", "text": "By G. E. MOORE, M.A., Lecturer in Moral Science in Cambridge University. Discusses Utilitarianism, the Objectivity of Moral Judgments, the Test of Right and Wrong, Free Will, and Intrinsic Value.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00825", "bookId": 41568, "start": 354651, "end": 354686, "sha256": "98722be338b61c29403e876d2dc9c00cd410d1cb0f0b3f7b921a91f14c2a1b7a", "text": "56. THE MAKING OF THE NEW TESTAMENT", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00826", "bookId": 41568, "start": 354690, "end": 355223, "sha256": "98c04c0b55e368b1689bff54a594259a8056c70574512763100028e0261ca35f", "text": "By Prof. B. W. BACON, LL. LX, D.D. An authoritative summary of the results of modern critical research with regard to the origins of the New Testament, in \" the formative period when conscious inspiration was still in its full glow rather than the period of collection into an official canon,\" showing the mingling of the two great currents of Christian thought \" Pauline and 'Apostolic,' the Greek- Christian gospel about Jesus, and the Jewish-Christian gospel of Jesus, the gospel of the Spirit and the gospel of au thority.\"", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00827", "bookId": 41568, "start": 355227, "end": 355267, "sha256": "8ab98acea86393c3a9a577797e1a6d697f09594cc785108deade1e656d00d903", "text": "jo. MISSIONS: THEIR RISE and DEVELOPMENT", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00828", "bookId": 41568, "start": 355271, "end": 355449, "sha256": "68f47b3fd20ffb5092f5224a80c6ab4bc11d02f1c70738986ecf5a441ec7e52c", "text": "By Mrs CREIGHTON. The beginning of modern missions after the Reforma- tion and their growth are traced, and an account is given of their present work, its extent and character.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00829", "bookId": 41568, "start": 355453, "end": 355467, "sha256": "3a9768bbbe68cd506edfc656632964bbde3b382e1e93c6cfc3ae7cbf33becf53", "text": "IN PREPARATION", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00830", "bookId": 41568, "start": 355471, "end": 355570, "sha256": "c31c7c921c946a4c9e603bcc7d6c6c3d4541870fca308aa0f52b2ed1d93d9a8a", "text": "THE OLD TESTAMENT. By Prof. GEORGE MOORE, D.D., LL.D. BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. By R. H.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00831", "bookId": 41568, "start": 355574, "end": 355587, "sha256": "5dbc82fc0e91c288f6a97db7ee8bd4a6cc749da505e417162961ecd67fd2b7e4", "text": "CHARLES, D.D.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00832", "bookId": 41568, "start": 355591, "end": 355760, "sha256": "5d63ea9845b0cc0d32158614dc2917971543b8398af9224bda6528f75f263a7a", "text": "COMPARATIVE RELIGION. By Prof. J. ESTLIN CARPENTER, D.Litt. A HISTOR Y of FREEDOM of THOUGHT. By Prof. J. B. BURY, LL.D. A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY. By CLEMKNT WKBB, M.A.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00833", "bookId": 41568, "start": 355768, "end": 355782, "sha256": "45062b62091f6b6e3632c9b760951a1ea9c0e1be2e4a152a7c1a5dec80cd4895", "text": "Social Science", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00834", "bookId": 41568, "start": 355790, "end": 355802, "sha256": "925457dfd236e5b69d032d7ad7023a1546bd03acb4c24f58cbd1464be46be4f4", "text": ". PARLIAMENT", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00835", "bookId": 41568, "start": 355806, "end": 356042, "sha256": "51dfc21282671883e6e4d1035d9a7a72cde9d5902c44a992f72a726695ccaff7", "text": "Its History, Constitution, and Practice. By Sir COURTENAY P. ILBERT. K.C.B., K.C.S.I., Clerk of the House of Commons. \"The best book on the history and practice of the House of Commons since Bagehot's 'Constitution.'\" Yorkshire Post.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00836", "bookId": 41568, "start": 356046, "end": 356066, "sha256": "22dca93602e262f19c6de396274a23778b970c2f9147c5b2cd4e52cd864c128e", "text": ". THE STOCK EXCHANGE", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00837", "bookId": 41568, "start": 356070, "end": 356301, "sha256": "14c19b0ec69fd0016405557019c54e3595687793c0a95ae2105804b151c572c3", "text": "By F. W. HIRST, Editor of \" The Economist.\" \" To an unfinancial mind must be a revelation. . . . The book is as clear, vigorous, and sane as Bagehot's ' Lom- bard Street,' than which there is no higher compliment.\" Morning Leader", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00838", "bookId": 41568, "start": 356305, "end": 356324, "sha256": "f3743100194a8321a422cc9f34604430ebb6e6ca29d9139e86957db44a4fce2f", "text": ". IRISH NATIONALITY", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00839", "bookId": 41568, "start": 356328, "end": 356543, "sha256": "d4d8f4e9e53d818549330ad378c307e42491172cbf4555c179b7adf1b0a4d20e", "text": "By Mrs J. R. GREEN. \" As glowing as it is learned. No book could be more timely.\" Daily News. \"A powerful study. . . . A magnificent demonstration of the deserved vitality of the Gaelic spirit.\" Freeman s Journal.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00840", "bookId": 41568, "start": 356547, "end": 356572, "sha256": "d15320389762dde4e0ff416e95b15861244b8adf80173a8a30e3d0e4ce5b8000", "text": "3. THE SOCIALIST MOVEMENT", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00841", "bookId": 41568, "start": 356576, "end": 356829, "sha256": "4533abd34a7b9504084f43346e3b456c766b6f44aa8cab1e86a0a8c085fa7fce", "text": "RAMSAY MACDONALD, M.T. \"Admirably adapted for the purpose of exposition.\" The Times. \"Mr MacDonald is a very lucid exponent. . . . The volume will be of great use in dispelling illusions about the tendencies of Socialism in this country.\" The Nation.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00842", "bookId": 41568, "start": 356833, "end": 356848, "sha256": "018b23ac4a95c052143f36acbe4127d8f02e746aa8c1e537338fcf1ba586cb3c", "text": "i. CONSERVATISM", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00843", "bookId": 41568, "start": 356852, "end": 356983, "sha256": "4e265b87baa1d57f7d193e5e206519084cb7c27a8e29c69167f61c815b1b1963", "text": "Jy Lord HUGH CECIL, M.A., M.P. \"One of those great little books which seldom appear more than once in a generation.\" Morning Post.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00844", "bookId": 41568, "start": 356991, "end": 357017, "sha256": "28bd2e28a38ca33cf170ccce821f8f344342440696cd9c4d2989d1c809f870eb", "text": "1 6. THE SCIENCE OF WEALTH", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00845", "bookId": 41568, "start": 357021, "end": 357218, "sha256": "6e3944e78986e56f5628fcac8278cc9ccc19ad5d5f155e85c1d1bee268c58ed1", "text": "By J. A. HOUSON, M.A. \"Mr J. A. Hobson holds an unique position among living economists. . . . The text-book produced is altogether admirable. Original, reasonable, and illuminating.\" The Nation.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00846", "bookId": 41568, "start": 357222, "end": 357236, "sha256": "33b17fe7bd51a4b18b7b1ac2a6fecfb12cb5ec988a7bb522a854b95899469a83", "text": "21. LIBERALISM", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00847", "bookId": 41568, "start": 357240, "end": 357514, "sha256": "9d36cd047dde00745932420348fee5e590536a7aeb88ed0979192cd5e3c63569", "text": "By L. T. HOBHOUSE, M. A., Professor of Sociology in the University of London. \"A book of rare quality. . . . We have nothing but praise for the rapid and masterly summaries of the arguments from first principles which form a large part of this book.\" Westminster Gazette.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00848", "bookId": 41568, "start": 357518, "end": 357547, "sha256": "3bb526bbc2a36cad8130d62389fe6fbae3222cabb25c0c2efce7d947f59b07cb", "text": "24. THE EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRY", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00849", "bookId": 41568, "start": 357551, "end": 357765, "sha256": "f60856689fa8e9308e8fe79f29ba4fa7c0bad2b833916d1c8d725a0899d03df8", "text": "ByD. H. MACGREGCR, M.A., Professor of Political Economy in the University of Leeds. \"A volume so dispassionate in terms may be read with profit by all interested in the present state of unrest.\" Aberdeen Journal.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00850", "bookId": 41568, "start": 357769, "end": 357784, "sha256": "6212446bc31d9b5cfde68ea51275fde2124c026782e5fcfb2be381d16712bf65", "text": "26. AGRICULTURE", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00851", "bookId": 41568, "start": 357788, "end": 357928, "sha256": "7cd8a7ac8f8d00b09b133ea529dd262bd09bb5b4d51a3bdca42c025f6dd539b6", "text": "By Prof. W. SOMERVILLE, F.L.S. \" It makes the results of laboratory work at the University accessible to the practical farmer.\" Athena-urn.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00852", "bookId": 41568, "start": 357932, "end": 357960, "sha256": "f50977aabfe2f4b88b4b415caeb8d9d81cfab07ab29d005ac410c96db7390c72", "text": "30. ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH LA W", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00853", "bookId": 41568, "start": 357964, "end": 358282, "sha256": "1d85cbb01861266b76ed66406cbcd6e8e6574acd3f5fdecfcc68b3cdd81235ad", "text": "By W. M. GELDART, M.A., B.C.L., Vinerian Professor of English Law at Oxford. \"Contains a very clear account of the elementary principles under- lying the rules of English law; and we can recommend it to all who wish to become acquainted with these elementary principles with a minimum of trouble.\" Scots Law Times.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00854", "bookId": 41568, "start": 358286, "end": 358300, "sha256": "711a8f577eccf587a79503b50bc315ca0c8f21a6d4d926621719eade8c037e34", "text": "38. THE SCHOOL", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00855", "bookId": 41568, "start": 358304, "end": 358346, "sha256": "020d400b5ddab7896825009962fc3a5a5482aed3848bb7a0f607916d97176dcb", "text": "An Introduction to the Study of Education.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00856", "bookId": 41568, "start": 358350, "end": 358623, "sha256": "b22709dc28177fe788ecabbdf3ffa33e73e86e96131543a850dd7506f0a1b82f", "text": "By J. J. FINDLAY, M.A., Ph.D., Professor of Education in Manchester University. <: An amazingly comprehensive volume. . . . It is a remarkable performance, distinguished in its crisp, striking phraseology as well as its inclusiveness of subject-matter.\" Morning Post.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00857", "bookId": 41568, "start": 358627, "end": 358661, "sha256": "c9fa6a6db2d3f73b7fc132129a3ecc4793f7613691ed63ffb98ee9198d00ca56", "text": "-59. ELEMENTS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00858", "bookId": 41568, "start": 358665, "end": 359061, "sha256": "777fabc4a3e6c71961e1f4b4077fcd9650a06ac79b4881238c171729f896ff30", "text": "By S. J. CHAPMAN, M.A., Professor of Political Economy in Manchester University. A simple explanation, in the light of the latest economic thought, of the working of demand and supply; the nature of monopoly; money and international trade; the relation of wages, profit, interest, and rent; and the effects of labour combination prefaced by a short sketch of economic study since Adam Smith.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00859", "bookId": 41568, "start": 359065, "end": 359079, "sha256": "3a9768bbbe68cd506edfc656632964bbde3b382e1e93c6cfc3ae7cbf33becf53", "text": "IN PREPARATION", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00860", "bookId": 41568, "start": 359083, "end": 359130, "sha256": "f803a1c88ece778a2d75ab6bb45e7659b88c1679813652c4805eff0ceba408ac", "text": "THE CRIMINAL AND THE COMMUNITY. By Viscount ST.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00861", "bookId": 41568, "start": 359134, "end": 359145, "sha256": "b24b2e989b0a22ded6f6ee960738d7399767b21a83941c4ecad77f1b2c8e255f", "text": "CYRES, M.A.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00862", "bookId": 41568, "start": 359149, "end": 359415, "sha256": "a87440d3ed5beee6a3d91f72020038f0986be3be8b1cc3e179c307f6788e58bf", "text": "COMMONSENSE IN LA W. By Prof. P. VINOGRADOFF, D.C.L. THE CIVIL SERVICE. By GRAHAM WALLAS, M.A. PRACTICAL IDEALISM. By MAURICE HEWLETT. NEWSPAPERS. By G. BINNEY DIBBLEE. ENGLISH VILLAGE LIFE. By E. N. BENNETT, M.A. CO -PARTNERSHIP At\\D PROFIT-SHARING. By ANEURIN", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00863", "bookId": 41568, "start": 359419, "end": 359433, "sha256": "5a5c00903e617723be628b515aa4a888787ed18399a9c18ad63477feeabc1641", "text": "WILLIAMS, J.P.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00864", "bookId": 41568, "start": 359437, "end": 359633, "sha256": "961ad0a5e2d22c4e42ebefd15ecf0b2cef30e9169920da38cacf4ec987c85f4a", "text": "THE SOCIAL SETTLEMENT. By JANE ADDAMS and R. A. WOODS. GREA T INVENTIONS. By Prof. J. L. MYRES, M.A., F.S.A. TOWN PLANNING. By RAYMOND UNWIN. POLITICAL THOUGHT IN ENGLAND: From Bentham to J. S.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00865", "bookId": 41568, "start": 359637, "end": 359719, "sha256": "9af04cfaed8258d957619a30eacd2a507b4b653f1ed722060e2ab78287a069c8", "text": "Mill. By Prof. W. L. DAVIDSON. POLITICAL THOUGHT IN ENGLAKD: From Herbert Spencer", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00866", "bookId": 41568, "start": 359723, "end": 359756, "sha256": "93514674e1628a1c4bea6c877ad293962b8ccdd097d9c9f9d3daa99656905504", "text": "to To-day. 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(This ebook was produced using OCR text generously provided by the University of California, Santa Barbara, through the Internet Archive.)", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00872", "bookId": 41568, "start": 360511, "end": 360593, "sha256": "49797fcde288203671cf85534575d1457a1aceaf08707b9ac61b61ee109edda9", "text": "Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed.", "sourceType": "archived-tex-layout-block", "sourceFile": "source.tex", "chapter": "XVII: Quantity", "printedPageHint": "252", "normalization": "join whitespace only; TeX markup retained and not executed", "headingCandidate": false }, { "ref": "PG41568.T00873", "bookId": 41568, "start": 360597, "end": 361625, "sha256": "f2fbd89858da6c4aca8360e61a321af8cc2b9696362f5a1d4b6ce1716bb8584f", "text": "Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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